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RESI
Fede
Os.
MUN l HUY- LABOR REVIEW
O.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
February 1987
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In this issue:
Job
StatUb oi
in 1986
^ . i VOvOi ^
Unemployment insurance changes in 1986
V
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
William E. Brock, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
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February cover:
“ Pneumatic Drill,”
a 1934 lithograph
by Louis Lozowick;
photograph courtesy of the
National Museum of American Art,
Washington, DC
Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley
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Washington
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
FEBRUARY 1987
VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
S. E. Shank, S. E. Haugen
3 Job growth continued, unemployment dipped during 1986
The labor market continued to improve during the fourth year of the economic recovery,
as the unemployment rate edged below 7 percent; services provided nearly all of the job rise
Sharon R. Cohany
11
Labor force status of Vietnam veterans
Special survey confirms the labor market difficulties of men who served
in Southeast Asia, especially those with service-connected disabilities
Richard E. Schumann
18 State and local government pay increases outpace gains in industry
Differences in occupational, industrial mix of workers account for much of disparity
in wage and salary increases over five years, according to the Employment Cost Index
Diana Runner
21
Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1986
Some States tightened eligibility and disqualification provisions for payments;
eight modified laws to cut extended benefits if Federal funding is curtailed
James D. York
25
Retail liquor stores experience flat trend in productivity
Output per hour of all persons remained relatively stable during the 1972-85 period;
new technology has not offset weak demand and effect of small, labor-intensive operations
REPORTS
John F. Stinson, Jr.
30
Moonlighting: a key to differences in measuring employment growth
Mary F. Kokoski
31
Consumer expenditure data on employment and wage changes of families
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DEPARTMENTS
2 Labor month in review
30 Research summaries
37 Major agreements expiring next month
39 Developments in industrial relations
42 Book reviews
45 Current labor statistics
Labor M onth
In Review
WORKER DISLOCATION REPORT. A
task force appointed by U.S. Labor
Secretary William E. Brock reported on a
year-long study of the problems of workers
displaced by plant closings and mass layoffs.
Conclusions. The task force determined
that:
of an economy providing an adequate
number of jobs.
Recommendations. The task force calls for
action by both the private and public sec
tors to establish institutional arrangements
that will provide the ability to respond rapid
ly to dislocated workers. The task force
recommends that:
• S o m e b u sin ess clo sin g s and perm anent
layoffs are inevitable and can help in achiev
ing and m aintaining a co m p etitiv e, healthy
eco n o m y and a strong p o sition in the inter
n ational m arketplace.
• New institutional mechanisms must be
established as part of the Nation’s employ
ment and training system.
• The most effective and successful
dislocated worker adjustment programs are
those where employers and workers (and
their unions) are directly involved in pro
gram design and delivery.
• The earlier the notification of a layoff or
closure, the more effective is the delivery
of public and private services to dislocated
workers.
• An identifiable public agency should be
available as a resource, have rapid response
capability, and coordinate public efforts to
aid displaced workers. Employers should be
required to notify the agency of planned
layoffs or closures.
• Public resources should be provided for
readjustment services, retraining, and tem
porary income support for displaced
workers.
• Public and private efforts should be link
ed to better aid displaced workers.
• A variety of service options for
dislocated workers should be provided.
• Improved basic educational skills and
recurrent vocational training for workers
should be provided to help ensure job
mobility and security.
• Fully meeting the needs of displaced
workers and of the affected communities can
only be accomplished within the framework
2
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• The private sector should provide
greater effort for the alleviation of displac
ed worker and community problems.
• Private organizations should continue an
active and aggressive role in helping to in
form employers about techniques that work
best in specific circumstances.
• G uidelines describing responsible
private-sector behavior on closings or
layoffs should be more widely com
municated to employers.
• A new national public effort, initially
funded at $900,000, should be established
to provide for early and rapid response to
displaced workers’ problems. Under this
new proposal, Title III of the Job Training
Partnership Act would be replaced by a new
Federally supported and guided structure
providing for State-administered training
and reemployment assistance to meet the
needs of displaced workers.
• Other services under this proposal would
be adjustment assistance and a range of labor
market services; labor market information
about specific plants; testing, assessment,
and counseling; job search training; and a
client-oriented job development effort.
• The resources and priorities of the U.S.
Employment Service should be refocused
and redirected to meet the needs of the
dislocated.
• Income support for dislocated workers
should last long enough to support substantative training and job search activities.
Workers should have incentives to enroll
earlier in training programs, and their in
come maintenance should be used to en
courage individuals to complete their training.
• The Secretary of Labor should conduct
further testing and development of reemploy
ment incentives.
• The Secretary of Labor should encourage
and evaluate experiments designed to assist
individual dislocated workers in starting their
own businesses and facilitate feasibility
studies of the purchase of businesses by
groups of workers facing displacement.
• The source of funds for these programs
should be general revenues. If the Congress
determines it cannot fund this initiative from
general revenues, alternative methods of
financing should be considered.
Malcolm R. Lovell, Jr., director of the
Labor-Management Institute at the George
Washington University, chaired the task
force, which included six representatives
from business, six from labor, and eight
from government, academic, and economic
research organizations. Copies of the report
Economic Adjustment and Worker Disloca
tion in a Competitive Society are available
from the U.S. Department of Labor, Office
of Information and Public Affairs, Room
S1032, Washington, DC 20210.
□
Publication Award
The Monthly Labor Review was
honored with an Award of Excellence in
the annual competition sponsored by the
Washington chapter of the Society for
Technical Communication. The Review
competed against hundreds of publica
tions produced in 1986 by trade associa
tions, private research and educational
institutions, corporations, and govern
ment agencies. Contest criteria includ
ed audience definition, writing, editing,
and graphics. Judging was based on the
May, June, and July 1986 issues. The
Award of Excellence automatically
enters the Review in the International
Publications competition sponsored by
the Society for Technical Communication.
The employment situation during 1986:
job gains continue, unemployment dips
The labor market continued to improve
in the fourth year of the economic recovery
employment grew and the unemployment rate
edged below 7 percent; nearly all of the job increase
occurred in the service-producing sector
—
S usan E. S hank
and
S teven E. H augen
Moderate employment gains continued in 1986, as the U.S.
economy completed its fourth year of expansion following
the deep 1981-82 recession. Unemployment declined
slightly during the year, repeating the pattern of slow im
provement evident in 1985. For all of 1986, the civilian
unemployment rate averaged 7.0 percent—down from 7.2
percent in 1985 and 7.5 percent in 1984.
Nearly all of the 1986 employment increase took place in
the service-producing sector, with particularly large gains in
services, finance, insurance, and real estate. In contrast,
manufacturing employment declined, and the number of
mining jobs dropped markedly— reflecting reduced activity
in oil and gas extraction because of sharply lower crude oil
prices. Construction job growth, which had been very strong
during the previous 3 years, moderated in 1986.
Civilian employment
The number of employed persons rose by about 2.1 million
during 1986 (after adjustment is made for revisions in the
underlying population estimates used in the Current Popula
tion Survey ]), similar to the gain registered in the prior
year. (See table 1.) These increases were more moderate
than in the “rebound” years immediately after the 1981-82
recession; civilian employment had jumped by about
3^ million in both 1983 and 1984. This pattern of very sharp
Susan E. Shank and Steven E. Haugen are economists in the Division of
Labor Force Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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job gains in the first 2 years of a recovery followed by slower
growth in subsequent years is typical of most of the business
cycles since World War II.
Adult women accounted for 1.4 million of the 1986 job
increase, compared with 600,000 for adult men and 100,000
for teenagers. For adult men, this employment rise was
slightly smaller than that posted in 1985. In contrast, the
small employment increase for teenagers was the first
recorded since 1979. This development reflected a slight
population increase for those ages 16 to 19— reversing the
declines that took place from the late 1970’s through 1985,
when the last of the baby-boom generation moved through
the teen years.
Whites, blacks, and Hispanics. The slower rate of em
ployment growth over the past 2 years has been evident
among the three major race/ethnic groups, as reflected in the
following employment-population ratios. For both blacks
and whites, the slowdown in employment growth can be
attributed entirely to adult men. Although both men and
women posted sharp employment rebounds in the 2 years
immediately after the cyclical trough, only women contin
ued to show strong gains in 1985 and 1986.
Fourth-quarter averages
1982
1984
1986
White ..............
58.3
Black ............................................... 48.9
60.7
53.4
61.8
54.3
Hispanic........................................53.8
58.5
59.3
3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Employment and Unemployment in 1986
through the early 1980’s. Adult women and teenagers ac
counted for most of the increase in voluntary part-time
work, many taking positions in the retail trade and services
industries.
In addition to those who work part time voluntarily, there
is a substantial number of persons who want full-time em
ployment but must settle for part time. The two major rea
sons for this situation— referred to as employed part time for
economic reasons— are slack work (an employer-initiated
Full- and part-time workers. As has historically been the
case, the bulk of the employment growth in 1986 occurred
among full-time workers (35 hours or more per week).
However, a sizable proportion of the increase took place
among persons voluntarily working part time. Their number
rose to 15.3 million, about 400,000 more than in 1985.2 As
a result, voluntary part time edged up to about 14 percent of
total employment in 1986; however, this proportion re
mained below the levels that prevailed from the mid-1970’s
Table 1. Selected labor force indicators by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages,
1982-86
[Numbers in thousands]
1982
1984
1985
IV
IV
IV
I
II
III
IV
110,959
64.1
99,120
57.3
3,471
95,649
11,839
10.7
114,259
64.5
105,938
59.8
3,323
102,615
8,321
7.3
116,187
64.9
107,973
60.3
3,093
104,880
8,214
7.1
117,008
65.1
108,752
60.5
3,212
105,540
8,256
7.1
117,628
65.2
109,249
60.6
3,171
106,078
8,379
7.1
118,171
65.3
109,980
60.8
3,108
106,873
8,191
6.9
118,558
65.4
110,420
60.9
3,179
107,241
8,138
6.9
58,375
78.8
52,553
70.9
5,822
10.0
60,014
78.3
56,249
73.4
3,765
6.3
60,580
78.1
56,929
73.4
3,651
6.0
61,137
78.2
57,428
73.5
3,710
6.1
61,189
78.1
57,417
73.2
3,772
6.2
61,329
78.0
57,579
73.2
3,750
6.1
61,646
78.1
57,860
73.3
3,786
6.1
44,112
52.9
40,127
48.1
3,985
9.0
46,348
54.0
43,243
50.3
3,105
6.7
47,726
54.9
44,668
51.4
3,058
6.4
47,990
55.0
44,902
51.5
3,088
6.4
48,451
55.4
45,362
51.9
3,089
6.4
48,916
55.8
45,910
52.3
3,006
6.1
48,993
55.7
46,048
52.4
2,945
6.0
8,472
54.3
6,440
41.3
2,032
24.0
7,898
54.2
6,446
44.2
1,451
18.4
7,881
54.5
6,376
44.1
1,505
19.1
7,880
54.5
6,422
44.4
1,458
18.5
7,988
55.2
6,470
44.7
1,518
19.0
7,926
54.7
6,492
44.8
1,434
18.1
7,919
5* A
6,512
44.8
1,407
17.8
96,623
64.4
87,452
58.3
9,171
9.5
98,812
64.7
92,608
60.7
6,204
6.3
100,536
65.2
94,472
61.3
6,063
6.0
101,126
65.3
94,945
61.3
6,182
6.1
101,571
65.4
95,366
61.4
6,205
6.1
102,098
65.6
96,013
61.7
6,086
6.0
102,418
65.7
96,320
61.8
6,098
6.0
11,503
61.5
9,155
48.9
2,348
20.4
12,251
62.9
10,403
53.4
1,848
15.1
12,473
63.0
10,592
53.5
1,881
15.1
12,589
63.4
10,732
54.0
1,857
14.7
12,707
63.7
10,822
54.3
1,885
14.8
12,605
62.9
10,779
53.8
1,826
14.5
12,715
63.2
10,924
54.3
1,791
14.1
6,826
63.5
5,783
53.8
1,043
15.3
7,612
65.4
6,813
58.5
799
10.5
7,802
64.6
6,960
57.6
842
10.8
7,881
64.7
7,027
57.7
855
10.8
8,020
65.3
7,163
58.3
857
10.7
8,143
65.7
7,268
58.6
876
10.8
8,249
66.0
7,409
59.3
839
10.2
1986
C h a rac te ristic
T otal
Civilian labor fo rc e .............................................................................
Percent of population ................................................................
Employed........................................................................................
Employment-population r a tio .....................................................
Agriculture .................................................................................
Nonagriculture.............................................................................
Unemployed...................................................................................
Unemployment ra te ....................................................................
M en , 2 0 y ea rs and o v er
Civilian labor fo rc e .............................................................................
Percent of population ................................................................
Employed........................................................................................
Employment-population r a tio .....................................................
Unemployed...................................................................................
Unemployment ra te ....................................................................
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs and o v er
Civilian labor fo rc e .............................................................................
Percent of population ................................................................
Employed........................................................................................
Employment-population r a tio .....................................................
Unemployed...................................................................................
Unemployment ra te ....................................................................
B oth s ex es , 16 to 19 y ears
Civilian labor fo rc e .............................................................................
Percent of population ................................................................
Employed........................................................................................
Employment-population r a tio .....................................................
Unemployed...................................................................................
Unemployment ra te ....................................................................
W hite
Civilian labor fo rc e .............................................................................
Percent of population ................................................................
Employed........................................................................................
Employment-population r a tio ......................................................
Unemployed...................................................................................
Unemployment ra te ....................................................................
B lack
Civilian labor fo rc e .............................................................................
Percent of population ................................................................
Employed........................................................................................
Employment-population r a tio .....................................................
Unemployed...................................................................................
Unemployment ra te .....................................................................
H is p a n ic o rigin
Civilian labor fo rc e .............................................................................
Percent of population ................................................................
Employed........................................................................................
Employment-population r a tio .....................................................
Unemployed...................................................................................
Unemployment ra te ....................................................................
Note: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population
groups.
4
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reduction in hours) and an inability to find a full-time job.
At about 5^ million in 1986, the number of workers on
part-time schedules for economic reasons showed no im
provement from the 1985 level and was relatively high by
historical standards.
Industry developments
Nonfarm payroll employment (as measured by the survey
of business establishments3) topped 100 million in the sum
mer of 1986 and reached 101 million by the fourth quarter.
(See table 2.) Practically all of the 2.4-million job increase
during 1986 took place in the service-producing sector. (See
chart 1.) However, these job gains were smaller than in
1985— particularly in wholesale trade and government.
Within the goods sector, construction employment rose over
the year, while mining fell sharply. The number of manufac
turing jobs also dropped during 1986, even though there was
a small rebound in the fourth quarter. Despite the decline in
manufacturing employment, however, the factory work
week and overtime hours both remained relatively high.
Service-producing sector. The services, retail trade, and
finance, insurance, and real estate industries together added
just about 2 million new jobs in 1986— similar to the in
crease in 1985. The services division posted a 1-million job
gain, with the largest increases continuing to occur in busi
ness and health services. These two components, which
represent about half of services employment, accounted for
approximately 60 percent of the over-the-year growth. Re
tail trade employment also advanced in 1986, as eating and
drinking places and food stores continued to add workers.4
Smaller, but sustained job gains also took place in auto
dealers and service stations.
In finance, insurance, and real estate, employment rose
by approximately 6 percent in 1986— the largest relative
gain for any industry division. Moreover, this was the only
division in which the pace of job gains accelerated between
1985 and 1986. The finance component rose markedly— es
pecially savings and loan associations, mortgage bankers
and brokers, and stock brokers and dealers, as sharply lower
interest rates caused increased demand for new and refi
nanced home mortgages, while higher stock prices led to
more trading activity.
Government employment growth slowed to about
300,000 in 1986 from 425,000 in the previous year. Federal
government employment, which had risen moderately in
1985, was essentially unchanged during 1986. However,
small job gains continued at both the State and local levels.
Wholesale trade and transportation and public utilities each
showed only moderate employment increases during 1986.
The recent slowing in wholesale trade job growth probably
reflects the general weakness in the goods-producing sector.
Within transportation and public utilities, divergent trends
continued in 1986, as the transportation component in
creased slightly, while the communications and public util
ities segment remained flat.
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Goods-producing industries. Employment in the goodsproducing sector fluctuated around 25 million during 1985
and 1986, after rebounding strongly in the 2 years immedi
ately following the 1981-82 recession trough. During 1986,
mining employment plummeted, while manufacturing de
clined moderately, and construction job growth, which had
been very robust, slowed markedly.
Changes in mining employment over the past decade have
been dominated by developments in oil and gas extraction,
which, in turn, were closely related to crude oil prices. As
world oil prices began to plunge in 1986, the oil and gas
extraction industry lost about 150,000 jobs, one-quarter of
its work force. However, the drop in mining jobs slowed
during the third quarter and came to a virtual halt by the
fourth quarter.
Manufacturing employment rebounded from a recession
low of 18.1 million in late 1982 to 19.5 million during the
second half of 1984. However, during 1985-86, the number
of workers on factory payrolls trended downward— to about
19.1 million in the second half of 1986. Nearly all of the job
loss over this period occurred in durable goods— particu
larly in primary metals (down 100,000) and machinery
(down 200,000). Smaller declines took place in fabricated
metals and electrical equipment during 1985 and the first
half of 1986, but employment leveled off in both industries
in the second half of 1986. Only three manufacturing indus
tries registered meaningful job gains in 1986; lumber and
wood products, food, and printing and publishing each
added about 40,000 jobs.
Construction employment leveled off at just about 5.0
million from the spring of 1986 to yearend, after having
risen by 30 percent over the previous 3^ years. This was
consistent with the pattern of new housing starts, which rose
strongly in the first few years of recovery, but then de
creased in the second half of 1986. The slowing of construc
tion job growth was also in line with the decrease in the
value of private nonresidential construction— especially in
dustrial, office, and other commercial buildings.5 The
weakness in manufacturing and a surplus of office and other
commercial structures were major factors in the decline in
nonresidential construction.
Hours o f work. The average workweek of production or
nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls
edged down to 34.7 hours in 1986 from 34.9 hours in 1985.
This measure has trended downward gradually over the past
two decades— in tandem with the increasing importance of
the service-producing sector, where the workweek is typi
cally shorter and marked by a greater degree of part-time
work. However, the index of aggregate weekly hours,
which combines workweek and employment effects, contin
ued to advance for the fourth year in a row. This index
averaged 119.0 (1977=100) in the fourth quarter of 1986,
up from 116.5 a year earlier and well above the 102.6
registered at the recession trough in the fourth quarter of
1982.
5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Employment and Unemployment in 1986
In manufacturing, the workweek remained high by histor
ical standards throughout the 1984-86 period, averaging
40.6 hours, the highest sustained level since 1973. Factory
overtime, at 3.5 hours per week in 1986, was also relatively
high. The strong performance of the workweek combined
with relatively weak employment suggests that many em
ployers have decided to meet their demands for labor
through increased hours rather than by hiring new workers.
The index of aggregate weekly hours in manufacturing de
clined slightly in both 1985 and 1986— to about 93.1
(1977 = 100) in the fourth quarter of 1986. This very cycli
cal measure had been as high as 107.6 in the first quarter of
1979; it then fell to 83.3 in the fourth quarter of 1982, and
subsequently rebounded to 95.2 in mid-1984.
Major demographic groups. The jobless rate for adult
women declined to 6.0 percent by the fourth quarter of
1986, after holding steady at around 6.7 percent for most of
1984 and 1985. In contrast, the rates for adult men (6.1
percent) and teenagers (17.8 percent) showed little or no
change over the year.
Similarly, there were only modest, if any, improvements
among the three major race/ethnic groups. The unemploy
ment rate for blacks, at 14.1 percent in the fourth quarter,
was still about 2\ times the 6-percent rate for white workers,
while the figure for Hispanics (10.2 percent) remained about
midway between the two.
Unemployment
Industry and occupation. For workers in most industry
and occupational groups, unemployment rates in 1986 were
little changed from those in 1985, although there were a few
exceptions. For example, the adverse effects of the drop in
petroleum prices were reflected in a near doubling of the
jobless rate for mining workers during 1986— to around
16 percent in the third quarter. Also, the rate for construc
tion workers edged up in the fourth quarter of the year,
consistent with the slowing of employment growth.
Unemployment edged downward during 1986, continu
ing the pattern of slow improvement exhibited in 1985. Both
the number of unemployed persons (8.1 million in the fourth
quarter) and the civilian unemployment rate (6.9 percent)
were down marginally from the levels a year earlier. Most
labor force groups reflected the overall pattern, registering
either small drops or little change in unemployment over the
year.
Table 2.
Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1982-86
[Numbers in thousands]
1986
1982
1984
1985
IV
IV
IV
I
II
III
IV1
T o ta l............................................................................................
88,725
95,907
98,668
99,403
99,848
100,316
101,075
Goods-producing...............................................................................
22,982
24,943
24,937
25,028
24,952
24,872
24,897
Mining ............................................................................................
Oil and gas extraction ................................................................
1,029
651
958
610
907
565
876
538
794
475
755
432
742
419
Construction...................................................................................
General building contractors .....................................................
3,837
959
4,498
1,189
4,769
1,282
4,868
1,316
4,964
1,309
5,001
1,302
4,999
1,301
Manufacturing.................................................................................
Durable goods.............................................................................
Nondurable goods.......................................................................
18,116
10,485
7,631
19,486
11,635
7,851
19,261
11,454
7,808
19,284
11,446
7,838
19,194
11,367
7,827
19,116
11,289
7,827
19,156
11,282
7,873
Service-producing .............................................................................
65,743
70,964
73,731
74,375
74,896
75,444
76,178
Transportation and public utilities .................................................
Transportation.............................................................................
Communications and public u tilitie s ...........................................
5,022
2,735
2,288
5,201
2,965
2,236
5,270
3,037
2,232
5,281
3,052
2,229
5,233
3,037
2,195
5,286
3,069
2,217
5,341
3,112
2,229
Wholesale trade .............................................................................
Durable goods.............................................................................
Nondurable goods.......................................................................
5,214
3,034
2,179
5,645
3,337
2,308
5,800
3,451
2,349
5,838
3,477
2,361
5,855
3,476
2,379
5,857
3,484
2,372
5,861
3,489
2,372
Retail trad e.....................................................................................
General merchandise stores .....................................................
Food stores.................................................................................
Automotive dealers and service stations ..................................
Eating and drinking places..........................................................
15,193
2,139
2,510
1,635
4,873
16,931
2,316
2,685
1,835
5,527
17,585
2,324
2,848
1,919
5,785
17,786
2,331
2,891
1,935
5,851
17,902
2,345
2,920
1,943
5,889
18,029
2,358
2,947
1,961
5,934
18,172
2,356
2,970
1,977
6,011
Finance, insurance, and real estate...............................................
Finance........................................................................................
Insurance ...................................................................................
Real e s ta te .................................................................................
5,356
2,664
1,715
976
5,779
2,890
1,785
1,105
6,068
3,039
1,861
1,168
6,155
3,081
1,889
1,185
6,261
3,139
1,918
1,204
6,362
3,190
1,953
1,219
6,435
3,223
1,980
1,232
Services..........................................................................................
Business services.......................................................................
Health services...........................................................................
19,134
3,289
5,892
21,237
4,197
6,177
22,410
4,601
6,400
22,643
4,682
6,472
22,940
4,766
6,542
23,244
4,855
6,628
23,463
4,935
6,698
Government...................................................................................
Federal........................................................................................
S tate............................................................................................
Local............................................................................................
15,824
2,745
3,641
9,438
16,171
2,830
3,773
9,568
16,599
2,904
3,900
9,795
16,672
2,920
3,922
9,830
16,704
2,896
3,934
9,875
16,666
2,881
3,924
9,862
16,906
2,899
3,974
10,033
In d u s try
1 Data are preliminary.
6
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Chart 1. Employment changes by major industry, fourth quarter 1985-86 averages,
seasonally adjusted
In contrast, the unemployment rate for workers in manu
facturing, an industry plagued by a variety of problems for
several years, declined slightly between 1985 and 1986— to
7.1 percent by yearend. One possible explanation for this
seemingly inconsistent development is that many manufac
turing workers who had been laid off earlier realized that
recall was unlikely and either found employment in another
industry or withdrew from the labor force.6
Duration and reasons. The length of time that persons
remain unemployed and the reasons for their unemployment
are important variables in assessing the health of the Na
tion’s job market. There were minor shifts within these
categories of unemployment that were consistent with a
slight improvement in the jobless picture. For example, the
proportion of unemployed persons who were jobless for 27
weeks or more— often referred to as the very long-term
unemployed— edged down to 14| percent by late 1986 from
about 15 percent in late 1985. In line with this decline, the
mean duration of unemployment, at 15 weeks in the fourth
quarter of 1986, was slightly below the figure for late 1985.
The recent decline in the mean duration followed much
larger decreases in the earlier stages of the current recov
ery— from 19.7 weeks in the fourth quarter of 1983 to 15.4
weeks in the fourth quarter of 1985.
Unemployed persons are also classified by reason for
joblessness: job losers, job leavers, labor force entrants, and
reentrants. A slight redistribution of the unemployed among
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these categories in 1986 provided further evidence of some
improvement in the job market. As the following tabulation
shows, the proportion of the unemployed who lost their job
because of layoff declined from 14 to 13 percent during
1986.
Fourth-quarter
averages
Total unemployed .........
Job lo s e rs ................................
On la y o f f ............................
Other job lo s e rs .................
Job le a v e rs..............................
Reentrants ..............................
New entrants .........................
........
........
.........
........
.........
.........
.........
1982
1985
1986
100.0
61.3
20.7
40.7
6.7
21.1
10.9
100.0
49.3
14.1
35.2
10.8
27.2
12.8
100.0
48.6
13.2
35.3
12.8
26.0
12.6
The proportion of the unemployed who had left jobs volun
tarily to look for different ones rose from about 11 to
13 percent over the past year. Not only is the decline in the
number of unemployed persons on layoff a positive devel
opment, but an increase in the job leavers category can also
be viewed as a sign of an improving economy, because it
often reflects increased worker confidence in the job mar
ket. The proportion of unemployed persons who were
reentering the labor force declined slightly in 1986, while
that for new entrants changed little.
Discouraged workers. The vast majority of persons who
elect to remain out of the labor force do not want to work.
However, some of them want a job but do not actually seek
7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Employment and Unemployment in 1986
work for a number of reasons, including health problems,
family responsibilities, and school enrollment. Another
group of persons not in the labor force indicate that they
want to work but do not look for a job because they think
they cannot find one. Such persons are typically referred to
as discouraged workers. While not included among the un
employed because they are not actively seeking work, these
persons provide another measure of labor market difficulty.
In the fourth quarter of 1986, there were 1.1 million
persons classified as discouraged workers, essentially un
changed from the level a year earlier. About three-fourths of
this group cited job market factors— for example, the belief
that no work was available— as the principal reason for not
looking, while the remainder indicated personal factors. The
number of discouraged workers declined from 1.8 million in
late 1982 to 1.3 million by early 1985, with virtually all of
the decline occurring among persons citing job market fac
tors. Overall, the number of discouraged workers in 1986
still exceeded the levels registered prior to the back-to-back
recessions in the 1980-82 period.
Cyclical comparisons
The present economic expansion completed its fourth
year in November 1986, making it (at the time of this writ
ing) the third longest period of sustained growth since World
War II.7 The expansion that followed the 1960-61 recession
lasted almost 9 years, while the one after the 1973-75 reces
sion ran nearly 5 years— from March 1975 through January
1980. In this section, comparisons are based on percentage
changes in selected series over the 4-year periods following
business cycle troughs in March 1975 and November 1982.8
In terms of overall labor market performance, the 1975—
79 expansion was somewhat more robust than the current
expansion at the 4-year point. Employment rose more in the
1975-79 expansion than in the 1982-86 period, while the
unemployment rate dropped to a similar degree in both
expansions. However, it is important to note that, although
both recessions were similar in terms of length and severity,
the labor market was considerably stronger before the onset
of the 1973-75 recession. The unemployment rate averaged
4.9 percent in the year before the 1973-75 recession, versus
7.5 percent in the comparable period prior to the 1981-82
recession. Unemployment was at a high level when the
1981- 82 recession began because the recovery from the
1980 recession was brief and incomplete.
Unemployment. Overall, there was little difference in the
degree to which the unemployment rate fell during the two
recovery periods under examination. As the following tabu
lation shows, the rate for all civilian workers fell from 10.8
to 6.9 percent in the 1982-86 period and from 8.6 to 5.8
percent in the post-1975 recovery period. This translates
into a proportionate decline of slightly over a third in the
1982- 86 period, only marginally steeper than that exhibited
from 1975 to 1979.9
8
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March
November
1975
1979
1982
1986
8.6
5.8
10.8
6.9
Men, 20 years and over ......... . . . 6.8
Women, 20 years and over . . . . . . 8.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years . . . . . . 19.9
4.1
5.8
15.9
10.0
9.1
24.1
6.2
6.1
18.2
White ........................................ . . . 7.8
Black ........................................ . . . 15.1
H isp an ic.................................... . . . 12.1
5.1
12.5
7.9
9.6
20.2
15.2
6.0
14.2
9.6
T o ta l...................................... . . .
Consistent w ith the overall pattern, unem ploym ent rates
for most labor force groups fell by roughly similar amounts
during the two expansions. This was true for adult men and
women, as well as for white and Hispanic workers. How
ever, for black workers and teenagers, jobless rates fell
more over the 1982-86 period than in the earlier recovery
period. (See chart 2.)
Employment. The number of employed persons rose by
about 1 \ \ percent during the 1982-86 expansion, somewhat
less than the tremendous increase during the 1975-79 re
bound.10 The tabulation below shows employment changes
during the two periods for major demographic groups. The
rise in teenage employment during the most recent expan
sion was almost trivial compared with the large advance in
the earlier period. In large part, this difference reflects the
disparity in their population growth over the two periods.
From the mid-1960’s through the mid-1970’s the teenage
population rose sharply. However, after this period, their
population leveled off, and then declined from 1979 until
1986. Clearly, these swings in the teenage population have
overwhelmed cyclical effects on youth employment in re
cent years. Although the job increase for adult women was
somewhat smaller in the last 4 years than the phenomenal
growth recorded in the 1975-79 expansion, it was still very
large. Employment increases for adult men were similar in
both periods.
Percent change
1975-79
1982-86
T o ta l........................................ . . .
Men, 20 years and over .......... , . . .
Women, 20 years and over . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16-19 y e a rs .......... . . .
15.6
11.2
22.5
15.9
11.4
10.2
14.8
0.3
White .......................................... . . . .
Black .......................................... . . . .
H isp an ic...................................... . . . .
14.5
19.1
32.0
10.2
18.9
29.2
White workers accounted for virtually all of the slower
employment growth in the current expansion. In contrast,
job gains for blacks and persons of Hispanic origin, whose
populations have been growing rapidly, were about the
same in both periods.
Chart 2. Unemployment rates for whites, blacks, and persons of Hispanic origin,
seasonally adjusted, quarterly averages, 1973-86
Percent
Percent
25
20
15
10
5
0
Note: Shaded areas indicate recessions, as aesignated by the National Bureau of Economic Research.
As the following tabulation shows, total nonfarm payroll
employment, as measured by the business survey, rose
about 14 percent in the present expansion, compared with 17
percent in the 1975-79 period.
Percent change
1975-79
1982-86
17.0
14.0
.............
.............
.............
.............
17.9
26.9
26.7
15.8
8.5
-2 7 .7
29.9
6.0
Service-producing ............. .............
16.6
15.9
Nonfarm total ........... .............
Goods-producing...............
Mining ............................
Construction...................
Manufacturing ...............
Job growth in the goods-producing sector was much weaker
over the 1982-86 period than it was in the earlier expansion.
Manufacturing employment, which had rebounded very
strongly in the 1975-79 expansion, rose by only 6 percent
over the past 4 years.
While nearly all manufacturing industries experienced
weaker job growth in the 1982-86 expansion, the difference
was especially large in the metals and machinery industries.
Primary metals employment reversed direction— from a 7percent increase in the 1975-79 period to an 8-percent de
crease in the 1982-86 period. Fabricated metals and ma
chinery both registered job gains of 17-18 percent in the
1975-79 expansion, while in the 1982-86 period, there was
no change in machinery employment and only a 6-percent
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increase in fabricated metals. Together, these three indus
tries added 700,000 jobs in the 1975-79 expansion, but
showed no net change in the 1982-86 period.
Mining employment has been extremely volatile in recent
years, primarily due to wild swings in crude oil prices. The
large drop in mining jobs over the last 4 years just about
matched the jump in the 1975-79 period. In contrast, the
construction industry added jobs at a faster rate in the cur
rent expansion than in the 1975-79 period. Residential con
struction advanced very strongly in the first 2 years of the
current expansion, and private nonresidential activity picked
up steam beginning in 1984.
The service-producing sector posted strong and roughly
similar job gains in the two periods studied. Retail trade;
finance, insurance, and real estate; and services set the pace
in both expansions, as each division grew by about 20 per
cent. However, increases were more moderate in this expan
sion for local government and transportation and public
utilities employment (6 to 7 percent) than in the 1975-79
period (10 to 12 percent).
l a b o r m a r k e t continued to improve in 1986, although
at a slower pace than in the first 2 years of recovery from the
1981-82 recession. Civilian employment rose by about
2 million each in 1985 and 1986, while the unemployment
rate continued to edge downward, reaching 6.9 percent in
the second half of 1986. Virtually all of the job gains in
T he
9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Employment and Unemployment in 1986
1986 took place in the service-producing sector, with the
services industry itself accounting for a large proportion of
the growth. In contrast, goods-producing employment re
mained weak. Manufacturing employment continued to de
cline, while there was a sharp drop in mining and a marked
slowing in construction job growth.
At the 4-year point in the current economic expansion,
employment growth and the reduction in unemployment
have both been substantial. However, in percentage terms,
the employment increase in the 1982-86 period was less
than the advance posted during the 1975-79 expansion,
while the civilian unemployment rate fell by similar
amounts in both periods. The extremely large employment
increase in the 1975-79 period was led by women and
teenagers— both of whom also had experienced tremendous
labor force growth during these years. Nonfarm payroll
employment also rose more in the 1975-79 period than it
did in the current expansion. Most of this difference was
attributable to the goods-producing sector, in which the rate
of job growth in the current expansion was only half that
recorded in the 1975-79 period.
□
1 The Current Population Survey is a monthly sample survey o f about
60,000 households and provides information on the labor force, employ
ment, and unemployment by demographic and economic characteristics. In
January 1986, revised population estimates were introduced into the c p s .
These estimates include an explicit allowance for undocumented immigra
tion since 1980, as well as an improved estimate of emigration. The net
effect o f these changes was to cause jumps of 350,000-400,000 each in the
population, labor force, and in employment (between December 1985 and
January 1986). Allowances are made for these breaks in series in the
discussion o f over-the-year changes. However, with the exception of data
for persons o f Hispanic origin, data shown in table 1 for periods prior to
1986 have not been revised. For more information, see “Changes in the
Estimation Procedure in the CPS Beginning in January 1986” in the Febru
ary 1986 issue o f Employment and Earnings.
6 The industry and occupational designations of unemployed persons are
based on their last full-time job lasting 2 weeks or more.
2 A more comprehensive measure of part-time workers based on “usual
hours” instead o f voluntary or involuntary status was recently introduced.
Based on the new definition, there were about 19 million persons who
usually worked 1 to 34 hours in 1986. The more traditional measure is used
in this article to differentiate trends in the number o f persons working part
time for economic or for other reasons. See Thomas J. Nardone, “Part-time
workers: who are they?’ Monthly Labor Review, February 1986, pp. 13-19.
3 The Current Employment Statistics program is a monthly survey of
approximately 290,000 nonagricultural establishments and provides infor
mation on the number o f employees on business payrolls, as well as on
average hours and earnings.
4 For more information, see Steven E. Haugen, “The employment ex
pansion in retail trade, 1 973-85,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1986,
pp. 9 -1 6 .
5 See U .S. Bureau o f the Census, Construction Reports—Value of New
Construction Put in Place: May 1986, C 3 0 -8 6 -5 , and later monthly news
releases. All references to value of construction are in constant (1982) dollars.
10
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7 Business cycle peaks and troughs are determined by the National Bu
reau o f Economic Research, a private nonprofit research organization. The
three recessions referred to extended from the following peak-to-trough
dates: April 1960 to February 1961, November 1973 to March 1975, and
July 1981 to November 1982.
8 The 1961-65 expansion period is excluded from this analysis because:
1) the 1960-61 recession was relatively brief and mild, which contributed
to a fairly moderate “rebound”; 2) many data series are not available for
the 1961-65 expansion; and 3) the demographic and industrial structure of
the U .S. labor market in the 1961-65 period was vastly different from that
of the past decade.
9 Because the labor force usually expands rapidly during periods of
economic recovery, unemployment rates typically decline to a greater
degree than unemployment levels. While this pattern held for both 4-year
periods under study, the difference was particularly marked in the 1975-79
expansion. This can be explained by the fact that the labor force expansion
throughout the 1970’s was the largest in the postwar period, as women
entered the labor market in huge numbers and most of the baby-boom
generation reached working age. Unemployment rates automatically take
into account variations in labor force growth over a given period of time,
and are, therefore, a better measure of changes in unemployment condi
tions than are levels.
10 Revised population estimates introduced into the cps in January 1978
and 1986 (footnote 1) affect employment and labor force changes during
the 1975-79 and 1982-86 periods. However, because the effect of these
revisions is much less when spread over the 4-year periods studied, no
adjustments are made to the data discussed in this section.
Labor force status
of Vietnam-era veterans
Special survey confirms labor market
difficulties of men who served
in Southeast Asia, especially those
with service-connected disabilities
S haron
R.
C ohany
A decade after the war’s end, the labor force status of
Vietnam-era veterans is generally quite similar to that of
nonveterans. There are exceptions, however. Those who
served in the Vietnam theater (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambo
dia and the surrounding airspace and waters), and most
particularly those who received disabling injuries from com
bat and other causes, have higher unemployment rates and
lower labor force participation rates than their peers.
In 1985, data were collected for the first time on the labor
force status of men who actually served in Southeast Asia,
distinguishing between those with and without serviceconnected disabilities. The data confirm the precarious cir
cumstances of disabled veterans, who are especially vulner
able to unemployment.
The information is from the Current Population Survey
( c p s ) , a monthly survey of about 59,500 households con
ducted and tabulated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. In a supplement to the April 1985
survey, men 18 years and older were asked about their
service in the Armed Forces and whether they had a serviceconnected disability.1 (See appendix for information on the
types of questions asked.) The supplement was cosponsored
by the Veterans Administration ( v a ) and two Department of
Labor agencies— the Veterans Employment and Training
Service and the b l s . 2
Overall picture
Our Nation’s 26.2 million male veterans account for
nearly one-third of all men 18 years and older. The 7.9
million Vietnam-era veterans are the youngest wartime par
ticipants and the second largest veterans’ group, exceeded
only by the 9.7 million veterans of World War II.3 About
2.4 million veterans, or 9 percent, have a service-connected
disability. Most served during wartime, with nearly 800,000
having served during the Vietnam era.
In this study, the Vietnam-era veterans are those men who
served in the Armed Forces anywhere during the Nation’s
longest war, from August 1964 to April 1975, and who are
currently in the civilian noninstitutional population. Only 46
percent of these veterans actually served in the Vietnam
theater of operations. The age distribution of veterans of the
Vietnam era is relatively concentrated, with two-thirds be
tween ages 35 and 44 in April 1985. Indeed, one-half were
between ages 35 and 39. (Because of the aging of the pop
ulation, there were no longer any Vietnam-era veterans under
Sharon R. Cohany is an economist in the Division o f Labor Force Statistics,
Office o f Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Earl F. Mellor, an economist in the same division, prepared the
appendix.
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age 25.) The following tabulation shows the age distribution
of Vietnam-theater and other Vietnam-era veterans and non
veterans in the civilian noninstitutional population in April
1985.
11
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Labor Force Status o f Vietnam-Era Veterans
Many misperceptions surround the men who served dur
ing the Vietnam era.4 For example, contrary to popular
belief, most were not drafted, but volunteered for military
service. In 1968, the year with the largest number on active
duty, just 40 percent of all enlisted new entrants were
draftees.5 Another myth is that minorities constituted a dis
proportionate share of our military forces. In fact, blacks
make up 9 percent of Vietnam-era veterans (11 percent of
Vietnam-theater veterans), and Hispanics account for 4 per
cent of these veterans. The black share of the adult male
population is about 10 percent, and the Hispanic share is
6 percent.
Veterans
Vietnam
theater
Other
Vietnam era
Nonveterans
Number (thousands) .. ..
3,672
4,260
54,435
Percent ......................... ..
18 to 24 years .........
25 to 34 years ........
35 to 44 years ........ ..
35 to 39 years . . .
40 to 44 years . . .
45 years and over .. ..
100.0
0.0
15.3
68.9
49.6
19.3
15.8
100.0
0.0
27.9
59.8
36.6
23.2
12.2
100.0
23.9
31.0
16.8
8.9
7.9
28.3
Table 1.
Employment status of men 18 years and over, by veteran status and age, April 1985, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
C iv ilia n lab o r fo rc e
C ivilian
V e te ra n s ta tu s a n d a ge
U n e m p lo ye d
n o n in s titu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n
N o t In labo r
P erc en t o f
Total
p o p u la tio n
E m p lo ye d
fo rc e
Num ber
P erc en t o f
lab o r fo rc e
V e te ra n s
Total, 18 years and o ve r..............................
18 to 2 4 ...................................................
25 to 3 4 ...................................................
35 to 4 4 ...................................................
45 and over .............................................
26,153
378
2,933
5,977
16,865
19,524
340
2,770
5,761
10,653
74.7
89.9
94.4
96.4
63.2
18,449
280
2,515
5,443
10,212
1,075
60
255
318
440
5.5
17.7
9.2
5.5
4.1
6,629
38
163
216
6,212
7,932
(1)
1,753
5,078
1,101
7,449
(1)
1,677
4,895
877
93.9
(1)
95.7
96.4
79.7
7,003
0)
1,522
4,630
852
445
0)
155
265
25
6.0
(1)
9.3
5.4
2.8
483
(1)
76
183
224
3,672
(1)
563
2,529
580
3,383
(1)
533
2,402
449
92.1
(1)
94.7
95.0
77.4
3,158
(1)
472
2,251
435
225
(1)
61
151
14
6.7
(1)
11.4
6.3
3.1
288
(1)
30
128
130
4,260
(1)
1,190
2,549
521
4,065
(1)
1,144
2,494
427
95.4
(1)
96.1
97.8
82.0
3,845
(1)
1,050
2,379
417
220
(1)
95
115
11
5.4
(1)
8.3
4.6
2.5
195
(1)
46
55
94
13,666
(1)
(1)
(1)
13,666
2,673
6,778
4,215
7,784
(1)
(1)
(1)
7,784
2,398
4,595
791
57.0
(1)
(1)
(1)
57.0
89.7
67.8
18.8
7,436
(1)
(1)
(1)
7,436
2,274
4,400
762
348
(1)
(1)
(1)
348
124
194
29
4.5
(1)
(1)
(1)
4.5
5.2
4.2
3.7
5,882
(1)
(1)
(1)
5,882
275
2,183
3,424
4,555
378
1,180
899
2,098
4,291
340
1,093
866
1,992
94.2
89.9
92.6
96.3
94.9
4,010
280
993
813
1,923
282
60
100
53
69
6.6
17.7
9.2
6.1
3.5
264
38
87
33
106
54,435
13,034
16,852
9,165
15,384
42,724
10,097
15,932
8,639
8,054
78.5
77.5
94.5
94.3
52.4
39,538
8,893
14,861
8,175
7,609
3,185
1,204
1,071
465
446
7.5
11.9
6.7
5.4
5.5
11,712
2,937
920
526
7,330
Vietnam era:
Total, 18 years and o v e r .....................
18 to 2 4 .............................................
25 to 3 4 .............................................
35 to 4 4 .............................................
45 and o v e r ......................................
Vietnam theater:
Total, 18 years and over .................
18 to 2 4 .........................................
25 to 3 4 .........................................
35 to 4 4 .........................................
45 and o v e r ..................................
Other Vietnam era:
Total, 18 years and over .................
18 to 2 4 .........................................
25 to 3 4 .........................................
35 to 4 4 .........................................
45 and o v e r ..................................
Other war periods:
Total, 18 years and over .....................
18 to 2 4 .............................................
25 to 3 4 .............................................
35 to 4 4 .............................................
45 and o v e r......................................
45 to 5 4 .........................................
55 to 6 4 .........................................
65 and over ..................................
Other service periods:
Total, 18 years and o v e r .....................
18 to 2 4 .............................................
25 to 3 4 .............................................
35 to 4 4 .............................................
45 and o v e r.......................................
N o n v e te ra n s
Total, 18 years and o ve r..............................
18 to 2 4 ...................................................
25 to 3 4 ...................................................
35 to 4 4 ...................................................
45 and over .............................................
1 Because o f the aging o f the population, there were no longer any Vietnam-era
veterans under age 25 or any other war veterans under age 45,
12
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Table 2.
Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans, by race and Hispanic origin, April 1985, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Veteran status, race,
and Hispanic origin
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent of
population
Employed
Number
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Total
Vietnam era veterans..................................
Vietnam theater ......................................
Other Vietnam era ..................................
Nonveterans ...............................................
7,932
3,672
4,260
54,435
7,449
3,383
4,065
42,724
93.9
92.1
95.4
78.5
7,003
3,158
3,845
39,538
445
225
220
3,185
6.0
6.7
5.4
7.5
483
288
195
11,712
7,084
3,193
3,892
46,468
6,660
2,947
3,714
36,849
94.0
92.3
95.4
79.3
6,326
2,786
3,539
34,504
335
161
174
2,345
5.0
5.4
4.7
6.4
424
246
178
9,619
724
411
312
6,100
678
379
299
4,444
93.6
92.2
95.8
72.9
588
325
263
3,725
90
54
36
719
13.2
14.1
12.1
16.2
46
32
13
1,656
356
161
195
4,575
341
150
192
3,759
95.8
93.2
98.5
82.2
312
140
172
3,388
29
9
20
371
8.6
6.3
10.4
9.9
15
11
4
816
White
Vietnam era veterans..................................
Vietnam theater .......................................
Other Vietnam era ..................................
Nonveterans ...............................................
Black
Vietnam era veterans..................................
Vietnam theater ......................................
Other Vietnam era ..................................
Nonveterans ...............................................
Hispanic origin
Vietnam era veterans..................................
Vietnam theater ......................................
Other Vietnam era ..................................
Nonveterans ...............................................
No t e : Detail for the race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the
“other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black popu
lation groups.
Men who served in Southeast Asia accounted for twothirds of the nearly 800,000 Vietnam-era veterans who re
ported a service-connected disability. Their disability is
rated from 0 to 100 percent, representing the “average im
pairment in earning capacity” in civilian occupations result
ing from diseases and injuries caused or aggravated by mil
itary service.6 About half had disability ratings of less than
30 percent.
Labor force
Veterans of the Vietnam era are now in their prime work
ing ages, and 7.5 million of a total of 7.9 million were in the
labor force in April 1985. Being a large segment of their
generation, they account for more than 1 of 4 men in the
labor force between the ages of 30 and 44. With a 94percent participation rate, Vietnam-era veterans were as
likely as their nonveteran peers to be in the labor force. (See
table 1.) Those who served in the Vietnam theater were
somewhat less likely to be labor force participants than other
veterans of that period (92 versus 95 percent), in part be
cause a larger proportion had service-connected disabilities.
Black and Hispanic veterans were as likely to be in the labor
force as whites, in contrast to the situation for nonveterans,
among whom blacks have lower participation rates than
whites and Hispanics. (See table 2.)
For disabled Vietnam-era veterans, labor force participa
tion varied widely, depending on the degree of disability.
Those with disability ratings of less than 30 percent were
nearly as likely to be in the labor force as those with no
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disability. However, the participation rate was only 35 per
cent for those reporting disability ratings of 60 percent or
higher. (See table 3.) Disabled veterans of the Vietnam
theater were about as likely to be labor force participants as
disabled veterans who had served elsewhere.
Of course, the existence of other sources of income can
influence the veteran’s decision to seek employment. Most
disabled veterans as defined in this report received regular
monthly compensation through the v a or Department of
Defense. Based on the extent of the reduced capacity to
work, va payments range from under $100 to around $4,000
per month.7 For instance, a veteran whose only serviceconnected injury was the loss of the use of part of a finger
or toe may be eligible to receive $70 per month. At the other
extreme, a veteran whose military service resulted in
quadriplegia may be entitled to around $4,000 (including
the maximum allowance for dependents).
Unemployment
The unemployment rate for Vietnam-era veterans was 6.0
percent in April 1985. Altogether, almost 450,000 of the
men were looking for work. Those who actually served in
Southeast Asia were more likely to be unemployed than
other Vietnam-era veterans, 6.7 percent compared with 5.4
percent. This was partly the result of their higher incidence
of disability and also of factors which predated their military
service. For instance, men in the Vietnam theater had, on
average, less education and were from poorer families than
other veterans of the same era.8 Hence, they were already at
13
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Labor Force Status o f Vietnam-Era Veterans
a greater risk in terms of joblessness. A 1980 survey of
veterans identified “finding a job” as their biggest problem,
but less than one-half attributed their difficulties to military
service.9
The jobless rate for disabled Vietnam-era veterans, at 8.1
percent, was much higher than that for those without disabil
ity (5.6 percent). Disabled veterans who served in Southeast
Asia were more likely to be unemployed than other disabled
Vietnam-era veterans (9.2 versus 5.6 percent). Of the for
mer, those with disability ratings of 30 to 50 percent had a
particularly high jobless rate— 16.0 percent.
The jobless rate for black Vietnam-era veterans was sub
stantially higher than that for their white and Hispanic coun
terparts, regardless of the theater of service. The rate for
black veterans averaged 2\ to 3 times that for the whites,
about the same relationship as in the general population.
However, black and Hispanic veterans, like other veterans,
had a low er jobless rate than their nonveteran counterparts.
T w o-thirds o f the jobless V ietnam -era veterans w ere reen
trants, a very high proportion, indicating m ore frequent
breaks from the labor force for veterans than for m en who
never served in the A rm ed F orces. A lm ost none o f the
veterans w ere new entrants to the civilian labor force.
The median length of joblessness for Vietnam-era veter
ans was 9.3 weeks, about 3 weeks less than the duration for
all men 25 years and over. Those who served in Southeast
Asia were unemployed for a shorter time than were those
who served outside the war zone. The men who served in
the Vietnam theater were also less likely to be among the
long-term unemployed (15 weeks and longer).
Employment
Both public and private sector employers have had vari
ous incentives to hire the Vietnam-era veteran. Many large
employers, most notably the Federal, State, and local gov
ernments, give veterans preference in hiring, usually by
adding points to their score on a competitive civil service
exam. Public job service agencies in each State provide
veterans with special assistance and counseling and have
given them priority in referrals to job openings with Federal
contractors. The Department of Labor sponsors training pro
grams, as does the Department of Defense. The Labor De
partment also has responsibility for enforcing veterans’ re
employment rights. Many of these services were firmly in
place well before the war’s end.10
More than 18 million veterans were employed at the time
the survey was taken, including 7 million from the Vietnam
period. While the most recent wartime veterans were about
Table 3. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans, by presence of service-connected disability and reported
disability rating, April 1985, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
C iv ilia n lab o r fo rc e
P re s e n c e and
ra tin g o f d is a b ility
C ivilian
U n e m p lo ye d
n o n in s titu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n
N o t in labo r
P erc en t o f
T o ta l
p o p u la tio n
fo rc e
E m p lo ye d
Num ber
P erc en t o f
lab o r fo rc e
V ie tn a m -e ra v e te ra n s
Total, 18 years and o ve r..............................
With service-connected disability.............
Less than 30-percent disability rating ..
30- to 50-percent disability ra tin g .........
60-percent or higher disability rating ..
Disability rating not reported ...............
Without service-connected disability . . . .
Presence of disability not reported .........
3
368
27
6.0
8.1
8.0
11.9
(1)
(1)
5.6
10.3
483
156
31
40
78
7
289
39
3,158
378
225
89
30
34
2,666
114
225
38
19
17
—
2
176
11
6.7
9.2
7.8
16.0
(1)
(1)
6.2
8.7
288
99
16
30
48
4
162
28
3,845
188
112
44
11
21
3,535
122
220
11
10
—
—
—
192
16
5.4
5.6
8.5
ID
)
(1)
5.2
11.8
195
57
15
9
30
3
127
11
7,932
771
398
190
119
63
6,858
302
7,449
616
367
151
41
58
6,570
264
93.9
79.9
92.2
79.5
34.5
)
95.8
87.4
7,003
566
337
133
41
56
6,201
236
445
50
29
18
3,672
515
260
137
78
39
3,004
153
3,383
416
244
106
30
36
2,842
125
92.1
80.8
93.8
77.4
38.5
(1)
94.6
81.7
4,260
256
138
54
41
24
3,854
150
4,065
199
123
44
11
21
3,727
139
95.4
77.7
89.1
(1)
(1)
(1)
96.7
92.7
0
V ie tn a m th e a te r
Total, 18 years and ove r..............................
With service-connected disability.............
Less than 30-percent disability rating ..
30- to 50-percent disability ra tin g .........
60-percent or higher disability rating ..
Disability rating not reported ...............
Without service-connected disability . . . .
Presence of disability not reported .........
O th e r V ie tn a m era
Total, 18 years and over..............................
With service-connected disability.............
Less than 30-percent disability rating ..
30- to 50-percent disability ra tin g ........
60-percent or higher disability rating ..
Disability rating not reported ...............
Without service-connected disability . . . .
Presence of disability not reported .........
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
No t e :
Dash indicates fewer than 500 persons.
14
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0
as likely to be working as their nonveteran peers, there were
differences in the types and settings of employment. Per
haps the most striking of these is the large proportion, par
ticularly among the disabled, who were working in the pub
lic sector and in the Federal Government in particular.
About 20 percent of the Vietnam-era veterans held public
sector jobs, compared with 11 percent of nonveterans.
Those men who actually served in the Vietnam theater were
somewhat more likely to be public employees than other
veterans of the same period. Black and Hispanic veterans
were even more apt to be public sector employees than were
whites. The following tabulation shows the percent of em
ployed veterans who were wage and salary workers in pri
vate industry (excluding the self-employed and unpaid fam
ily workers) and in government in April 1985:
The role of education in occupational selection has been
critical for veterans. An estimated 70 percent of Vietnamera veterans returned to school after their military dis
charge,13 the great majority taking advantage of veterans’
educational benefits.14 Despite this, veterans are less likely
to hold college and postgraduate degrees than their nonvet
eran peers, and this lower educational attainment is reflected
in the types of jobs they hold, on average.15 In addition, the
employment situation of veterans cannot be viewed apart
from the performance of the economy as a whole. Economic
dislocations in recent years have limited the growth of bluecollar jobs in favor of managerial, professional, and techni
cal positions, to the detriment of some veterans who left the
service with training and experience in craft, repair, and
related fields.
Government
Private
industry
Total
Federal
Vietnam e r a ..............................
D isab led ................................
Not disabled.........................
70.2
58.1
71.1
20.3
33.0
19.4
8.6
19.8
7.7
Vietnam th e a te r...................
D isabled............................
Not disabled.....................
69.3
58.5
70.6
21.7
33.3
20.4
9.5
18.8
8.4
Other Vietnam e r a ...............
D isabled............................
Not disabled.....................
71.0
57.4
71.5
19.2
31.9
18.6
7.9
21.8
7.2
Table 4. Employed male Vietnam-era veterans and non
veterans by occupation and class of worker, April 1985,
not seasonally adjusted
(Percent distribution)
V ie tn a m -e ra
vetera n s
O cc u p a tio n and c lass o f w o rke r
Total
V ietnam
O th e r
th e a te r
V ie tn a m
N o n v e te ra n s
era
A m ong disabled Vietnam-■era veterans w ith jo b s, one-
third were in the public sector, with about 1 of 5 employed
by the Federal Government. This reflects several factors,
including special hiring preferences given to the disabled
veteran (in addition to preferences given to all who served
when the Nation was at war), special retention rights during
reductions in force, and perhaps an unusually strong com
mitment on the part of Federal agencies to hire handicapped
workers in general.11
Veterans of the Vietnam period were about as likely to be
self-employed as other men their age. Disabled Vietnam-era
veterans were somewhat less likely to be self-employed than
other veterans.
The average length of the workweek for Vietnam-era
veterans, at 45 hours, was about the same as that for adult
men in general, and varied little on the basis of theater of
service or disability. However, disabled veterans were more
likely to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) than
nondisabled veterans. Not surprisingly, disabled veterans
reported more absenteeism than other veterans.
Total, 18 years and over
(in thousands) .....................
Percent....................................
7,003
100.0
3,158
100.0
3,845
100.0
39,538
100.0
27.5
25.5
29.3
23.7
15.6
11.9
14.3
11.1
16.7
12.6
12.0
11.7
20.3
4.1
9.5
20.0
4.2
9.2
20.6
4.0
9.7
19.0
2.7
11.0
O c c u p a tio n
Managerial and professional
specialty .......................................
Executive, administrative, and
managerial ..............................
Professional specialty.................
Technical, sales, and
administrative support ...............
Technicians and related support .
Sales occupations .....................
Administrative support, including
clerical ....................................
Service occupations........................
Protective s ervice.......................
Other service occupations...........
Precision production, craft, and
repair.............................................
Mechanics and repairers.............
Construction trades.....................
Other precision production, craft,
and re p a ir................................
Operators, fabricators, and
laborers........................................
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors..........................
Transportation and material
moving occupations.................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers...............
Farming, forestry, and fis h in g ........
6.8
6.6
6.9
5.3
7.9
3.9
4.0
9.2
5.0
4.1
7.0
3.1
3.9
9.5
2.1
7.4
23.5
9.4
7.5
24.5
9.3
8.5
22.7
9.5
6.6
20.2
6.9
7.8
6.7
6.8
6.6
5.5
18.4
18.7
18.2
22.1
7.2
7.2
7.3
8.5
7.4
7.7
7.2
7.2
3.8
3.8
3.7
6.4
2.2
2.1
2.4
5.5
90.5
70.2
20.3
8.6
11.7
91.0
69.3
21.7
9.5
12.3
90.2
71.0
19.2
7.9
11.3
89.4
78.3
11.1
(1)
(1)
9.5
9.0
9.8
10.6
C la ss o f w o rke r
Occupations. The Armed Forces provide certain training
which is generally transferable to civilian jobs. While there
are some military specialties, such as infantry and gun
crews, which have no civilian counterpart, jobs in manage
ment, repair, clerical, and craft specialties are similar to
those of civilians.12
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Wage and salary w orkers...............
P riva te.........................................
Government................................
Federal....................................
State and local .......................
Self-employed and unpaid family
w o rkers.........................................
1 Data not available.
15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Labor Force Status o f Vietnam-Era Veterans
Veterans who served in the Vietnam theater were less
likely to hold managerial and professional positions than
others of the same era, and more likely to hold skilled craft
and protective service jobs. (See table 4.) Disabled
Vietnam-era veterans were more likely than their nondis
abled counterparts to be professionals, clericals, and un
skilled laborers, and less likely to be skilled craftworkers
and machine operators. This followed the pattern of veter
ans of earlier wars, except that the older disabled veterans
were also more likely to be in sales.
The occupational distribution of black veterans varied
from that of whites, paralleling the general situation. Black
Vietnam-era veterans were less likely to be in managerial
and professional positions and more likely to hold service
jobs than were whites. But they were also less likely to
occupy unskilled and low paying laborer jobs and more
likely to hold lower level white-collar positions than nonvet
eran blacks, indicating, perhaps, that military service con
fers a greater relative benefit to blacks than to whites.
Out of the labor force
A small number of Vietnam-era veterans were not work
ing or looking for work in April 1985. The majority of the
480,000 veterans in this category reported that they were
retired, but ill health stemming from service injuries and
illnesses also played a significant role in their labor force
status.
Black veterans were about as likely to be outside the labor
force as whites, a picture quite different from the population
as a whole, where blacks have a greater incidence of nonpar
ticipation than whites.
□
-FOOTNOTES1 Respondents to the April 1985 c ps supplement were men only; how
ever, 1 million women were also veterans, including about 250,000 from
the Vietnam era. For more information, see Female Veteran Population
(Veterans Administration, 1984); and Maria L. Roca, “Women veterans
total 1 million in first half o f 1986,” Monthly Labor Review, December
1986, pp. 3 0 -3 1 .
2 Information from the April 1985 c ps supplement was issued initially as
news release u s d l 8 6 -1 2 5 , “ b l s Issues First Time Study on Disabled
Veterans,” Mar. 31, 1986. Historical data on Vietnam-era veterans are
found in Employment and Earnings, a monthly b l s publication, and The
Employment Situation, a monthly BLS news release. For the latest article on
the subject, see John F. Stinson, Jr., “Vietnam veterans in the labor market
o f the 1970’s ,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1979, pp. 3 -1 1 .
3 Statistical Abstract 1986 (Washington, U .S. Department o f Com
merce), p. 346.
4 For a comparison o f the attitudes of veterans, employers, and the public
toward the veterans, see Myth and Realities: A Study of Attitudes Toward
Vietnam Era Veterans, submitted by the Veterans Administration to the
Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. House o f Representatives, July 1980.
5 Statistical Abstract 1975 (Washington, U .S. Department o f Com
merce), p. 327.
6 Code of Federal Regulations, title 38.
7 Federal Benefits for Veterans and Dependents (Veterans Administra
APPENDIX:
The estimates in this article are obtained from a supple
ment to the April 1985 Current Population Survey ( c p s ).
Special questions in this survey asked men 18 years and
older about their service in the Armed Forces and whether
they had a service-connected disability. The c p s , a monthly
survey of about 59,500 occupied households, is conducted
for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the
Census. It provides information on the employment status of
the civilian noninstitutional population; the demographic,
occupational, and other characteristics of the employed, the
unemployed, and persons not in the labor force; and related
data. The April 1985 survey was taken during the week of
the 14th through the 20th and refers to the status of individ
16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tion, 1986), pp. 3 -4 .
8 Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative Adjustment of Veterans and Their
Peers, a study prepared for the Veterans Administration, submitted to the
Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Mar. 9,
1981, pp. 104-16.
9 Myths and Realities, pp. 108-19.
10 See Elizabeth Waldman and Kathryn R. Gover, “Employment situa
tion of Vietnam-era veterans,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1971,
pp. 3 -1 1 , for a discussion o f programs and benefits for these veterans, as
well as a comparison of the job markets facing Vietnam, Korea, and World
War II veterans.
11 See Veterans’ Preference in Federal Employment (Office o f Personnel
Management, 1985).
12 See Carol Boyd Leon, “Working for Uncle Sam— a look at members
o f the Armed Forces,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1984, pp. 3 -9 .
13 Legacies of Vietnam, pp. 153-72.
14 The va estimates that as of September 1985, 6 million Vietnam-era
veterans had received training under the gi Bill, nearly two-thirds o f them
at the college level. For more information, see Veterans Benefits Under
Current Educational Programs, Fiscal Year 1985 (Veterans Administra
tion).
15 Annual Report 1985 (Veterans Administration), p. 7.
Notes on the data
uals during the preceding week (7th through the 13th). The
definitions underlying the data in this article are as follows.
Veteran status is provided from responses to the ques
tions:
Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed
Forces?
When did you serve?
Vietnam Era—Aug. 1964-Apr. 1975 ..................... O
Korean War—June 1950-Jan. 1955 ..................... O
World War II—Sept. 1940-July 1947 ................... O
World War I—Apr. 1917-Nov. 1918 ................... O
Other service—All other periods ........................... O
If the person served in more than one of the major con
flicts, the most recent war period is marked. “Other service”
is marked only if no time was served during one of the four
major conflicts. Vietnam-era veterans were asked this ques
tion to determine if service was actually in the Vietnam
theater:
Did you serve in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia; in the
waters in or around these countries; or fly missions
over these areas between August 1964 and April 1975?
The presence of a service-connected disability is provided
by the question:
Has the Veterans Administration or the Department of
Defense determined that you have a service-connected
disability, that is, a health condition or impairment
caused or made worse by military service?
The disability status must be determined by the Veterans
Administration or the Department of Defense. Selfdiagnosed or personal-physician-diagnosed disabilities are
not applicable. Service-connected disability ratings are de
termined from the question:
What is your service-connected disability rating?
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Answers range from 0 to 100 percent. Disability ratings
are determined from a rating schedule published in the
U.S. Code o f Federal Regulations (title 38), “Pensions,
Bonuses, and Veterans Relief,” Part 4— “Schedule for Rat
ing Disabilities.” The rating schedule is “primarily a guide
in the evaluation of disability resulting from all types of
diseases and injuries encountered as a result of or incident
to military service. The percentage ratings represent as far
as can practicably be determined the average impairment in
earning capacity resulting from such diseases and injuries
and their residual conditions in civil occupations.” Part 4
lists hundreds of disorders by degree of severity and assigns
a rating of 0 through 100 percent in steps of 10 percent for
each (as well as instructions for rating multiple disorders).
An example of the rating system is the assignment of a
rating of 30 percent where a service-connected injury or
disease causes the visual acuity of one eye to be reduced to
10/200 and vision in the other eye is 20/40. A rating of 90
percent disability is assigned where both eyes have only
10/200 acuity. Although the schedule’s ratings are based
primarily on the average impairment in earning capacity,
“full consideration must be given to unusual physical or
mental effects in individual cases, to peculiar effects of
occupational activities, to defects in physical or mental en
dowment preventing the usual amount of success in over
coming the handicap or disability, and to the effect of com
binations of disability.”
ERRATA
The article “ New basket of goods and services being priced in revised c p i , ”
which appeared in the January issue, contains two incorrect figures. In the first
column of page 4, the second sentence of the last paragraph should read:
The c p i -w population comprises 28 percent of all consumer units and 32 per
cent of the noninstitutional population.
17
State and local government pay increases
outpace five-year rise in private industry
Differences in occupational industrial mix
of workers account for much of difference
in wage and salary gains,
according to Employment Cost Index
,
R ic h a r d
E.
Schum ann
Pay increases for workers in State and local government, as
measured by the Bureau’s Employment Cost Index, have
exceeded those for workers in the private sector over the
5 years for which comparable data are available from the
e c i . During the June 1981-86 period, wages and salaries
increased by 36 percent in State and local governments,
while pay in the private sector increased 27.9 percent.
Much of the difference in the size of wage changes be
tween the two sectors can be explained by differences in the
industrial and occupational composition of their work
forces. The industrial and occupational groups which had
the largest pay gains accounted for a higher proportion of
employment in State and local government than in the pri
vate sector.
Over the last 11 years, however, pay probably increased
by about the same percentage in the two sectors. During the
1981-86 period, wage changes in State and local govern
ment were very similar to those of the service industry in the
private sector. If this relationship in rates of pay change held
in the 1975-81 period, and there is evidence to suggest that
it did, then during that earlier period pay gains in private
industry led those in State and local government by about
the same percentage as they lagged them during 1981-86.
That is, by 1986 the relative rates of pay in the two sectors
were about what they were in 1975.
The occupational effect
A substantial part of the difference between the private
Richard E. Schumann is an economist in the Office of Wages and Industrial
Relations, Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
sector and State and local government in rates of pay in
crease during 1981-86 can be explained by occupational
composition. As shown in table 1, the groups with the
largest wage increases in both sectors are relatively more
numerous in State and local government. For example, pro
fessional specialty and technical occupations, which show
the largest percent change during June 1981-86 in both the
private sector (34.0 percent) and State and local government
(37.6 percent), account for nearly two-fifths of State and
local government employment, compared with slightly
more than one-tenth in private industry. Teachers, the
largest group within the professional occupation, make up
more than one-fifth of all State and local employment and
received large pay gains during June 1981-86.
In contrast, blue-collar workers, whose pay gains were
less than those of white-collar and service workers in both
private industry (23.7 percent) and State and local govern
ment (31.9 percent), are relatively more numerous in the
private sector. They account for three-eighths of private
industry employment, compared with only one-eighth of
State and local government employment.
Service occupations, such as police, firefighters, and jan
itors, show pay increases closer to those of white-collar
workers, and they, too, are more significant in State and
local government. The pay of these employees rose 28.0
percent in private industry compared with 34.4 percent in
State and local government; they account for one-fifth of
State and local employment, compared with one-eighth of
private sector employment.
To assess the impact of the differing occupational distri
butions on the aggregate wage change, the Bureau recalcu-
Table 1. Cumulative percent pay changes in government
and the private sector and percent distribution of employ
ment, by occupation, June 1981-86
C u m u la tive pay c h an g e
O c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p
All workers...............
White-collar workers...........
Professional specialty
and technical...............
Executive, administrative,
and managerial...........
S a le s ..............................
Administrative support,
including clerical .........
Blue-collar workers.............
Precision production,
craft, and repair...........
Machine operators,
assemblers, and
Inspectors...................
Transportation and
material moving...........
Handlers, equipment
cleaners, helpers,
and laborers ...............
Service occupations...........
P ercen t o f em p lo y m e n t
S ta te and local
Private
S ta te and local
P rivate
g o v ern m e n t
sec to r
g o v ern m e n t
sec to r
36.0
27.9
100.0
100.0
37.0
31.1
67.1
50.1
137.6
34.0
38.6
11.2
136.0
136.6
32.1
24.3
9.2
0.9
9.8
11.3
134.3
30.8
18.5
17.8
31.9
23.7
12.0
37.4
13 3 .O
25.7
4.2
14.4
13 2 .O
23.6
1.4
12.2
129.3
18.9
3.6
5.0
13 3.1
20.3
2.7
5.8
134.4
28.0
20.9
12.4
1 Unpublished data
No t e :
The Employment Cost Index employment distribution is based on the 1980 census.
lated percent changes over the last 5 years for private indus
try workers, using the occupational distribution from State
and local government.1 The differing occupational mix ac
counted for about 40 percent of the difference between the
rates of pay increase for the two sectors. That is, if private
industry had the State and local occupational employment
distribution, the June 1981-86 pay increase for private in
dustry workers would have been 31.4 percent, compared
with the actual 27.9 percent, but still below the 36.0-percent
change for State and local government workers.
When this process was reversed and the State and local
government cumulative change was recalculated using pri
vate industry employment distributions, about 25 percent of
the difference could be explained by occupational composi
tions. The revised cumulative percent increase for State and
local government was 34.0 percent, compared with the ac
tual 36.0-percent change, but above the private industry
figure of 27.9 percent. Thus, differences between the pri
vate sector and State and local governments in the occupa
tional employment distribution account for 25 to 40 percent
of the difference in wage and salary increases during 1981-86.
Effects of industrial activity
Virtually all of the differential in the June 1981-86 rates
of wage and salary change between State and local govern
ment and private industry can be explained by differences in
the distribution of employment by industrial activity. A
major difference between the two sectors is in the impor
tance of service industry activities— for example, hospitals
and schools. As shown in table 2, service activities account
for nearly two-thirds of the State and local government work
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force, compared with about one-fifth in private industry.
Workers in service industry activities had the largest June
1981-86 pay gains in both private industry (36.9 percent)
and State and local government (37.1 percent).
In addition, the industry divisions which are important in
only one sector tended to raise the State and local govern
ment cumulative increase and lower the private industry
increase. Manufacturing; wholesale and retail trade; and
finance, insurance, and real estate are important only in the
private sector, and the pay increases in these industries were
lower than the average for all private industry workers (29.7
percent). Public administration, which represents 25.4 per
cent of State and local government employment, averaged
pay gains of 34.6 percent, well above the 29.7-percent in
crease for the private sector.
To assess the impact of the differences in the industrial
composition of the two sectors, the Bureau recalculated the
cumulative percent change for private industry for the pe
riod 1981-86, using the industry distributions from State
and local government.2 The recalculated private industry
change of 34.8 percent is very close to the State rnd local
government change of 36.0 percent. It is clear that the
differing industrial composition of the two sectors is crucial
in explaining the differences in the June 1981-86 changes.
The service industry as a proxy
Because State and local government workers were not
included in the e c i prior to June 1981, it is not possible to
determine from that index whether State and local pay gains
exceeded those in the private sector during 1975-81 as they
did during 1981-86. It is possible, however, to draw some
conclusions about relative rates of wage change during the
earlier period by examining pay gains of the service industry
in the private sector.
Table 2. Cumulative percent pay changes in government
and the private sector and percent distribution of employ
ment, by industry, June 1981-86
C u m u la tive p ay c h an g e
In d u s try
P erc en t o f e m p lo y m e n t
S tate a nd local
P rivate
S ta te and local
P riv a te
g o v ern m e n t
s ec to r
g o v ern m e n t
s e c to r
All workers..........................
36.0
29.7
100.0
100.0
Manufacturing.................
Construction...................
Transportation, commun
ications, and public
utilities ........................
Wholesale and retail
tra d e ............................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate...................
Services..........................
Public administration . . . .
Other4 ............................
(1)
234.2
26.5
19.8
(1)
3.3
30.2
5.8
228.1
26.6
(1)
25.8
(1)
25.1
(1)
37.1
34.6
M
28.0
36.9
(3)
(4)
(1)
63.8
25.8
2.9
7.7
22.4
(3)
1.4
4.5
7.7
1 This category is included in the “other” category.
2 Unpublished data
3 Not applicable.
4 “Other” Includes mining in the private sector and mining, manufacturing, wholesale and retail
trade, and finance, insurance, and real estate In State and local government.
No t e :
The Employment Cost Index employment distribution is based on the 1980 census.
19
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
State and Local Government Pay Increases
Wage and salary increases for workers in State and local
government have, since June 1981, approximated those of
the service industry of the private sector. Both State and
local government (36.6 percent) and the service industry of
the private sector (36.9 percent) have had increases greater
than the private sector as a whole (27.9 percent). In contrast,
during the 1975-81 period, wage and salary increases for
the service industry in the private economy (48.4 percent)
were smaller than for all private industry (56.3 percent).
Consequently, over the period from 1975 to 1986, increases
for workers in the private service industry (103.1 percent)
have been about the same as those for all private sector
workers (99.8 percent).
If State and local government wage changes had approx
imated changes in the private service industry for the Sep
tember 1975-June 1981 period as they did in the June 1981—
June 1986 period, the change in State and local wages over
the 1975-86 period would be about the same as the change
in wages for the private sector.
Evidence supporting the hypothesis that the change in
State and local government wages approximated the change
in wages for the private sector service industry from 1975 to
1980 is provided by earnings data from the Bureau of the
Census.3 During the 1975-84 period, the latest for which
census data were available, the increase in earnings for State
and local government workers (85.0 percent) did approxi-
1 This was accomplished by apportioning the private industry census
employment weight among the major occupational groups on the basis of
the distribution existing in State and local government, and then multiply
ing the private industry wage rate for each group by the weight for that
group.
2 Separate wage rate data were not available for manufacturing; whole
sale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and mining. The
recalculated index compares those industry divisions (construction; trans
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 3. Annual and cumulative percent pay changes in
government and in the private sector service industry,
1976-84
Private sector1
Year
Total
Service
industry
State and local
government2
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
7.2
7.0
7.7
8.7
9.0
5.4
5.3
6.7
8.5
8.7
6.1
6.1
5.3
7.7
9.0
1981
1982
1983
1984
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
8.8
6.3
5.0
4.1
10.6
8.0
6.6
6.2
9.5
8.4
5.7
6.0
1975-81 ............................................................
1981-84 ............................................................
1975-84 ............................................................
59.2
16.2
85.0
54.2
22.4
88.8
52.3
21.5
85.0
1 Based on change in Employment Cost Index from December to December.
2 Annual change based on monthly earnings for October of each year. Census data on
earnings for State and local government and educational employees taken from Public Employ
ment, Series GE No. 1 for various years.
mate the increase in the e c i private service industry ( 8 8 . 8
percent). (See table 3.) This indicates that the relationship
between changes in the private service industry and State
and local government held for the period before June 1981
and that, over the longer period (1975-86), the difference
between changes in the private nonfarm sector and the State
and local government sector virtually disappears.
□
portation, communications, and public utilities; and services) which have
significant employment in both sectors.
3
The comparison of earnings data based on average October earnings
with Employment Cost Index wage and salary data from the December
quarter is not ideal. The two series do not measure the same concept and
earnings series may differ considerably from wage series. The comparison
is made to indicate a general trend which exists, not to make an exact
comparison.
Changes in unemployment insurance
legislation during 1986
Some States tightened benefit eligibility
and disqualification provisions, but few other
changes were made; in eight States, statutes were
modified to cut extended benefits if triggered
by Federal budget-balancing legislation
D ia n a R u n n e r
No major Federal legislation was enacted in 1986 that would
require States to amend their unemployment insurance laws.
However, Congress enacted Public Law 99-595 (untitled)
which extends to December 31, 1992, the exclusion from
coverage of aliens performing agricultural labor. States are
not required to amend their laws to apply the alien exclusion.
An immigration reform bill, Public Law 99-603, was
also enacted which includes an alien verification system that
becomes effective in October 1988 in the States unless the
U.S. Secretary of Labor provides a waiver. The system
would be used to verify the eligibility for benefits of certain
alien workers. The law specifies criteria States must meet to
qualify for the waiver.
Diana Runner is an unemployment insurance program specialist in the
Office o f Legislation and Actuarial Services, Employment and Training
Administration, U .S. Department of Labor.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Tax Reform Act, Public Law 99-514, amended the
definition of gross income to include all unemployment
benefits as taxable income for Federal income tax purposes.
The act also made several technical amendments to the
Federal Unemployment Tax Act.
In general, State legislatures took very little action in the
area of unemployment insurance this year. Eight States
amended their laws to cut the extended benefit amount
payable to a claimant during a period in which Federal
payments to States for extended benefits are reduced pur
suant to a sequester order under the Balanced Budget and
Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (hereafter termed
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings). Nine States amended their
laws to include tips in the definition of covered wages for
tax purposes.
Following is a summary of significant changes in State
unemployment insurance (ui) laws during 1986.
21
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
California
Disqualification. An individual who was
fired from a job or who voluntarily quit due
to alcoholism may reestablish eligibility for
extended benefits after he or she has earned
remuneration equal to or in excess of five
times the weekly benefit amount.
Penalties. The penalty for fraud against
the ui system was changed from a misde
meanor conviction to imprisonment for
1 year or a fine of up to $20,000, or both.
Colorado
Financing. Beginning January 1, 1987,
the taxable wage base is increased from
$8,000 to $9,000 and will rise to $10,000
on January 1, 1988. However, if the trust
fund balance on June 30, 1987, is more
than $350 million, the wage base for calen
dar year 1988 will be $9,000. The fund
balance level at which the most favorable
tax schedule would become effective has
been changed from at least $250 million to
$350 million.
Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1986
The rate for new employers, except those in
construction, is the average assessment rate
for all employers. In construction, the new
employer’s rate is the higher of the average
construction industry assessment rate or the
average industry assessment rate in that
employer’s specific industry classification.
Benefits. The weekly and total benefit
amounts for extended benefits will be re
duced to reflect any cuts mandated by
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings.
Disqualification. The duration disquali
fication for the three major causes of dis
qualification (voluntary leaving, discharge
for misconduct, and refusal of suitable
work) will continue until the worker has
been employed for 4 weeks and has earned
four times the weekly benefit amount.
Florida
Coverage. The exclusion from coverage
of aliens performing agricultural labor was
extended to January 1, 1988.
Hawaii
Benefits. The percentage of the State’s
average weekly wage used to compute the
maximum weekly benefit amount was low
ered from 60 percent to 55 percent.
Disqualification. An individual’s poten
tial weeks of benefits will now be reduced
if he or she receives severance allowances.
Also, disqualifying income now includes
sick pay or other similar periodic cash pay
ments.
Financing. The definition of wages was
amended to include tips received from cus
tomers and reported to the employer. The
benefit charging provisions were amended
to specify that no contributing employer’s
account will be charged for the State’s
share of Federal-State Extended Benefits.
Disqualification. Conditions for benefit
eligibility were added for individuals who
leave part-time employment and would
otherwise be ineligible for benefits.
Benefits. Beginning July 1, 1988, a quar
terly wage reporting system will be added,
in addition to a wage request system, for
purposes of determining benefits. Begin
ning October 1, 1989, the following
changes will be effective: (1) the base pe
riod will be the first four of the last five
completed calendar quarters; (2) qualify
ing wages will be 30 times the weekly ben
efit amount and wages must have been
earned in at least two quarters of the base
period; and (3) the duration disqualifica
tion for the three major causes will not be
removed unless or until the individual has
earned wages of five times the weekly ben
efit amount.
Delaware
Idaho
Financing. The period over which an
employer’s experience rating account must
be chargeable before he or she can qualify
for other than the standard rate was reduced
from 3 to 2 years. The benefit charging
provisions were amended to specify that
only contributing employers will be re
lieved of charges for benefits paid to an
individual who voluntarily left work with
out good cause, was discharged for miscon
duct, or refused an offer of suitable work.
Financing. The maximum tax rate for the
most favorable tax schedule increased from
4.0 percent to 5.4 percent of payrolls. The
definition of wages was amended to include
tips totaling $20 or more in a month that
have been reported by the claimant in a
written statement to the employer. The law
was amended to provide that an employer
will not be charged for benefits paid to an
individual who continues to perform serv
ices for that employer without a reduction
Administration. The Colorado Depart
ment of Labor and Employment’s secondlevel appeals body was changed from the
Unemployment Compensation Commis
sion to the Industrial Claims Appeals
Panel.
Connecticut
22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in work schedule and who is eligible to
receive benefits based on earnings from an
other employer.
Penalties. The law was amended to add
an 8-year statute of limitations on collec
tion by the State of fraudulently received
benefits.
Illinois
Coverage. A new enactment excludes
from coverage services performed by an
individual as a direct seller, if certain con
ditions are met.
Financing. The taxable wage base of
$8,500 was extended until January 1988.
Thereafter, it reverts to $7,000. The new
employer’s contribution rate, equal to the
greater of 2.7 percent or 2.7 percent times
the State experience factor, was extended
through calendar year 1987. This effec
tively postponed until calendar 1988 the
charging of a straight 2.7-percent rate for
new employers, which was to have become
effective January 1987. New legislation
also extended through calendar 1987: (1)
the minimum and maximum contribution
rates of 0.2 percent and 6.7 percent, re
spectively; and (2) the emergency contri
bution rate of 0.6 percent for employers
whose rates are higher than 0.2 percent,
which had been established to ensure ade
quate fund levels.
Benefits. The requirement that an indi
vidual’s weekly benefit amount be com
puted as 48 percent of his or her average
weekly wage (up to 48 percent of the State
average weekly wage), which was due to
expire on January 3, 1987, was extended
until January 2, 1988. The formula for
computing dependents’ allowances was ex
tended for the same period.
Kansas
Financing. The definition of wages was
amended to include tips totaling $20 or
more in a calendar month when such tips
have been reported in writing to the em
ployer.
Benefits. The amount of earnings disre
garded in computing the weekly benefit for
partial unemployment was changed from
$8 to one-fourth of the weekly benefit
amount or the amount in excess of $47.
Disqualification. The disqualification for
discharge for misconduct and for refusal of
suitable work changed from a fixed period
of 10 weeks to the duration of the
claimant’s unemployment and until the in
dividual has earned three times the weekly
benefit amount. Deleted was the require
ment that provided for an equal reduction
of benefits under both of these disqualifica
tions. Also, Kansas now provides for a can
cellation of wage credits earned from the
employer involved in a disqualification for
gross misconduct.
Kentucky
Coverage. The age 22 limitation for the
exclusion from coverage of services per
formed by students in a work-study pro
gram was deleted; therefore such services
are excluded, regardless of the individual’s
age.
Financing. The definition of wages was
amended to include tips when they have
been reported in writing to the employer.
Extended to December 1988 was the provi
sion that a surcharge be imposed on em
ployers if there are insufficient funds in the
penalty and interest account for the pay
ment of interest on Federal advances to the
State ui program.
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit
amount may not increase if the tax rate
schedule in effect is higher than the previ
ous year’s schedule. Kentucky also limits
the permissible increase in the maximum
weekly benefit amount each year depend
ing on the trust fund balance. For example,
when the fund balance is less than $150
million, the maximum benefit cannot in
crease by more than 6 percent over the pre
vious year’s maximum. An individual’s ex
tended benefit and total benefit amounts
will be cut by the amount of the GrammRudman-Hollings reduction.
Disqualification. An individual will not
be disqualified from benefits for leaving
work that was 100 miles (one-way) from
home to accept work less than 100 miles
away.
Maryland
Coverage. A new enactment excludes
from coverage services performed by an
individual as a direct seller, if certain con
ditions are met.
Financing. The definition of wages was
amended to include tips when they have
been reported by the claimant in a written
statement furnished to the employer.
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit
amount was increased from $175 to $195,
and the dependency allowance was raised
from $3 to $4. Wages earned for a succes
sive benefit year must be in insured work.
A temporary worksharing program, estab
lished in 1984, was made permanent.
Disqualification. An individual’s requal
ifying earnings after disqualification for
voluntary leaving without good cause, dis
charge for misconduct, or refusal of suit
able work must be earned in insured work.
Penalties. The penalty for fraudulent
misrepresentation by any individual to ob
tain or increase benefits was changed from
a monetary fine to a misdemeanor. If con
victed, the individual will be required to
repay the fraudulent benefits plus interest at
the rate of 1.5 percent per month from the
date on which he or she was notified of the
recoverable amount. Also, the individual
shall be fined up to $1,000 or imprisoned
for up to 90 days, or both. Any individual
who fraudulently prevents or reduces bene
fits will be guilty of a misdemeanor and
fined up to $1,000 or imprisoned for up to
90 days, or both.
Michigan
Financing. The definition of wages was
amended to include tips that are reported by
the claimant to the employer in a written
statement.
Louisiana
Benefits. An individual’s extended bene
fit amount and total benefit amount will be
reduced by the amount of the Federal share
of the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings reduc
tion.
Maine
Financing. Benefits paid to a dislocated
worker will not be charged to an em
ployer’s experience rating account, but to
the general fund.
Benefits. A temporary program which
will provide job search assistance and job
training was established for dislocated
workers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Minnesota
Financing. No employer’s account shall
be charged for benefits paid to an individ
ual when: (1) the unemployment was
caused by a fire, flood, or act of God;
(2) 70 percent or more of the employees
became unemployed as a result; and (3) the
employer reopens its operation within 360
days of the disaster.
Mississippi
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit
amount increased from $115 to $130. Pro
fessional baseball was included as a sea
sonal industry for benefit purposes. The
total amount of extended benefits payable
is now limited, so that the Federal reim
bursement is one-half of the total extended
benefits payments pursuant to GrammRudman-Hollings .
Disqualification. The disqualification for
discharge for misconduct was changed
from 1 to 12 weeks to the duration of the
claimant’s unemployment and until the in
dividual has earned wages of at least eight
times the weekly benefit amount. The dis
qualification for, and definition of, gross
misconduct was deleted from the law. The
statute now limits to 10 years the period
during which the State may collect over
payments made earlier to a claimant.
Missouri
Financing. The definition of wages for
ui purposes was amended to include tips
reported by the claimant in a written state
ment to the employer.
Nebraska
Financing. The definition of wages was
amended to include tips reported by the
claimant in a written statement to the em
ployer for Federal income tax purposes.
Benefits. Beginning October 1, 1988,
employers will be required to report quar
terly wages for every employee, which will
be used to make individual monetary deter
minations of benefit eligibility. The com
missioner of the Nebraska Department of
Labor may, by regulation, designate the
base period as the first four of the last five
completed calendar quarters instead of the
four completed calendar quarters preceding
the individual’s benefit year, as is currently
the case. The law now specifies that the
percentage of benefits which are Federally
funded may be adjusted in accordance with
the provisions of G ram m -R u d m an Hollings.
Disqualification. The statute now limits
to 3 years the period during which the State
may collect overpayments made earlier to a
claimant. However, no individual will be
liable for overpayments received without
fault on his or her part where the recovery
thereof would defeat the purpose of the act
or be inequitable and against good con
science.
New York
Coverage. A new enactment excludes
from coverage services performed by an
individual as a real estate agent, if certain
conditions are met. The law now permits
voluntary coverage for a person employed
at a place of religious worship.
23
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Financing. Employer contribution rates,
formerly computed from payrolls for the
preceding year, are now based on average
payrolls for the last 3 years, or the average
for all quarters if the employer has been
liable for fewer than 13 quarters.
North Carolina
Benefits. The law was amended to cut the
weekly and total extended benefit amounts
to reflect any reductions under GrammRudman-Hollings.
Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1986
percent to 5.4 percent of payrolls. The rate
of contributions for new employers was re
duced from 2.7 percent to 2.64 percent.
ers. Currently, benefits are charged to the
most recent employer who paid the individ
ual $695 or more in covered employment.
South Dakota
Benefits. Beginning January 3, 1988, to
qualify for benefits an individual must
earn: (1) at least $1,000 in one quarter of
the base period; (2) base period wages of at
least 40 percent of the total high-quarter
wages; and, (3) at least four times the
weekly benefit amount after the beginning
of the individual’s most recent benefit year.
Currently, the qualifying requirements are
20 weeks of work at $35 per week. Also, an
individual’s weekly benefit amount will be
determined by dividing the wages in the
two high quarters by 45. However, the
amount determined may not exceed the
maximum weekly benefit amount. Begin
ning with the first calendar week of July
1990, the quarterly wage requirement of
$1,000 (as mentioned above) will be ad
justed by a percentage increase equal to the
percentage increase, if any, in the State
minimum wage effective during the pre
ceding calendar year. Beginning January 3,
1988, an individual must earn 1^ times
high-quarter wages in the base period to
qualify for extended benefits. A temporary
compensation program for employees on
shortened work schedules was established,
to last until June 30, 1988.
Disqualification. The labor dispute dis
qualification now applies to any individual
for any week in which the unemployment is
caused by a labor dispute. Holiday pay will
be considered disqualifying income and an
individual’s weekly benefit amount will be
reduced by the amount of the holiday pay
prorated over weeks of Ui benefits paid.
Ohio
Financing. The contribution rate for new
employers will be the higher of the average
contribution rate computed for their indus
try or 3 percent.
Oklahoma
Benefits. An individual’s duration of
benefits will now be determined as the
lesser of 26 weeks or 40 percent of the
taxable wage, or 40 percent of the total
wages in the base period. Oklahoma also
will cut the extended benefit amount by
one-half if the amount of extended benefits
reimbursed by the Federal Government is
reduced.
Disqualification. The
disqualification
period for refusal of suitable work or failure
to actively seek work was changed from the
week of failure and until the individual
earns at least 10 times the weekly benefit
amount to the week in which the failure
occurred.
Penalties. An individual will be assessed
interest at the rate of 1 percent per month on
fraudulently received benefits until such
benefits are repaid.
Rhode Island
Benefits. Beginning January 1, 1988, all
employers will be required to submit a
quarterly wage report on all employees. On
claims filed on or after October 1, 1989,
the report will be used to establish an indi
vidual’s eligibility for benefits and to deter
mine the amount and duration of benefits.
South Carolina
Financing. The standard rate of em
ployer contributions increased from 2.7
24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Tennessee
Financing. The tax rate for employers
who are not experience rated increased
from 5.4 percent to 5.5 percent.
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit
amount increased from $120 to $125, and
will increase to $130 on January 5, 1987.
Disqualification. A labor dispute dis
qualification will not apply if the claimant
subsequently obtains covered employment
and earns 10 times the weekly benefit
amount. Also, a disqualification will not
apply if the claimant was indefinitely sepa
rated prior to the dispute and is otherwise
eligible for benefits.
Virginia
Utah
Coverage. The test for determining
whether an employer-employee relation
ship exists is modified to delete consider
ation of services performed for the em
ployer outside the usual course or place of
the employer’s business. Thus, services for
remuneration will constitute employment
unless two tests are met: (1) the individual
is free from direction and control, and
(2) he or she is customarily engaged in an
independent trade or business.
Vermont
Financing. Beginning January 3, 1988,
benefits will be charged to all base period
employers in proportion to the wages
earned by the individual with each em
ployer. However, if one or more base pe
riod employers are not charged for benefits
paid for reasons described in the law, all
benefits paid shall be charged proportion
ately to the remaining base period employ
Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit
amount increased from $159 to $167.
Penalties. The penalty for fraudulent
misrepresentation by individuals to obtain
or increase benefits or by employers to pre
vent or reduce benefit payments has been
changed from a misdemeanor to a Class I
misdemeanor.
Washington
Financing. The definition of wages was
amended to include tips which are reported
by the employee to the employer for Fed
eral income tax purposes.
Wyoming
Benefits. If the amount of extended bene
fits reimbursed by the Federal Government
is reduced or increased, then the State’s
share of the weekly extended benefit
amount will be reduced or increased on an
equal basis.
□
Retail liquor stores experience
flat trend in productivity
Output per hour of all persons remained
relatively stable during 1972-85;
technological innovations have not
been sufficient to offset weak demand
and small labor-intensive operations
,
Ja m e s D . Y o r k
Output per hour of all persons1 in the retail liquor store
industry2 increased at an average annual rate of 0.2 percent
from 1972 to 1985, compared with an average annual rate
of 0.7 percent for the total nonfarm business sector of the
economy during the same period. This overall productivity
gain reflects no change in output on an average annual basis
coupled with a corresponding decrease in all person hours of
0.3 percent. (See table 1.)
In 1972-78, productivity in the retail liquor industry de
clined at a rate of 0.8 percent. The rate of growth in output
was only 0.7 percent and was outpaced by a growth in hours
of 1.5 percent per year. Productivity declined every year of
this subperiod except in 1976, when it increased by 4.7
percent. This increase occurred as output rose 1.6 percent
and hours declined 3.0 percent. Recessionary conditions in
1974 and 1975 may have contributed to the weak demand
exhibited during this period. Sales declined in 1975, the
year the recession reached its trough, but rebounded in 1976
and 1977— both years of economic recovery.
From 1978 to 1982, productivity experienced a sharp
turnaround, rising at a 3.3-percent annual rate. However, it
still reflected a decrease in hours. Output increased an aver
age of 0.4 percent annually, while hours declined at a rate
of 2.9 percent. Output increased in only 2 years of this
subperiod, 1979 and 1980.
Despite the general recovery in the economy since 1982,
James D. York is an economist in the Division o f Industry Productivity and
Technology Studies, Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
productivity declined at an average annual rate of 1.9 per
cent from 1982 to 1985. Output declined at a rate of 3.9
percent, exceeding the 2.1-percent rate of decrease in hours.
Output posted declines in every year except 1983, when
there was a small increase of 0.6 percent. Substantial de
clines of 6.6 and 4.7 percent occurred in 1984 and 1985.
Increased health concerns, changes in social attitudes to
ward drinking, and tougher drunk-driving laws have proba-
Table 1. Retail liquor stores indexes of output per hour of
all persons and related data, 1972-85
[1977=100]
Year
Output per
hour of all
persons
1972s ..................................
1973 ..................................
1974 ..........................
1975 ..................................
101.3
101.2
99.8
96.5
102.8
104.7
103.5
99.4
1976
1977
1978
1979
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
101.0
100.0
94.7
96.3
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
101.6
103.2
107.8
101.2
101.6
101.0
Hours of
all
persons
All persons
94.2
96.7
96.7
96.5
93.0
95.6
96.9
100.0
91.6
92.4
93.4
97.1
101.2
100.0
92.0
91.9
98.0
100.0
98.3
101.4
97.0
100.0
103.8
105.3
96.8
100.0
106.9
110.3
92.8
93.2
96.1
93.4
91.6
88.6
103.7
101.7
99.9
100.5
93.9
89.5
102.1
98.5
92.7
99.3
92.4
88.6
111.7
109.1
104.0
107.6
102.5
101.0
Output per
person
I Output
Average annual rates of change (in percent)
1972-85 ............................
1980-85 ............................
0.2
-0.4
-1.1
-0 .9
0.0
-2 .7
-0 .3
-2 .3
1.1
-1 .9
25
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Productivity in Retail Liquor Stores
bly contributed to the decline in demand.3 The small output
increase of 0.6 percent coupled with an increase in hours of
7.1 percent caused a drop in productivity of 6.1 percent in
1983. In 1984, a drop in hours of 6.9 percent enabled
productivity to register a 0.4-percent increase, but in 1985
productivity declined by 0.6 percent as hours declined less
than output.
Industry structure and employment
The industry is characterized by small establishments
with relatively few employees. In recent years, however,
small stores have declined in relative importance. Retail
liquor establishments with 1 to 9 paid employees repre
sented 85 percent of all establishments with paid employees
in 1982, compared with slightly over 89 percent in 1972.
These employees accounted for about 65 percent of total
paid employment in 1982, down from about three-quarters
in 1972. The sales volume of stores with 1 to 9 paid em
ployees has likewise declined slightly as a proportion of the
total. In 1982, their sales volume accounted for 69 percent
of the total, down from about three-quarters in 1972.
Although most establishments are small, a number of
firms in the industry have many establishments. These orga
nizations can benefit from certain economies of scale, even
if none of the individual establishments has large output.
Although the number of multiunit firms has increased, the
number of large companies has remained virtually un
changed. In 1972, there were 944 multiunit firms, account
ing for a total of 6,265 establishments. Some of these firms
contained numerous establishments. For example, 6 firms
had 51 to 100 establishments and 11 firms had more than
100 outlets. The 11 firms actually operated a total of 2,577
establishments, an average of 234 establishments per firm.
They accounted for almost 17 percent of all sales and about
10 percent of paid employment.
In 1982, the number of multiunit firms totaled 2,124,
accounting for 8,008 establishments. Among these were 6
firms with 50 to 99 establishments (the category shown in
the 1982 Census of Retail Trade). Twelve firms had 100
establishments or more. Thus, over a 10-year period, while
the number of multiunit firms increased, there was virtually
no change in the number of large chains. The 12 largest
firms operated 2,973 establishments, an average of 248
establishments per firm, a slight increase over previous
years. Their share of total sales decreased slightly to less
than 14 percent and their share of paid employment fell to
less than 8 percent. The average number of employees per
establishment increased from 3.8 in 1972 to 4.1 in 1977 and
1982.
Between 1972 and 1985, the number of persons working
in the liquor store industry increased by 10.3 percent, from
150,900 to 166,400. This represents an average annual rate
of increase of 1.1 percent. Despite the increase in employ
ment, the total hours of all persons actually decreased at an
average annual rate of 0.3 percent. This primarily reflects a
26
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
rise in part-time workers and a decline in the average weekly
hours of nonsupervisory employees of 13.6 percent, from
33.0 to 28.5 hours.
The work force of the liquor store industry consists of
partners and proprietors, nonsupervisory workers, supervi
sory workers, and unpaid family workers. Nonsupervisory
workers make up the largest group. They represented 58.4
percent of all liquor store personnel in 1972.4 By 1985,
however, they had increased to 68.9 percent of the total.
Increased competition in the industry appears to have been
a factor in this trend. The smallest stores, which have a
higher proportion of self-employed workers, have been de
clining in relative importance. In the face of reduced de
mand in recent years, many of these stores closed and this
has had a negative effect on the number of self-employed
workers. From 1972 to 1985, the number of partners and
proprietors declined 31 percent, from 36,700 to 25,200. The
larger stores that remain have relatively more nonsupervi
sory employees.
The industry’s work force is dominated by persons in
marketing and sales occupations. Salespersons represent the
largest group and accounted for nearly 40 percent of the total
in 1984. Cashiers, the next largest group, accounted for
nearly 19 percent. Another major occupation among mar
keting and sales workers is stock clerks, who represented
nearly 8 percent of the work force in 1984.5
A changing market
Many factors have affected the market for alcoholic bev
erages in recent years. Changes in demographics, consumer
tastes, and social attitudes toward drinking have influenced
consumer buying patterns.
One of the most dramatic shifts in drinking habits has
been the growing consumption of wine and, recently, wine
coolers. This shift to wine has increased employee time
required to service consumers because of the greater number
of bottles which must be handled for a given value of sales.
Between 1970 and 1980, wine increased its share of liquor
and wine sales from 40 percent to more than half of the
market and has continued to increase its share in subsequent
years.6 Brandy sales have also increased.
Among distilled spirits, a large decline in whiskey con
sumption has contributed to the weak demand experienced
by the industry. From 1972 to 1984, whiskey sales declined
by more than 27 percent.7 This has been partially offset,
however, by a rise in vodka sales.
In the brewery industry, one of the most significant devel
opments has been the growth of “low-calorie” light beer.
Light beer sales, virtually nonexistent in the early 1970’s,
accounted for about 20 percent of total sales in 1984, having
risen every year. Light beer has been an important factor in
keeping up total beer sales in an increasingly diet-conscious
consumer market. During 1972-84, total beer sales in
creased about 39 percent. However, in recent years, beer
sales have been relatively stable.8 Beer has increased its
share of the overall market, however, and has increased
handling requirements per dollar of sales in the industry.
There appears to have been an increase in the diversity of
beverages purchased by consumers. As already stated, there
has been a considerable increase in the consumption of light
beer and wine. There has also been a rise in the consumption
of cordials, liqueurs, and mixed drinks. The desire to sam
ple new tastes appears to be a factor in the increased popu
larity of premixed drinks now available in liquor stores.
Sales of soft drinks in liquor stores have also increased.
Factors affecting productivity
While overall growth in productivity and demand has
been negligible in the liquor store industry, computer tech
nology and the shift to self-service operations have helped
to offset negative factors in the industry’s productivity situ
ation, thus preventing an actual decline. Computers are
often used in conjunction with point-of-sale terminals (cash
registers) and electronic scanning devices. The declining
prices of computers and the availability of inexpensive per
sonal computers have made this technology feasible for
more and more liquor store operators.
Computers provide numerous capabilities to store man
agers which have enabled them to operate their businesses
more efficiently. Inventory and the stocking of shelves can
be controlled by computer technology. Information coded
on bottle labels and picked up by scanning devices is fed
into the computer, thereby keeping track of what is being
sold from the store’s shelf inventory. The computer can alert
the stockroom personnel when the supply of certain items is
getting low. In addition to eliminating employee time re
quired for monitoring shelf stocks, a computer system can
avert the loss of sales by monitoring inventory. The com
puter can inform employees exactly where each item can be
found on stockroom shelves and where it belongs on the
sales floor. It can also automatically print out a purchase
order for suppliers whenever stockroom quantities are low.9
The use of scanning equipment in conjunction with com
puters or other memory-equipped devices removes the need
to put price labels on individual products. Price information
for all items can be entered into the system’s memory. The
scanner reads the coded information on the product labels
and the appropriate price to charge the customer can then be
retrieved from the system’s memory. As prices change,
information in the memory is updated, alleviating the need
to reprice items on the shelves.10
Because of their capability to store information and make
it readily accessible, computers have been used to perform
recordkeeping and administrative functions and thus greatly
reduce the amount of worktime required for these tasks.
Computers can provide permanent records which may be
required by the State liquor authority or other government
body. They can handle the payroll, the general ledger, and
accounts payable. The information provided on sales activ
ity permits store operators to schedule staff hours more
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
efficiently. The word-processing ability of computers can
also reduce time spent on correspondence. Computers have
helped store operators increase sales by providing the neces
sary information to determine the best selling items so that
ordering can focus on a more optimal product mix. Detailed
information provided by computers also contributes to a
reduction in employee pilferage.
Many liquor store operators who have not introduced
computer technology into their establishments have never
theless benefited from improvements in cash registers. The
development of electronic cash registers ( e c r ’ s ) to replace
the older mechanical versions has improved bookkeeping
capabilities, e c r ’ s provide memory capability and reduce
the time involved in accounting and inventory. Because of
their memory capacity, they offer store operators many of
the same benefits of computer technology.11
Employee hours have been reduced by the shift to selfservice operations which has taken place in much of the
industry. Customers can browse for their choice of bever
ages. The workload of store personnel is reduced because
they no longer need to spend time retrieving bottles for
customers as their orders are placed. The increasingly tough
competition which has taken place in the industry has also
spurred continuing efforts to reduce labor time require
ments. The reduced demand for liquor stores in recent years
has made it more difficult for marginal operators to remain
in business. The restrictions of various State and local laws,
however, will limit any tendencies toward consolidation or
concentration.
Despite the benefits of computer technology, productivity
in the industry has experienced very little growth over the
years. Liquor stores remain relatively labor-intensive opera
tions. The inherent nature of store operations has prevented
any significant automation of operations such as those that
have been achieved in many manufacturing facilities. The
introduction of data processing equipment has enhanced the
capabilities of managers and employees but has not removed
the basic need for their services. The opportunities to substi
tute machinery or equipment for employee time and effort
are limited and have deterred productivity growth. Efforts to
take advantage of the efficiencies associated with larger,
multiunit operations have been limited by the restrictions of
various State and local laws.
Outlook for productivity
Industry productivity growth should benefit from the con
tinuing diffusion of computers and scanning equipment. The
introduction of increasingly affordable personal computers
has put computer technology within the reach of more and
more liquor store operators. The tremendous efficiencies
made possible by computers— in such areas as accounting
and inventory control—can now be introduced into smallscale liquor operations as well as into larger chains. As
managers become more familiar with computers, they
should be able to use them more effectively to improve
productivity.
27
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Productivity in Retail Liquor Stores
Point-of-sale technology should become more widely
used and further contribute to productivity gains. This tech
nology permits electronic-scanning equipment to be con
nected to computers so that information from coded mer
chandise can be automatically fed into a computer. With the
more widespread use of Universal Product Codes in the
liquor industry, the adoption of such systems should be
facilitated. In addition to the obvious advantages of
eliminating the need for price stickers on merchandise,
the marketing information gathered as a byproduct of
merchandise sales should be helpful in boosting sales vol
ume.
Competition in the liquor store industry appears to have
been increasing in recent years. Changing public attitudes
toward drinking may portend a tighter market for alcoholic
beverages and may force more marginal stores out of oper
ation while keeping pressure on the remaining stores to
achieve greater efficiencies. However, increased efforts to
curb alcohol abuse may cause liquor store operators to divert
their attention from management of daily operations in order
to fend off unfavorable legislation and protect their public
image. Overall, opportunities for productivity improvement
will be restricted because of the limited opportunities for
substituting capital for labor.
□
-FOOTNOTES
1 All average rates o f change are based on the linear least squares trends
o f the logarithms o f the index numbers.
2 The retail liquor store industry is designated as Standard Industrial
Classification (sic) 592. It consists of establishments primarily engaged in
the retail sale o f packaged alcoholic beverages, such as ale, beer, wine, and
whiskey, for consumption off the premises. All retail liquor establish
ments, whether operated by government or private ownership, are included
in the industry. For a discussion of productivity trends in liquor stores
operated by State or local government, see Donald M. Fisk, Measuring
Productivity in State and Local Government, Bulletin 2166 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, December 1983), pp. 3 4-42.
3 “The Spirited Battle for Those Who Want to Drink Light,” Business
Week, June 16, 1986, p. 84.
4 This does not include State liquor stores for which no separate break
APPENDIX:
5 Bureau o f Labor Statistics, data for 1984-95, National Industry Occu
pational Matrix.
6 Martin Weinberger, “What’ll You Have? Changes in Consumer Atti
tudes,” Liquor Store, November-December 1983.
7 Based on data from the Distilled Spirits Council o f the United States.
Data include on- and off-premises sales.
8 Trends in beer sales based on data from the Brewers Association.
9 See “How the Personal Computer Gives Your Business an Edge,”
Liquor Store, April 1984.
10 See “Scanning’s Many Benefits,” Liquor Store, September 1982.
11 See “New Register Cuts 30 Hours Work a W eek,” Liquor Store, April
1981.
Measurement techniques and limitations
Indexes of output per hour of all persons measure changes
in the relationship between the output of an industry and
hours expended on that output. An index of output per hour
is derived by dividing an index of output by an index of
industry hours.
The preferred output index for retail trade industries
would be obtained from data on quantities of the various
goods sold by the industry, each weighted (that is, multi
plied) by the employee hours required to sell one unit of
each good in some specified base period. This concept also
embodies the services associated with moving the goods
from the retail establishment to the consumer. Thus, those
goods which require more retail labor are given more impor
tance in the output index.
Data on the quantities of goods sold usually are not avail
able for trade industries, including retail liquor stores.
Therefore, real output was estimated by removing the ef
fects of changing price levels from the current dollar value
of sales. Because an adjustment for changing price levels
usually lowers the dollar value, such a series is usually
referred to as a deflated value measure.
Output measures based on deflated value have two major
characteristics. First, they can reflect shifts in sales among
products of different value which have the same unit labor
28
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
down o f supervisory and nonsupervisory employees was available.
requirements. (For example, if customers begin to purchase
more unadvertised brands instead of “nationally advertised”
brands, dollar sales will decrease if the unadvertised brand
is priced lower.) Thus, a change can occur in the output per
hour index even if the labor required to sell the merchandise
does not change.
Second, the sales level, both in current and constant dol
lars, reflects differences in unit values for identical products
sold in different types of establishments. For example, the
unit value associated with a product sold in a self-service
“discount” store may be lower than the unit value associated
with the same product sold in a store that provides many
sales clerks and delivery service. The output measure, there
fore, reflects changes in the level of service provided to
customers insofar as differences in unit values reflect the
differences in service among the various types of establish
ments.
In addition to the deflated value technique, weights relat
ing to labor importance were used to combine segments of
the output index into a total output measure. The weights
used were gross margin weights. These weights, calculated
for each merchandise line category, represent the percentage
markup provided by the retail liquor store industry. Gross
margins are used in place of labor importance weights which
are unavailable for this industry. These procedures result in
a final output index that is closer, conceptually, to the pre
ferred output measure.
The index of hours for the retail liquor store industry is for
all persons, that is, hours for paid employees, partners and
proprietors, and unpaid family workers. As in all of the
output per hour measures published by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, hours and employment in retail liquor stores are
each considered homogeneous and additive. Adequate in
formation does not exist to weight the various types of labor
separately.
The indexes of output per hour relate total output to one
input— labor time. The indexes do not measure the specific
contribution of labor, capital, or any other single factor.
Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many interrelated
influences such as changes in technology, capital invest
ment, capacity utilization, store design and layout, skill and
effort of the work force, managerial ability, and labormanagement relations.
No explicit adjustments were made to the measure for
retail liquor stores to take into account increases or de
creases in some services provided to the consumer. There
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
has been a continuing shift to self-service operations. This
has shifted some of the hours in retailing from the employee
to the consumer. However, data are not available to measure
the effect of this change.
The basic sources for the output series for this measure
consist of the total sales data and sales by merchandise line
data reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The
deflators were developed using various Consumer Price In
dexes published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The gross
margin weights were developed from data reported by the
U.S. Department of Commerce.
The basic sources for the all person hour series consist of
data on employment and hours published by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census, supple
mented by data reported by the Internal Revenue Service
and special tabulations compiled for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. Data on average
annual hours available from various State liquor control
boards were also utilized. The all person hour series in
cludes the hours of State liquor store employees as well as
the hours of employees in privately owned and operated
establishments.
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement,
challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered
for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not
polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212.
29
Research
Summaries
Moonlighting: a key to differences
in measuring employment growth
Jo h n
F.
S t i n s o n , Jr .
Each month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics analyzes and
publishes two independently derived estimates of employ
ment. One is based on data from the Current Population
Survey (or household survey), and the other from the Cur
rent Employment Statistics program (payroll or establish
ment survey). Data from the household survey are obtained
from a sample of about 59,500 households. They measure
the work status of individuals and yield estimates of total
employment for the Nation. The data from the establishment
survey are derived from the payroll records of over 250,000
establishments and are essentially a count of occupied pay
roll jobs in the nonfarm sector of the economy.
Both series are important in appraising labor market
trends and in assessing the overall performance of the econ
omy. However, they are not always in agreement in gauging
the trends in employment growth. For example, over the
4-year period between November 1982, when the current
economic expansion began, and November 1986, the count
of total civilian employment obtained through the household
survey showed an increase of 11.3 million.1 Over the same
period, the estimates of payroll employment derived from
the establishment survey rose by a significantly greater
amount— 12.4 million. If the household employment data
are adjusted for the readily measurable differences between
the two series— such as the inclusion in the household sur
vey, but not the establishment survey, of agricultural, selfemployed, and private household workers— the growth in
employment for that series during the expansion is reduced
even further, to 10.7 million.2 (See table 1.) This suggests
a discrepancy of about 1.6 million in employment growth as
measured by the two series.
Thus, while both series have registered substantial em
ployment gains during the recovery, the difference in their
growth inevitably raises questions about the accuracy of one
or both of the series and creates confusion in determining
just how much employment has grown during the recovery.
It is, therefore, important to look further for an explanation.
John F. Stinson, Jr., is an economist in the Office of Current Employment
Analysis, Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
30
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One important factor is the treatment of multiple jobhold
ers within each of the series. In the household survey, em
ployed persons who hold more than one job are counted only
once, at the job at which they worked the greatest number
of hours during the reference week. In the payroll survey,
however, they are counted as many times as they appear on
a payroll record. Indeed, they may be counted more than
once even if they do not hold two jobs simultaneously but
merely left one job and started on another one during the
same reference week. An increase in both types of “multiple
jobholding” over a given period of time, other things being
equal, would therefore cause the employment estimate from
the payroll survey to show a faster rate of growth than that
from the household survey.
Although not measured in the establishment survey, mul
tiple jobholding is measured periodically in the household
survey through special supplements. The May 1985 data on
multiple jobholding are of particular importance in examin
ing the recent discrepancy in employment growth because
they constitute the first information on moonlighting since
May 1980.3
During this period, the number of multiple jobholders
increased sharply— by about 880,000, or 18 percent.4 The
moonlighters who are of primary interest for the purposes of
reconciling the household and payroll employment esti
mates are those who held second jobs as nonagricultural
wage and salary workers. Their number increased by about
Table 1. Changes in payroll and household survey em
ployment, November 1982-86, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
N o v e m b er
N o v e m b er
1982
1986
Nonagricultural payroll employment ...................
88,682
101,068 1
12,386
Total civilian employment (household survey) . . .
99,112
110,432
11,320
Less:
3,510
7,320
363
1,245
2,003
14,441
3,215
8,179
252
1,183
2,256
15,085
-295
859
E m p lo ym e n t series
Agriculture ...............................................
Nonagricultural self-employed.................
Nonagricultural unpaid family workers . . .
Private household workers .....................
Unpaid absences....................................
Total deductions..................................
Change1
-111
-6 2
253
644
Agricultural services................................
445
504
59
Adjusted household survey employment.............
85,116
95,851
10,735
Plus:
1 Changes in the household survey series do not reflect the population adjustments intro
duced into the survey in January 1986.
Table 2. Change in employment at secondary jobs by
industry, May 1980-85
[In thousands]
M ay
M ay
1980
1985
Total nonagricultural wage and salary workers .
3,001
3,825
M ining...........................................
Construction .........................................
Manufacturing .........................................
Transportation and public utilitie s...........
14
115
203
162
11
68
290
213
-3
-4 7
87
51
Wholesale and retail tra d e .....................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ___
Services, except private households . . .
Public administration ..........................
806
213
1,255
234
745
529
1,721
248
-61
316
466
14
In d u s try o f s e c o n d a ry jo b
Change
824
Note: Data for 1980 have been adjusted to reflect the 1980 census population adjustments
introduced in January 1982.
820,000 over the May 1980-May 1985 period.5
There is no direct way to ascertain exactly how much of
the growth in moonlighting occurred between the end of
1982, when the economic recovery began, and May 1985.
Some indirect evidence, however, suggests that the 198085 growth in multiple jobholding is likely to have occurred
during the recovery and that it contributed significantly to
the greater employment growth shown by the payroll survey
during this period.6
First, an examination of the number of multiple jobhold
ers over the course of business cycles since 1959 indicates
little or no growth during recessions and typically large
increases during recovery periods. If this pattern repeated
itself in the 1980’s, as is quite likely, there would have been
little or no growth in moonlighting from 1980 to the end of
1982, when the U.S. economy went through two recessions.
The growth would have occurred from 1983 to 1985, during
the economic recovery.
Secondly, additional insight is gained by examining the
1980-85 growth in the number of multiple jobholders by
industry. The observed growth was heavily concentrated
among those workers whose second jobs were in the fi
nance, insurance, and real estate and services industries.
These industries had some of the highest rates of overall
employment growth during the recovery. (See table 2.)
Based on this evidence, it can be concluded with some
confidence that the 1980-85 growth in multiple jobholding
occurred largely during the period of economic recovery,
which began in late 1982. Put another way, these data sug
gest that there is only a limited inconsistency in the finding
that the number of jobs has increased by 12 million, while
the number of employed persons increased by about 11
million.
□
----------FOOTNOTES---------
ployment would probably be reduced by about 200,000, to 11.1 million.
The population adjustments are described is “Changes in the Estimation
Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1986,”
Employment and Earnings, February 1986, pp. 7 -1 0 .
2 The growth in the household survey employment series would be
reduced to around 10.5 million after making the adjustment described in
footnote 1.
3 For an analysis o f the May 1985 data on multiple jobholders, see John
F. Stinson, Jr., “Moonlighting by women jumped to record highs,”
Monthly Labor Review, November 1986, pp. 2 2 -2 5 .
4 After adjustment of the May 1980 data to 1980 census population
controls.
5 Persons who worked on second jobs in agriculture or as nonagricultural
self-employed workers would not be counted at those jobs in the payroll
survey and so are not o f interest here.
6 Between November 1982 and May 1985, when the bulk of the 820,000
1980-85 growth in moonlighters most likely occurred, employment as
measured by the payroll survey increased by about 900,000 more than in
the household survey. Since May 1985, the employment gap has increased
to about 1.6 million, but presumably the multiple jobholding total has also
increased and can account for some of the widening in the gap between the
two series.
Employment and wage changes of
families from CE Survey data
M a r y F. K ok o sk i
Recent data indicate an increase in real per capita income
and a decrease in the average weekly hours worked by
nonsupervisory employees.1 These trends would seem to
imply an increase in household welfare, gross of taxes.
However, labor force participation of wives has increased,
implying a corresponding increase in average weekly hours
worked per household.
A recent study of these issues compared market employ
ment and wage and price changes experienced by house
holds in the 1972 and 1980 Consumer Expenditure Inter
view Surveys.2 Renter households, comprising a husband,
wife, and children, if any, were grouped by race (white,
nonwhite) and household type (by age of children). The
study was limited to renter households because of problems
in constructing commodity price indexes at the disaggregate
(househpld) level. Specifically, data on owner estimates of
the rental value of their residences are lacking for the 1980
sample.3 The Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey provided
data on market employment status, occupation, and earned
income of each household member. Current Population Sur
vey data on median weekly earnings of full-time workers by
occupation were used to construct an index of wage changes
from 1972 to 1980.
Table 1 shows the market employment rates of the house
holds in each demographic group.4 Data are shown sepa-
1
This figure has not been adjusted to reflect the introduction o f popula
tion adjustments introduced into the household survey in January 1986. If
Mary F. Kokoski is an economist in the Office of Prices and Living
an explicit account o f these adjustments is taken, then the growth in em
Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Research Summaries
Table 1. Market employment rates of renter families from
1972 and 1980 Consumer Expenditure Surveys
1980
1972
T y p e of
h o u s eh o ld
Not
W o rk in g
w o rk in g
Husbands in white
families with—
No children
present........
Oldest child:
Under age 6 . ..
Age 6 to 17 . . .
Overage 1 7 ...
Husbands in
nonwhite
families with—
No children
present........
Oldest child:
Under age 6 . ..
Age 6 to 17 . . .
Over age 1 7 ...
Wives in white
families with—
No children
present ........
Oldest child:
Under age 6 . ..
Age 6 to 17 . . .
Overage 1 7 ...
Wives in nonwhite
families with—
No children
present........
Oldest child:
Under age 6 . ..
Age 6 to 17 . . .
Over age 1 7 ...
0.31
.04
.05
.18
W o rk in g
part
full
tim e 1
tim e 2
0.09
.02
.02
.04
N ot
w o rkin g
W o rk in g
W o rk in g
part
full
tim e 1
tim e 2
0.60
0.36
0.09
0.55
.94
.93
.78
.05
.06
.36
.04
.06
.91
.89
.62
.02
.31
.09
.60
.36
.08
.56
.06
.07
.23
.04
.05
.90
.08
.05
.08
.87
.82
.54
.12
.36
.24
.41
.41
.19
.02
.75
.05
.13
.38
.55
.11
.34
.52
.58
.59
.70
.11
.14
.17
.28
.24
.19
.35
.38
.75
.43
.17
.40
.41
.11
.48
.37
.45
.59
.10
.15
.12
.53
.40
.29
.25
.30
.51
.19
.17
.05
.56
.53
.44
.88
.21
.06
174.5
173.4
175.5
173.6
Craft and kindred workers ...........................................
Operatives, except tran sp o rt.........................................
Transport operatives ......................................................
188.4
189.9
184.9
Nonfarm laborers............................................................
Private household workers ...........................................
Other service w o rk e rs....................................................
Farm w orkers..................................................................
179.5
170.2
170.2
205.0
Wages and salaries increased most quickly for farm work
ers, operatives, craftworkers, transport operatives, and
nonfarm workers. The lowest rates of change occurred for
private household and other service workers.5 Grouping
these occupational categories by their relative indexes of
wage change provides the following categorization.
[In percent]
Note: Market employment rates do not correspond to the official bls statistical series on
labor force participation. Data are for proportion of total households in the given demographic
group and sample year.
rately for husbands and wives in each of three employment
status classifications (not working, working part time,
working full time), and by household type. For both whites
and nonwhites, the greatest proportion of husbands who
worked full time were in “young” families (oldest child
under age 6) and “middle” families (oldest child aged 6 to
17) in both the 1972 and 1980 samples. The proportion of
husbands who worked part time was less than that of wives
who worked part time. In general, larger proportions of
working wives (both full- and part-time) appeared in the
young and middle family groups. The largest proportions of
nonworking wives were in the “older” family groups (oldest
child over age 17) in both 1972 and 1980. Compared with
the 1972 sample, more wives were working in 1980 in all
family categories, except older white families. Interest
ingly, the greatest increases in the proportion of working
wives were in the young and middle family types of both
racial groups, that is, those families with greater household
responsibilities.
The rudimentary indexes of occupational wage changes
between 1972 and 1980 are shown below:
32
Professional and technical workers ............................
Managers and administrators .......................................
Salesworkers ...................................................................
Clerical workers ............................................................
Table 2. Occupational distribution of renter families from
the 1972 and 1980 Consumer Expenditure Surveys
1 Fewer than 35 hours per week.
2 35 hours or more per week.
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Index
(1972=100)
Occupational group
T y p e o f h o u s eh o ld
Husbands in white
families with—
No children present. . .
Oldest child:
Under age 6.............
Age 6 to 1 7 .............
Overage 1 7 ...........
Husbands in nonwhite
families with—
No children present. . .
Oldest child:
Under age 6.............
Age 6 to 1 7 .............
Overage 1 7 ...........
Wives in white
families with—
No children present. . .
Oldest child:
Under age 6.............
Age 6 to 1 7 .............
Overage 17.............
Wives in nonwhite
families with—
No children present. . .
Oldest child:
Under age 6 .............
Age 6 to 1 7 .............
Overage 17.............
W h ite
Blue
c o lla r1
c o lla r2
S erv ice 3
F arm 4
1972
1980
1972
1980
1972
1980
1972
1980
45.3
48.3
43.0
42.4
9.2
8.9
2.5
0.4
35.7
31.6
35.5
32.5
32.7
22.5
55.1
57.3
51.3
59.2
60.8
67.4
6.1
5.2
9.2
10.2
7.8
5.8
3.2
5.9
4.0
19.6
33.3
72.6
51.4
7.8
9.7
28.6
23.9
35.3
35.4
10.5
59.2
56.7
72.2
58.8
59.8
79.0
12.2
11.1
10.5
16.7
5.9
4.9
5.3
.0
.0
9.0
.0
74.5
70.2
10.4
15.5
14.3
14.4
58.9
42.4
33.3
16.6
26.6
21.0
20.1
31.8
41.7
18.6
27.4
36.6
25.4
25.0
.8
.0
1.6
.0
53.7
56.1
12.2
17.5
31.7
19.3
2.4
58.3
30.8
37.5
49.2
42.2
9.1
19.4
23.1
12.5
33.9
21.9
36.4
22.2
16.9
35.9
54.6
.0
12.8
64.8
44.4
41.5
22.0
33.3
37.5
12.5
.6
.7
.0
5.6
.0
.0
5.3
.0
.0
.5
.0
7.0
.0
.0
.0
1 White-collar occupations include professional, technical, sales, and clerical workers, and
managers and administrators. These occupations had average wage increases over the
period.
2
Blue-collar occupations include craft and kindred workers, operatives, and nonfarm labor
ers. These occupations had above-average wage Increases over the period.
3
Service occupations include private household and other service workers. These occupa
tions had low wage increases over the period.
4This occupation had high wage increases over the period.
Note: Because of rounding, sums of totals may not equal 100. Data are for proportion of
total households in the given demographic group and sample year.
Wage increase
Occupational
group
more information on the Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey, see The
Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1980-81 , Bulletin 2225 (Bureau o f Labor
Statistics, 1985); and Michael Carlson, “The 1972-73 Consumer Expendi
ture Survey,” Monthly Labor Review , December 1974, pp. 16-23.
Occupations
H ig h ...................
Farm workers
Farm workers
Above average ..
Blue collar
Craft and kindred work
ers, operatives, and non
farm laborers
Average .............
White collar
Professional, technical,
sales, and clerical work
ers, and managers and ad
ministrators
4 This measure of labor force participation does not correspond to the
official b l s statistical series on labor force participation, which is produced
from different data by other procedures.
Private household and
other service workers
5 These indexes of wage change cannot be used to compare welfare
across occupational groups because the base levels o f wage and salary
payments differ across these groups.
Low ...................
Service
In table 2, the working husbands and wives in the 1972
and 1980 sample households are disaggregated into these
broader occupational categories. Most of the working hus
bands were employed in blue-collar occupations with
above-average wage increases, while the wives tended to
work in white-collar (average wage increases) and service
(low increases) occupations. However, in many of the
household categories, more wives were working in the bluecollar group in the 1980 sample than in the 1972 sample.
Because the Consumer Expenditure Survey is now con
ducted on a continuing basis, further research on family
welfare is planned and will focus on the effects of changes
in the family’s market labor, earned income, expenditures,
and prices.
□
---------- FOOTNOTES--------1 See, for example, Paul Ryscavage, “Reconciling divergent trends in
real incom e,” Monthly Labor Review , July 1986, pp. 2 4 -2 8 . Historical
data on average weekly hours are contained in Employment and Earnings,
a monthly publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 See Mary F. Kokoski, “Indices of household welfare and the value of
leisure time,” The Review o f Economics and Statistics, forthcoming. For
3 These reported estimates are used to calculate the expenditure weight
for the consumption of housing services under the rental equivalence ap
proach in the Consumer Price Index. The sample also includes only house
holds in which neither husband nor wife was retired or over age 60.
Occupational wages
in textile manufacturing, June 1985
The top wage earners in the Nation’s textile mills were loom
fixers and maintenance electricians, according to a June
1985 occupational wage survey. The survey, conducted by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, covered 210,735 production
and related workers— nearly 200,000 in cotton and man
made fiber mills and 11,000 in wool yam and broadwoven
fabric mills. Wage data— averages and earnings distribu
tions— were developed separately for more than three dozen
occupational classifications in each industry, as well as for
nonsupervisory production and related workers as a group.
Pay levels varied by location, union status, type of mill, and
type of fiber processed. (See table 1.)
In cotton and manmade fiber mills, pay averages in the
occupations studied ranged from $8.46 an hour for electri
cians and $8.27 for loom fixers to $5.12 for janitors.1 Yam
winders and ring-frame spinners, numerically the largest
Table 1. Number and average hourly earnings1 of production workers in yarn and broadwoven textile mills by selected char
acteristics, United States and Southeast region, June 1985
•
U n ite d S ta te s 2
C h a rac te ristic
S o u th e as t3
C o tto n a nd
W oo l y arn and
C o tto n and
W o o l y a rn and
m a n m ad e m ills
b ro a d w o ve n m ills
m a n m ad e m ills
b ro a d w o v e n m ills
W o rk e rs
E arn in g s
W o rk e rs
E arn in g s
W o rk e rs
E arn in g s
W o rk e rs
All production workers ............................................................................................
199,719
$6.35
11,016
$6.37
183,760
$6.34
5,120
$6.57
Type of area:
Metropolitan areas4 ............................................................................................
Nonmetropolitan areas ........................................................................................
81,838
117,881
6.34
6.36
4,777
6,239
6.30
6.42
67,812
115,948
6.31
6.37
578
4,542
5.96
6.65
Type of mill:
Yarn or thread mills ............................................................................................
Weaving m ills .......................................................................................................
Integrated m ills .....................................................................................................
83,279
17,704
98,736
6.00
1,439
1,585
7,992
5.60
6.59
6.46
77,876
15,551
90,333
6.01
6.55
6.59
652
1,031
-
6.00
6.55
6.61
Labor-management contract coverage:
Establishments with—
Majority of workers covered.............................................................................
None or minority of workers covered ..............................................................
24,776
174,943
6.73
6.30
2,128
6.93
6.24
20,633
163,127
6.70
6.30
4,692
1
Wage data are straight-time hourly earnings which exclude premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were
included as part of the workers' regular pay. Excluded were performance bonuses and lump-sum
payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries as well as profit-sharing
payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses.
2Includes data in addition to those shown for Southeast.
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8,888
_
E arn in g s
7.09
-
_
6.48
3 The Southeast region includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
4
Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through
June 1983.
Note: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
33
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Research Summaries
occupations, averaged $5.89 and $5.92 an hour, respec
tively. Weavers operating shuttleless looms averaged $7.50
an hour, compared with $7.32 for weavers on conventional
looms. (See table 2.)
Earnings data for the occupations studied separately in
wool textile mills are presented for three major categories—
woolen, worsted, and the combination of woolen and
worsted occupations. Among the woolen occupations, aver
age hourly earnings were highest for loom fixers ($7.96) and
lowest for yam winders ($5.81); the worsted jobs registered
averages from $8.53 for loom fixers to $5.54 for cloth
menders. For the combination jobs, the range was from
more than $8 an hour for shuttleless loom fixers, carpenters,
electricians, and maintenance machinists to $5.55 for
janitors.
Textile worker pay and employment moved in opposite
directions between August 1980, when a similar survey was
conducted, and June 1985.2 Pay levels were up 25 percent
in cotton and manmade fiber mills and 30 percent in woolen
mills. During this period, the wage and salary component of
the Bureau’s Employment Cost Index for all nondurable
manufacturing rose 29 percent.
Employment, however, declined sharply over the
period— down 21 percent in the cotton-manmade fiber sec
tor and 23 percent in woolen mills. Among the regions
studied separately, employment losses in cotton-manmade
fiber mills reached 40 percent in the Southwest, 21 percent
in the Middle Atlantic and Southeast, and 11 percent in New
England. In woolen mills, employment dropped 23 percent
in New England and 12 percent in the Southeast. At the time
Table 2. Average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, by type of mill, yarn and broadwoven
textile mills, United States and Southeast region, June 1985
U n ite d S ta te s 2
D e p a rtm e n t a n d o c cu p a tio n
S o u th e a s t3
W o o l y arn a n d b ro a d w o ve n m ills
m a n m a d e fib e r m ills
W o o len
o c cu p a tio n s
W o o l y arn and
C o tto n a nd
b ro a d w o ve n m ils —
W o rs te d
o c cu p a tio n s
m a n m ad e fib e r m ills
w o rsted
o c cu p a tio n s
—
$ 7.25
C o tto n and
C a rd in g a n d d ra w in g
—
$ 7.23
$ 6.60
.........................................................................
5.78
6.04
$6.4 5
5.78
—
D r a w in g - fr a m e t e n d e r s ............................................................................
6.07
—
—
6.07
—
O p e n e r te n d e r s
5.53
—
—
5.51
C a r d g r i n d e r s .................................................................................................
C a r d te n d e r s ( fin is h e r s )
...........................................................................................
S lu b b e r t e n d e r s ...........................................................................................
6.49
—
6.00
6.49
$ 6.50
T e x tu r in g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s
6.32
—
—
6.35
—
6.45
6 .0 5
5.55
6.45
6.71
..............................................................
S p in n in g
D o ffe r s , s p in n in g f r a m e
.........................................................................
S e c tio n f i x e r s .................................................................................................
7.37
7.21
7.21
7.39
7.17
S p in n e r s , f r a m e ...........................................................................................
45.92
6.49
5.82
45.92
6.12
T w is te r te n d e r s , rin g f r a m e ...................................................................
5.95
5.94
5.62
6.00
6.01
U p tw is te r s ( m a n m a d e fib e r s )
5.54
—
—
5.54
—
5.61
5.90
5.98
S p o o lin g , w in d in g , a nd tw istin g
W in d e r s , y a r n
..............................................................
..............................................................................................
5.89
5.81
S la s h in g a n d w arp in g
S la s h e r t e n d e r s ...........................................................................................
6.44
—
—
6.44
—
W a r p e r te n d e r s
6.32
6.60
7.04
6.26
6.81
..............................................................................................
5.59
55.94
(5)
5.56
—
D o ffe r s , c l o t h .................................................................................................
5.71
—
5.69
5.70
5.69
L o o m f ix e r s
...........................................................................................
W e a v in g
B a tte r y h a n d s
8.27
7.96
8.53
8.27
8.75
................................................................
7.01
6.52
6.91
6.97
6.94
.........................................................................
7.32
6.42
7.76
7.29
—
7.50
7.19
7.06
7.49
7.00
...................................................................................................
T y in g - in m a c h in e o p e r a to r s
W e a v e r s , s h u ttle lo o m s
W e a v e r s , s h u ttle le s s lo o m s
................................................................
C lo th ro o m
In s p e c to r s , c l o t h ...........................................................................................
5.79
6.42
6.00
5.76
6.49
M e n d e r s , c l o t h ..............................................................................................
6.07
6.18
5.54
5.56
5.98
58.63
M a in te n a n c e a n d m is c e lla n eo u s
E le c tr ic ia n s
8.46
58.19
(5)
8.45
..........................................................
7.30
—
—
7.42
—
.............................................................
5.12
55.55
(5)
5.07
55.51
...................................................................................................
G e n e r a l m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s
J a n ito r s , p o r te r s , o r c le a n e r s
............................................................................
5.73
56.10
(5)
5.71
55.98
.........................................................................................................
5.76
56.02
(5)
5.75
55.98
T r u c k e r s , h a n d .............................................................................................
5.43
56.20
(5)
5.38
56.21
P o w e r - tr u c k o p e r a to r s
F o r k lift
1
Wage data are straight-time hourly earnings which exclude premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were
included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Excluded were performance bonuses and lump-sum
payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries as well as profit-sharing
payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction
bonuses.
2Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. The comprehensive report on
the study provides data for additional regions and occupations.
34
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 The Southeast region includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
4Data are limited to ring frame spinners in cotton and manmade fiber mills.
3Averages relate to combination (woolen and worsted) occupations; data were not published for
separate categories.
Note: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
of the June 1985 survey, textile employment was heavily
concentrated in the Southeast (nearly 90 percent of the
total), was located largely in nonmetropolitan areas, and
was comprised of mostly nonunion workers.
The 1985 survey also reported on the incidence of em
ployee benefits. Virtually all production workers were in
mills providing paid holidays and vacations. In cottonmanmade fiber mills, workers typically received between 6
and 8 holidays annually, and between 1 and 3 weeks of
vacation pay, depending on their length of service. Provi
sions in the woolen mills were slightly more liberal— 6 to 10
paid holidays and between 1 and 4 weeks of vacation pay
were typical. In both textile sectors, retirement pension
plans and various insurance plans— including life, hospi
talization, surgical, basic medical, major medical, and
accidental death and dismemberment coverage— also were
available to a majority of the workers.
For each industry, separate reports for selected States and
areas of industry concentration are available from the Bu
reau of Labor Statistics or any of its regional offices. A
comprehensive report, Industry Wage Survey: Textiles, June
1985, Bulletin 2265 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986), may
be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Wash
ington, d c 20402, or from the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Publications Sales Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, il
60690.
[~j
--------- FOOTNOTES--------1 Wage data contained in this article are straight-time hourly earnings
which exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends,
holidays, and late shifts. Cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses)
were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Excluded were perform
ance bonuses and lump-sum payments o f the type negotiated in the auto and
aerospace industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance
bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses.
For survey purposes, Virginia is included in the Southeast region.
2 For a report on the 1980 survey, see Industry Wage Survey: Textile
Mills and Textile Dyeing and Finishing Plants, August 1980, Bulletin 2122
(Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982).
Pay in synthetic fibers manufacturing
in the Southern region
Production and related workers in synthetic fibers manufac
turing plants in the South averaged $10.03 an hour in Sep
tember 1985, according to a study by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics1. Virtually all of the 42,292 workers covered by
the survey earned between $5 and $14 an hour; the middle
50 percent earned from $8.67 to $11.29. All but 1 percent
of the workers were paid time (rather than piece) rates,
nearly always under formal plans providing single rates for
specific occupations.
The survey covered establishments producing two princi
pal types of synthetic fiber suitable for further manufacture
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
on textile processing machinery: cellulosic fibers, such as
rayon and acetate; and other synthetic organic fibers
(noncellulosic), such as nylons, acrylics, and polyesters.
Manufacturers of cellulosic fibers often produced noncellulosics as a secondary product, but noncellulosic fiber plants
generally did not produce cellulosic fibers.
Three-fourths of the cellulosic fiber workers and one-fifth
of the noncellulosic workers were in establishments having
collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of the
production workers. The major union was the Amalgamated
Clothing and Textile Workers Union ( a f l - c io ).
Eighty-five percent of the workers were employed in
plants primarily producing noncellulosic fibers. They
averaged $10.41 an hour; the remaining workers, who were
in plants primarily producing cellulosic fibers, averaged
$7.91. (See table 1.)
Pay levels were also tabulated by type of area, size of
establishment, and union status. Surveywide, wages aver
aged 12 percent higher in metropolitan areas than in non
metropolitan areas ($10.62 compared with $9.50) and in
establishments with at least 1,000 employees than in smaller
plants ($10.21 compared with $9.10).2 Plants with fewer
than 20 workers were excluded from the study. In establish
ments in which a majority of the workers were covered by
labor-management agreements, the pay averaged $10.21,
2 percent more than the $9.96 recorded in nonunion plants.
The higher paying noncellulosic fiber industry accounted for
all of the workers in metropolitan areas and four-fifths of
those in large plants (at least 1,000 employees), but for less
than one-tenth of the unionized workers estimated by the
survey.
Twenty-seven occupations, accounting for one-half of the
cellulosic fiber workers and two-thirds of the noncellulosic
fiber workers, were selected to represent the industries’ wage
structures, workers skills, and manufacturing operations.
Among cellulosic fiber plants, occupational pay levels
ranged from $6.59 an hour for throwers (who twist rayon or
acetate yam) to $9.57 an hour for general maintenance me
chanics. Pay levels of other maintenance workers, generally
the highest paid occupational group, ranged from $8.04 an
hour for machinists to $8.77 an hour for pipefitters. Chem
ical operators, numerically the largest occupation, averaged
$8.03 an hour, compared with $8.68 for spinners using the
dry process.
Among noncellulosic fiber plants, average earnings
ranged from $7.93 an hour for yam winders and material
handling laborers to $13.06 an hour for general maintenance
mechanics. Dry-process spinners, numerically the largest
job studied separately in noncellulosic plants, averaged
$10.63 an hour, 6 percent more than their counterparts using
the wet process ($10.05). Chemical operators averaged
$10.96 an hour.
Where comparisons were possible, occupational averages
were always higher in noncellulosic fiber manufacturing
plants than in cellulosic fiber plants. The average wage
35
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Research Summaries
Table 1. Number of workers and average hourly earnings1 In selected occupations in synthetic fibers manufacturing by
principal product, Southern region,2 September 1985
P rin c ip a l p ro d u c t
a ii
All production
workers...............
a ii
C e llu lo s ic fibers
D e p a rtm e n t
a n d o c c u p a tio n
P rin c ip a l pro d u c t
e s ta o n s n m e n ts
Num ber
A vera g e
N u m b er
N o n c e llu lo s ic fibers
A vera g e
Num ber
A v era g e
C e llu lo s ic fib e rs
D e p a rtm en t
and o c c u p a tio n
N o n c e llu lo s ic fib e rs
Num ber
A v era g e
N u m b er
A vera g e
Num ber
A ve ra g e
of
ho u rly
of
ho u rly
of
ho u rly
of
ho u rly
of
hourly
of
ho u rly
w o rk e rs
e arn in g s
w o rke rs
e arn in g s
w o rke rs
e arn in g s
w o rke rs
e arn in g s
w o rke rs
e arn in g s
w o rkers
e arn in g s
42,292
$10.03
6,354
$7.91
35,938
$10.41
1,383
$8.90
384
2,559
924
56
793
6.78
9.27
8.75
8.60
7.44
840
10.63
82
1,042
9.30
Finishing
M a in te n a n c e
Carpenters.............
Electricians ...........
General
mechanics .........
Instrument
repairers.............
Machinists .............
Maintenance trades
helpers...............
Pipefitters...............
e sia D iis n m e n is
79
345
10.23
11.10
25
88
8.66
8.59
54
257
10.95
11.96
4,100
12.80
307
9.57
3,793
13.06
885
174
12.36
11.06
59
42
8.71
8.04
826
132
12.62
12.03
_
_
133
8.77
50
12.10
15
183
6.59
9.68
Drawtwist
operators.................
Throwers
(twisters).................
Tow operators...........
Warper operators . . .
Washer operators . . .
Yarn w inders.............
365
—
$8.92
2,450
606
9.30
9.24
$6.59
—
318
44
1,359
7.82
7.33
—
—
562
7.93
7.90
758
10.92
131
7.38
911
9.58
—
—
In sp ec tin g and
te s tin g
C h e m ica l
Laboratory
assistants...............
Physical test
operators...............
p re p a ra tio n
Chemical operators,
cellulosic.............
Chemical operators,
noncellulosic . . . .
M aterial m o v em e n t
564
2,528
8.03
10.96
564
-
a n d han d lin g
8.03
-
2,528
10.96
S p in n in g
Jet handlers..........
Spinners, dry
process ...............
Spinners, wet
process ...............
367
9.15
89
7.95
278
9.53
6,911
10.48
525
8.68
6,386
10.63
1,019
9.08
-
759
10.05
-
F in ish in g
Creel tenders........
526
8.56
—
—
491
8.74
1
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and
cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part of the workers' regular pay.
Excluded are performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto
and aerospace industries as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or
yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses.
advantage for noncellulosic workers ranged from 2 percent
for janitors ($7.96, compared with $7.77) to 50 percent for
maintenance machinists ($12.03, compared with $8.04).
Also where comparisons could be made, occupational
averages in noncellulosic fiber plants were typically 6 to 16
percent higher in metropolitan areas than in nonmetropolitan
areas and 20 to 30 percent higher in plants with 1,000
workers or more than in those employing fewer workers.
Data resulting from similar comparisons for cellulosic fiber
plants did not meet publication criteria.
All production and related workers covered by the survey
were in establishments providing paid holidays and paid
vacations. Ten to twelve holidays annually were typical as
were 1 to 5 weeks of vacation pay, depending on years of
service.
Various health and insurance plans were available to vir
tually all workers. With the exception of major medical
coverage, employers typically paid the entire cost of these
health plans and, where applicable, dependents were also
included.
Retirement pension plans (in addition to Social Security)
covered virtually all workers, while less than one-tenth of
the workers were under plans limited to retirement sever
36
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Material handling
laborers...................
Power-truck
operators.................
Forklift
operators.............
Stock clerks...............
643
7.96
572
7.93
419
9.06
113
8.27
306
9.35
384
235
9.07
9.98
96
52
8.22
288
8.18
—
9.36
-
Guards........................
Guards I ...............
139
31
8.77
8.18
24
7.81
8.28
115
-
8.97
-
Janitors.....................
275
7.89
103
7.77
172
7.96
C ustodial
8
2
The Southern region, as used in this study, consists of Alabama, Delaware, District of Colum
bia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennes
see, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Note: Dashes indicate that data did not meet publication criteria. Data for overall classifica
tions may include data for subclassifications not shown separately.
ance pay. Employers typically paid the entire cost of these
retirement plans.
A comprehensive bulletin on the study, Industry Wage
Survey: Synthetic Fibers, September 1985, Bulletin 2268,
may be purchased from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Pub
lication Sales Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, i l 60690, or
the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print
ing Office, Washington, d c 20402. The bulletin provides
additional information on occupational pay, such as earn
ings distributions, and on the incidence of employee bene
fits in synthetic fibers manufacturing in the South.
□
---------- FOOTNOTES--------1 The survey was limited to the South, where more than 95 percent o f the
workers in synthetic fibers manufacturing are employed. Wage data are
straight-time hourly earnings, which exclude premium pay for overtime
and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments,
such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and
cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part o f the
workers’ regular pay. Excluded are performance bonuses and lump-sum
payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, as
well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend
bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses.
2 Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U .S. Office of Man
agement and Budget through June 1983.
M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth
This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in March is based on information collected
by the Bureau s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering
1,000 workers or more. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification.
Industry or activity
Employer and location
Labor organization1
Number of
workers
Private
Construction
Associated General Contractors,
Associated General Contractors,
Associated General Contractors,
(Houston, TX)
Associated Building Contractors
Maryland Chapter (Baltimore,
Maryland Chapter (Baltimore,
Texas Chapter and one other
md)
md)
..
(Indiana) ..........
Associated General Contractors, New Mexico Building Branch
(New Mexico)
Associated General Contractors (Connecticut) ........
Associated General Contractors, highway (Indiana)
Indiana Highway Association (Indiana)......................
Textiles ........................
Paper ............................
Printing and publishing .
Chemicals ....................
L eather..........................
Primary m etals..............
Electrical products........
Transportation equipment
Transit ..........................
Air transportation ..........
Communication ..............
See footnote at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Carpenters ..................................
Laborers................................
Iron Workers ................................
2,000
1,000
1,000
Operating Engineers ........................
2,600
Carpenters; Laborers ........................
3.500
Carpenters ..........................
Operating Engineers ........................
Operating Engineers ........................
6,200
1,000
1,750
Associated General Contractors, six counties (Upstate New York) ..
Indiana Highway Constructors, Inc. (Indiana) ........
Indiana Highway Association (Indiana)................
Associated General Contractors and Wabash Valley Contractors
Association (Illinois)
Operating Engineers ........................
Laborers..........................
Operating Engineers ........................
Laborers........................
Gulf Coast Contractors (Beaumont, tx) ......................
Mechanical Contractors Association (Houston, tx) ..
Mechanical Contractors Association, steamfitters (Maryland)
Builders Association of Kansas City (Missouri) ..........
Building Association of Kansas City (Missouri)............
Plumbers ........................
Plumbers ........................
Plumbers ........................
Carpenters ................................
Iron Workers ..........................
Fieldcrest Mills, Inc. (Interstate) ..............................
Lily Tulip Inc. (Springfield, mo) ............................
Pulp and Paper Employers Bargaining Council (Washington, Oregon,
California)
Publishers Association of New York City, deliverers (New York) ___
Clothing and Textile Workers ........
Electrical Workers (dbew) ..........
Pulp and Paper W orkers............
5.500
1.050
4.500
1.200
Publishers Association of New York City, printers (New York)
New York Times (New York, NY) ..................
Daily News (New York, ny) ....................
Newspaper and Mail Deliverers
(Ind.)
Typographical Union........................
Newspaper G uild................
Newspaper G uild..............................
Lever Brothers Co. (Interstate)....................
Union Carbide Corp. (Texas City, tx) ....................
Allied Chemical Corp., Chesterfield Fibers Plant (Hopewell,
Acme Boot Co. (Tennessee)..............................
Samsonite Corp. (Denver, c o ) ................
Phoenix Steel Corp. (Interstate) ........................
Crouse-Hinds Co. (Syracuse, NY)..................
United Technologies (Columbus, MS) ........................
Chemical W orkers..........................
Metal Trades Council ......................
Teamsters (Ind.) ........................
Rubber Workers ................
Rubber Workers ....................
Steelworkers ......................
Electrical Workers (ibew) ................
Electrical Workers (iue) ................
ACF Industries, Amcar Division (Interstate)......................
Trailways (Interstate) ..............................
Milwaukee Transport Services, Inc. (Wisconsin) ..........
Republic Airlines, flight attendants (Interstate)..............
Republic Airlines, pilots (Interstate) ............................
National Broadcasting Co. (Interstate)..............
va)
..
Steelworkers ...............................
Transit Union.................................
Transit Union.................................
Flight Attendants..............................
Air Line P ilots............................
Broadcast Employees and
Technicians
1,100
4,000
1.500
1,650
3.200
2,000
1,000
2,000
1.050
1,300
2,000
1,100
1.500
1.400
1,700
1.500
1.050
1,000
1,100
1,250
1,000
4.000
1.500
2.400
1,800
3.000
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987
•
Major Agreements Expiring Next Month
Continued—Major agreements expiring next month
Industry or activity
Employer and location
Labor organization1
Number of
workers
Utilities .........................................
Wholesale tra d e ..............................
Wisconsin Electric Power Co. (Wisconsin)............................................
Rock Products and Ready Mixed Concrete Employers of Southern
California (California)
Acme Markets (Interstate) .....................................................................
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. (Interstate) ..........................................
Electrical Workers ( i b e w ) ............................
Teamsters (Ind.) ..............................
1,350
2,500
Food and Commercial Workers . . . .
Food and Commercial Workers . . . .
1,900
3,000
Kaiser-Permanente, clerical, technical, service, maintenance
(Interstate)
Kaiser Foundation Hospital (Richmond, ca) .........................................
Southern New York Residential Health Care Facility Association
(New York, N Y )
Service Employees ..........................
6,850
Office and Professional Employees .
Service Employees ..........................
1,200
1,700
Retail trade ....................................
Insurance ........................................
Hospitals .......................................
Public
Transit ............................................
New Jersey:
New Jersey Transit Authority.........................................
Transit U nion....................................
3,200
General government ......................
Ohio:
Columbus municipal unit ...............................................
3,000
Ohio State University service unit ..................................
State, County and Municipal
Employees
Communications W orkers................
2,000
Michigan State University graduate student teachers . . .
Teachers...........................................
1,800
Education........................................
Michigan:
'Affiliated with
afl -CIO
except where noted as independent (Ind.).
Erratum
Through an editorial oversight, the following table was omitted from the
article, “The growing diversity of work schedules,” which appeared in the
November 1986 issue of the Monthly Labor Review:
Table 6. Major industries and occupations ranked by mean hours of work reported per week, with other measures of work
schedules and work force composition, May 1985
M ean hours
In d u s try and o c cu p a tio n
M ean days
per
per
w eek
w eek
44.4
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.0
5.0
4.9
4.9
5.1
4.9
40.0
39.9
39.0
35.8
34.2
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.9
4.8
40.9
40.9
39.2
38.0
36.6
32.3
5.0
4.9
4.9
5.2
4.8
4.5
M ean hours
pe r day
Percen t
w o rkin g
w ee k en d s
P ercen t
fe m ale
Industry
M in in g
..................................................................................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu r in g , d u r a b le g o o d s
T r a d e , w h o le s a le
.............................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s
........................................................................................
A g r i c u l t u r e .........................................................................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu r in g , n o n d u r a b le g o o d s ........................................................................................
C o n s tr u c tio n
...................................................................................................................................
P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n
..................................................................................................................
F in a n c e , In s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te
S e r v ic e s
.................... .............................................................
............................................................................................................................................
T r a d e , r e t a i l ......................................................................................................................................
5.1
8.7
27.8
8.3
8.3
16.4
21.7
48.7
14.0
8.2
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.4
7.9
7.6
7.2
11.1
12.3
14.4
14.9
15.1
25.5
29.7
28.0
20.0
42.5
8.6
57.0
43.5
61.6
64.9
52.6
17.8
16.5
19.9
44.5
24.5
44.9
8.3
46.5
25.8
13.7
66.9
59.8
21.1
O ccu p atio n
P r e c is io n p r o d u c tio n , c r a ft, a n d r e p a i r ...............................................................................
M a n a g e r ia l a n d p r o fe s s io n a l s p e c i a l t y ...............................................................................
O p e r a to r s , fa b r ic a to r s , a n d la b o r e r s
..................................................................................
F a r m in g , fo r e s tr y , a n d f i s h i n g ................................................................................................
T e c h n ic a l, s a le s , a n d a d m in is tr a tiv e s u p p o r t ................................................................
S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s .....................................................................................................................
Note: Based on schedules of all persons employed in the Industry or occupation.
38
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8.2
8.3
8.0
7.7
7.6
7.1
Developments in
Industrial Relations
New York State acts to reduce plant closings
The governor of New York and leaders from business and
labor signed an agreement intended to “help secure the eco
nomic future of the State’s citizens” by reducing the number
of plant closings and the resulting job losses. The New York
Compact sets the following goals:
• Target government resources to help avert plant close
downs and employment cutbacks and, if that is not possi
ble, to aid the affected community, company, and em
ployees.
• Ask businesses to voluntarily give advance notice of plant
closings and major layoffs.
• Provide extended health insurance to employees who lose
coverage as a result of plant closings or major layoffs.
• Require companies applying for public development as
sistance to give advance notice of plant closings and
major layoffs.
To achieve these goals, the Compact calls for the State to
develop a system to monitor local economic activity and
give the earliest possible warning of plant shutdowns or
employment cutbacks. The State also will allocate funds,
both grants and loans, to be used to provide 4 months of
health insurance to employees displaced because of plant
closings and, if necessary, include funds in the 1987 State
budget to continue this program. In another fiscal action, the
governor agreed to support a $10 million allocation in the
1987 budget to be used for aiding companies in distress.
To facilitate the program, the Compact calls for action by
government, labor, and business to cut work stoppages and
layoffs by “improving the climate for business and labor.”
For its part, labor agreed that work stoppages are an
economic weapon of last resort; mediation services should
be used to avert work stoppages; and that binding arbitration
may be a viable alternative for ending contract disputes, but
other forms of dispute resolution should be considered.
For its part, business agreed that layoffs are a manage
ment action of last resort, except in industries that have a
history of seasonal or cyclical fluctuations in employment;
management should be aware of and utilize alternatives to
“Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben o f the
Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary
sources.
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layoffs, such as work sharing, uniform reductions in hours
of management and labor, furlough programs, early retire
ment incentives, and joint committees to improve efficiency
and create demand for a company’s product; negotiations to
avert layoffs are a desirable labor-management goal; man
agement should confer with any government units estab
lished to help companies design and adopt “no-layoff” poli
cies; and, in the event of layoffs, management should
consider using “inverse-reverse” seniority procedures.
For its part, the State agreed to establish a network of
consultants and contacts, such as educational institutions, to
aid employers and unions in averting layoffs; to sponsor
projects demonstrating union-management cooperation; and
to publicize existing statutory benefits and protections avail
able to labor and business.
Government, management, and labor officials on the ex
isting Industrial Cooperation Council will conduct a 1-year
campaign to educate their constituencies regarding the Com
pact and seek endorsement of its principles, goals, and tech
niques. Participation in the Compact by local government
units, individual unions, and companies is voluntary.
The Compact was signed by Mario M. Cuomo, Governor
of New York; Edward J. Cleary, President of the New York
State a f l - c i o ; and William C. Ferguson, Chairman of The
Business Council of New York State, Inc.
Two unions merge with cwa
The Communications Workers of America experienced
sudden growth in recent months, as the 70,000 member
International Typographical Union ( i t u ) and the 5,800
member United Telegraph Workers union merged into the
c w a , bringing its membership to about 600,000. Given that
10,000 of the rru members are located in Canada, the c w a
announced that it was changing its name to the Communica
tions Workers of North America.
The rru became the Printing, Publishing and Media
Workers Sector within the c w a . The sector is headed by it u
President Robert S. McMichen, who, along with other rru
officers, won a new 3-year term in an election conducted
with the merger balloting. At the end of the term, the num
ber of officers leading the new unit will be reduced to three,
from five. Effective immediately, pay for all five officers
and staff members in the sector was frozen until other offi
cers and staff members attain equality.
The rru agreement ended the union’s 4-year search for a
merger that began in 1983 when rru members rejected a
39
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Developments in Industrial Relations
proposed merger with the Newspaper Guild, followed by
their rejection of a proposed 1985 merger with the Team
sters. In 1985, the Graphic Communications union rejected
a proposed merger with the rru, although negotiations were
resumed early in 1986.
The Telegraph Workers, the other union merging into the
c w a , also will retain its leaders and organization within the
c w a . In addition to approving the merger, delegates to a
Telegraph Workers convention also reaffirmed earlier deci
sions calling for elimination of the secretary, treasurer, and
vice president posts and elimination of two of five regional
units.
The Telegraph Workers-cwA merger agreement contains
an “escape clause” permitting the Telegraph Workers to
terminate the partnership during the first 3 years.
Meat processors end strike
A 2-month strike against the f d l Foods, Inc. meat proc
essing plant in Dubuque, i a , ended when members of
Food and Commercial Workers Local 150A approved
a 3-year contract. Terms were similar to those negotiated by
Local 1218 for 550 employees of the company’s plant in
Rochelle, i l , where the stoppage ended 10 days earlier.
At Dubuque, the $8 an hour base pay rate will be raised
by a total of $1.05 over the term, including 50 cents retroac
tive to the August 27 expiration date of the prior contract.
A profit-sharing plan also was continued.
At Rochelle, employees chose to forgo profit sharing in
return for larger hourly wage increases, totaling $1.25.
Keebler gives lump-sum and pay increases
Keebler Co., the Nation’s second largest cookie and bis
cuit producer, settled with the Bakery, Confectionery and
Tobacco Workers for 3,500 workers at six plants. Under the
2-year contract, all workers received an immediate $1,000
lump-sum payment and maintenance workers also received
a 10.5-cent hourly wage increase. In the second year,
maintenance workers will receive a 60-cent increase and
other employees will receive 50 cents. After these increases,
pay rates will range from $11.97 for “general help” and
$12.60 for mixers and machine operators to $14.55 for
electricians.
For workers retiring after 25 years’ service or with age
and service totaling 80 or more, the monthly pension benefit
was raised to $675, from $650, on December 1, 1986, and
to $700 a year later. Other terms included a 2.5-cent hourly
increase in shift premiums, to 20 cents for the third shift and
17.5 cents for the second shift; a $10 increase in sickness
and accident benefits, to $150 a week; and a $4,000 in
crease in accidental death or dismemberment insurance, to
$15,000.
The contract, running to October 31, 1988, covers opera
tions in Atlanta and Macon, g a , Grand Rapids, m i , Denver,
co, Cincinnati, o h , and Van Nuys, Ca .
40
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a&p
contract calls for five wage increases
In the New York City-northern New Jersey area, 10,000
employees of 173 Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co. stores
were covered by a contract negotiated by the United Food
and Commercial Workers. Over the 3-year term, full-time
employees will receive five wage increases totaling $80 to
$95 a week, varying by job classification. The resulting
rates will be $695 a week for meat department heads, $641
for top-rated meat cutters, and $526 for clerks. Part-time
employees received increases in the top rate totaling $1.25
an hour, bringing their hourly pay to $9.01.
Full-time employees age 65 with at least 35 years’ service
who retire after November 30, 1988, will receive a maxi
mum pension of $700 a month, up from about $600. For
part-timers, the maximum pension will increase to $210 a
month, from $87.
The contract also established a drug and alcohol abuse
program, extended the legal services plan to part-time em
ployees, and reduced the Sunday premium pay to double
time from double time and one-half, effective April 24,
1988.
Boeing settles with professional engineers
More than 24,000 employees of Boeing Co. were covered
by a 3-year contract negotiated by the Seattle (wa) Profes
sional Engineering Employees Association, but 2,000 mem
bers of the Wichita ( k s ) Engineering Association rejected
similar terms.
Terms for the 14,000 professional engineers covered by
the Seattle accord included an immediate lump-sum pay
ment equal to 9 percent of earnings between October 4,
1985, and October 3, 1986. There also was a provision for
merit pay increases to deserving employees from an alloca
tion of money equal to percentages of the units total annual
salary. The first allocation, made immediately, was 3 per
cent, to be followed by five 2-percent allocations at 6-month
intervals.
The two-tier pay system established in 1983 for the
10,000 technicians was maintained. However, employees at
or above the midpoint of the salary range for their job will
be eligible for “selective” pay adjustments of 2 percent in
May 1987, and 3 percent in May of 1988 and 1989. (Em
ployees who do not receive these adjustments will continue
to require 4 years to move from the starting to the maximum
rate for their job.) All technicians received an initial 9percent lump-sum payment similar to that for the engineers.
Connecticut telephone workers end strike
A 2-month strike against Southern New England Tele
phone Co. ended when members of the Connecticut Union
of Telephone Workers approved a 3-year contract that called
for wage increases combined with lump-sum payments, as
well as major changes in health insurance. The company
said that the combined lump-sum payments and wage in
creases were equivalent to 2.5-percent wage increases in
each contract year. In the first year, the lump-sum payment
is $500, followed by $300 payments in the second and third
years.
A major factor in ending the stoppage by the 9,700 oper
ators, technicians, and service clerks was the company’s
agreement to postpone until January 1, 1988, a new medical
copayment plan it had been seeking to institute. Under the
new approach, the annual deductible will be based on a
percent of pay: one-half percent for an individual and
1 percent for a family, to a maximum of $150 per person and
$300 per family. Employees will pay 20 percent of medical
expenses above the deductibles, to a maximum of $1,000 a
year. In each succeeding year in which an employee’s fam
ily medical expenses exceed $5,000, the employee will be
required to pay a total of $500.
The parties also agreed to eliminate all coinsurance pay
ments by employees who agree to seek medical care from
members of a statewide panel of doctors assembled by the
company. Employees enrolled in health maintenance orga
nizations are already exempt from all deductibles and co
payment requirements.
The parties also added a vision care plan, a dental health
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
maintenance organization, and a plan permitting employees
to receive prescription drugs free if ordered by mail.
City employees may get “corrective” increases
In San Francisco, efforts to end alleged compensation
discrimination against women and minorities employed by
the city moved forward when voters authorized city officials
to grant corrective increases if warranted by survey results.
The new section 8.407-1 of the city charter requires the
Civil Service Commission to submit annual comparisons of
compensation of city employees to the Board of Supervi
sors, which could then make “upward pay equity adjust
ments” not to exceed the rates recommended by the Com
mission, subject to veto by the mayor.
Officials of the Service Employees union said pay in
creases could come shortly after the February 1, 1987, dead
line for submission of the first survey results to the Board of
Supervisors. A $30 million fund was already available for
corrective pay increases as a result of 1985 negotiations
between the union and the city.
In the last 2 years, the Board has twice approved pay
equity ordinances that were vetoed by the mayor, who fa
vored the concept but rejected the increases because they
were too expensive.
□
41
Book Reviews
Can’t we add this to the agenda?
The Transform ation o f A m erican Industrial Relations. By
Thomas A. Kochan, Harry C. Katz, Robert B. McKersie. New York, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1986.
272 pp. $22.95.
Thomas A. Kochan, Harry C. Katz, and Robert B.
McKersie have made a significant contribution to industrial
relations literature. These highly regarded scholars analyze
recent changes in the structure and substance of collective
bargaining in relation to the traditional conflict management
model that has prevailed from The New Deal until the early
1970’s. This book is an ambitious attempt to develop a new
industrial relations model which explains why the scope of
collective bargaining is likely to broaden. It includes
changes in the individual’s role in the workplace and in the
role workers and unions play in determining the organiza
tion’s business investment and human resources strategies.
As the authors point out, in many industries collective
bargaining has been forced to adapt to structural economic
change generated by increased competition associated with
the growth of international trade and changes in policies that
deregulated the entry of firms into domestic markets. Ini
tially, this led to a “concessionary” bargaining climate with
an erosion of union bargaining power.
As part of the response to structural change, the authors
identify innovations in industrial relations at the workplace
in both union and nonunion settings. They present an ex
tremely valuable evaluation of the various approaches to
worker participation, including empirical estimates of what
these work arrangements contribute to productivity at the
plant level.
The book also presents several indepth illustrations of
attempts to incorporate union participation in top level
strategic business decisions. The objectivity with which the
authors discuss the success as well as the problems of mov
ing industrial relations to the level of strategic decision
making is a major contribution. They point out that there is
no easy way to expand the scope of collective bargaining
beyond its traditional limits. Changes in workplace proc
esses, in worker representation in strategic business deci
sions, and overall improvements in the traditional types of
contract provisions of bargaining agreements must, in the
authors’ view, occur simultaneously if business is to adjust
successfully to a more competitive economic environment.
This book should be read by practitioners and scholars of
42
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
industrial relations alike. Practitioners will benefit from the
extensive review of workplace participation experiments
and scholars will find the authors’ attempt to develop a new
industrial theory both exciting and challenging. As the au
thors attempt to develop a new theory of industrial relations,
some students of labor history may be reminded of Frank
Tannenbaum’s A P hilosophy o f L abor (Knopf, 1951) in
which the author predicted that in order to give the worker
status and security the union will gradually begin to share in
and accept responsibility for management decisions. Tannenbaum believed that conflict would eventually give way
to cooperation. The authors also favor more worker partici
pation as the way to broaden the scope of collective bargain
ing. In contrast to Tannenbaum’s psychological basis for
more cooperation between labor and management, they base
their theory on the economics of industrial restructuring and
the potential economic gain from a more consensual bar
gaining relationship at all levels within the organization.
The book can be criticized for attempting to explain too
much. For example, in my opinion, too much emphasis is
placed on the need to reform labor law as the basis for
moving toward new approaches to collective bargaining.
Labor law reform is an important topic for scholarly re
search. However, in discussing the decline in union mem
bership the authors incorrectly claim that current labor law
has led to “employer domination of labor organizations”
(p. 233). The reasons for the decline in union membership
are an important topic but it is not central to the authors’
main thesis. The authors present an excellent framework for
analyzing current changes in collective bargaining and iden
tify the circumstances under which the traditional approach
of managing labor-management conflict is likely to prevail
and the preconditions for moving to a more consensual
bargaining relationship as a way of adjusting to economic
change.
— K enneth M cL ennan
Vice President and Director of Industrial Studies
Committee for Economic Development
Publications received
Agriculture and natural resources
Capalbo, Susan M. and Michael G. S. Denny, “Testing Long-Run
Productivity Models for the Canadian and U.S. Agricultural
Sectors,” American Journal o f Agricultural Economics, Au
gust 1986, pp. 615-25.
Orden, David, “Money and Agriculture: The Dynamics of MoneyFinancial Market-Agricultural Trade Linkages,” Agricultural
Economics Research, Summer 1986, pp. 14-28.
Paarlberg, Philip L. and Philip C. Abbott, “Oligopolistic Behavior
by Public Agencies in International Trade: The World Wheat
Market,” American Journal o f Agricultural Economics, Au
gust 1986, pp. 528-42.
Shortle, James S. and James W. Dunn, “The Relative Efficiency
of Agricultural Source Water Pollution Control Policies,”
American Journal o f Agricultural Economics, August 1986,
pp. 668-77.
Economic and social statistics
Bianchi, Suzanne M. and Judith A. Seltzer, “Life without Father,”
American Demographics, December 1986, pp. 42-47.
Freeman, Richard B. and Brian Hall, Permanent Homelessness in
America? Cambridge, ma, National Bureau of Economic Re
search, Inc., 1986, 38 pp. (nber Working Paper Series,
2013.) $2, paper.
Hall, Bronwyn H., Zvi Griliches, and Jerry A. Hausman, Patents
and R and D: Is There a Lag? Reprinted from International
Economic Review, June 1986, pp. 265-83. Cambridge, MA,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986. (nber
Reprint, 775.) $2, paper.
Hauser, Grady, “How Teenagers Spend the Family Dollar,” Amer
ican Demographics, December 1986, pp. 38-41.
Johnson, James and Kenneth Baum, “Whole Farm Survey Data for
Economic Indicators and Performance Measures,” Agricul
tural Economics Research, Summer 1986, pp. 1-13.
Menken, Jane, ed., World Population and U.S. Policy: The
Choices Ahead. New York, Columbia University, The Amer
ican Assembly, 1986, 255 pp. $8.95, paper, W. W. Norton
& Co., New York.
Morrison, Peter A. and Julie DaVanzo, “The Prism of Migration:
Dissimilarities Between Return and Onward Movers,” Social
Science Quarterly, September 1986, pp. 504-16.
Ogilvy, James, “The Experience Industry,” American Demo
graphics, December 1986, beginning on p. 26.
Schwartz, Joe, “The Evolution of Retailing,” American Demo
graphics, December 1986, pp. 30-37.
U.S. Department of Commerce, State and Metropolitan Area Data
Book, 1986. Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, 1986, 697 pp. (Stock No. 003-02406334-4.) $28, Superintendent of Documents, Washington
20402.
Wall, C. Edward, ed., A Matter o f Fact: A Digest o f Current
Facts, with Citations to Sources, July-December 1985. Ann
Arbor, mi, Pierian Press, 1986, 424 pp.
Industrial relations
Barrett, William L. D., “Arbitration of a Complex Commercial
Case: Practical Guidelines for Arbitrators and Counsel,” The
Arbitration Journal, December 1986, pp. 15-23.
Fatehi-Sedeh, K. and Hossein Safizadeh, “Labor Union Leaders
and Codetermination: An Evaluation of Attitudes,” Employee
Relations Law Journal, Autumn 1986, pp. 188-204.
Hyde, Alan, “Rights for Canadian Members of International
Unions Under the (U.S.) Labor-Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act,” Washington Law Review, July 1986,
pp. 1007-39.
Lehr, Richard I. and David J. Middlebrooks, “Legal Implications
of Employee Assistance Programs,” Employee Relations Law
Journal, Autumn 1986, pp. 262-1A.
Loomis, Lloyd, “Employee Assistance Programs: Their Impact on
Arbitration and Litigation of Termination Cases,” Employee
Relations Law Journal, Autumn 1986, pp. 275-88.
Peirce, Ellen R. and Richard Blackburn, “The Union Decertifica
tion Process: Employer Dos and Don’ts,” Employee Relations
Law Journal, Autumn 1986, pp. 205-20.
Pozo, Susan, ed ., Essays on Legal and Illegal Immigration. Kala
mazoo, Mi, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Re
search, 1986, 128 pp. $13.95, cloth; $8.95, paper.
Schwartz, Jonathan D., “Non-Fiduciary Liability Under the Em
ployee Retirement Income Security Act,” Marquette Law Re
view, Summer 1986, pp. 561-98.
Simkin, William E. and Nicholas A. Fidandis, Mediation and the
Dynamics o f Collective Bargaining. 2d ed., Washington, The
Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1986, 300 pp.
Tracy, Joseph, Seniority Rules and the Gains from Union Organi
zation. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Re
search, Inc. 1986, 35 pp. (nber Working Paper Series,
2039.) $2, paper.
Williams, Robert E. and Thomas R. Bagby, Allis-Chalmers Cor
poration v. Lueck: The Impact o f the Supreme Court’s Deci
sion on Wrongful Discharge Suits and Other State Court
Employment Litigation. Washington, National Foundation for
the Study of Equal Employment Policy, 1986, 62 pp. $15,
paper.
International economics
Chamey, Jonathan I., “International Agreements and the Develop
ment of Customary International Law,” Washington Law Re
view, July 1986, pp. 971-96.
Herr, Ellen M., “Capital Expenditures by Majority-Owned For
eign Affiliates of U.S. Companies, 1986 and 1987,” Survey
o f Current Business, October 1986, beginning on p. 21.
Shea, Michael A., “U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies: Opera
tions in 1984,” Survey o f Current Business, October 1986,
pp. 31-45.
Labor force
Health and safety
Decampli, Mary L., “How Effective Is Your Safety Program?”
Public Management, November 1986, pp. 16-17.
Waldo, Daniel, Katharine R. Levit, and Helen Lazenby, “National
Health Expenditures, 1985,” Health Care Financing Review,
Fall 1986, pp. 1-21.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Berkowitz, Monroe and M. Anne Hill, eds., Disability and the
Labor Market: Economic Problems, Policies, and Programs.
Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, New York State School of
Industrial and Labor Relations, 1986, 336 pp. $34, ilr Press,
Ithaca, ny.
Economic Council of Canada, Changing Times: 23d Annual Re
view o f the Economic Council o f Canada. Ottawa, 1986,
43
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Book Reviews
Productivity and technological change
93 pp. $6.95, Canada; $8.35, other countries (paper). Avail
able from Canadian Government Publishing Center, Supply
and Services Canada, Ottawa.
Betcherman, Gordon and Kathryn McMullen, Working with Tech
nology: A Survey o f Automation in Canada. Ottawa, Eco
nomic Council of Canada, 1986, 43 pp. $3.95, Canada;
$4.75, other countries.
Great Britain, Department of Employment, Young Adults in the
Labour Market. By D. N. Ashton and M. J. Maguire. Lon
don, Department of Employment, 1986, 163 pp. (Research
Paper, 55.)
Guterl, Fred V ., “Computers Think for Business,” Dun’s Business
Month, October 1986, pp. 30-36.
Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier, Wages, Employ
ment, Training and Job Attachment in Low Wage Labor Mar
kets for Women. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Eco
nomic Research, Inc., 1986, 59 pp. (nber Working Paper
Series, 2037.) $2, paper.
Welfare programs and social insurance
Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier, Pensions, Unions
and Implicit Contracts. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 27 pp. (nber Working Paper
Series, 2036.) $2, paper.
Gyourko, Joseph and Joseph Tracy, The Importance o f Local Fis
cal Conditions in Analyzing Local Labor Markets. Cam
bridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1986, 26 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 2040.) $2, paper.
Pine, Barbara A., “Child Welfare Reform and the Political Proc
ess,” Social Science Review, September 1986, pp. 339-59.
Hecker, Daniel, “Teachers’ Job Outlook: Is Chicken Little Wrong
Again?” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1986,
pp. 12-17.
Worker training and development
Krashevski, Richard, “What is Full Employment?” Challenge,
November-December 1986, pp. 33-40.
Barton, Paul E ., A Better Fit Between Unemployment Insurance
and Retraining. Washington, National Institute for Work and
Learning, 1986, 40 pp.
Tise, Stephen and David Frank, “Where the Workers Are: A Stateby-State Guide to the Labor Force in 200 Occupations,” Oc
cupational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1986, pp. 18-32.
Drake, Larry, “The Outlook for Computer Professions: 1985
Rewrites the Program,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly,
Winter 1986, pp. 2-11.
44
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
If my boss calls, find out his name
More than one fourth of the jobs lost at a t &t have been in the managerial
and professional ranks and 30 percent of the 24,000 a t &t Information
Systems employees expected to be laid off by the end of 1986 will be
managers. General Motors plans to cut its salaried work force by 25 percent
in the next three years. Ford plans to do the same by 1990. Chrysler has
laid off nearly half of its salaried employees since 1978. Owens-Illinois
has whittled middle-management staffs by as much as 20 percent, and Bank
of America has trimmed 10,000 white-collar jobs in four years. . .
The psychological impact of mergers and acquisitions can be severe even
on those employees who still retain their jobs. . . Kenneth De Meuse,
human-resources consultant for the Intergraph Corporation, reported that
human-resources professionals from both acquiring and acquired compa
nies find the situation stressful for themselves and for the employees in
volved. De Meuse reported that the standard line among employees in one
firm was: “If my boss calls, find out his name.”
— S u sa n
R.
S a n d erso n
and
L a w r e n c e S c h e in
“Sizing Up the Down-Sizing Era,”
Across the Board,
November 1986, pp. 17-18.
Current
Labor Statistics
Schedule of release dates for major bls statistical series
Notes on Current Labor Statistics ....................................
Comparative indicators
1. Labor market indicators................................................................................................................
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, andproductivity ..........................................................................................
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes ...................................................................................................................................
55
57
57
Labor force data
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Employment status o f the total population, data seasonally ad ju sted .................................................................................................................
Employment status of the civilian population, data seasonally adjusted ..........................................................................................................
Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................................................................................................
Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ..............................................................................................................................
Unemployment rates by sex and age, data seasonally adjusted ..........................................................................................................................
Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, data seasonally a d ju sted ...................................................................................................
Duration of unemployment, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................................
Unemployment rates of civilian workers, by State ................................................................................................................................................
Employment of workers by State ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Employment o f workers by industry, data seasonally adjusted............................................................................................................................
Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted ..............................................................................................................................
Average hourly earnings by industry .......................................................................................................................................................................
Average weekly earnings by industry...................................................... ..................................................................................................................
Hourly Earnings Index by industry.............................................................................................................................................................................
18.
19.
20.
21.
Indexes of diffusion: proportion of industries in which employment increased, seasonally adjusted ......................................................
Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population
..........................................................................................................
Annual data: Employment levels by industry .....................................................................................................................................................
Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry..............................................................................................................................
58
59
60
61
62
62
62
63
63
64
65
66
67
67
68
68
68
69
Labor compensation and collective bargaining data
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group ...................................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry g r o u p ..........................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e ...............................................................
Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments,
situations covering 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more .....................................................................................................................................................
Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or m o r e ....................................
Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more .....................................................................
Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State and local government bargaining
situations covering 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more .............................................................................................................................................
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ................................................................................................................................................
70
71
72
73
73
74
74
74
Price data
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Consumer Price Index: U .S. City average, byexpenditurecategory and commodity and service groups ..................................................
Consumer Price Index: U.S. City average and local data,all items ...................................................................................................................
Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups .....................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes by stage o f processing .......................................................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ..................................................................................................................................................
Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of p ro cessin g ..............................................................................................................................
U .S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification......................................................................................................
U .S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification.......................................................................................................
U .S. export price indexes by end-use category
....................................................................................................................................................
U.S. import price indexes by
end-use ca teg o ry .....................................................................................................................................
U .S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial C lassification..........................................................................................................................
U S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification .......................................................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
78
79
80
81
81
82
83
84
84
84
85
45
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
Contents— Continued
Productivity data
85
42. Indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted
43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity .............................................................................
44. Annual indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s................
86
86
International comparisons
87
45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted ......................................
46. Annual data: Employment status of civilian working-age population, ten countries ..
47. Annual indexes o f productivity and related measures, twelve countries .........................
88
89
Injury and illness data
90
48. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence r a tes.............................................
Schedule of release dates for
S erie s
b ls
statistical series
R elease
Period
R elease
Period
R elease
Period
MLR ta b le
date
c o ve red
date
c o vered
date
c o ve red
num ber
A p r il 2 7
1 s t q u a r te r
P r o d u c tiv ity a n d c o s ts :
N o n fa r m b u s in e s s a n d
F e b ru a ry
E m p lo y m e n t s itu a tio n
......................................
P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x .........................................
2
4 th q u a r te r
2; 4 2 -4 4
M a rc h
2
4 th q u a r te r
6
F e b ru a ry
A p r il
3
M a rc h
1;
4 -2 1
6
J a n u a ry
M a rc h
F e b ru a ry 13
J a n u a ry
M a rc h 13
F e b ru a ry
A p r il 1 0
M a rc h
2; 3 3 -3 5
F e b ru a ry
A p r il 2 4
M a rc h
2; 3 0 -3 2
F e b ru a ry
A p r il 2 4
M a rc h
1 4 -1 7
A p r il 2 7
1 s t q u a r te r
3; 2 5 -2 8
A p r il 2 8
1 s t q u a r te r
1 -3 ; 2 2 -2 4
A p r il 3 0
1 s t q u a r te r
3 6 -4 1
F e b ru a ry
C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ......................................
F e b ru a ry 27
J a n u a ry
M a rc h 2 7
R e a l e a r n in g s
F e b ru a ry 2 7
J a n u a ry
M a rc h 2 7
.......................................................
2; 4 2 -4 4
M a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g
U .S . Im p o r t a n d E x p o r t
P r ic e I n d e x e s ....................................................
46
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NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
This section o f the Review presents the principal statistical series collected
and calculated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics: series on labor force,
employment, unemployment, collective bargaining settlements, consumer,
producer, and international prices, productivity, international comparisons,
and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each
group o f tables are briefly described, key definitions are given, notes on the
data are set forth, and sources of additional information are cited.
Adjustments for price changes. Some data— such as the Hourly
Earnings Index in table 17— are adjusted to eliminate the effect o f changes
in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by
the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component o f the index, then
multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate o f $3
and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate
expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other
resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.
General notes
Additional information
The following notes apply to several tables in this section:
Seasonal adjustment.
Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted
to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions,
industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday
buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term
evaluation o f the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been
adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not
seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past
experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions
may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. (Season
ally adjusted data appear in tables 1 -3 , 4 -1 0 , 13, 14, 17, and 18.) Begin
ning in January 1980, the bls introduced two major modifications in the
seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are
seasonally adjusted with a procedure called x - n arima, which was devel
oped at Statistics Canada as an extension o f the standard x - n method
previously used by bls . A detailed description o f the procedure appears in
The x -n a r im a Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statis
tics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E , February 1980). The second change
is that seasonal factors are calculated for use during the first 6 months of
the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at midyear
for the July-December period. However, revisions of historical data con
tinue to be made only at the end of each calendar year.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4 -1 0 were revised
in the February 1987 issue o f the Review, to reflect experience through
1986.
Annual revisions o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables
13, 14, and 18 were made in the July 1986 Review using the X-ii arima
seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity
data in table 42 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally
adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from
quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price
Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for
the U .S. average All Items cpi. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes
are available for this series.
Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the
Bureau in a variety of sources. News releases provide the latest statistical
information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are
published according to the schedule preceding these general notes. More
information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and
the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available
in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. More
data from the household survey are published in the two-volume data
book —Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Sur
vey, Bulletin 2096. More data from the establishment survey appear in two
data books— Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Em
ployment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, and the annual supple
ments to these data books. More detailed information on employee com
pensation and collective bargaining settlements is published in the monthly
periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed data on consumer
and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The c p i
Detailed Report, and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Detailed data on
all o f the series in this section are provided in the Handbook of Labor
Statistics, which is published biennally by the Bureau, bls bulletins are
issued covering productivity, injury and illness, and other data in this
section. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on
annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and
unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices;
productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data.
Symbols
p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness o f some series, prelim
inary figures are issued based on representative but incom
plete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability o f later
data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified,
n .e.s. = not elsewhere specified.
COMPARATIVE INDICATORS
(Tables 1-3)
Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of
major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included
series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are
presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include employment measures from two ma
jor surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided
by the Employment Cost Index (eci) program. The labor force participation
rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for
major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household ”)
Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly
hours by major industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data.
The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by
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bargaining status, is chosen from a variety of bls compensation and wage
measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs
for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by
employment shifts among occupations and industries.
Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are pre
sented in table 2. Measures o f rates o f change o f compensation and wages
from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian
nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all
private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in: consumer prices for all
urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; and the overall
export and import price indexes are given. Measures o f productivity (output
per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors.
47
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change,
which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3.
Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the
series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual mea
sures.
Notes on the data
Definitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later
sections of these notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions
of each data series, see b ls Handbook of Methods, Volumes I and II,
Bulletins 2134-1 and 2 1 3 4 -2 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982 and 1984,
respectively), as well as the additional bulletins, articles, and other publi
cations noted in the separate sections of the Review's “Current Labor
Statistics N otes.” Historical data for many series are provided in the Hand
book of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985).
Users may also wish to consult Major Programs, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, Report 718 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985).
EMPLOYMENT DATA
(Tables 1; 4-21)
Household survey data
the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and
Earnings.
Description of the series
in this section are obtained from the Current Population
Survey, a program o f personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau
o f the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of
about 59,500 households selected to represent the U .S. population 16 years
o f age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that
three-fourths o f the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months.
Data in tables 4 - 1 0 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal
experience through December 1986.
employment data
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time
during the week which includes the 12 th day of the month or who worked
unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and ( 2 ) those
who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because o f illness,
vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed
Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed
total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at
which he or she worked the greatest number o f hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had
looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for
work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the
next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unem
ployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor
force, including the resident Armed Forces. The civilian unemployment
rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor
force.
The labor force consists o f all employed or unemployed civilians plus
members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not
in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this
group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own house
work, those not working while attending school, those unable to work
because o f long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because
o f personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The
noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years o f age and
older who are not inmates o f penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or
homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces
stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the
proportion o f the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The
employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident
Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments
are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating
errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparabil
ity o f historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on
48
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Additional sources of information
For detailed explanations of the data, see b l s Handbook of Methods ,
Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 1, and for
additional data, Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1985). A detailed description of the Current Population
Survey as well as additional data are available in the monthly Bureau of
Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings. Historical data
from 1948 to 1981 are available in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the
Current Population Survey: A Databook , Vols. I and II, Bulletin 2096
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and
establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing
employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly
Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 .
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
E mployment, hours, and earnings data in this section are compiled from
payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 250,000
establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most indus
tries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment;
most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is
not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or ware
house.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll
are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from estab
lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment
figures between the household and establishment surveys.
Definitions
An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services
(such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type
of economic activity.
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday
and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12 th of the
month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons
in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and
all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations.
Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production workers in
manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and non
supervisory workers in the following industries: transportation and public
utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and
services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employ
ment on private nonagricutural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re
ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or
late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments.
Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in
consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (cpi- w). The
Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data
adjusted to exclude the effects of two types o f changes that are unrelated
to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums
in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available)
and the effects o f changes and seasonal factors in the proportion o f workers
in high-wage and low-wage industries.
Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervi
sory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard
or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion o f gross average
weekly hours which were in excess o f regular hours and for which overtime
premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index, introduced in the May 1983 Review, represents
the percent o f 185 nonagricultural industries in which employment was
rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged
employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for
the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the
12-month span are unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measur
ing the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an economic
indicator.
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics are peri
od ically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called
“benchmarks”)- The latest complete adjustment was made with the release
o f May 1986 data, published in the July 1986 issue of the Review. Conse
quently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily
comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to
April 1984; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January
1981. These revisions were published in the Supplement to Employment
and Earnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). Unadjusted data from
April 1985 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1982 for
ward are subject to revision in future benchmarks.
In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most recent months are
based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables
(13 to 16 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the esti
mates are revised and published as final in the third month o f their appear
ance. Thus, August data are published as preliminary in October and
November and as final in December. For the same reason, quarterly estab
lishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months o f publication
and final in the third month. Thus, second-quarter data are published as
preliminary in August and September and as final in October.
Additional sources of information
Detailed data from the establishment survey are published monthly in the
periodical, Employment and Earnings. Earlier comparable unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted data are published in Employment, Hours, and
Earnings, United States, 1909-84, Bulletin 1312-12 (Bureau o f Labor
Statistics, 1985) and its annual supplement. For a detailed discussion o f the
methodology o f the survey, see b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1
(Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 2. For additional data, see
Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics,
1985).
bls
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and
establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing
employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly
Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 .
Unemployment data by State
Description of the series
Data presented in this section are obtained from two major sources— the
Current Population Survey (cps) and the Local Area Unemployment Statis
tics (laus) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employ
ment security agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment
for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic condi
tions and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for
benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Train
ing Partnership Act and the Public Works and Economic Development Act.
Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are
those used in the national estimates obtained from the cps.
Notes on the data
Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for 11 States— California,
Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas— are obtained directly from the
cps , because the size of the sample is large enough to meet bls standards
o f reliability. Data for the remaining 39 States and the District o f Columbia
are derived using standardized procedures established by bls . Once a year,
estimates for the 11 States are revised to new population controls. For the
remaining States and the District of Columbia, data are benchmarked to
annual average cps levels.
Additional sources of information
Information on the concepts, definitions, and technical procedures used
to develop labor force data for States and sub-State areas as well as addi
tional data on sub-States are provided in the monthly Bureau o f Labor
Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings, and the annual report,
Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment (Bureau o f Labor
Statistics). See also b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 4.
COMPENSATION AND WAGE DATA
(Tables 1-3 ; 22-29)
Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business
establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bar
gaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources.
Employment Cost Index
Description of the series
The Employment Cost Index ( eci) is a quarterly measure o f the rate of
change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and
employer costs o f employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of
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labor— similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market
basket of goods and services— to measure change over time in employer
costs of employing labor. The index is not seasonally adjusted.
Statistical series on total compensation costs and on wages and salaries
are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. Both series are also available for State
and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy,
which consists o f private industry and State and local government workers
combined. Federal workers are excluded.
The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 2,200
private nonfarm establishments providing about 12,000 occupational ob
servations and 700 State and local government establishments providing
49
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
3,500 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in
each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensa
tion information on five well-specified occupations. Data are collected each
quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, Septem
ber, and December.
Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the
1980 Census o f Population are used each quarter to calculate the indexes
for civilian, private, and State and local governments. (Prior to June 1986,
the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Population.) These
fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series
indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in com
pensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with
different levels o f wages and compensation. For the bargaining status,
region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employ
ment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census.
Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series
each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not
strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and occupation
series.
Definitions
Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s
costs for employee benefits.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, in
cluding production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-ofliving adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay
(including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings
plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’
compensation, and unemployment insurance).
Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items
as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of
1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private
nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in
cluded in 1980 to produce, when combined with the wages and salaries
series, a. measure o f the percent change in employer costs for employee
total compensation. State and local government units were added to the eci
coverage in 1981, providing a measure of total compensation change in the
civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees). Historical in
dexes (June 1981 = 100) o f the quarterly rates of change are presented in the
May issue o f the bls monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments.
Additional sources of information
For a more detailed discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see the
Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982),
chapter 11, and the fo llo w in g M onthly L abor R eview articles:
“Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price o f labor’,” July
1975; “How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost In
dex,” January 1978; “Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost
Index,” May 1982; and “Introducing new weights for the Employment Cost
Index,” June 1985.
Data-on the eci are also available in bls quarterly press releases issued
in the month following the reference months o f March, June, September,
and December; and from the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217
(Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985).
Collective bargaining settlements
(wage and benefit costs) and wages alone, quarterly for private industry and
semiannually for State and local government. Compensation measures
cover all collective bargaining situations involving 5,000 workers or more
and wage measures cover all situations involving 1,000 workers or more.
These data, covering private nonagricultural industries and State and local
governments, are calculated using information obtained from bargaining
agreements on file with the Bureau, parties to the agreements, and second
ary sources, such as newspaper accounts. The data are not seasonally
adjusted.
Settlement data are measured in terms of future specified adjustments:
those that will occur within 12 months after contract ratification— firstyear— and all adjustments that will occur over the life of the contract
expressed as an average annual rate. Adjustments are worker weighted.
Both first-year and over-the-life measures exclude wage changes that may
occur under cost-of-living clauses that are triggered by future movements
in the Consumer Price Index.
Effective wage adjustments measure all adjustments occurring in the
reference period, regardless o f the settlement date. Included are changes
from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from con
tracts negotiated in earlier periods, and changes under cost-of-living adjust
ment clauses. Each wage change is worker weighted. The changes are
prorated over all workers under agreements during the reference period
yielding the average adjustment.
Definitions
Wage rate changes are calculated by dividing newly negotiated wages
by the average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, at the time the agree
ment is reached. Compensation changes are calculated by dividing the
change in the value of the newly negotiated wage and benefit package by
existing average hourly compensation, which includes the cost of previ
ously negotiated benefits, legally required social insurance programs, and
average hourly earnings.
Compensation changes are calculated by placing a value on the benefit
portion of the settlements at the time they are reached. The cost estimates
are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time of settle
ment (for example, methods of financing pensions or composition of labor
force) will remain constant. The data, therefore, are measures of negotiated
changes and not of total changes in employer cost.
Contract duration runs from the effective date of the agreement to the
expiration date or first wage reopening date, if applicable. Average annual
percent changes over the contract term take account of the compounding of
successive changes.
Notes on the data
Care should be exercised in comparing the size and nature of the settle
ments in State and local government with those in the private sector because
of differences in bargaining practices and settlement characteristics. A
principal difference is the incidence of cost-of-living adjustment (cola)
clauses which cover only about 2 percent of workers under a few local
government settlements, but cover 50 percent o f workers under private
sector settlements. Agreements without cola’s tend to provide larger speci
fied wage increases than those with cola’s . Another difference is that State
and local government bargaining frequently excludes pension benefits
which are often prescribed by law. In the private sector, in contrast,
pensions are typically a bargaining issue.
Additional sources of information
Description of the series
For a more detailed discussion on the series, see the b l s Handbook of
Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 10.
Collective bargaining settlements data provide statistical measures of
negotiated adjustments (increases, decreases, and freezes) in compensation
Comprehensive data are published in press releases issued quarterly (in
January, April, July, and October) for private industry, and semi-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
annually (in February and August) for State and local government. Histor
ical data and additional detailed tabulations for the prior calendar year
appear in the April issue of the BLS monthly periodical, Current Wage
monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Historical data appear in
the b ls Handbook o f Labor Statistics.
Developments.
O ther compensation data
W ork stoppages
Other bls data on pay and benefits, not included in the Current Labor
Statistics section of the Monthly Labor Review, appear in and consist o f the
following:
Description of the series
Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major
strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the
month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount o f time
lost because o f stoppage.
Data are largely from newspaper accounts and cover only establishments
directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or second
ary effect o f stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle
owing to material shortages or lack of service.
Definitions
Number of stoppages:
The number of strikes and lockouts involving
workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the
stoppage.
1,000
Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by
workers involved in the stoppages.
Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate
workdays lost as a percent o f the aggregate number of standard workdays
in the period multiplied by total employment in the period.
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that
covered strikes involving six workers or more.
Additional sources of information
Data for each calendar year are reported in a bls press release issued in
the first quarter o f the following year. Monthly data appear in the bls
Industry Wage Surveys provide data for specific occupations selected to
represent an industry’s wage structure and the types of activities performed
by its workers. The Bureau collects information on weekly work schedules,
shift operations and pay differentials, paid holiday and vacation practices,
and information on incidence of health, insurance, and retirement plans.
Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed.
Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Monthly
Labor Review.
Area Wage Surveys annually provide data for selected office, clerical,
professional, technical, maintenance, toolroom, powerplant, material
movement, and custodial occupations common to a wide variety o f indus
tries in the areas (labor markets) surveyed. Reports are issued throughout
the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special
analyses also appear in the Review.
The National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and
Clerical Pay provides detailed information annually on salary levels and
distributions for the types o f jobs mentioned in the survey’s title in private
employment. Although the definitions of the jobs surveyed reflect the
duties and responsibilities in private industry, they are designed to match
specific pay grades of Federal white-collar employees under the General
Schedule pay system. Accordingly, this survey provides the legally re
quired information for comparing the pay of salaried employees in the
Federal civil service with pay in private industry. (See Federal Pay Com
parability Act of 1970, 5 u.s.c. 5305.) Data are published in a bls news
release issued in the summer and in a bulletin each fall; summaries and
analytical articles also appear in the Review.
Employee Benefits Survey provides nationwide information on the inci
dence and characteristics o f employee benefit plans in medium and large
establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. Data are
published in an annual bls news release and bulletin, as well as in special
articles appearing in the Review.
PRICE DATA
(Tables 2; 30-41)
Price data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and
primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to
a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted).
C onsum er Price Indexes
Description of the series
The Consumer Price Index (cpi) is a measure o f the average change in
the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and
services. The cpi is calculated monthly for two population groups, one
consisting only o f urban households whose primary source of income is
derived from the employment o f wage earners and clerical workers, and the
other consisting o f all urban households. The wage earner index (cpi- w) is
a continuation o f the historic index that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for
the cpi in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index
became apparent. The all urban consumer index (cpi- u ) introduced in 1978
is representative o f the 1972-73 buying habits of about 80 percent o f the
noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with
40 percent represented in the cpi- w . In addition to wage earners and clerical
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workers, the cpi-U covers professional, managerial, and technical workers,
the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and oth
ers not in the labor force.
The cpi is based on prices o f food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, trans
portation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services
that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality o f these
items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only
price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the
purchase and use o f items are included in the index.
Data collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000
tenants in 85 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U .S.
city average.” Separate estimates for 28 major urban centers are presented
in table 31. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The
area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since
the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among
cities.
Notes on the data
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership
costs are measured for the cpi-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the
51
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January
1985, the same change was made in the cpi- w . The central purpose of the
change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of
homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost o f shelter
services provided by owner-occupied homes.
Additional sources of information
For a discussion o f the general method for computing the
cpi,
see
bls
the exclusion of imports from, and the inclusion of exports in, the survey
universe; and the respecification of commodities priced to conform to
Bureau of the Census definitions. These and other changes have been
phased in gradually since 1978. The result is a system of indexes that is
easier to use in conjunction with data on wages, productivity, and employ
ment and other series that are organized in terms of the Standard Industrial
Classification and the Census product class designations.
Additional sources of information
Handbook of Methods, Volume II, The Consumer Price Index , Bulletin
2 1 3 4 -2 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1984). The recent change in the mea
surement o f homeownership costs is discussed in Robert Gillingham and
Walter Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in
the CPI,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, pp. 9 -1 4 .
Additional detailed cpi data and regular analyses of consumer price
changes are provided in the cpi Detailed Report, a monthly publication of
the Bureau. Historical data for the overall cpi and for selected groupings
may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau
o f Labor Statistics, 1985).
For a discussion of the methodology for computing Producer Price In
dexes, see bls Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1982), chapter 7.
Additional detailed data and analyses of price changes are provided
monthly in Producer Price Indexes. Selected historical data may be found
in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1985).
International price indexes
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes (ppi) measure average changes in prices re
ceived in primary markets of the United States by producers o f commodi
ties in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these
indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 60,000
quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices o f all
commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing,
mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The stage of proc
essing structure o f Producer Price Indexes organizes products by class of
buyer and degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate
goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI
organizes products by similarity of end use or material composition.
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes
apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States
from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally
collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob
tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential
basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing
the 13th day o f the month.
Since January 1976, price changes for the various commodities have
been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their
importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The
detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing
groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a
number o f special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are
subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the Review is no longer present
ing tables o f Producer Price Indexes for commodity groupings, special
composite groups, or sic industries. However, these data will continue to
be presented in the Bureau’s monthly publication Producer Price Indexes.
The Bureau has completed the first major stage of its comprehensive
overhaul o f the theory, methods, and procedures used to construct the
Producer Price Indexes. Changes include the replacement of judgment
sampling with probability sampling techniques; expansion to systematic
coverage o f the net output o f virtually all industries in the mining and
manufacturing sectors; a shift from a commodity to an industry orientation;
52
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Description of the series
The bls International Price Program produces quarterly export and
import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United
States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure
of price change for all products sold by U .S. residents to foreign buyers.
(“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts: it includes
corporations, businesses, and individuals but does not require the organiza
tions to be U .S. owned nor the individuals to have U .S. citizenship.) The
import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased
from other countries by U .S. residents. With publication of an all-import
index in February 1983 and an all-export index in February 1984, all U .S.
merchandise imports and exports now are represented in these indexes. The
reference period for the indexes is 1977 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.
The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw
materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished
manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for
these items are collected quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly all
cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, al
though in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U .S. border
for exports and at either the foreign border or the U .S. border for imports.
For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the
first 2 weeks of the third month of each calendar quarter— March, June,
September, and December. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all
discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that
the price used in the calculation o f the indexes is the actual price for which
the product was bought or sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices for U .S. exports and imports,
indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and
imports. These categories are defined by the 4- and 5-digit level of detail
of the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System (sitc). The calcula
tion of indexes by sitc category facilitates the comparison of U .S. price
trends and sector production with similar data for other countries. Detailed
indexes are also computed and published on a Standard Industrial Classifi
cation (sic-based) basis, as well as by end-use class.
Notes on the data
The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the
Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each
weight category and are then aggregated to the sitc level. The values
assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled
by the Bureau o f the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute
both indexes relate to 1980.
Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from
period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifica
tions or terms o f transaction have been modified. For this reason, the
Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the phys
ical and functional characteristics o f the products being priced, as well as
information on the number o f units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms,
packaging, class o f buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes
in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar
value o f each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the
“pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is
employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item.
For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free
alongside ship) U .S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices
f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which
enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port o f exportation.
An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import
price f.o.b. at the foreign port o f exportation, which is consistent with the
basis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The second is the
import price c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) at the U .S. port o f impor
tation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the
product to the U .S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges.
Additional sources of information
For a discussion o f the general method of computing International Price
Indexes, see b ls Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor
Statistics, 1982), chapter 8.
Additional detailed data and analyses of international price develop
ments are presented in the Bureau’s quarterly publication U.S. Import and
Export Price Indexes and in occasional Monthly Labor Review articles
prepared by bls analysts. Selected historical data may be found in the
Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1985).
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
(Tables 2; 42-47)
U. S. productivity and related data
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real physical output to real input. As
such, they encompass a family o f measures which include single factor
input measures, such as output per unit of labor input (output per hour) or
output per unit o f capital input, as well as measures of multifactor produc
tivity (output per unit o f labor and capital inputs combined). The Bureau
indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs.
The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and
nonfinancial corporate sectors.
Corresponding indexes o f hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit
nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided.
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) is the value of
goods and services in constant prices produced per hour o f labor input.
Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the value of
goods and services in constant dollars produced per unit of capital services
input.
Multifactor productivity is the ratio output per unit o f labor and capital
inputs combined. Changes in this measure reflect changes in a number of
factors which affect the production process such as changes in technology,
shifts in the composition o f the labor force, changes in capacity utilization,
research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, manage
ment, and so forth. Changes in the output per hour measures reflect the
impact o f these factors as well as the substitution of capital for labor.
Compensation per hour is the wages and salaries o f employees plus
employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, and
the wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed
(except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no selfemployed)— the sum divided by hours paid for. Real compensation per
hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer
Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the
production o f a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by
output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest,
and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting
compensation o f all persons from current dollar value o f output and divid
ing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit
nonlabor payments except unit profits.
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Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjust
ments per unit of output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours paid of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers.
Capital services is the flow o f services from the capital stock used in
production. It is developed from measures of the net stock o f physical
assets— equipment, structures, land, and inventories— weighted by rental
prices for each type o f asset.
Labor and capital inputs combined are derived by combining changes
in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s
share o f total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units
of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of
the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number
formula).
Notes on the data
Output measures for the business sector and the nonfarm businesss sector
exclude the constant dollar value o f owner-occupied housing, rest o f world,
households and institutions, and general government output from the con
stant dollar value of gross national product. The measures are derived from
data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U .S. Department of
Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing out
put indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual esti
mates o f output (gross product originating) from the Bureau o f Economic
Analysis. Compensation and hours data are developed from data o f the
Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau o f Economic Analysis.
The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 4 2 -4 4 describe
the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital
services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to
period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit o f input.
Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they
do not measure the contributions o f labor, capital, or any other specific
factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influ
ences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level o f output;
utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization o f produc
tion; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force.
Additional sources of information
Descriptions of methodology underlying the measurement o f output pier
hour and multifactor productivity are found in the b l s Handbook o f Meth
o d s, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 13. His
torical data for selected industries are provided in the Bureau’s Handbook
of Labor Statistics , 1985, Bulletin 2217.
53
MONTHLY LABOR
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
(Tables 45-47)
Labor force and unemployment
Description of the series
Tables 45 and 46 present comparative measures o f the labor force,
employment, and unemployment— approximating U .S. concepts— for the
United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. The
unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics)
published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable
to U .S. unemployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures
for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major definitional
differences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these
adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than
the figures regularly published by each country.
Definitions
For the principal U .S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and
unemployment, see the Notes section on EMPLOYMENT DATA: House
hold Survey Data.
Notes on the data
The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory
schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U .S. standard o f 16 years
o f age and over. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the population
age 16 and over in France, Sweden, and from 1973 onward, Great Britain;
15 and over in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, and
prior to 1973, Great Britain; and 14 and over in Italy. The institutional
population is included in the denominator of the labor force participation
rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is ex
cluded for the United States and the other countries.
In the U .S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall
to their job are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff
practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States;
therefore, strict application o f the U .S. definition has not been made on this
point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Review, December
1981, pp. 8 -1 1 .
The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Great
Britain, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated using adjustment factors
based on labor force surveys for earlier years and are considered prelimi
nary. The recent-year measures for these countries are, therefore, subject
to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become
available.
Additional sources of information
For further information, see International Comparisons of Unemploy
ment, Bulletin 1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978), Appendix B and
unpublished Supplements to Appendix B available on request. The statis
tics are also analyzed periodically in the Monthly Labor Review . Additional
historical data, generally beginning with 1959, are published in the Hand
book o f Labor Statistics and are available in unpublished statistical supple
ments to Bulletin 1979.
Manufacturing productivity and labor costs
Description of the series
Table 47 presents comparative measures of manufacturing labor produc
tivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs for the United
54
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are
limited to trend comparisons— that is, intercountry series of changes over
time— rather than level comparisons because reliable international com
parisons of the levels of manufacturing output are unavailable.
Definitions
Output is constant value output (value added), generally taken from the
national accounts of each country. While the national accounting methods
for measuring real output differ considerably among the 12 countries, the
use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparabil
ity— rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and
reliability of underlying data series.
Hours refer to all employed persons including the self-employed in the
United States and Canada; to all wage and salary employees in the other
countries. The U .S. hours measure is hours paid; the hours measures for the
other countries are hours worked.
Compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or kind made
directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required in
surance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In addition, for
some countries, compensation is adjusted for other significant taxes on
payrolls or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies), even if they are
not for the direct benefit of workers, because such taxes are regarded as
labor costs. However, compensation does not include all items of labor
cost. The costs of recruitment, employee training, and plant facilities and
services— such as cafeterias and medical clinics— are not covered because
data are not available for most countries. Self-employed workers are in
cluded in the U .S. and Canadian compensation figures by assuming that
their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary
employees.
Notes on the data
For most o f the countries, the measures refer to total manufacturing as
defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However,
the measures for France (beginning 1959), Italy (beginning 1970), and the
United Kingdom (beginning 1976), refer to manufacturing and mining less
energy-related products and the figures for the Netherlands exclude
petroleum refining from 1969 to 1976. For all countries, manufacturing
includes the activities of government enterprises.
The figures for one or more recent years are generally based on current
indicators of manufacturing output, employment, hours, and hourly com
pensation and are considered preliminary until the national accounts and
other statistics used for the long-term measures become available.
Additional sources of information
For additional information, see the b l s Handbook of Methods , Bulletin
2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 16 and periodic Monthly
Labor Review articles. Historical data are provided in the Bureau’s Hand
book of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217, 1985. The statistics are issued
twice per year— in a news release (generally in May) and in a Monthly
Labor Review article (generally in December).
OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND ILLNESS DATA
(Table 48)
Description of the series
The Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is designed to
collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records which employers in
the following industries maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act o f 1970: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction;
construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale
and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Excluded
from the survey are self-employed individuals, farmers with fewer than 11
employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws,
and Federal, State, and local government agencies.
Because the survey is a Federal-State cooperative program and the data
must meet the needs of participating State agencies, an independent sam
ple is selected for each State. The sample is selected to represent all pri
vate industries in the States and territories. The sample size for the
survey is dependent upon (1) the characteristics for which estimates are
needed; (2) the industries for which estimates are desired; (3) the charac
teristics o f the population being sampled; (4) the target reliability of the
estimates; and (5) the survey design employed.
While there are many characteristics upon which the sample design could
be based, the total recorded case incidence rate is used because it is one of
the most important characteristics and the least variable; therefore, it re
quires the smallest sample size.
The survey is based on stratified random sampling with a Neyman
allocation and a ratio estimator. The characteristics used to stratify the
establishments are the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) code and size
o f employment.
Definitions
Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are: (1) occupational
deaths, regardless o f the time between injury and death, or the length o f the
illness; or (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occupational
injuries which involve one or more o f the following: loss o f consciousness,
restriction o f work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment
(other than first aid).
ployee worked at a permanent job less than full time; or (3) the employee
worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties
normally connected with it.
The number of days away from work or days of restricted work
activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days
on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work.
Incidence rates represent the number o f injuries and/or illnesses or lost
workdays per 100 full-time workers.
Notes on the data
Estimates are made for industries and employment-size classes and for
severity classification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and nonfatal cases
without lost workdays. Lost workday cases are separated into those where
the employee would have worked but could not and those in which work
activity was restricted. Estimates of the number o f cases and the number o f
days lost are made for both categories.
Most o f the estimates are in the form o f incidence rates, defined as the
number o f injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays, per 100 full-time em
ployees. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 em
ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). Only a few of the available
measures are included in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics. Full detail is
presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the
United States, by Industry.
Comparable data for individual States are available from the
of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics.
bls
Office
Mining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and
Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration, respec
tively. Data from these organizations are included in bls and State publica
tions. Federal employee experience is compiled and published by the Occu
pational Safety and Health Administration. Data on State and local
government employees are collected by about half of the States and territo
ries; these data are not compiled nationally.
Additional sources of information
Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, ampu
tation, and so forth, which results from a work accident or from exposure
involving a single incident in the work environment.
Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than
one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environ
mental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic
illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, inges
tion, or direct contact.
Lost workday cases are cases which involve days away from work, or
days o f restricted work activity, or both.
Lost workday cases involving restricted work activity are those cases
which result in restricted work activity only.
Lost workdays away from work are the number of workdays (consec
utive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not
because o f occupational injury or illness.
Lost workdays— restricted work activity are the number o f workdays
(consecutive or not) on which, because o f injury or illness: (1) the em
ployee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; or (2) the em
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The Supplementary Data System provides detailed information describ
ing various factors associated with work-related injuries and illnesses.
These data are obtained from information reported by employers to State
workers compensation agencies. The Work Injury Report program exam
ines selected types o f accidents through an employee survey which focuses
on the circumstances surrounding the injury. These data are not included
in the Handbook of Labor Statistics but are available from the bls Office
of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics.
The definitions o f occupational injuries and illnesses and lost workdays
are from Recordkeeping Requirements under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act o f 1970. For additional data, see Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, annual Bureau o f Labor
Statistics bulletin; bls Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f
Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 17; Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin
2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985), pp. 411-14; annual reports in the
Monthly Labor Review, and annual U .S. Department of Labor press
releases.
55
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
1986
1985
1984
Selected indicators
1985
1984
III
n
I
IV
III
II
I
IV
E m p lo y m e n t d a ta
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population
(household survey)'
Labor force participation rate....................................................
Employment-population ratio......................................................
Unemployment rate ....................................................................
M e n ...........................................................................................
16 to 24 years .......................................................................
25 years and over.................................................................
Women .....................................................................................
16 to 24 years .......................................................................
25 years and over.................................................................
Unemployment rate, 15 weeks and over.................................
64.4
59.5
7.5
7.4
14.4
5.7
7.6
13.3
6.0
2.4
64.8
60.1
7.2
7.0
14.1
5.3
7.4
13.0
5.9
2.0
64.5
59.8
7.3
7.1
14.0
5.4
7.5
12.9
5.9
2.1
64.8
60.1
7.3
7.1
14.2
5.4
7.5
13.1
6.0
2.1
Total ......................
Private sector ......
Goods-producing ..
Manufacturing ....
Service-producing
94,496
78,472
24,727
19,378
69,769
97,614
81,199
24,930
19,314
72,684
94,064
78,096
24,690
19,381
69,374
96,581
80,341
24,970
19,439
71,611
Average hours:
Private sector ......
Manufacturing .
Overtime.......
35.2
40.7
3.4
34.9
40.5
3.3
35.2
40.8
3.5
35.0
40.4
3.3
Percent change in the ECI, compensation:
All workers (excluding farm, household, and Federal workers)
Private industry workers ........................................................
Goods-producing2 ...............................................................
Service-producing2 .............................................................
State and local government workers....................................
5.2
4.9
4.6
5.1
6.6
4.3
3.9
3.4
4.4
5.7
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.2
Workers by bargaining status (private industry):
Union......................................................................................
Nonunion ...............................................................................
4.3
5.2
2.6
4.6
1.1
1.3
.7
1.6
64.7
60.1
7.2
7.0
14.0
5.3
7.4
12.9
5.9
2.0
64.9
60.3
7.1
6.9
14.2
5.2
7.3
13.1
5.6
1.9
65.1
60.5
7.1
6.9
13.5
5.3
7.3
13.1
5.7
1.9
65.2
60.6
7.1
7.0
14.2
5.3
7.2
13.1
5.7
1.9
65.3
60.8
6.9
6.9
13.7
5.4
6.9
12.6
5.4
1.9
97,295
80,958
24,947
19,323
72,347
97,897
81,414
24,866
19,241
73,031
97,295
80,958
24,947
19,323
72,347
99,403
82,731
25,028
19,284
74,375
99,848
83,144
24,952
19,194
74,896
100,316
83,650
24,872
19,116
75,444
34.9
40.4
3.2
34.9
40.6
3.3
34.9
40.4
3.2
34.9
40.7
3.4
34.8
40.7
3.4
34.7
40.7
3.5
.7
.8
.7
1.0
.2
1.6
1.3
.6
1.8
3.4
.6
.6
.6
.5
.7
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
,1 0
.7
.8
.9
.6
.6
1.1
.7
.6
.8
2.8
.6
1.0
.8
1.4
.5
.6
1.0
1.2
.2
.9
.5
.8
64.7
60.0
7.2
7.0
14.0
5.3
7.5
12.9
6.0
2.0
Employment, nonagricultural (payroll data), in thousands:’
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x
Quarterly data seasonally adjusted.
Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
producing industries include all other private sector industries.
.
2.
Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
Selected measures
1986
1985
C o m p e n s a t io n d a ta
Employment Cost Index-compensation (wages, salaries,
benefits):
Civilian nonfarm ..............................................................
Private nonfarm ..............................................................
Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm ...............................................................
Private nonfarm ..................................
1.1
.7
1.1
.7
P r ic e d a t a 1
Consumer Price Index (All urban consumers): All items
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods................................................
Finished consumer goods..............................
Capital equipment ..........................................
Intermediate materials, supplies, components
Crude materials...............................
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.5
2.7
-.3
-5.6
1.3
-
1.6
.0
.7
.7
.4
-.3
1.3
-.4
-3.1
1.1
-.1
- 1.2
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-.5
-4.5
.2
-
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.5
.4
4.3
-3.1
-4.1
.5
.4
.2
.6
-2.9
-7.6
-.9
-1.5
P r o d u c t iv it y d a t a 3
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector....................
Nonfarm business se cto r.....
Nonfinancial corporations 4 ....
-3.2
-3.5
-
1 Annual changes are December-to-December change. Quarterly changes
are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price
data are not seasonally adjusted and the price data are not compounded.
2 Excludes Federal and private household workers.
2.8
3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages.
Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly
indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted.
4 Output per hour of all employees.
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Quarterly average
Components
1985
II
Average hourly compensation:1
All persons, business sector....
All employees, nonfarm business sector...
Employment Cost Index-compensation:
Civilian nonfarm 2 ..............
Private nonfarm ..............
Union...................
Nonunion...............
State and local governments..........................................................
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm2 ...
Private nonfarm ..............................................................
Union....................
Nonunion........................
State and local governments.......................................................
Total effective waae adjustments3 ........
From current settlements......
From prior settlements.........
From cost-of-living provision.................................................
Negotiated wage adjustments from settlement:3
First-year adjustments ..............
Annual rate over life of contract
Negotiated wage and benefit adjustments from settlements:5
First-year adjustment...............
Annual rate over life of contract
III
IV
4.4
3.2
.8
.6
1.0
.2
1.3
1.4
3.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
.2
1.3
.9
1.5
3.5
I
II
.7
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.0
.6
1.0
.6
.8
1.1
1.0
.1
.4
.1
.4
.2
1985
III
1986
IV
I
II
III
4.4
3.9
4.4
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.0
3.0
2.8
.8
.2
.9
.6
1.1
.7
.5
.8
2.8
4.6
4.2
3.1
4.9
6.1
4.9
4. /
3.2
5.4
6.0
4.3
3.9
2.6
4.6
5.7
4.1
3.8
2.9
4.2
5.5
4.0
3.8
2.5
4.2
5.8
3.6
3.2
2.3
3.5
5.2
.8
.9
.4
.9
.4
.7
.6
.7
3.2
4.5
4.3
3.4
4.8
5.5
3.5
.9
1.9
.7
5.0
4.8
3.6
5.4
5.6
3.5
.9
1.8
.8
4.4
4.1
3.1
4.6
5.6
3.3
.7
1.8
.7
4.2
3.9
3.2
4.3
5.5
3.1
.6
1.7
.8
4.1
3.7
2.5 ♦
4.1
5.7
2.9
.5
1.8
.7
3.5
3.1
2.3
3.4
5.4
2.3
.5
1.6
.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.7
2.0
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.5
1.9
3.4
2.7
3.1
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.3
2.6
1.4
2.0
1.4
1.6
.1
.5
(4)
1.6
2.8
3.5
3.4
III
4.5
4.2
.2
.6
(4)
II
2.9
2.4
3.6
(4)
2 Excludes Federal and household workers.
3 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. The
most recent data are preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Four quarters ended1986
1.9
5
Limited to major collective bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more. The
most recent data are preliminary.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
4. Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1986
1985
Employment status
1985
1986
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Sept.
Aug.
Dec.
Oct.
TOTAL
Noninstitutional population \ 2 ......
Participation rate 3 ................
Total employed 2 .......................
Employment-population
Resident Armed Forces 1 .......
Civilian employed ...................
Nonagricultural industries.....
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment rate 5 ...........
Not in labor force ........................
179,912
117,167
65.1
108,856
182,293
119,540
65.6
111,303
180,810
118,031
65.3
109,847
181,361
118,485
65.3
110,583
181,512
118,733
65.4
110,248
181,678
118,880
65.4
110,500
181,843
118,987
65.4
110,664
181,998
119,274
65.5
110,852
182,183
119,685
65.7
111,293
182,354
119,789
65.7
111,559
182,525
119,821
65.6
111,764
182,713
119,988
65.7
111,703
182,935
120,163
65.7
111,941
183,114 183,297
120,426 120,336
65.7
65.8
112,183 112,387
60.5
1,706
107,150
3,179
103,971
8,312
7.1
62,744
61.1
1,706
109,597
3,163
106,434
8,237
6.9
62,752
60.8
1,698
108,149
3,151
104,998
8,184
6.9
62,779
61.0
1,691
108,892
3,280
105,612
7,902
6.7
62,876
60.7
1,691
108,557
3,105
105,452
8,485
7.1
62,779
60.8
1,693
108,807
3,252
105,555
8,380
7.0
62,798
60.9
1,695
108,969
3,199
105,770
8,323
7.0
62,856
60.9
1,687
109,165
3,151
106,014
8,422
7.1
62,724
61.1
1,680
109,613
3,164
106,449
8,392
7.0
62,498
61.2
1,672
109,887
3,124
106,763
8,230
6.9
62,565
61.2
1,697
110,067
3.057
107,010
8.057
6.7
62,704
61.1
1,716
109,987
3,142
106,845
8,285
6.9
62,725
61.2
1,749
110,192
3,162
107,030
61.3
1,750
110,637
3,161
107,476
7,949
62,772
61.3
1,751
110,432
3,215
107,217
8,243
6.8
62,688
86,025
65,967
76.7
61,447
87,349
66,973
76.7
62,443
86,459
66,173
76.5
61,762
86,882
66,666
76.7
62,392
86,954
66,737
76.7
62,142
87,035
66,793
76.7
62,221
87,120
66,770
76.6
62,253
87,195
66,854
76.7
62,201
87,288
66,937
76.7
62,318
87,373
66,968
76.6
62,402
87,460
66,911
76.5
62,483
87,556
67,128
76.7
62,528
87,682
67,130
76.6
62,565
87,773
67,407
76.8
62,833
87,868
67,425
76.7
62,986
71.4
1,556
59,891
4,521
6.9
71.5
1,551
60,892
4,530
6.8
71.4
1,549
60,213
4,411
6.7
71.8
1,539
60,853
4,274
6.4
71.5
1,539
60,603
4,595
6.9
71.5
1,540
60,681
4,572
6.8
71.5
1,541
60,712
4,517
6.8
71.3
1,533
60,668
4,653
7.0
71.4
1,525
60,793
4,619
6.9
71.4
1,518
60,884
4,566
6.8
71.4
1,541
60,942
4,428
71.4
1,590
60,975
4,565
71.6
1,592
61,241
4,574
71.7
1,593
61,393
4,439
6.6
71.4
1,560
60,968
4,600
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.6
93,886
51,200
54.5
47,409
94,944
52,568
55.4
48,861
94,351
51,858
55.0
48,085
94,479
51,819
54.8
48,191
94,558
51,996
55.0
48,106
94,643
52,087
55.0
48,279
94,723
52,217
55.1
48,411
94,803
52,420
55.3
48,651
94,895
52,748
55.6
48,975
94,981
52,821
55.6
49,157
95,065
52,910
55.7
49,281
95,156
52,860
55.6
49,175
95,253
53,033
55.7
49,376
95,341
53,019
55.6
49,350
95,429
52,911
55.4
49,401
50.5
150
47,259
3,791
7.4
51.5
155
48,706
3,707
7.1
51.0
149
47,936
3,773
7.3
51.0
152
48,039
3,628
7.0
50.9
152
47,954
3,890
7.5
51.0
153
48,126
3,808
7.3
51.1
154
48,257
3,806
7.3
51.3
154
48,497
3,769
7.2
51.6
155
48,820
3,773
7.2
51.8
154
49,003
3,664
6.9
51.8
156
49,125
3,629
6.9
51.7
156
49,019
3,685
7.0
51.8
159
49,217
3,657
6.9
51.8
159
49,191
3,669
6.9
51.8
157
49,244
3,510
8,222
6.8
6.6
62,961
M e n , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r
Noninstitutional population \ 2 ......
Labor force2 .................................
Participation rate 3 ................
Total employed 2 .......................
Employment-population
Resident Armed Forces 1 ......
Civilian employed ...................
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment rate 6 ...........
W o m e n , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r
Noninstitutional population 1, 2 .......
Labor force2 ..................................
Participation rate 3 ................
Total employed2 ........................
Employment-population
Resident Armed Forces 1 ......
Civilian employed ...................
Unemployed...............................
Unemployment rate 5 ...........
1 The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States.
3 Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population.
2
58
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutional population.
5 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including
Forces).
6.6
the resident Armed
5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally
adjusted
'
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1985
1985
1986
Dec.
Jan.
178,20«
115,46
64.«
107,15«
180,58’
117,83/
65.«
109,597
179,112
116,33«
64.«
108,145
179,670
116,794
65.0
108,892
60.1
8,31 £
7.2
62,744
60.7
8,237
7.C
62,752
60.4
8,184
7.C
62,779
60.6
7,902
6.8
62,876
77,195
60,277
78.1
56,562
78,523
61,320
78.1
57,569
77,651
60,545
78.0
56,928
78,101
61,143
78.3
57,599
73.3
2,278
54,284
3,715
6.2
73.3
2,292
55,277
3,751
6.1
73.3
2,280
54,648
3,617
6.0
73.7
2,340
55,259
3,544
5.8
86,506
47,283
54.7
44,154
87,567
48,589
55.5
45,556
86,988
47,916
55.1
44,843
87,112
47,897
55.0
44,952
51.0
596
43,558
3,129
6.6
52.0
614
44,943
3,032
6.2
51.6
594
44,249
3,073
6.4
51.6
677
44,275
2,945
6.1
14,506
7,901
54.5
6,434
14,496
7,926
54.7
6,472
14,474
7,872
54.4
6,378
14,458
7,754
53.6
6,341
44.4
305
6,129
1,468
18.6
44.6
258
6,215
1,454
18.3
44.1
277
6,101
1,494
19.0
43.9
263
6,078
1,413
18.2
153,679
99,926
65.0
93,736
155,432
101,801
65.5
95,660
154,327
100,617
65.2
94,549
154,784
100,993
65.2
95,099
61.0
6,191
6.2
61.5
6,140
6.0
61.3
6,068
6.0
61.4
5,894
5.8
19,664
12,364
62.9
10,501
19,989
12,654
63.3
10,814
19,819
12,559
63.4
10,679
19,837
12,561
63.3
10,723
53.4
1,864
15.1
54.1
1,840
14.5
53.9
1,880
15.0
54.1
1,838
14.6
Employment status
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional
population’ ..................................
Civilian labor force......................
Participation rate .................
Employed ...........................
Employment-population
ratio2 ...................................
Unemployed......................
Unemployment ra te .............
Not in labor force .......................
1 7 9 ,8 2 1
1 7 9 ,9 8 5
1 8 0 ,1 4 8
1 8 0 ,3 1 1
1 8 0 ,5 0 3
1 8 0 ,6 8 2
1 8 0 ,8 2 8
1 8 0 ,9 9 7
1 8 1 ,1 8 6
1 8 1 ,3 6 3
1 8 1 ,5 4 7
1 1 7 ,0 4 2
1 1 7 ,1 8 7
1 1 7 ,2 9 2
1 1 7 ,5 8 7
1 1 8 ,0 0 5
1 1 8 ,1 1 7
1 1 8 ,1 2 4
1 1 8 ,2 7 2
1 1 8 ,4 1 4
1 1 8 ,6 7 5
1 1 8 ,5 8 6
6 5 .1
6 5 .1
6 5 .1
6 5 .2
6 5 .4
6 5 .4
6 5 .3
6 5 .3
6 5 .4
6 5 .4
6 5 .3
1 0 8 ,5 5 7
1 0 8 ,8 0 7
1 0 8 ,9 6 9
1 0 9 ,1 6 5
1 0 9 ,6 1 3
1 0 9 ,8 8 7
1 1 0 ,0 6 7
1 0 9 ,9 8 7
1 1 0 ,1 9 2
1 1 0 ,4 3 2
1 1 0 ,6 3 7
6 0 .4
6 0 .5
6 0 .5
6 0 .5
6 0 .7
6 0 .8
6 0 .9
6 0 .8
6 0 .8
6 0 .9
6 0 .9
8 ,4 8 5
8 ,3 8 0
8 ,3 2 3
8 ,4 2 2
8 ,3 9 2
8 ,2 3 0
8 ,0 5 7
8 ,2 8 5
8,222
8 ,2 4 3
7 ,9 4 9
7 .2
7 .2
7 .1
7 .2
7 .1
7 .0
6.8
7 .0
6 .9
6 .9
6 .7
6 2 ,7 7 9
6 2 ,7 9 8
6 2 ,8 5 6
6 2 ,7 2 4
6 2 ,4 9 8
6 2 ,5 6 5
6 2 ,7 2 5
6 2 ,7 7 2
6 2 ,6 8 8
6 2 ,9 6 1
6 2 ,7 0 4
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
population’ ...................................
Civilian labor fo rce ......................
Participation rate .................
Employed ..........................
Employment-population
ratio2 .................................
Agriculture..............................
Nonagricultural industries.......
Unemployed........................
Unemployment ra te ..............
7 8 ,1 7 1
7 8 ,2 3 6
7 8 ,3 0 9
7 8 ,3 8 7
7 8 ,4 8 4
7 8 ,5 8 6
7 8 ,6 3 4
7 8 ,7 2 2
7 8 ,8 0 2
7 8 ,8 7 4
7 8 ,9 7 3
6 1 ,0 9 2
6 1 ,1 7 7
6 1 ,0 8 0
6 1 ,1 5 8
6 1 ,3 3 0
6 1 ,3 5 5
6 1 ,2 1 9
6 1 ,4 1 2
6 1 ,4 0 9
6 1 ,7 0 3
6 1 ,8 2 6
78
78
7 8 .0
7 7 .9
7 8 .2
7 8 .3
5 7 ,3 3 8
5 7 ,5 2 2
5 7 ,6 0 7
5 7 ,5 9 5
5 7 ,8 8 3
5 8 ,1 0 1
78.
5 7 ,2 9 6
7 3 .3
7 8 .2
5 7 ,3 8 8
7 3 .4
7 8 .I
5 7 ,3 9 2
73.
7 3 .1
73.
7 8 .1
5 7 ,5 4 4
7 3 .2
77
5 7 ,5 8 5
73.
7 3 .2
7 3 .1
7 3 .4
7 3 .6
2 ,2 6 1
2 ,3 8 9
2 ,3 1 9
2 ,2 7 9
2 ,3 0 9
2 ,2 7 5
2 ,1 8 5
2 ,2 8 6
2 ,2 9 7
2 ,3 0 3
2 ,2 8 9
5 5 ,0 3 5
5 4 ,9 9 9
5 5 ,0 7 3
5 5 ,0 5 9
5 5 ,2 1 3
5 5 ,2 6 9
5 5 ,4 0 0
5 5 ,3 2 1
5 5 ,2 9 8
5 5 ,5 8 0
5 5 ,8 1 2
3 ,7 9 6
3 ,7 8 9
3 ,6 8 8
3 ,8 2 0
3 ,8 0 8
3 ,8 1 1
3 ,6 3 4
3 ,8 0 5
3 ,8 1 4
6.:
3 ,8 2 0
6.0
3 ,7 2 5
5 .9
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.0
6.2
6.2
6
6.2
Women, 20 years ond over
Civilian noninstitutional
population’ ...................................
Civilian labor fo rce .....................
Participation rate ..................
Employed............................
Employment-population
ratio2 ....................................
Agriculture...............................
Nonagricultural industries.......
Unemployed.......................
Unemployment ra te ..............
8 7 ,1 8 5
8 7 ,2 6 3
8 7 ,3 5 5
8 7 ,4 4 4
8 7 ,5 4 7
8 7 ,6 2 9
8 7 ,6 8 9
8 7 ,7 7 9
8 7 ,8 5 6
8 7 ,9 3 3
8 8 ,0 1 6
4 8 ,0 0 9
4 8 ,0 6 5
4 8 ,1 8 1
4 8 ,4 3 3
4 8 ,7 3 9
4 8 ,8 7 9
4 8 ,9 5 0
4 8 ,9 2 0
4 9 ,0 1 4
4 9 ,0 4 3
4 8 ,9 2 3
5 5 .1
5 5 .1
5 5 .2
5 5 .4
5 5 .7
5 5 .8
5 5 .8
5 5 .7
5 5 .8
5 5 .8
5 5 .6
4 4 ,8 2 0
4 4 ,9 3 4
4 5 ,0 9 4
4 5 ,3 3 5
4 5 ,6 5 7
4 5 ,8 6 9
4 5 ,9 5 6
4 5 ,9 0 5
4 6 ,0 2 0
4 6 ,0 6 7
4 6 ,0 5 8
5 1 .4
5 1 .5
5 1 .6
5 1 .8
5 2 .2
5 2 .3
5 2 .4
591
589
585
604
583
607
622
614
612
675
621
4 4 ,2 2 9
4 4 ,3 4 5
4 4 ,5 0 9
4 4 ,7 3 1
4 5 ,0 7 4
4 5 ,2 6 2
4 5 ,3 3 4
4 5 ,2 9 1
4 5 ,4 0 8
4 5 ,3 9 2
4 5 ,4 3 7
3 ,1 8 9
3 ,1 3 1
3 ,0 8 7
3 ,0 9 8
3 ,0 8 2
3 ,0 1 0
2 ,9 9 4
3 ,0 1 5
2 ,9 9 4
6.6
2 ,9 7 6
2 ,8 6 5
6 .5
6 .4
6 .4
6 .3
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.1
5 .9
1 4 ,4 6 5
1 4 ,4 8 5
1 4 ,4 8 4
1 4 ,4 8 0
1 4 ,4 7 2
1 4 ,4 6 7
1 4 ,5 0 5
1 4 ,4 9 6
1 4 ,5 2 7
1 4 ,5 5 7
1 4 ,5 5 8
7 ,9 4 1
7 ,9 4 5
8 ,0 3 1
7 ,9 9 6
7 ,9 3 6
7 ,8 8 3
7 ,9 5 5
7 ,9 4 0
7 ,9 9 1
7 ,9 2 9
7 ,8 3 7
5 4 .9
5 4 .9
5 5 .4
5 5 .2
5 4 .8
5 4 .5
5 4 .8
5 4 .8
5 5 .0
5 4 .5
5 3 .8
6 ,4 4 1
6 ,4 8 5
6 ,4 8 3
6 ,4 9 2
6 ,4 3 4
6 ,4 7 4
6 ,5 2 6
6 ,4 7 5
6 ,5 7 7
6 ,4 8 2
6 ,4 7 8
4 4 .5
4 4 .8
4 4 .8
4 4 .5
4 4 .5
253
274
295
268
272
242
250
242
6,211
253
237
251
6 ,1 8 8
6 ,1 8 8
6 ,2 2 4
6 ,1 6 2
6 ,2 3 2
6 ,2 7 6
6 ,2 3 3
6 ,3 2 4
6 ,2 4 5
6 ,2 2 7
1 ,5 0 0
1 ,4 6 0
1 ,5 4 8
1 ,5 0 4
1 ,5 0 2
1 ,4 0 9
1 ,4 2 9
1 ,4 6 5
1 ,4 1 4
1 ,4 4 7
1 ,3 5 9
1 8 .9
1 8 .4
1 9 .3
1 8 .8
1 8 .9
1 7 .9
1 8 .0
1 8 .5
1 7 .7
1 8 .2
1 7 .3
1 5 4 ,8 8 9
1 5 5 ,0 0 5
1 5 5 ,1 2 2
1 5 5 ,2 3 6
1 5 5 ,3 7 6
1 5 5 ,5 0 2
1 5 5 ,6 0 4
1 5 5 ,7 2 3
1 5 5 ,8 5 6
1 5 5 ,9 7 9
1 5 6 ,1 1 1
1 0 1 ,1 7 8
1 0 1 ,2 0 8
1 0 1 ,2 3 7
1 0 1 ,5 3 1
1 0 1 ,9 4 6
1 0 2 ,0 1 5
102,122
1 0 2 ,1 5 8
1 0 2 ,2 9 7
1 0 2 ,4 5 5
1 0 2 ,5 0 3
6 5 .3
6 5 .3
6 5 .3
6 5 .4
6 5 .6
6 5 .6
6 5 .6
6 5 .6
6 5 .6
6 5 .7
6 5 .7
9 4 ,7 8 0
9 4 ,9 5 5
9 5 ,0 9 5
9 5 ,2 8 3
9 5 ,7 2 0
9 5 ,8 6 1
9 6 ,1 7 7
9 6 ,0 0 0
9 6 ,1 4 7
9 6 ,2 8 1
9 6 ,5 3 3
5 2 .3
5 2 .4
5 2 .4
5 2 .3
B o t h s e x e s , 16 t o 1 9 y e a r s
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 .............................
Civilian labor fo rce .......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed ...................................
Employment-population
ratio2 ..............................
Agriculture.........................
Nonagricultural industries.......
Unemployed...................
Unemployment ra te ..............
4 4 .8
4 4 .5
4 4 .8
4 5 .0
4 4 .7
4 5 .3
W h it e
Civilian noninstitutional
population’ .........................
Civilian labor fo rce .................
Participation rate ..................
Employed .........................
Employment-population
ratio2 ....................................
Unemployed.......................
Unemployment ra te ..............
6 1 .2
6 1 .3
6 1 .3
6 1 .4
6 1 .6
6 1 .6
6 1 .8
6 1 .6
6 1 .7
6 1 .7
6 1 .8
6 ,3 9 8
6 ,2 5 3
6 ,1 4 2
6 ,2 4 8
6 ,2 2 6
6 ,1 5 4
5 ,9 4 5
6 ,1 5 8
6 ,1 5 0
6.2
6 ,1 7 4
6.1
5 ,9 7 0
6 .3
6.2
6.1
6.0
5 .8
6.0
6.0
6.0
5 .8
2 0 ,1 5 2
B la c k
Civilian noninstitutional
population’ ................................
Civilian labor fo rce .......................
Participation rate ..................
Employed .................
Employment-population
ratio2 .................................
Unemployed............................
Unemployment ra te ..............
1 9 ,8 6 3
1 9 ,8 8 9
1 9 ,9 1 6
1 9 ,9 4 3
1 9 ,9 7 4
20,002
2 0 ,0 2 8
2 0 ,0 5 6
2 0 ,0 8 9
20,120
1 2 ,5 7 2
1 2 ,6 3 4
1 2 ,6 8 7
1 2 ,7 2 1
1 2 ,7 1 2
1 2 ,6 1 1
1 2 ,5 5 3
1 2 ,6 5 2
1 2 ,7 2 0
1 2 ,7 1 9
6 3 .3
6 3 .5
6 3 .7
6 3 .8
6 3 .6
6 3 .0
6 2 .7
6 3 .1
6 3 .3
6 3 .2
6 3 .1
1 0 ,7 0 4
1 0 ,7 7 0
1 0 ,8 0 9
1 0 ,8 3 9
1 0 ,8 1 8
1 0 ,8 2 2
1 0 ,7 1 6
1 0 ,7 9 9
1 0 ,8 9 5
1 0 ,9 1 0
1 0 ,9 6 8
1 2 ,7 0 7
5 3 .9
5 4 .2
5 4 .3
5 4 .3
5 4 .2
5 4 .1
5 3 .5
5 3 .8
1,868
5 4 .2
5 4 .2
5 4 .4
1 ,8 6 4
1 ,8 7 8
1 ,8 8 2
1 ,8 9 4
1 ,7 8 9
1 ,8 3 7
1 ,8 5 3
1 ,8 2 5
1 ,8 0 9
1 ,7 3 9
1 4 .9
1 4 .8
1 4 .8
1 4 .8
1 4 .9
1 4 .2
1 4 .6
1 4 .6
1 4 .3
1 4 .2
1 3 .7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
5. Continued- Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally
adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
1986
Annual average
Employment status
Feb.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
H is p a n ic o r ig in
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 ......... .................
Civilian labor fo rce ...............
Participation rate ........
Employed.........................
Employment-population
ratio2 ..........................
Unemployed.....................
Unemployment ra te .....
11,915
7,698
64.6
6,888
57.8
811
10.5
12,344
8,076
65.4
7,219
12,111
7,777
64.2
6,964
12,148
7,796
64.2
6,994
12,184
7,922
65.0
6,991
12,219
7,926
64.9
7,095
12,255
7,969
65.0
7,129
12,290
8,006
65.1
7,136
12,326
8,085
65.6
7,224
12,362
8,121
65.7
7,269
12,397
8,130
65.6
7,248
12,432
8,179
65.8
7,286
12,469
8,200
65.8
7,345
12,505
8,226
65.8
7,437
12,540
8,320
66.3
7,446
58.5
857
57.5
813
10.5
57.6
802
10.3
57.4
931
58.1
831
10.5
58.2
840
10.5
58.1
870
10.9
58.6
861
10.6
58.8
852
10.5
58.5
882
10.8
58.6
893
10.9
58.9
855
10.4
59.5
789
9.6
59.4
874
10.5
10.6
11.8
1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted.
Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
2
because data for the "other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included
in both the white and black population groups.
6. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Annual average
1985
1986
Dec.
Selected categories
1985
Apr.
Jan.
July
May
Aug.
Sept.
Dec.
Oct.
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
Civilian employed, 16 years and
M e n ..........................................
Women .....................................
Married men, spouse present ..
Married women, spouse
present....................................
Women who maintain families .
107,150
59,891
47,259
39,248
109,597
60,892
48,706
39,658
108,149
60,213
47,936
39,254
108,892
60,853
48,039
39,558
108,557
60,603
47,954
39,363
108,807
60,681
48,126
39,396
108,969
60,712
48,257
39,504
109,165
60,668
48,497
39,582
109,613
60,793
48,820
39,613
109,887
60,884
49,003
39,634
110,067
60,942
49,125
39,735
109,987
60,968
49,019
39,691
110,192
60,975
49,217
39,780
110,432
61,241
49,191
39,952
110,637
61,393
49,244
40,093
26,336
5,597
27,144
5,837
26,777
5,697
26,820
5,703
26,695
5,723
26,761
5,754
26,889
5,799
27,016
5,734
27,354
5,719
27,474
5,812
27,388
5,832
27,249
5,926
27,323
6,016
27,333
6,041
27,400
6,005
1,535
1,458
185
1,547
1,447
169
1,545
1,447
168
1,642
1,482
165
1,512
1,444
158
1,655
1,450
169
1,539
1,467
173
1,489
1,472
177
1,508
1,492
163
1,504
1,434
171
1,509
1,387
174
1,521
1,460
159
1,562
1,451
164
1,582
1,425
198
1,621
1,400
152
95,871
16,031
79,841
1,249
78,592
7,811
289
98,299
16,342
81,957
1,235
80,722
7,881
255
96,912
16,177
80,735
1,141
79,594
7,817
254
97,752
16,333
81,419
1,245
80,174
7,693
271
97,500
16,155
81,345
1,208
80,137
7,711
261
97,661
16,160
81,501
1,227
80,274
7,713
243
97,858
16,231
81,627
1,309
80,318
7,634
251
98,047
16,333
81,714
1,261
80,453
7,793
235
98,314
16,377
81,937
1,267
80,670
7,832
236
98,312
16,582
81,730
1,241
80,489
8,019
258
98,586
16,446
82,140
1,247
80,893
7,956
271
98,692
16,333
82,359
1,229
81,130
7,939
275
98,846
16,264
82,582
1,216
81,366
7,993
265
98,869
16,457
82,412
1,183
81,229
8,179
252
99,164
16,443
82,721
1,189
81,532
8,056
239
5,590
2,430
2,819
13,489
5,588
2,456
2,800
13,935
5,505
2,365
2,838
13,640
5,551
2,377
2,870
13,877
5,446
2,385
2,724
13,800
5,548
2,352
2,908
13,778
5,853
2,534
2,922
13,900
5,538
2,437
2,813
14,142
5,442
2,473
2,661
13,967
5,471
2,417
2,741
13,981
5,544
2,472
2,772
13,922
5,740
2,481
2,826
14,178
5,563
2,510
2,714
14,021
5,596
2,444
2,867
13,877
5,334
2,27c
2,730
13,036
5,345
2,305
2,719
13,502
5,292
2,233
2,740
13,196
5,297
2,231
2,770
13,386
5,214
2,242
2,669
13,354
5,295
2,160
2,819
13,351
5,567
2,382
2,806
13,528
5,322
2,307
2,727
13,613
5,222
2,317
2,609
13,578
5,269
2,283
2,678
13,606
5,303
2,314
2,710
13,520
5,450
2,314
2,739
13,736
5,319
2,366
2,626
13,567
5,342
2,286
2,765
13,455
M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S
O F W ORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers.......
Self-employed workers............
Unpaid family w orkers.............
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers .......
Government ..........................
Private industries...................
Private households.............
Other ...................................
Self-employed workers............
Unpaid family workers.............
PERSONS AT W O RK
P A R T T IM E 1
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons
Slack work ..............................
Could only find part-time work
Voluntary part tim e ....................
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons
Could only find part-time work
Voluntary part time ....................
Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
60
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Unemployment rates)
Annual average
1985
1986
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total, all civilian workers.........................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................................
Men, 20 years and o v e r....................................
Women, 20 years and over................................
7.2
18.6
6.2
6.6
7.0
18.3
6.1
6.2
7.0
19.0
6.0
6.4
6.8
18.2
5.8
6.1
7.2
18.9
6.2
6.6
7.2
18.4
6.2
6.5
7.1
19.3
6.0
6.4
7.2
18.8
6.2
6.4
7.1
18.9
6.2
6.3
7.0
17.9
6.2
6.2
6.8
18.0
5.9
6.1
7.0
18.5
6.2
6.2
6.9
17.7
6.2
6.1
6.9
18.2
6.2
6.1
6.7
17.3
6.0
5.9
White, total .........................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.............................
Men, 16 to 19 years ...................................
Women, 16 to 19 years..............................
Men, 20 years and over ..................................
Women, 20 years and o ver.............................
6.2
15.7
16.5
14.8
5.4
5.7
6.0
15.6
16.3
14.9
5.3
5.4
6.0
16.0
16.4
15.6
5.1
5.5
5.8
15.1
15.0
15.1
5.0
5.4
6.3
16.0
16.6
15.4
5.4
5.9
. 6.2
15.0
15.9
14.1
5.4
5.7
6.1
16.3
17.1
15.4
5.2
5.5
6.2
15.9
17.0
14.7
5.4
5.5
6.1
15.9
17.1
14.6
5.4
5.4
6.0
15.2
15.6
14.7
5.4
5.3
5.8
15.4
16.6
14.2
5.1
5.2
6.0
15.9
16.6
15.1
5.4
5.3
6.0
15.4
15.7
15.2
5.4
5.2
6.0
16.0
16.3
15.7
5.4
5.2
5.8
15.1
15.5
14.6
5.3
5.0
Black, total .........................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.............................
Men, 16 to 19 years ...................................
Women, 16 to 19 years..............................
Men, 20 years and over ..................................
Women, 20 years and over.............................
15.1
40.2
41.0
39.2
13.2
13.1
14.5
39.3
39.3
39.2
12.9
12.4
15.0
41.7
40.9
42.7
13.2
12.6
14.6
41.5
41.1
41.9
12.9
12.2
14.9
40.0
39.5
40.7
13.3
12.5
14.8
42.4
42.6
42.2
12.8
12.3
14.8
41.9
41.2
42.7
12.8
12.5
14.8
40.5
40.5
40.5
12.9
12.7
14.9
39.5
39.7
39.4
13.3
12.7
14.2
38.0
40.5
35.0
12.9
12.1
14.6
40.3
38.8
41.9
13.2
12.5
14.6
38.4
38.6
38.3
13.4
12.4
14.3
35.8
37.8
33.8
13.1
12.4
14.2
36.0
35.0
37.0
12.9
12.5
13.7
36.5
36.1
36.9
11.8
12.3
Hispanic origin, tota l...........................................
10.5
10.6
10.5
10.3
11.8
10.5
10.5
10.9
10.6
10.5
10.8
10.9
10.4
9.6
10.5
Married men, spouse present............................
Married women, spouse present.......................
Women who maintain families...........................
Full-time workers ................................................
Part-time workers ...............................................
Unemployed 15 weeks and over.......................
Labor force time lost1 ........................................
4.3
5.6
10.4
6.8
9.3
2.0
8.1
4.4
5.2
9.8
6.6
9.1
1.9
7.9
4.3
5.4
9.6
6.7
9.1
1.9
7.9
4.3
5.1
9.9
6.5
8.7
1.8
7.7
4.5
5.5
9.9
6.9
9.3
2.0
8.1
4.5
5.5
10.1
6.8
9.1
1.9
8.1
4.2
5.3
9.5
6.7
9.4
1.8
8.1
4.4
5.3
10.1
6.9
9.1
1.9
8.2
4.5
5.2
10.0
6.7
9.1
1.9
8.1
4.4
5.2
9.5
6.6
9.2
1.9
7.8
4.2
5.1
10.1
6.4
9.3
1.9
7.7
4.3
5.1
9.8
6.6
9.3
2.0
7.9
4.6
5.0
8.9
6.6
9.2
1.8
7.8
4.5
5.0
9.7
6.6
9.1
1.9
7.7
4.3
4.8
9.8
6.3
8.8
1.8
7.6
7.2
9.5
13.1
7.7
7.6
7.8
5.1
7.6
5.6
3.9
13.2
7.0
13.5
13.1
7.1
6.9
7.4
5.1
7.6
5.5
3.6
12.5
7.0
10.2
12.6
7.3
7.3
7.3
5.1
7.7
5.4
3.9
10.7
6.8
10.7
12.8
7.1
7.0
7.2
4.5
7.3
5.3
3.5
11.5
7.2
9.5
13.0
7.3
7.4
7.1
5.3
7.8
5.9
3.8
13.8
7.1
10.5
13.0
7.2
6.9
7.6
5.8
7.7
5.6
3.9
12.1
7.1
12.4
12.3
6.9
6.9
6.9
5.5
7.9
5.8
3.6
13.4
7.2
13.6
13.0
7.4
7.3
7.5
5.3
7.9
5.5
3.6
15.3
7.1
17.3
12.4
7.2
7.0
7.5
5.4
7.7
5.5
3.6
13.2
7.1
16.6
13.0
6.9
6.7
7.2
5.5
7.8
5.7
3.3
11.4
6.9
16.6
12.4
6.9
6.8
6.9
4.8
7.5
5.6
3.3
13.3
7.0
13.9
12.9
7.0
6.5
7.7
4.7
7.6
5.6
3.5
12.9
7.0
14.5
13.8
7.3
7.2
7.3
5.2
7.4
5.4
3.7
11.9
7.0
14.5
15.1
7.1
6.6
7.9
4.4
7.2
5.4
3.6
10.1
6.8
14.1
13.7
6.9
6.4
7.7
4.6
7.2
5.1
3.3
11.5
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
IN D U S T R Y
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ....
Construction .......................................................
Manufacturing ....................................................
Durable goods.................................................
Nondurable g oods...........................................
Transportation and public utilities ......................
Wholesale and retail tra d e .................................
Finance and service industries..........................
Government workers ...............................................
Agricultural wage and salary workers ....................
Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours.
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61
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
8. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Civilian workers)
Annual
average
Sex and age
1985
1986
1985
Dec.
1986
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total, 16 years and over .................................................................
16 to 24 years...............................................................................
16 to 19 years.............................................................................
16 to 17 years ..........................................................................
18 to 19 years ..........................................................................
20 to 24 years.............................................................................
25 years and o ver..........................................................................
25 to 54 years ..........................................................................
55 years and o v e r....................................................................
7.2
13.6
18.6
21.0
17.0
11.1
5.6
5.8
4.1
7.0
13.3
18.3
20.2
17.0
10.7
5.4
5.7
3.9
7.0
13.4
19.0
21.2
17.6
10.7
5.4
5.7
3.9
6.8
13.1
18.2
21.0
16.6
10.5
5.2
5.5
3.9
7.2
13.6
18.9
21.6
17.1
10.9
5.6
5.9
4.3
7.2
13.3
18.4
19.8
17.2
10.7
5.6
5.9
4.2
7.1
13.7
19.3
20.8
18.4
10.8
5.4
5.7
3.9
7.2
13.8
18.8
20.8
17.4
11.2
5.5
5.9
3.7
7.1
13.5
18.9
20.7
17.5
10.7
5.5
5.9
3.8
7.0
13.2
17.9
19.8
16.2
10.8
5.4
5.7
3.8
6.8
12.9
18.0
19.8
16.8
10.3
5.4
5.7
3.7
7.0
13.6
18.5
20.0
17.2
11.1
5.4
5.6
4.0
6.9
13.0
17.7
19.3
16.5
10.5
5.5
5.7
4.1
6.9
12.9
18.2
20.6
16.7
10.2
5.5
5.8
3.8
6.7
12.9
17.3
18.8
16.3
10.7
5.2
5.5
3.5
Men, 16 years and o ve r..............................................................
16 to 24 years ..........................................................................
16 to 19 years........................................................................
16 to 17 years.....................................................................
18 to 19 years.....................................................................
20 to 24 years........................................................................
25 years and o v e r....................................................................
25 to 54 years.....................................................................
55 years and over................................................................
7.0
14.1
19.5
21.9
17.9
11.4
5.3
5.6
4.1
6.9
13.7
19.0
20.8
17.7
11.0
5.4
5.6
4.1
6.8
13.6
19.5
21.8
18.0
10.7
5.2
5.5
3.9
6.6
13.1
18.3
21.3
16.8
10.5
5.1
5.4
3.9
7.0
13.6
19.5
22.9
17.2
10.8
5.5
5.7
4.3
7.0
13.7
19.2
20.5
18.3
11.0
5.4
5.7
4.1
6.9
14.2
20.0
21.1
19.2
11.3
5.2
5.5
4.0
7.1
14.5
20.0
21.3
19.1
11.7
5.4
5.7
3.9
7.1
13.9
19.9
20.0
19.4
10.9
5.4
5.7
4.1
7.0
13.6
18.4
20.3
16.7
11.1
5.4
5.7
4.0
6.8
13.3
19.1
20.9
18.0
10.3
5.3
5.6
4.1
7.0
14.3
19.1
21.0
17.5
11.9
5.4
5.5
4.2
7.0
13.2
18.2
19.8
17.0
10.7
5.5
5.7
4.4
6.9
13.4
18.3
21.3
16.2
10.9
5.5
5.7
4.1
6.7
13.4
17.8
19.1
17.0
11.3
5.2
5.5
4.0
Women, 16 years and o ver.......................................................
16 to 24 years.........................................................................
16 to 19 years ......................................................................
16 to 17 years ...................................................................
18 to 19 years ...................................................................
20 to 24 years ......................................................................
25 years and o ver...................................................................
25 to 54 years ...................................................................
55 years and o v e r..............................................................
7.4
13.0
17.6
20.0
16.0
10.7
5.9
6.2
4.1
7.1
12.8
17.6
19.6
16.3
10.3
5.5
5.9
3.6
7.3
13.2
18.5
20.5
17.2
10.6
5.7
5.9
3.9
7.0
13.1
18.1
20.6
16.4
10.6
5.4
5.6
3.9
7.5
13.5
18.3
20.1
17.1
11.0
5.8
6.1
4.3
7.3
12.8
17.5
19.0
16.2
10.3
5.8
6.1
4.3
7.3
13.1
18.5
20.4
17.6
10.2
5.7
6.0
3.8
7.2
13.1
17.5
20.3
15.5
10.8
5.6
6.0
3.5
7.2
13.0
17.9
21.4
15.6
10.4
5.6
6.0
3.3
7.0
12.7
17.3
19.2
15.6
10.4
5.4
5.8
3.6
6.9
12.4
16.7
18.7
15.4
10.2
5.4
5.8
3.3
7.0
12.8
17.7
18.8
16.9
10.2
5.5
5.8
3.6
6.9
12.7
17.2
18.6
16.0
10.3
5.4
5.7
3.6
6.9
12.4
18.2
19.8
17.2
9.4
5.5
5.8
3.4
6.7
12.4
16.8
18.4
15.7
10.0
5.2
5.5
2.9
Nov.
Dec.
9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1986
1985
Reason for unemployment
1985
Job losers ................................................................
On layoff................................................................
Other job losers....................................................
Job leavers ..............................................................
Reentrants ...............................................................
New entrants ...........................................................
1986
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
4,139
1,157
2,982
877
2,256
1,039
4,033
1,090
2,943
1,015
2,160
1,029
3,996
1,135
2,861
902
2,251
1,042
3,802
1,143
2,659
977
2,083
1,029
4,147
1,136
3,011
985
2,263
1,073
4,210
1,144
3,066
989
2,196
1,006
4,035
1,057
2,978
1,071
2,188
1,048
4,214
1,118
3,096
979
2,200
1,046
4,272
1,074
3,198
1,009
2,107
1,050
4,063
1,078
2,985
1,025
2,205
989
3,824
1,017
2,807
990
2,199
1,014
4,044
1,029
3,015
1,041
2,145
1,038
3,984
1,072
2,912
1,027
2,190
972
3,947
1,073
2,874
1,056
2,119
1,076
3,890
1,078
2,812
1,036
2,019
1,015
49.8
13.9
35.9
10.6
27.1
12.5
48.9
13.2
35.7
12.3
26.2
12.5
48.8
13.9
34.9
11.0
27.5
12.7
48.2
14.5
33.7
12.4
26.4
13.0
49.0
13.4
35.6
11.6
26.7
12.7
50.1
13.6
36.5
11.8
26.1
12.0
48.4
12.7
35.7
12.8
26.2
12.6
49.9
13.2
36.7
11.6
26.1
12.4
50.6
12.7
37.9
12.0
25.0
12.4
49.1
13.0
36.0
12.4
26.6
11.9
47.6
12.7
35.0
12.3
27.4
12.6
48.9
12.4
36.5
12.6
25.9
12.6
48.7
13.1
35.6
12.6
26.8
11.9
48.1
13.1
35.1
12.9
25.8
13.1
48.9
13.5
35.3
13.0
25.4
12.8
3.6
.8
2.0
.9
3.4
.9
1.8
.9
3.4
.8
1.9
.9
3.3
.8
1.8
.9
3.5
.8
1.9
.9
3.6
.8
1.9
.9
3.4
.9
1.9
.9
3.6
.8
1.9
.9
3.6
.9
1.8
.9
3.4
.9
1.9
.8
3.2
.8
1.9
.9
3.4
.9
1.8
.9
3.4
.9
1.8
.8
3.3
.9
1.8
.9
3.3
.9
1.7
.9
PERCENT O F UNEM PLOYED
Job losers..............................................................
On layo ff.............................................................
Other job losers..................................................
Job leavers............................................................
Reentrants.............................................................
New entrants ........................................................
PERCENT OF
C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E
Job losers ................................................................
Job leavers ..............................................................
Reentrants ...............................................................
New entrants ...........................................................
10. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1985
1986
Weeks of unemployment
1985
1986
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Less than 5 weeks ...........................................
5 to 14 weeks ..................................................
15 weeks and o ve r...........................................
15 to 26 weeks ..............................................
27 weeks and o v e r........................................
3,498
2,509
2,305
1,025
1,280
3,448
2,557
2,232
1,045
1,187
3,417
2,507
2,209
1,005
1,204
3,373
2,505
2,117
1,003
1,114
3,534
2,615
2,332
1,142
1,190
3,536
2,625
2,243
1,078
1,165
3,565
2,650
2,130
982
1,148
3,610
2,671
2,232
1,065
1,167
3,415
2,650
2,299
1,038
1,261
3,399
2,521
2,250
1,058
1,192
3,436
2,407
2,272
1,068
1,204
3,415
2,524
2,373
1,110
1,263
3,418
2,563
2,168
950
1,218
3,382
2,613
2,217
1,045
1,172
3,355
2,389
2,171
1,023
1,148
Mean duration in w eeks...................................
Median duration in weeks.................................
15.6
6.8
15.0
6.9
15.2
6.8
15.0
6.8
15.2
6.9
14.6
6.8
14.7
6.6
14.8
6.8
15.2
7.2
15.1
7.1
15.6
7.1
15.5
7.1
15.2
■7.0
14.8
7.0
15.0
7.1
62
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.
Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted
Nov.
1985
State
Nov.
1986
8.1
9.5
6.2
8.2
6.6
6.0
A labam a........................
Alaska ...........................
A riz o n a ..........................
Arkansas .................................
C a lifornia....................
Colorado .............................
Connecticut .........................
D elaw are.....................
District of C o lum bia...............
Florida ...............................
9.7
11.0
5.8
8.2
7.0
8.9
6.5
3.1
New Jersey .................
8.0
4.8
5.7
5.5
Ohio ............................
6.2
9.0
7.1
5.7
5.2
7.3
9.0
7.2
8.6
O re g o n ..............................................................
Pennsylvania...................................................
6.9
South C a rolina.....................
Io w a ........................................
Kansas ..............................
K e n tu c k y ................................
Louisiana................................
M aine............................
7.4
4.8
9.0
11.3
4.7
Maryland ...............................
M assachusetts...................
M ichigan..................................
M inne sota.......................
M ississippi............................
M issouri..................................
4.4
3.6
8.9
5.8
9.1
6.4
5.9
5.4
7.9
13.4
8.3
5.0
5.4
2.5
9.2
5.3
5.4
6.1
7.3
7.6
7.4
7.6
3.9
6.0
6.4
5.6
5.9
7.7
7.5
6.5
Utah
6.0
V e rm o n t.......................
4.3
5.3
7.8
4.6
3.6
8.0
5.1
6.7
6.0
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data
published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the
Nov.
1986
5.6
8.6
6.1
7.6
3.4
32
7.9
4.2
4.4
Georgia ..................................
H aw aii...............................
Idaho ....................................
Illin o is ..............................
Indiana ..............................
12.
Nov.
1985
State
3.8
8.8
5.9
4.9
11.8
6.6
8.9
database,
Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
State
Nov. 1985
A labam a.......................
Alaska ..........................
A rizo n a ..........................
A rkansa s...........................
C a lifornia.......................
Oct. 1986
1,451.1
224.2
1,365.8
1.451.3
217.7
1.376.4
11,363.9
11,402.7
1,438.2
1,598.0
299.9
634.0
1,451.0
1,625.4
305 6
651.0
1,459.2
1,646.1
307.5
346.1
342.7
Io w a .........................
Kansas ...............................
K e n tu cky........................
Louisiana......................
M aine......................
1,087.8
994.1
1,266.0
1,606.1
465.9
1,081.4
1,003.1
1,296.6
Maryland ..............................
M assachusetts.............
M ichigan.............................................................
M inne sota..................
M ississippi..........................................................
M issouri............................
M ontana...........................
1,920.7
2,973.3
3,578.0
1,895.5
854.5
2,132.3
280.1
1,957.1
3,000.4
3,639.0
1,929.8
860.4
2,172.8
275.8
483.2
Nov. 1985
659.0
O klaho m a.........................................................
2,695.7 O re g o n ....................................
Pennsylvania....................................................
340.1
4.876.1
2,302.9 South C a ro lin a ................................................
South D a k o ta ...................................................
1.082.1
1,011.0
1,299.1 Utah
3,573.4
525.6
8,013.0
2,769.0
253.0
8,050.7
2,778.6
251.9
4,473.1
1,178.9
1,050.6
4,828.1
4,584.4
1,154.9
1,076.9
4,880.1
436.5
4.603.9
1.158.9
1,070.5
4,895.8
437.9
1,319.6
246.5
1,360.0
254.8
1,975.5
6,685.3
643.1
1,361.2
253.4
1,979.6
6,683.7
644.9
526.0
6,747.3
3,582.9
230.1
230.2
1,794.2
601.2
2,046.0
1,784.0
600.7
2,507.3
600.4
2,009.3
203.7
'
I in T c relc 1'nary^ . . . . . . . ,
NOTE. Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere
Nov. 1986p
670.7
474.9
492.1
479.5
V irg in ia .......................................
1,959.3
3,009.8
3,652.0 W iscon sin.............................
1,925.2
860.0 W yom ing......................................
2,174.4
272.7
Oct. 1986
668.2
474.2
495.2
253.5
4,667.5
Georgia .........................
H aw aii........................
Idaho ....................
Illinois ........................
Indiana ........................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State
New M e x ic o ........................
C o lo ra d o ..........................
Connecticut .................
D elaw are..................
District of C o lum bia............
Florida .........................
--------------------------------------------------------
Nov. 1986p
1,440.6
228.9
1,316.6
814.9
11,127.9
because of the continual updating of the database.
198.0
710.3
36.2
714.8
37.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
13. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Annual average
1985
1986
Dec.
Industry
1985
1986
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.p
Dec.p
100,105
83,508
00,283
83,655
00,560
83,786
00,826
83,956
01,065
84,168
01,334
84,384
97 614
81J99
100,168
83,430
98,910
82,281
99,296
82,659
99,429
82,748
99,484
82,785
99,783
83,072
99,918
83,198
99,843
83,161
24 930
930
585
24,940
792
464
24,977
901
560
25,101
897
556
25,038
880
541
24,945
852
518
25,038
821
488
24,965
790
461
24,854
772
446
24,869
768
442
24,888
753
431
24,858
743
422
24,865
746
423
24,895
743
421
24,932
738
414
4 687
1Ì251
4,961
1J307
4,787
1,287
4,901
1,330
4,864
1,320
4,838
1,298
4,972
1,315
4,974
1,314
4,947
1,299
4,980
1,299
5,012
1,306
5,010
1,301
5,001
1,302
4,993
1,305
5,004
1,296
19,314
13J30
19,187
13,025
19,289
13,100
19,303
13,111
19,294
13,097
19,255
13,061
19,245
13,060
19,201
13,025
19,135
12,979
19,121
12,961
19,123
12,971
19,105
12,960
19,118
12,974
19,159
13,022
19,190
13,065
11 516
7 ,6 6 0
11,346
7^497
11,461
7,595
11,466
7,595
11,455
7,579
11,418
7,545
11,415
7,547
11,378
7,519
11,307
7,462
11,294
7,441
11,302
7,458
11,271
7,438
11,266
7,435
11,283
7,456
11,298
7,479
700
493
591
813
727
497
595
768
710
494
593
803
716
494
596
798
716
494
597
795
715
493
594
787
719
494
600
785
719
496
599
780
721
496
597
761
724
498
593
758
729
499
592
751
734
500
594
749
737
500
590
749
742
500
590
752
749
501
593
/53
305
1,468
283
1,439
303
1,456
300
1,455
299
1,452
293
1,450
291
1,451
288
1,447
286
1,440
285
1,428
272
1,429
270
1,433
272
1,429
271
1,429
271
1,430
2,182
2,082
2,133
2,137
2,127
2,118
2,111
2,100
2,089
2,079
2,072
2,044
2,039
2,036
2,032
2,207
1 971
876
723
2,169
1,985
843
717
2,182
1,998
872
725
2,182
1,996
867
724
2,181
1,998
864
725
2,177
1,989
858
726
2,177
1,986
854
723
2,175
1,972
839
721
2,143
1,974
839
717
2,169
1,969
824
713
2,168
1,985
839
713
2,162
1,979
834
713
2,167
1,979
824
713
2,165
1,995
837
709
2,162
1,998
835
711
369
367
367
368
370
369
369
369
369
363
364
363
363
365
369
7 798
5,470
7,841
5^528
7,828
5,505
7,837
5,516
7,839
5,518
7,837
5,516
7,830
5,513
7,823
5,506
7,828
5,517
7,827
5,520
7,821
5,513
7,834
5,522
7,852
5,539
7,876
5,566
7,892
5,586
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures......
Textile mill products...........
Apparel and other textile
products............................
Paper and allied products ..
1 608
65
704
1,641
61
709
1,623
64
702
1,623
64
702
1,631
63
705
1,632
63
707
1,633
63
703
1,640
62
705
1,648
62
707
1,645
62
710
1,642
59
711
1,644
60
709
1,644
59
711
1,654
61
717
1,651
58
719
1 125
683
1,115
690
1,130
686
1,133
687
1,122
687
1,117
688
1,119
689
1,113
689
1,106
690
1,108
687
1,108
685
1,110
691
1,113
694
1,113
695
1,124
698
Printing and publishing............
Chemicals and allied products .
Petroleum and coal products ...
Rubber and mise, plastics
products.................................
Leather and leather products ..
1 435
1 046
178
1,479
1,027
164
1,457
1,035
169
1,461
1,034
168
1,467
1,032
167
1,469
1,031
166
1,472
1,028
166
1,474
1,024
166
1,477
1,026
164
1,483
1,025
163
1,481
1,026
163
1,485
1,025
162
1,491
1,023
161
1,493
1,023
160
1,496
1,022
160
790
166
801
154
798
164
802
163
803
162
804
160
800
157
796
154
797
151
792
152
794
152
797
151
805
151
809
151
813
151
72,684
75,228
73,933
74,195
74,391
74,539
74,745
74,953
74,989
75,236
75,395
75,702
75,961
76,170
76,402
5,242
3,006
5,285
3,068
5,277
3,046
5,286
3,056
5,277
3,048
5,280
3,053
5,266
3,040
5,265
3,037
5,167
3,035
5,288
3,057
5,255
3,063
5,316
3,088
5,316
3,094
5,348
3,115
5,358
3,127
2,236
2,217
2,231
2,230
2,229
2,227
2,226
2,228
2,132
2,231
2,192
2,228
2,222
2,233
2,231
5,864
3,492
2,372
5,855
3,487
2,368
T O T A L .....................
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G .
M in in g ....................................
Oil and gas extraction .
C o n s t r u c t io n .................................
General building contractors .
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ...........
Production workers
D u r a b le g o o d s
Production workers
Lumber and wood products......
Furniture and fixtures................
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries ...........
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products...................................
Fabricated metal products........
Machinery, except electrical.......
Electrical and electronic
equipment..................................
Transportation equipment...........
Motor vehicles and equipment ...
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries...................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
Production workers .
S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G
T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic
u t i l i t i e s .........................................
Transportation...................
Communication and public
utilities...............................
5,740
3,409
2^331
5,853
3,482
2,371
5,809
3,460
2,349
5,830
3,470
2,360
5,843
3,482
2,361
5,841
3,480
2,361
5,864
3,485
2,379
5,872
3,488
2,384
5,829
3,454
2,375
5,849
3,483
2,366
5,863
3,485
2,378
5,859
3,485
2,374
5,864
3,489
2,375
General merchandise stores.....
17,360
2,320
Food s to re s ..................................
2 ,7 7 9
17,976
2,348
2,932
17,622
2,317
2,870
17,734
2,328
2,880
17,795
2,333
2,891
17,828
2,333
2,901
17,851
2,342
2,910
17,911
2,344
2,917
17,944
2,350
2,932
17,992
2,354
2,938
18,030
2,359
2,951
18,065
2,362
2,952
18,143
2,379
2,963
18,186
2,359
2,969
18,187
2,331
2,977
Automotive dealers and service
stations....................................
Eating and drinking places.......
1,892
5,715
1,954
5,922
1,922
5,801
1,929
5,831
1,938
5,854
1,939
5,868
1,940
5,859
1,944
5,889
1,945
5,918
1,950
5,931
1,962
5,923
1,970
5,948
1,973
5,982
1,976
6,005
1,982
6,047
5 953
2,979
1,830
1,144
6,304
3,159
1,934
1,210
6,095
3,053
1,868
1,174
6,123
3,066
1,878
1,179
6,157
3,082
1,889
1,186
6,184
3,095
1,900
1,189
6,228
3,120
1,910
1,198
6,261
3,137
1,918
1,206
6,295
3,159
1,927
1,209
6,334
3,176
1,945
1,213
6,364
3,192
1,952
1,220
6,388
3,202
1,962
1,224
6,409
3,212
1,971
1,226
6,431
3,221
1,980
1,230
6,466
3,237
1,990
1,239
21,974
4,452
6^310
23,073
4,810
6,585
22,501
4,631
6,424
22,585
4,660
6,447
22,638
4,687
6,471
22,707
4,698
6,497
22,825
4,750
6,511
22,924
4,755
6,543
23,072
4,792
6,571
23,176
4,835
6,601
23,255
4,848
6,634
23,300
4,883
6,649
23,359
4,908
6,677
23,444
4,927
6,690
23,586
4,970
6,726
16,415
2,875
3,848
9^692
16,738
2,899
3,939
9,901
16,629
2,913
3,904
9,812
16,637
2,918
3,916
9,803
16,681
2,918
3,924
9,839
16,699
2,923
3,927
9,849
16,711
2,914
3.938
9,859
16,720
2,899
3,936
9,885
16,682
2,875
3,927
9,880
16,597
2,866
3,921
9,810
16,628
2,875
3,919
9,834
16,774
2,901
3,932
9,941
16,870
2,896
3,959
10,015
16,897
2,899
3,969
10,029
16,950
2,901
3,993
10,056
W h o le s a le t r a d e ...
Durable goods......
Nondurable goods
R e ta il t r a d e ..........................................
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l
e s t a t e ................................................
Finance .................................
Insurance ...............................
Real estate............................
S e r v i c e s ....................
Business services
Health services ....
G o v e rn m e n t
Federal.......
S tate...........
Local...........
p = preliminary
NOTE: See notes on the data for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
64
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Juction or n<msup ervlsory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry,
monthly data seasonally adjusted
Industry
A inual
av erage
1985
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
1986
34.£
C O N S T R U C T I O N ..........
1985
Dec.
34.£
37.5
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Overtime hours .
D u r a b le g o o d s .....................................................
1986
Jan.
35.C
Feb.
34.S
Mar.
34.S
-
-
-
Apr.
34.£
-
May
34.£
-
June
July
Aug.
34.'
34.'
34.£
_
_
.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.p Dec.p
34.'
34.'
34.£
34.6
40.7
3.5
40.9
3.6
4o.e
3.5
40.7
3.4
40.7
3.4
40.7
3.4
40.7
3.4
40.6
3.3
40.e
3.4
40.8
3.5
40.8
3.5
40.7
3.5
40.8
3.5
40.9
3.6
41.6
3.7
40.2
39.9
41.8
42.1
41.9
41.6
41.5
3.6
40.4
40.0
42.7
41.9
41.7
41.5
41.4
3.5
40.0
39.7
41.9
42.1
41.8
41.5
41.4
3.6
40.2
39.4
41.9
41.9
41.7
41.4
41.3
3.6
40.3
39.1
42.4
41.3
40.5
41.2
41.2
3.4
40.3
39.4
42.3
41.7
41.5
41.1
41.2
3.5
39.9
39.4
42.2
41.6
41.1
41.1
41.1
3.5
40.1
39.4
42.2
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.4
3.5
40.2
39.9
42.5
41.9
41.5
41.2
41.4
3.6
40.1
40.0
42.5
42.0
41.6
41.5
41.3
3.6
40.3
39.8
42.3
42.3
42.3
41.2
41.4
3.6
40.7
39.7
41.9
42.4
42.5
41.4
41.4
3.7
40.4
39.7
42.2
43.0
43.7
41.3
Overtime hours....................................
Lumber and wood products.....................
Furniture and fixtures................................
Stone, clay, and glass products...............
Primary metal industries ...........................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Fabricated metal products ........................
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.4
3.5
40.3
39.6
42.3
42.0
41.7
41.3
Machinery except electrical ............
Electrical and electronic equipment.
Transportation equipment................
Motor vehicles and equipment.....
Instruments and related products ....
Miscellaneous manufacturing..........
41.5
40.6
42.6
43.5
41.0
39.4
41.6
41.0
42.4
42.7
41.1
39.7
41.7
41.1
43.0
44.0
41.6
41.6
41.0
42.8
43.6
41.1
41.6
40.9
42.7
43.4
41.2
41.6
41.0
42.7
43.3
41.3
41.8
41.1
42.1
41.9
41.3
41.8
41.0
41.9
41.8
40.9
41.7
41.0
42.2
42.4
41.0
41.4
4.1.1
42.1
42.4
40.8
41.7
41.2
42.6
42.8
41.0
41.7
41.2
42.6
42.7
40.7
41.6
40.9
42.1
42.1
41.1
41.7
40.9
42.3
42.5
41.2
41.6
40.9
42.3
42.6
41.6
Overtime hours.........................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco manufactures..................
Textile mill products......................
Apparel and other textile products .
Paper and allied products .............
39.6
3.1
40.0
37.2
39.7
36.4
43.1
39.9
3.3
40.0
37.6
41.2
36.7
43.3
40.0
3.4
40.1
39.9
3.3
40.1
39.7
3.2
39.8
39.8
3.2
39.9
39.9
3.3
40.2
39.9
3.4
40.2
39.8
3.2
40.0
39.8
3.4
40.0
40.0
3.4
40.3
39.9
3.3
39.7
39.9
3.4
39.8
40.1
3.5
39.9
40.1
3.5
39.9
41.0
36.8
43.5
40.8
36.7
43.6
40.6
36.3
43.5
40.7
36.5
43.5
41.3
36.9
43.0
41.1
36.5
43.2
40.8
36.5
43.1
40.9
36.6
43.2
41.4
36.5
43.5
41.6
36.7
43.0
41.5
36.7
43.0
41.6
36.9
43.2
41.8
37.1
43.2
Printing and publishing............
Chemicals and allied products .
Petroleum and coal products ...
Leather and leather products ..
37.8
41.9
43.0
37.2
38.0
42.0
43.7
36.9
38.1
42.0
43.6
38.0
41.9
43.5
38.0
41.8
43.7
38.0
41.9
43.8
38.0
41.9
43.6
38.0
42.0
43.4
37.8
41.9
44.0
37.9
41.9
43.5
38.0
42.1
44.3
38.0
42.0
43.4
38.0
42.2
43.7
38.0
42.6
43.7
38.0
42.5
43.8
39.1
39.3
39.0
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ...............................
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.2
39.1
38.9
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E .........................
38.4
38.4
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.4
38.2
38.4
38.3
38.2
29.4
29.2
29.2
29.3
29.3
29.3
29.2
29.2
29.1
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.1
29.2
28.8
32.5
32.5
32.6
32.6
32.5
32.5
32.5
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.4
R E T A IL T R A D E
S E R V IC E S ...........
- Data not available.
p = preliminary
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32.5
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent
benchmark adjustment.
65
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by
industry
_______________________________________
Industry
Annual
average
1986
1985
Nov.p Dec.p
1985
1986
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Seasonally adjusted .........................................
$8.57
-
$8.76
-
$8.71
8.70
$8.72
8.68
$8.74
8.71
$8.73
8.73
$8.72
8.72
$8.72
8.73
$8.71
8.74
$8.69
8.73
$8.70
8.77
$8.81
8.76
$8.81
8.80
$8.86
8.85
$8.85
8.84
M I N I N G .......................................................................................
11.98
12.45
12.27
12.24
12.32
12.35
12.43
12.44
12.50
12.46
12.51
12.52
12.51
12.57
12.64
C O N S T R U C T I O N ...................................................................
12.31
12.42
12.47
12.34
12.35
12.22
12.29
12.33
12.31
12.31
12.39
12.54
12.62
12.59
12.71
9.72
9.70
9.71
9.70
9.74
9.68
9.73
9.72
9.77
9.86
P R IV A T E S E C T O R ...............................................................
9.53
9.73
9.74
9.70
9.70
10.10
8.22
7.17
9.84
11.68
13.34
9.70
10.29
8.37
7.44
10.05
11.94
13.83
9.88
10.34
8.35
7.38
9.95
11.84
13.44
9.91
10.27
8.30
7.36
9.96
11.81
13.48
9.85
10.29
8.36
7.31
9.94
11.96
13.81
9.85
10.30
8.33
7.35
9.93
11.99
13.80
9.88
10.28
8.32
7.36
10.00
12.00
13.82
9.84
10.28
8.37
7.39
10.04
12.02
13.86
9.85
10.26
8.43
7.46
10.04
11.94
13.88
9.88
10.27
8.36
7.44
10.06
12.06
14.08
9.84
10.22
8.40
7.46
10.07
11.85
13.83
9.82
10.30
8.42
7.52
10.11
11.92
13.93
9.87
10.28
8.37
7.50
10.10
11.84
13.78
9.86
10.33
8.39
7.51
10.12
11.88
13.77
9.93
10.44
8.41
7.60
10.15
11.98
13.92
10.03
Machinery, except electrical ............................... 10.29
9.47
Electrical and electronic equipment...................
Transportatlon equipment................................... 12.72
13.42
Motor vehicles and equipment.........................
9.16
Instruments and related products ......................
Miscellaneous manufacturing.............................. 7.30
10.57
9.67
12.86
13.53
9.47
7.56
10.55
9.68
13.06
13.81
9.39
7.48
10.50
9.60
12.91
13.66
9.32
7.48
10.53
9.60
12.87
13.59
9.39
7.50
10.58
9.62
12.90
13.66
9.41
7.51
10.55
9.62
12.83
13.54
9.41
7.50
10.55
9.64
12.79
13.47
9.40
7.54
10.55
9.61
12.78
13.41
9.41
7.54
10.57
9.68
12.78
13.40
9.47
7.59
10.57
9.67
12.75
13.36
9.45
7.52
10.58
9.73
12.87
13.50
9.51
7.59
10.56
9.72
12.87
13.49
9.54
7.60
10.59
9.74
12.91
13.51
9.61
7.63
10.68
9.87
13.05
13.70
9.69
7.71
8.71
Food and kindred products................................. 8.57
Tobacco manufactures....................................... 11.94
Textile mill products............................................ 6.71
5.73
Apparel and other textile products.....................
Paper and allied products .................................. 10.82
8.93
8.73
12.78
6.95
5.81
11.14
8.87
8.71
11.78
6.83
5.80
11.07
8.86
8.72
11.89
6.85
5.82
11.02
8.86
8.71
12.38
6.83
5.79
10.99
8.88
8.74
12.76
6.86
5.80
11.03
8.88
8.75
12.84
6.87
5.81
11.05
8.90
8.78
13.38
6.88
5.78
11.12
8.91
8.74
13.68
6.87
5.79
11.15
8.99
8.75
13.48
6.90
5.76
11.31
8.93
8.65
13.44
6.99
5.79
11.17
8.96
8.65
12.21
7.05
5.87
11.20
8.95
8.68
12.10
7.04
5.82
11.20
9.00
¿.78
12.62
7.07
5.83
11.18
9.05
8.85
13.04
7.12
5.86
11.24
9.71
Chemicals and allied products............................ 11.56
Petroleum and coal products.............................. 14.06
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products..... 8.54
Leather and leather products ............................. 5.82
9.97
11.96
14.20
8.76
5.90
9.92
11.85
14.24
8.73
5.83
9.85
11.86
14.26
8.69
5.86
9.86
11.81
14.21
8.69
5.83
9.90
11.78
14.22
8.72
5.86
9.87
11.82
14.16
8.68
5.89
9.91
11.89
14.02
8.75
5.88
9.88
11.94
14.14
8.75
5.88
9.96
12.04
14.16
8.82
5.89
10.00
11.99
14.07
8.81
5.90
10.10
12.03
14.20
c 8.76
5.93
10.08
12.08
14.18
8.76
5.92
10.11
12.14
14.33
8.80
5.99
10.12
12.19
14.45
8.84
5.95
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S .....
11.40
11.64
11.61
11.59
11.64
11.62
11.55
11.54
11.57
11.61
11.61
11.70
11.68
11.77
11.76
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E .........................................................
9.16
9.36
9.33
9.28
9.36
9.33
9.29
9.29
9.32
9.30
9.32
9.37
9.35
9.54
9.54
5.97
5.97
6.05
6.04
6.06
6.02
M A N U F A C T U R I N G ...............................................................
D u r a b le g o o d s ......................................................................
Lumber and wood products................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.........................
Primary metal industries.....................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.........
Fabricated metal products .................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ..............................................................
R E T A IL T R A D E .....................................................................
5.94
6.02
5.99
6.03
6.04
6.03
6.01
6.00
5.99
F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E .....
7.94
8.35
8.15
8.14
8.28
8.30
8.29
8.31
8.37
8.30
8.33
8.37
8.38
8.56
8.52
8.18
8.12
8.10
8.10
8.04
8.05
8.19
8.22
8.32
8.31
S E R V IC E S ................................................................................
- Data not available.
p — preliminary
c = corrected
66
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.89
8.16
8.12
8.12
8.17
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent
benchmark revision,
16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls by industry
Annual average
1985
Industry
1985
1986
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.p
Dec.p
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
Current dollars..............
Seasonally adjusted....
Constant (1977) dollars
S299.0S S304.8Í $306.55 $302.55 $300.65 $302.92 $301.71 $302.55 $303.95 $304.15 $305.37
$306.5S $305.71 $307.44 $308.87
303.6C 303.8C 303.95 304.66 303.45 303.8C 303.25 302.9C 305.2C c303.97 305.36
“
307.96 305 86
170.42
172.05 169.32 168.82 171.05 170.94 170.85 170.78 170.97 171.35 171.28
170.69 171.47
_
M I N I N G ....................
519.93
526.64
537.43
543.46
522.37
522.41
522.06
519.99
525.00
518.34
529.17
529.60
527.92
524.17
533.41
C O N S T R U C T IO N
464.09
465.75
460.14
459.05
434.72
444.81
462.10
467.31
465.32
471.47
475.78
482.79
479.56
460.79
470.27
385.97
219.93
396.01
406.16
227.92
394.79
220.92
390.91
219.49
395.60
223.38
392.85
222.58
394.23
222.60
395.76
222.34
391.55
220.10
393.98
221.09
398.93
222.87
396.58
221.43
400.57
223.41
411 16
Lumber and wood products.....................
Furniture and fixtures................................
Stone, clay, and glass products...............
Primary metal industries ...........................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Fabricated metal products ........................
416.12
327.98
282.50
412.30
484.72
548.27
400.61
426.01
337.31
294.62
425.12
501.48
576.71
408.04
439.45
335.67
303.32
414.92
504.38
564.48
422.17
425.18
329.51
289.98
414.34
493.66
556.72
407.79
421.89
328.55
284.36
403.56
503.52
578.64
403.85
426.42
333.20
288.12
412.10
504.78
576.84
409.03
423.54
334.46
286.30
425.00
499.20
569.38
403.44
423.54
338.99
288.21
428.71
501.23
576.58
404.84
424.76
342.26
294.67
429.71
499.09
577.41
408.04
417.99
334.40
287.93
427.55
495.67
582.91
398.52
420.04
341.04
298.40
432.00
491.78
569.80
402.62
428.48
342.69
303.81
435.74
501.83
579.49
410.59
424.56
338.99
303.00
431.27
496.10
571.87
407.22
429.73 442 66
338.12 340 61
301 15 311 60
424.03 427 32
503 71 521 13
579 72 608 30
412.10 424.27
Machinery, except electrical ...........
Electrical and electronic equipment.
Transportation equipment................
Motor vehicles and equipment.....
Instruments and related products ....
Miscellaneous manufacturing..........
427.04
384.48
541.87
583. 7 I
375.5b
287.62
439.71
396.47
545.26
577.73
389.22
300.13
452.60
408.50
577.25
625.59
400.01
304.44
437.85
394.56
555.13
595.58
383.05
297.70
437.00
389.76
545.69
583.01
384.99
294.75
442.24
395.38
552.12
592.84
389.57
299.65
437.83
392.50
542.71
574.10
385.81
297.75
437.83
393.31
537.18
567.09
382.58
297.08
439.94
394.01
540.59
572.61
385.81
298.58
431.26
391.07
530.37
560.12
382.59
294.49
436.54
395.50
531.68
555.78
384.62
294.78
441.19
401.85
544.40
573.75
388.96
300.56
438.24
397.55
540.54
567.93
390.19
302.48
443.72
402.26
548 68
574 18
398 82
306.73
457 10
414 54
568 98
602 80
412 79
313.80
344.92
342.80
444.17
266.39
208.57
466.34
356.31
349.20
480.53
286.34
213.23
482.36
359.24
354.50
448.82
283.45
215.18
490.40
352.63
347.93
448.25
278.80
213.01
479.37
347.31
339.69
453.11
274.57
207.28
472.57
352.54
344.36
478.50
278.52
211.70
477.60
351.65
346.50
469.94
278.92
211.48
474.05
354.22
352.08
504.43
282.08
210.97
479.27
355.51
350.47
523.94
283.04
213.65
480.57
356.00
350.00
483.93
278.07
209.09
486.33
358.09
352.06
486.53
290.78
211.91
483.66
360.19
349.46
470.09
295.40
215.43
484.96
358.00
347.20
473.11
293.57
214.76
482.72
362 70
352 08
484 61
296 94
216.88
485.21
368 34
358 43
498 13
301 18
219 75
494.56
367.04
484.36
604.58
378.86
502.32
620.54
384.90
503.63
622.29
371.35
495.75
616.03
370.74
492.48
612.45
377.19
494.76
621.41
374.07
495.26
615.96
374.60
499.38
605.66
370.50
502.67
622.16
374.50
502.07
618.79
381.00
501.18
623.30
386.83
505.26
626.22
384.05
506.15
621.08
387.21
518.38
627.65
391 64
524 17
634.36
350.99
216.50
361.79
217.71
366.66
220.96
359.77
217.41
356.29
209.88
360.14
212.72
356.75
213.81
360.50
215.80
361.38
221.68
357.21
217.93
362.97
216.53
364.42
218.22
362.66
217.86
366 96
222.23
373 05
225.51
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC
U T I L I T I E S .........................................
450.30
456.29
460.92
452.01
456.29
457.83
450.45
450.06
455.86
457.43
457.43
457.47
456.69
462.56
460.99
W HOLESALE TRADE
351.74
359.42
360.14
355.42
355.68
357.34
355.81
356.74
358.82
358.05
358.82
358.87
359.04
366.34
366.34
174.64
175.78
178.50
173.06
172.74
174.27
173.69
174.60
176.71
178.50
178.50
176.66
175.16
175.74
176.99
F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L
E S T A T E ...............i.....................
289.02
304.78
299.11
296.30
304.70
304.61
301.76
301.65
306.34
302.95
304.88
304.67
306.71
315.01
310.98
S E R V IC E S
256.43
265.20
263.90
263.09
264.71
265.03
263.09
262.44
264.06
263.71
264.04
264.54
266.33
269.57
269.24
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Current dollars..............
Constant (1977) dollars .
D u r a b le g o o d s .........................................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .................................
Food and kindred products...........
Tobacco manufactures..................
Textile mill products......................
Apparel and other textile products .
Paper and allied products .............
Printing and publishing............
Chemicals and allied products .
Petroleum and coal products ...
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products...................
Leather and leather products ..
R E T A IL T R A D E ............
'
- Data not available.
p = preliminary
c = corrected
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
indiwtryHOUr,y Earnings ,ndex for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls by
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry
Dec.
1985
P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c u r r e n t d o lla r s )
Mining' .............................................
Construction....................................
Manufacturing ..................................
Transportation and public utilities ...
Wholesale trade' .............................
Retail trade .....................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate'
Services..................................
P R IV A T E S E C T O R (In c o n s t a n t d o lla r s )
Oct.
1986
170.0
171.0
181.7
151.7
171.3
170.1
172.2
157.0
176.2
172.8
181.4
154.0
172.6
171.3
172.6
158.7
180.7
175.5
182.5
153.3
173.1
172.4
175.8
158.9
184.0
177.2
94.4
94.9
’ This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small
relative to the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot
be separated with sufficient precision.
- Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nov.
1986p
Seasonally adjusted
Dec.
1986p
182.8
154.3
174.0
172.6
175.7
158.1
183.3
177.1
Dec.
1985
Aug.
1986
Sept.
1986
Oct.
1986
151.2
171.0
169.1
151.3
172.9
170.1
151.2
172.8
170.8
152.6
173.1
170.9
Nov.
1986p
Dec.
1986p
153.9
173.1
171.4
153.8
173.7
171.6
157.5
158.5
159.1
158.5
171.6
174.3
175.3
175.9
94.0
95.1
p = preliminary.
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark
67
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
18. Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased, data seasonally adjusted
(In p e rc e n t)
J an .
T im e s p an a n d y e a r
Feb.
Apr.
M a r.
June
M ay
July
S ep t.
A ug.
O c t.
N o v.
D ec.
O v e r 1 -m o n th span:
1 9 8 4 ..............................................................................................
6 7 .8
7 2 .7
6 7 .6
6 7 .6
5 5 .9
5 0 .5
6 3 .0
1 9 8 5 ..............................................................................................
5 2 .4
4 7 .8
5 3 .8
4 9 .2
5 1 .6
4 7 .0
5 6 .2
5 6 .8
5 0 .8
6 1 .9
5 7 .6
5 9 .5
1 9 8 6 ..............................................................................................
5 9 .7
5 3 .5
4 5.1
54.1
4 9 .2
6 2 .4
6 5 .4
4 6 .2
6 2 .2
5 4 .6
5 4 .3
5 4 .9
5 5 .7
6 0 .0
5 3 .5
5 7 .0
“
1 9 8 4 ..............................................................................................
7 6 .5
7 5.1
7 5 .9
7 1 .4
7 1 .6
6 8.1
6 3 .2
58.1
5 6 .8
5 3 .5
58.1
5 3 .0
1 9 8 5 ..............................................................................................
51.1
4 9 .7
4 6 .2
4 6 .2
45.1
5 1 .4
4 9 .7
51.1
55.1
5 5 .9
6 1 .4
6 0 .5
1 9 8 6 ..............................................................................................
58.1
5 4 .3
51.1
4 9 .7
4 8 .4
4 4 .9
4 7 .3
54.1
5 5 .7
6 0 .3
“
“
65.1
6 3 .2
O v e r 3 -m o n th span:
O v e r 6 -m o n th span:
1 9 8 4 ..............................................................................................
78.1
7 6 .5
7 7 .0
75.1
6 9 .2
5 9 .2
5 8 .6
5 3 .2
4 9 .7
5 4 .9
1 9 8 5 ..............................................................................................
4 9 .2
4 7 .8
4 3 .0
4 5 .9
4 4 .3
4 4 .3
4 8 .9
5 0 .8
54.1
5 7 .0
5 7 .0
5 5 .9
1 9 8 6 ..............................................................................................
5 3 .8
5 3 .8
4 7 .6
4 5 .9
4 5 .9
4 8 .6
4 9 .7
5 5 .4
“
“
“
”
O v e r 1 2 -m o n th span:
1 9 8 4 ..............................................................................................
8 1.1
78.1
7 2 .2
7 2 .2
6 8 .9
6 7 .8
6 5 .7
6 2 .7
5 9 .7
5 4 .6
5 1 .4
4 8 .6
1 9 8 5 ..............................................................................................
4 6 .2
4 5 .7
4 6 .8
4 3 .8
4 4 .9
4 7 .3
4 7 .6
4 8 .9
4 7 .3
4 9 .5
4 8 .9
4 8 .6
1 9 8 6 ..............................................................................................
5 0 .3
51.1
5 2 .2
5 2 .4
5 3 .2
“
“
“
“
"
“
'
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
NO TE:
s p an s .
F ig u re s a re th e p e rc e n t o f industries w ith e m p lo y m e n t rising. (H a lf o f
th e u n c h a n g e d c o m p o n e n ts a re c o u n te d a s rising.) D a ta a re c e n te re d w ithin th e
19.
D a ta fo r th e 2 m o s t re c e n t m o n th s s h o w n in e a c h s p an a re pre lim in a ry .
S e e th e “ D e fin itio n s ” in th is sec tio n . S e e “ N o te s o n th e d a ta ” fo r a d e sc rip tio n o f
th e m o s t re c e n t b e n c h m a rk revision.
Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Noninstitutional population....................................
163,541
166,460
169,349
171,775
173,939
175,891
178,080
179,912
182,293
Labor force:
Total (number)..................................................
Percent of population.......................................
103,882
63.5
106,559
64.0
108,544
64.1
110,315
64.2
111,872
64.3
113,226
64.4
115,241
64.7
117,167
65.1
119,540
65.6
Employed:
Total (number).............................................
Percent of population ..................................
Resident Armed Forces............................
Civilian
Total .......................................................
Agriculture............................................
Nonagricultural industries.....................
97,679
59.7
1,631
100,421
60.3
1,597
100,907
59.6
1,604
102,042
59.4
1,645
101,194
58.2
1,668
102,510
58.3
1,676
106,702
59.9
1,697
108,856
60.5
1,706
111,303
61.1
1,706
96,048
3,387
92,661
98,824
3,347
95,477
99,303
3,364
95,938
100,397
3,368
97,030
99,526
3,401
96,125
100,834
3,383
97,450
105,005
3,321
101,685
107,150
3,179
103,971
109,597
3,163
106,434
Unemployed:
Total (number)............................................
Percent of labor fo rc e ................................
6,202
6.0
6,137
5.8
7,637
7.0
8,273
7.5
10,678
9.5
10,717
9.5
8,539
7.4
8,312
7.1
8,237
6.9
Not in labor force (number) ................................
59,659
59,900
60,806
61,460
62,067
62,665
62,839
62,744
62,752
20.
Annual data: Employment levels by industry
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Total employment....................................................................
Private sector.........................................................................
Goods-producing ................................................................
Mining............................................................................
Construction ..................................................................
Manufacturing................................................................
86,697
71,026
25,585
851
4,229
20,505
89,823
73,876
26,461
958
4,463
21,040
90,406
74,166
25,658
1,027
4,346
20,285
91,156
75,126
25,497
1,139
4,188
20,170
89,566
73,729
23,813
1,128
3,905
18,781
90,200
74,330
23,334
952
3,948
18,434
94,496
78,472
24,727
966
4,383
19,378
97,614
81,199
24,930
930
4,687
19,314
100,168
83,430
24,940
792
4,961
19,187
Service-producing...............................................................
Transportation and public utilities...................................
Wholesale trade .............................................................
Retail trade .....................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ...............................
Services...........................................................................
61,113
4,923
4,969
14,573
4,724
16,252
63,363
5,136
5,204
14,989
4,975
17,112
64,748
5,146
5,275
15,035
5,160
17,890
65,659
5,165
5,358
15,189
5,298
18,619
65,753
5,082
5,278
15,179
5,341
19,036
66,866
4,954
5,268
15,613
5,468
19,694
69,769
5,159
5,555
16,545
5,689
20,797
72,684
5,242
5,740
17,360
5,953
21,974
75,228
5,285
5,853
17,976
6,304
23,073
Government...................................................................
Federal......................................................................
State ..........................................................................
Local .........................................................................
15,672
2,753
3,474
9,446
15,947
2,773
3,541
9,633
16,241
2,866
3,610
9,765
16,031
2,772
3,640
9,619
15,837
2,739
3,640
9,458
15,869
2,774
3,662
9,434
16,024
2,807
3,734
9,482
16,415
2,875
3,848
9,692
16,738
2,899
3,939
9,901
NOTE:
68
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural
payrolls, by industry
Industry
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
35.8
5.69
203.70
35.7
6.16
219.91
35.3
6.66
235.10
35.2
7.25
255.20
34.8
7.68
267.26
35.0
8.02
280.70
35.2
8.32
292.86
34.9
8.57
299.09
34.8
8.76
304.85
43.4
7.67
332.88
43.0
8.49
365.07
43.3
9.17
397.06
43.7
10.04
438.75
42.7
10.77
459.88
42.5
11.28
479.40
43.3
11.63
503.58
43.4
11.98
519.93
42.3
12.45
526.64
36.8
8.66
318.69
37.0
9.27
342.99
37.0
9.94
367.78
36.9
10.82
399.26
36.7
11.63
426.82
37.1
11.94
442.97
37.8
12.13
458.51
37.7
12.31
464.09
37.5
12.42
465.75
40.4
6.17
249.27
40.2
6.70
269.34
39.7
7.27
288.62
39.8
7.99
318.00
38.9
8.49
330.26
40.1
8.83
354.08
40.7
9.19
374.03
40.5
9.53
385.97
40.7
9.73
396.01
40.0
7.57
302.80
39.9
8.16
325.58
39.6
8.87
351.25
39.4
9.70
382.18
39.0
10.32
402.48
39.0
10.79
420.81
39.4
11.12
438.13
39.5
11.40
450.30
39.2
11.64
456.29
38.8
5.88
228.14
38.8
6.39
247.93
38.5
6.96
267.96
38.5
7.56
291.06
38.3
8.09
309.85
38.5
8.55
329.18
38.5
8.89
342.27
38.4
9.16
351.74
38.4
9.36
359.42
31.0
4.20
130.20
30.6
4.53
138.62
30.2
4.88
147.38
30.1
5.25
158.03
29.9
5.48
163.85
29.8
5.74
171.05
29.8
5.85
174.33
29.4
5.94
174.64
29.2
6.02
175.78
36.4
4.89
178.00
36.2
5.27
190.77
36.2
5.79
209.60
36.3
6.31
229.05
36.2
6.78
245.44
36.2
7.29
263.90
36.5
7.63
278.50
36.4
7.94
289.02
36.5
8.35
304.78
32.8
4.99
163.67
32.7
5.36
175.27
32.6
5.85
190.71
32.6
6.41
208.97
32.6
6.92
225.59
32.7
7.31
239.04
32.6
7.59
247.43
32.5
7.89
256.43
32.5
8.16
265.20
P r iv a te s e c to r
Average weekly hours..........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ...................................
M in in g
Average weekly hours .....................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...............................
C o n s t r u c tio n
Average weekly hours .....................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...............................
M a n u f a c t u r in g
Average weekly hours .....................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...............................
T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s
Average weekly hours .....................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...............................
W h o le s a le tr a d e
Average weekly hours .....................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...............................
R e ta il t r a d e
Average weekly hours .....................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...............................
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a te
Average weekly hours ...................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...............................
S e r v ic e s
Average weekly hours .......................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
22.
February 1987
•
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data
Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
(June 1981 = 100)
Series
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Percent change
1986
1985
1984
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
3
months
ended
12
months
ended
Sept. 1986
C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 2 .........................................................................................
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ...........................................................
Blue-collar workers..............................................................
Service occupations............................................................
Workers, by industry division:
Manufacturing .....................................................................
Nonmanufacturing ..............................................................
122.4
123.9
126.4
128.4
129.2
130.6
131.5
133.0
1.1
3.6
130.7
124.4
130.9
131.6
124.9
131.8
133.1
126.2
133.1
134.2
126.8
133.7
136.0
127.8
135.4
1.3
.8
1.3
4.1
2.7
3.4
125.5
129.7
136.4
134.2
126.0
130.6
137.1
134.8
127.7
131.9
138.8
136.8
128.7
132.8
139.4
138.0
129.3
134.6
142.4
140.6
.5
1.4
2.2
1.9
3.0
3.8
4.4
4.8
124.0
119.6
124.6
125.5
120.9
126.8
127.3
122.2
127.8
128.3
123.1
128.0
Public administration 3 .....................................................
120.4
123.3
128.8
126.9
122.0
124.8
130.9
128.6
123.9
126.2
131.9
130.1
124.6
127.2
132.6
130.3
P r iv a te in d u s tr y w o r k e r s .....................................................................
121.1
122.7
124.2
125.2
126.8
127.5
128.9
129.9
130.8
.7
3.2
128.8
124.0
128.8
129.8
124.4
129.5
131.3
125.7
130.9
132.5
126.3
131.1
133.5
127.2
132.3
.8
.7
.9
3.6
2.6
2.7
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers.........................................................
Blue-collar workers...........................................................
Service occupations.........................................................
Workers, by industry division:
Manufacturing...................................................................
Nonmanufacturing ............................................................
122.4
119.3
123.2
123.9
120.6
125.7
125.8
121.9
126.3
127.1
122.8
126.5
120.4
121.6
122.0
123.1
123.9
124.4
124.6
125.6
125.5
127.6
126.0
128.4
127.7
129.7
128.7
130.6
129.3
131.7
.5
.8
3.0
3.2
S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s .........................................
128.8
130.1
131.7
132.0
136.5
137.5
138.9
139.7
143.6
2.8
5.2
129.7
125.0
131.1
125.9
132.5
128.1
132.9
128.5
137.6
131.9
138.6
132.7
140.0
134.7
140.5
136.3
145.0
138.5
3.2
1.6
5.4
5.0
129.9
130.6
132.1
127.9
126.9
131.3
132.0
133.5
129.2
128.6
132.8
133.4
134.4
131.1
130.1
133.2
133.7
134.6
131.5
130.3
137.9
139.1
140.9
134.1
134.2
139.1
140.3
142.0
135.2
134.8
140.4
141.5
143.0
136.8
136.8
140.8
141.7
143.2
137.9
138.0
145.5
147.6
149.4
139.4
140.6
3.3
4.2
4.3
1.1
1.9
5.5
6.1
6.0
4.0
4.8
Workers, by occupational group:
Blue-collar workers...........................................................
Workers, by industry division:
Elementary and secondary.........................................
Hospitals and other services4 .......................................
Public administration3 .......................................................
1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index
consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits.
2 Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers)
70
125.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
23.
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
(June 1981=100)
1985
1984
Percent change
1986
Series
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
3
months
ended
12
months
ended
Sept. 1986
C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1 .........................................................................................
123.1
124.2
123.5
118.2
124.3
125.2
119.3
124.8
126.4
120.5
125.3
128 8
122.0
128.0
118.0
121.3
127.2
124.4
119.5
122.6
128.9
125.7
121.0
123.9
129.7
127.0
122.3
125.0
130.5
127.2
119.2
120.6
122.0
120.9
125.2
122.3
127.3
124.0
127.7
121.0
110.5
122.2
111.6
123.8
116.3
126.5
117.4
120.3
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ...........................................................
Blue-collar workers.............................................................
Service occupations............................................................
122.2
117.0
122.3
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing .....................................................................
Nonmanufacturing..............................................................
Services ............................................................................
Public administration 2 .....................................................
P r iv a te in d u s tr y w o r k e r s .................................................................
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers......................................................
Professional specialty and technical occupations......
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations .............................................................
Sales occupations.......................................................
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical .....................................................................
121.7
126.3
1.1
3.5
134.1
125.0
131.7
1.3
.7
1.3
4.1
2.5
2.9
126.5
130.4
137.0
134.6
127.2
132.2
139.9
137.5
.6
1.4
2.1
2.2
3.2
3.6
4.2
4.6
126.8
127.9
128.8
.7
3.1
129.6
132.7
131.1
134.0
132.0
135.4
.7
1.0
3.7
3.2
128.4
122.5
130.5
122.4
132.1
124.3
132.4
125.2
.2
.7
3.7
4.9
127.0
128.3
129.3
129.8
122.3
128.6
131.2
123.4
129.8
132.4
124.1
130.0
123.2
127.6
134.2
131.4
123.8
128.4
134.8
132.0
125.3
129.6
136.4
133.8
123.3
124.9
125.6
125.5
128.7
127.3
131.2
128.3
131.5
127.7
119.3
130.7
122.0
122.9
124.7
125.6
127.1
127.9
129.6
130.8
131.7
.7
3.6
116.7
118.0
119.1
120.3
121.7
122.0
123.1
123.7
124.5
.6
2.3
118.0
116.6
113.4
119.4
117.9
114.0
120.8
118.9
114.5
122.0
120.1
115.7
123.7
121.1
117.7
123.8
121.6
117.8
125.3
122.6
118.0
125.7
123.6
118.9
126.7
124.1
119.8
.8
.4
.8
2.4
2.5
1.8
114.7
121.2
115.9
123.7
116.7
123.8
118.5
124.4
118.6
126.3
119.8
126.6
120.0
128.0
120.3
128.0
120.9
128.9
.5
.7
1.9
2.1
Workers, by industry division:
Manufacturing................................................................
Durables......................................................................
Nondurables................................................................
118.0
117.7
118.6
119.5
119.1
120.2
121.0
120.6
121.6
122.3
122.0
122.6
123.2
122.7
124.0
123.8
123.4
124.6
125.3
124.8
126.1
126.5
125.8
127.9
127.2
126.4
128.5
.6
.5
.5
3.2
3.0
3.6
Nonmanufacturing..........................................................
Construction................................................................
Transportation and public utilities...............................
Wholesale and retail trade..........................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................
Retail trade...............................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate...........................
Services.......................................................................
119.9
114.3
119.9
116.5
120.7
114.9
115.3
127.1
121.2
114.4
120.7
118.1
122.9
116.2
115.8
129.5
122.6
115.5
121.7
118.8
123.7
116.9
122.0
129.9
123.9
116.6
122.8
121.1
126.8
118.9
121.7
131.0
125.9
117.3
124.8
122.7
127.7
120.8
124.1
133.9
126.6
117.9
125.2
123.7
128.3
121.9
126.5
134.1
127.7
118.3
126.3
124.5
129.7
122.5
126.6
136.2
128.7
119.8
126.6
125.8
131.2
123.7
128.0
136.9
129.7
120.5
127.3
126.5
131.8
124.4
129.0
138.2
.8
.6
.6
.6
.5
.6
.8
.9
3.0
2.7
2.0
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.9
3.2
S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ......................................
126.1
127.1
128.4
128.7
133.2
134.2
135.5
136.0
140.4
3.2
5.4
127.1
121.9
128.0
122.5
129.3
124.2
129.6
124.5
134.3
127.9
135.3
128.4
136.6
130.4
137.0
131.9
141.8
134.5
3.5
2.0
5.6
5.2
127.2
127.8
129.3
125.1
124.4
128.1
128.7
130.2
125.9
125.7
129.4
129.9
130.8
127.7
127.0
129.7
130.2
131.1
128.0
127.2
134.5
135.8
137.5
130.2
131.4
135.6
137.0
138.5
130.9
132.0
136.8
138.0
139.4
132.4
133.8
137.1
138.2
139.4
133.3
134.6
142.1
144.1
145.7
135.8
137.5
3.6
4.3
4.5
1.9
2.2
5.7
6.1
6.0
4.3
4.6
Blue-collar workers........................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations...............................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......
Transportation and material moving occupations.......
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers ...................................................................
Service occupations......................................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers......................................................
Blue-collar workers........................................................
Workers, by industry division
Services .........................................................................
Schools........................................................................
Elementary and secondary ......................................
Hospitals and other services 3 ...................................
Public administration 2 ...................................................
1 Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers)
and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities,
3 Includes, for example, library, social and health services.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
24.
February 1987
•
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
(June 1981=100)
Series
Sept.
Dec.
Sept.
June
Mar.
Percent change
1986
1985
1984
Dec.
12
months
ended
3
months
ended
Sept.
June
Mar.
Sept. 1986
C O M P E N S A T IO N
W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta tu s '
122.6
121.6
123.6
123.9
123.2
124.5
124.8
124.2
125.3
125.5
124.2
126.6
126.5
125.0
127.8
127.1
125.5
128.6
128.4
127.0
129.7
128.7
126.9
130.4
129.4
127.5
131.2
0.5
.5
.6
2.3
2.0
2.7
120.3
119.3
120.7
121.9
120.8
122.4
123.8
123.6
123.9
125.0
124.8
125.1
126.8
125.7
127.3
127.5
126.3
128.1
129.0
128.1
129.5
130.2
129.7
130.4
131.2
130.4
131.6
.8
.5
.9
3.5
3.7
3.4
122.4
120.7
119.7
122.5
123.8
122.2
120.8
124.9
125.1
124.2
122.0
126.8
126.4
125.2
122.7
127.9
128.8
126.5
124.2
129.1
129.9
127.2
124.6
129.8
131.6
128.7
125.9
130.8
133.3
129.6
126.2
131.6
134.2
130.7
127.3
132.1
.7
.8
.9
.4
4.2
3.3
2.5
2.3
121.5
119.0
123.2
119.8
124.7
121.4
125.7
122.5
127.3
123.9
128.1
123.9
129.5
125.5
130.5
126.4
131.4
127.2
.7
.6
3.2
2.7
119.8
118.1
121.3
120.9
119.5
122.1
121.7
120.4
122.8
123.0
121.7
124.1
124.1
122.8
125.3
124.7
123.3
125.9
125.6
124.2
126.9
126.1
124.6
127.4
126.9
125.0
128.5
.6
.3
.9
2.3
1.8
2.6
118.8
117.9
119.2
120.4
119.5
120.7
122.1
121.5
122.3
123.4
122.8
123.6
125.2
123.7
125.9
125.9
124.4
126.6
127.3
126.1
127.8
128.5
127.7
128.9
129.4
128.5
129.8
.7
.6
.7
3.4
3.9
3.1
120.5
119.0
117.8
120.0
121.9
120.2
118.7
122.5
123.0
122.3
119.6
124.0
124.6
123.4
121.1
125.1
126.8
124.8
122.5
126.6
128.1
125.4
122.9
127.1
129.2
126.8
124.2
128.1
131.3
127.8
124.4
128.9
132.3
128.8
125.3
129.3
.8
.8
.7
.3
4.3
3.2
2.3
2.1
119.5
117.5
121.0
118.3
122.4
119.6
123.8
120.6
125.5
121.9
126.3
122.0
127.4
123.6
128.5
124.5
129.4
125.0
.7
.4
3.1
2.5
W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1
W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1
W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S
W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta tu s 1
W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n '
W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1
!
1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and
industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the
72
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Technical
Employment Cost Index,” May 1982.
M o n th ly
Labor
R e v ie w
____
Note,
I
“ Estimation
procedures for
the
25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private
industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)
Annual average
Measure
Quarterly average
1984
1984
1985
1986
1985
IV
I
II
III
IV
|p
IF
HIP
S p e c if ie d a d ju s tm e n ts :
Total compensation 1 adjustments,2 settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more:
First year of contract.....................................
Annual rate over life of contract..................
Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000
workers or more:
First year of contract..........................................
Annual rate over life of contract.....................
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.7
3.7
2.0
3.6
2.7
3.5
3.4
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.4
0.6
1.2
0.7
1.6
0.7
1.2
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.7
2.3
1.5
3.3
3.2
2.5
2.8
2.0
3.1
2.1
1.9
.8
1.5
1.3
2.0
.8
1.5
3.7
.8
3.3
.7
.7
.3
.7
.1
.8
.2
1.2
.2
.5
.1
.6
.0
.7
,2
.1
2.0
.9
1.8
.7
.2
.2
.6
.1
.5
.1
.5
.4
.2
.1
.4
.2
.6
.0
.0
E f f e c t i v e a d ju s t m e n ts :
Total effective wage adjustment 3 .........................
From settlements reached in period ...................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier
periods .......................................................
From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses.............
1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers' cost of employee
benefits when contract is negotiated.
Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in
5
.5
compensation or wages,
3 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts.
p = preliminary.
26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private
industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
Average for four quarters endingMeasure
1984
IV
1985
I
II
1986
III
IV
|p
IF
IIP
Specified total compensation adjustments, settlements covering 5,000
workers or more, all industries:
First year of contract.........................................................................
Annual rate over life of contract.........................................................
3.6
2.8
3.4
2.6
3.4
2.7
3.1
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.3
2.5
1.4
2.0
0.9
1.4
2.4
2.9
2.1
2.4
1.8
2.7
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.3
1.3
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.4
1.5
2.8
2.4
1.9
2.7
2.5
1.8
3.0
2.3
1.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.0
1.6
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
2.2
2.5
2.1
1.2
2.2
.8
1.7
2.0
1.6
2.3
2.1
2.9
1.5
1.0
3.3
2.1
2.0
2.5
1.4
.9
3.2
2.0
1.9
2.2
1.5
1.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
2.4
.8
.8
.9
1.8
2.1
1.6
.8
.8
.9
1.8
2.1
1.5
.1
.7
-.4
1.4
2.0
.9
-.1
1.1
-2.0
.3
1.1
-.1
2.5
5.5
2.0
2.9
4.8
2.6
2.6
5.1
2.4
2.8
4.0
2.7
2.7
4.3
2.5
2.9
3.8
2.8
3.2
4.0
3.0
3.3
3.9
3.2
3.3
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.6
3.3
2.8
3.5
2.7
3.0
3.6
2.8
2.6
3.4
2.4
2.8
3.3
2.6
.5
4.0
.4
1.0
1.4
1.0
.9
4.6
.8
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.1
9.2
1.0
1.7
4.6
1.7
1.6
2.3
1.1
2.4
2.5
1.2
2.6
Specified wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or
more:
All industries
First year of contract .........................................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ..........................................
Annual rate over life of contract......................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ..................................................
Manufacturing
First year of contract .....................................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses...............................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ...................................................
Annual rate over life of contract.................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ...................................................
Nonmanufacturing
First year of contract ...................................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses.........................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ...................................................
Annual rate over life of contract.......................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses..............................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ............................................
Construction
First year of contract .............................................................
Contracts with COLA clauses................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ..................................
Annual rate over life of contract......................................
Contracts with COLA clauses...........................................
Contracts without COLA clauses ...................................................
1 Data do not meet publication standards.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p
1.0
0
(')
1.5
(’)
(’ )
1.7
O
0
(')
(')
2.1
(1)
(')
2.2
0
(’)
2 .1
2 .7
1 .9
2 .3
2 .5
2 .2
2 .3
14
2 .4
2 .6
1 .6
2 .6
= preliminary.
73
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987
•
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data
27. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000
workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
_______________________________________
Average for four quarters ending1985
Effective wage adjustment
IIP
I
II
III
IV
For all workers:1
To ta l........................................................................................
From settlements reached in period ...................................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period .........
From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses.............................
3.6
.7
2.2
.7
3.5
.9
1.9
.7
3.5
.9
1.8
.8
3.3
.7
1.8
.7
3.1
For workers receiving changes:
Tota l........................................................................................
From settlements reached in period ...................................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period .........
From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses.............................
4.5
2.9
4.2
2.3
4.2
2.9
3.9
2.3
4.3
2.8
3.7
2.8
4.1
3.4
3.7
2.2
.6
2.9
.5
2.3
.5
1.7
1.8
.8
.7
1.6
.2
4.0
2.9
3.5
2.5
3.8
2.5
3.4
3.1
1.7
3.8
1.0
2.0
= preliminary.
1 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts
28 Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, State and
r
.................
, .__ . . . ___ *.!___ _______-t nnn uinrlrara nr m nrP fin n a r c e n tl
Annual average
First 6 months
1986»
Measure
1984
1985
5.2
5.4
4.2
5.1
6.7
6.4
4.8
5.1
4.6
5.4
6.1
5.0
1.9
3.1
(4)
5.7
4.1
1.6
1.8
(*)
(4)
Specified adjustments:
Total compensation 1 adjustments, 2 settlements covering 5,000 workers or more:
First year of contract .................
Annual rate over life of contract
Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more:
First year of contract...................................................................
Annual rate over life of contract..................................................
Effective adjustments:
Total effective wage adjustment3 .................................
From settlements reached in period...........................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier periods
From cost-of-living-adjustment clauses.......................
wu
Annual totals
1985
Number of stoppages:
Beginning in period....
In effect during period
Workers involved:
Beginning in period (in
thousands).....................
In effect during period (in
thousands).....................
Days idle:
Number (In thousands)..........
Percent of estimated working
time1 .....................................
74
1986
323.9
1986
1985
Oct.'
Sept.'
Aug.‘
JulyP
May
Apr.
Mar.
Dec.
2
9
54
61
_
8.2
7.6
24.0
11.2
6.1
28.6
198.0
46.7
113.3
37.9
44.3
8.7
2.7
67.1
37.1
28.4
38.6
17.6
41.2
205.9
66.3
144.8
-
12.0
85.2
584.1
38.0
107.7
367.5
297.3
303.6
3,684.3
1,612.1
1,411.9
668.6
309.5
941.4
170.0
894.5
-
661.9
1,208.5
7,079.0
.02
.02
.17
.06
.06
.04
.02
.02
.04
.01
.04
-
.03
.07
.03
1 Agricultural and government employees
working time: private household, forestry,
explanation of the measurement of idleness
found in “ ‘Total economy’ measure of strike
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.6
1.2
3 Because u. -------- 4 Less than 0.05 percent.
p
= preliminary.
1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers' cost of employee
benefits when contract is negotiated.
2 Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in
compensation or wages.
iv m y
6.0
are included in me roidi empiuy
and fishery employees are excluded An
as a percentage of the total time worked is
idleness,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October
1968, pp. 54-56.
- Data not available,
p = preliminary
30. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or
service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items
(1967=100, unless otherwise indicated)
Series
Annual
average
1985
1986
1985
1986
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
322.2
374.7
328.4
381.9
327.4
380.8
328.4
381.9
327.5
380.8
326.0
379.1
325.3
378.3
326.3
379.5
327.9
381.4
328.0
381.4
328.6
382.1
330.2
384.1
330.5
384.4
330.8
384.7
331.1
385.1
Food and beverages .....................................................................
Food............................................................................................
Food at home ...........................................................................
Cereals and bakery products.................................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs................................................
Dairy products........................................................................
Fruits and vegetables.............................................................
Other foods at home.............................................................
Sugar and sweets...............................................................
Fats and o ils ........................................................................
Nonalcoholic beverages......................................................
Other prepared foods..........................................................
Food away from home .............................................................
Alcoholic beverages....................................................................
302.0
309.8
296.8
317.0
263.4
258.0
325.7
361.1
398.8
294.4
451.7
294.2
346.6
229.5
311.8
319.7
305.3
325.8
275.1
258.4
328.7
373.6
411.1
287.8
478.2
301.9
360.1
239.7
305.6
313.2
299.3
321.9
269.9
256.9
323.9
361.3
402.2
290.3
448.8
297.3
352.1
236.2
307.9
315.6
302.5
322.0
271.5
257.2
334.4
365.7
405.1
292.1
459.7
298.0
353.1
237.5
307.7
315.3
301.5
322.5
268.4
257.3
320.7
375.1
408.6
291.4
485.3
299.5
354.2
238.3
307.8
315.4
301.2
322.7
267.7
256.8
319.2
375.7
408.4
290.2
488.0
299.3
355.5
238.8
308.5
316.1
301.5
322.5
264.2
256.8
329.5
376.1
411.4
288.5
487.4
300.2
357.0
239.5
309.4
317.0
302.1
323.8
263.4
257.1
336.5
374.6
411.2
287.2
481.9
301.4
358.8
239.4
309.5
317.1
301.6
326.1
265.1
257.2
327.8
374.1
411.5
287.0
480.0
301.7
360.2
240.1
312.2
320.1
305.5
326.3
274.9
258.4
330.3
373.7
412.4
287.3
478.3
301.8
360.8
240.4
314.6
322.7
308.9
328.2
283.0
258.3
332.1
374.0
413.1
287.8
476.9
303.2
361.8
240.1
315.1
323.2
309.0
328.5
284.7
258.5
329.1
373.7
413.7
285.6
475.7
303.8
363.3
240.4
315.6
323.7
309.5
328.4
284.9
260.0
328.6
374.4
413.4
284.6
477.5
304.7
364.0
240.6
316.4
324.6
309.9
328.5
286.3
261.2
327.8
373.9
412.4
285.4
476.9
303.9
365.8
240.5
317.0
325.2
310.2
329.5
287.3
262.2
328.5
372.2
411.8
286.0
470.2
305.2
367.1
240.8
Housing ..........................................................................................
Shelter .........................................................................................
Renters’ costs (12/82=100)..................................................
Rent, residential.....................................................................
Other renters’ costs ..............................................................
Homeowners’ costs (12/82 = 100)...........................................
Owners’ equivalent rent (12/82 —100) ..................................
Household insurance (12/82—100)......................................
Maintenance and repairs..........................................................
Maintenance and repair services ..........................................
Maintenance and repair commodities...................................
Fuel and other utilities................................................................
Fuels .....................................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas ...............................................
Gas (piped) and electricity ....................................................
Other utilities and public services............................................
Household furnishings and operations.......................................
Housefurmshings ......................................................................
Housekeeping supplies.............................................................
Housekeeping services.............................................................
349.9
382.0
115.4
264.6
398.4
113.1
113.2
112.4
368.9
421.1
269.6
393.6
488.1
619.5
452.7
240.7
247.2
200.1
313.6
338.9
360.2
402.9
121.9
280.0
416.2
119.4
119.4
119.2
373.8
430.9
269.7
384.7
463.1
501.5
446.7
253.1
250.4
201.1
319.5
346.6
355.8
392.3
118.3
272.4
398.1
116.3
116.3
115.0
373.7
426.2
273.3
393.3
483.6
657.3
439.9
245.8
248.8
200.1
317.7
343.2
356.8
393.8
118.8
273.4
401.1
116.7
116.7
115.7
379.1
432.6
277.1
394.6
484.7
650.3
442.6
247.3
248.8
199.8
318.3
343.9
356.5
394.8
119.0
273.7
404.1
117.0
117.0
117.4
379.6
432.8
277.8
390.0
476.3
591.2
444.5
247.9
249.0
199.7
318.6
344.5
357.0
397.0
119.6
275.0
405.5
117.9
117.9
118.0
367.5
422.4
266.1
385.5
467.6
549.9
442.3
249.0
249.8
201.0
317.9
345.1
358.0
400.1
120.9
277.9
410.8
118.7
118.7
118.3
367.6
424.6
264.5
381.8
459.6
518.3
439.2
251.3
249.6
200.4
318.5
345.4
358.5
400.9
121.1
278.4
411.3
118.9
118.9
118.8
367.1
425.5
262.9
382.5
460.6
496.8
444.6
251.5
249.9
200.8
318.3
345.8
361.2
401.6
121.6
279.4
415.2
119.0
119.0
118.9
366.6
427.4
260.7
393.8
477.0
486.6
466.0
255.2
250.2
200.8
319.6
346.1
361.5
403.5
122.5
281.2
420.1
119.4
119.4
119.9
369.2
430.1
262.7
389.4
469.2
459.4
462.3
255.6
250.5
201.2
319.5
346.6
362.4
405.2
122.9
281.7
425.7
119.9
119.9
119.9
376.4
434.2
271.3
389.5
469.0
447.3
464.5
255.9
250.5
200.9
319.8
347.4
363.7
407.6
123.6
283.2
429.1
120.7
120.7
120.2
376.2
437.0
268.7
388.3
467.2
453.5
461.1
255.6
251.5
202.2
320.1
347.8
363.0
409.5
124.0
284.6
427.3
121.3
121.3
120.6
379.0
437.5
273.0
379.1
450.3
451.9
441.4
257.1
251.6
202.2
319.8
348.5
361.7
410.2
124.3
285.6
425.5
121.5
121.5
121.1
377.1
433.7
272.9
371.1
437.8
452.0
426.7
255.4
251.2
201.4
320.4
348.5
362.1
410.4
124.2
286.0
418.2
121.6
121.6
121.6
380.0
433.1
278.3
371.0
438.1
460.6
425.3
254.9
252.4
202.5
322.9
349.3
Apparel and upkeep ..........................................................
Apparel commodities ............................................................
Men's and boys' apparel..........................................................
Women's and girls’ apparel .....................................................
Infants’ and toddlers' apparel..................................................
Footwear.............................................................
Other apparel commodities........................................
Apparel services.............................................................
206.0
191.6
197.9
169.5
299.7
212.1
215.5
320.9
207.8
192.0
200.0
168.0
312.7
211.2
217.9
334.6
209.0
194.2
202.0
172.6
304.1
213.1
214.6
326.9
205.0
189.5
198.6
164.4
313.9
209.1
215.5
329.8
204.1
188.5
196.8
163.4
311.6
207.9
216.1
330.7
206.3
190.8
198.3
167.6
313.1
210.1
214.6
331.5
207.3
191.7
199.7
168.0
316.6
211.4
215.3
332.9
206.4
190.7
200.2
164.9
318.5
211.5
215.4
333.6
204.5
188.4
198.1
161.3
319.7
210.0
215.8
334.3
203.2
187.0
195.8
159.8
307.5
209.1
218.1
334.6
207.0
191.2
197.8
167.2
310.6
209.6
221.6
334.7
212.1
196.6
203.2
175.7
309.7
212.0
221.1
336.7
213.2
197.6
204.3
176.4
312.0
215.1
219.8
338.3
213.1
197.4
205.3
175.0
307.0
215.1
221.1
339.0
210.9
194.9
202.3
171.7
312.7
214.0
220.0
339.5
Transportation ...........................................................
Private transportation............................................
New vehicles..............................................
New ca rs..............................................
Used cars ...............................................
Motor fuel ..................................
Gasoline................................................
Maintenance and repair................................................
Other private transportation......................................
Other private transportation commodities.............................
Other private transportation services..................................
Public transportation..............................................
319.9
314.2
214.9
215.2
379.7
373.8
373.3
351.4
287.6
202.6
312.8
402.8
307.5
299.5
224.1
224.4
363.2
292.1
291.4
363.1
303.9
201.6
333.9
426.4
324.0
317.8
219.2
219.4
375.6
377.5
376.8
357.5
295.2
202.1
322.7
412.9
323.9
317.3
219.7
219.9
374.1
373.3
372.5
357.9
297.7
203.4
325.5
419.6
319.2
312.2
220.2
220.4
370.7
351.5
350.8
358.9
299.2
202.9
327.6
422.2
309.6
302.1
220.1
220.3
367.2
308.5
307.7
359.3
301.5
203.6
330.3
421.2
303.3
295.3
221.0
221.2
364.8
279.5
278.6
360.6
301.6
202.2
330.9
422.2
305.7
297.8
222.8
223.0
363.6
289.3
288.7
361.3
301.3
202.4
330.4
423.7
308.6
300.8
224.0
224.2
362.5
299.4
299.1
362.1
303.0
201.5
332.8
425.4
304.7
296.5
224.5
224.7
360.3
280.2
279.8
363.4
304.5
201.6
334.6
428.0
301.3
292.8
224.5
224.7
358.0
265.9
265.3
364.3
304.5
201.8
334.6
428.0
302.2
293.7
224.2
224.5
359.5
271.1
270.6
365.0
302.3
200.3
332.3
428.5
302.6
294.1
226.7
227.1
360.6
263.2
262.6
365.7
307.6
198.9
339.3
428.7
304.3
295.8
230.2
230.7
361.0
260.9
260.2
368.4
311.6
200.0
344.1
431.7
304.8
295.9
231.7
232.2
356.6
261.9
261.2
370.7
312.0
200.4
344.5
437.5
Medical ca re ................................................
Medical care commodities..........................................................
Medical care services.......................................
Professional services...............................................................
Other medical care services....................................................
403.1
256.7
435.1
367.3
517.0
433.5
273.6
468.6
390.9
562.6
414.7
262.9
448.0
377.1
533.6
418.2
264.5
451.9
378.9
540.3
422.3
267.4
456.2
381.6
546.4
425.8
269.4
460.1
385.0
550.8
428.0
271.3
462.3
386.9
553.5
429.7
272.3
464.2
388.3
555.9
432.0
273.3
466.8
390.3
559.2
434.8
275.4
469.8
391.7
564.2
437.5
276.0
473.0
393.3
569.4
439.7
276.7
475.7
396.1
571.9
442.3
277.5
478.8
398.0
576.4
444.6
278.2
481.5
399.8
580.3
446.8
280.8
483.4
401.0
583.0
Entertainment ........................................
Entertainment commodities ........................................................
Entertainment services...............................................................
265.0
260.6
271.8
274.1
265.9
286.3
268.3
262.5
277.1
270.8
264.7
279.9
272.0
265.2
282.1
271.9
265.0
282.2
272.3
264.8
283.5
272.9
265.3
284.2
273.9
266.1
285.5
274.4
265.8
287.0
274.7
266.1
287.3
275.3
265.9
289.2
276.5
266.7
290.8
277.4
267.6
291.8
277.4
267.4
292.2
Other goods and services ................................................
Tobacco products..............................................................
Personal care........................................................
Toilet goods and personal care appliances.............................
Personal care services ............................................
Personal and educational expenses...........................................
School books and supplies......................................................
Personal and educational services..........................................
326.6
328.5
281.9
278.5
286.0
397.1
350.8
407.7
346.4
351.0
291.3
287.9
295.4
428.8
380.3
440.1
336.5
337.4
286.3
282.5
290.6
415.5
364.7
427.0
339.1
342.7
288.1
285.3
291.8
416.8
371.0
427.6
340.3
344.7
289.1
286.0
293.0
417.7
373.8
428.1
341.1
345.6
290.3
287.3
294.0
417.9
374.3
428.3
341.8
346.5
290.5
287.7
294.1
418.9
374.4
429.5
342.1
346.5
290.9
287.9
294.7
419.5
374.5
430.2
342.6
347.1
291.0
287.0
295.7
420.4
375.7
431.0
344.9
354.3
291.1
287.1
295.8
421.2
375.9
431.9
346.4
356.2
292.3
289.1
296.2
422.9
376.9
433.7
353.3
356.8
292.0
288.2
296.5
445.2
389.4
457.8
354.6
357.2
293.1
289.9
297.1
447.6
392.3
460.2
354.9
357.3
293.4
289.6
297.9
448.2
392.5
460.8
355.2
357.6
293.6
289.6
298.2
448.8
392.6
461.6
C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X F O R A L L U R B A N C O N S U M E R S :
All items ..........................................................................................
All items (1957-59-100)................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or
service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items
(1967=100, unless otherwise indicated)
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
328.4
283.9
311.8
327.4
289.9
305.6
265.2
192.0
307.3
270.2
286.8
194.2
339.1
271.4
327.5
287.4
307.7
278.6
188.5
329.5
270.5
326.0
283.7
307.8
268.9
190.8
313.6
269.7
325.3
281.2
308.5
262.0
191.7
302.6
269.2
326.3
282.1
309.4
263.3
190.7
305.2
269.6
327.9
282.8
309.5
264.7
188.4
308.4
269.9
328.0
281.9
312.2
259.8
187.0
301.7
269.6
328.6
281.9
314.6
258.1
191.2
296.9
269.0
330.2
283.5
315.1
261.5
196.6
299.5
269.3
330.5
283.6
315.6
260.4
197.6
297.2
270.5
330.8
284.0
316.4
~
260.0
197.4
296.7
271.8
331.1
284.2
317.0
282.1
191.6
333.3
270.7
328.4
290.1
307.9
284.9
189.5
338.7
271.4
381.5
113.9
111.2
337.0
435.1
314.1
400.5
120.2
112.8
356.3
468.6
331.8
389.5
117.0
110.8
346.1
448.0
322.9
391.7
117.4
111.4
349.0
451.9
324.8
393.3
117.7
111.8
351.0
456.2
326.1
394.9
118.5
111.6
352.4
460.1
326.6
396.8
119.4
111.6
353.2
462.3
327.6
397.9
119.7
112.3
353.4
464.2
328.2
401.0
119.9
115.2
355.3
466.8
329.2
402.3
120.5
114.9
357.1
469.8
330.1
403.7
120.9
115.3
35/.3
330.8
405.5
121.7
114.9
356.2
475.7
337.9
406.1
122.2
112.9
360.5
478.8
339.5
406.1
122.4
111.0
364.4
481.5
340.3
406.6
122.5
110.8
366.2
483.4
340.8
323.3
303.9
109.7
317.7
272.5
277.2
319.2
293.2
113.5
373.3
426.5
314.8
314.4
259.7
409.9
375.9
328.6
306.7
111.2
322.6
263.4
262.2
297.1
289.6
118.7
390.6
370.3
327.0
327.1
263.2
322.4
397.1
328.9
307.9
111.3
322.6
275.7
282.0
325.1
297.4
115.4
380.8
426.5
320.5
320.7
262.2
417.9
385.8
329.5
308.8
111.6
323.4
274.7
280.4
324.9
297.7
116.2
382.7
424.7
321.8
321.6
261.8
413.2
387.9
328.5
307.4
111.2
322.2
270.9
274.5
316.8
294.3
116.8
384.0
408.9
322.3
322.3
261.6
386.5
389.4
326.6
305.2
110.5
320.5
265.2
265.6
302.7
289.5
117.1
385.4
381.3
323.3
323.6
262.0
343.0
391.5
325.7
303.6
110.1
319.7
261.2
259.2
292.9
286.3
117.4
387.2
361.8
324.4
324.8
262.1
313.3
393.8
326.7
304.7
110.4
320.6
262.1
260.5
295.2
287.4
117.8
388.3
367.6
325.0
325.3
262.2
319.3
394.5
328.6
306.5
111.1
322.2
263.0
261.8
298.1
288.2
119.2
391.3
380.6
325.5
325.9
262.0
327.1
395.9
328.0
306.1
111.0
322.1
260.2
257.3
292.2
287.1
119.5
392.5
366.5
326.9
326.9
262.0
306.6
397.7
328.1
306.4
111.2
322.6
259.0
255.6
287.9
287.4
119.8
393.6
358.6
328.3
327.9
262.9
292.4
399.0
330.0
307.9
111.7
324.2
261.1
258.9
290.2
289.4
120.2
395.4
360.6
330.0
329.9
264.5
297.7
401.4
330.2
307.8
111.7
324.4
260.9
257.8
288.1
289.0
120.1
395.7
348.6
331.4
331.6
265.5
290.6
403.7
330.4
308.0
111.8
324.5
261.2
257.4
287.7
289.2
120.0
395.4
341.7
332.3
332.5
266.1
288.5
405.0
330.6
308.3
111.9
324.8
261.2
257.5
288.9
289.5
120.2
395.8
342.4
332.6
332.8
265.8
290.5
405.7
31.0
26.7
30.5
26.2
30.5
26.3
30.5
26.2
30.5
26.3
30.7
26.4
30.7
26.4
30.6
26.4
30.5
26.2
30.5
26.2
30.4
26.2
30.3
26.0
30.3
26.0
30.2
26.0
30.2
26.0
318.5
370.4
323.4
376.1
323.4
376.1
324.3
377.1
323.2
375.8
321.4
373.7
320.4
372.6
321.4
373.7
323.0
375.6
322.9
375.5
323.4
376.1
324.9
377.8
325.0
378.0
325.4
378.4
325.7
378.8
301.8
309.3
295.3
315.4
262.7
256.9
320.3
361.5
398.3
293.9
453.2
295.7
349.7
232.6
311.6
319.2
303.7
324.2
274.4
257.1
323.8
373.5
410.5
287.2
478.1
303.2
363.4
242.5
305.4
312.8
297.9
320.4
269.2
255.7
319.3
361.6
401.8
289.6
450.4
298.7
355.2
239.1
307.7
315.1
300.9
320.4
270.7
256.0
329.7
366.1
404.7
291.6
461.0
299.4
356.2
240.1
307.5
314.9
300.1
320.9
267.7
256.0
316.0
375.2
408.1
290.8
485.5
300.9
357.3
240.9
307.6
315.0
299.7
321.1
267.2
255.5
314.6
375.6
407.8
289.7
487.4
300.7
358.6
241.4
308.3
315.6
299.9
320.9
263.5
255.5
325.0
376.0
410.9
287.8
487.0
301.6
360.2
242.3
309.0
316.4
300.4
322.1
262.6
255.8
331.6
374.3
410.6
286.6
481.2
302.7
362.0
242.2
309.3
316.6
300.0
324.5
264.2
255.9
323.5
373.9
410.9
286.4
479.5
303.0
363.5
242.9
312.0
319.5
303.9
324.6
274.0
257.0
325.6
373.4
411.9
286.6
477.6
303.1
364.2
243.4
314.5
322.3
307.3
326.7
282.2
256.9
327.2
373.9
412.6
287.1
476.9
304.5
365.2
243.0
315.0
322.8
307.5
326.8
284.0
257.1
324.2
373.5
413.0
285.1
475.5
305.2
366.6
243.4
315.4
323.3
307.9
326.8
284.4
258.6
322.9
374.4
412.8
284.1
477.7
305.9
367.3
243.5
316.2
324.2
308.4
327.0
285.8
259.9
322.2
373.9
411.9
284.5
477.1
305.3
369.2
243.4
316.8
324.8
308.7
328.0
286.6
260.9
323.4
372.2
411.2
285.5
470.3
306.6
370.5
243.9
343.3
370.4
353.2
390.7
349.1
380.4
350.1
381.8
349.7
382.9
263.7
397.9
103.1
103.0
103.2
364.1
415.0
261.1
394.7
487.5
622.0
451.6
241.6
243.4
197.6
310.7
340.2
279.1
416.0
108.8
108.8
109.4
369.4
425.3
262.5
385.4
462.7
504.5
445.6
253.8
246.5
198.4
317.1
348.2
271.5
397.5
105.9
105.9
105.7
368.5
420.1
264.2
394.3
483.1
659.9
438.8
246.7
245.2
197.8
315.C
345.C
272.5
400.8
106.3
106.3
106.3
373.2
426.2
267.2
395.6
484.1
652.7
441.4
248.3
245.1
197.3
315.8
345.6
272.8
403.5
106.6
106.6
107.8
374.0
426.5
268.1
390.9
475.7
593.6
443.2
248.8
245.3
197.2
316.4
346.3
350.1
385.0
274.1
405.4
107.4
107.3
108.2
364.7
416.6
261.1
386.3
467.1
552.8
441.2
249.9
246.0
198.5
315.5
346.6
351.1
388.1
277.0
411.6
108.1
108.1
108.5
364.6
419.2
259.4
382.6
459.1
521.5
438.0
252.1
246.0
198.1
316.3
347.1
351.6
388.8
277.5
411.3
108.3
108.3
109.0
363.8
420.0
258.0
383.0
459.7
499.9
443.0
252.2
246.1
198.4
315.7
347.4
354.3
389.4
278.5
415.5
108.4
108.4
109.1
363.2
422.6
255.7
394.9
477.3
489.9
465.7
255.8
246.2
198.2
316.8
347.8
354.5
391.5
280.3
420.4
108.8
108.8
110.1
366.7
425.2
259.0
390.3
469.1
462.9
461.4
256.3
246.5
198.4
317.1
348.4
355.4
392.9
280.8
426.1
109.3
109.2
110.1
371.5
428.6
263.5
390.6
469.3
450.7
464.1
256.6
246.6
198.3
317.3
349.1
356.6
395.2
282.2
428.9
110.0
110.0
110.4
370.6
430.7
261.1
389.1
467.1
456.6
460.3
256.2
247.5
199.4
317.9
349.5
355.6
397.1
283.6
426.7
110.5
110.5
110.8
373.1
431.1
264.3
379.3
449.2
454.8
439.6
257.8
247.5
199.3
317.8
350.1
354.3
397.8
284.6
424.8
110.7
110.7
111.3
372.4
428.2
265.0
371.3
437.1
455.0
425.3
255.8
247.2
198.5
318.4
350.1
354.8
398.1
"
285.1
417.3
110.8
110.8
111.7
205.0
206.E
208.1
204.1
203.1
205.2
206.1
205.1
203.0
201.8
205.S
211.C
211.S
211.5
209.6
1985
1986
322.2
286.7
302.0
_
Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100).......
1986
1985
Annual
average
Special indexes:
_
-
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar:
1 9 5 7 .5 9 - $ 1
00
........................................................
4 7 3 .0
260.0
194.9
298.0
271.7
C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X F O R U R B A N W A G E E A R N E R S
A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S :
Cereals and bakery products.................................................
Sugar and sweets...............................................................
Homeowners’ costs (12/84 = 100)...........................................
Owners’ equivalent rent (12/84 = 100) ..................................
Household insurance (12/84 = 100)......................................
Other utilities and public services ...........................................
See footnotes at end of table.
76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
_
-
J___ I
3 7 4 .6
428.1
268.0
371.1
437.3
463.5
423.8
255.3
248.5
199.7
320.6
350.8
30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or
service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items
(1967=100, unless otherwise indicated)
Series
Annual
average
1985
1986
1985
1986
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Apparel commodities .................................................................
Men’s and boys’ apparel.........................................................
Women’s and girls’ apparel ....................................................
Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel.................................................
Footwear..................................................................................
Other apparel commodities.....................................................
Apparel services.........................................................................
191.3
198.2
171.3
311.7
212.5
203.1
318.5
191.5
199.7
169.4
329.4
211.8
206.1
332.0
194.1
202.2
174.5
317.3
213.6
202.4
324.4
189.4
198.8
166.1
332.7
209.9
203.5
327.2
188.2
196.8
165.2
328.6
208.4
204.2
328.1
190.4
198.0
169.0
329.6
210.7
203.5
329.0
191.2
199.3
169.3
331.3
212.1
204.1
330.2
190.1
200.0
165.9
334.3
212.0
203.8
330.9
187.7
198.0
162.0
335.6
210.6
204.5
331.9
186.3
195.4
160.8
323.7
209.6
206.5
332.2
190.8
197.1
169.3
328.6
209.9
209.5
332.3
196.2
202.3
178.1
326.2
212.0
209.0
334.2
197.1
203.6
178.1
329.2
215.3
207.9
335.6
196.6
204.6
176.2
323.8
215.6
208.9
336.2
194.5
202.1
173.1
329.3
214.9
207.8
336.6
Transportation ..............................................................................
Private transportation.................................................................
New vehicles............................................................................
New cars................................................................................
Used c a rs .................................................................................
Motor fuel .................................................................................
Gasoline......[..........................................................................
Maintenance and repair............................................................
Other private transportation.....................................................
Other private transportation commodities.............................
Other private transportation services....................................
Public transportation...................................................................
321.6
317.4
214.2
214.5
379.7
375.4
375.0
352.6
287.7
204.7
312.3
391.7
307.6
301.5
223.3
223.6
363.2
293.1
292.5
364.7
302.2
203.9
330.9
416.3
325.3
320.8
218.6
218.8
375.6
379.6
378.9
359.0
294.7
204.3
321.3
400.2
325.1
320.2
219.0
219.2
374.1
375.3
374.6
359.4
296.9
205.6
323.7
408.6
320.1
314.8
219.4
219.7
370.7
353.0
352.3
360.4
298.4
205.4
325.7
412.6
310.3
304.5
219.4
219.5
367.2
309.6
308.8
360.9
300.6
206.0
328.3
412.0
303.5
297.4
220.2
220.4
364.8
280.1
279.1
362.2
300.4
204.6
328.5
413.0
305.9
299.9
222.0
222.3
363.6
290.3
289.6
362.8
299.8
204.9
327.7
413.8
308.7
302.8
223.2
223.4
362.5
300.6
300.3
363.6
301.2
203.9
329.6
415.1
304.6
298.3
223.7
223.9
360.3
280.9
280.5
365.0
302.4
'203.8
331.2
418.0
300.9
294.4
223.6
223.9
358.0
266.7
266.1
365.7
302.2
204.0
330.9
418.4
301.8
295.3
223.3
223.7
359.5
271.9
271.4
366.6
299.7
202.7
328.1
418.8
302.2
295.7
225.7
226.3
360.6
264.0
263.4
367.2
305.2
201.1
335.4
418.9
304.0
297.5
229.4
230.0
361.0
262.0
261.3
369.7
309.5
202.3
340.7
421.1
304.2
297.5
230.7
231.4
356.6
263.2
262.5
372.3
309.9
202.8
341.0
425.8
Medical c a re ..........................................................
Medical care commodities..........................................................
Medical care services...................................................
Professional services...............................................................
Other medical care services....................................................
401.2
256.3
432.7
367.7
513.9
431.0
272.8
465.7
391.4
559.0
412.6
262.3
445.4
377.6
530.4
416.0
264.1
449.2
379.3
536.9
420.0
267.0
453.5
382.2
543.0
423.5
268.8
457.3
385.6
547.3
425.7
270.7
459.5
387.4
550.0
427.3
271.7
461.3
388.8
552.3
429.6
272.5
464.0
390.8
555.8
432.4
274.6
466.9
392.3
560.7
435.0
275.2
470.1
394.0
565.8
437.1
275.8
472.6
396.6
568.1
439.7
276.6
475.6
398.4
572.7
441.7
277.0
478.2
400.2
576.2
443.9
279.8
480.1
401.5
579.0
Entertainment ...............................................................
Entertainment commodities ........................................................
Entertainment services.................................................
260.1
254.2
271.6
268.7
259.5
286.0
263.0
255.7
276.8
265.4
257.8
280.0
266.5
258.3
282.0
266.5
258.3
282.1
266.9
258.4
283.0
267.3
256.7
283.6
268.4
259.8
284.8
269.0
259.6
286.5
269.2
259.8
286.7
270.0
259.8
288.9
271.1
260.6
290.7
272.1
261.7
291.6
272.3
261.7
292.0
Other goods and services .....................................................
Tobacco products ...................................................................
Personal care............................................................
Toilet goods and personal care appliances...........................
Personal care services.................................................
Personal and educational expenses..................................
School books and supplies...............................................
Personal and educational services.........................................
322.7
328.1
279.6
279.0
280.5
399.3
355.7
410.1
341.7
350.7
289.0
288.6
289.8
430.7
384.8
442.0
331.9
337.1
284.0
283.3
285.2
417.4
369.4
429.1
334.9
342.4
285.9
285.9
286.4
418.9
375.6
429.7
336.1
344.4
286.8
286.7
287.4
419.9
378.4
430.3
337.0
345.2
288.0
288.1
288.4
420.1
379.0
430.5
337.6
346.0
288.2
288.4
288.4
421.2
379.1
431.8
338.0
346.0
288.6
288.6
289.0
422.0
379.1
432.8
338.4
346.7
288.6
287.6
290.0
422.9
380.2
433.6
341.2
354.0
288.8
287.8
290.2
423.8
380.5
434.6
342.6
355.9
289.9
289.7
290.5
425.1
381.4
436.0
347.5
356.5
289.5
288.7
290.8
446.1
393.9
458.7
348.8
356.8
290.8
290.5
291.6
448.7
396.7
461.3
349.2
356.9
291.2
290.5
292.4
449.4
396.9
462.1
349.5
357.2
291.3
290.3
292.7
450.0
397.1
462.8
318.5
286.5
301.8
323.4
289.7
305.4
_
288.7
194.1
340.1
265.7
324.3
289.8
307.7
323.2
287.0
307.5
321.4
283.1
307.6
320.4
280.4
308.3
321.4
281.3
309.0
323.0
282.0
309.3
322.9
281.1
312.0
323.4
281.1
314.5
324.9
282.6
315.0
325.0
282.6
315.4
325.4
283.1
316.2
325.7
283.3
316.8
283.8
191.3
334.2
265.2
323.4
283.1
311.6
265.6
191.5
306.7
264.0
286.9
189.4
339.6
265.6
280.1
188.2
330.1
264.6
269.6
190.4
313.2
263.7
262.0
191.2
301.6
263.3
263.6
190.1
304.5
263.5
265.2
187.7
308.0
263.6
260.1
186.3
301.0
263.2
258.1
190.8
295.9
262.6
261.5
196.2
298.4
263.0
260.2
197.1
296.0
264.0
259.7
196.6
295.6
265.3
259.9
194.5
296.9
265.0
Services..........................................
Rent of shelter (12/84 = 100).............................
Household services less rent of shelter (12/84 = 100)..............
Transportation services..............................................................
Medical care services.................................................................
Other services ........................
377.3
103.2
102.6
332.2
432.7
310.1
395.7
109.0
103.9
350.1
465.7
326.9
385.1
106.1
102.0
340.5
445.4
318.3
387.2
106.4
102.6
343.3
449.2
320.4
388.8
106.7
103.0
345.4
453.5
321.6
390.5
107.4
102.8
347.0
457.3
322.1
392.2
108.3
102.7
347.5
459.5
322.9
393.2
108.5
103.4
347.3
461.3
323.6
396.4
108.7
106.4
348.9
464.0
324.6
397.7
109.2
106.0
350.6
466.9
325.6
399.0
109.6
106.4
350.7
470.1
326.0
400.4
110.3
106.0
349.2
472.6
332.2
401.0
110.8
103.8
353.8
475.6
333.8
401.0
111.0
102.0
357.9
478.2
334.7
401.5
111.1
101.8
359.5
480.1
335.1
Special indexes:
All items less food ....................
All items less shelter ............................
All items less homeowners’ costs (12/84=100)..........
All items less medical care.............................
Commodities less fo o d .........................
Nondurables less food .....................
Nondurables less food and apparel ...........................................
Nondurables...........................................
Services less rent of shelter (12/84= 100)................................
Services less medical c a re .........................................................
Energy..............................................
All items less energy .......................
All items less food and energy ..................................................
Commodities less food and energy............................................
Energy commodities ....................
Services less energy..................................
319.4
303.4
101.8
314.3
272.8
279.0
320.3
293.9
102.6
369.0
426.3
309.9
308.7
256.8
410.9
371.1
323.0
305.1
102.8
318.0
262.9
262.7
296.9
289.8
107.1
385.9
367.5
321.2
320.3
259.8
322.9
391.9
324.6
307.2
103.2
318.9
275.9
283.9
326.3
298.2
104.2
376.2
426.8
315.3
314.6
259.2
418.9
380.8
325.1
307.9
103.5
319.6
275.0
282.3
325.9
298.4
104.9
378.2
424.7
316.5
315.4
258.8
414.1
382.9
323.8
306.4
103.0
318.3
270.9
276.1
317.5
295.0
105.5
379.5
408.1
316.9
316.1
258.5
387.3
384.5
321.5
303.8
102.3
316.2
264.9
266.4
302.6
289.8
105.7
381.0
379.0
317.8
317.2
258.7
343.3
386.5
320.2
302.1
101.8
315.2
260.7
259.4
292.2
286.3
105.9
382.7
358.4
318.8
318.3
258.8
312.9
388.8
321.2
303.0
102.1
316.1
261.6
260.9
294.9
287.5
106.2
383.6
364.6
319.2
318.6
258.8
319.8
389.4
323.2
304.8
102.7
317.7
262.6
262.4
298.0
288.4
107.6
386.8
378.1
319.7
319.1
258.5
328.1
390.8
322.3
304.3
102.6
317.4
259.6
257.7
291.8
287.2
107.8
387.9
363.1
321.1
320.1
258.5
307.2
392.6
322.2
304.6
102.7
317.8
258.3
255.8
287.3
287.5
108.1
389.0
354.8
322.4
321.0
259.3
292.9
393.7
323.9
305.9
103.2
319.3
260.3
259.1
289.6
289.5
108.3
390.3
356.9
323.9
322.7
260.9
298.2
395.7
324.0
305.7
103.2
319.3
260.0
257.8
287.4
289.0
108.2
390.6
344.8
325.3
324.4
261.7
290.9
398.2
324.2
305.9
103.2
319.6
260.3
257.4
287.0
289.2
108.1
390.4
338.5
326.3
325.4
262.4
289.1
399.6
324.4
306.3
103.4
319.8
260.4
257.6
288.2
289.6
108.3
390.7
339.2
326.5
325.6
262.1
291.1
400.2
31.4
27.0
30.9
26.6
30.9
26.6
30.8
26.5
30.9
26.6
31.1
26.8
31.2
26.8
31.1
26.8
31.0
26.6
31.0
26.6
30.9
26.6
30.8
26.5
30.8
26.5
30.7
26.4
30.7
26.4
All items ..........................................
Commodities.......................................
Food and beverages .......................................
Commodities less food and beverages...........
Nondurables less food and beverages .........
Apparel commodities...............................
Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel .............
Durables...............................................
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar:
1967 = $1.00.......................................
1957-59 = $1.00...............................
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
- Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
31. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
(1967 = 100, unless otherwise indicated)
Urban Wage Earners
All Urban Consumers
Area'
Pricing Other
sche index
dule2
base
Dec.
Jan.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
-
327.4
328.4
328.6
330.2
330.5
330.8
331.1
323.4
324.3
323.4
324.9
325.0
325.4
325.7
M
M
-
325.9
323.1
326.3
323.1
331.4
323.2
333.9
321.1
328.7
324.3
331.3
325.3
331.0
324.7
312.6
313.1
312.9
313.4
316.2
312.8
318.3
310.5
313.4
313.6
316.1
314.7
315.8
314.0
M
.
326.1
326.8
330.9
334.6
336.2
333.8
332.9
320.1
320.9
323.5
326.8
328.3
326.3
325.3
M
M
-
320.8
319.7
323.1
320.3
325.9
323.1
326.6
325.8
327.8
324.7
327.5
324.1
329.1
325.2
313.5
322.5
315.8
323.0
317.2
324.4
317.5
326.7
318.7
326.1
318.6
325.4
320.1
326.6
-
287.1
332.0
327.1
333.2
364.4
174.6
333.9
311.6
321.3
322.4
381.9
327.0
331.1
-
286.2
334.0
328.2
333.0
362.9
174.3
332.9
311.3
318.0
325.7
385.9
326.3
332.3
-
287.8
333.4
329.3
335.5
361.2
175.8
330.7
313.5
318.0
323.8
387.5
325.9
334.0
“
-
-
280.2
331.1
324.5
326.0
359.1
175.7
353.0
310.6
311.0
319.1
344.7
313.5
332.6
-
277.9
330.9
325.2
324.7
357.2
174.5
351.7
310.2
306.3
320.7
347.4
312.3
334.6
339.9
309.4
352.1
345.9
302.2
334.0
323.7
-
342.2
311.4
351.8
342.8
305.4
331.0
324.7
332.6
295.9
327.5
338.3
305.8
334.1
311.7
-
335.4
292.5
329.9
339.1
308.3
330.5
311.9
340.9
331.8
347.7
_
-
342.4
333.0
343.6
336.0
312.8
331.3
“
334.5
309.2
339.0
176.4
176.5
177.5
180.4
-
177.2
177.1
177.9
179.6
172.1
172.6
176.0
175.2
-
177.6
179.9
178.3
175.9
174.5
-
177.7
180.0
178.7
176.5
175.4
170.2
175.4
174.6
175.3
176.0
-
174.7
181.0
177.9
182.6
167.7
174.5
176.5
175.0
178.3
176.1
179.9
178.9
173.5
170.5
174.7
178.9
U.S. city average..................
Chicago, III.-Northwestern
Ind...........................................
Detroit, Mich............................
Los Angeles-Long Beach,
Anaheim, Calif........................
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern
N.J..........................................
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J...............
Anchorage, Alaska
(10/67 - 100) .....................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass...........................
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind...........
Denver-Boulder, Colo..............
Miami, Fla. (11/77 = 100).....
Milwaukee, Wis........................
Northeast, Pa..........................
Portland, Oreg.-Wash..............
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill.......................
San Diego, Calif.......................
Seattle-Everett, Wash.............
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va........
Alanta, Ga...............................
Buffalo, N.Y.............................
Cleveland, Ohio .....................
Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex..............
Honolulu, Hawaii....................
Houston, Tex...........................
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas ......
Minneapolis-St. Paul,
Minn.-Wis................................
Pittsburgh, Pa..........................
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.
1 10/67
1
1
1
1
1 11/77
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
_
-
335.3
309.8
348.8
344.5
298.5
336.8
321.8
-
_
-
-
-
340.3
330.1
345.5
-
-
340.4
331.5
336.4
Region3
Northeast.............................
North Central.......................
South...................................
West ....................................
2
2
2
2
12/77
12/77
12/77
12/77
174.3
176.0
176.3
177.2
-
Population size class3
A-1 .......................................
A-2 .......................................
B ...........................................
C ..........................................
D ..........................................
2
2
2
2
2
12/77
12/77
12/77
12/77
12/77
174.2
178.4
177.2
174.9
174.7
-
Region/population size class
cross classification3
Class A:
Northeast ..........................
North Central ....................
South .................................
W est..................................
2 12/77
2 12/77
2 12/77
2 11/77
171.2
179.4
176.5
179.3
Class B:
Northeast ..........................
North Central....................
South .................................
W est..................................
2 12/77
2 12/77
2 12/77
2 12/77
176.7
174.2
178.0
178.4
78
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
338.9
307.5
352.7
346.2
301.5
332.9
323.9
2
2
2
See footnotes at end of table.
1986
1985
1986
1985
-
-
-
-
_
175.0
176.2
176.4
179.0
-
176.6
179.1
176.6
175.0
173.8
-
173.1
180.7
176.7
182.0
174.7
172.5
178.6
178.1
-
-
-
-
174.2
180.3
177.6
184.2
178.0
174.0
180.0
179.2
-
-
-
-
“
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
355.3
“
335.9
294.2
329.3
338.5
308.8
331.7
311.3
-
-
337.8
296.1
328.9
335.0
312.7
328.5
312.4
“
334.6
310.6
341.1
”
335.9
311.8
337.0
172.2
172.2
175.3
176.4
“
173.5
172.4
176.3
177.8
-
174.3
173.0
176.5
177.0
171.8
175.3
173.5
174.8
174.5
-
172.5
176.0
175.1
175.7
175.1
“
172.8
176.1
175.5
176.2
175.9
168.8
175.0
176.1
176.9
-
169.7
174.5
176.9
179.0
■“
170.3
175.3
177.0
177.5
174.6
169.5
175.7
179.3
“
175.1
171.5
175.6
179.0
171.8
168.1
174.6
178.3
-
-
279.7
330.4
325.9
327.6
355.2
176.1
349.4
311.9
306.1
319.0
349.0
311.7
335.9
-
_
-
31.
Continued— Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
(1967 = 100, unless otherwise indicated)
All Urban Consumers
Area1
Pricing Other
sche index
dule2
base
1985
Dec.
Class C:
Northeast ..........................
North Central....................
South .................................
W est..................................
2
2
2
2
12/77
12/77
12/77
12/77
184.1
171.5
175.3
169.1
Class D:
Northeast ..........................
North Central....................
South ................................
W est..................................
2 12/77
2 12/77
2 12/77
2 12/77
178.1
172.6
174.5
176.2
Jan.
-
-
~
Aug.
Sept.
182.8
171.2
174.8
173.0
176.8
171.4
174.3
174.9
-
-
1985
Oct.
183.8
172.3
175.8
173.1
178.1
171.7
175.4
175.3
’ Area is generally the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA),
exclusive of farms. L.A.-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif, is a combination of
two SMSA’s, and N.Y., N.Y.-Northeastern N.J. and Chicago, III.-Northwest
ern Ind. are the more extensive Standard Consolidated Areas. Area defini
tions are those established by the Office of Management and Budget in
1973, except for Denver-Boulder, Colo, which does not include Douglas
County. Definitions do not include revisions made since 1973.
2 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas;
most other goods and services priced as indicated:.
M - Every month.
1 - January, March, May, July, September, and November.
2 - February, April, June, August, October, and December.
3 Regions are defined as the four Census regions.
The population size classes are aggregations of areas which have urban
population as defined:
A-1 - More than 4,000,000.
32.
Urban Wage Earners
1986
Nov.
-
-
“
Dec.
Dec.
186.3
171.9
176.4
172.9
188.8
168.2
176.7
167.8
179.8
171.6
176.6
176.3
177.7
174.2
176.1
177.7
1986
Jan.
_
-
_
-
-
Aug.
187.2
167.7
175.3
171.1
176.2
172.4
175.0
176.3
Sept.
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
Oct.
188.1
168.7
176.3
171.2
177.2
172.7
175.9
176.7
Nov.
Dec.
_
190.5
168.4
176.7
171.1
_
_
_
_
_
-
178.9
172.7
177.0
177.6
A-2 - 1,250,000 to 4,000,000.
B - 385,000 to 1,250,000
C - 75,000 to 385,000.
D - Less than 75,000.
Population size class A is the aggregation of population size classes A-1
and A-2.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI pro
gram. Because each local index is a small subset of the national index, it
has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more
sampling and other measurement error than the national index. As a result,
local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although
their long-term trends are quite similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI
for use in escalator clauses.
Annual data: Consumer Price Index all items and major groups
Series
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
195.4
7.7
217.4
11.3
246.8
13.5
272.4
10.4
289.1
6.1
298.4
3.2
311.1
4.3
322.2
3.6
328.4
1.9
206.3
9.7
228.5
10.8
248.0
8.5
267.3
7.8
278.2
4.1
284.4
2.2
295.1
3.8
302.0
2.3
311.8
3.2
202.8
8.7
227.6
12.2
263.3
15.7
293.5
11.5
314.7
7.2
323.1
2.7
336.5
4.1
349.9
4.0
360.2
2.9
159.6
3.5
166.6
4.4
178.4
7.1
186.9
4.8
191.8
2.6
196.5
2.5
200.2
1.9
206.0
2.9
207.8
.9
185.5
4.7
212.0
14.3
249.7
17.8
280.0
12.1
291.5
4.1
298.4
2.4
311.7
4.5
319.9
2.6
307.5
-3.9
219.4
8.4
239.7
9.3
265.9
10.9
294.5
10.8
328.7
11.6
357.3
8.7
379.5
6.2
403.1
6.2
433.5
7.5
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Index.....................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Food and beverages:
Index..............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Housing:
Index..............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Apparel and upkeep:
Index..............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Transportation:
Index..............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Medical care:
Index..............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Entertainment:
Index............................................................................
Percent change..............................................................
Other goods and services:
Index...........................................................................
Percent change..............................................................
176.6
5.3
188.5
6.7
205.3
8.9
221.4
7.8
235.8
6.5
246.0
4.3
255.1
3.7
265.0
3.9
274.1
3.4
183.3
6.4
196.7
7.3
214.5
9.0
235.7
9.9
259.9
10.3
288.3
10.9
307.7
6.7
326.6
6.1
346.4
6.1
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and
Clerical Workers:
All items:
Index..............................................................................
Percent change..............................................................
195.3
7.6
217.7
11.5
247.0
13.5
272.3
10.2
288.6
6.0
297.4
3.0
307.6
3.4
318.5
3.5
323.4
1.5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
33.
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1967 = 100)
1986
Annual average
Grouping
1985
Finished goods ..........................................
Finished consumer goods ........................
Finished consumer foods.......................
Finished consumer goods excluding
Nondurable goods less food ...............
Durable goods .....................................
Capital equipment.....................................
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
com ponents..............................................
Materials and components for
Materials for food manufacturing...........
Materials for nondurable manufacturing .
Materials for durable manufacturing.......
Components for manufacturing..............
Materials and components for
construction..............................................
Processed fuels and lubricants.................
80
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
289.3
284.5
275.1
287.6
282.3
280.4
288.1
283.0
284.0
287.5
282.7
282.2
290.5
284.9
282.9
290.7
285.0
283.0
289.9
284.2
282.9
284.4
313.5
245.9
306.1
278.3
302.6
246.2
306.4
277.5
301.6
245.8
306.2
278.1
304.8
242.7
304.2
281.0
301.9
253.6
310.1
281.1
302.1
253.5
310.5
279.9
300.5
252.9
310.1
287.2
281.9
271.9
-
298.3
339.6
243.5
303.9
291.8
328.0
243.9
304.3
284.6
315.4
243.7
304.3
282.2
309.8
245.7
305.6
284.0
313.0
245.5
305.7
318.7
-
317.4
313.5
309.5
307.1
306.7
306.8
304.8
304.5
306.1
304.9
304.9
305.0
299.5
258.8
285.9
320.2
291.5
-
295.1
247.9
277.8
312.9
294.1
295.6
251.7
277.7
313.0
294.6
296.0
255.5
277.1
313.6
294.9
296.2
254.3
277.3
314.5
295.1
296.5
253.2
277.7
315.4
294.9
296.5
253.2
278.1
315.0
295.0
296.2
253.0
277.9
313.8
295.2
297.3
339.3
241.5
300.5
-
-
297.1
252.8
283.8
313.4
293.1
296.5
249.2
282.4
313.1
293.6
296.4
246.7
282.5
313.6
293.7
295.5
244.8
279.3
313.7
294.1
295.4
248.7
278.2
313.2
294.1
316.2
540.8
311.2
286.6
316.5
500.8
310.9
286.4
317.0
453.4
312.3
286.8
318.3
428.5
312.8
287.2
318.3
424.2
313.6
287.1
317.8
426.7
314.0
287.3
317.9
401.1
314.6
287.2
317.6
395.0
316.2
287.1
317.9
409.1
317.8
287.9
317.3
395.1
318.4
287.5
317.6
393.2
319.6
287.9
317.0
396.2
319.7
288.3
-
301.0
231.7
450.6
289.0
227.2
422.7
281.1
224.4
403.9
273.7
220.3
389.4
279.4
229.9
386.9
276.9
227.1
384.8
277.7
234.4
370.8
276.3
238.1
358.3
275.5
231.9
369.6
276.7
233.7
369.8
278.4
235.9
369.7
274.8
232.8
365.1
299.0
720.9
269.2
261.3
268.7
-
300.7
700.9
272.7
264.8
272.1
296.3
629.3
272.2
264.0
272.5
291.2
554.1
272.1
263.9
272.5
289.9
517.2
273.1
264.9
273.9
291.2
534.1
274.0
266.1
274.0
291.6
536.4
274.3
266.3
274.3
287.4
461.6
276.4
268.9
275.0
286.8
456.2
277.2
270.0
274.8
286.6
477.2
275.4
268.4
273.1
290.5
454.9
279.7
272.2
278.8
290.7
452.9
280.0
272.4
279.1
289.7
446.8
279.5
271.9
278.5
252.1
-
255.5
256.0
256.0
257.3
257.5
257.7
258.7
258.4
256.9
262.4
262.7
262.0
246.2
-
250.5
251.1
251.2
252.0
252.3
252.5
253.9
253.8
253.6
254.4
254.9
254.2
325.0
232.8
528.3
304.0
-
323.6
232.6
520.0
303.4
319.7
228.9
482.0
303.0
315.5
227.8
437.0
303.3
313.0
227.0
413.3
303.1
312.4
229.3
409.1
303.0
312.5
229.0
411.1
302.9
310.4
230.3
386.6
303.3
309.9
232.1
380.7
303.5
311.5
233.3
393.8
304.0
310.4
229.8
380.5
303.9
310.4
230.9
378.7
304.2
310.5
231.7
381.3
304.0
-
304.3
304.2
304.5
304.3
304.0
303.8
304.1
304.2
304.7
304.9
305.1
304.8
539.2
230.5
242.3
535.3
232.7
244.5
519.5
230.9
246.9
Intermediate materials less foods and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mar.
288.0
283.4
271.6
306.1
235.0
459.2
1 Crude nonfood materials except fuel.
Feb.
291.9
288.4
272.0
Supplies.....................................................
Crude energy materials................................
Crude materials less energy .......................
Crude nonfood materials less energy.........
Jan.
296.0
293.8
275.0
293.7
291.8
271.2
Crude materials for further processing
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs .......................
Nonfood materials1...................................
Intermediate foods and feeds.....................
Intermediate energy goods .........................
Intermediate goods less energy ..................
Intermediate materials less foods and
energy.........................................................
_
288.9
284.1
274.8
315.2
548.9
311.2
284.2
Special groupings
Finished goods, excluding foods.................
Finished energy goods ................................
Finished goods less energy........................
Finished consumer goods less energy.......
Finished goods less food and energy ........
Finished consumer goods less food and
energy.........................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food and
energy.........................................................
1986
305.2
748.1
233.2
249.7
-
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
732.8
229.8
245.8
662.9
226.5
246.5
614.5
224.7
247.9
577.0
221.9
249.1
570.6
229.2
249.3
563.9
227.3
250.1
- Data not available.
528.8
232.8
250.0
520.4
232.4
235.9
544.1
228.5
239.2
34.
Producer Price indexes, by durability of product
(1967=100)
Annual average
1986
Grouping
1985
Total durable goods ....................................
Total nondurable goods...............................
297.3
317.2
Total manufactures......................................
Durable......................................................
Nondurable ................................................
304.3
298.1
310.5
Total raw or slightly processed goods .......
Durable......................................................
Nondurable................................................
327.9
252.2
332.4
1986
-
“
_
”
_
-
'
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
298.1
316.8
298.4
308.4
298.6
300.7
299.7
296.0
299.6
297.9
299.7
297.7
300.0
294.5
299.9
294.2
299.2
295.6
302.3
294.2
302.5
294.6
302.1
294.0
304.8
299.0
310.6
301.1
299.3
302.9
297.3
299.4
294.9
296.1
300.5
291.2
296.7
300.4
292.6
296.9
300.5
293.0
295.2
300.9
289.1
295.5
300.8
289.7
296.2
300.1
292.0
297.0
303.2
290.2
297.2
303.4
290.5
297.2
302.9
290.9
326.0
248.2
330.6
316.3
251.2
320.2
310.3
252.4
313.6
303.0
253.1
305.8
306.2
252.1
309.3
304.2
251.2
307.2
303.2
249.6
306.2
300.4
252.0
303.0
299.2
253.2
301.7
298.8
252.0
301.4
299.9
254.3
302.4
296.3
254.7
298.4
- Data not available.
35.
Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1967 = 100)
In d e x
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
181.7
180.7
184.6
195.9
194.9
199.2
217.7
217.9
216.5
247.0
248.9
239.8
269.8
271.3
264.3
280.7
281.0
279.4
285.2
284.6
287.2
291.1
290.3
294.0
293.7
291.8
300.5
F in is h e d g o o d s :
Total ....................................................................
Consumer g oods.............................................
Capital equipment ...........................................
I n t e r m e d i a t e m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d
c o m p o n e n ts :
Total ....................................................................
Materials and components for
manufacturing.................................................
Materials and components for construction ....
Processed fuels and lubricants ......................
Containers .......................................................
Supplies...........................................................
201.5
215.6
243.2
280.3
306.0
310.4
312.3
320.0
318.7
195.4
203.4
282.5
188.3
188.7
208.7
224.7
295.3
202.8
198.5
234.4
247.4
364.8
226.8
218.2
265.7
268.3
503.0
254.5
244.5
286.1
287.6
595.4
276.1
263.8
289.8
293.7
591.7
285.6
272.1
293.4
301.8
564.8
286.6
277.1
301.8
310.3
566.2
302.3
283.4
299.5
315.2
548.9
311.2
284.2
209.2
192.1
245.0
372.1
234.4
216.2
272.3
426.8
274.3
247.9
330.0
507.6
304.6
259.2
401.0
615.0
329.0
257.4
482.3
751.2
319.5
247.8
473.9
886.1
323.6
252.2
477.4
931.5
330.8
259.5
484.5
931.3
306.1
235.0
459.2
909.6
C r u d e m a t e r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g :
Total ....................................................................
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ...............................
Nonfood materials except fuel .......................
Fuel .................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
36.
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
U.S. export price indexes by Standard international Trade Classification
(June 1977 = 100, unless otherwise indicated)
C a te g o ry
Mar.
ALL COMMODITIES (9/83 = 100)...............................................
June
1986
1985
1984
1974
SITO
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
100.2
101.5
99.3
98.1
97.5
97.5
96.5
96.7
Mar.
June
Sept.
97.0
96.7
95.1
Food (3/83 = 100)........................................................................
Meat (3/83 = 100)......................................................................
Fish (3/83 = 100) .......................................................................
Grain and grain preparations (3/80 = 100) ...............................
Vegetables and fruit (3/83 = 100) .............................................
Feedstuffs for animals (3/83 = 100)..........................................
Misc. food products (3/83 = 100)..............................................
0
01
03
04
05
08
09
106.2
108.9
99.8
102.7
116.2
106.9
104.9
109.6
108.7
98.7
107.4
126.9
98.8
110.6
103.5
105.6
98.0
101.2
125.6
83.5
109.5
96.5
104.4
98.7
92.9
114.7
82.4
108.4
95.8
103.9
101.0
92.4
119.5
72.8
110.6
94.0
104.7
103.6
90.3
120.2
68.6
109.2
90.2
106.1
102.6
82.6
126.9
75.7
108.1
93.6
112.2
101.8
87.1
118.9
83.4
107.7
90.5
111.5
102.2
82.1
115.3
88.5
106.0
89.5
114.7
106.2
79.1
125.8
85.5
104.7
77.2
122.0
111.2
59.0
131.4
90.2
106.6
Beverages and tobacco (6/83 = 100).......................................
Beverages (9/83 = 100)............................................................
Tobacco and tobacco products (6/83 = 100)...........................
1
11
12
101.6
102.3
101.6
101.9
102.9
101.8
102.8
103.3
102.7
101.3
103.7
101.1
99.9
104.0
99.5
100.1
105.3
99.6
99.7
101.8
99.5
98.6
100.9
98.4
95.6
101.9
95.1
96.5
103.0
95.9
96.3
102.2
95.8
Crude materials (6 /83=100)....................................................
Raw hides and skins (6/80 = 100) ...........................................
Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit (9/77 = 100)..............................
Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) (9/83 = 100)
W ood.........................................................................................
Pulp and waste paper (6/83 = 100) .........................................
Textile fibers.............................................................................
Crude fertilizers and minerals..................................................
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap .........................................
2
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
112.5
145.6
93.9
103.3
131.1
112.5
120.5
146.6
100.2
118.3
154.7
104.3
106.0
129.4
122.1
125.6
147.7
98.5
105.2
153.7
79.9
104.1
123.8
120.8
109.4
163.0
93.2
101.4
133.6
74.8
104.0
125.4
114.2
106.7
163.2
92.4
97.5
121.0
71.0
106.4
128.7
100.5
102.4
165.6
89.2
96.8
126.2
71.2
106.3
125.7
96.1
105.8
167.9
82.0
93.3
129.0
64.2
107.1
124.5
93.8
103.6
169.4
80.1
92.5
139.9
63.9
106.0
128.1
92.7
97.7
165.5
78.7
95.8
138.9
66.9
106.0
128.7
98.8
101.6
168.0
83.4
95.6
148.9
65.8
106.1
128.7
109.7
98.6
166.1
80.5
92.3
138.0
64.5
105.3
129.7
120.7
74.7
164.3
84.6
3
99.1
99.7
99.7
99.7
100.1
99.2
97.6
96.6
91.9
86.7
85.7
Fixed vegetable oils and fats (6/83 = 100).....
4
42
129.8
133.2
164.5
176.4
145.7
159.0
147.9
156.7
142.0
152.9
144.5
164.8
114.5
128.8
101.4
108.7
90.8
95.4
84.4
95.3
76.5
80.8
(3/83 = 100) .......................
Organic chemicals (12/83 = 100) ......
Fertilizers, manufactured (3/83 = 100)
5
51
56
101.4
100.2
108.3
99.7
101.0
96.9
98.3
97.4
97.4
97.7
94.7
94.8
97.0
93.8
92.5
96.8
96.5
87.9
97.1
97.1
89.8
96.6
95.4
90.0
96.5
93.5
88.6
95.4
89.3
84.0
93.1
88.0
77.4
101.0
83.5
146.7
150.2
95.9
94.2
103.1
101.3
81.2
147.5
154.7
96.1
92.9
104.5
102.0
80.8
148.9
160.0
96.8
90.4
105.1
100.4
79.0
148.5
159.5
96.5
82.5
105.0
99.4
82.5
150.2
155.0
95.5
79.7
105.4
99.2
79.2
149.0
151.6
95.3
79.6
105.2
99.2
75.9
148.3
149.6
95.9
79.8
105.4
99.1
78.5
148.7
148.2
98.2
78.2
104.4
100.3
77.8
151.0
152.2
98.4
80.2
105.3
101.2
82.5
150.0
158.7
99.4
79.1
105.5
102.2
84.2
150.4
165.3
100.2
79.4
105.6
67
68
69
7
71
72
73
74
75
76
138.5
158.4
152.3
150.8
148.6
101.4
133.0
110.2
130.2
183.1
139.4
156.9
152.8
151.2
149.0
101.5
132.3
112.6
131.2
187.7
140.1
160.6
153.7
151.7
149.3
99.8
134.4
113.8
131.0
189.6
141.5
167.5
153.4
151.9
150.2
101.4
134.3
114.6
131.8
191.7
142.3
165.3
155.0
153.4
152.4
100.9
133.3
114.9
133.1
195.5
142.9
167.4
155.7
155.1
152.0
100.0
133.3
116.1
133.9
196.6
143.1
167.1
156.0
156.3
152.4
99.9
134.1
115.3
133.8
199.3
143.3
167.5
156.2
158.4
152.2
99.4
134.5
113.8
135.0
200.7
144.0
169.1
155.5
159.0
152.3
99.9
136.5
115.1
135.5
203.3
144.1
169.2
154.7
158.9
153.3
99.2
137.0
114.2
136.4
205.6
144.4
169.5
155.0
160.4
154.4
98.8
137.8
114.2
136.5
206.0
77
78
79
100.6
101.9
171.8
100.4
102.1
172.0
100.7
103.9
175.8
99.3
103.4
171.7
99.5
104.7
175.5
100.4
104.7
178.3
100.3
105.0
178.7
100.3
105.3
178.8
102.6
103.4
104.1
182.1
183.8
183.8
131.6
132.9
132.7
M in e r a l fu e ls
A n im a l a n d v e g e t a b le s o ils , fa t s , a n d w a x e s
C h e m ic a ls
(9/81 = 100)
Leather and furskins (9 /7 9 =10 0 )...........................
Rubber manufactures .............................................
Paper and paperboard products (6/78 = 1 00).......
Iron and steel (3/82=100) .....................................
Nonferrous metals (9/81=100) .............................
Metal manufactures, n.e.s. (3/82 = 100) ................
In t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts
6
61
62
64
_
-
M a c h in e r y a n d tr a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t , e x c lu d in g m ilita r y
(12/78 = 100) ...........................................
Power generating machinery and equipment (12/78 = 100) ...........
Machinery specialized for particular industries (9/78 = 100) ...........
Metalworking machinery (6/78=100) ..............................................
General industrial machines and parts n.e.s. 9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 )...............
Office machines and automatic data processing equipment ..........
Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing equipment
Electrical machinery and equipment................................................
Road vehicles and parts (3/80 = 100).............................................
Other transport equipment, excl. military and commercial aviation
a n d c o m m e r c ia l a ir c r a f t
O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r e d a r t ic le s ..............................................................................
Apparel (9/83 = 100)........................................................................
Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus
Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches and
clocks (12/77 = 100).......................................................................
Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s.
G o ld , n o n - m o n e t a r y ( 6 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 )
- Data not available.
82
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8
132.0
131.3
132.7
130.3
128.0
129.1
127.5
128.5
84
98.5
97.9
95.2
94.1
92.4
93.1
93.1
92.4
95.6
95.6
97.6
971
95.8
93.5
81.7
79.5
69.1
75.4
77.4
77.5
81.8
82.2
97.5
37. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
(June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated)
1974
SITC
C a te g o ry
A L L C O M M O D IT IE S
(9/82=100).
(9/77 = 100).
M e a t...................
Dairy products and eggs (6/81 == 100)
Fish..........................................................................................
Bakery goods, pasta products, grain and grain preparations
(9/77=100) ...........................................................................
Fruits and vegetables .............................................................
Sugar, sugar preparations, and honey (3 /8 2 = 10 0 )..............
Coffee, tea, cocoa.....................................................
Food
06
1984
Sept.
1985
Dec.
Mar.
27
29
(6/82 = 100)..........
Petroleum and Petroleum products (6/82=100)
F u e ls a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
(9/83=100) ...
Vegetable oils (9/83 = 100).
F a ts a n d o ils
Mar.
June
Sept
93.5
93.0
92.9
94.2
88
83.2
83.8
102.0
98.1
98.5
96.8
98.9
98.4
98.3
97.9
94.9
120.6
99.1
129.7
102.8
131.2
100.5
132.7
113.4
122.7
106.7
139.3
104.7
118.5
107.1
144.8
109.1
126.9
109.4
149.6
132.9
135.4
119.0
60.3
132.8
117.2
118.5
58.4
131.8
127.1
118.4
57.0
132.3
129.4
122.6
56.0
136.3
120.2
123.1
54.4
141.9
131.3
111.9
64.6
146.9
119.4
124.6
85.9
149.2
119.4
69.2
154.0
127.1
123.9
71.8
157.1
154.3
158.0
156.0
162.1
159.1
163.2
161.8
165.5
163.9
165.8
165.5
95.3
75.5
106.3
79.9
98.2
76.9
109.4
100.0
Beverages ....................
23
Dec.
95.7
1Jv). J
Crude rubber (ine. synthetic & reclaimed) (3/84=100)
Wood (9/81 = 100) .........................................................
Pulp and waste paper (12/81 = 1 0 0 ).............................
Crude fertilizers and crude minerals (12/83 = 100) ......
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap (3/84 = 100)..........
Crude vegetable and animal materials, n.e.s.................
Sept.
96.7
B e v e ra g e s a n d to b a c c o
C r u d e m a t e r i a l s .................................................................................
June
121.6
100.6
90.7
99.6
96.3
98.0
100.1
101.1
98.9
83.8
104.0
93.2
98.6
95.6
106.4
94.0
77.6
100.7
84.0
100.3
90.4
104.3
93.6
76.4
106.9
80.4
101.7
87.6
104.9
91.5
68.9
101.6
76.8
102.7
89.5
102.5
91.2
73.2
99.4
75.8
102.1
90.1
102.5
94.2
78.8
104.3
74.9
101.5
94.5
103.6
95.6
104.4
100.4
98.2
104.8
86.9
87.0
85.2
85.2
82.9
83.8
80.9
81.6
79.8
80.3
79.1
80.1
55.3
54.7
37.5
36.1
33.3
31.8
124.4
125.3
114.9
115.3
89.9
89.5
76.7
75.9
57.6
56.2
50.6
48.9
41.4
39.3
39.3
37.4
35.5
33.5
86.0
(9 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )................................................
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products (3/84 = 100)
Manufactured fertilizers (3/84 = 100)..........................
Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. (9/84=100).
54
56
59
98.8
96.4
98.5
100.0
97.1
94.6
92.9
97.5
95.7
91.6
94.2
96.1
94.9
95.1
82.0
95.6
94.5
95.3
80.8
96.9
94.2
96.7
78.5
97.8
94.6
102.9
79.2
99.9
93.3
104.9
79.7
100.3
77.4
101.0
In t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts
(12/77 = 100)
Leather and furskms ...................................................
Rubber manufactures, n.e.s.........................................
Cork and wood manufactures ....................................
Paper and paperboard products .................................
Textiles.....................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s.....................
Iron and steel (9/78=100) .........................................
Nonferrous metals (12/81=100) ................................
Metal manufactures, n.e.s...................................
6
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
137.2
144.0
139.6
126.4
156.1
131.6
156.6
124.7
90.2
119.3
136.8
140.4
140.5
126.1
157.5
132.9
159.4
123.7
87.3
119.3
133.1
135.3
139.5
121.3
157.6
130.4
154.2
121.0
81.9
117.4
132.4
133.3
138.6
121.2
157.2
127.5
151.7
120.1
82.3
117.8
133.6
137.0
137.3
123.4
157.8
126.5
157.6
119.1
83.7
119.5
133.4
141.3
138.1
124.0
156.5
128.1
162.2
118.3
80.4
121.6
134.0
141.6
136.5
130.8
157.1
131.2
164.2
117.3
79.4
124.4
135.6
143.0
137.7
134.3
157.1
132.9
169.6
118.1
78.9
127.8
138.8
147.4
138.1
137.4
157.5
135.4
178.2
119.0
83.5
129.1
Machinery and transport equipment (6/81 = 100)........................
Machinery specialized for particular industries (9/78=100) ...........
Metalworking machinery (3/80=100) ....................................”
General industrial machinery and parts, n.e.s. (6/81 = 100)
Office machines and automatic data processing equipment
(3/80 - 100)........................................................
Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing apparatus
(3/80 = 100)..............................................................
Electrical machinery and equipment (12/81 = 100).........................
Road vehicles and parts (6/81 = 100).......................................
7
72
73
74
102.6
98.8
92.1
92.4
102.9
98.0
89.9
91.3
101.6
96.2
86.3
89.2
102.6
97.0
90.5
91.1
103.5
101.4
94.2
94.3
107.2
104.9
98.1
98.0
111.5
105.0
103.8
115.3
115.4
107.7
109.0
75
94.1
92.2
89.6
89.4
90.3
93.7
96.9
100.8
102.1
76
77
78
93.6
87.0
109.8
91.3
86.4
111.3
90.0
82.1
111.5
88.8
83.9
112.1
88.3
81.4
112.7
88.6
83.1
117.8
89.4
84.5
123.4
91.6
87.5
127.1
93.7
89.5
129.8
8
81
82
84
85
99.7
110.7
138.4
135.4
138.4
100.0
111.6
142.5
138.5
142.5
97.0
113.9
137.4
136.7
137.4
98.0
114.1
136.7
133.9
136.7
99.6
117.8
142.1
134.5
142.1
100.8
115.0
142.7
134.5
142.7
104.8
123.5
142.2
135.3
142.2
109.5
125.5
145.8
137.8
145.8
87
95.6
92.9
89.2
92.3
98.8
102.4
112.5
118.5
88
89
91.2
98.3
91.3
96.3
88.9
91.2
89.5
95.2
91.1
96.4
94.5
97.9
103.2
103.4
106.8
112.3
971
106.4
103.6
90.1
98.3
101.1
101.0
C h e m ic a ls
Misc. manufactured articles (3/80 = 100).........................................
Plumbing, heating, and lighting fixtures (6/80=100) ............
Furniture and parts (6/80 = 100) ..............................
Clothing (9/77=100) ........................................
Footwear...............................................................
Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and
apparatus (12/79 = 100)............................................................
Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches, and
clocks (3/80 = 100)...................................................
Misc. manufactured articles, n.e.s. (6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )...............................
ZZZZZZ
G o ld , n o n - m o n e t a r y ( 6 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112.1
99.3
93.4
110.0
118.1
120.1
110.7
112.8
126.9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
38.
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
(September 1983 = 100 unless otherwise indicated)
C a te g o ry
Sept.
16.294
30.696
21.327
9.368
30.186
7.483
7.467
3.965
3.501
39.
Dec.
88.8
100.5
102.8
95.0
104.6
105.3
101.3
99.4
103.0
1986
1985
1984
Percentage
of 1980
trade
value
83.0
99.1
101.4
93.3
105.6
105.7
100.8
99.3
102.3
Mar.
Sept.
June
81.5
97.6
99.6
92.6
106.2
106.7
100.9
99.1
102.7
80.9
97.2
99.5
91.6
106.6
108.0
101.1
99.2
103.0
76.2
96.5
98.7
91.1
106.6
108.1
101.9
100.4
103.3
Dec.
77.5
95.9
97.9
91.0
106.6
109.2
101.4
99.5
103.3
Mar.
75.5
96.0
97.5
92.5
107.4
109.5
103.7
101.8
105.5
June
74.7
94.9
96.1
91.9
107.5
110.4
104.5
101.8
107.2
Sept.
66.0
93.4
93.7
92.5
107.6
110.8
104.5
102.1
106.9
U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
(December 1982 = 100)
C a te g o r y
Foods, feeds, and beverages .......................................................
Petroleum and petroleum products, excl. natural g a s ..................
Raw materials, excluding petroleum .............................................
Raw materials, nondurable .........................................................
Raw materials, durable...............................................................
Capital goods.................................................................................
Automotive vehicles, parts and engines.......................................
Consumer goods............................................................................
Durable .................................................................... ...................
Nondurable..................................................................................
40.
Per
centage
of 1980
trade
value
7.477
31.108
19.205
9.391
9.814
13.164
11.750
14.250
5.507
8.743
1984
Sept.
105.6
87.5
102.5
101.7
103.3
98.0
104.0
100.6
98.8
103.0
1985
Dec.
101.8
85.7
101.1
100.7
101.6
97.8
105.2
101.1
98.5
104.6
Mar.
June
102.1
84.4
96.3
95.0
97.7
94.8
105.4
99.5
97.0
103.0
100.4
82.1
95.8
93.9
97.8
96.3
105.9
99.4
97.0
102.5
1986
Sept.
99.0
80.9
95.4
93.5
97.4
97.6
106.4
101.0
98.9
103.9
Dec.
106.0
80.5
93.9
91.8
96.2
100.0
111.4
102.4
100.7
104.7
Mar.
115.8
55.4
94.5
91.1
98.1
102.8
115.6
104.5
103.4
106.0
June
108.2
36.8
94.0
89.7
98.7
106.7
119.0
106.5
106.5
106.6
U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1
1984
1986
1985
In d u s tr y g r o u p
Sept.
Manufacturing:
Food and kindred products (6/83-100) ..........................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
(6 /8 3 -1 0 0 ).....................................................................
Furniture and fixtures (9/83-100) ...................................
Paper and allied products (3 /8 1 -1 0 0 ).............................
Chemicals and allied products (1 2 /8 4 -1 0 0 )....................
Petroleum and coal products (12/83 —100).....................
Primary metal products (3/82—100) .................................
Machinery, except electrical (9 /7 8 -1 0 0 ).........................
Electrical machinery (12/80-100) ...................................
Transportation equipment (1 2 /7 8 -1 0 0 )...........................
Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks
(6/77-100) .....................................................................
1 SIC - based classification.
84
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
105.6
103.3
99.5
99.5
96.7
98.1
97.0
95.0
95.2
97.0
103.5
106.1
101.3
100.7
100.0
138.0
110.7
157.7
97.9
104.9
103.6
100.7
100.4
95.8
139.9
111.1
158.8
99.9
105.2
97.1
100.3
101.3
91.2
140.4
111.3
160.4
99.5
106.5
94.7
99.6
102.7
92.7
140.5
112.4
161.8
98.3
107.1
93.2
99.7
102.0
93.6
140.6
111.9
162.6
101.2
108.4
92.1
99.2
99.1
93.6
140.5
111.2
164.1
101.5
109.2
95.7
98.9
93.5
96.4
140.6
112.6
165.1
101.2
109.7
101.5
98.3
83.1
96.6
140.3
112.3
166.8
102.1
110.1
106.4
96.2
83.1
101.6
140.5
112.5
167.1
156.0
153.0
154.9
156.6
156.2
156.7
159.7
161.2
161.5
Sept.
112.3
32.3
95.3
89.5
101.4
109.4
121.0
110.1
111.2
108.6
41. U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification
1984
19
1986
In d u s t r y g r o u p
Sept.
Manufacturing:
Food and kindred products (6/77 = 100)
Textile mill products (9/82 = 100)......
Apparel and related products (6/77=100)
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
(6 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )......................
Furniture and fixtures (6/80=100)
Paper and allied products (6/77 = 100)......
Chemicals and allied products (9/82=100)
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
(12/8 0=1 0 0 )...............
Leather and leather products .............
Primary metal products (6/81=100) .....
Fabricated metal products (12/84 = 100)
Machinery, except electrical (3/80 = 100)
Electrical machinery (9/84=100)..
Transportation equipment (6/81 =100)
Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks
(12/7 9=1 0 0 ).....................
Miscellaneous manufactured commodities
(9/82=100) ........................
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
124.1
104.3
133.9
122.6
104.7
138.2
118.8
102.8
135.6
115 0
101 0
133.0
114.2
100.4
133.9
134.4
117.3
96.2
146.1
99.8
120.0
95.6
145.5
98.2
116.3
93.9
141.5
95.3
120.6
96 1
139 8
93.9
117.5
97.7
138.7
93.3
97.8
141.6
88.3
98.0
144.2
86.6
100.0
94.1
98.6
112.9
96.9
139.1
82.2
99.0
91.8
95.1
113.1
96 7
138 9
83 0
99 1
93 4
95 8
114.2
96.6
94.5
114.8
_
95.5
100.0
110.7
115.1
June
Sept.
117.7
104.7
133.4
115.6
106.4
135.1
118.1
107.4
137.8
115.8
98.2
137.4
95.8
122.1
101.2
124.8
103.5
139.4
127.9
105.4
142.2
103.8
96.6
142.3
83.4
97.5
144.0
81.9
101.0
102.6
100.0
95.8
119.6
100.9
145.8
82.0
104.9
105.5
97.0
123.9
101.8
137.6
98.6
102.1
101.9
147.7
86.4
110.3
112.5
100.6
144.6
82.4
108.5
108.9
100.2
102.6
128.0
130.4
94.4
93.2
90.7
91.7
94.6
98.8
103.9
109.1
113.7
95.8
96.4
95.1
95.1
96.6
98.7
99.9
101.7
106.9
' SIC • based Massification.
_ Data nof avai,ab|e
42. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
(1977=100)
Annual
average
Quarterly Indexes
Item
1986
II
III
B u s in e s s :
Output per hour of all persons
Compensation per hour..........
Real compensation per hour ...
Unit labor c o sts ......................
Unit nonlabor payments.........
Implicit price deflator ..............
105.3
168.1
98.1
159.7
156.3
158.5
104.9
165.9
98.1
158.2
154.1
156.7
105.6
167.1
97.9
158.3
156.7
157.7
105.5
169.0
98.1
160.2
157.0
159.0
105.5
170.6
98.2
161.7
157.7
160.3
105.7
172.3
98.4
163.1
158.3
161.4
106.4
174.5
98.7
164.0
160.0
162.6
107.3
176.4
99.1
164.4
161.4
163.4
106.4
178.0
99.0
167.3
159.6
164.6
107.3
179.1
99.2
167.0
162.2
165.3
107.4
180.4
100.3
168.0
161.9
165.8
107.4
181.7
100.4
169.1
163.7
167.2
104.3
167.9
98.0
161.0
156.1
159.3
103.9
165.6
97.9
159.4
153.2
157.2
104.6
166.9
97.8
159.5
156.4
158.4
104.4
168.7
98.0
161.5
157.2
160.0
104.3
170.4
98.1
163.3
157.9
161.4
104.4
172.1
98.2
164.8
158.9
162.7
104.9
174.0
98.4
165.9
160.8
164.1
105.4
175.4
98.5
166.3
163.0
165.2
104.5
177.0
98.4
169.3
160.3
166.2
105.6
178.3
98.8
168.8
163.9
167.1
105.7
179.3
99.8
169.6
163.7
167.5
105.8
180.4
99.7
170.5
165.9
168.9
105.6
165.9
96.8
161.5
157.0
174.6
133.4
160.1
158.1
105.3
163.6
96.8
159.4
155.4
171.1
134.4
158.3
156.4
105.9
164.8
96.6
160.1
155.7
173.1
138.5
161.0
157.5
105.5
166.6
96.7
162.6
157.9
176.4
130.3
160.3
158.7
105.8
168.3
96.8
163.8
159.1
177.5
130.5
161.0
159.8
106.0
169.9
97.0
164.9
160.3
178.5
129.3
161.3
160.6
106.5
171.6
97.0
165.8
161.1
179.8
130.2
162.5
161.6
107.8
173.1
97.2
165.0
160.5
178.3
141.7
165.5
162.2
107.0
174.5
97.0
167.2
163.0
179.8
131.2
162.8
162.9
106.9
175.4
97.1
168.3
164.0
181.1
131.7
163.8
164.0
106.8
176.1
97.9
168.6
164.8
179.9
132.3
163.2
164.3
106.9
176.8
97.7
169.8
165.4
182.8
134.4
165.9
165.6
116.6
168.2
98.1
144.2
114.7
165.4
97.8
144.1
115.7
166.8
97.8
144.2
117.8
169.1
98.2
143.5
118.2
171.5
98.7
145.1
119.3
173.8
99.2
145.7
121.7
175.6
99.3
144.3
123.0
178.1
122.9
179.3
99.7
145.8
123.7
180.2
99.8
145.7
124.7
181.4
100.9
145.5
125.8
182.5
100.9
145.0
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s :
Output per hour of all persons
Compensation per hour..........
Real compensation per hour ...
Unit labor costs ......................
Unit nonlabor payments .........
Implicit price deflator ..............
N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
Output per hour of all employees
Compensation per hour...............
Real compensation per h o u r......
Total unit costs............................
Unit labor costs ........................
Unit nonlabor co sts...................
Unit profits...................................
Unit nonlabor payments ..............
Implicit price deflator ..................
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
Output per hour of all persons
Compensation per hour..........
Real compensation per hour ...
Unit labor costs ......................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.0
144.8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
43.
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Productivity Data
Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
(1977=100)
1976
1974
1973
1970
1960
Item
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
P r iv a te b u s in e s s
Productivity:
Inputs:
67.3
102.4
78.2
55.3
88.4
102.0
92.9
80.2
95.9
105.3
99.1
93.0
93.8
98.8
95.6
91.2
98.4
97.2
98.0
94.5
100.8
102.0
101.2
105.8
99.5
99.8
99.7
107.9
99.2
94.2
97.4
106.6
100.6
92.4
97.7
108.9
100.3
86.6
95.2
105.4
103.0
88.3
97.6
109.9
105.4
92.4
100.6
118.9
82.2
54.0
70.7
65.7
90.8
78.7
86.3
86.7
96.9
88.3
93.8
91.1
97.2
92.4
95.5
95.0
96.1
97.2
96.5
101.2
105.0
103.8
104.5
98.8
108.4
108.0
108.2
99.7
107.5
113.1
109.4
105.3
108.2
117.8
111.5
108.8
105.2
121.7
110.7
115.7
106.7
124.4
112.6
116.7
112.8
128.7
118.1
114.1
70.7
103.7
80.9
54.4
89.2
102.8
93.7
79.9
96.4
106.0
99.6
92.9
94.3
99.2
96.0
91.1
98.5
97.3
98.1
94.4
100.8
101.9
101.2
106.0
99.2
99.0
99.1
107.9
98.7
93.4
96.9
106.6
99.6
91.1
96.7
108.4
99.1
85.1
94.1
104.8
102.4
87.3
97.0
110.0
104.3
90.9
99.6
118.9
77.0
52.5
67.3
68.2
89.6
77.7
85.3
86.8
96.3
87.6
93.3
91.0
96.6
91.9
95.0
95.1
95.8
97.0
96.2
101.3
105.1
104.0
104.7
98.9
108.8
109.0
108.9
100.1
108.0
114.1
110.0
105.6
108.8
119.0
112.2
109.4
105.7
123.2
111.4
116.5
107.4
126.1
113.5
117.4
114.0
130.8
119.4
114.7
62.2
102.5
71.9
52.5
80.8
98.6
85.2
78.6
93.4
111.4
97.9
96.3
90.6
101.2
93.3
91.7
97.1
96.2
96.8
93.1
101.5
102.1
101.7
106.0
101.4
99.7
101.0
108.1
101.4
91.2
98.7
103.2
103.6
89.2
99.8
104.8
105.9
81.8
99.2
98.4
112.0
86.9
105.1
104.7
116.6
94.4
110.7
116.0
84.4
51.2
73.0
60.7
97.3
79.7
92.2
82.0
103.1
86.4
98.4
83.8
101.2
90.6
98.3
89.5
95.9
96.7
96.1
100.9
104.4
103.7
104.2
99.4
106.5
108.4
107.0
101.7
101.7
113.1
104.5
111.2
101.1
117.5
105.0
116.2
92.9
120.3
99.2
129.4
93.5
120.6
99.7
129.0
99.5
122.9
104.8
123.6
P r iv a te n o n f a r m b u s in e s s
Productivity:
Inputs:
M a n u fa c tu r in g
Productivity:
Inputs:
Combined units of labor and capital inputs......
I
44.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
(1977 = 100)
Item
Output per hour of all persons.............................
Compensation per hour........................................
Real compensation per h o u r................................
Unit nonlabor payments .......................................
Implicit price deflator ............................................
1960
1970
1973
1974
1976
Unit nonlabor payments .......................................
Implicit price deflator ............................................
Unit nonlabor payments .......................................
Implicit price deflator ............................................
Unit nonlabor Dayments .......................................
Implicit price deflator ............................................
86
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
95.9
70.9
96.7
73.9
72.5
73.4
93.9
77.6
95.4
82.7
76.4
80.5
98.3
92.8
98.7
94.3
93.3
94.0
100.8
108.5
100.8
107.6
106.7
107.3
99.6
119.1
99.4
119.5
112.5
117.0
99.3
131.5
96.7
132.5
118.7
127.6
100.7
143.7
95.7
142.7
134.6
139.8
100.3
154.9
97.3
154.5
136.6
148.1
103.0
161.5
98.2
156.8
146.3
153.0
105.3
168.1
98.1
159.7
156.3
158.5
106.4
1 /5.3
98.8
164.8
159.7
163.0
71.0
35.3
72.3
49.7
46.3
48.5
89.3
58.2
90.8
65.2
60.0
63.4
96.4
71.2
97.1
73.9
69.3
72.3
94.3
78.0
95.9
82.7
74.0
79.7
98.5
92.8
98.8
94.3
93.0
93.8
100.8
108.6
100.9
107.7
105.6
107.0
99.3
118.9
99.2
119.7
110.5
116.5
98.8
131.3
96.6
132.9
118.5
127.8
99.8
143.6
95.7
144.0
133.5
140.3
99.2
154.8
97.2
156.0
136.5
149.2
102.4
161.5
98.2
157.7
148.1
154.3
104.3
167.9
98.0
161.0
156.1
159.3
104.8
174.6
98.4
166.7
160.6
164.6
73.4
36.9
75.5
50.2
51.5
50.7
91.1
59.2
92.4
65.0
60.1
63.3
97.5
71.6
97.6
73.4
68.9
71.9
94.6
78.2
96.1
82.6
73.1
79.4
98.4
92.9
98.9
94.3
93.8
94.2
100.6
108.4
100.7
107.8
104.4
106.6
99.8
118.7
99.1
119.0
108.4
115.4
99.1
131.1
96.4
132.3
118.6
127.6
99.6
143.3
95.5
143.8
137.8
141.7
100.4
154.3
96.9
153.8
142.1
149.8
103.5
159.9
97.3
154.5
152.1
153.7
105.6
165.9
96.8
157.0
160.1
158.1
106.8
172.3
97.0
161.2
163.0
161.8
62.2
36.5
74.8
58.7
60.0
59.1
80.8
57.4
89.5
71.0
64.1
69.0
93.4
68.8
93.8
73.7
70.7
72.8
90.6
76.2
93.6
84.1
67.7
79.3
97.1
92.1
98.1
94.9
93.5
94.5
101.5
108 2
100.5
106.6
101.9
105.2
101.4
118.6
99.1
117.0
98.9
111.7
101.4
132.4
97.4
130.6
97.8
121.0
103.6
145.2
96.7
140.1
111.8
131.8
105.9
157.5
98.9
148.7
114.0
138.6
112.0
162.4
98.8
145.0
128.5
140.2
116.6
168.2
98.1
144.2
136.9
142.1
121.7
176.7
99.5
145.1
134.4
142.0
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
Output per hour of all persons.............................
Compensation per hour........................................
Real compensation per h o u r................................
1980
88.4
57.8
90.2
65.4
59.4
63.2
N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
Output per hour of all employees........................
Compensation per hour........................................
Real compensation per h o u r................................
1979
67.6
33.6
68.9
49.7
46.4
48.5
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s :
Output per hour of all persons.............................
Compensation per hour........................................
Real compensation per h o u r................................
1978
45.
Unemployment rates in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
1986
1985
Annual average
Country
1984
1985
II
I
III
IV
II
I
III
T o t a l la b o r f o r c e b a s is
United States....................................
Canada ..............................................
Australia ............................................
Japan ................................................
7.4
11.2
8.9
2.7
7.1
10.4
8.2
2.6
7.2
11.0
8.5
2.6
7.1
10.5
8.4
2.5
7.1
10.2
8.1
2.6
7.0
10.1
7.8
2.9
7.0
9.7
7.9
2.6
7.0
9.5
France ...............................................
Germany............................................
Great Britain .....................................
Italy 2 ..............................................
Sweden .............................................
9.7
7.6
12.8
5.8
3.1
10.1
7.7
13.0
5.9
2.8
10.2
7.7
12.9
5.8
3.0
10.1
7.8
13.0
5.7
2.9
10.2
7.7
13.2
5.9
2.7
9.9
7.7
12.8
6.2
2.7
10.0
7.6
13.0
6.2
2.8
10.3
7.5
13.1
6.3
2.6
10.4
7.3
6.0
2.6
United States....................................
Canada ..............................................
Australia ............................................
Japan....... .........................................
7.5
11.3
9.0
2.8
7.2
10.5
8.3
2.6
7.3
11.1
8.6
2.6
7.2
10.6
8.5
2.6
7.2
10.2
8.2
2.7
7.1
10.1
7.9
2.9
7.1
9.7
8.0
2.7
7.1
9.6
6.9
9.7
France ...............................................
Germany............................................
Great Britain .....................................
Italy ...................................................
Sweden .............................................
9.9
7.8
12.9
5.9
3.1
10.4
7.9
13.1
6.0
2.8
10.5
7.9
13.1
5.9
3.0
10.4
7.9
13.2
5.8
2.9
10.4
7.9
13.4
6.0
2.8
10.1
7.8
13.0
6.3
2.7
10.2
7.8
13.1
6.3
2.8
-
6.8
9.6
-
2.8
-
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e b a s is
1 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter.
2 Major changes in the Italian labor force survey, Intro
duced In 1977, resulted in a large Increase In persons enu
merated as unemployed. However, many persons reported
that they had not actively sought work in the past 30 days,
and they have been provisionally excluded for comparability
with U.S. concepts. Inclusion of such persons would more
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
-
2.8
-
10.5
7.6
13.3
6.5
2.6
-
10.7
7.5
6.1
2.6
than double the Italian unemployment rate shown.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and Great
Britain are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors
to current published data and therefore should be viewed as
less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. con
cepts than the annual figures.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
46.
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
International Comparisons Data
Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status and country
1982
1983
1984
1985
108,670
11,904
6,810
56,320
22,930
26,650
25,870
21,410
5,500
4,326
110,204
11,958
6,910
56,980
23,150
26,710
25,880
21,450
5,560
4,350
111,550
12,183
6,997
58,110
23,130
26,740
26,010
21,610
5,720
4,369
113,544
12,399
7,133
58,480
23,290
26,880
26,530
21,680
5,740
4,385
115,461
12,639
7,272
58,820
23,330
27,090
26,960
21,800
5,690
4,418
63.8
64.1
62.2
62.6
57.2
53.2
63.2
48.0
50.0
67.0
63.9
64.8
62.0
62.6
57.1
52.9
62.2
48.0
51.3
66.8
64.0
64.1
61.8
62.7
57.1
52.7
61.9
47.4
51.2
66.8
64.0
64.4
61.5
63.1
56.6
52.5
61.9
47.2
52.1
66.7
64.4
64.8
61.5
62.7
56.6
52.6
62.7
47.3
52.0
66.8
64.8
65.2
61.8
62.3
56.4
53.2
63.6
47.2
51.2
67.2
98,824
10,395
6,111
54,040
21,300
25,470
24,360
20,100
4,830
4,174
99,303
10,708
6,284
54,600
21,320
25,750
24,100
20,380
4,960
4,226
100,397
11,006
6,416
55,060
21,200
25,560
23,190
20,480
4,990
4,218
99,526
10,644
6,415
55,620
21,230
25,130
22,820
20,430
4,930
4,213
100,834
10,734
6,300
56,550
21,170
24,750
22,680
20,470
4,890
4,218
105,005
11,000
6,490
56,870
20,980
24,790
23,100
20,390
4,880
4,249
107,150
11,311
6,670
57,260
20,910
24,960
23,420
20,490
4,890
4,293
59.3
57.5
58.1
61.3
54.4
51.5
59.4
45.9
46.3
64.6
59.9
58.7
57.9
61.4
54.0
51.7
59.8
45.9
46.4
65.3
59.2
59.3
58.4
61.3
53.5
51.7
58.9
46.1
46.9
65.6
59.0
59.9
58.4
61.2
52.8
50.8
55.8
45.9
46.5
65.1
57.8
57.0
57.3
61.2
52.3
49.6
54.6
45.2
45.4
64.7
57.9
56.7
55.4
61.4
51.8
48.6
54.0
44.7
44.5
64.4
59.5
57.4
56.0
61.0
51.0
48.5
54.6
44.5
44.2
64.7
60.1
58.4
56.6
60.6
50.5
49.0
55.2
44.4
44.0
65.3
6,991
849
358
1,100
1,120
900
1,590
740
250
75
6,202
908
405
1,240
1,210
870
1,580
760
260
94
6,137
836
408
1,170
1,370
780
1,350
810
270
88
7,637
865
409
1,140
1,470
770
1,770
830
330
86
8,273
898
394
1,260
1,730
1,090
2,680
920
510
108
10,678
1,314
495
1,360
1,920
1,580
3,060
1,020
630
137
10,717
1,448
697
1,560
1,960
1,990
3,330
1,140
830
151
8,539
1,399
642
1,610
2,310
2,090
3,430
1,280
860
136
8,312
1,328
602
1,560
2,420
2,130
3,540
1,310
800
125
7.1
8.1
5.6
2.0
5.0
3.5
6.3
3.6
5.0
1.8
6.1
8.3
6.3
2.3
5.4
3.4
6.2
3.7
5.2
2.2
5.8
7.4
6.3
2.1
6.0
3.0
5.3
3.9
5.3
2.1
7.1
7.5
6.1
2.0
6.4
2.9
6.8
3.9
6.2
2.0
7.6
7.5
5.8
2.2
7.5
4.1
10.4
4.3
9.3
2.5
9.7
11.0
7.2
2.4
8.3
5.9
11.8
4.8
11.3
3.1
9.6
11.9
10.0
2.7
8.5
7.4
12.8
5.3
14.5
3.5
7.5
11.3
9.0
2.8
9.9
7.8
12.9
5.9
15.0
3.1
7.2
10.5
8.3
2.6
10.4
7.9
13.1
6.0
14.1
2.8
1978
1979
1980
99,009
10,500
6,358
53,820
22,300
25,870
25,430
20,530
4,950
4,168
102,251
10,895
6,443
54,610
22,470
26,000
25,620
20,630
5,010
4,203
104,962
11,231
6,519
55,210
22,670
26,250
25,710
20,910
5,100
4,262
106,940
11,573
6,693
55,740
22,790
26,520
25,870
21,210
5,290
4,312
61.6
61.1
62.7
62.4
57.3
53.8
63.2
47.8
49.1
66.0
62.3
61.6
62.7
62.5
57.6
53.4
63.2
48.0
49.0
65.9
63.2
62.7
62.0
62.8
57.5
53.3
63.3
47.7
48.8
66.1
63.7
63.4
61.7
62.7
57.5
53.3
63.2
47.8
49.0
66.6
88,752
9,477
5,946
52,020
21,010
25,010
23,810
19,600
4,630
4,083
92,017
9,651
6,000
52,720
21,180
24,970
23,840
19,800
4,700
4,093
96,048
9,987
6,038
53,370
21,260
25,130
24,040
19,870
4,750
4,109
56.8
56.7
59.7
61.1
54.8
52.0
59.5
46.1
46.5
64.9
57.9
56.6
59.2
61.2
54.7
51.6
59.3
46.3
46.5
64.8
7,406
726
298
1,080
990
890
1,480
700
260
66
7.7
7.1
4.8
2.0
4.5
3.4
5.9
3.4
5.3
1.6
1976
1977
96,158
10,203
6,244
53,100
22,000
25,900
25,290
20,300
4,890
4,149
1981
L a b o r fo rc e
P a r t ic ip a t io n r a t e
E m p lo y e d
Australia................................................................
Japan ....................................................................
France...................................................................
Italy........................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la tio n r a tio
Germany...............................................................
Great Britain..........................................................
U n e m p lo y e d
Australia................................................................
Japan ....................................................................
France ...................................................................
Germany...............................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te
Australia................................................................
Japan ....................................................................
France ...................................................................
Germany...............................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47.
Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 12 countries
(1977=100)
Item and country
1960
Output per hour
United S tates........................
Canada ............................
Japan ...................
Belgium .................
Denmark .....................
France...........................
Germany.........................
Italy...........................
Netherlands............
Norway.....................
Sweden.........................
United Kingdom..................
Output
United S tates.....................
Canada ...........................
Japan ..........................
Belgium............................................................................
Denmark..........................................................................
France ...............................................................................
Germany.................
Italy.............................
Netherlands..................................................................
Norway...................
Sweden..........................
United Kingdom................
1970
1973
76.8
64.8
60.0
65.5
69.6
71.2
72.7
64.3
81.7
91.3
83.1
78.7
83.2
82.2
84.0
90.9
81.5
94.6
1974
1976
1977
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.4
104.2
114.8
111.8
106.5
110.3
108.2
110.5
112.3
107.1
110.9
102.2
101.4
101.9
122.7
119.3
112.3
112.0
108.6
116.9
113.9
109.3
112.7
101.2
103.6
104.0
127.2
127.2
114.2
116.4
111.0
121.0
116.9
109.7
113.2
107.9
105.9
101.0
135.0
132.8
114.6
123.5
112.6
123.4
119.4
112.6
116.5
112.7
112.9
107.6
142.3
141.0
117.3
129.3
119.0
126.6
126.1
119.2
125.5
121.2
118.5
111.5
152.2
145.5
118.3
135.0
124.7
135.0
139.3
122.3
132.6
126.2
121.8
115.1
159.9
118.4
140.2
131.9
139.1
125.0
135.2
129.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.1
110.9
113.9
104.2
105.4
106.1
106.6
108.6
106.1
100.3
103.6
100.5
103.2
107.7
124.1
107.2
110.1
106.6
106.6
115.4
106.6
101.3
104.0
91.7
104.8
108.8
129.8
105.9
106.6
105.9
104.9
114.3
106.7
100.1
100.6
86.2
98.4
96.4
137.3
109.1
108.3
106.0
102.4
111.6
105.0
99.8
100.1
86.4
105.6
101.7
148.2
110.7
112.2
107.4
103.5
109.2
105.3
98.8
105.2
88.9
117.9
110.1
165.2
112.8
118.6
108.4
107.4
113.2
110.8
101.3
112.4
92.4
121.0
115.2
175.8
101.4
101.2
101.6
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.5
106.4
99.3
93.2
99.0
96.2
98.5
98.2
94.4
93.6
93.4
98.3
101.7
105.7
101.2
89.9
98.1
95.2
98.1
98.7
93.6
92.6
92.3
90.7
101.1
104.6
102.0
83.3
93.4
91.0
94.6
94.5
91.2
91.3
88.9
79.9
92.9
95.4
101.7
82.1
94.5
85.9
91.0
90.4
88.0
88.6
85.9
76.7
93.5
94.6
104.2
78.5
95.7
83.0
87.0
86.2
83.5
82.9
83.9
73.3
99.5
98.7
108.5
77.5
100.2
80.3
86.2
83.9
79.5
82.8
84.8
73.2
103.3
77.8
85.7
82.9
83.0
84.8
73.3
92.1
89.9
90.7
89.5
90.4
88.9
91.3
84.2
91.9
88.8
91.5
88.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
118.6
118.3
113.4
117.6
123.1
129.3
116.1
134.7
117.0
116.0
120.1
137.7
132.4
130.6
120.7
130.4
135.9
147.5
125.6
160.2
123.6
128.0
133.6
165.8
145.2
151.5
129.8
144.6
149.6
170.3
134.5
197.1
129.1
142.8
148.1
188.9
157.5
167.1
136.6
152.0
162.9
200.8
141.0
237.3
137.5
156.0
158.9
206.4
163.2
179.3
140.7
163.7
174.3
148.4
276.4
144.7
173.5
173.3
222.4
169.1
182.1
144.8
176.6
183.9
246.5
155.3
303.0
152.8
188.3
190.7
237.2
176.6
191.4
148.3
195.5
262.7
164.7
334.0
205.2
205.8
257.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
117.0
113.5
98.8
105.2
115.7
117.3
107.3
121.9
104.1
108.2
108.3
134.7
130.6
128.1
98.4
109.3
121.0
131.7
115.7
137.0
108.5
117.0
118.6
163.8
140.1
145.7
102.0
113.6
131.1
146.3
121.2
162.9
110.4
130.2
130.9
175.1
148.7
165.4
101.2
114.4
142.2
162.6
125.2
192.4
115.2
138.6
136.3
183.1
144.5
166.7
98.9
116.1
148.6
175.0
124.7
218.3
114.7
145.5
138.1
183.5
142.8
163.2
95.1
121.4
155.5
182.5
124.6
224.5
109.7
154.0
143.8
187.9
145.0
166.3
92.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
117.0
103.0
121.3
128.5
132.0
135.5
135.9
129.5
127.4
113.8
112.9
163.9
130.6
116.4
116.8
134.1
129.0
153.4
147.9
141.4
134.2
126.2
125.3
218.3
140.1
129.1
123.8
109.9
110.3
132.2
124.9
126.3
108.9
120.6
115.4
203.1
148.7
142.3
108.8
89.5
102.3
121.5
1,19.7
125.4
105.8
114.2
96.9
183.5
144.5
143.7
111.5
81.3
97.5
112.9
113.4
126.8
98.6
106.1
80.4
159.4
142.8
133.9
107.2
75.3
90.1
102.7
101.6
112.8
83.9
100.4
77.7
143.9
86.5
95.3
85.2
97.7
n i?
yo.o
41.7
49.2
35.4
78.1
82.0
73.3
95.8
95.9
88.6
99.6
97.4
91.8
99.5
99.6
96.1
44.8
55.1
52.6
71.0
84.4
87.0
92.5
95.8
99.5
100.3
100.0
104.0
105.7
99.0
101.4
106.1
Total hours
United S tates.................
Canada .............................
Japan .......................
Belgium...................
Denmark...............................
France ................................
Germany................................
Italy......................
Netherlands.................
Norway................
Sweden...........................
United Kingdom................
127.0
132.4
97.2
123.8
102.3
130.1
125.1
105.3
121.7
107.4
121.8
115.2
107.8
114.4
99.6
119.7
113.2
107.8
109.2
Compensation per hour
United S tates.................
Canada ..................
Japan ...................
Belgium...................
Denmark .................
France..................
Germany................
Italy ..........................
Netherlands.............
Norway.............
Sweden.................
United Kingdom...........
27.1
8.9
13.8
12.6
15.1
18.8
8.3
12.5
15.8
J / .U
46.5
33.9
34.9
36.3
36.6
48.0
26.1
39.0
37.9
59.2
55.1
53.5
56.1
52.3
67.5
43.7
60.5
54.5
68.5
72.3
65.2
67.9
62.0
76.9
54.5
71.9
63.6
nn n
JÜ.Ü
Unit labor costs: National currency basis:
United S tates.............
Canada .................
Japan .....................
Belgium..................
Denmark .......................
France..............................................................
Germany.................
Italy........................
Netherlands..............................................................
Norway.............
Sweden.....................
United Kingdom...........
53.9
38.4
42.0
33.8
41.6
60.6
52.3
58.1
55.4
52.6
64.8
84.1
73.3
83.6
67.4
63.6
79.0
72.8
22.8
38.5
29.0
34.8
27.6
36.0
60.7
46.4
47.7
39.7
48.1
74.3
57.6
57.2
48.2
57.2
81.6
65.2
64.6
59.7
93.5
96.2
93.9
92.1
93.6
94.6
85.1
96.0
89.1
90.0
89.2
Unit labor costs: U S. dollar basis:
United S tates.................
Canada .......................
Japan .....................
Belgium..............
Denmark..................
France..................
Germany..................
Italy...................
Netherlands........ J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway................1.................................................
Sweden...................
United Kingdom.......
58.7
59.0
28.5
30.2
29.5
41.7
25.9
32.5
25.1
21.7
30.1
44.4
70.9
61.7
39.1
42.0
44.4
46.8
42.9
50.6
41.2
34.5
41.1
54.4
73.7
68.8
65.6
62.8
67.2
70.4
70.4
73.1
65.6
53.4
58.7
67.7
84.1
79.7
76.8
72.1
77.9
74.5
79.1
77.6
74.6
62.8
65.1
80.1
94.9
100.7
86.9
87.2
91.5
96.3
87.3
90.5
89.1
86.9
92.3
92.3
_
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22(5.2
122.3
109.0
113.0
115.3
103.7
114.6
95.0
99.3
100.1
110.0
165.1
187.4
124.9
240.1
164.2
152.2
198.1
145.0
129.4
104.2
93.5
102.6
98.6
111.1
101.7
79.1
147.3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
48.
February 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Injury and Illness Data
Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2
Industry and type of case’
1976
1980
1977
P R IV A T E S E C T O R 3
Total cases.............
Lost workday cases
Lost workdays........
A g r ic u ltu r e , fo r e s t r y , a n d fis h in g 3
Total cases.................................................................
Lost workday cases...................................................
Lost workdays.............................................................
M in in g
10.9
Total cases.............
Lost workday cases
Lost workdays........
6.0
128.8
C o n s tr u c tio n
Total cases.................................................
Lost workday ca ses...................................
Lost workdays.............................................
General building contractors:
Total cases.................................................
Lost workday cases ...................................
Lost workdays............................................
Heavy construction contractors:
Total cases.................................................
Lost workday cases ..................................
Lost workdays............................................
Special trade contractors:
Total cases................................................
Lost workday cases..................................
Lost workdays............................................
14.9
6.0
106.0
M a n u fa c tu r in g
Total cases.............
Lost workday cases
Lost workdays........
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products:
Total cases..................................................
Lost workday ca ses....................................
Lost workdays..............................................
Furniture and fixtures:
Total cases..................................................
Lost workday ca ses....................................
Lost workdays..............................................
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Total cases..................................................
Lost workday cases....................................
Lost workdays..............................................
Primary metal Industries:
Total cases..................................................
Lost workday cases....................................
Lost workdays..............................................
Fabricated metal products:
Total cases..................................................
Lost workday ca ses....................................
Lost workdays..............................................
Machinery, except electrical:
Total cases..................................................
Lost workday cases ....................................
Lost workdays.............................................
Electric and electronic equipment:
Total cases.................................................
Lost workday cases...................................
Lost workdays.............................................
Transportation equipment:
Total cases.................................................
Lost workday ca ses...................................
Lost workdays.............................................
Instruments and related products:
Total cases.................................................
Lost workday ca ses...................................
Lost workdays.............................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
Total cases.................................................
Lost workday cases ...................................
Lost workdays.............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
90
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.7
22.3
10.4
178.0
10.8
175.9
18.9
6.8
124.2
109.8
50
51.9
48. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2
industry ana type ot case'
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s
Food and kindred products:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday cases..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Tobacco manufacturing:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday ca ses..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Textile mill products:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday ca ses..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Apparel and other textile products:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday ca ses..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Paper and allied products:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday cases ..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Printing and publishing:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday ca ses..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Chemicals and allied products:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday ca ses..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Petroleum and coal products:
Tota cases ................................................................................................
Lost workday ca ses..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday ca ses..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Leather and leather products:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday ca ses..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
19.3
8.0
123.8
19.5
8.5
130.1
19.4
8.9
132.2
19.9
9.5
141.8
18.7
9.0
136.8
17.8
8.6
130.7
16.7
8.0
129.3
16.5
7.9
131.2
16.7
8.1
131.6
10.0
4.1
62.5
9.1
3.8
66.7
8.7
4.0
58.6
9.3
4.2
64.8
8.1
3.8
45.8
8.2
3.9
56.8
7.2
3.2
44.6
6.5
3.0
42.8
7.7
3.2
51.7
10.5
2.7
55.5
10.2
2.9
57.4
10.2
3.4
61.5
9.7
3.4
61.3
9.1
3.3
¿2.8
8.8
3.2
59.2
7.6
2.8
53.8
7.4
2.8
51.4
8.0
3.0
54.0
6.7
1.9
31.0
6.7
2.0
31.7
6.5
2.2
32.4
6.5
2.2
34.1
6.4
2.2
34.9
6.3
2.2
35.0
6.0
2.1
36.4
6.4
2.4
40.6
6.7
2.5
40.9
13.7
4.7
94.8
13.6
5.0
101.6
13.5
5.7
103.3
13.5
6.0
108.4
12.7
5.8
112.3
11.6
5.4
103.6
10.6
4.9
99.1
10.0
4.5
90.3
10.4
4.7
93.8
6.8
2.6
40.3
6.8
2.7
41.7
7.0
2.9
43.8
7.1
3.1
45.1
6.9
3.1
46.5
6.7
3.0
47.4
6.6
2.8
45.7
6.6
2.9
44.6
6.5
2.9
46.0
8.2
3.1
50.6
8.0
3.1
51.4
7.8
3.3
50.9
7.7
3.5
54.9
6.8
3.1
50.3
6.6
3.0
48.1
5.7
2.5
39.4
5.5
2.5
42.3
5.3
2.4
40.8
7.9
3.2
62.5
8.1
3.3
59.2
7.9
3.4
58.3
7.7
3.6
62.0
7.2
3.5
59.1
6.7
2.9
51.2
5.3
2.5
46.4
5.5
2.4
46.8
5.1
2.4
53.5
16.8
7.1
113.3
16.8
7.6
118.1
17.1
8.1
125.5
17.1
8.2
127.1
15.5
7.4
118.6
14.6
7.2
117.4
12.7
6.0
100.9
13.0
6.2
101.4
13.6
6.4
104.3
11.6
4.1
69.0
11.5
4.4
68.9
11.7
4.7
72.5
11.5
4.9
76.2
11.7
5.0
82.7
11.5
5.1
82.6
9.9
4.5
86.5
10.0
4.4
87.3
10.5
4.7
94.4
9.8
5.0
94.0
9.7
5.3
95.9
10.1
5.7
102.3
10.0
5.9
107.0
9.4
5.5
104.5
9.0
5.3
100.6
8.5
4.9
96.7
8.2
4.7
94.9
8.8
5.2
105.1
7.5
2.8
43.2
7.7
2.9
44.0
7.9
3.2
44.9
8.0
3.4
49.0
7.4
3.2
48.7
7.3
3.1
45.3
7.2
3.1
45.5
7.2
3.1
47.8
7.4
3.3
50.5
8.1
3.3
51.8
8.5
3.6
52.5
8.9
3.9
57.5
8.8
4.1
59.1
8.2
3.9
58.2
7.7
3.6
54.7
7.1
3.4
52.1
7.0
3.2
50.6
7.2
3.5
55.5
7.2
2.6
39.7
7.4
2.7
40.5
7.5
2.8
39.7
7.7
3.1
44.7
7.1
2.9
44.5
7.1
2.9
41.1
7.2
2.9
42.6
7.3
3.0
46.7
7.5
3.2
48.4
2.0
.7
11.6
2.0
.8
10.4
2.1
.8
12.5
2.1
.9
13.3
2.0
.8
12.2
1.9
.8
11.6
2.0
.9
13.2
2.0
.9
12.8
1.9
.9
13.6
5.3
2.0
38.4
5.5
2.2
35.4
5.5
2.4
36.2
5.5
2.5
38.1
5.2
2.3
35.8
5.0
2.3
35.9
4.9
2.3
35.8
5.1
2.4
37.0
5.2
2.5
41.1
T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday cases ..................................................................................
Lost workdays ..........................................................................................
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tr a d e
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday cases ..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Wholesale trade:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday cases ............ ......................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
Retail trade:
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday cases ..................................................................................
Lost workdays............................................................................................
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a te
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday cases ..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
S e r v ic e s
Total cases................................................................................................
Lost workday cases ..................................................................................
Lost workdays...........................................................................................
1 Total cases include fatalities.
2 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost
workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as:
(N/EH) X 200,000, where:
N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EH = total hours worked by all employees during calendar year.
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per
week, 50 weeks per year.)
3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976.
91
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