The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
RESI Fede Os. MUN l HUY- LABOR REVIEW O.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics February 1987 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In this issue: Job StatUb oi in 1986 ^ . i VOvOi ^ Unemployment insurance changes in 1986 V U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR William E. Brock, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year—$16 domestic; $20 foreign. Single copy $4.75 domestic; $5.94 foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing addresses. Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I—Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara Kennedy Federal Building, Suite 1603 Boston, MA 02203 Phone: (617) 565-2331 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Region II—New York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, NY 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Region III—Philadelphia: Alvin I. Margulis 3535 Market Street P O Box 13309, Philadelphia, PA 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV—Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30367 Phone: (404) 347-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V—Chicago: Lois L. Orr 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI—Dallas: Bryan Richey Federal Building, Room 221 525 Griffin Street, Dallas, TX 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Regions VII and Vili—Kansas City: Gunnar Engen 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City. MO 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming February cover: “ Pneumatic Drill,” a 1934 lithograph by Louis Lozowick; photograph courtesy of the National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions IX and X—San Francisco: Sam M. Hirabayashi 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017 San Francisco, CA 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW FEBRUARY 1987 VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor S. E. Shank, S. E. Haugen 3 Job growth continued, unemployment dipped during 1986 The labor market continued to improve during the fourth year of the economic recovery, as the unemployment rate edged below 7 percent; services provided nearly all of the job rise Sharon R. Cohany 11 Labor force status of Vietnam veterans Special survey confirms the labor market difficulties of men who served in Southeast Asia, especially those with service-connected disabilities Richard E. Schumann 18 State and local government pay increases outpace gains in industry Differences in occupational, industrial mix of workers account for much of disparity in wage and salary increases over five years, according to the Employment Cost Index Diana Runner 21 Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1986 Some States tightened eligibility and disqualification provisions for payments; eight modified laws to cut extended benefits if Federal funding is curtailed James D. York 25 Retail liquor stores experience flat trend in productivity Output per hour of all persons remained relatively stable during the 1972-85 period; new technology has not offset weak demand and effect of small, labor-intensive operations REPORTS John F. Stinson, Jr. 30 Moonlighting: a key to differences in measuring employment growth Mary F. Kokoski 31 Consumer expenditure data on employment and wage changes of families https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DEPARTMENTS 2 Labor month in review 30 Research summaries 37 Major agreements expiring next month 39 Developments in industrial relations 42 Book reviews 45 Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review WORKER DISLOCATION REPORT. A task force appointed by U.S. Labor Secretary William E. Brock reported on a year-long study of the problems of workers displaced by plant closings and mass layoffs. Conclusions. The task force determined that: of an economy providing an adequate number of jobs. Recommendations. The task force calls for action by both the private and public sec tors to establish institutional arrangements that will provide the ability to respond rapid ly to dislocated workers. The task force recommends that: • S o m e b u sin ess clo sin g s and perm anent layoffs are inevitable and can help in achiev ing and m aintaining a co m p etitiv e, healthy eco n o m y and a strong p o sition in the inter n ational m arketplace. • New institutional mechanisms must be established as part of the Nation’s employ ment and training system. • The most effective and successful dislocated worker adjustment programs are those where employers and workers (and their unions) are directly involved in pro gram design and delivery. • The earlier the notification of a layoff or closure, the more effective is the delivery of public and private services to dislocated workers. • An identifiable public agency should be available as a resource, have rapid response capability, and coordinate public efforts to aid displaced workers. Employers should be required to notify the agency of planned layoffs or closures. • Public resources should be provided for readjustment services, retraining, and tem porary income support for displaced workers. • Public and private efforts should be link ed to better aid displaced workers. • A variety of service options for dislocated workers should be provided. • Improved basic educational skills and recurrent vocational training for workers should be provided to help ensure job mobility and security. • Fully meeting the needs of displaced workers and of the affected communities can only be accomplished within the framework 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • The private sector should provide greater effort for the alleviation of displac ed worker and community problems. • Private organizations should continue an active and aggressive role in helping to in form employers about techniques that work best in specific circumstances. • G uidelines describing responsible private-sector behavior on closings or layoffs should be more widely com municated to employers. • A new national public effort, initially funded at $900,000, should be established to provide for early and rapid response to displaced workers’ problems. Under this new proposal, Title III of the Job Training Partnership Act would be replaced by a new Federally supported and guided structure providing for State-administered training and reemployment assistance to meet the needs of displaced workers. • Other services under this proposal would be adjustment assistance and a range of labor market services; labor market information about specific plants; testing, assessment, and counseling; job search training; and a client-oriented job development effort. • The resources and priorities of the U.S. Employment Service should be refocused and redirected to meet the needs of the dislocated. • Income support for dislocated workers should last long enough to support substantative training and job search activities. Workers should have incentives to enroll earlier in training programs, and their in come maintenance should be used to en courage individuals to complete their training. • The Secretary of Labor should conduct further testing and development of reemploy ment incentives. • The Secretary of Labor should encourage and evaluate experiments designed to assist individual dislocated workers in starting their own businesses and facilitate feasibility studies of the purchase of businesses by groups of workers facing displacement. • The source of funds for these programs should be general revenues. If the Congress determines it cannot fund this initiative from general revenues, alternative methods of financing should be considered. Malcolm R. Lovell, Jr., director of the Labor-Management Institute at the George Washington University, chaired the task force, which included six representatives from business, six from labor, and eight from government, academic, and economic research organizations. Copies of the report Economic Adjustment and Worker Disloca tion in a Competitive Society are available from the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Information and Public Affairs, Room S1032, Washington, DC 20210. □ Publication Award The Monthly Labor Review was honored with an Award of Excellence in the annual competition sponsored by the Washington chapter of the Society for Technical Communication. The Review competed against hundreds of publica tions produced in 1986 by trade associa tions, private research and educational institutions, corporations, and govern ment agencies. Contest criteria includ ed audience definition, writing, editing, and graphics. Judging was based on the May, June, and July 1986 issues. The Award of Excellence automatically enters the Review in the International Publications competition sponsored by the Society for Technical Communication. The employment situation during 1986: job gains continue, unemployment dips The labor market continued to improve in the fourth year of the economic recovery employment grew and the unemployment rate edged below 7 percent; nearly all of the job increase occurred in the service-producing sector — S usan E. S hank and S teven E. H augen Moderate employment gains continued in 1986, as the U.S. economy completed its fourth year of expansion following the deep 1981-82 recession. Unemployment declined slightly during the year, repeating the pattern of slow im provement evident in 1985. For all of 1986, the civilian unemployment rate averaged 7.0 percent—down from 7.2 percent in 1985 and 7.5 percent in 1984. Nearly all of the 1986 employment increase took place in the service-producing sector, with particularly large gains in services, finance, insurance, and real estate. In contrast, manufacturing employment declined, and the number of mining jobs dropped markedly— reflecting reduced activity in oil and gas extraction because of sharply lower crude oil prices. Construction job growth, which had been very strong during the previous 3 years, moderated in 1986. Civilian employment The number of employed persons rose by about 2.1 million during 1986 (after adjustment is made for revisions in the underlying population estimates used in the Current Popula tion Survey ]), similar to the gain registered in the prior year. (See table 1.) These increases were more moderate than in the “rebound” years immediately after the 1981-82 recession; civilian employment had jumped by about 3^ million in both 1983 and 1984. This pattern of very sharp Susan E. Shank and Steven E. Haugen are economists in the Division of Labor Force Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis job gains in the first 2 years of a recovery followed by slower growth in subsequent years is typical of most of the business cycles since World War II. Adult women accounted for 1.4 million of the 1986 job increase, compared with 600,000 for adult men and 100,000 for teenagers. For adult men, this employment rise was slightly smaller than that posted in 1985. In contrast, the small employment increase for teenagers was the first recorded since 1979. This development reflected a slight population increase for those ages 16 to 19— reversing the declines that took place from the late 1970’s through 1985, when the last of the baby-boom generation moved through the teen years. Whites, blacks, and Hispanics. The slower rate of em ployment growth over the past 2 years has been evident among the three major race/ethnic groups, as reflected in the following employment-population ratios. For both blacks and whites, the slowdown in employment growth can be attributed entirely to adult men. Although both men and women posted sharp employment rebounds in the 2 years immediately after the cyclical trough, only women contin ued to show strong gains in 1985 and 1986. Fourth-quarter averages 1982 1984 1986 White .............. 58.3 Black ............................................... 48.9 60.7 53.4 61.8 54.3 Hispanic........................................53.8 58.5 59.3 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Employment and Unemployment in 1986 through the early 1980’s. Adult women and teenagers ac counted for most of the increase in voluntary part-time work, many taking positions in the retail trade and services industries. In addition to those who work part time voluntarily, there is a substantial number of persons who want full-time em ployment but must settle for part time. The two major rea sons for this situation— referred to as employed part time for economic reasons— are slack work (an employer-initiated Full- and part-time workers. As has historically been the case, the bulk of the employment growth in 1986 occurred among full-time workers (35 hours or more per week). However, a sizable proportion of the increase took place among persons voluntarily working part time. Their number rose to 15.3 million, about 400,000 more than in 1985.2 As a result, voluntary part time edged up to about 14 percent of total employment in 1986; however, this proportion re mained below the levels that prevailed from the mid-1970’s Table 1. Selected labor force indicators by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1982-86 [Numbers in thousands] 1982 1984 1985 IV IV IV I II III IV 110,959 64.1 99,120 57.3 3,471 95,649 11,839 10.7 114,259 64.5 105,938 59.8 3,323 102,615 8,321 7.3 116,187 64.9 107,973 60.3 3,093 104,880 8,214 7.1 117,008 65.1 108,752 60.5 3,212 105,540 8,256 7.1 117,628 65.2 109,249 60.6 3,171 106,078 8,379 7.1 118,171 65.3 109,980 60.8 3,108 106,873 8,191 6.9 118,558 65.4 110,420 60.9 3,179 107,241 8,138 6.9 58,375 78.8 52,553 70.9 5,822 10.0 60,014 78.3 56,249 73.4 3,765 6.3 60,580 78.1 56,929 73.4 3,651 6.0 61,137 78.2 57,428 73.5 3,710 6.1 61,189 78.1 57,417 73.2 3,772 6.2 61,329 78.0 57,579 73.2 3,750 6.1 61,646 78.1 57,860 73.3 3,786 6.1 44,112 52.9 40,127 48.1 3,985 9.0 46,348 54.0 43,243 50.3 3,105 6.7 47,726 54.9 44,668 51.4 3,058 6.4 47,990 55.0 44,902 51.5 3,088 6.4 48,451 55.4 45,362 51.9 3,089 6.4 48,916 55.8 45,910 52.3 3,006 6.1 48,993 55.7 46,048 52.4 2,945 6.0 8,472 54.3 6,440 41.3 2,032 24.0 7,898 54.2 6,446 44.2 1,451 18.4 7,881 54.5 6,376 44.1 1,505 19.1 7,880 54.5 6,422 44.4 1,458 18.5 7,988 55.2 6,470 44.7 1,518 19.0 7,926 54.7 6,492 44.8 1,434 18.1 7,919 5* A 6,512 44.8 1,407 17.8 96,623 64.4 87,452 58.3 9,171 9.5 98,812 64.7 92,608 60.7 6,204 6.3 100,536 65.2 94,472 61.3 6,063 6.0 101,126 65.3 94,945 61.3 6,182 6.1 101,571 65.4 95,366 61.4 6,205 6.1 102,098 65.6 96,013 61.7 6,086 6.0 102,418 65.7 96,320 61.8 6,098 6.0 11,503 61.5 9,155 48.9 2,348 20.4 12,251 62.9 10,403 53.4 1,848 15.1 12,473 63.0 10,592 53.5 1,881 15.1 12,589 63.4 10,732 54.0 1,857 14.7 12,707 63.7 10,822 54.3 1,885 14.8 12,605 62.9 10,779 53.8 1,826 14.5 12,715 63.2 10,924 54.3 1,791 14.1 6,826 63.5 5,783 53.8 1,043 15.3 7,612 65.4 6,813 58.5 799 10.5 7,802 64.6 6,960 57.6 842 10.8 7,881 64.7 7,027 57.7 855 10.8 8,020 65.3 7,163 58.3 857 10.7 8,143 65.7 7,268 58.6 876 10.8 8,249 66.0 7,409 59.3 839 10.2 1986 C h a rac te ristic T otal Civilian labor fo rc e ............................................................................. Percent of population ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Employment-population r a tio ..................................................... Agriculture ................................................................................. Nonagriculture............................................................................. Unemployed................................................................................... Unemployment ra te .................................................................... M en , 2 0 y ea rs and o v er Civilian labor fo rc e ............................................................................. Percent of population ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Employment-population r a tio ..................................................... Unemployed................................................................................... Unemployment ra te .................................................................... W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs and o v er Civilian labor fo rc e ............................................................................. Percent of population ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Employment-population r a tio ..................................................... Unemployed................................................................................... Unemployment ra te .................................................................... B oth s ex es , 16 to 19 y ears Civilian labor fo rc e ............................................................................. Percent of population ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Employment-population r a tio ..................................................... Unemployed................................................................................... Unemployment ra te .................................................................... W hite Civilian labor fo rc e ............................................................................. Percent of population ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Employment-population r a tio ...................................................... Unemployed................................................................................... Unemployment ra te .................................................................... B lack Civilian labor fo rc e ............................................................................. Percent of population ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Employment-population r a tio ..................................................... Unemployed................................................................................... Unemployment ra te ..................................................................... H is p a n ic o rigin Civilian labor fo rc e ............................................................................. Percent of population ................................................................ Employed........................................................................................ Employment-population r a tio ..................................................... Unemployed................................................................................... Unemployment ra te .................................................................... Note: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reduction in hours) and an inability to find a full-time job. At about 5^ million in 1986, the number of workers on part-time schedules for economic reasons showed no im provement from the 1985 level and was relatively high by historical standards. Industry developments Nonfarm payroll employment (as measured by the survey of business establishments3) topped 100 million in the sum mer of 1986 and reached 101 million by the fourth quarter. (See table 2.) Practically all of the 2.4-million job increase during 1986 took place in the service-producing sector. (See chart 1.) However, these job gains were smaller than in 1985— particularly in wholesale trade and government. Within the goods sector, construction employment rose over the year, while mining fell sharply. The number of manufac turing jobs also dropped during 1986, even though there was a small rebound in the fourth quarter. Despite the decline in manufacturing employment, however, the factory work week and overtime hours both remained relatively high. Service-producing sector. The services, retail trade, and finance, insurance, and real estate industries together added just about 2 million new jobs in 1986— similar to the in crease in 1985. The services division posted a 1-million job gain, with the largest increases continuing to occur in busi ness and health services. These two components, which represent about half of services employment, accounted for approximately 60 percent of the over-the-year growth. Re tail trade employment also advanced in 1986, as eating and drinking places and food stores continued to add workers.4 Smaller, but sustained job gains also took place in auto dealers and service stations. In finance, insurance, and real estate, employment rose by approximately 6 percent in 1986— the largest relative gain for any industry division. Moreover, this was the only division in which the pace of job gains accelerated between 1985 and 1986. The finance component rose markedly— es pecially savings and loan associations, mortgage bankers and brokers, and stock brokers and dealers, as sharply lower interest rates caused increased demand for new and refi nanced home mortgages, while higher stock prices led to more trading activity. Government employment growth slowed to about 300,000 in 1986 from 425,000 in the previous year. Federal government employment, which had risen moderately in 1985, was essentially unchanged during 1986. However, small job gains continued at both the State and local levels. Wholesale trade and transportation and public utilities each showed only moderate employment increases during 1986. The recent slowing in wholesale trade job growth probably reflects the general weakness in the goods-producing sector. Within transportation and public utilities, divergent trends continued in 1986, as the transportation component in creased slightly, while the communications and public util ities segment remained flat. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Goods-producing industries. Employment in the goodsproducing sector fluctuated around 25 million during 1985 and 1986, after rebounding strongly in the 2 years immedi ately following the 1981-82 recession trough. During 1986, mining employment plummeted, while manufacturing de clined moderately, and construction job growth, which had been very robust, slowed markedly. Changes in mining employment over the past decade have been dominated by developments in oil and gas extraction, which, in turn, were closely related to crude oil prices. As world oil prices began to plunge in 1986, the oil and gas extraction industry lost about 150,000 jobs, one-quarter of its work force. However, the drop in mining jobs slowed during the third quarter and came to a virtual halt by the fourth quarter. Manufacturing employment rebounded from a recession low of 18.1 million in late 1982 to 19.5 million during the second half of 1984. However, during 1985-86, the number of workers on factory payrolls trended downward— to about 19.1 million in the second half of 1986. Nearly all of the job loss over this period occurred in durable goods— particu larly in primary metals (down 100,000) and machinery (down 200,000). Smaller declines took place in fabricated metals and electrical equipment during 1985 and the first half of 1986, but employment leveled off in both industries in the second half of 1986. Only three manufacturing indus tries registered meaningful job gains in 1986; lumber and wood products, food, and printing and publishing each added about 40,000 jobs. Construction employment leveled off at just about 5.0 million from the spring of 1986 to yearend, after having risen by 30 percent over the previous 3^ years. This was consistent with the pattern of new housing starts, which rose strongly in the first few years of recovery, but then de creased in the second half of 1986. The slowing of construc tion job growth was also in line with the decrease in the value of private nonresidential construction— especially in dustrial, office, and other commercial buildings.5 The weakness in manufacturing and a surplus of office and other commercial structures were major factors in the decline in nonresidential construction. Hours o f work. The average workweek of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls edged down to 34.7 hours in 1986 from 34.9 hours in 1985. This measure has trended downward gradually over the past two decades— in tandem with the increasing importance of the service-producing sector, where the workweek is typi cally shorter and marked by a greater degree of part-time work. However, the index of aggregate weekly hours, which combines workweek and employment effects, contin ued to advance for the fourth year in a row. This index averaged 119.0 (1977=100) in the fourth quarter of 1986, up from 116.5 a year earlier and well above the 102.6 registered at the recession trough in the fourth quarter of 1982. 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Employment and Unemployment in 1986 In manufacturing, the workweek remained high by histor ical standards throughout the 1984-86 period, averaging 40.6 hours, the highest sustained level since 1973. Factory overtime, at 3.5 hours per week in 1986, was also relatively high. The strong performance of the workweek combined with relatively weak employment suggests that many em ployers have decided to meet their demands for labor through increased hours rather than by hiring new workers. The index of aggregate weekly hours in manufacturing de clined slightly in both 1985 and 1986— to about 93.1 (1977 = 100) in the fourth quarter of 1986. This very cycli cal measure had been as high as 107.6 in the first quarter of 1979; it then fell to 83.3 in the fourth quarter of 1982, and subsequently rebounded to 95.2 in mid-1984. Major demographic groups. The jobless rate for adult women declined to 6.0 percent by the fourth quarter of 1986, after holding steady at around 6.7 percent for most of 1984 and 1985. In contrast, the rates for adult men (6.1 percent) and teenagers (17.8 percent) showed little or no change over the year. Similarly, there were only modest, if any, improvements among the three major race/ethnic groups. The unemploy ment rate for blacks, at 14.1 percent in the fourth quarter, was still about 2\ times the 6-percent rate for white workers, while the figure for Hispanics (10.2 percent) remained about midway between the two. Unemployment Industry and occupation. For workers in most industry and occupational groups, unemployment rates in 1986 were little changed from those in 1985, although there were a few exceptions. For example, the adverse effects of the drop in petroleum prices were reflected in a near doubling of the jobless rate for mining workers during 1986— to around 16 percent in the third quarter. Also, the rate for construc tion workers edged up in the fourth quarter of the year, consistent with the slowing of employment growth. Unemployment edged downward during 1986, continu ing the pattern of slow improvement exhibited in 1985. Both the number of unemployed persons (8.1 million in the fourth quarter) and the civilian unemployment rate (6.9 percent) were down marginally from the levels a year earlier. Most labor force groups reflected the overall pattern, registering either small drops or little change in unemployment over the year. Table 2. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1982-86 [Numbers in thousands] 1986 1982 1984 1985 IV IV IV I II III IV1 T o ta l............................................................................................ 88,725 95,907 98,668 99,403 99,848 100,316 101,075 Goods-producing............................................................................... 22,982 24,943 24,937 25,028 24,952 24,872 24,897 Mining ............................................................................................ Oil and gas extraction ................................................................ 1,029 651 958 610 907 565 876 538 794 475 755 432 742 419 Construction................................................................................... General building contractors ..................................................... 3,837 959 4,498 1,189 4,769 1,282 4,868 1,316 4,964 1,309 5,001 1,302 4,999 1,301 Manufacturing................................................................................. Durable goods............................................................................. Nondurable goods....................................................................... 18,116 10,485 7,631 19,486 11,635 7,851 19,261 11,454 7,808 19,284 11,446 7,838 19,194 11,367 7,827 19,116 11,289 7,827 19,156 11,282 7,873 Service-producing ............................................................................. 65,743 70,964 73,731 74,375 74,896 75,444 76,178 Transportation and public utilities ................................................. Transportation............................................................................. Communications and public u tilitie s ........................................... 5,022 2,735 2,288 5,201 2,965 2,236 5,270 3,037 2,232 5,281 3,052 2,229 5,233 3,037 2,195 5,286 3,069 2,217 5,341 3,112 2,229 Wholesale trade ............................................................................. Durable goods............................................................................. Nondurable goods....................................................................... 5,214 3,034 2,179 5,645 3,337 2,308 5,800 3,451 2,349 5,838 3,477 2,361 5,855 3,476 2,379 5,857 3,484 2,372 5,861 3,489 2,372 Retail trad e..................................................................................... General merchandise stores ..................................................... Food stores................................................................................. Automotive dealers and service stations .................................. Eating and drinking places.......................................................... 15,193 2,139 2,510 1,635 4,873 16,931 2,316 2,685 1,835 5,527 17,585 2,324 2,848 1,919 5,785 17,786 2,331 2,891 1,935 5,851 17,902 2,345 2,920 1,943 5,889 18,029 2,358 2,947 1,961 5,934 18,172 2,356 2,970 1,977 6,011 Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................... Finance........................................................................................ Insurance ................................................................................... Real e s ta te ................................................................................. 5,356 2,664 1,715 976 5,779 2,890 1,785 1,105 6,068 3,039 1,861 1,168 6,155 3,081 1,889 1,185 6,261 3,139 1,918 1,204 6,362 3,190 1,953 1,219 6,435 3,223 1,980 1,232 Services.......................................................................................... Business services....................................................................... Health services........................................................................... 19,134 3,289 5,892 21,237 4,197 6,177 22,410 4,601 6,400 22,643 4,682 6,472 22,940 4,766 6,542 23,244 4,855 6,628 23,463 4,935 6,698 Government................................................................................... Federal........................................................................................ S tate............................................................................................ Local............................................................................................ 15,824 2,745 3,641 9,438 16,171 2,830 3,773 9,568 16,599 2,904 3,900 9,795 16,672 2,920 3,922 9,830 16,704 2,896 3,934 9,875 16,666 2,881 3,924 9,862 16,906 2,899 3,974 10,033 In d u s try 1 Data are preliminary. 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Chart 1. Employment changes by major industry, fourth quarter 1985-86 averages, seasonally adjusted In contrast, the unemployment rate for workers in manu facturing, an industry plagued by a variety of problems for several years, declined slightly between 1985 and 1986— to 7.1 percent by yearend. One possible explanation for this seemingly inconsistent development is that many manufac turing workers who had been laid off earlier realized that recall was unlikely and either found employment in another industry or withdrew from the labor force.6 Duration and reasons. The length of time that persons remain unemployed and the reasons for their unemployment are important variables in assessing the health of the Na tion’s job market. There were minor shifts within these categories of unemployment that were consistent with a slight improvement in the jobless picture. For example, the proportion of unemployed persons who were jobless for 27 weeks or more— often referred to as the very long-term unemployed— edged down to 14| percent by late 1986 from about 15 percent in late 1985. In line with this decline, the mean duration of unemployment, at 15 weeks in the fourth quarter of 1986, was slightly below the figure for late 1985. The recent decline in the mean duration followed much larger decreases in the earlier stages of the current recov ery— from 19.7 weeks in the fourth quarter of 1983 to 15.4 weeks in the fourth quarter of 1985. Unemployed persons are also classified by reason for joblessness: job losers, job leavers, labor force entrants, and reentrants. A slight redistribution of the unemployed among https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis these categories in 1986 provided further evidence of some improvement in the job market. As the following tabulation shows, the proportion of the unemployed who lost their job because of layoff declined from 14 to 13 percent during 1986. Fourth-quarter averages Total unemployed ......... Job lo s e rs ................................ On la y o f f ............................ Other job lo s e rs ................. Job le a v e rs.............................. Reentrants .............................. New entrants ......................... ........ ........ ......... ........ ......... ......... ......... 1982 1985 1986 100.0 61.3 20.7 40.7 6.7 21.1 10.9 100.0 49.3 14.1 35.2 10.8 27.2 12.8 100.0 48.6 13.2 35.3 12.8 26.0 12.6 The proportion of the unemployed who had left jobs volun tarily to look for different ones rose from about 11 to 13 percent over the past year. Not only is the decline in the number of unemployed persons on layoff a positive devel opment, but an increase in the job leavers category can also be viewed as a sign of an improving economy, because it often reflects increased worker confidence in the job mar ket. The proportion of unemployed persons who were reentering the labor force declined slightly in 1986, while that for new entrants changed little. Discouraged workers. The vast majority of persons who elect to remain out of the labor force do not want to work. However, some of them want a job but do not actually seek 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Employment and Unemployment in 1986 work for a number of reasons, including health problems, family responsibilities, and school enrollment. Another group of persons not in the labor force indicate that they want to work but do not look for a job because they think they cannot find one. Such persons are typically referred to as discouraged workers. While not included among the un employed because they are not actively seeking work, these persons provide another measure of labor market difficulty. In the fourth quarter of 1986, there were 1.1 million persons classified as discouraged workers, essentially un changed from the level a year earlier. About three-fourths of this group cited job market factors— for example, the belief that no work was available— as the principal reason for not looking, while the remainder indicated personal factors. The number of discouraged workers declined from 1.8 million in late 1982 to 1.3 million by early 1985, with virtually all of the decline occurring among persons citing job market fac tors. Overall, the number of discouraged workers in 1986 still exceeded the levels registered prior to the back-to-back recessions in the 1980-82 period. Cyclical comparisons The present economic expansion completed its fourth year in November 1986, making it (at the time of this writ ing) the third longest period of sustained growth since World War II.7 The expansion that followed the 1960-61 recession lasted almost 9 years, while the one after the 1973-75 reces sion ran nearly 5 years— from March 1975 through January 1980. In this section, comparisons are based on percentage changes in selected series over the 4-year periods following business cycle troughs in March 1975 and November 1982.8 In terms of overall labor market performance, the 1975— 79 expansion was somewhat more robust than the current expansion at the 4-year point. Employment rose more in the 1975-79 expansion than in the 1982-86 period, while the unemployment rate dropped to a similar degree in both expansions. However, it is important to note that, although both recessions were similar in terms of length and severity, the labor market was considerably stronger before the onset of the 1973-75 recession. The unemployment rate averaged 4.9 percent in the year before the 1973-75 recession, versus 7.5 percent in the comparable period prior to the 1981-82 recession. Unemployment was at a high level when the 1981- 82 recession began because the recovery from the 1980 recession was brief and incomplete. Unemployment. Overall, there was little difference in the degree to which the unemployment rate fell during the two recovery periods under examination. As the following tabu lation shows, the rate for all civilian workers fell from 10.8 to 6.9 percent in the 1982-86 period and from 8.6 to 5.8 percent in the post-1975 recovery period. This translates into a proportionate decline of slightly over a third in the 1982- 86 period, only marginally steeper than that exhibited from 1975 to 1979.9 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis March November 1975 1979 1982 1986 8.6 5.8 10.8 6.9 Men, 20 years and over ......... . . . 6.8 Women, 20 years and over . . . . . . 8.3 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years . . . . . . 19.9 4.1 5.8 15.9 10.0 9.1 24.1 6.2 6.1 18.2 White ........................................ . . . 7.8 Black ........................................ . . . 15.1 H isp an ic.................................... . . . 12.1 5.1 12.5 7.9 9.6 20.2 15.2 6.0 14.2 9.6 T o ta l...................................... . . . Consistent w ith the overall pattern, unem ploym ent rates for most labor force groups fell by roughly similar amounts during the two expansions. This was true for adult men and women, as well as for white and Hispanic workers. How ever, for black workers and teenagers, jobless rates fell more over the 1982-86 period than in the earlier recovery period. (See chart 2.) Employment. The number of employed persons rose by about 1 \ \ percent during the 1982-86 expansion, somewhat less than the tremendous increase during the 1975-79 re bound.10 The tabulation below shows employment changes during the two periods for major demographic groups. The rise in teenage employment during the most recent expan sion was almost trivial compared with the large advance in the earlier period. In large part, this difference reflects the disparity in their population growth over the two periods. From the mid-1960’s through the mid-1970’s the teenage population rose sharply. However, after this period, their population leveled off, and then declined from 1979 until 1986. Clearly, these swings in the teenage population have overwhelmed cyclical effects on youth employment in re cent years. Although the job increase for adult women was somewhat smaller in the last 4 years than the phenomenal growth recorded in the 1975-79 expansion, it was still very large. Employment increases for adult men were similar in both periods. Percent change 1975-79 1982-86 T o ta l........................................ . . . Men, 20 years and over .......... , . . . Women, 20 years and over . . . . . . . Both sexes, 16-19 y e a rs .......... . . . 15.6 11.2 22.5 15.9 11.4 10.2 14.8 0.3 White .......................................... . . . . Black .......................................... . . . . H isp an ic...................................... . . . . 14.5 19.1 32.0 10.2 18.9 29.2 White workers accounted for virtually all of the slower employment growth in the current expansion. In contrast, job gains for blacks and persons of Hispanic origin, whose populations have been growing rapidly, were about the same in both periods. Chart 2. Unemployment rates for whites, blacks, and persons of Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted, quarterly averages, 1973-86 Percent Percent 25 20 15 10 5 0 Note: Shaded areas indicate recessions, as aesignated by the National Bureau of Economic Research. As the following tabulation shows, total nonfarm payroll employment, as measured by the business survey, rose about 14 percent in the present expansion, compared with 17 percent in the 1975-79 period. Percent change 1975-79 1982-86 17.0 14.0 ............. ............. ............. ............. 17.9 26.9 26.7 15.8 8.5 -2 7 .7 29.9 6.0 Service-producing ............. ............. 16.6 15.9 Nonfarm total ........... ............. Goods-producing............... Mining ............................ Construction................... Manufacturing ............... Job growth in the goods-producing sector was much weaker over the 1982-86 period than it was in the earlier expansion. Manufacturing employment, which had rebounded very strongly in the 1975-79 expansion, rose by only 6 percent over the past 4 years. While nearly all manufacturing industries experienced weaker job growth in the 1982-86 expansion, the difference was especially large in the metals and machinery industries. Primary metals employment reversed direction— from a 7percent increase in the 1975-79 period to an 8-percent de crease in the 1982-86 period. Fabricated metals and ma chinery both registered job gains of 17-18 percent in the 1975-79 expansion, while in the 1982-86 period, there was no change in machinery employment and only a 6-percent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis increase in fabricated metals. Together, these three indus tries added 700,000 jobs in the 1975-79 expansion, but showed no net change in the 1982-86 period. Mining employment has been extremely volatile in recent years, primarily due to wild swings in crude oil prices. The large drop in mining jobs over the last 4 years just about matched the jump in the 1975-79 period. In contrast, the construction industry added jobs at a faster rate in the cur rent expansion than in the 1975-79 period. Residential con struction advanced very strongly in the first 2 years of the current expansion, and private nonresidential activity picked up steam beginning in 1984. The service-producing sector posted strong and roughly similar job gains in the two periods studied. Retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services set the pace in both expansions, as each division grew by about 20 per cent. However, increases were more moderate in this expan sion for local government and transportation and public utilities employment (6 to 7 percent) than in the 1975-79 period (10 to 12 percent). l a b o r m a r k e t continued to improve in 1986, although at a slower pace than in the first 2 years of recovery from the 1981-82 recession. Civilian employment rose by about 2 million each in 1985 and 1986, while the unemployment rate continued to edge downward, reaching 6.9 percent in the second half of 1986. Virtually all of the job gains in T he 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Employment and Unemployment in 1986 1986 took place in the service-producing sector, with the services industry itself accounting for a large proportion of the growth. In contrast, goods-producing employment re mained weak. Manufacturing employment continued to de cline, while there was a sharp drop in mining and a marked slowing in construction job growth. At the 4-year point in the current economic expansion, employment growth and the reduction in unemployment have both been substantial. However, in percentage terms, the employment increase in the 1982-86 period was less than the advance posted during the 1975-79 expansion, while the civilian unemployment rate fell by similar amounts in both periods. The extremely large employment increase in the 1975-79 period was led by women and teenagers— both of whom also had experienced tremendous labor force growth during these years. Nonfarm payroll employment also rose more in the 1975-79 period than it did in the current expansion. Most of this difference was attributable to the goods-producing sector, in which the rate of job growth in the current expansion was only half that recorded in the 1975-79 period. □ 1 The Current Population Survey is a monthly sample survey o f about 60,000 households and provides information on the labor force, employ ment, and unemployment by demographic and economic characteristics. In January 1986, revised population estimates were introduced into the c p s . These estimates include an explicit allowance for undocumented immigra tion since 1980, as well as an improved estimate of emigration. The net effect o f these changes was to cause jumps of 350,000-400,000 each in the population, labor force, and in employment (between December 1985 and January 1986). Allowances are made for these breaks in series in the discussion o f over-the-year changes. However, with the exception of data for persons o f Hispanic origin, data shown in table 1 for periods prior to 1986 have not been revised. For more information, see “Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the CPS Beginning in January 1986” in the Febru ary 1986 issue o f Employment and Earnings. 6 The industry and occupational designations of unemployed persons are based on their last full-time job lasting 2 weeks or more. 2 A more comprehensive measure of part-time workers based on “usual hours” instead o f voluntary or involuntary status was recently introduced. Based on the new definition, there were about 19 million persons who usually worked 1 to 34 hours in 1986. The more traditional measure is used in this article to differentiate trends in the number o f persons working part time for economic or for other reasons. See Thomas J. Nardone, “Part-time workers: who are they?’ Monthly Labor Review, February 1986, pp. 13-19. 3 The Current Employment Statistics program is a monthly survey of approximately 290,000 nonagricultural establishments and provides infor mation on the number o f employees on business payrolls, as well as on average hours and earnings. 4 For more information, see Steven E. Haugen, “The employment ex pansion in retail trade, 1 973-85,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1986, pp. 9 -1 6 . 5 See U .S. Bureau o f the Census, Construction Reports—Value of New Construction Put in Place: May 1986, C 3 0 -8 6 -5 , and later monthly news releases. All references to value of construction are in constant (1982) dollars. 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 Business cycle peaks and troughs are determined by the National Bu reau o f Economic Research, a private nonprofit research organization. The three recessions referred to extended from the following peak-to-trough dates: April 1960 to February 1961, November 1973 to March 1975, and July 1981 to November 1982. 8 The 1961-65 expansion period is excluded from this analysis because: 1) the 1960-61 recession was relatively brief and mild, which contributed to a fairly moderate “rebound”; 2) many data series are not available for the 1961-65 expansion; and 3) the demographic and industrial structure of the U .S. labor market in the 1961-65 period was vastly different from that of the past decade. 9 Because the labor force usually expands rapidly during periods of economic recovery, unemployment rates typically decline to a greater degree than unemployment levels. While this pattern held for both 4-year periods under study, the difference was particularly marked in the 1975-79 expansion. This can be explained by the fact that the labor force expansion throughout the 1970’s was the largest in the postwar period, as women entered the labor market in huge numbers and most of the baby-boom generation reached working age. Unemployment rates automatically take into account variations in labor force growth over a given period of time, and are, therefore, a better measure of changes in unemployment condi tions than are levels. 10 Revised population estimates introduced into the cps in January 1978 and 1986 (footnote 1) affect employment and labor force changes during the 1975-79 and 1982-86 periods. However, because the effect of these revisions is much less when spread over the 4-year periods studied, no adjustments are made to the data discussed in this section. Labor force status of Vietnam-era veterans Special survey confirms labor market difficulties of men who served in Southeast Asia, especially those with service-connected disabilities S haron R. C ohany A decade after the war’s end, the labor force status of Vietnam-era veterans is generally quite similar to that of nonveterans. There are exceptions, however. Those who served in the Vietnam theater (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambo dia and the surrounding airspace and waters), and most particularly those who received disabling injuries from com bat and other causes, have higher unemployment rates and lower labor force participation rates than their peers. In 1985, data were collected for the first time on the labor force status of men who actually served in Southeast Asia, distinguishing between those with and without serviceconnected disabilities. The data confirm the precarious cir cumstances of disabled veterans, who are especially vulner able to unemployment. The information is from the Current Population Survey ( c p s ) , a monthly survey of about 59,500 households con ducted and tabulated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In a supplement to the April 1985 survey, men 18 years and older were asked about their service in the Armed Forces and whether they had a serviceconnected disability.1 (See appendix for information on the types of questions asked.) The supplement was cosponsored by the Veterans Administration ( v a ) and two Department of Labor agencies— the Veterans Employment and Training Service and the b l s . 2 Overall picture Our Nation’s 26.2 million male veterans account for nearly one-third of all men 18 years and older. The 7.9 million Vietnam-era veterans are the youngest wartime par ticipants and the second largest veterans’ group, exceeded only by the 9.7 million veterans of World War II.3 About 2.4 million veterans, or 9 percent, have a service-connected disability. Most served during wartime, with nearly 800,000 having served during the Vietnam era. In this study, the Vietnam-era veterans are those men who served in the Armed Forces anywhere during the Nation’s longest war, from August 1964 to April 1975, and who are currently in the civilian noninstitutional population. Only 46 percent of these veterans actually served in the Vietnam theater of operations. The age distribution of veterans of the Vietnam era is relatively concentrated, with two-thirds be tween ages 35 and 44 in April 1985. Indeed, one-half were between ages 35 and 39. (Because of the aging of the pop ulation, there were no longer any Vietnam-era veterans under Sharon R. Cohany is an economist in the Division o f Labor Force Statistics, Office o f Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Earl F. Mellor, an economist in the same division, prepared the appendix. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis age 25.) The following tabulation shows the age distribution of Vietnam-theater and other Vietnam-era veterans and non veterans in the civilian noninstitutional population in April 1985. 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Labor Force Status o f Vietnam-Era Veterans Many misperceptions surround the men who served dur ing the Vietnam era.4 For example, contrary to popular belief, most were not drafted, but volunteered for military service. In 1968, the year with the largest number on active duty, just 40 percent of all enlisted new entrants were draftees.5 Another myth is that minorities constituted a dis proportionate share of our military forces. In fact, blacks make up 9 percent of Vietnam-era veterans (11 percent of Vietnam-theater veterans), and Hispanics account for 4 per cent of these veterans. The black share of the adult male population is about 10 percent, and the Hispanic share is 6 percent. Veterans Vietnam theater Other Vietnam era Nonveterans Number (thousands) .. .. 3,672 4,260 54,435 Percent ......................... .. 18 to 24 years ......... 25 to 34 years ........ 35 to 44 years ........ .. 35 to 39 years . . . 40 to 44 years . . . 45 years and over .. .. 100.0 0.0 15.3 68.9 49.6 19.3 15.8 100.0 0.0 27.9 59.8 36.6 23.2 12.2 100.0 23.9 31.0 16.8 8.9 7.9 28.3 Table 1. Employment status of men 18 years and over, by veteran status and age, April 1985, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) C iv ilia n lab o r fo rc e C ivilian V e te ra n s ta tu s a n d a ge U n e m p lo ye d n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n N o t In labo r P erc en t o f Total p o p u la tio n E m p lo ye d fo rc e Num ber P erc en t o f lab o r fo rc e V e te ra n s Total, 18 years and o ve r.............................. 18 to 2 4 ................................................... 25 to 3 4 ................................................... 35 to 4 4 ................................................... 45 and over ............................................. 26,153 378 2,933 5,977 16,865 19,524 340 2,770 5,761 10,653 74.7 89.9 94.4 96.4 63.2 18,449 280 2,515 5,443 10,212 1,075 60 255 318 440 5.5 17.7 9.2 5.5 4.1 6,629 38 163 216 6,212 7,932 (1) 1,753 5,078 1,101 7,449 (1) 1,677 4,895 877 93.9 (1) 95.7 96.4 79.7 7,003 0) 1,522 4,630 852 445 0) 155 265 25 6.0 (1) 9.3 5.4 2.8 483 (1) 76 183 224 3,672 (1) 563 2,529 580 3,383 (1) 533 2,402 449 92.1 (1) 94.7 95.0 77.4 3,158 (1) 472 2,251 435 225 (1) 61 151 14 6.7 (1) 11.4 6.3 3.1 288 (1) 30 128 130 4,260 (1) 1,190 2,549 521 4,065 (1) 1,144 2,494 427 95.4 (1) 96.1 97.8 82.0 3,845 (1) 1,050 2,379 417 220 (1) 95 115 11 5.4 (1) 8.3 4.6 2.5 195 (1) 46 55 94 13,666 (1) (1) (1) 13,666 2,673 6,778 4,215 7,784 (1) (1) (1) 7,784 2,398 4,595 791 57.0 (1) (1) (1) 57.0 89.7 67.8 18.8 7,436 (1) (1) (1) 7,436 2,274 4,400 762 348 (1) (1) (1) 348 124 194 29 4.5 (1) (1) (1) 4.5 5.2 4.2 3.7 5,882 (1) (1) (1) 5,882 275 2,183 3,424 4,555 378 1,180 899 2,098 4,291 340 1,093 866 1,992 94.2 89.9 92.6 96.3 94.9 4,010 280 993 813 1,923 282 60 100 53 69 6.6 17.7 9.2 6.1 3.5 264 38 87 33 106 54,435 13,034 16,852 9,165 15,384 42,724 10,097 15,932 8,639 8,054 78.5 77.5 94.5 94.3 52.4 39,538 8,893 14,861 8,175 7,609 3,185 1,204 1,071 465 446 7.5 11.9 6.7 5.4 5.5 11,712 2,937 920 526 7,330 Vietnam era: Total, 18 years and o v e r ..................... 18 to 2 4 ............................................. 25 to 3 4 ............................................. 35 to 4 4 ............................................. 45 and o v e r ...................................... Vietnam theater: Total, 18 years and over ................. 18 to 2 4 ......................................... 25 to 3 4 ......................................... 35 to 4 4 ......................................... 45 and o v e r .................................. Other Vietnam era: Total, 18 years and over ................. 18 to 2 4 ......................................... 25 to 3 4 ......................................... 35 to 4 4 ......................................... 45 and o v e r .................................. Other war periods: Total, 18 years and over ..................... 18 to 2 4 ............................................. 25 to 3 4 ............................................. 35 to 4 4 ............................................. 45 and o v e r...................................... 45 to 5 4 ......................................... 55 to 6 4 ......................................... 65 and over .................................. Other service periods: Total, 18 years and o v e r ..................... 18 to 2 4 ............................................. 25 to 3 4 ............................................. 35 to 4 4 ............................................. 45 and o v e r....................................... N o n v e te ra n s Total, 18 years and o ve r.............................. 18 to 2 4 ................................................... 25 to 3 4 ................................................... 35 to 4 4 ................................................... 45 and over ............................................. 1 Because o f the aging o f the population, there were no longer any Vietnam-era veterans under age 25 or any other war veterans under age 45, 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans, by race and Hispanic origin, April 1985, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Veteran status, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployed Total Percent of population Employed Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Total Vietnam era veterans.................................. Vietnam theater ...................................... Other Vietnam era .................................. Nonveterans ............................................... 7,932 3,672 4,260 54,435 7,449 3,383 4,065 42,724 93.9 92.1 95.4 78.5 7,003 3,158 3,845 39,538 445 225 220 3,185 6.0 6.7 5.4 7.5 483 288 195 11,712 7,084 3,193 3,892 46,468 6,660 2,947 3,714 36,849 94.0 92.3 95.4 79.3 6,326 2,786 3,539 34,504 335 161 174 2,345 5.0 5.4 4.7 6.4 424 246 178 9,619 724 411 312 6,100 678 379 299 4,444 93.6 92.2 95.8 72.9 588 325 263 3,725 90 54 36 719 13.2 14.1 12.1 16.2 46 32 13 1,656 356 161 195 4,575 341 150 192 3,759 95.8 93.2 98.5 82.2 312 140 172 3,388 29 9 20 371 8.6 6.3 10.4 9.9 15 11 4 816 White Vietnam era veterans.................................. Vietnam theater ....................................... Other Vietnam era .................................. Nonveterans ............................................... Black Vietnam era veterans.................................. Vietnam theater ...................................... Other Vietnam era .................................. Nonveterans ............................................... Hispanic origin Vietnam era veterans.................................. Vietnam theater ...................................... Other Vietnam era .................................. Nonveterans ............................................... No t e : Detail for the race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black popu lation groups. Men who served in Southeast Asia accounted for twothirds of the nearly 800,000 Vietnam-era veterans who re ported a service-connected disability. Their disability is rated from 0 to 100 percent, representing the “average im pairment in earning capacity” in civilian occupations result ing from diseases and injuries caused or aggravated by mil itary service.6 About half had disability ratings of less than 30 percent. Labor force Veterans of the Vietnam era are now in their prime work ing ages, and 7.5 million of a total of 7.9 million were in the labor force in April 1985. Being a large segment of their generation, they account for more than 1 of 4 men in the labor force between the ages of 30 and 44. With a 94percent participation rate, Vietnam-era veterans were as likely as their nonveteran peers to be in the labor force. (See table 1.) Those who served in the Vietnam theater were somewhat less likely to be labor force participants than other veterans of that period (92 versus 95 percent), in part be cause a larger proportion had service-connected disabilities. Black and Hispanic veterans were as likely to be in the labor force as whites, in contrast to the situation for nonveterans, among whom blacks have lower participation rates than whites and Hispanics. (See table 2.) For disabled Vietnam-era veterans, labor force participa tion varied widely, depending on the degree of disability. Those with disability ratings of less than 30 percent were nearly as likely to be in the labor force as those with no https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis disability. However, the participation rate was only 35 per cent for those reporting disability ratings of 60 percent or higher. (See table 3.) Disabled veterans of the Vietnam theater were about as likely to be labor force participants as disabled veterans who had served elsewhere. Of course, the existence of other sources of income can influence the veteran’s decision to seek employment. Most disabled veterans as defined in this report received regular monthly compensation through the v a or Department of Defense. Based on the extent of the reduced capacity to work, va payments range from under $100 to around $4,000 per month.7 For instance, a veteran whose only serviceconnected injury was the loss of the use of part of a finger or toe may be eligible to receive $70 per month. At the other extreme, a veteran whose military service resulted in quadriplegia may be entitled to around $4,000 (including the maximum allowance for dependents). Unemployment The unemployment rate for Vietnam-era veterans was 6.0 percent in April 1985. Altogether, almost 450,000 of the men were looking for work. Those who actually served in Southeast Asia were more likely to be unemployed than other Vietnam-era veterans, 6.7 percent compared with 5.4 percent. This was partly the result of their higher incidence of disability and also of factors which predated their military service. For instance, men in the Vietnam theater had, on average, less education and were from poorer families than other veterans of the same era.8 Hence, they were already at 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Labor Force Status o f Vietnam-Era Veterans a greater risk in terms of joblessness. A 1980 survey of veterans identified “finding a job” as their biggest problem, but less than one-half attributed their difficulties to military service.9 The jobless rate for disabled Vietnam-era veterans, at 8.1 percent, was much higher than that for those without disabil ity (5.6 percent). Disabled veterans who served in Southeast Asia were more likely to be unemployed than other disabled Vietnam-era veterans (9.2 versus 5.6 percent). Of the for mer, those with disability ratings of 30 to 50 percent had a particularly high jobless rate— 16.0 percent. The jobless rate for black Vietnam-era veterans was sub stantially higher than that for their white and Hispanic coun terparts, regardless of the theater of service. The rate for black veterans averaged 2\ to 3 times that for the whites, about the same relationship as in the general population. However, black and Hispanic veterans, like other veterans, had a low er jobless rate than their nonveteran counterparts. T w o-thirds o f the jobless V ietnam -era veterans w ere reen trants, a very high proportion, indicating m ore frequent breaks from the labor force for veterans than for m en who never served in the A rm ed F orces. A lm ost none o f the veterans w ere new entrants to the civilian labor force. The median length of joblessness for Vietnam-era veter ans was 9.3 weeks, about 3 weeks less than the duration for all men 25 years and over. Those who served in Southeast Asia were unemployed for a shorter time than were those who served outside the war zone. The men who served in the Vietnam theater were also less likely to be among the long-term unemployed (15 weeks and longer). Employment Both public and private sector employers have had vari ous incentives to hire the Vietnam-era veteran. Many large employers, most notably the Federal, State, and local gov ernments, give veterans preference in hiring, usually by adding points to their score on a competitive civil service exam. Public job service agencies in each State provide veterans with special assistance and counseling and have given them priority in referrals to job openings with Federal contractors. The Department of Labor sponsors training pro grams, as does the Department of Defense. The Labor De partment also has responsibility for enforcing veterans’ re employment rights. Many of these services were firmly in place well before the war’s end.10 More than 18 million veterans were employed at the time the survey was taken, including 7 million from the Vietnam period. While the most recent wartime veterans were about Table 3. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans, by presence of service-connected disability and reported disability rating, April 1985, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) C iv ilia n lab o r fo rc e P re s e n c e and ra tin g o f d is a b ility C ivilian U n e m p lo ye d n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n N o t in labo r P erc en t o f T o ta l p o p u la tio n fo rc e E m p lo ye d Num ber P erc en t o f lab o r fo rc e V ie tn a m -e ra v e te ra n s Total, 18 years and o ve r.............................. With service-connected disability............. Less than 30-percent disability rating .. 30- to 50-percent disability ra tin g ......... 60-percent or higher disability rating .. Disability rating not reported ............... Without service-connected disability . . . . Presence of disability not reported ......... 3 368 27 6.0 8.1 8.0 11.9 (1) (1) 5.6 10.3 483 156 31 40 78 7 289 39 3,158 378 225 89 30 34 2,666 114 225 38 19 17 — 2 176 11 6.7 9.2 7.8 16.0 (1) (1) 6.2 8.7 288 99 16 30 48 4 162 28 3,845 188 112 44 11 21 3,535 122 220 11 10 — — — 192 16 5.4 5.6 8.5 ID ) (1) 5.2 11.8 195 57 15 9 30 3 127 11 7,932 771 398 190 119 63 6,858 302 7,449 616 367 151 41 58 6,570 264 93.9 79.9 92.2 79.5 34.5 ) 95.8 87.4 7,003 566 337 133 41 56 6,201 236 445 50 29 18 3,672 515 260 137 78 39 3,004 153 3,383 416 244 106 30 36 2,842 125 92.1 80.8 93.8 77.4 38.5 (1) 94.6 81.7 4,260 256 138 54 41 24 3,854 150 4,065 199 123 44 11 21 3,727 139 95.4 77.7 89.1 (1) (1) (1) 96.7 92.7 0 V ie tn a m th e a te r Total, 18 years and ove r.............................. With service-connected disability............. Less than 30-percent disability rating .. 30- to 50-percent disability ra tin g ......... 60-percent or higher disability rating .. Disability rating not reported ............... Without service-connected disability . . . . Presence of disability not reported ......... O th e r V ie tn a m era Total, 18 years and over.............................. With service-connected disability............. Less than 30-percent disability rating .. 30- to 50-percent disability ra tin g ........ 60-percent or higher disability rating .. Disability rating not reported ............... Without service-connected disability . . . . Presence of disability not reported ......... 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. No t e : Dash indicates fewer than 500 persons. 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 as likely to be working as their nonveteran peers, there were differences in the types and settings of employment. Per haps the most striking of these is the large proportion, par ticularly among the disabled, who were working in the pub lic sector and in the Federal Government in particular. About 20 percent of the Vietnam-era veterans held public sector jobs, compared with 11 percent of nonveterans. Those men who actually served in the Vietnam theater were somewhat more likely to be public employees than other veterans of the same period. Black and Hispanic veterans were even more apt to be public sector employees than were whites. The following tabulation shows the percent of em ployed veterans who were wage and salary workers in pri vate industry (excluding the self-employed and unpaid fam ily workers) and in government in April 1985: The role of education in occupational selection has been critical for veterans. An estimated 70 percent of Vietnamera veterans returned to school after their military dis charge,13 the great majority taking advantage of veterans’ educational benefits.14 Despite this, veterans are less likely to hold college and postgraduate degrees than their nonvet eran peers, and this lower educational attainment is reflected in the types of jobs they hold, on average.15 In addition, the employment situation of veterans cannot be viewed apart from the performance of the economy as a whole. Economic dislocations in recent years have limited the growth of bluecollar jobs in favor of managerial, professional, and techni cal positions, to the detriment of some veterans who left the service with training and experience in craft, repair, and related fields. Government Private industry Total Federal Vietnam e r a .............................. D isab led ................................ Not disabled......................... 70.2 58.1 71.1 20.3 33.0 19.4 8.6 19.8 7.7 Vietnam th e a te r................... D isabled............................ Not disabled..................... 69.3 58.5 70.6 21.7 33.3 20.4 9.5 18.8 8.4 Other Vietnam e r a ............... D isabled............................ Not disabled..................... 71.0 57.4 71.5 19.2 31.9 18.6 7.9 21.8 7.2 Table 4. Employed male Vietnam-era veterans and non veterans by occupation and class of worker, April 1985, not seasonally adjusted (Percent distribution) V ie tn a m -e ra vetera n s O cc u p a tio n and c lass o f w o rke r Total V ietnam O th e r th e a te r V ie tn a m N o n v e te ra n s era A m ong disabled Vietnam-■era veterans w ith jo b s, one- third were in the public sector, with about 1 of 5 employed by the Federal Government. This reflects several factors, including special hiring preferences given to the disabled veteran (in addition to preferences given to all who served when the Nation was at war), special retention rights during reductions in force, and perhaps an unusually strong com mitment on the part of Federal agencies to hire handicapped workers in general.11 Veterans of the Vietnam period were about as likely to be self-employed as other men their age. Disabled Vietnam-era veterans were somewhat less likely to be self-employed than other veterans. The average length of the workweek for Vietnam-era veterans, at 45 hours, was about the same as that for adult men in general, and varied little on the basis of theater of service or disability. However, disabled veterans were more likely to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) than nondisabled veterans. Not surprisingly, disabled veterans reported more absenteeism than other veterans. Total, 18 years and over (in thousands) ..................... Percent.................................... 7,003 100.0 3,158 100.0 3,845 100.0 39,538 100.0 27.5 25.5 29.3 23.7 15.6 11.9 14.3 11.1 16.7 12.6 12.0 11.7 20.3 4.1 9.5 20.0 4.2 9.2 20.6 4.0 9.7 19.0 2.7 11.0 O c c u p a tio n Managerial and professional specialty ....................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................. Professional specialty................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............... Technicians and related support . Sales occupations ..................... Administrative support, including clerical .................................... Service occupations........................ Protective s ervice....................... Other service occupations........... Precision production, craft, and repair............................................. Mechanics and repairers............. Construction trades..................... Other precision production, craft, and re p a ir................................ Operators, fabricators, and laborers........................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......................... Transportation and material moving occupations................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............... Farming, forestry, and fis h in g ........ 6.8 6.6 6.9 5.3 7.9 3.9 4.0 9.2 5.0 4.1 7.0 3.1 3.9 9.5 2.1 7.4 23.5 9.4 7.5 24.5 9.3 8.5 22.7 9.5 6.6 20.2 6.9 7.8 6.7 6.8 6.6 5.5 18.4 18.7 18.2 22.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 8.5 7.4 7.7 7.2 7.2 3.8 3.8 3.7 6.4 2.2 2.1 2.4 5.5 90.5 70.2 20.3 8.6 11.7 91.0 69.3 21.7 9.5 12.3 90.2 71.0 19.2 7.9 11.3 89.4 78.3 11.1 (1) (1) 9.5 9.0 9.8 10.6 C la ss o f w o rke r Occupations. The Armed Forces provide certain training which is generally transferable to civilian jobs. While there are some military specialties, such as infantry and gun crews, which have no civilian counterpart, jobs in manage ment, repair, clerical, and craft specialties are similar to those of civilians.12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wage and salary w orkers............... P riva te......................................... Government................................ Federal.................................... State and local ....................... Self-employed and unpaid family w o rkers......................................... 1 Data not available. 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Labor Force Status o f Vietnam-Era Veterans Veterans who served in the Vietnam theater were less likely to hold managerial and professional positions than others of the same era, and more likely to hold skilled craft and protective service jobs. (See table 4.) Disabled Vietnam-era veterans were more likely than their nondis abled counterparts to be professionals, clericals, and un skilled laborers, and less likely to be skilled craftworkers and machine operators. This followed the pattern of veter ans of earlier wars, except that the older disabled veterans were also more likely to be in sales. The occupational distribution of black veterans varied from that of whites, paralleling the general situation. Black Vietnam-era veterans were less likely to be in managerial and professional positions and more likely to hold service jobs than were whites. But they were also less likely to occupy unskilled and low paying laborer jobs and more likely to hold lower level white-collar positions than nonvet eran blacks, indicating, perhaps, that military service con fers a greater relative benefit to blacks than to whites. Out of the labor force A small number of Vietnam-era veterans were not work ing or looking for work in April 1985. The majority of the 480,000 veterans in this category reported that they were retired, but ill health stemming from service injuries and illnesses also played a significant role in their labor force status. Black veterans were about as likely to be outside the labor force as whites, a picture quite different from the population as a whole, where blacks have a greater incidence of nonpar ticipation than whites. □ -FOOTNOTES1 Respondents to the April 1985 c ps supplement were men only; how ever, 1 million women were also veterans, including about 250,000 from the Vietnam era. For more information, see Female Veteran Population (Veterans Administration, 1984); and Maria L. Roca, “Women veterans total 1 million in first half o f 1986,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1986, pp. 3 0 -3 1 . 2 Information from the April 1985 c ps supplement was issued initially as news release u s d l 8 6 -1 2 5 , “ b l s Issues First Time Study on Disabled Veterans,” Mar. 31, 1986. Historical data on Vietnam-era veterans are found in Employment and Earnings, a monthly b l s publication, and The Employment Situation, a monthly BLS news release. For the latest article on the subject, see John F. Stinson, Jr., “Vietnam veterans in the labor market o f the 1970’s ,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1979, pp. 3 -1 1 . 3 Statistical Abstract 1986 (Washington, U .S. Department o f Com merce), p. 346. 4 For a comparison o f the attitudes of veterans, employers, and the public toward the veterans, see Myth and Realities: A Study of Attitudes Toward Vietnam Era Veterans, submitted by the Veterans Administration to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. House o f Representatives, July 1980. 5 Statistical Abstract 1975 (Washington, U .S. Department o f Com merce), p. 327. 6 Code of Federal Regulations, title 38. 7 Federal Benefits for Veterans and Dependents (Veterans Administra APPENDIX: The estimates in this article are obtained from a supple ment to the April 1985 Current Population Survey ( c p s ). Special questions in this survey asked men 18 years and older about their service in the Armed Forces and whether they had a service-connected disability. The c p s , a monthly survey of about 59,500 occupied households, is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. It provides information on the employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population; the demographic, occupational, and other characteristics of the employed, the unemployed, and persons not in the labor force; and related data. The April 1985 survey was taken during the week of the 14th through the 20th and refers to the status of individ 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion, 1986), pp. 3 -4 . 8 Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative Adjustment of Veterans and Their Peers, a study prepared for the Veterans Administration, submitted to the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Mar. 9, 1981, pp. 104-16. 9 Myths and Realities, pp. 108-19. 10 See Elizabeth Waldman and Kathryn R. Gover, “Employment situa tion of Vietnam-era veterans,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1971, pp. 3 -1 1 , for a discussion o f programs and benefits for these veterans, as well as a comparison of the job markets facing Vietnam, Korea, and World War II veterans. 11 See Veterans’ Preference in Federal Employment (Office o f Personnel Management, 1985). 12 See Carol Boyd Leon, “Working for Uncle Sam— a look at members o f the Armed Forces,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1984, pp. 3 -9 . 13 Legacies of Vietnam, pp. 153-72. 14 The va estimates that as of September 1985, 6 million Vietnam-era veterans had received training under the gi Bill, nearly two-thirds o f them at the college level. For more information, see Veterans Benefits Under Current Educational Programs, Fiscal Year 1985 (Veterans Administra tion). 15 Annual Report 1985 (Veterans Administration), p. 7. Notes on the data uals during the preceding week (7th through the 13th). The definitions underlying the data in this article are as follows. Veteran status is provided from responses to the ques tions: Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces? When did you serve? Vietnam Era—Aug. 1964-Apr. 1975 ..................... O Korean War—June 1950-Jan. 1955 ..................... O World War II—Sept. 1940-July 1947 ................... O World War I—Apr. 1917-Nov. 1918 ................... O Other service—All other periods ........................... O If the person served in more than one of the major con flicts, the most recent war period is marked. “Other service” is marked only if no time was served during one of the four major conflicts. Vietnam-era veterans were asked this ques tion to determine if service was actually in the Vietnam theater: Did you serve in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia; in the waters in or around these countries; or fly missions over these areas between August 1964 and April 1975? The presence of a service-connected disability is provided by the question: Has the Veterans Administration or the Department of Defense determined that you have a service-connected disability, that is, a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service? The disability status must be determined by the Veterans Administration or the Department of Defense. Selfdiagnosed or personal-physician-diagnosed disabilities are not applicable. Service-connected disability ratings are de termined from the question: What is your service-connected disability rating? https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Answers range from 0 to 100 percent. Disability ratings are determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code o f Federal Regulations (title 38), “Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans Relief,” Part 4— “Schedule for Rat ing Disabilities.” The rating schedule is “primarily a guide in the evaluation of disability resulting from all types of diseases and injuries encountered as a result of or incident to military service. The percentage ratings represent as far as can practicably be determined the average impairment in earning capacity resulting from such diseases and injuries and their residual conditions in civil occupations.” Part 4 lists hundreds of disorders by degree of severity and assigns a rating of 0 through 100 percent in steps of 10 percent for each (as well as instructions for rating multiple disorders). An example of the rating system is the assignment of a rating of 30 percent where a service-connected injury or disease causes the visual acuity of one eye to be reduced to 10/200 and vision in the other eye is 20/40. A rating of 90 percent disability is assigned where both eyes have only 10/200 acuity. Although the schedule’s ratings are based primarily on the average impairment in earning capacity, “full consideration must be given to unusual physical or mental effects in individual cases, to peculiar effects of occupational activities, to defects in physical or mental en dowment preventing the usual amount of success in over coming the handicap or disability, and to the effect of com binations of disability.” ERRATA The article “ New basket of goods and services being priced in revised c p i , ” which appeared in the January issue, contains two incorrect figures. In the first column of page 4, the second sentence of the last paragraph should read: The c p i -w population comprises 28 percent of all consumer units and 32 per cent of the noninstitutional population. 17 State and local government pay increases outpace five-year rise in private industry Differences in occupational industrial mix of workers account for much of difference in wage and salary gains, according to Employment Cost Index , R ic h a r d E. Schum ann Pay increases for workers in State and local government, as measured by the Bureau’s Employment Cost Index, have exceeded those for workers in the private sector over the 5 years for which comparable data are available from the e c i . During the June 1981-86 period, wages and salaries increased by 36 percent in State and local governments, while pay in the private sector increased 27.9 percent. Much of the difference in the size of wage changes be tween the two sectors can be explained by differences in the industrial and occupational composition of their work forces. The industrial and occupational groups which had the largest pay gains accounted for a higher proportion of employment in State and local government than in the pri vate sector. Over the last 11 years, however, pay probably increased by about the same percentage in the two sectors. During the 1981-86 period, wage changes in State and local govern ment were very similar to those of the service industry in the private sector. If this relationship in rates of pay change held in the 1975-81 period, and there is evidence to suggest that it did, then during that earlier period pay gains in private industry led those in State and local government by about the same percentage as they lagged them during 1981-86. That is, by 1986 the relative rates of pay in the two sectors were about what they were in 1975. The occupational effect A substantial part of the difference between the private Richard E. Schumann is an economist in the Office of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sector and State and local government in rates of pay in crease during 1981-86 can be explained by occupational composition. As shown in table 1, the groups with the largest wage increases in both sectors are relatively more numerous in State and local government. For example, pro fessional specialty and technical occupations, which show the largest percent change during June 1981-86 in both the private sector (34.0 percent) and State and local government (37.6 percent), account for nearly two-fifths of State and local government employment, compared with slightly more than one-tenth in private industry. Teachers, the largest group within the professional occupation, make up more than one-fifth of all State and local employment and received large pay gains during June 1981-86. In contrast, blue-collar workers, whose pay gains were less than those of white-collar and service workers in both private industry (23.7 percent) and State and local govern ment (31.9 percent), are relatively more numerous in the private sector. They account for three-eighths of private industry employment, compared with only one-eighth of State and local government employment. Service occupations, such as police, firefighters, and jan itors, show pay increases closer to those of white-collar workers, and they, too, are more significant in State and local government. The pay of these employees rose 28.0 percent in private industry compared with 34.4 percent in State and local government; they account for one-fifth of State and local employment, compared with one-eighth of private sector employment. To assess the impact of the differing occupational distri butions on the aggregate wage change, the Bureau recalcu- Table 1. Cumulative percent pay changes in government and the private sector and percent distribution of employ ment, by occupation, June 1981-86 C u m u la tive pay c h an g e O c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p All workers............... White-collar workers........... Professional specialty and technical............... Executive, administrative, and managerial........... S a le s .............................. Administrative support, including clerical ......... Blue-collar workers............. Precision production, craft, and repair........... Machine operators, assemblers, and Inspectors................... Transportation and material moving........... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............... Service occupations........... P ercen t o f em p lo y m e n t S ta te and local Private S ta te and local P rivate g o v ern m e n t sec to r g o v ern m e n t sec to r 36.0 27.9 100.0 100.0 37.0 31.1 67.1 50.1 137.6 34.0 38.6 11.2 136.0 136.6 32.1 24.3 9.2 0.9 9.8 11.3 134.3 30.8 18.5 17.8 31.9 23.7 12.0 37.4 13 3 .O 25.7 4.2 14.4 13 2 .O 23.6 1.4 12.2 129.3 18.9 3.6 5.0 13 3.1 20.3 2.7 5.8 134.4 28.0 20.9 12.4 1 Unpublished data No t e : The Employment Cost Index employment distribution is based on the 1980 census. lated percent changes over the last 5 years for private indus try workers, using the occupational distribution from State and local government.1 The differing occupational mix ac counted for about 40 percent of the difference between the rates of pay increase for the two sectors. That is, if private industry had the State and local occupational employment distribution, the June 1981-86 pay increase for private in dustry workers would have been 31.4 percent, compared with the actual 27.9 percent, but still below the 36.0-percent change for State and local government workers. When this process was reversed and the State and local government cumulative change was recalculated using pri vate industry employment distributions, about 25 percent of the difference could be explained by occupational composi tions. The revised cumulative percent increase for State and local government was 34.0 percent, compared with the ac tual 36.0-percent change, but above the private industry figure of 27.9 percent. Thus, differences between the pri vate sector and State and local governments in the occupa tional employment distribution account for 25 to 40 percent of the difference in wage and salary increases during 1981-86. Effects of industrial activity Virtually all of the differential in the June 1981-86 rates of wage and salary change between State and local govern ment and private industry can be explained by differences in the distribution of employment by industrial activity. A major difference between the two sectors is in the impor tance of service industry activities— for example, hospitals and schools. As shown in table 2, service activities account for nearly two-thirds of the State and local government work https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis force, compared with about one-fifth in private industry. Workers in service industry activities had the largest June 1981-86 pay gains in both private industry (36.9 percent) and State and local government (37.1 percent). In addition, the industry divisions which are important in only one sector tended to raise the State and local govern ment cumulative increase and lower the private industry increase. Manufacturing; wholesale and retail trade; and finance, insurance, and real estate are important only in the private sector, and the pay increases in these industries were lower than the average for all private industry workers (29.7 percent). Public administration, which represents 25.4 per cent of State and local government employment, averaged pay gains of 34.6 percent, well above the 29.7-percent in crease for the private sector. To assess the impact of the differences in the industrial composition of the two sectors, the Bureau recalculated the cumulative percent change for private industry for the pe riod 1981-86, using the industry distributions from State and local government.2 The recalculated private industry change of 34.8 percent is very close to the State rnd local government change of 36.0 percent. It is clear that the differing industrial composition of the two sectors is crucial in explaining the differences in the June 1981-86 changes. The service industry as a proxy Because State and local government workers were not included in the e c i prior to June 1981, it is not possible to determine from that index whether State and local pay gains exceeded those in the private sector during 1975-81 as they did during 1981-86. It is possible, however, to draw some conclusions about relative rates of wage change during the earlier period by examining pay gains of the service industry in the private sector. Table 2. Cumulative percent pay changes in government and the private sector and percent distribution of employ ment, by industry, June 1981-86 C u m u la tive p ay c h an g e In d u s try P erc en t o f e m p lo y m e n t S tate a nd local P rivate S ta te and local P riv a te g o v ern m e n t s ec to r g o v ern m e n t s e c to r All workers.......................... 36.0 29.7 100.0 100.0 Manufacturing................. Construction................... Transportation, commun ications, and public utilities ........................ Wholesale and retail tra d e ............................ Finance, insurance, and real estate................... Services.......................... Public administration . . . . Other4 ............................ (1) 234.2 26.5 19.8 (1) 3.3 30.2 5.8 228.1 26.6 (1) 25.8 (1) 25.1 (1) 37.1 34.6 M 28.0 36.9 (3) (4) (1) 63.8 25.8 2.9 7.7 22.4 (3) 1.4 4.5 7.7 1 This category is included in the “other” category. 2 Unpublished data 3 Not applicable. 4 “Other” Includes mining in the private sector and mining, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and finance, insurance, and real estate In State and local government. No t e : The Employment Cost Index employment distribution is based on the 1980 census. 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • State and Local Government Pay Increases Wage and salary increases for workers in State and local government have, since June 1981, approximated those of the service industry of the private sector. Both State and local government (36.6 percent) and the service industry of the private sector (36.9 percent) have had increases greater than the private sector as a whole (27.9 percent). In contrast, during the 1975-81 period, wage and salary increases for the service industry in the private economy (48.4 percent) were smaller than for all private industry (56.3 percent). Consequently, over the period from 1975 to 1986, increases for workers in the private service industry (103.1 percent) have been about the same as those for all private sector workers (99.8 percent). If State and local government wage changes had approx imated changes in the private service industry for the Sep tember 1975-June 1981 period as they did in the June 1981— June 1986 period, the change in State and local wages over the 1975-86 period would be about the same as the change in wages for the private sector. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that the change in State and local government wages approximated the change in wages for the private sector service industry from 1975 to 1980 is provided by earnings data from the Bureau of the Census.3 During the 1975-84 period, the latest for which census data were available, the increase in earnings for State and local government workers (85.0 percent) did approxi- 1 This was accomplished by apportioning the private industry census employment weight among the major occupational groups on the basis of the distribution existing in State and local government, and then multiply ing the private industry wage rate for each group by the weight for that group. 2 Separate wage rate data were not available for manufacturing; whole sale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and mining. The recalculated index compares those industry divisions (construction; trans 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 3. Annual and cumulative percent pay changes in government and in the private sector service industry, 1976-84 Private sector1 Year Total Service industry State and local government2 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .................................................................. .................................................................. .................................................................. .................................................................. .................................................................. 7.2 7.0 7.7 8.7 9.0 5.4 5.3 6.7 8.5 8.7 6.1 6.1 5.3 7.7 9.0 1981 1982 1983 1984 .................................................................. .................................................................. .................................................................. .................................................................. 8.8 6.3 5.0 4.1 10.6 8.0 6.6 6.2 9.5 8.4 5.7 6.0 1975-81 ............................................................ 1981-84 ............................................................ 1975-84 ............................................................ 59.2 16.2 85.0 54.2 22.4 88.8 52.3 21.5 85.0 1 Based on change in Employment Cost Index from December to December. 2 Annual change based on monthly earnings for October of each year. Census data on earnings for State and local government and educational employees taken from Public Employ ment, Series GE No. 1 for various years. mate the increase in the e c i private service industry ( 8 8 . 8 percent). (See table 3.) This indicates that the relationship between changes in the private service industry and State and local government held for the period before June 1981 and that, over the longer period (1975-86), the difference between changes in the private nonfarm sector and the State and local government sector virtually disappears. □ portation, communications, and public utilities; and services) which have significant employment in both sectors. 3 The comparison of earnings data based on average October earnings with Employment Cost Index wage and salary data from the December quarter is not ideal. The two series do not measure the same concept and earnings series may differ considerably from wage series. The comparison is made to indicate a general trend which exists, not to make an exact comparison. Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1986 Some States tightened benefit eligibility and disqualification provisions, but few other changes were made; in eight States, statutes were modified to cut extended benefits if triggered by Federal budget-balancing legislation D ia n a R u n n e r No major Federal legislation was enacted in 1986 that would require States to amend their unemployment insurance laws. However, Congress enacted Public Law 99-595 (untitled) which extends to December 31, 1992, the exclusion from coverage of aliens performing agricultural labor. States are not required to amend their laws to apply the alien exclusion. An immigration reform bill, Public Law 99-603, was also enacted which includes an alien verification system that becomes effective in October 1988 in the States unless the U.S. Secretary of Labor provides a waiver. The system would be used to verify the eligibility for benefits of certain alien workers. The law specifies criteria States must meet to qualify for the waiver. Diana Runner is an unemployment insurance program specialist in the Office o f Legislation and Actuarial Services, Employment and Training Administration, U .S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Tax Reform Act, Public Law 99-514, amended the definition of gross income to include all unemployment benefits as taxable income for Federal income tax purposes. The act also made several technical amendments to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. In general, State legislatures took very little action in the area of unemployment insurance this year. Eight States amended their laws to cut the extended benefit amount payable to a claimant during a period in which Federal payments to States for extended benefits are reduced pur suant to a sequester order under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (hereafter termed Gramm-Rudman-Hollings). Nine States amended their laws to include tips in the definition of covered wages for tax purposes. Following is a summary of significant changes in State unemployment insurance (ui) laws during 1986. 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • California Disqualification. An individual who was fired from a job or who voluntarily quit due to alcoholism may reestablish eligibility for extended benefits after he or she has earned remuneration equal to or in excess of five times the weekly benefit amount. Penalties. The penalty for fraud against the ui system was changed from a misde meanor conviction to imprisonment for 1 year or a fine of up to $20,000, or both. Colorado Financing. Beginning January 1, 1987, the taxable wage base is increased from $8,000 to $9,000 and will rise to $10,000 on January 1, 1988. However, if the trust fund balance on June 30, 1987, is more than $350 million, the wage base for calen dar year 1988 will be $9,000. The fund balance level at which the most favorable tax schedule would become effective has been changed from at least $250 million to $350 million. Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1986 The rate for new employers, except those in construction, is the average assessment rate for all employers. In construction, the new employer’s rate is the higher of the average construction industry assessment rate or the average industry assessment rate in that employer’s specific industry classification. Benefits. The weekly and total benefit amounts for extended benefits will be re duced to reflect any cuts mandated by Gramm-Rudman-Hollings. Disqualification. The duration disquali fication for the three major causes of dis qualification (voluntary leaving, discharge for misconduct, and refusal of suitable work) will continue until the worker has been employed for 4 weeks and has earned four times the weekly benefit amount. Florida Coverage. The exclusion from coverage of aliens performing agricultural labor was extended to January 1, 1988. Hawaii Benefits. The percentage of the State’s average weekly wage used to compute the maximum weekly benefit amount was low ered from 60 percent to 55 percent. Disqualification. An individual’s poten tial weeks of benefits will now be reduced if he or she receives severance allowances. Also, disqualifying income now includes sick pay or other similar periodic cash pay ments. Financing. The definition of wages was amended to include tips received from cus tomers and reported to the employer. The benefit charging provisions were amended to specify that no contributing employer’s account will be charged for the State’s share of Federal-State Extended Benefits. Disqualification. Conditions for benefit eligibility were added for individuals who leave part-time employment and would otherwise be ineligible for benefits. Benefits. Beginning July 1, 1988, a quar terly wage reporting system will be added, in addition to a wage request system, for purposes of determining benefits. Begin ning October 1, 1989, the following changes will be effective: (1) the base pe riod will be the first four of the last five completed calendar quarters; (2) qualify ing wages will be 30 times the weekly ben efit amount and wages must have been earned in at least two quarters of the base period; and (3) the duration disqualifica tion for the three major causes will not be removed unless or until the individual has earned wages of five times the weekly ben efit amount. Delaware Idaho Financing. The period over which an employer’s experience rating account must be chargeable before he or she can qualify for other than the standard rate was reduced from 3 to 2 years. The benefit charging provisions were amended to specify that only contributing employers will be re lieved of charges for benefits paid to an individual who voluntarily left work with out good cause, was discharged for miscon duct, or refused an offer of suitable work. Financing. The maximum tax rate for the most favorable tax schedule increased from 4.0 percent to 5.4 percent of payrolls. The definition of wages was amended to include tips totaling $20 or more in a month that have been reported by the claimant in a written statement to the employer. The law was amended to provide that an employer will not be charged for benefits paid to an individual who continues to perform serv ices for that employer without a reduction Administration. The Colorado Depart ment of Labor and Employment’s secondlevel appeals body was changed from the Unemployment Compensation Commis sion to the Industrial Claims Appeals Panel. Connecticut 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in work schedule and who is eligible to receive benefits based on earnings from an other employer. Penalties. The law was amended to add an 8-year statute of limitations on collec tion by the State of fraudulently received benefits. Illinois Coverage. A new enactment excludes from coverage services performed by an individual as a direct seller, if certain con ditions are met. Financing. The taxable wage base of $8,500 was extended until January 1988. Thereafter, it reverts to $7,000. The new employer’s contribution rate, equal to the greater of 2.7 percent or 2.7 percent times the State experience factor, was extended through calendar year 1987. This effec tively postponed until calendar 1988 the charging of a straight 2.7-percent rate for new employers, which was to have become effective January 1987. New legislation also extended through calendar 1987: (1) the minimum and maximum contribution rates of 0.2 percent and 6.7 percent, re spectively; and (2) the emergency contri bution rate of 0.6 percent for employers whose rates are higher than 0.2 percent, which had been established to ensure ade quate fund levels. Benefits. The requirement that an indi vidual’s weekly benefit amount be com puted as 48 percent of his or her average weekly wage (up to 48 percent of the State average weekly wage), which was due to expire on January 3, 1987, was extended until January 2, 1988. The formula for computing dependents’ allowances was ex tended for the same period. Kansas Financing. The definition of wages was amended to include tips totaling $20 or more in a calendar month when such tips have been reported in writing to the em ployer. Benefits. The amount of earnings disre garded in computing the weekly benefit for partial unemployment was changed from $8 to one-fourth of the weekly benefit amount or the amount in excess of $47. Disqualification. The disqualification for discharge for misconduct and for refusal of suitable work changed from a fixed period of 10 weeks to the duration of the claimant’s unemployment and until the in dividual has earned three times the weekly benefit amount. Deleted was the require ment that provided for an equal reduction of benefits under both of these disqualifica tions. Also, Kansas now provides for a can cellation of wage credits earned from the employer involved in a disqualification for gross misconduct. Kentucky Coverage. The age 22 limitation for the exclusion from coverage of services per formed by students in a work-study pro gram was deleted; therefore such services are excluded, regardless of the individual’s age. Financing. The definition of wages was amended to include tips when they have been reported in writing to the employer. Extended to December 1988 was the provi sion that a surcharge be imposed on em ployers if there are insufficient funds in the penalty and interest account for the pay ment of interest on Federal advances to the State ui program. Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount may not increase if the tax rate schedule in effect is higher than the previ ous year’s schedule. Kentucky also limits the permissible increase in the maximum weekly benefit amount each year depend ing on the trust fund balance. For example, when the fund balance is less than $150 million, the maximum benefit cannot in crease by more than 6 percent over the pre vious year’s maximum. An individual’s ex tended benefit and total benefit amounts will be cut by the amount of the GrammRudman-Hollings reduction. Disqualification. An individual will not be disqualified from benefits for leaving work that was 100 miles (one-way) from home to accept work less than 100 miles away. Maryland Coverage. A new enactment excludes from coverage services performed by an individual as a direct seller, if certain con ditions are met. Financing. The definition of wages was amended to include tips when they have been reported by the claimant in a written statement furnished to the employer. Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $175 to $195, and the dependency allowance was raised from $3 to $4. Wages earned for a succes sive benefit year must be in insured work. A temporary worksharing program, estab lished in 1984, was made permanent. Disqualification. An individual’s requal ifying earnings after disqualification for voluntary leaving without good cause, dis charge for misconduct, or refusal of suit able work must be earned in insured work. Penalties. The penalty for fraudulent misrepresentation by any individual to ob tain or increase benefits was changed from a monetary fine to a misdemeanor. If con victed, the individual will be required to repay the fraudulent benefits plus interest at the rate of 1.5 percent per month from the date on which he or she was notified of the recoverable amount. Also, the individual shall be fined up to $1,000 or imprisoned for up to 90 days, or both. Any individual who fraudulently prevents or reduces bene fits will be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined up to $1,000 or imprisoned for up to 90 days, or both. Michigan Financing. The definition of wages was amended to include tips that are reported by the claimant to the employer in a written statement. Louisiana Benefits. An individual’s extended bene fit amount and total benefit amount will be reduced by the amount of the Federal share of the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings reduc tion. Maine Financing. Benefits paid to a dislocated worker will not be charged to an em ployer’s experience rating account, but to the general fund. Benefits. A temporary program which will provide job search assistance and job training was established for dislocated workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Minnesota Financing. No employer’s account shall be charged for benefits paid to an individ ual when: (1) the unemployment was caused by a fire, flood, or act of God; (2) 70 percent or more of the employees became unemployed as a result; and (3) the employer reopens its operation within 360 days of the disaster. Mississippi Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $115 to $130. Pro fessional baseball was included as a sea sonal industry for benefit purposes. The total amount of extended benefits payable is now limited, so that the Federal reim bursement is one-half of the total extended benefits payments pursuant to GrammRudman-Hollings . Disqualification. The disqualification for discharge for misconduct was changed from 1 to 12 weeks to the duration of the claimant’s unemployment and until the in dividual has earned wages of at least eight times the weekly benefit amount. The dis qualification for, and definition of, gross misconduct was deleted from the law. The statute now limits to 10 years the period during which the State may collect over payments made earlier to a claimant. Missouri Financing. The definition of wages for ui purposes was amended to include tips reported by the claimant in a written state ment to the employer. Nebraska Financing. The definition of wages was amended to include tips reported by the claimant in a written statement to the em ployer for Federal income tax purposes. Benefits. Beginning October 1, 1988, employers will be required to report quar terly wages for every employee, which will be used to make individual monetary deter minations of benefit eligibility. The com missioner of the Nebraska Department of Labor may, by regulation, designate the base period as the first four of the last five completed calendar quarters instead of the four completed calendar quarters preceding the individual’s benefit year, as is currently the case. The law now specifies that the percentage of benefits which are Federally funded may be adjusted in accordance with the provisions of G ram m -R u d m an Hollings. Disqualification. The statute now limits to 3 years the period during which the State may collect overpayments made earlier to a claimant. However, no individual will be liable for overpayments received without fault on his or her part where the recovery thereof would defeat the purpose of the act or be inequitable and against good con science. New York Coverage. A new enactment excludes from coverage services performed by an individual as a real estate agent, if certain conditions are met. The law now permits voluntary coverage for a person employed at a place of religious worship. 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Financing. Employer contribution rates, formerly computed from payrolls for the preceding year, are now based on average payrolls for the last 3 years, or the average for all quarters if the employer has been liable for fewer than 13 quarters. North Carolina Benefits. The law was amended to cut the weekly and total extended benefit amounts to reflect any reductions under GrammRudman-Hollings. Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1986 percent to 5.4 percent of payrolls. The rate of contributions for new employers was re duced from 2.7 percent to 2.64 percent. ers. Currently, benefits are charged to the most recent employer who paid the individ ual $695 or more in covered employment. South Dakota Benefits. Beginning January 3, 1988, to qualify for benefits an individual must earn: (1) at least $1,000 in one quarter of the base period; (2) base period wages of at least 40 percent of the total high-quarter wages; and, (3) at least four times the weekly benefit amount after the beginning of the individual’s most recent benefit year. Currently, the qualifying requirements are 20 weeks of work at $35 per week. Also, an individual’s weekly benefit amount will be determined by dividing the wages in the two high quarters by 45. However, the amount determined may not exceed the maximum weekly benefit amount. Begin ning with the first calendar week of July 1990, the quarterly wage requirement of $1,000 (as mentioned above) will be ad justed by a percentage increase equal to the percentage increase, if any, in the State minimum wage effective during the pre ceding calendar year. Beginning January 3, 1988, an individual must earn 1^ times high-quarter wages in the base period to qualify for extended benefits. A temporary compensation program for employees on shortened work schedules was established, to last until June 30, 1988. Disqualification. The labor dispute dis qualification now applies to any individual for any week in which the unemployment is caused by a labor dispute. Holiday pay will be considered disqualifying income and an individual’s weekly benefit amount will be reduced by the amount of the holiday pay prorated over weeks of Ui benefits paid. Ohio Financing. The contribution rate for new employers will be the higher of the average contribution rate computed for their indus try or 3 percent. Oklahoma Benefits. An individual’s duration of benefits will now be determined as the lesser of 26 weeks or 40 percent of the taxable wage, or 40 percent of the total wages in the base period. Oklahoma also will cut the extended benefit amount by one-half if the amount of extended benefits reimbursed by the Federal Government is reduced. Disqualification. The disqualification period for refusal of suitable work or failure to actively seek work was changed from the week of failure and until the individual earns at least 10 times the weekly benefit amount to the week in which the failure occurred. Penalties. An individual will be assessed interest at the rate of 1 percent per month on fraudulently received benefits until such benefits are repaid. Rhode Island Benefits. Beginning January 1, 1988, all employers will be required to submit a quarterly wage report on all employees. On claims filed on or after October 1, 1989, the report will be used to establish an indi vidual’s eligibility for benefits and to deter mine the amount and duration of benefits. South Carolina Financing. The standard rate of em ployer contributions increased from 2.7 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Tennessee Financing. The tax rate for employers who are not experience rated increased from 5.4 percent to 5.5 percent. Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $120 to $125, and will increase to $130 on January 5, 1987. Disqualification. A labor dispute dis qualification will not apply if the claimant subsequently obtains covered employment and earns 10 times the weekly benefit amount. Also, a disqualification will not apply if the claimant was indefinitely sepa rated prior to the dispute and is otherwise eligible for benefits. Virginia Utah Coverage. The test for determining whether an employer-employee relation ship exists is modified to delete consider ation of services performed for the em ployer outside the usual course or place of the employer’s business. Thus, services for remuneration will constitute employment unless two tests are met: (1) the individual is free from direction and control, and (2) he or she is customarily engaged in an independent trade or business. Vermont Financing. Beginning January 3, 1988, benefits will be charged to all base period employers in proportion to the wages earned by the individual with each em ployer. However, if one or more base pe riod employers are not charged for benefits paid for reasons described in the law, all benefits paid shall be charged proportion ately to the remaining base period employ Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $159 to $167. Penalties. The penalty for fraudulent misrepresentation by individuals to obtain or increase benefits or by employers to pre vent or reduce benefit payments has been changed from a misdemeanor to a Class I misdemeanor. Washington Financing. The definition of wages was amended to include tips which are reported by the employee to the employer for Fed eral income tax purposes. Wyoming Benefits. If the amount of extended bene fits reimbursed by the Federal Government is reduced or increased, then the State’s share of the weekly extended benefit amount will be reduced or increased on an equal basis. □ Retail liquor stores experience flat trend in productivity Output per hour of all persons remained relatively stable during 1972-85; technological innovations have not been sufficient to offset weak demand and small labor-intensive operations , Ja m e s D . Y o r k Output per hour of all persons1 in the retail liquor store industry2 increased at an average annual rate of 0.2 percent from 1972 to 1985, compared with an average annual rate of 0.7 percent for the total nonfarm business sector of the economy during the same period. This overall productivity gain reflects no change in output on an average annual basis coupled with a corresponding decrease in all person hours of 0.3 percent. (See table 1.) In 1972-78, productivity in the retail liquor industry de clined at a rate of 0.8 percent. The rate of growth in output was only 0.7 percent and was outpaced by a growth in hours of 1.5 percent per year. Productivity declined every year of this subperiod except in 1976, when it increased by 4.7 percent. This increase occurred as output rose 1.6 percent and hours declined 3.0 percent. Recessionary conditions in 1974 and 1975 may have contributed to the weak demand exhibited during this period. Sales declined in 1975, the year the recession reached its trough, but rebounded in 1976 and 1977— both years of economic recovery. From 1978 to 1982, productivity experienced a sharp turnaround, rising at a 3.3-percent annual rate. However, it still reflected a decrease in hours. Output increased an aver age of 0.4 percent annually, while hours declined at a rate of 2.9 percent. Output increased in only 2 years of this subperiod, 1979 and 1980. Despite the general recovery in the economy since 1982, James D. York is an economist in the Division o f Industry Productivity and Technology Studies, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis productivity declined at an average annual rate of 1.9 per cent from 1982 to 1985. Output declined at a rate of 3.9 percent, exceeding the 2.1-percent rate of decrease in hours. Output posted declines in every year except 1983, when there was a small increase of 0.6 percent. Substantial de clines of 6.6 and 4.7 percent occurred in 1984 and 1985. Increased health concerns, changes in social attitudes to ward drinking, and tougher drunk-driving laws have proba- Table 1. Retail liquor stores indexes of output per hour of all persons and related data, 1972-85 [1977=100] Year Output per hour of all persons 1972s .................................. 1973 .................................. 1974 .......................... 1975 .................................. 101.3 101.2 99.8 96.5 102.8 104.7 103.5 99.4 1976 1977 1978 1979 .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. 101.0 100.0 94.7 96.3 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. 101.6 103.2 107.8 101.2 101.6 101.0 Hours of all persons All persons 94.2 96.7 96.7 96.5 93.0 95.6 96.9 100.0 91.6 92.4 93.4 97.1 101.2 100.0 92.0 91.9 98.0 100.0 98.3 101.4 97.0 100.0 103.8 105.3 96.8 100.0 106.9 110.3 92.8 93.2 96.1 93.4 91.6 88.6 103.7 101.7 99.9 100.5 93.9 89.5 102.1 98.5 92.7 99.3 92.4 88.6 111.7 109.1 104.0 107.6 102.5 101.0 Output per person I Output Average annual rates of change (in percent) 1972-85 ............................ 1980-85 ............................ 0.2 -0.4 -1.1 -0 .9 0.0 -2 .7 -0 .3 -2 .3 1.1 -1 .9 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Productivity in Retail Liquor Stores bly contributed to the decline in demand.3 The small output increase of 0.6 percent coupled with an increase in hours of 7.1 percent caused a drop in productivity of 6.1 percent in 1983. In 1984, a drop in hours of 6.9 percent enabled productivity to register a 0.4-percent increase, but in 1985 productivity declined by 0.6 percent as hours declined less than output. Industry structure and employment The industry is characterized by small establishments with relatively few employees. In recent years, however, small stores have declined in relative importance. Retail liquor establishments with 1 to 9 paid employees repre sented 85 percent of all establishments with paid employees in 1982, compared with slightly over 89 percent in 1972. These employees accounted for about 65 percent of total paid employment in 1982, down from about three-quarters in 1972. The sales volume of stores with 1 to 9 paid em ployees has likewise declined slightly as a proportion of the total. In 1982, their sales volume accounted for 69 percent of the total, down from about three-quarters in 1972. Although most establishments are small, a number of firms in the industry have many establishments. These orga nizations can benefit from certain economies of scale, even if none of the individual establishments has large output. Although the number of multiunit firms has increased, the number of large companies has remained virtually un changed. In 1972, there were 944 multiunit firms, account ing for a total of 6,265 establishments. Some of these firms contained numerous establishments. For example, 6 firms had 51 to 100 establishments and 11 firms had more than 100 outlets. The 11 firms actually operated a total of 2,577 establishments, an average of 234 establishments per firm. They accounted for almost 17 percent of all sales and about 10 percent of paid employment. In 1982, the number of multiunit firms totaled 2,124, accounting for 8,008 establishments. Among these were 6 firms with 50 to 99 establishments (the category shown in the 1982 Census of Retail Trade). Twelve firms had 100 establishments or more. Thus, over a 10-year period, while the number of multiunit firms increased, there was virtually no change in the number of large chains. The 12 largest firms operated 2,973 establishments, an average of 248 establishments per firm, a slight increase over previous years. Their share of total sales decreased slightly to less than 14 percent and their share of paid employment fell to less than 8 percent. The average number of employees per establishment increased from 3.8 in 1972 to 4.1 in 1977 and 1982. Between 1972 and 1985, the number of persons working in the liquor store industry increased by 10.3 percent, from 150,900 to 166,400. This represents an average annual rate of increase of 1.1 percent. Despite the increase in employ ment, the total hours of all persons actually decreased at an average annual rate of 0.3 percent. This primarily reflects a 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis rise in part-time workers and a decline in the average weekly hours of nonsupervisory employees of 13.6 percent, from 33.0 to 28.5 hours. The work force of the liquor store industry consists of partners and proprietors, nonsupervisory workers, supervi sory workers, and unpaid family workers. Nonsupervisory workers make up the largest group. They represented 58.4 percent of all liquor store personnel in 1972.4 By 1985, however, they had increased to 68.9 percent of the total. Increased competition in the industry appears to have been a factor in this trend. The smallest stores, which have a higher proportion of self-employed workers, have been de clining in relative importance. In the face of reduced de mand in recent years, many of these stores closed and this has had a negative effect on the number of self-employed workers. From 1972 to 1985, the number of partners and proprietors declined 31 percent, from 36,700 to 25,200. The larger stores that remain have relatively more nonsupervi sory employees. The industry’s work force is dominated by persons in marketing and sales occupations. Salespersons represent the largest group and accounted for nearly 40 percent of the total in 1984. Cashiers, the next largest group, accounted for nearly 19 percent. Another major occupation among mar keting and sales workers is stock clerks, who represented nearly 8 percent of the work force in 1984.5 A changing market Many factors have affected the market for alcoholic bev erages in recent years. Changes in demographics, consumer tastes, and social attitudes toward drinking have influenced consumer buying patterns. One of the most dramatic shifts in drinking habits has been the growing consumption of wine and, recently, wine coolers. This shift to wine has increased employee time required to service consumers because of the greater number of bottles which must be handled for a given value of sales. Between 1970 and 1980, wine increased its share of liquor and wine sales from 40 percent to more than half of the market and has continued to increase its share in subsequent years.6 Brandy sales have also increased. Among distilled spirits, a large decline in whiskey con sumption has contributed to the weak demand experienced by the industry. From 1972 to 1984, whiskey sales declined by more than 27 percent.7 This has been partially offset, however, by a rise in vodka sales. In the brewery industry, one of the most significant devel opments has been the growth of “low-calorie” light beer. Light beer sales, virtually nonexistent in the early 1970’s, accounted for about 20 percent of total sales in 1984, having risen every year. Light beer has been an important factor in keeping up total beer sales in an increasingly diet-conscious consumer market. During 1972-84, total beer sales in creased about 39 percent. However, in recent years, beer sales have been relatively stable.8 Beer has increased its share of the overall market, however, and has increased handling requirements per dollar of sales in the industry. There appears to have been an increase in the diversity of beverages purchased by consumers. As already stated, there has been a considerable increase in the consumption of light beer and wine. There has also been a rise in the consumption of cordials, liqueurs, and mixed drinks. The desire to sam ple new tastes appears to be a factor in the increased popu larity of premixed drinks now available in liquor stores. Sales of soft drinks in liquor stores have also increased. Factors affecting productivity While overall growth in productivity and demand has been negligible in the liquor store industry, computer tech nology and the shift to self-service operations have helped to offset negative factors in the industry’s productivity situ ation, thus preventing an actual decline. Computers are often used in conjunction with point-of-sale terminals (cash registers) and electronic scanning devices. The declining prices of computers and the availability of inexpensive per sonal computers have made this technology feasible for more and more liquor store operators. Computers provide numerous capabilities to store man agers which have enabled them to operate their businesses more efficiently. Inventory and the stocking of shelves can be controlled by computer technology. Information coded on bottle labels and picked up by scanning devices is fed into the computer, thereby keeping track of what is being sold from the store’s shelf inventory. The computer can alert the stockroom personnel when the supply of certain items is getting low. In addition to eliminating employee time re quired for monitoring shelf stocks, a computer system can avert the loss of sales by monitoring inventory. The com puter can inform employees exactly where each item can be found on stockroom shelves and where it belongs on the sales floor. It can also automatically print out a purchase order for suppliers whenever stockroom quantities are low.9 The use of scanning equipment in conjunction with com puters or other memory-equipped devices removes the need to put price labels on individual products. Price information for all items can be entered into the system’s memory. The scanner reads the coded information on the product labels and the appropriate price to charge the customer can then be retrieved from the system’s memory. As prices change, information in the memory is updated, alleviating the need to reprice items on the shelves.10 Because of their capability to store information and make it readily accessible, computers have been used to perform recordkeeping and administrative functions and thus greatly reduce the amount of worktime required for these tasks. Computers can provide permanent records which may be required by the State liquor authority or other government body. They can handle the payroll, the general ledger, and accounts payable. The information provided on sales activ ity permits store operators to schedule staff hours more https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis efficiently. The word-processing ability of computers can also reduce time spent on correspondence. Computers have helped store operators increase sales by providing the neces sary information to determine the best selling items so that ordering can focus on a more optimal product mix. Detailed information provided by computers also contributes to a reduction in employee pilferage. Many liquor store operators who have not introduced computer technology into their establishments have never theless benefited from improvements in cash registers. The development of electronic cash registers ( e c r ’ s ) to replace the older mechanical versions has improved bookkeeping capabilities, e c r ’ s provide memory capability and reduce the time involved in accounting and inventory. Because of their memory capacity, they offer store operators many of the same benefits of computer technology.11 Employee hours have been reduced by the shift to selfservice operations which has taken place in much of the industry. Customers can browse for their choice of bever ages. The workload of store personnel is reduced because they no longer need to spend time retrieving bottles for customers as their orders are placed. The increasingly tough competition which has taken place in the industry has also spurred continuing efforts to reduce labor time require ments. The reduced demand for liquor stores in recent years has made it more difficult for marginal operators to remain in business. The restrictions of various State and local laws, however, will limit any tendencies toward consolidation or concentration. Despite the benefits of computer technology, productivity in the industry has experienced very little growth over the years. Liquor stores remain relatively labor-intensive opera tions. The inherent nature of store operations has prevented any significant automation of operations such as those that have been achieved in many manufacturing facilities. The introduction of data processing equipment has enhanced the capabilities of managers and employees but has not removed the basic need for their services. The opportunities to substi tute machinery or equipment for employee time and effort are limited and have deterred productivity growth. Efforts to take advantage of the efficiencies associated with larger, multiunit operations have been limited by the restrictions of various State and local laws. Outlook for productivity Industry productivity growth should benefit from the con tinuing diffusion of computers and scanning equipment. The introduction of increasingly affordable personal computers has put computer technology within the reach of more and more liquor store operators. The tremendous efficiencies made possible by computers— in such areas as accounting and inventory control—can now be introduced into smallscale liquor operations as well as into larger chains. As managers become more familiar with computers, they should be able to use them more effectively to improve productivity. 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Productivity in Retail Liquor Stores Point-of-sale technology should become more widely used and further contribute to productivity gains. This tech nology permits electronic-scanning equipment to be con nected to computers so that information from coded mer chandise can be automatically fed into a computer. With the more widespread use of Universal Product Codes in the liquor industry, the adoption of such systems should be facilitated. In addition to the obvious advantages of eliminating the need for price stickers on merchandise, the marketing information gathered as a byproduct of merchandise sales should be helpful in boosting sales vol ume. Competition in the liquor store industry appears to have been increasing in recent years. Changing public attitudes toward drinking may portend a tighter market for alcoholic beverages and may force more marginal stores out of oper ation while keeping pressure on the remaining stores to achieve greater efficiencies. However, increased efforts to curb alcohol abuse may cause liquor store operators to divert their attention from management of daily operations in order to fend off unfavorable legislation and protect their public image. Overall, opportunities for productivity improvement will be restricted because of the limited opportunities for substituting capital for labor. □ -FOOTNOTES 1 All average rates o f change are based on the linear least squares trends o f the logarithms o f the index numbers. 2 The retail liquor store industry is designated as Standard Industrial Classification (sic) 592. It consists of establishments primarily engaged in the retail sale o f packaged alcoholic beverages, such as ale, beer, wine, and whiskey, for consumption off the premises. All retail liquor establish ments, whether operated by government or private ownership, are included in the industry. For a discussion of productivity trends in liquor stores operated by State or local government, see Donald M. Fisk, Measuring Productivity in State and Local Government, Bulletin 2166 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1983), pp. 3 4-42. 3 “The Spirited Battle for Those Who Want to Drink Light,” Business Week, June 16, 1986, p. 84. 4 This does not include State liquor stores for which no separate break APPENDIX: 5 Bureau o f Labor Statistics, data for 1984-95, National Industry Occu pational Matrix. 6 Martin Weinberger, “What’ll You Have? Changes in Consumer Atti tudes,” Liquor Store, November-December 1983. 7 Based on data from the Distilled Spirits Council o f the United States. Data include on- and off-premises sales. 8 Trends in beer sales based on data from the Brewers Association. 9 See “How the Personal Computer Gives Your Business an Edge,” Liquor Store, April 1984. 10 See “Scanning’s Many Benefits,” Liquor Store, September 1982. 11 See “New Register Cuts 30 Hours Work a W eek,” Liquor Store, April 1981. Measurement techniques and limitations Indexes of output per hour of all persons measure changes in the relationship between the output of an industry and hours expended on that output. An index of output per hour is derived by dividing an index of output by an index of industry hours. The preferred output index for retail trade industries would be obtained from data on quantities of the various goods sold by the industry, each weighted (that is, multi plied) by the employee hours required to sell one unit of each good in some specified base period. This concept also embodies the services associated with moving the goods from the retail establishment to the consumer. Thus, those goods which require more retail labor are given more impor tance in the output index. Data on the quantities of goods sold usually are not avail able for trade industries, including retail liquor stores. Therefore, real output was estimated by removing the ef fects of changing price levels from the current dollar value of sales. Because an adjustment for changing price levels usually lowers the dollar value, such a series is usually referred to as a deflated value measure. Output measures based on deflated value have two major characteristics. First, they can reflect shifts in sales among products of different value which have the same unit labor 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis down o f supervisory and nonsupervisory employees was available. requirements. (For example, if customers begin to purchase more unadvertised brands instead of “nationally advertised” brands, dollar sales will decrease if the unadvertised brand is priced lower.) Thus, a change can occur in the output per hour index even if the labor required to sell the merchandise does not change. Second, the sales level, both in current and constant dol lars, reflects differences in unit values for identical products sold in different types of establishments. For example, the unit value associated with a product sold in a self-service “discount” store may be lower than the unit value associated with the same product sold in a store that provides many sales clerks and delivery service. The output measure, there fore, reflects changes in the level of service provided to customers insofar as differences in unit values reflect the differences in service among the various types of establish ments. In addition to the deflated value technique, weights relat ing to labor importance were used to combine segments of the output index into a total output measure. The weights used were gross margin weights. These weights, calculated for each merchandise line category, represent the percentage markup provided by the retail liquor store industry. Gross margins are used in place of labor importance weights which are unavailable for this industry. These procedures result in a final output index that is closer, conceptually, to the pre ferred output measure. The index of hours for the retail liquor store industry is for all persons, that is, hours for paid employees, partners and proprietors, and unpaid family workers. As in all of the output per hour measures published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, hours and employment in retail liquor stores are each considered homogeneous and additive. Adequate in formation does not exist to weight the various types of labor separately. The indexes of output per hour relate total output to one input— labor time. The indexes do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other single factor. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many interrelated influences such as changes in technology, capital invest ment, capacity utilization, store design and layout, skill and effort of the work force, managerial ability, and labormanagement relations. No explicit adjustments were made to the measure for retail liquor stores to take into account increases or de creases in some services provided to the consumer. There https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis has been a continuing shift to self-service operations. This has shifted some of the hours in retailing from the employee to the consumer. However, data are not available to measure the effect of this change. The basic sources for the output series for this measure consist of the total sales data and sales by merchandise line data reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The deflators were developed using various Consumer Price In dexes published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The gross margin weights were developed from data reported by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The basic sources for the all person hour series consist of data on employment and hours published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census, supple mented by data reported by the Internal Revenue Service and special tabulations compiled for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. Data on average annual hours available from various State liquor control boards were also utilized. The all person hour series in cludes the hours of State liquor store employees as well as the hours of employees in privately owned and operated establishments. A note on communications The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. 29 Research Summaries Moonlighting: a key to differences in measuring employment growth Jo h n F. S t i n s o n , Jr . Each month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics analyzes and publishes two independently derived estimates of employ ment. One is based on data from the Current Population Survey (or household survey), and the other from the Cur rent Employment Statistics program (payroll or establish ment survey). Data from the household survey are obtained from a sample of about 59,500 households. They measure the work status of individuals and yield estimates of total employment for the Nation. The data from the establishment survey are derived from the payroll records of over 250,000 establishments and are essentially a count of occupied pay roll jobs in the nonfarm sector of the economy. Both series are important in appraising labor market trends and in assessing the overall performance of the econ omy. However, they are not always in agreement in gauging the trends in employment growth. For example, over the 4-year period between November 1982, when the current economic expansion began, and November 1986, the count of total civilian employment obtained through the household survey showed an increase of 11.3 million.1 Over the same period, the estimates of payroll employment derived from the establishment survey rose by a significantly greater amount— 12.4 million. If the household employment data are adjusted for the readily measurable differences between the two series— such as the inclusion in the household sur vey, but not the establishment survey, of agricultural, selfemployed, and private household workers— the growth in employment for that series during the expansion is reduced even further, to 10.7 million.2 (See table 1.) This suggests a discrepancy of about 1.6 million in employment growth as measured by the two series. Thus, while both series have registered substantial em ployment gains during the recovery, the difference in their growth inevitably raises questions about the accuracy of one or both of the series and creates confusion in determining just how much employment has grown during the recovery. It is, therefore, important to look further for an explanation. John F. Stinson, Jr., is an economist in the Office of Current Employment Analysis, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis One important factor is the treatment of multiple jobhold ers within each of the series. In the household survey, em ployed persons who hold more than one job are counted only once, at the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. In the payroll survey, however, they are counted as many times as they appear on a payroll record. Indeed, they may be counted more than once even if they do not hold two jobs simultaneously but merely left one job and started on another one during the same reference week. An increase in both types of “multiple jobholding” over a given period of time, other things being equal, would therefore cause the employment estimate from the payroll survey to show a faster rate of growth than that from the household survey. Although not measured in the establishment survey, mul tiple jobholding is measured periodically in the household survey through special supplements. The May 1985 data on multiple jobholding are of particular importance in examin ing the recent discrepancy in employment growth because they constitute the first information on moonlighting since May 1980.3 During this period, the number of multiple jobholders increased sharply— by about 880,000, or 18 percent.4 The moonlighters who are of primary interest for the purposes of reconciling the household and payroll employment esti mates are those who held second jobs as nonagricultural wage and salary workers. Their number increased by about Table 1. Changes in payroll and household survey em ployment, November 1982-86, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] N o v e m b er N o v e m b er 1982 1986 Nonagricultural payroll employment ................... 88,682 101,068 1 12,386 Total civilian employment (household survey) . . . 99,112 110,432 11,320 Less: 3,510 7,320 363 1,245 2,003 14,441 3,215 8,179 252 1,183 2,256 15,085 -295 859 E m p lo ym e n t series Agriculture ............................................... Nonagricultural self-employed................. Nonagricultural unpaid family workers . . . Private household workers ..................... Unpaid absences.................................... Total deductions.................................. Change1 -111 -6 2 253 644 Agricultural services................................ 445 504 59 Adjusted household survey employment............. 85,116 95,851 10,735 Plus: 1 Changes in the household survey series do not reflect the population adjustments intro duced into the survey in January 1986. Table 2. Change in employment at secondary jobs by industry, May 1980-85 [In thousands] M ay M ay 1980 1985 Total nonagricultural wage and salary workers . 3,001 3,825 M ining........................................... Construction ......................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Transportation and public utilitie s........... 14 115 203 162 11 68 290 213 -3 -4 7 87 51 Wholesale and retail tra d e ..................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ___ Services, except private households . . . Public administration .......................... 806 213 1,255 234 745 529 1,721 248 -61 316 466 14 In d u s try o f s e c o n d a ry jo b Change 824 Note: Data for 1980 have been adjusted to reflect the 1980 census population adjustments introduced in January 1982. 820,000 over the May 1980-May 1985 period.5 There is no direct way to ascertain exactly how much of the growth in moonlighting occurred between the end of 1982, when the economic recovery began, and May 1985. Some indirect evidence, however, suggests that the 198085 growth in multiple jobholding is likely to have occurred during the recovery and that it contributed significantly to the greater employment growth shown by the payroll survey during this period.6 First, an examination of the number of multiple jobhold ers over the course of business cycles since 1959 indicates little or no growth during recessions and typically large increases during recovery periods. If this pattern repeated itself in the 1980’s, as is quite likely, there would have been little or no growth in moonlighting from 1980 to the end of 1982, when the U.S. economy went through two recessions. The growth would have occurred from 1983 to 1985, during the economic recovery. Secondly, additional insight is gained by examining the 1980-85 growth in the number of multiple jobholders by industry. The observed growth was heavily concentrated among those workers whose second jobs were in the fi nance, insurance, and real estate and services industries. These industries had some of the highest rates of overall employment growth during the recovery. (See table 2.) Based on this evidence, it can be concluded with some confidence that the 1980-85 growth in multiple jobholding occurred largely during the period of economic recovery, which began in late 1982. Put another way, these data sug gest that there is only a limited inconsistency in the finding that the number of jobs has increased by 12 million, while the number of employed persons increased by about 11 million. □ ----------FOOTNOTES--------- ployment would probably be reduced by about 200,000, to 11.1 million. The population adjustments are described is “Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1986,” Employment and Earnings, February 1986, pp. 7 -1 0 . 2 The growth in the household survey employment series would be reduced to around 10.5 million after making the adjustment described in footnote 1. 3 For an analysis o f the May 1985 data on multiple jobholders, see John F. Stinson, Jr., “Moonlighting by women jumped to record highs,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1986, pp. 2 2 -2 5 . 4 After adjustment of the May 1980 data to 1980 census population controls. 5 Persons who worked on second jobs in agriculture or as nonagricultural self-employed workers would not be counted at those jobs in the payroll survey and so are not o f interest here. 6 Between November 1982 and May 1985, when the bulk of the 820,000 1980-85 growth in moonlighters most likely occurred, employment as measured by the payroll survey increased by about 900,000 more than in the household survey. Since May 1985, the employment gap has increased to about 1.6 million, but presumably the multiple jobholding total has also increased and can account for some of the widening in the gap between the two series. Employment and wage changes of families from CE Survey data M a r y F. K ok o sk i Recent data indicate an increase in real per capita income and a decrease in the average weekly hours worked by nonsupervisory employees.1 These trends would seem to imply an increase in household welfare, gross of taxes. However, labor force participation of wives has increased, implying a corresponding increase in average weekly hours worked per household. A recent study of these issues compared market employ ment and wage and price changes experienced by house holds in the 1972 and 1980 Consumer Expenditure Inter view Surveys.2 Renter households, comprising a husband, wife, and children, if any, were grouped by race (white, nonwhite) and household type (by age of children). The study was limited to renter households because of problems in constructing commodity price indexes at the disaggregate (househpld) level. Specifically, data on owner estimates of the rental value of their residences are lacking for the 1980 sample.3 The Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey provided data on market employment status, occupation, and earned income of each household member. Current Population Sur vey data on median weekly earnings of full-time workers by occupation were used to construct an index of wage changes from 1972 to 1980. Table 1 shows the market employment rates of the house holds in each demographic group.4 Data are shown sepa- 1 This figure has not been adjusted to reflect the introduction o f popula tion adjustments introduced into the household survey in January 1986. If Mary F. Kokoski is an economist in the Office of Prices and Living an explicit account o f these adjustments is taken, then the growth in em Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Research Summaries Table 1. Market employment rates of renter families from 1972 and 1980 Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1980 1972 T y p e of h o u s eh o ld Not W o rk in g w o rk in g Husbands in white families with— No children present........ Oldest child: Under age 6 . .. Age 6 to 17 . . . Overage 1 7 ... Husbands in nonwhite families with— No children present........ Oldest child: Under age 6 . .. Age 6 to 17 . . . Over age 1 7 ... Wives in white families with— No children present ........ Oldest child: Under age 6 . .. Age 6 to 17 . . . Overage 1 7 ... Wives in nonwhite families with— No children present........ Oldest child: Under age 6 . .. Age 6 to 17 . . . Over age 1 7 ... 0.31 .04 .05 .18 W o rk in g part full tim e 1 tim e 2 0.09 .02 .02 .04 N ot w o rkin g W o rk in g W o rk in g part full tim e 1 tim e 2 0.60 0.36 0.09 0.55 .94 .93 .78 .05 .06 .36 .04 .06 .91 .89 .62 .02 .31 .09 .60 .36 .08 .56 .06 .07 .23 .04 .05 .90 .08 .05 .08 .87 .82 .54 .12 .36 .24 .41 .41 .19 .02 .75 .05 .13 .38 .55 .11 .34 .52 .58 .59 .70 .11 .14 .17 .28 .24 .19 .35 .38 .75 .43 .17 .40 .41 .11 .48 .37 .45 .59 .10 .15 .12 .53 .40 .29 .25 .30 .51 .19 .17 .05 .56 .53 .44 .88 .21 .06 174.5 173.4 175.5 173.6 Craft and kindred workers ........................................... Operatives, except tran sp o rt......................................... Transport operatives ...................................................... 188.4 189.9 184.9 Nonfarm laborers............................................................ Private household workers ........................................... Other service w o rk e rs.................................................... Farm w orkers.................................................................. 179.5 170.2 170.2 205.0 Wages and salaries increased most quickly for farm work ers, operatives, craftworkers, transport operatives, and nonfarm workers. The lowest rates of change occurred for private household and other service workers.5 Grouping these occupational categories by their relative indexes of wage change provides the following categorization. [In percent] Note: Market employment rates do not correspond to the official bls statistical series on labor force participation. Data are for proportion of total households in the given demographic group and sample year. rately for husbands and wives in each of three employment status classifications (not working, working part time, working full time), and by household type. For both whites and nonwhites, the greatest proportion of husbands who worked full time were in “young” families (oldest child under age 6) and “middle” families (oldest child aged 6 to 17) in both the 1972 and 1980 samples. The proportion of husbands who worked part time was less than that of wives who worked part time. In general, larger proportions of working wives (both full- and part-time) appeared in the young and middle family groups. The largest proportions of nonworking wives were in the “older” family groups (oldest child over age 17) in both 1972 and 1980. Compared with the 1972 sample, more wives were working in 1980 in all family categories, except older white families. Interest ingly, the greatest increases in the proportion of working wives were in the young and middle family types of both racial groups, that is, those families with greater household responsibilities. The rudimentary indexes of occupational wage changes between 1972 and 1980 are shown below: 32 Professional and technical workers ............................ Managers and administrators ....................................... Salesworkers ................................................................... Clerical workers ............................................................ Table 2. Occupational distribution of renter families from the 1972 and 1980 Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1 Fewer than 35 hours per week. 2 35 hours or more per week. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Index (1972=100) Occupational group T y p e o f h o u s eh o ld Husbands in white families with— No children present. . . Oldest child: Under age 6............. Age 6 to 1 7 ............. Overage 1 7 ........... Husbands in nonwhite families with— No children present. . . Oldest child: Under age 6............. Age 6 to 1 7 ............. Overage 1 7 ........... Wives in white families with— No children present. . . Oldest child: Under age 6............. Age 6 to 1 7 ............. Overage 17............. Wives in nonwhite families with— No children present. . . Oldest child: Under age 6 ............. Age 6 to 1 7 ............. Overage 17............. W h ite Blue c o lla r1 c o lla r2 S erv ice 3 F arm 4 1972 1980 1972 1980 1972 1980 1972 1980 45.3 48.3 43.0 42.4 9.2 8.9 2.5 0.4 35.7 31.6 35.5 32.5 32.7 22.5 55.1 57.3 51.3 59.2 60.8 67.4 6.1 5.2 9.2 10.2 7.8 5.8 3.2 5.9 4.0 19.6 33.3 72.6 51.4 7.8 9.7 28.6 23.9 35.3 35.4 10.5 59.2 56.7 72.2 58.8 59.8 79.0 12.2 11.1 10.5 16.7 5.9 4.9 5.3 .0 .0 9.0 .0 74.5 70.2 10.4 15.5 14.3 14.4 58.9 42.4 33.3 16.6 26.6 21.0 20.1 31.8 41.7 18.6 27.4 36.6 25.4 25.0 .8 .0 1.6 .0 53.7 56.1 12.2 17.5 31.7 19.3 2.4 58.3 30.8 37.5 49.2 42.2 9.1 19.4 23.1 12.5 33.9 21.9 36.4 22.2 16.9 35.9 54.6 .0 12.8 64.8 44.4 41.5 22.0 33.3 37.5 12.5 .6 .7 .0 5.6 .0 .0 5.3 .0 .0 .5 .0 7.0 .0 .0 .0 1 White-collar occupations include professional, technical, sales, and clerical workers, and managers and administrators. These occupations had average wage increases over the period. 2 Blue-collar occupations include craft and kindred workers, operatives, and nonfarm labor ers. These occupations had above-average wage Increases over the period. 3 Service occupations include private household and other service workers. These occupa tions had low wage increases over the period. 4This occupation had high wage increases over the period. Note: Because of rounding, sums of totals may not equal 100. Data are for proportion of total households in the given demographic group and sample year. Wage increase Occupational group more information on the Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey, see The Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1980-81 , Bulletin 2225 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985); and Michael Carlson, “The 1972-73 Consumer Expendi ture Survey,” Monthly Labor Review , December 1974, pp. 16-23. Occupations H ig h ................... Farm workers Farm workers Above average .. Blue collar Craft and kindred work ers, operatives, and non farm laborers Average ............. White collar Professional, technical, sales, and clerical work ers, and managers and ad ministrators 4 This measure of labor force participation does not correspond to the official b l s statistical series on labor force participation, which is produced from different data by other procedures. Private household and other service workers 5 These indexes of wage change cannot be used to compare welfare across occupational groups because the base levels o f wage and salary payments differ across these groups. Low ................... Service In table 2, the working husbands and wives in the 1972 and 1980 sample households are disaggregated into these broader occupational categories. Most of the working hus bands were employed in blue-collar occupations with above-average wage increases, while the wives tended to work in white-collar (average wage increases) and service (low increases) occupations. However, in many of the household categories, more wives were working in the bluecollar group in the 1980 sample than in the 1972 sample. Because the Consumer Expenditure Survey is now con ducted on a continuing basis, further research on family welfare is planned and will focus on the effects of changes in the family’s market labor, earned income, expenditures, and prices. □ ---------- FOOTNOTES--------1 See, for example, Paul Ryscavage, “Reconciling divergent trends in real incom e,” Monthly Labor Review , July 1986, pp. 2 4 -2 8 . Historical data on average weekly hours are contained in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 See Mary F. Kokoski, “Indices of household welfare and the value of leisure time,” The Review o f Economics and Statistics, forthcoming. For 3 These reported estimates are used to calculate the expenditure weight for the consumption of housing services under the rental equivalence ap proach in the Consumer Price Index. The sample also includes only house holds in which neither husband nor wife was retired or over age 60. Occupational wages in textile manufacturing, June 1985 The top wage earners in the Nation’s textile mills were loom fixers and maintenance electricians, according to a June 1985 occupational wage survey. The survey, conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, covered 210,735 production and related workers— nearly 200,000 in cotton and man made fiber mills and 11,000 in wool yam and broadwoven fabric mills. Wage data— averages and earnings distribu tions— were developed separately for more than three dozen occupational classifications in each industry, as well as for nonsupervisory production and related workers as a group. Pay levels varied by location, union status, type of mill, and type of fiber processed. (See table 1.) In cotton and manmade fiber mills, pay averages in the occupations studied ranged from $8.46 an hour for electri cians and $8.27 for loom fixers to $5.12 for janitors.1 Yam winders and ring-frame spinners, numerically the largest Table 1. Number and average hourly earnings1 of production workers in yarn and broadwoven textile mills by selected char acteristics, United States and Southeast region, June 1985 • U n ite d S ta te s 2 C h a rac te ristic S o u th e as t3 C o tto n a nd W oo l y arn and C o tto n and W o o l y a rn and m a n m ad e m ills b ro a d w o ve n m ills m a n m ad e m ills b ro a d w o v e n m ills W o rk e rs E arn in g s W o rk e rs E arn in g s W o rk e rs E arn in g s W o rk e rs All production workers ............................................................................................ 199,719 $6.35 11,016 $6.37 183,760 $6.34 5,120 $6.57 Type of area: Metropolitan areas4 ............................................................................................ Nonmetropolitan areas ........................................................................................ 81,838 117,881 6.34 6.36 4,777 6,239 6.30 6.42 67,812 115,948 6.31 6.37 578 4,542 5.96 6.65 Type of mill: Yarn or thread mills ............................................................................................ Weaving m ills ....................................................................................................... Integrated m ills ..................................................................................................... 83,279 17,704 98,736 6.00 1,439 1,585 7,992 5.60 6.59 6.46 77,876 15,551 90,333 6.01 6.55 6.59 652 1,031 - 6.00 6.55 6.61 Labor-management contract coverage: Establishments with— Majority of workers covered............................................................................. None or minority of workers covered .............................................................. 24,776 174,943 6.73 6.30 2,128 6.93 6.24 20,633 163,127 6.70 6.30 4,692 1 Wage data are straight-time hourly earnings which exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part of the workers' regular pay. Excluded were performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. 2Includes data in addition to those shown for Southeast. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8,888 _ E arn in g s 7.09 - _ 6.48 3 The Southeast region includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. 4 Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through June 1983. Note: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Research Summaries occupations, averaged $5.89 and $5.92 an hour, respec tively. Weavers operating shuttleless looms averaged $7.50 an hour, compared with $7.32 for weavers on conventional looms. (See table 2.) Earnings data for the occupations studied separately in wool textile mills are presented for three major categories— woolen, worsted, and the combination of woolen and worsted occupations. Among the woolen occupations, aver age hourly earnings were highest for loom fixers ($7.96) and lowest for yam winders ($5.81); the worsted jobs registered averages from $8.53 for loom fixers to $5.54 for cloth menders. For the combination jobs, the range was from more than $8 an hour for shuttleless loom fixers, carpenters, electricians, and maintenance machinists to $5.55 for janitors. Textile worker pay and employment moved in opposite directions between August 1980, when a similar survey was conducted, and June 1985.2 Pay levels were up 25 percent in cotton and manmade fiber mills and 30 percent in woolen mills. During this period, the wage and salary component of the Bureau’s Employment Cost Index for all nondurable manufacturing rose 29 percent. Employment, however, declined sharply over the period— down 21 percent in the cotton-manmade fiber sec tor and 23 percent in woolen mills. Among the regions studied separately, employment losses in cotton-manmade fiber mills reached 40 percent in the Southwest, 21 percent in the Middle Atlantic and Southeast, and 11 percent in New England. In woolen mills, employment dropped 23 percent in New England and 12 percent in the Southeast. At the time Table 2. Average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations, by type of mill, yarn and broadwoven textile mills, United States and Southeast region, June 1985 U n ite d S ta te s 2 D e p a rtm e n t a n d o c cu p a tio n S o u th e a s t3 W o o l y arn a n d b ro a d w o ve n m ills m a n m a d e fib e r m ills W o o len o c cu p a tio n s W o o l y arn and C o tto n a nd b ro a d w o ve n m ils — W o rs te d o c cu p a tio n s m a n m ad e fib e r m ills w o rsted o c cu p a tio n s — $ 7.25 C o tto n and C a rd in g a n d d ra w in g — $ 7.23 $ 6.60 ......................................................................... 5.78 6.04 $6.4 5 5.78 — D r a w in g - fr a m e t e n d e r s ............................................................................ 6.07 — — 6.07 — O p e n e r te n d e r s 5.53 — — 5.51 C a r d g r i n d e r s ................................................................................................. C a r d te n d e r s ( fin is h e r s ) ........................................................................................... S lu b b e r t e n d e r s ........................................................................................... 6.49 — 6.00 6.49 $ 6.50 T e x tu r in g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s 6.32 — — 6.35 — 6.45 6 .0 5 5.55 6.45 6.71 .............................................................. S p in n in g D o ffe r s , s p in n in g f r a m e ......................................................................... S e c tio n f i x e r s ................................................................................................. 7.37 7.21 7.21 7.39 7.17 S p in n e r s , f r a m e ........................................................................................... 45.92 6.49 5.82 45.92 6.12 T w is te r te n d e r s , rin g f r a m e ................................................................... 5.95 5.94 5.62 6.00 6.01 U p tw is te r s ( m a n m a d e fib e r s ) 5.54 — — 5.54 — 5.61 5.90 5.98 S p o o lin g , w in d in g , a nd tw istin g W in d e r s , y a r n .............................................................. .............................................................................................. 5.89 5.81 S la s h in g a n d w arp in g S la s h e r t e n d e r s ........................................................................................... 6.44 — — 6.44 — W a r p e r te n d e r s 6.32 6.60 7.04 6.26 6.81 .............................................................................................. 5.59 55.94 (5) 5.56 — D o ffe r s , c l o t h ................................................................................................. 5.71 — 5.69 5.70 5.69 L o o m f ix e r s ........................................................................................... W e a v in g B a tte r y h a n d s 8.27 7.96 8.53 8.27 8.75 ................................................................ 7.01 6.52 6.91 6.97 6.94 ......................................................................... 7.32 6.42 7.76 7.29 — 7.50 7.19 7.06 7.49 7.00 ................................................................................................... T y in g - in m a c h in e o p e r a to r s W e a v e r s , s h u ttle lo o m s W e a v e r s , s h u ttle le s s lo o m s ................................................................ C lo th ro o m In s p e c to r s , c l o t h ........................................................................................... 5.79 6.42 6.00 5.76 6.49 M e n d e r s , c l o t h .............................................................................................. 6.07 6.18 5.54 5.56 5.98 58.63 M a in te n a n c e a n d m is c e lla n eo u s E le c tr ic ia n s 8.46 58.19 (5) 8.45 .......................................................... 7.30 — — 7.42 — ............................................................. 5.12 55.55 (5) 5.07 55.51 ................................................................................................... G e n e r a l m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s J a n ito r s , p o r te r s , o r c le a n e r s ............................................................................ 5.73 56.10 (5) 5.71 55.98 ......................................................................................................... 5.76 56.02 (5) 5.75 55.98 T r u c k e r s , h a n d ............................................................................................. 5.43 56.20 (5) 5.38 56.21 P o w e r - tr u c k o p e r a to r s F o r k lift 1 Wage data are straight-time hourly earnings which exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Excluded were performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. 2Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. The comprehensive report on the study provides data for additional regions and occupations. 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 The Southeast region includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. 4Data are limited to ring frame spinners in cotton and manmade fiber mills. 3Averages relate to combination (woolen and worsted) occupations; data were not published for separate categories. Note: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. of the June 1985 survey, textile employment was heavily concentrated in the Southeast (nearly 90 percent of the total), was located largely in nonmetropolitan areas, and was comprised of mostly nonunion workers. The 1985 survey also reported on the incidence of em ployee benefits. Virtually all production workers were in mills providing paid holidays and vacations. In cottonmanmade fiber mills, workers typically received between 6 and 8 holidays annually, and between 1 and 3 weeks of vacation pay, depending on their length of service. Provi sions in the woolen mills were slightly more liberal— 6 to 10 paid holidays and between 1 and 4 weeks of vacation pay were typical. In both textile sectors, retirement pension plans and various insurance plans— including life, hospi talization, surgical, basic medical, major medical, and accidental death and dismemberment coverage— also were available to a majority of the workers. For each industry, separate reports for selected States and areas of industry concentration are available from the Bu reau of Labor Statistics or any of its regional offices. A comprehensive report, Industry Wage Survey: Textiles, June 1985, Bulletin 2265 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986), may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Wash ington, d c 20402, or from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Publications Sales Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, il 60690. [~j --------- FOOTNOTES--------1 Wage data contained in this article are straight-time hourly earnings which exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Excluded were perform ance bonuses and lump-sum payments o f the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. For survey purposes, Virginia is included in the Southeast region. 2 For a report on the 1980 survey, see Industry Wage Survey: Textile Mills and Textile Dyeing and Finishing Plants, August 1980, Bulletin 2122 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982). Pay in synthetic fibers manufacturing in the Southern region Production and related workers in synthetic fibers manufac turing plants in the South averaged $10.03 an hour in Sep tember 1985, according to a study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics1. Virtually all of the 42,292 workers covered by the survey earned between $5 and $14 an hour; the middle 50 percent earned from $8.67 to $11.29. All but 1 percent of the workers were paid time (rather than piece) rates, nearly always under formal plans providing single rates for specific occupations. The survey covered establishments producing two princi pal types of synthetic fiber suitable for further manufacture https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis on textile processing machinery: cellulosic fibers, such as rayon and acetate; and other synthetic organic fibers (noncellulosic), such as nylons, acrylics, and polyesters. Manufacturers of cellulosic fibers often produced noncellulosics as a secondary product, but noncellulosic fiber plants generally did not produce cellulosic fibers. Three-fourths of the cellulosic fiber workers and one-fifth of the noncellulosic workers were in establishments having collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of the production workers. The major union was the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union ( a f l - c io ). Eighty-five percent of the workers were employed in plants primarily producing noncellulosic fibers. They averaged $10.41 an hour; the remaining workers, who were in plants primarily producing cellulosic fibers, averaged $7.91. (See table 1.) Pay levels were also tabulated by type of area, size of establishment, and union status. Surveywide, wages aver aged 12 percent higher in metropolitan areas than in non metropolitan areas ($10.62 compared with $9.50) and in establishments with at least 1,000 employees than in smaller plants ($10.21 compared with $9.10).2 Plants with fewer than 20 workers were excluded from the study. In establish ments in which a majority of the workers were covered by labor-management agreements, the pay averaged $10.21, 2 percent more than the $9.96 recorded in nonunion plants. The higher paying noncellulosic fiber industry accounted for all of the workers in metropolitan areas and four-fifths of those in large plants (at least 1,000 employees), but for less than one-tenth of the unionized workers estimated by the survey. Twenty-seven occupations, accounting for one-half of the cellulosic fiber workers and two-thirds of the noncellulosic fiber workers, were selected to represent the industries’ wage structures, workers skills, and manufacturing operations. Among cellulosic fiber plants, occupational pay levels ranged from $6.59 an hour for throwers (who twist rayon or acetate yam) to $9.57 an hour for general maintenance me chanics. Pay levels of other maintenance workers, generally the highest paid occupational group, ranged from $8.04 an hour for machinists to $8.77 an hour for pipefitters. Chem ical operators, numerically the largest occupation, averaged $8.03 an hour, compared with $8.68 for spinners using the dry process. Among noncellulosic fiber plants, average earnings ranged from $7.93 an hour for yam winders and material handling laborers to $13.06 an hour for general maintenance mechanics. Dry-process spinners, numerically the largest job studied separately in noncellulosic plants, averaged $10.63 an hour, 6 percent more than their counterparts using the wet process ($10.05). Chemical operators averaged $10.96 an hour. Where comparisons were possible, occupational averages were always higher in noncellulosic fiber manufacturing plants than in cellulosic fiber plants. The average wage 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Research Summaries Table 1. Number of workers and average hourly earnings1 In selected occupations in synthetic fibers manufacturing by principal product, Southern region,2 September 1985 P rin c ip a l p ro d u c t a ii All production workers............... a ii C e llu lo s ic fibers D e p a rtm e n t a n d o c c u p a tio n P rin c ip a l pro d u c t e s ta o n s n m e n ts Num ber A vera g e N u m b er N o n c e llu lo s ic fibers A vera g e Num ber A v era g e C e llu lo s ic fib e rs D e p a rtm en t and o c c u p a tio n N o n c e llu lo s ic fib e rs Num ber A v era g e N u m b er A vera g e Num ber A ve ra g e of ho u rly of ho u rly of ho u rly of ho u rly of hourly of ho u rly w o rk e rs e arn in g s w o rke rs e arn in g s w o rke rs e arn in g s w o rke rs e arn in g s w o rke rs e arn in g s w o rkers e arn in g s 42,292 $10.03 6,354 $7.91 35,938 $10.41 1,383 $8.90 384 2,559 924 56 793 6.78 9.27 8.75 8.60 7.44 840 10.63 82 1,042 9.30 Finishing M a in te n a n c e Carpenters............. Electricians ........... General mechanics ......... Instrument repairers............. Machinists ............. Maintenance trades helpers............... Pipefitters............... e sia D iis n m e n is 79 345 10.23 11.10 25 88 8.66 8.59 54 257 10.95 11.96 4,100 12.80 307 9.57 3,793 13.06 885 174 12.36 11.06 59 42 8.71 8.04 826 132 12.62 12.03 _ _ 133 8.77 50 12.10 15 183 6.59 9.68 Drawtwist operators................. Throwers (twisters)................. Tow operators........... Warper operators . . . Washer operators . . . Yarn w inders............. 365 — $8.92 2,450 606 9.30 9.24 $6.59 — 318 44 1,359 7.82 7.33 — — 562 7.93 7.90 758 10.92 131 7.38 911 9.58 — — In sp ec tin g and te s tin g C h e m ica l Laboratory assistants............... Physical test operators............... p re p a ra tio n Chemical operators, cellulosic............. Chemical operators, noncellulosic . . . . M aterial m o v em e n t 564 2,528 8.03 10.96 564 - a n d han d lin g 8.03 - 2,528 10.96 S p in n in g Jet handlers.......... Spinners, dry process ............... Spinners, wet process ............... 367 9.15 89 7.95 278 9.53 6,911 10.48 525 8.68 6,386 10.63 1,019 9.08 - 759 10.05 - F in ish in g Creel tenders........ 526 8.56 — — 491 8.74 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part of the workers' regular pay. Excluded are performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. advantage for noncellulosic workers ranged from 2 percent for janitors ($7.96, compared with $7.77) to 50 percent for maintenance machinists ($12.03, compared with $8.04). Also where comparisons could be made, occupational averages in noncellulosic fiber plants were typically 6 to 16 percent higher in metropolitan areas than in nonmetropolitan areas and 20 to 30 percent higher in plants with 1,000 workers or more than in those employing fewer workers. Data resulting from similar comparisons for cellulosic fiber plants did not meet publication criteria. All production and related workers covered by the survey were in establishments providing paid holidays and paid vacations. Ten to twelve holidays annually were typical as were 1 to 5 weeks of vacation pay, depending on years of service. Various health and insurance plans were available to vir tually all workers. With the exception of major medical coverage, employers typically paid the entire cost of these health plans and, where applicable, dependents were also included. Retirement pension plans (in addition to Social Security) covered virtually all workers, while less than one-tenth of the workers were under plans limited to retirement sever 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Material handling laborers................... Power-truck operators................. Forklift operators............. Stock clerks............... 643 7.96 572 7.93 419 9.06 113 8.27 306 9.35 384 235 9.07 9.98 96 52 8.22 288 8.18 — 9.36 - Guards........................ Guards I ............... 139 31 8.77 8.18 24 7.81 8.28 115 - 8.97 - Janitors..................... 275 7.89 103 7.77 172 7.96 C ustodial 8 2 The Southern region, as used in this study, consists of Alabama, Delaware, District of Colum bia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennes see, Virginia, and West Virginia. Note: Dashes indicate that data did not meet publication criteria. Data for overall classifica tions may include data for subclassifications not shown separately. ance pay. Employers typically paid the entire cost of these retirement plans. A comprehensive bulletin on the study, Industry Wage Survey: Synthetic Fibers, September 1985, Bulletin 2268, may be purchased from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Pub lication Sales Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, i l 60690, or the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print ing Office, Washington, d c 20402. The bulletin provides additional information on occupational pay, such as earn ings distributions, and on the incidence of employee bene fits in synthetic fibers manufacturing in the South. □ ---------- FOOTNOTES--------1 The survey was limited to the South, where more than 95 percent o f the workers in synthetic fibers manufacturing are employed. Wage data are straight-time hourly earnings, which exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part o f the workers’ regular pay. Excluded are performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. 2 Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U .S. Office of Man agement and Budget through June 1983. M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in March is based on information collected by the Bureau s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification. Industry or activity Employer and location Labor organization1 Number of workers Private Construction Associated General Contractors, Associated General Contractors, Associated General Contractors, (Houston, TX) Associated Building Contractors Maryland Chapter (Baltimore, Maryland Chapter (Baltimore, Texas Chapter and one other md) md) .. (Indiana) .......... Associated General Contractors, New Mexico Building Branch (New Mexico) Associated General Contractors (Connecticut) ........ Associated General Contractors, highway (Indiana) Indiana Highway Association (Indiana)...................... Textiles ........................ Paper ............................ Printing and publishing . Chemicals .................... L eather.......................... Primary m etals.............. Electrical products........ Transportation equipment Transit .......................... Air transportation .......... Communication .............. See footnote at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Carpenters .................................. Laborers................................ Iron Workers ................................ 2,000 1,000 1,000 Operating Engineers ........................ 2,600 Carpenters; Laborers ........................ 3.500 Carpenters .......................... Operating Engineers ........................ Operating Engineers ........................ 6,200 1,000 1,750 Associated General Contractors, six counties (Upstate New York) .. Indiana Highway Constructors, Inc. (Indiana) ........ Indiana Highway Association (Indiana)................ Associated General Contractors and Wabash Valley Contractors Association (Illinois) Operating Engineers ........................ Laborers.......................... Operating Engineers ........................ Laborers........................ Gulf Coast Contractors (Beaumont, tx) ...................... Mechanical Contractors Association (Houston, tx) .. Mechanical Contractors Association, steamfitters (Maryland) Builders Association of Kansas City (Missouri) .......... Building Association of Kansas City (Missouri)............ Plumbers ........................ Plumbers ........................ Plumbers ........................ Carpenters ................................ Iron Workers .......................... Fieldcrest Mills, Inc. (Interstate) .............................. Lily Tulip Inc. (Springfield, mo) ............................ Pulp and Paper Employers Bargaining Council (Washington, Oregon, California) Publishers Association of New York City, deliverers (New York) ___ Clothing and Textile Workers ........ Electrical Workers (dbew) .......... Pulp and Paper W orkers............ 5.500 1.050 4.500 1.200 Publishers Association of New York City, printers (New York) New York Times (New York, NY) .................. Daily News (New York, ny) .................... Newspaper and Mail Deliverers (Ind.) Typographical Union........................ Newspaper G uild................ Newspaper G uild.............................. Lever Brothers Co. (Interstate).................... Union Carbide Corp. (Texas City, tx) .................... Allied Chemical Corp., Chesterfield Fibers Plant (Hopewell, Acme Boot Co. (Tennessee).............................. Samsonite Corp. (Denver, c o ) ................ Phoenix Steel Corp. (Interstate) ........................ Crouse-Hinds Co. (Syracuse, NY).................. United Technologies (Columbus, MS) ........................ Chemical W orkers.......................... Metal Trades Council ...................... Teamsters (Ind.) ........................ Rubber Workers ................ Rubber Workers .................... Steelworkers ...................... Electrical Workers (ibew) ................ Electrical Workers (iue) ................ ACF Industries, Amcar Division (Interstate)...................... Trailways (Interstate) .............................. Milwaukee Transport Services, Inc. (Wisconsin) .......... Republic Airlines, flight attendants (Interstate).............. Republic Airlines, pilots (Interstate) ............................ National Broadcasting Co. (Interstate).............. va) .. Steelworkers ............................... Transit Union................................. Transit Union................................. Flight Attendants.............................. Air Line P ilots............................ Broadcast Employees and Technicians 1,100 4,000 1.500 1,650 3.200 2,000 1,000 2,000 1.050 1,300 2,000 1,100 1.500 1.400 1,700 1.500 1.050 1,000 1,100 1,250 1,000 4.000 1.500 2.400 1,800 3.000 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Major Agreements Expiring Next Month Continued—Major agreements expiring next month Industry or activity Employer and location Labor organization1 Number of workers Utilities ......................................... Wholesale tra d e .............................. Wisconsin Electric Power Co. (Wisconsin)............................................ Rock Products and Ready Mixed Concrete Employers of Southern California (California) Acme Markets (Interstate) ..................................................................... Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. (Interstate) .......................................... Electrical Workers ( i b e w ) ............................ Teamsters (Ind.) .............................. 1,350 2,500 Food and Commercial Workers . . . . Food and Commercial Workers . . . . 1,900 3,000 Kaiser-Permanente, clerical, technical, service, maintenance (Interstate) Kaiser Foundation Hospital (Richmond, ca) ......................................... Southern New York Residential Health Care Facility Association (New York, N Y ) Service Employees .......................... 6,850 Office and Professional Employees . Service Employees .......................... 1,200 1,700 Retail trade .................................... Insurance ........................................ Hospitals ....................................... Public Transit ............................................ New Jersey: New Jersey Transit Authority......................................... Transit U nion.................................... 3,200 General government ...................... Ohio: Columbus municipal unit ............................................... 3,000 Ohio State University service unit .................................. State, County and Municipal Employees Communications W orkers................ 2,000 Michigan State University graduate student teachers . . . Teachers........................................... 1,800 Education........................................ Michigan: 'Affiliated with afl -CIO except where noted as independent (Ind.). Erratum Through an editorial oversight, the following table was omitted from the article, “The growing diversity of work schedules,” which appeared in the November 1986 issue of the Monthly Labor Review: Table 6. Major industries and occupations ranked by mean hours of work reported per week, with other measures of work schedules and work force composition, May 1985 M ean hours In d u s try and o c cu p a tio n M ean days per per w eek w eek 44.4 41.0 40.9 40.8 40.7 40.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.1 4.9 40.0 39.9 39.0 35.8 34.2 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.8 40.9 40.9 39.2 38.0 36.6 32.3 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.2 4.8 4.5 M ean hours pe r day Percen t w o rkin g w ee k en d s P ercen t fe m ale Industry M in in g .................................................................................................................................................. M a n u fa c tu r in g , d u r a b le g o o d s T r a d e , w h o le s a le ............................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................... T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s ........................................................................................ A g r i c u l t u r e ......................................................................................................................................... M a n u fa c tu r in g , n o n d u r a b le g o o d s ........................................................................................ C o n s tr u c tio n ................................................................................................................................... P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n .................................................................................................................. F in a n c e , In s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te S e r v ic e s .................... ............................................................. ............................................................................................................................................ T r a d e , r e t a i l ...................................................................................................................................... 5.1 8.7 27.8 8.3 8.3 16.4 21.7 48.7 14.0 8.2 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.4 7.9 7.6 7.2 11.1 12.3 14.4 14.9 15.1 25.5 29.7 28.0 20.0 42.5 8.6 57.0 43.5 61.6 64.9 52.6 17.8 16.5 19.9 44.5 24.5 44.9 8.3 46.5 25.8 13.7 66.9 59.8 21.1 O ccu p atio n P r e c is io n p r o d u c tio n , c r a ft, a n d r e p a i r ............................................................................... M a n a g e r ia l a n d p r o fe s s io n a l s p e c i a l t y ............................................................................... O p e r a to r s , fa b r ic a to r s , a n d la b o r e r s .................................................................................. F a r m in g , fo r e s tr y , a n d f i s h i n g ................................................................................................ T e c h n ic a l, s a le s , a n d a d m in is tr a tiv e s u p p o r t ................................................................ S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s ..................................................................................................................... Note: Based on schedules of all persons employed in the Industry or occupation. 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8.2 8.3 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.1 Developments in Industrial Relations New York State acts to reduce plant closings The governor of New York and leaders from business and labor signed an agreement intended to “help secure the eco nomic future of the State’s citizens” by reducing the number of plant closings and the resulting job losses. The New York Compact sets the following goals: • Target government resources to help avert plant close downs and employment cutbacks and, if that is not possi ble, to aid the affected community, company, and em ployees. • Ask businesses to voluntarily give advance notice of plant closings and major layoffs. • Provide extended health insurance to employees who lose coverage as a result of plant closings or major layoffs. • Require companies applying for public development as sistance to give advance notice of plant closings and major layoffs. To achieve these goals, the Compact calls for the State to develop a system to monitor local economic activity and give the earliest possible warning of plant shutdowns or employment cutbacks. The State also will allocate funds, both grants and loans, to be used to provide 4 months of health insurance to employees displaced because of plant closings and, if necessary, include funds in the 1987 State budget to continue this program. In another fiscal action, the governor agreed to support a $10 million allocation in the 1987 budget to be used for aiding companies in distress. To facilitate the program, the Compact calls for action by government, labor, and business to cut work stoppages and layoffs by “improving the climate for business and labor.” For its part, labor agreed that work stoppages are an economic weapon of last resort; mediation services should be used to avert work stoppages; and that binding arbitration may be a viable alternative for ending contract disputes, but other forms of dispute resolution should be considered. For its part, business agreed that layoffs are a manage ment action of last resort, except in industries that have a history of seasonal or cyclical fluctuations in employment; management should be aware of and utilize alternatives to “Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben o f the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis layoffs, such as work sharing, uniform reductions in hours of management and labor, furlough programs, early retire ment incentives, and joint committees to improve efficiency and create demand for a company’s product; negotiations to avert layoffs are a desirable labor-management goal; man agement should confer with any government units estab lished to help companies design and adopt “no-layoff” poli cies; and, in the event of layoffs, management should consider using “inverse-reverse” seniority procedures. For its part, the State agreed to establish a network of consultants and contacts, such as educational institutions, to aid employers and unions in averting layoffs; to sponsor projects demonstrating union-management cooperation; and to publicize existing statutory benefits and protections avail able to labor and business. Government, management, and labor officials on the ex isting Industrial Cooperation Council will conduct a 1-year campaign to educate their constituencies regarding the Com pact and seek endorsement of its principles, goals, and tech niques. Participation in the Compact by local government units, individual unions, and companies is voluntary. The Compact was signed by Mario M. Cuomo, Governor of New York; Edward J. Cleary, President of the New York State a f l - c i o ; and William C. Ferguson, Chairman of The Business Council of New York State, Inc. Two unions merge with cwa The Communications Workers of America experienced sudden growth in recent months, as the 70,000 member International Typographical Union ( i t u ) and the 5,800 member United Telegraph Workers union merged into the c w a , bringing its membership to about 600,000. Given that 10,000 of the rru members are located in Canada, the c w a announced that it was changing its name to the Communica tions Workers of North America. The rru became the Printing, Publishing and Media Workers Sector within the c w a . The sector is headed by it u President Robert S. McMichen, who, along with other rru officers, won a new 3-year term in an election conducted with the merger balloting. At the end of the term, the num ber of officers leading the new unit will be reduced to three, from five. Effective immediately, pay for all five officers and staff members in the sector was frozen until other offi cers and staff members attain equality. The rru agreement ended the union’s 4-year search for a merger that began in 1983 when rru members rejected a 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Developments in Industrial Relations proposed merger with the Newspaper Guild, followed by their rejection of a proposed 1985 merger with the Team sters. In 1985, the Graphic Communications union rejected a proposed merger with the rru, although negotiations were resumed early in 1986. The Telegraph Workers, the other union merging into the c w a , also will retain its leaders and organization within the c w a . In addition to approving the merger, delegates to a Telegraph Workers convention also reaffirmed earlier deci sions calling for elimination of the secretary, treasurer, and vice president posts and elimination of two of five regional units. The Telegraph Workers-cwA merger agreement contains an “escape clause” permitting the Telegraph Workers to terminate the partnership during the first 3 years. Meat processors end strike A 2-month strike against the f d l Foods, Inc. meat proc essing plant in Dubuque, i a , ended when members of Food and Commercial Workers Local 150A approved a 3-year contract. Terms were similar to those negotiated by Local 1218 for 550 employees of the company’s plant in Rochelle, i l , where the stoppage ended 10 days earlier. At Dubuque, the $8 an hour base pay rate will be raised by a total of $1.05 over the term, including 50 cents retroac tive to the August 27 expiration date of the prior contract. A profit-sharing plan also was continued. At Rochelle, employees chose to forgo profit sharing in return for larger hourly wage increases, totaling $1.25. Keebler gives lump-sum and pay increases Keebler Co., the Nation’s second largest cookie and bis cuit producer, settled with the Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco Workers for 3,500 workers at six plants. Under the 2-year contract, all workers received an immediate $1,000 lump-sum payment and maintenance workers also received a 10.5-cent hourly wage increase. In the second year, maintenance workers will receive a 60-cent increase and other employees will receive 50 cents. After these increases, pay rates will range from $11.97 for “general help” and $12.60 for mixers and machine operators to $14.55 for electricians. For workers retiring after 25 years’ service or with age and service totaling 80 or more, the monthly pension benefit was raised to $675, from $650, on December 1, 1986, and to $700 a year later. Other terms included a 2.5-cent hourly increase in shift premiums, to 20 cents for the third shift and 17.5 cents for the second shift; a $10 increase in sickness and accident benefits, to $150 a week; and a $4,000 in crease in accidental death or dismemberment insurance, to $15,000. The contract, running to October 31, 1988, covers opera tions in Atlanta and Macon, g a , Grand Rapids, m i , Denver, co, Cincinnati, o h , and Van Nuys, Ca . 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a&p contract calls for five wage increases In the New York City-northern New Jersey area, 10,000 employees of 173 Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co. stores were covered by a contract negotiated by the United Food and Commercial Workers. Over the 3-year term, full-time employees will receive five wage increases totaling $80 to $95 a week, varying by job classification. The resulting rates will be $695 a week for meat department heads, $641 for top-rated meat cutters, and $526 for clerks. Part-time employees received increases in the top rate totaling $1.25 an hour, bringing their hourly pay to $9.01. Full-time employees age 65 with at least 35 years’ service who retire after November 30, 1988, will receive a maxi mum pension of $700 a month, up from about $600. For part-timers, the maximum pension will increase to $210 a month, from $87. The contract also established a drug and alcohol abuse program, extended the legal services plan to part-time em ployees, and reduced the Sunday premium pay to double time from double time and one-half, effective April 24, 1988. Boeing settles with professional engineers More than 24,000 employees of Boeing Co. were covered by a 3-year contract negotiated by the Seattle (wa) Profes sional Engineering Employees Association, but 2,000 mem bers of the Wichita ( k s ) Engineering Association rejected similar terms. Terms for the 14,000 professional engineers covered by the Seattle accord included an immediate lump-sum pay ment equal to 9 percent of earnings between October 4, 1985, and October 3, 1986. There also was a provision for merit pay increases to deserving employees from an alloca tion of money equal to percentages of the units total annual salary. The first allocation, made immediately, was 3 per cent, to be followed by five 2-percent allocations at 6-month intervals. The two-tier pay system established in 1983 for the 10,000 technicians was maintained. However, employees at or above the midpoint of the salary range for their job will be eligible for “selective” pay adjustments of 2 percent in May 1987, and 3 percent in May of 1988 and 1989. (Em ployees who do not receive these adjustments will continue to require 4 years to move from the starting to the maximum rate for their job.) All technicians received an initial 9percent lump-sum payment similar to that for the engineers. Connecticut telephone workers end strike A 2-month strike against Southern New England Tele phone Co. ended when members of the Connecticut Union of Telephone Workers approved a 3-year contract that called for wage increases combined with lump-sum payments, as well as major changes in health insurance. The company said that the combined lump-sum payments and wage in creases were equivalent to 2.5-percent wage increases in each contract year. In the first year, the lump-sum payment is $500, followed by $300 payments in the second and third years. A major factor in ending the stoppage by the 9,700 oper ators, technicians, and service clerks was the company’s agreement to postpone until January 1, 1988, a new medical copayment plan it had been seeking to institute. Under the new approach, the annual deductible will be based on a percent of pay: one-half percent for an individual and 1 percent for a family, to a maximum of $150 per person and $300 per family. Employees will pay 20 percent of medical expenses above the deductibles, to a maximum of $1,000 a year. In each succeeding year in which an employee’s fam ily medical expenses exceed $5,000, the employee will be required to pay a total of $500. The parties also agreed to eliminate all coinsurance pay ments by employees who agree to seek medical care from members of a statewide panel of doctors assembled by the company. Employees enrolled in health maintenance orga nizations are already exempt from all deductibles and co payment requirements. The parties also added a vision care plan, a dental health https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis maintenance organization, and a plan permitting employees to receive prescription drugs free if ordered by mail. City employees may get “corrective” increases In San Francisco, efforts to end alleged compensation discrimination against women and minorities employed by the city moved forward when voters authorized city officials to grant corrective increases if warranted by survey results. The new section 8.407-1 of the city charter requires the Civil Service Commission to submit annual comparisons of compensation of city employees to the Board of Supervi sors, which could then make “upward pay equity adjust ments” not to exceed the rates recommended by the Com mission, subject to veto by the mayor. Officials of the Service Employees union said pay in creases could come shortly after the February 1, 1987, dead line for submission of the first survey results to the Board of Supervisors. A $30 million fund was already available for corrective pay increases as a result of 1985 negotiations between the union and the city. In the last 2 years, the Board has twice approved pay equity ordinances that were vetoed by the mayor, who fa vored the concept but rejected the increases because they were too expensive. □ 41 Book Reviews Can’t we add this to the agenda? The Transform ation o f A m erican Industrial Relations. By Thomas A. Kochan, Harry C. Katz, Robert B. McKersie. New York, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1986. 272 pp. $22.95. Thomas A. Kochan, Harry C. Katz, and Robert B. McKersie have made a significant contribution to industrial relations literature. These highly regarded scholars analyze recent changes in the structure and substance of collective bargaining in relation to the traditional conflict management model that has prevailed from The New Deal until the early 1970’s. This book is an ambitious attempt to develop a new industrial relations model which explains why the scope of collective bargaining is likely to broaden. It includes changes in the individual’s role in the workplace and in the role workers and unions play in determining the organiza tion’s business investment and human resources strategies. As the authors point out, in many industries collective bargaining has been forced to adapt to structural economic change generated by increased competition associated with the growth of international trade and changes in policies that deregulated the entry of firms into domestic markets. Ini tially, this led to a “concessionary” bargaining climate with an erosion of union bargaining power. As part of the response to structural change, the authors identify innovations in industrial relations at the workplace in both union and nonunion settings. They present an ex tremely valuable evaluation of the various approaches to worker participation, including empirical estimates of what these work arrangements contribute to productivity at the plant level. The book also presents several indepth illustrations of attempts to incorporate union participation in top level strategic business decisions. The objectivity with which the authors discuss the success as well as the problems of mov ing industrial relations to the level of strategic decision making is a major contribution. They point out that there is no easy way to expand the scope of collective bargaining beyond its traditional limits. Changes in workplace proc esses, in worker representation in strategic business deci sions, and overall improvements in the traditional types of contract provisions of bargaining agreements must, in the authors’ view, occur simultaneously if business is to adjust successfully to a more competitive economic environment. This book should be read by practitioners and scholars of 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis industrial relations alike. Practitioners will benefit from the extensive review of workplace participation experiments and scholars will find the authors’ attempt to develop a new industrial theory both exciting and challenging. As the au thors attempt to develop a new theory of industrial relations, some students of labor history may be reminded of Frank Tannenbaum’s A P hilosophy o f L abor (Knopf, 1951) in which the author predicted that in order to give the worker status and security the union will gradually begin to share in and accept responsibility for management decisions. Tannenbaum believed that conflict would eventually give way to cooperation. The authors also favor more worker partici pation as the way to broaden the scope of collective bargain ing. In contrast to Tannenbaum’s psychological basis for more cooperation between labor and management, they base their theory on the economics of industrial restructuring and the potential economic gain from a more consensual bar gaining relationship at all levels within the organization. The book can be criticized for attempting to explain too much. For example, in my opinion, too much emphasis is placed on the need to reform labor law as the basis for moving toward new approaches to collective bargaining. Labor law reform is an important topic for scholarly re search. However, in discussing the decline in union mem bership the authors incorrectly claim that current labor law has led to “employer domination of labor organizations” (p. 233). The reasons for the decline in union membership are an important topic but it is not central to the authors’ main thesis. The authors present an excellent framework for analyzing current changes in collective bargaining and iden tify the circumstances under which the traditional approach of managing labor-management conflict is likely to prevail and the preconditions for moving to a more consensual bargaining relationship as a way of adjusting to economic change. — K enneth M cL ennan Vice President and Director of Industrial Studies Committee for Economic Development Publications received Agriculture and natural resources Capalbo, Susan M. and Michael G. S. Denny, “Testing Long-Run Productivity Models for the Canadian and U.S. Agricultural Sectors,” American Journal o f Agricultural Economics, Au gust 1986, pp. 615-25. Orden, David, “Money and Agriculture: The Dynamics of MoneyFinancial Market-Agricultural Trade Linkages,” Agricultural Economics Research, Summer 1986, pp. 14-28. Paarlberg, Philip L. and Philip C. Abbott, “Oligopolistic Behavior by Public Agencies in International Trade: The World Wheat Market,” American Journal o f Agricultural Economics, Au gust 1986, pp. 528-42. Shortle, James S. and James W. Dunn, “The Relative Efficiency of Agricultural Source Water Pollution Control Policies,” American Journal o f Agricultural Economics, August 1986, pp. 668-77. Economic and social statistics Bianchi, Suzanne M. and Judith A. Seltzer, “Life without Father,” American Demographics, December 1986, pp. 42-47. Freeman, Richard B. and Brian Hall, Permanent Homelessness in America? Cambridge, ma, National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1986, 38 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 2013.) $2, paper. Hall, Bronwyn H., Zvi Griliches, and Jerry A. Hausman, Patents and R and D: Is There a Lag? Reprinted from International Economic Review, June 1986, pp. 265-83. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986. (nber Reprint, 775.) $2, paper. Hauser, Grady, “How Teenagers Spend the Family Dollar,” Amer ican Demographics, December 1986, pp. 38-41. Johnson, James and Kenneth Baum, “Whole Farm Survey Data for Economic Indicators and Performance Measures,” Agricul tural Economics Research, Summer 1986, pp. 1-13. Menken, Jane, ed., World Population and U.S. Policy: The Choices Ahead. New York, Columbia University, The Amer ican Assembly, 1986, 255 pp. $8.95, paper, W. W. Norton & Co., New York. Morrison, Peter A. and Julie DaVanzo, “The Prism of Migration: Dissimilarities Between Return and Onward Movers,” Social Science Quarterly, September 1986, pp. 504-16. Ogilvy, James, “The Experience Industry,” American Demo graphics, December 1986, beginning on p. 26. Schwartz, Joe, “The Evolution of Retailing,” American Demo graphics, December 1986, pp. 30-37. U.S. Department of Commerce, State and Metropolitan Area Data Book, 1986. Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1986, 697 pp. (Stock No. 003-02406334-4.) $28, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. Wall, C. Edward, ed., A Matter o f Fact: A Digest o f Current Facts, with Citations to Sources, July-December 1985. Ann Arbor, mi, Pierian Press, 1986, 424 pp. Industrial relations Barrett, William L. D., “Arbitration of a Complex Commercial Case: Practical Guidelines for Arbitrators and Counsel,” The Arbitration Journal, December 1986, pp. 15-23. Fatehi-Sedeh, K. and Hossein Safizadeh, “Labor Union Leaders and Codetermination: An Evaluation of Attitudes,” Employee Relations Law Journal, Autumn 1986, pp. 188-204. Hyde, Alan, “Rights for Canadian Members of International Unions Under the (U.S.) Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act,” Washington Law Review, July 1986, pp. 1007-39. Lehr, Richard I. and David J. Middlebrooks, “Legal Implications of Employee Assistance Programs,” Employee Relations Law Journal, Autumn 1986, pp. 262-1A. Loomis, Lloyd, “Employee Assistance Programs: Their Impact on Arbitration and Litigation of Termination Cases,” Employee Relations Law Journal, Autumn 1986, pp. 275-88. Peirce, Ellen R. and Richard Blackburn, “The Union Decertifica tion Process: Employer Dos and Don’ts,” Employee Relations Law Journal, Autumn 1986, pp. 205-20. Pozo, Susan, ed ., Essays on Legal and Illegal Immigration. Kala mazoo, Mi, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Re search, 1986, 128 pp. $13.95, cloth; $8.95, paper. Schwartz, Jonathan D., “Non-Fiduciary Liability Under the Em ployee Retirement Income Security Act,” Marquette Law Re view, Summer 1986, pp. 561-98. Simkin, William E. and Nicholas A. Fidandis, Mediation and the Dynamics o f Collective Bargaining. 2d ed., Washington, The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1986, 300 pp. Tracy, Joseph, Seniority Rules and the Gains from Union Organi zation. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc. 1986, 35 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 2039.) $2, paper. Williams, Robert E. and Thomas R. Bagby, Allis-Chalmers Cor poration v. Lueck: The Impact o f the Supreme Court’s Deci sion on Wrongful Discharge Suits and Other State Court Employment Litigation. Washington, National Foundation for the Study of Equal Employment Policy, 1986, 62 pp. $15, paper. International economics Chamey, Jonathan I., “International Agreements and the Develop ment of Customary International Law,” Washington Law Re view, July 1986, pp. 971-96. Herr, Ellen M., “Capital Expenditures by Majority-Owned For eign Affiliates of U.S. Companies, 1986 and 1987,” Survey o f Current Business, October 1986, beginning on p. 21. Shea, Michael A., “U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies: Opera tions in 1984,” Survey o f Current Business, October 1986, pp. 31-45. Labor force Health and safety Decampli, Mary L., “How Effective Is Your Safety Program?” Public Management, November 1986, pp. 16-17. Waldo, Daniel, Katharine R. Levit, and Helen Lazenby, “National Health Expenditures, 1985,” Health Care Financing Review, Fall 1986, pp. 1-21. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Berkowitz, Monroe and M. Anne Hill, eds., Disability and the Labor Market: Economic Problems, Policies, and Programs. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1986, 336 pp. $34, ilr Press, Ithaca, ny. Economic Council of Canada, Changing Times: 23d Annual Re view o f the Economic Council o f Canada. Ottawa, 1986, 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Book Reviews Productivity and technological change 93 pp. $6.95, Canada; $8.35, other countries (paper). Avail able from Canadian Government Publishing Center, Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa. Betcherman, Gordon and Kathryn McMullen, Working with Tech nology: A Survey o f Automation in Canada. Ottawa, Eco nomic Council of Canada, 1986, 43 pp. $3.95, Canada; $4.75, other countries. Great Britain, Department of Employment, Young Adults in the Labour Market. By D. N. Ashton and M. J. Maguire. Lon don, Department of Employment, 1986, 163 pp. (Research Paper, 55.) Guterl, Fred V ., “Computers Think for Business,” Dun’s Business Month, October 1986, pp. 30-36. Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier, Wages, Employ ment, Training and Job Attachment in Low Wage Labor Mar kets for Women. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1986, 59 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 2037.) $2, paper. Welfare programs and social insurance Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier, Pensions, Unions and Implicit Contracts. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 27 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 2036.) $2, paper. Gyourko, Joseph and Joseph Tracy, The Importance o f Local Fis cal Conditions in Analyzing Local Labor Markets. Cam bridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 26 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 2040.) $2, paper. Pine, Barbara A., “Child Welfare Reform and the Political Proc ess,” Social Science Review, September 1986, pp. 339-59. Hecker, Daniel, “Teachers’ Job Outlook: Is Chicken Little Wrong Again?” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1986, pp. 12-17. Worker training and development Krashevski, Richard, “What is Full Employment?” Challenge, November-December 1986, pp. 33-40. Barton, Paul E ., A Better Fit Between Unemployment Insurance and Retraining. Washington, National Institute for Work and Learning, 1986, 40 pp. Tise, Stephen and David Frank, “Where the Workers Are: A Stateby-State Guide to the Labor Force in 200 Occupations,” Oc cupational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1986, pp. 18-32. Drake, Larry, “The Outlook for Computer Professions: 1985 Rewrites the Program,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1986, pp. 2-11. 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis If my boss calls, find out his name More than one fourth of the jobs lost at a t &t have been in the managerial and professional ranks and 30 percent of the 24,000 a t &t Information Systems employees expected to be laid off by the end of 1986 will be managers. General Motors plans to cut its salaried work force by 25 percent in the next three years. Ford plans to do the same by 1990. Chrysler has laid off nearly half of its salaried employees since 1978. Owens-Illinois has whittled middle-management staffs by as much as 20 percent, and Bank of America has trimmed 10,000 white-collar jobs in four years. . . The psychological impact of mergers and acquisitions can be severe even on those employees who still retain their jobs. . . Kenneth De Meuse, human-resources consultant for the Intergraph Corporation, reported that human-resources professionals from both acquiring and acquired compa nies find the situation stressful for themselves and for the employees in volved. De Meuse reported that the standard line among employees in one firm was: “If my boss calls, find out his name.” — S u sa n R. S a n d erso n and L a w r e n c e S c h e in “Sizing Up the Down-Sizing Era,” Across the Board, November 1986, pp. 17-18. Current Labor Statistics Schedule of release dates for major bls statistical series Notes on Current Labor Statistics .................................... Comparative indicators 1. Labor market indicators................................................................................................................ 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, andproductivity .......................................................................................... 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes ................................................................................................................................... 55 57 57 Labor force data 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Employment status o f the total population, data seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................................................................. Employment status of the civilian population, data seasonally adjusted .......................................................................................................... Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted .............................................................................................................................. Unemployment rates by sex and age, data seasonally adjusted .......................................................................................................................... Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, data seasonally a d ju sted ................................................................................................... Duration of unemployment, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................................ Unemployment rates of civilian workers, by State ................................................................................................................................................ Employment of workers by State .............................................................................................................................................................................. Employment o f workers by industry, data seasonally adjusted............................................................................................................................ Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted .............................................................................................................................. Average hourly earnings by industry ....................................................................................................................................................................... Average weekly earnings by industry...................................................... .................................................................................................................. Hourly Earnings Index by industry............................................................................................................................................................................. 18. 19. 20. 21. Indexes of diffusion: proportion of industries in which employment increased, seasonally adjusted ...................................................... Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population .......................................................................................................... Annual data: Employment levels by industry ..................................................................................................................................................... Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry.............................................................................................................................. 58 59 60 61 62 62 62 63 63 64 65 66 67 67 68 68 68 69 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group ................................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry g r o u p .......................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e ............................................................... Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, situations covering 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more ..................................................................................................................................................... Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or m o r e .................................... Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more ..................................................................... Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State and local government bargaining situations covering 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more ............................................................................................................................................. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ................................................................................................................................................ 70 71 72 73 73 74 74 74 Price data 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. Consumer Price Index: U .S. City average, byexpenditurecategory and commodity and service groups .................................................. Consumer Price Index: U.S. City average and local data,all items ................................................................................................................... Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups ..................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes by stage o f processing ....................................................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product .................................................................................................................................................. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of p ro cessin g .............................................................................................................................. U .S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification...................................................................................................... U .S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification....................................................................................................... U .S. export price indexes by end-use category .................................................................................................................................................... U.S. import price indexes by end-use ca teg o ry ..................................................................................................................................... U .S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial C lassification.......................................................................................................................... U S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification ....................................................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 78 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 84 84 85 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics Contents— Continued Productivity data 85 42. Indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted 43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity ............................................................................. 44. Annual indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s................ 86 86 International comparisons 87 45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted ...................................... 46. Annual data: Employment status of civilian working-age population, ten countries .. 47. Annual indexes o f productivity and related measures, twelve countries ......................... 88 89 Injury and illness data 90 48. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence r a tes............................................. Schedule of release dates for S erie s b ls statistical series R elease Period R elease Period R elease Period MLR ta b le date c o ve red date c o vered date c o ve red num ber A p r il 2 7 1 s t q u a r te r P r o d u c tiv ity a n d c o s ts : N o n fa r m b u s in e s s a n d F e b ru a ry E m p lo y m e n t s itu a tio n ...................................... P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x ......................................... 2 4 th q u a r te r 2; 4 2 -4 4 M a rc h 2 4 th q u a r te r 6 F e b ru a ry A p r il 3 M a rc h 1; 4 -2 1 6 J a n u a ry M a rc h F e b ru a ry 13 J a n u a ry M a rc h 13 F e b ru a ry A p r il 1 0 M a rc h 2; 3 3 -3 5 F e b ru a ry A p r il 2 4 M a rc h 2; 3 0 -3 2 F e b ru a ry A p r il 2 4 M a rc h 1 4 -1 7 A p r il 2 7 1 s t q u a r te r 3; 2 5 -2 8 A p r il 2 8 1 s t q u a r te r 1 -3 ; 2 2 -2 4 A p r il 3 0 1 s t q u a r te r 3 6 -4 1 F e b ru a ry C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ...................................... F e b ru a ry 27 J a n u a ry M a rc h 2 7 R e a l e a r n in g s F e b ru a ry 2 7 J a n u a ry M a rc h 2 7 ....................................................... 2; 4 2 -4 4 M a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g U .S . Im p o r t a n d E x p o r t P r ic e I n d e x e s .................................................... 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section o f the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics: series on labor force, employment, unemployment, collective bargaining settlements, consumer, producer, and international prices, productivity, international comparisons, and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group o f tables are briefly described, key definitions are given, notes on the data are set forth, and sources of additional information are cited. Adjustments for price changes. Some data— such as the Hourly Earnings Index in table 17— are adjusted to eliminate the effect o f changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component o f the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate o f $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. General notes Additional information The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation o f the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. (Season ally adjusted data appear in tables 1 -3 , 4 -1 0 , 13, 14, 17, and 18.) Begin ning in January 1980, the bls introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are seasonally adjusted with a procedure called x - n arima, which was devel oped at Statistics Canada as an extension o f the standard x - n method previously used by bls . A detailed description o f the procedure appears in The x -n a r im a Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statis tics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E , February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at midyear for the July-December period. However, revisions of historical data con tinue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4 -1 0 were revised in the February 1987 issue o f the Review, to reflect experience through 1986. Annual revisions o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 13, 14, and 18 were made in the July 1986 Review using the X-ii arima seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in table 42 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U .S. average All Items cpi. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule preceding these general notes. More information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. More data from the household survey are published in the two-volume data book —Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Sur vey, Bulletin 2096. More data from the establishment survey appear in two data books— Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Em ployment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, and the annual supple ments to these data books. More detailed information on employee com pensation and collective bargaining settlements is published in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed data on consumer and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The c p i Detailed Report, and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Detailed data on all o f the series in this section are provided in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, which is published biennally by the Bureau, bls bulletins are issued covering productivity, injury and illness, and other data in this section. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness o f some series, prelim inary figures are issued based on representative but incom plete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability o f later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n .e.s. = not elsewhere specified. COMPARATIVE INDICATORS (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include employment measures from two ma jor surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (eci) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household ”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bargaining status, is chosen from a variety of bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are pre sented in table 2. Measures o f rates o f change o f compensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in: consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; and the overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures o f productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual mea sures. Notes on the data Definitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see b ls Handbook of Methods, Volumes I and II, Bulletins 2134-1 and 2 1 3 4 -2 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982 and 1984, respectively), as well as the additional bulletins, articles, and other publi cations noted in the separate sections of the Review's “Current Labor Statistics N otes.” Historical data for many series are provided in the Hand book of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). Users may also wish to consult Major Programs, Bureau of Labor Statis tics, Report 718 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). EMPLOYMENT DATA (Tables 1; 4-21) Household survey data the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Description of the series in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program o f personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau o f the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 59,500 households selected to represent the U .S. population 16 years o f age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths o f the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Data in tables 4 - 1 0 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal experience through December 1986. employment data Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12 th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and ( 2 ) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because o f illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number o f hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unem ployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The civilian unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists o f all employed or unemployed civilians plus members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own house work, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because o f long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because o f personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years o f age and older who are not inmates o f penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion o f the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparabil ity o f historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Additional sources of information For detailed explanations of the data, see b l s Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 1, and for additional data, Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). A detailed description of the Current Population Survey as well as additional data are available in the monthly Bureau of Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings. Historical data from 1948 to 1981 are available in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey: A Databook , Vols. I and II, Bulletin 2096 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . Establishment survey data Description of the series E mployment, hours, and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 250,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most indus tries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or ware house.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from estab lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12 th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and non supervisory workers in the following industries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employ ment on private nonagricutural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (cpi- w). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types o f changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects o f changes and seasonal factors in the proportion o f workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervi sory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion o f gross average weekly hours which were in excess o f regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index, introduced in the May 1983 Review, represents the percent o f 185 nonagricultural industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measur ing the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an economic indicator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics are peri od ically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called “benchmarks”)- The latest complete adjustment was made with the release o f May 1986 data, published in the July 1986 issue of the Review. Conse quently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1984; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1981. These revisions were published in the Supplement to Employment and Earnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). Unadjusted data from April 1985 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1982 for ward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most recent months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (13 to 16 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the esti mates are revised and published as final in the third month o f their appear ance. Thus, August data are published as preliminary in October and November and as final in December. For the same reason, quarterly estab lishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months o f publication and final in the third month. Thus, second-quarter data are published as preliminary in August and September and as final in October. Additional sources of information Detailed data from the establishment survey are published monthly in the periodical, Employment and Earnings. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1909-84, Bulletin 1312-12 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985) and its annual supplement. For a detailed discussion o f the methodology o f the survey, see b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 2. For additional data, see Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). bls A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from two major sources— the Current Population Survey (cps) and the Local Area Unemployment Statis tics (laus) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employ ment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic condi tions and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Train ing Partnership Act and the Public Works and Economic Development Act. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the cps. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for 11 States— California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas— are obtained directly from the cps , because the size of the sample is large enough to meet bls standards o f reliability. Data for the remaining 39 States and the District o f Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by bls . Once a year, estimates for the 11 States are revised to new population controls. For the remaining States and the District of Columbia, data are benchmarked to annual average cps levels. Additional sources of information Information on the concepts, definitions, and technical procedures used to develop labor force data for States and sub-State areas as well as addi tional data on sub-States are provided in the monthly Bureau o f Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings, and the annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment (Bureau o f Labor Statistics). See also b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 4. COMPENSATION AND WAGE DATA (Tables 1-3 ; 22-29) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bar gaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Employment Cost Index ( eci) is a quarterly measure o f the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs o f employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis labor— similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services— to measure change over time in employer costs of employing labor. The index is not seasonally adjusted. Statistical series on total compensation costs and on wages and salaries are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. Both series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists o f private industry and State and local government workers combined. Federal workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 2,200 private nonfarm establishments providing about 12,000 occupational ob servations and 700 State and local government establishments providing 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics 3,500 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensa tion information on five well-specified occupations. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, Septem ber, and December. Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census o f Population are used each quarter to calculate the indexes for civilian, private, and State and local governments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Population.) These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in com pensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels o f wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employ ment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, in cluding production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-ofliving adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980 to produce, when combined with the wages and salaries series, a. measure o f the percent change in employer costs for employee total compensation. State and local government units were added to the eci coverage in 1981, providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees). Historical in dexes (June 1981 = 100) o f the quarterly rates of change are presented in the May issue o f the bls monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Additional sources of information For a more detailed discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see the Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 11, and the fo llo w in g M onthly L abor R eview articles: “Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price o f labor’,” July 1975; “How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost In dex,” January 1978; “Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index,” May 1982; and “Introducing new weights for the Employment Cost Index,” June 1985. Data-on the eci are also available in bls quarterly press releases issued in the month following the reference months o f March, June, September, and December; and from the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). Collective bargaining settlements (wage and benefit costs) and wages alone, quarterly for private industry and semiannually for State and local government. Compensation measures cover all collective bargaining situations involving 5,000 workers or more and wage measures cover all situations involving 1,000 workers or more. These data, covering private nonagricultural industries and State and local governments, are calculated using information obtained from bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, parties to the agreements, and second ary sources, such as newspaper accounts. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Settlement data are measured in terms of future specified adjustments: those that will occur within 12 months after contract ratification— firstyear— and all adjustments that will occur over the life of the contract expressed as an average annual rate. Adjustments are worker weighted. Both first-year and over-the-life measures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living clauses that are triggered by future movements in the Consumer Price Index. Effective wage adjustments measure all adjustments occurring in the reference period, regardless o f the settlement date. Included are changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from con tracts negotiated in earlier periods, and changes under cost-of-living adjust ment clauses. Each wage change is worker weighted. The changes are prorated over all workers under agreements during the reference period yielding the average adjustment. Definitions Wage rate changes are calculated by dividing newly negotiated wages by the average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, at the time the agree ment is reached. Compensation changes are calculated by dividing the change in the value of the newly negotiated wage and benefit package by existing average hourly compensation, which includes the cost of previ ously negotiated benefits, legally required social insurance programs, and average hourly earnings. Compensation changes are calculated by placing a value on the benefit portion of the settlements at the time they are reached. The cost estimates are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time of settle ment (for example, methods of financing pensions or composition of labor force) will remain constant. The data, therefore, are measures of negotiated changes and not of total changes in employer cost. Contract duration runs from the effective date of the agreement to the expiration date or first wage reopening date, if applicable. Average annual percent changes over the contract term take account of the compounding of successive changes. Notes on the data Care should be exercised in comparing the size and nature of the settle ments in State and local government with those in the private sector because of differences in bargaining practices and settlement characteristics. A principal difference is the incidence of cost-of-living adjustment (cola) clauses which cover only about 2 percent of workers under a few local government settlements, but cover 50 percent o f workers under private sector settlements. Agreements without cola’s tend to provide larger speci fied wage increases than those with cola’s . Another difference is that State and local government bargaining frequently excludes pension benefits which are often prescribed by law. In the private sector, in contrast, pensions are typically a bargaining issue. Additional sources of information Description of the series For a more detailed discussion on the series, see the b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 10. Collective bargaining settlements data provide statistical measures of negotiated adjustments (increases, decreases, and freezes) in compensation Comprehensive data are published in press releases issued quarterly (in January, April, July, and October) for private industry, and semi- 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis annually (in February and August) for State and local government. Histor ical data and additional detailed tabulations for the prior calendar year appear in the April issue of the BLS monthly periodical, Current Wage monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Historical data appear in the b ls Handbook o f Labor Statistics. Developments. O ther compensation data W ork stoppages Other bls data on pay and benefits, not included in the Current Labor Statistics section of the Monthly Labor Review, appear in and consist o f the following: Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount o f time lost because o f stoppage. Data are largely from newspaper accounts and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or second ary effect o f stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service. Definitions Number of stoppages: The number of strikes and lockouts involving workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. 1,000 Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent o f the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more. Additional sources of information Data for each calendar year are reported in a bls press release issued in the first quarter o f the following year. Monthly data appear in the bls Industry Wage Surveys provide data for specific occupations selected to represent an industry’s wage structure and the types of activities performed by its workers. The Bureau collects information on weekly work schedules, shift operations and pay differentials, paid holiday and vacation practices, and information on incidence of health, insurance, and retirement plans. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Monthly Labor Review. Area Wage Surveys annually provide data for selected office, clerical, professional, technical, maintenance, toolroom, powerplant, material movement, and custodial occupations common to a wide variety o f indus tries in the areas (labor markets) surveyed. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Review. The National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay provides detailed information annually on salary levels and distributions for the types o f jobs mentioned in the survey’s title in private employment. Although the definitions of the jobs surveyed reflect the duties and responsibilities in private industry, they are designed to match specific pay grades of Federal white-collar employees under the General Schedule pay system. Accordingly, this survey provides the legally re quired information for comparing the pay of salaried employees in the Federal civil service with pay in private industry. (See Federal Pay Com parability Act of 1970, 5 u.s.c. 5305.) Data are published in a bls news release issued in the summer and in a bulletin each fall; summaries and analytical articles also appear in the Review. Employee Benefits Survey provides nationwide information on the inci dence and characteristics o f employee benefit plans in medium and large establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. Data are published in an annual bls news release and bulletin, as well as in special articles appearing in the Review. PRICE DATA (Tables 2; 30-41) Price data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). C onsum er Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (cpi) is a measure o f the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The cpi is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only o f urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment o f wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting o f all urban households. The wage earner index (cpi- w) is a continuation o f the historic index that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the cpi in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all urban consumer index (cpi- u ) introduced in 1978 is representative o f the 1972-73 buying habits of about 80 percent o f the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with 40 percent represented in the cpi- w . In addition to wage earners and clerical https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workers, the cpi-U covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and oth ers not in the labor force. The cpi is based on prices o f food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, trans portation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality o f these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use o f items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U .S. city average.” Separate estimates for 28 major urban centers are presented in table 31. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are measured for the cpi-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the cpi- w . The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost o f shelter services provided by owner-occupied homes. Additional sources of information For a discussion o f the general method for computing the cpi, see bls the exclusion of imports from, and the inclusion of exports in, the survey universe; and the respecification of commodities priced to conform to Bureau of the Census definitions. These and other changes have been phased in gradually since 1978. The result is a system of indexes that is easier to use in conjunction with data on wages, productivity, and employ ment and other series that are organized in terms of the Standard Industrial Classification and the Census product class designations. Additional sources of information Handbook of Methods, Volume II, The Consumer Price Index , Bulletin 2 1 3 4 -2 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1984). The recent change in the mea surement o f homeownership costs is discussed in Robert Gillingham and Walter Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the CPI,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, pp. 9 -1 4 . Additional detailed cpi data and regular analyses of consumer price changes are provided in the cpi Detailed Report, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Historical data for the overall cpi and for selected groupings may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). For a discussion of the methodology for computing Producer Price In dexes, see bls Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. Additional detailed data and analyses of price changes are provided monthly in Producer Price Indexes. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). International price indexes Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (ppi) measure average changes in prices re ceived in primary markets of the United States by producers o f commodi ties in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 60,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices o f all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The stage of proc essing structure o f Producer Price Indexes organizes products by class of buyer and degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI organizes products by similarity of end use or material composition. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day o f the month. Since January 1976, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number o f special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. Notes on the data Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the Review is no longer present ing tables o f Producer Price Indexes for commodity groupings, special composite groups, or sic industries. However, these data will continue to be presented in the Bureau’s monthly publication Producer Price Indexes. The Bureau has completed the first major stage of its comprehensive overhaul o f the theory, methods, and procedures used to construct the Producer Price Indexes. Changes include the replacement of judgment sampling with probability sampling techniques; expansion to systematic coverage o f the net output o f virtually all industries in the mining and manufacturing sectors; a shift from a commodity to an industry orientation; 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Description of the series The bls International Price Program produces quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change for all products sold by U .S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts: it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals but does not require the organiza tions to be U .S. owned nor the individuals to have U .S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U .S. residents. With publication of an all-import index in February 1983 and an all-export index in February 1984, all U .S. merchandise imports and exports now are represented in these indexes. The reference period for the indexes is 1977 = 100, unless otherwise indicated. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, al though in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U .S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U .S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first 2 weeks of the third month of each calendar quarter— March, June, September, and December. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation o f the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U .S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined by the 4- and 5-digit level of detail of the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System (sitc). The calcula tion of indexes by sitc category facilitates the comparison of U .S. price trends and sector production with similar data for other countries. Detailed indexes are also computed and published on a Standard Industrial Classifi cation (sic-based) basis, as well as by end-use class. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each weight category and are then aggregated to the sitc level. The values assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau o f the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1980. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifica tions or terms o f transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the phys ical and functional characteristics o f the products being priced, as well as information on the number o f units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class o f buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value o f each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U .S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port o f exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port o f exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) at the U .S. port o f impor tation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the product to the U .S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. Additional sources of information For a discussion o f the general method of computing International Price Indexes, see b ls Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 8. Additional detailed data and analyses of international price develop ments are presented in the Bureau’s quarterly publication U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and in occasional Monthly Labor Review articles prepared by bls analysts. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). PRODUCTIVITY DATA (Tables 2; 42-47) U. S. productivity and related data Description of the series The productivity measures relate real physical output to real input. As such, they encompass a family o f measures which include single factor input measures, such as output per unit of labor input (output per hour) or output per unit o f capital input, as well as measures of multifactor produc tivity (output per unit o f labor and capital inputs combined). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes o f hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant prices produced per hour o f labor input. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant dollars produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the ratio output per unit o f labor and capital inputs combined. Changes in this measure reflect changes in a number of factors which affect the production process such as changes in technology, shifts in the composition o f the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, manage ment, and so forth. Changes in the output per hour measures reflect the impact o f these factors as well as the substitution of capital for labor. Compensation per hour is the wages and salaries o f employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, and the wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no selfemployed)— the sum divided by hours paid for. Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production o f a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation o f all persons from current dollar value o f output and divid ing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjust ments per unit of output. Hours of all persons are the total hours paid of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Capital services is the flow o f services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock o f physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inventories— weighted by rental prices for each type o f asset. Labor and capital inputs combined are derived by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share o f total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Output measures for the business sector and the nonfarm businesss sector exclude the constant dollar value o f owner-occupied housing, rest o f world, households and institutions, and general government output from the con stant dollar value of gross national product. The measures are derived from data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U .S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing out put indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual esti mates o f output (gross product originating) from the Bureau o f Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are developed from data o f the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau o f Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 4 2 -4 4 describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit o f input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions o f labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influ ences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level o f output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization o f produc tion; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. Additional sources of information Descriptions of methodology underlying the measurement o f output pier hour and multifactor productivity are found in the b l s Handbook o f Meth o d s, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 13. His torical data for selected industries are provided in the Bureau’s Handbook of Labor Statistics , 1985, Bulletin 2217. 53 MONTHLY LABOR February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (Tables 45-47) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 45 and 46 present comparative measures o f the labor force, employment, and unemployment— approximating U .S. concepts— for the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U .S. unemployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major definitional differences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. Definitions For the principal U .S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on EMPLOYMENT DATA: House hold Survey Data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U .S. standard o f 16 years o f age and over. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the population age 16 and over in France, Sweden, and from 1973 onward, Great Britain; 15 and over in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, and prior to 1973, Great Britain; and 14 and over in Italy. The institutional population is included in the denominator of the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is ex cluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U .S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their job are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application o f the U .S. definition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Review, December 1981, pp. 8 -1 1 . The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force surveys for earlier years and are considered prelimi nary. The recent-year measures for these countries are, therefore, subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. Additional sources of information For further information, see International Comparisons of Unemploy ment, Bulletin 1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978), Appendix B and unpublished Supplements to Appendix B available on request. The statis tics are also analyzed periodically in the Monthly Labor Review . Additional historical data, generally beginning with 1959, are published in the Hand book o f Labor Statistics and are available in unpublished statistical supple ments to Bulletin 1979. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 47 presents comparative measures of manufacturing labor produc tivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs for the United 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are limited to trend comparisons— that is, intercountry series of changes over time— rather than level comparisons because reliable international com parisons of the levels of manufacturing output are unavailable. Definitions Output is constant value output (value added), generally taken from the national accounts of each country. While the national accounting methods for measuring real output differ considerably among the 12 countries, the use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparabil ity— rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and reliability of underlying data series. Hours refer to all employed persons including the self-employed in the United States and Canada; to all wage and salary employees in the other countries. The U .S. hours measure is hours paid; the hours measures for the other countries are hours worked. Compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required in surance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In addition, for some countries, compensation is adjusted for other significant taxes on payrolls or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies), even if they are not for the direct benefit of workers, because such taxes are regarded as labor costs. However, compensation does not include all items of labor cost. The costs of recruitment, employee training, and plant facilities and services— such as cafeterias and medical clinics— are not covered because data are not available for most countries. Self-employed workers are in cluded in the U .S. and Canadian compensation figures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Notes on the data For most o f the countries, the measures refer to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (beginning 1959), Italy (beginning 1970), and the United Kingdom (beginning 1976), refer to manufacturing and mining less energy-related products and the figures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining from 1969 to 1976. For all countries, manufacturing includes the activities of government enterprises. The figures for one or more recent years are generally based on current indicators of manufacturing output, employment, hours, and hourly com pensation and are considered preliminary until the national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. Additional sources of information For additional information, see the b l s Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 16 and periodic Monthly Labor Review articles. Historical data are provided in the Bureau’s Hand book of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217, 1985. The statistics are issued twice per year— in a news release (generally in May) and in a Monthly Labor Review article (generally in December). OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND ILLNESS DATA (Table 48) Description of the series The Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is designed to collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records which employers in the following industries maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act o f 1970: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Excluded from the survey are self-employed individuals, farmers with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies. Because the survey is a Federal-State cooperative program and the data must meet the needs of participating State agencies, an independent sam ple is selected for each State. The sample is selected to represent all pri vate industries in the States and territories. The sample size for the survey is dependent upon (1) the characteristics for which estimates are needed; (2) the industries for which estimates are desired; (3) the charac teristics o f the population being sampled; (4) the target reliability of the estimates; and (5) the survey design employed. While there are many characteristics upon which the sample design could be based, the total recorded case incidence rate is used because it is one of the most important characteristics and the least variable; therefore, it re quires the smallest sample size. The survey is based on stratified random sampling with a Neyman allocation and a ratio estimator. The characteristics used to stratify the establishments are the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) code and size o f employment. Definitions Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are: (1) occupational deaths, regardless o f the time between injury and death, or the length o f the illness; or (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occupational injuries which involve one or more o f the following: loss o f consciousness, restriction o f work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). ployee worked at a permanent job less than full time; or (3) the employee worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties normally connected with it. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work. Incidence rates represent the number o f injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data Estimates are made for industries and employment-size classes and for severity classification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. Lost workday cases are separated into those where the employee would have worked but could not and those in which work activity was restricted. Estimates of the number o f cases and the number o f days lost are made for both categories. Most o f the estimates are in the form o f incidence rates, defined as the number o f injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays, per 100 full-time em ployees. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 em ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). Only a few of the available measures are included in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics. Full detail is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry. Comparable data for individual States are available from the of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics. bls Office Mining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration, respec tively. Data from these organizations are included in bls and State publica tions. Federal employee experience is compiled and published by the Occu pational Safety and Health Administration. Data on State and local government employees are collected by about half of the States and territo ries; these data are not compiled nationally. Additional sources of information Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, ampu tation, and so forth, which results from a work accident or from exposure involving a single incident in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environ mental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, inges tion, or direct contact. Lost workday cases are cases which involve days away from work, or days o f restricted work activity, or both. Lost workday cases involving restricted work activity are those cases which result in restricted work activity only. Lost workdays away from work are the number of workdays (consec utive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not because o f occupational injury or illness. Lost workdays— restricted work activity are the number o f workdays (consecutive or not) on which, because o f injury or illness: (1) the em ployee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; or (2) the em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Supplementary Data System provides detailed information describ ing various factors associated with work-related injuries and illnesses. These data are obtained from information reported by employers to State workers compensation agencies. The Work Injury Report program exam ines selected types o f accidents through an employee survey which focuses on the circumstances surrounding the injury. These data are not included in the Handbook of Labor Statistics but are available from the bls Office of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics. The definitions o f occupational injuries and illnesses and lost workdays are from Recordkeeping Requirements under the Occupational Safety and Health Act o f 1970. For additional data, see Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, annual Bureau o f Labor Statistics bulletin; bls Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 17; Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985), pp. 411-14; annual reports in the Monthly Labor Review, and annual U .S. Department of Labor press releases. 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 1986 1985 1984 Selected indicators 1985 1984 III n I IV III II I IV E m p lo y m e n t d a ta Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey)' Labor force participation rate.................................................... Employment-population ratio...................................................... Unemployment rate .................................................................... M e n ........................................................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 years and over................................................................. Women ..................................................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 years and over................................................................. Unemployment rate, 15 weeks and over................................. 64.4 59.5 7.5 7.4 14.4 5.7 7.6 13.3 6.0 2.4 64.8 60.1 7.2 7.0 14.1 5.3 7.4 13.0 5.9 2.0 64.5 59.8 7.3 7.1 14.0 5.4 7.5 12.9 5.9 2.1 64.8 60.1 7.3 7.1 14.2 5.4 7.5 13.1 6.0 2.1 Total ...................... Private sector ...... Goods-producing .. Manufacturing .... Service-producing 94,496 78,472 24,727 19,378 69,769 97,614 81,199 24,930 19,314 72,684 94,064 78,096 24,690 19,381 69,374 96,581 80,341 24,970 19,439 71,611 Average hours: Private sector ...... Manufacturing . Overtime....... 35.2 40.7 3.4 34.9 40.5 3.3 35.2 40.8 3.5 35.0 40.4 3.3 Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household, and Federal workers) Private industry workers ........................................................ Goods-producing2 ............................................................... Service-producing2 ............................................................. State and local government workers.................................... 5.2 4.9 4.6 5.1 6.6 4.3 3.9 3.4 4.4 5.7 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2 Workers by bargaining status (private industry): Union...................................................................................... Nonunion ............................................................................... 4.3 5.2 2.6 4.6 1.1 1.3 .7 1.6 64.7 60.1 7.2 7.0 14.0 5.3 7.4 12.9 5.9 2.0 64.9 60.3 7.1 6.9 14.2 5.2 7.3 13.1 5.6 1.9 65.1 60.5 7.1 6.9 13.5 5.3 7.3 13.1 5.7 1.9 65.2 60.6 7.1 7.0 14.2 5.3 7.2 13.1 5.7 1.9 65.3 60.8 6.9 6.9 13.7 5.4 6.9 12.6 5.4 1.9 97,295 80,958 24,947 19,323 72,347 97,897 81,414 24,866 19,241 73,031 97,295 80,958 24,947 19,323 72,347 99,403 82,731 25,028 19,284 74,375 99,848 83,144 24,952 19,194 74,896 100,316 83,650 24,872 19,116 75,444 34.9 40.4 3.2 34.9 40.6 3.3 34.9 40.4 3.2 34.9 40.7 3.4 34.8 40.7 3.4 34.7 40.7 3.5 .7 .8 .7 1.0 .2 1.6 1.3 .6 1.8 3.4 .6 .6 .6 .5 .7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 ,1 0 .7 .8 .9 .6 .6 1.1 .7 .6 .8 2.8 .6 1.0 .8 1.4 .5 .6 1.0 1.2 .2 .9 .5 .8 64.7 60.0 7.2 7.0 14.0 5.3 7.5 12.9 6.0 2.0 Employment, nonagricultural (payroll data), in thousands:’ E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service- 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis producing industries include all other private sector industries. . 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity Selected measures 1986 1985 C o m p e n s a t io n d a ta Employment Cost Index-compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm .............................................................. Private nonfarm .............................................................. Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm ............................................................... Private nonfarm .................................. 1.1 .7 1.1 .7 P r ic e d a t a 1 Consumer Price Index (All urban consumers): All items Producer Price Index: Finished goods................................................ Finished consumer goods.............................. Capital equipment .......................................... Intermediate materials, supplies, components Crude materials............................... 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.5 2.7 -.3 -5.6 1.3 - 1.6 .0 .7 .7 .4 -.3 1.3 -.4 -3.1 1.1 -.1 - 1.2 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 -.5 -4.5 .2 - 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 .4 4.3 -3.1 -4.1 .5 .4 .2 .6 -2.9 -7.6 -.9 -1.5 P r o d u c t iv it y d a t a 3 Output per hour of all persons: Business sector.................... Nonfarm business se cto r..... Nonfinancial corporations 4 .... -3.2 -3.5 - 1 Annual changes are December-to-December change. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted and the price data are not compounded. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 2.8 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 4 Output per hour of all employees. 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Quarterly average Components 1985 II Average hourly compensation:1 All persons, business sector.... All employees, nonfarm business sector... Employment Cost Index-compensation: Civilian nonfarm 2 .............. Private nonfarm .............. Union................... Nonunion............... State and local governments.......................................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm2 ... Private nonfarm .............................................................. Union.................... Nonunion........................ State and local governments....................................................... Total effective waae adjustments3 ........ From current settlements...... From prior settlements......... From cost-of-living provision................................................. Negotiated wage adjustments from settlement:3 First-year adjustments .............. Annual rate over life of contract Negotiated wage and benefit adjustments from settlements:5 First-year adjustment............... Annual rate over life of contract III IV 4.4 3.2 .8 .6 1.0 .2 1.3 1.4 3.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 .2 1.3 .9 1.5 3.5 I II .7 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 .6 1.0 .6 .8 1.1 1.0 .1 .4 .1 .4 .2 1985 III 1986 IV I II III 4.4 3.9 4.4 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.0 3.0 2.8 .8 .2 .9 .6 1.1 .7 .5 .8 2.8 4.6 4.2 3.1 4.9 6.1 4.9 4. / 3.2 5.4 6.0 4.3 3.9 2.6 4.6 5.7 4.1 3.8 2.9 4.2 5.5 4.0 3.8 2.5 4.2 5.8 3.6 3.2 2.3 3.5 5.2 .8 .9 .4 .9 .4 .7 .6 .7 3.2 4.5 4.3 3.4 4.8 5.5 3.5 .9 1.9 .7 5.0 4.8 3.6 5.4 5.6 3.5 .9 1.8 .8 4.4 4.1 3.1 4.6 5.6 3.3 .7 1.8 .7 4.2 3.9 3.2 4.3 5.5 3.1 .6 1.7 .8 4.1 3.7 2.5 ♦ 4.1 5.7 2.9 .5 1.8 .7 3.5 3.1 2.3 3.4 5.4 2.3 .5 1.6 .2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.5 1.6 2.2 1.5 1.9 3.4 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.6 1.4 2.0 1.4 1.6 .1 .5 (4) 1.6 2.8 3.5 3.4 III 4.5 4.2 .2 .6 (4) II 2.9 2.4 3.6 (4) 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. 3 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. The most recent data are preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Four quarters ended1986 1.9 5 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more. The most recent data are preliminary. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 4. Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1986 1985 Employment status 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Sept. Aug. Dec. Oct. TOTAL Noninstitutional population \ 2 ...... Participation rate 3 ................ Total employed 2 ....................... Employment-population Resident Armed Forces 1 ....... Civilian employed ................... Nonagricultural industries..... Unemployed............................... Unemployment rate 5 ........... Not in labor force ........................ 179,912 117,167 65.1 108,856 182,293 119,540 65.6 111,303 180,810 118,031 65.3 109,847 181,361 118,485 65.3 110,583 181,512 118,733 65.4 110,248 181,678 118,880 65.4 110,500 181,843 118,987 65.4 110,664 181,998 119,274 65.5 110,852 182,183 119,685 65.7 111,293 182,354 119,789 65.7 111,559 182,525 119,821 65.6 111,764 182,713 119,988 65.7 111,703 182,935 120,163 65.7 111,941 183,114 183,297 120,426 120,336 65.7 65.8 112,183 112,387 60.5 1,706 107,150 3,179 103,971 8,312 7.1 62,744 61.1 1,706 109,597 3,163 106,434 8,237 6.9 62,752 60.8 1,698 108,149 3,151 104,998 8,184 6.9 62,779 61.0 1,691 108,892 3,280 105,612 7,902 6.7 62,876 60.7 1,691 108,557 3,105 105,452 8,485 7.1 62,779 60.8 1,693 108,807 3,252 105,555 8,380 7.0 62,798 60.9 1,695 108,969 3,199 105,770 8,323 7.0 62,856 60.9 1,687 109,165 3,151 106,014 8,422 7.1 62,724 61.1 1,680 109,613 3,164 106,449 8,392 7.0 62,498 61.2 1,672 109,887 3,124 106,763 8,230 6.9 62,565 61.2 1,697 110,067 3.057 107,010 8.057 6.7 62,704 61.1 1,716 109,987 3,142 106,845 8,285 6.9 62,725 61.2 1,749 110,192 3,162 107,030 61.3 1,750 110,637 3,161 107,476 7,949 62,772 61.3 1,751 110,432 3,215 107,217 8,243 6.8 62,688 86,025 65,967 76.7 61,447 87,349 66,973 76.7 62,443 86,459 66,173 76.5 61,762 86,882 66,666 76.7 62,392 86,954 66,737 76.7 62,142 87,035 66,793 76.7 62,221 87,120 66,770 76.6 62,253 87,195 66,854 76.7 62,201 87,288 66,937 76.7 62,318 87,373 66,968 76.6 62,402 87,460 66,911 76.5 62,483 87,556 67,128 76.7 62,528 87,682 67,130 76.6 62,565 87,773 67,407 76.8 62,833 87,868 67,425 76.7 62,986 71.4 1,556 59,891 4,521 6.9 71.5 1,551 60,892 4,530 6.8 71.4 1,549 60,213 4,411 6.7 71.8 1,539 60,853 4,274 6.4 71.5 1,539 60,603 4,595 6.9 71.5 1,540 60,681 4,572 6.8 71.5 1,541 60,712 4,517 6.8 71.3 1,533 60,668 4,653 7.0 71.4 1,525 60,793 4,619 6.9 71.4 1,518 60,884 4,566 6.8 71.4 1,541 60,942 4,428 71.4 1,590 60,975 4,565 71.6 1,592 61,241 4,574 71.7 1,593 61,393 4,439 6.6 71.4 1,560 60,968 4,600 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.6 93,886 51,200 54.5 47,409 94,944 52,568 55.4 48,861 94,351 51,858 55.0 48,085 94,479 51,819 54.8 48,191 94,558 51,996 55.0 48,106 94,643 52,087 55.0 48,279 94,723 52,217 55.1 48,411 94,803 52,420 55.3 48,651 94,895 52,748 55.6 48,975 94,981 52,821 55.6 49,157 95,065 52,910 55.7 49,281 95,156 52,860 55.6 49,175 95,253 53,033 55.7 49,376 95,341 53,019 55.6 49,350 95,429 52,911 55.4 49,401 50.5 150 47,259 3,791 7.4 51.5 155 48,706 3,707 7.1 51.0 149 47,936 3,773 7.3 51.0 152 48,039 3,628 7.0 50.9 152 47,954 3,890 7.5 51.0 153 48,126 3,808 7.3 51.1 154 48,257 3,806 7.3 51.3 154 48,497 3,769 7.2 51.6 155 48,820 3,773 7.2 51.8 154 49,003 3,664 6.9 51.8 156 49,125 3,629 6.9 51.7 156 49,019 3,685 7.0 51.8 159 49,217 3,657 6.9 51.8 159 49,191 3,669 6.9 51.8 157 49,244 3,510 8,222 6.8 6.6 62,961 M e n , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r Noninstitutional population \ 2 ...... Labor force2 ................................. Participation rate 3 ................ Total employed 2 ....................... Employment-population Resident Armed Forces 1 ...... Civilian employed ................... Unemployed............................... Unemployment rate 6 ........... W o m e n , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r Noninstitutional population 1, 2 ....... Labor force2 .................................. Participation rate 3 ................ Total employed2 ........................ Employment-population Resident Armed Forces 1 ...... Civilian employed ................... Unemployed............................... Unemployment rate 5 ........... 1 The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. 3 Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 2 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 5 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including Forces). 6.6 the resident Armed 5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted ' (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1985 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. 178,20« 115,46 64.« 107,15« 180,58’ 117,83/ 65.« 109,597 179,112 116,33« 64.« 108,145 179,670 116,794 65.0 108,892 60.1 8,31 £ 7.2 62,744 60.7 8,237 7.C 62,752 60.4 8,184 7.C 62,779 60.6 7,902 6.8 62,876 77,195 60,277 78.1 56,562 78,523 61,320 78.1 57,569 77,651 60,545 78.0 56,928 78,101 61,143 78.3 57,599 73.3 2,278 54,284 3,715 6.2 73.3 2,292 55,277 3,751 6.1 73.3 2,280 54,648 3,617 6.0 73.7 2,340 55,259 3,544 5.8 86,506 47,283 54.7 44,154 87,567 48,589 55.5 45,556 86,988 47,916 55.1 44,843 87,112 47,897 55.0 44,952 51.0 596 43,558 3,129 6.6 52.0 614 44,943 3,032 6.2 51.6 594 44,249 3,073 6.4 51.6 677 44,275 2,945 6.1 14,506 7,901 54.5 6,434 14,496 7,926 54.7 6,472 14,474 7,872 54.4 6,378 14,458 7,754 53.6 6,341 44.4 305 6,129 1,468 18.6 44.6 258 6,215 1,454 18.3 44.1 277 6,101 1,494 19.0 43.9 263 6,078 1,413 18.2 153,679 99,926 65.0 93,736 155,432 101,801 65.5 95,660 154,327 100,617 65.2 94,549 154,784 100,993 65.2 95,099 61.0 6,191 6.2 61.5 6,140 6.0 61.3 6,068 6.0 61.4 5,894 5.8 19,664 12,364 62.9 10,501 19,989 12,654 63.3 10,814 19,819 12,559 63.4 10,679 19,837 12,561 63.3 10,723 53.4 1,864 15.1 54.1 1,840 14.5 53.9 1,880 15.0 54.1 1,838 14.6 Employment status Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population’ .................................. Civilian labor force...................... Participation rate ................. Employed ........................... Employment-population ratio2 ................................... Unemployed...................... Unemployment ra te ............. Not in labor force ....................... 1 7 9 ,8 2 1 1 7 9 ,9 8 5 1 8 0 ,1 4 8 1 8 0 ,3 1 1 1 8 0 ,5 0 3 1 8 0 ,6 8 2 1 8 0 ,8 2 8 1 8 0 ,9 9 7 1 8 1 ,1 8 6 1 8 1 ,3 6 3 1 8 1 ,5 4 7 1 1 7 ,0 4 2 1 1 7 ,1 8 7 1 1 7 ,2 9 2 1 1 7 ,5 8 7 1 1 8 ,0 0 5 1 1 8 ,1 1 7 1 1 8 ,1 2 4 1 1 8 ,2 7 2 1 1 8 ,4 1 4 1 1 8 ,6 7 5 1 1 8 ,5 8 6 6 5 .1 6 5 .1 6 5 .1 6 5 .2 6 5 .4 6 5 .4 6 5 .3 6 5 .3 6 5 .4 6 5 .4 6 5 .3 1 0 8 ,5 5 7 1 0 8 ,8 0 7 1 0 8 ,9 6 9 1 0 9 ,1 6 5 1 0 9 ,6 1 3 1 0 9 ,8 8 7 1 1 0 ,0 6 7 1 0 9 ,9 8 7 1 1 0 ,1 9 2 1 1 0 ,4 3 2 1 1 0 ,6 3 7 6 0 .4 6 0 .5 6 0 .5 6 0 .5 6 0 .7 6 0 .8 6 0 .9 6 0 .8 6 0 .8 6 0 .9 6 0 .9 8 ,4 8 5 8 ,3 8 0 8 ,3 2 3 8 ,4 2 2 8 ,3 9 2 8 ,2 3 0 8 ,0 5 7 8 ,2 8 5 8,222 8 ,2 4 3 7 ,9 4 9 7 .2 7 .2 7 .1 7 .2 7 .1 7 .0 6.8 7 .0 6 .9 6 .9 6 .7 6 2 ,7 7 9 6 2 ,7 9 8 6 2 ,8 5 6 6 2 ,7 2 4 6 2 ,4 9 8 6 2 ,5 6 5 6 2 ,7 2 5 6 2 ,7 7 2 6 2 ,6 8 8 6 2 ,9 6 1 6 2 ,7 0 4 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population’ ................................... Civilian labor fo rce ...................... Participation rate ................. Employed .......................... Employment-population ratio2 ................................. Agriculture.............................. Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed........................ Unemployment ra te .............. 7 8 ,1 7 1 7 8 ,2 3 6 7 8 ,3 0 9 7 8 ,3 8 7 7 8 ,4 8 4 7 8 ,5 8 6 7 8 ,6 3 4 7 8 ,7 2 2 7 8 ,8 0 2 7 8 ,8 7 4 7 8 ,9 7 3 6 1 ,0 9 2 6 1 ,1 7 7 6 1 ,0 8 0 6 1 ,1 5 8 6 1 ,3 3 0 6 1 ,3 5 5 6 1 ,2 1 9 6 1 ,4 1 2 6 1 ,4 0 9 6 1 ,7 0 3 6 1 ,8 2 6 78 78 7 8 .0 7 7 .9 7 8 .2 7 8 .3 5 7 ,3 3 8 5 7 ,5 2 2 5 7 ,6 0 7 5 7 ,5 9 5 5 7 ,8 8 3 5 8 ,1 0 1 78. 5 7 ,2 9 6 7 3 .3 7 8 .2 5 7 ,3 8 8 7 3 .4 7 8 .I 5 7 ,3 9 2 73. 7 3 .1 73. 7 8 .1 5 7 ,5 4 4 7 3 .2 77 5 7 ,5 8 5 73. 7 3 .2 7 3 .1 7 3 .4 7 3 .6 2 ,2 6 1 2 ,3 8 9 2 ,3 1 9 2 ,2 7 9 2 ,3 0 9 2 ,2 7 5 2 ,1 8 5 2 ,2 8 6 2 ,2 9 7 2 ,3 0 3 2 ,2 8 9 5 5 ,0 3 5 5 4 ,9 9 9 5 5 ,0 7 3 5 5 ,0 5 9 5 5 ,2 1 3 5 5 ,2 6 9 5 5 ,4 0 0 5 5 ,3 2 1 5 5 ,2 9 8 5 5 ,5 8 0 5 5 ,8 1 2 3 ,7 9 6 3 ,7 8 9 3 ,6 8 8 3 ,8 2 0 3 ,8 0 8 3 ,8 1 1 3 ,6 3 4 3 ,8 0 5 3 ,8 1 4 6.: 3 ,8 2 0 6.0 3 ,7 2 5 5 .9 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.2 6 6.2 Women, 20 years ond over Civilian noninstitutional population’ ................................... Civilian labor fo rce ..................... Participation rate .................. Employed............................ Employment-population ratio2 .................................... Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed....................... Unemployment ra te .............. 8 7 ,1 8 5 8 7 ,2 6 3 8 7 ,3 5 5 8 7 ,4 4 4 8 7 ,5 4 7 8 7 ,6 2 9 8 7 ,6 8 9 8 7 ,7 7 9 8 7 ,8 5 6 8 7 ,9 3 3 8 8 ,0 1 6 4 8 ,0 0 9 4 8 ,0 6 5 4 8 ,1 8 1 4 8 ,4 3 3 4 8 ,7 3 9 4 8 ,8 7 9 4 8 ,9 5 0 4 8 ,9 2 0 4 9 ,0 1 4 4 9 ,0 4 3 4 8 ,9 2 3 5 5 .1 5 5 .1 5 5 .2 5 5 .4 5 5 .7 5 5 .8 5 5 .8 5 5 .7 5 5 .8 5 5 .8 5 5 .6 4 4 ,8 2 0 4 4 ,9 3 4 4 5 ,0 9 4 4 5 ,3 3 5 4 5 ,6 5 7 4 5 ,8 6 9 4 5 ,9 5 6 4 5 ,9 0 5 4 6 ,0 2 0 4 6 ,0 6 7 4 6 ,0 5 8 5 1 .4 5 1 .5 5 1 .6 5 1 .8 5 2 .2 5 2 .3 5 2 .4 591 589 585 604 583 607 622 614 612 675 621 4 4 ,2 2 9 4 4 ,3 4 5 4 4 ,5 0 9 4 4 ,7 3 1 4 5 ,0 7 4 4 5 ,2 6 2 4 5 ,3 3 4 4 5 ,2 9 1 4 5 ,4 0 8 4 5 ,3 9 2 4 5 ,4 3 7 3 ,1 8 9 3 ,1 3 1 3 ,0 8 7 3 ,0 9 8 3 ,0 8 2 3 ,0 1 0 2 ,9 9 4 3 ,0 1 5 2 ,9 9 4 6.6 2 ,9 7 6 2 ,8 6 5 6 .5 6 .4 6 .4 6 .3 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.1 5 .9 1 4 ,4 6 5 1 4 ,4 8 5 1 4 ,4 8 4 1 4 ,4 8 0 1 4 ,4 7 2 1 4 ,4 6 7 1 4 ,5 0 5 1 4 ,4 9 6 1 4 ,5 2 7 1 4 ,5 5 7 1 4 ,5 5 8 7 ,9 4 1 7 ,9 4 5 8 ,0 3 1 7 ,9 9 6 7 ,9 3 6 7 ,8 8 3 7 ,9 5 5 7 ,9 4 0 7 ,9 9 1 7 ,9 2 9 7 ,8 3 7 5 4 .9 5 4 .9 5 5 .4 5 5 .2 5 4 .8 5 4 .5 5 4 .8 5 4 .8 5 5 .0 5 4 .5 5 3 .8 6 ,4 4 1 6 ,4 8 5 6 ,4 8 3 6 ,4 9 2 6 ,4 3 4 6 ,4 7 4 6 ,5 2 6 6 ,4 7 5 6 ,5 7 7 6 ,4 8 2 6 ,4 7 8 4 4 .5 4 4 .8 4 4 .8 4 4 .5 4 4 .5 253 274 295 268 272 242 250 242 6,211 253 237 251 6 ,1 8 8 6 ,1 8 8 6 ,2 2 4 6 ,1 6 2 6 ,2 3 2 6 ,2 7 6 6 ,2 3 3 6 ,3 2 4 6 ,2 4 5 6 ,2 2 7 1 ,5 0 0 1 ,4 6 0 1 ,5 4 8 1 ,5 0 4 1 ,5 0 2 1 ,4 0 9 1 ,4 2 9 1 ,4 6 5 1 ,4 1 4 1 ,4 4 7 1 ,3 5 9 1 8 .9 1 8 .4 1 9 .3 1 8 .8 1 8 .9 1 7 .9 1 8 .0 1 8 .5 1 7 .7 1 8 .2 1 7 .3 1 5 4 ,8 8 9 1 5 5 ,0 0 5 1 5 5 ,1 2 2 1 5 5 ,2 3 6 1 5 5 ,3 7 6 1 5 5 ,5 0 2 1 5 5 ,6 0 4 1 5 5 ,7 2 3 1 5 5 ,8 5 6 1 5 5 ,9 7 9 1 5 6 ,1 1 1 1 0 1 ,1 7 8 1 0 1 ,2 0 8 1 0 1 ,2 3 7 1 0 1 ,5 3 1 1 0 1 ,9 4 6 1 0 2 ,0 1 5 102,122 1 0 2 ,1 5 8 1 0 2 ,2 9 7 1 0 2 ,4 5 5 1 0 2 ,5 0 3 6 5 .3 6 5 .3 6 5 .3 6 5 .4 6 5 .6 6 5 .6 6 5 .6 6 5 .6 6 5 .6 6 5 .7 6 5 .7 9 4 ,7 8 0 9 4 ,9 5 5 9 5 ,0 9 5 9 5 ,2 8 3 9 5 ,7 2 0 9 5 ,8 6 1 9 6 ,1 7 7 9 6 ,0 0 0 9 6 ,1 4 7 9 6 ,2 8 1 9 6 ,5 3 3 5 2 .3 5 2 .4 5 2 .4 5 2 .3 B o t h s e x e s , 16 t o 1 9 y e a r s Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............................. Civilian labor fo rce ....................... Participation rate .................. Employed ................................... Employment-population ratio2 .............................. Agriculture......................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed................... Unemployment ra te .............. 4 4 .8 4 4 .5 4 4 .8 4 5 .0 4 4 .7 4 5 .3 W h it e Civilian noninstitutional population’ ......................... Civilian labor fo rce ................. Participation rate .................. Employed ......................... Employment-population ratio2 .................................... Unemployed....................... Unemployment ra te .............. 6 1 .2 6 1 .3 6 1 .3 6 1 .4 6 1 .6 6 1 .6 6 1 .8 6 1 .6 6 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 1 .8 6 ,3 9 8 6 ,2 5 3 6 ,1 4 2 6 ,2 4 8 6 ,2 2 6 6 ,1 5 4 5 ,9 4 5 6 ,1 5 8 6 ,1 5 0 6.2 6 ,1 7 4 6.1 5 ,9 7 0 6 .3 6.2 6.1 6.0 5 .8 6.0 6.0 6.0 5 .8 2 0 ,1 5 2 B la c k Civilian noninstitutional population’ ................................ Civilian labor fo rce ....................... Participation rate .................. Employed ................. Employment-population ratio2 ................................. Unemployed............................ Unemployment ra te .............. 1 9 ,8 6 3 1 9 ,8 8 9 1 9 ,9 1 6 1 9 ,9 4 3 1 9 ,9 7 4 20,002 2 0 ,0 2 8 2 0 ,0 5 6 2 0 ,0 8 9 20,120 1 2 ,5 7 2 1 2 ,6 3 4 1 2 ,6 8 7 1 2 ,7 2 1 1 2 ,7 1 2 1 2 ,6 1 1 1 2 ,5 5 3 1 2 ,6 5 2 1 2 ,7 2 0 1 2 ,7 1 9 6 3 .3 6 3 .5 6 3 .7 6 3 .8 6 3 .6 6 3 .0 6 2 .7 6 3 .1 6 3 .3 6 3 .2 6 3 .1 1 0 ,7 0 4 1 0 ,7 7 0 1 0 ,8 0 9 1 0 ,8 3 9 1 0 ,8 1 8 1 0 ,8 2 2 1 0 ,7 1 6 1 0 ,7 9 9 1 0 ,8 9 5 1 0 ,9 1 0 1 0 ,9 6 8 1 2 ,7 0 7 5 3 .9 5 4 .2 5 4 .3 5 4 .3 5 4 .2 5 4 .1 5 3 .5 5 3 .8 1,868 5 4 .2 5 4 .2 5 4 .4 1 ,8 6 4 1 ,8 7 8 1 ,8 8 2 1 ,8 9 4 1 ,7 8 9 1 ,8 3 7 1 ,8 5 3 1 ,8 2 5 1 ,8 0 9 1 ,7 3 9 1 4 .9 1 4 .8 1 4 .8 1 4 .8 1 4 .9 1 4 .2 1 4 .6 1 4 .6 1 4 .3 1 4 .2 1 3 .7 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 5. Continued- Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1986 Annual average Employment status Feb. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. H is p a n ic o r ig in Civilian noninstitutional population1 ......... ................. Civilian labor fo rce ............... Participation rate ........ Employed......................... Employment-population ratio2 .......................... Unemployed..................... Unemployment ra te ..... 11,915 7,698 64.6 6,888 57.8 811 10.5 12,344 8,076 65.4 7,219 12,111 7,777 64.2 6,964 12,148 7,796 64.2 6,994 12,184 7,922 65.0 6,991 12,219 7,926 64.9 7,095 12,255 7,969 65.0 7,129 12,290 8,006 65.1 7,136 12,326 8,085 65.6 7,224 12,362 8,121 65.7 7,269 12,397 8,130 65.6 7,248 12,432 8,179 65.8 7,286 12,469 8,200 65.8 7,345 12,505 8,226 65.8 7,437 12,540 8,320 66.3 7,446 58.5 857 57.5 813 10.5 57.6 802 10.3 57.4 931 58.1 831 10.5 58.2 840 10.5 58.1 870 10.9 58.6 861 10.6 58.8 852 10.5 58.5 882 10.8 58.6 893 10.9 58.9 855 10.4 59.5 789 9.6 59.4 874 10.5 10.6 11.8 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals 2 because data for the "other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 6. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Annual average 1985 1986 Dec. Selected categories 1985 Apr. Jan. July May Aug. Sept. Dec. Oct. C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Civilian employed, 16 years and M e n .......................................... Women ..................................... Married men, spouse present .. Married women, spouse present.................................... Women who maintain families . 107,150 59,891 47,259 39,248 109,597 60,892 48,706 39,658 108,149 60,213 47,936 39,254 108,892 60,853 48,039 39,558 108,557 60,603 47,954 39,363 108,807 60,681 48,126 39,396 108,969 60,712 48,257 39,504 109,165 60,668 48,497 39,582 109,613 60,793 48,820 39,613 109,887 60,884 49,003 39,634 110,067 60,942 49,125 39,735 109,987 60,968 49,019 39,691 110,192 60,975 49,217 39,780 110,432 61,241 49,191 39,952 110,637 61,393 49,244 40,093 26,336 5,597 27,144 5,837 26,777 5,697 26,820 5,703 26,695 5,723 26,761 5,754 26,889 5,799 27,016 5,734 27,354 5,719 27,474 5,812 27,388 5,832 27,249 5,926 27,323 6,016 27,333 6,041 27,400 6,005 1,535 1,458 185 1,547 1,447 169 1,545 1,447 168 1,642 1,482 165 1,512 1,444 158 1,655 1,450 169 1,539 1,467 173 1,489 1,472 177 1,508 1,492 163 1,504 1,434 171 1,509 1,387 174 1,521 1,460 159 1,562 1,451 164 1,582 1,425 198 1,621 1,400 152 95,871 16,031 79,841 1,249 78,592 7,811 289 98,299 16,342 81,957 1,235 80,722 7,881 255 96,912 16,177 80,735 1,141 79,594 7,817 254 97,752 16,333 81,419 1,245 80,174 7,693 271 97,500 16,155 81,345 1,208 80,137 7,711 261 97,661 16,160 81,501 1,227 80,274 7,713 243 97,858 16,231 81,627 1,309 80,318 7,634 251 98,047 16,333 81,714 1,261 80,453 7,793 235 98,314 16,377 81,937 1,267 80,670 7,832 236 98,312 16,582 81,730 1,241 80,489 8,019 258 98,586 16,446 82,140 1,247 80,893 7,956 271 98,692 16,333 82,359 1,229 81,130 7,939 275 98,846 16,264 82,582 1,216 81,366 7,993 265 98,869 16,457 82,412 1,183 81,229 8,179 252 99,164 16,443 82,721 1,189 81,532 8,056 239 5,590 2,430 2,819 13,489 5,588 2,456 2,800 13,935 5,505 2,365 2,838 13,640 5,551 2,377 2,870 13,877 5,446 2,385 2,724 13,800 5,548 2,352 2,908 13,778 5,853 2,534 2,922 13,900 5,538 2,437 2,813 14,142 5,442 2,473 2,661 13,967 5,471 2,417 2,741 13,981 5,544 2,472 2,772 13,922 5,740 2,481 2,826 14,178 5,563 2,510 2,714 14,021 5,596 2,444 2,867 13,877 5,334 2,27c 2,730 13,036 5,345 2,305 2,719 13,502 5,292 2,233 2,740 13,196 5,297 2,231 2,770 13,386 5,214 2,242 2,669 13,354 5,295 2,160 2,819 13,351 5,567 2,382 2,806 13,528 5,322 2,307 2,727 13,613 5,222 2,317 2,609 13,578 5,269 2,283 2,678 13,606 5,303 2,314 2,710 13,520 5,450 2,314 2,739 13,736 5,319 2,366 2,626 13,567 5,342 2,286 2,765 13,455 M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S O F W ORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers....... Self-employed workers............ Unpaid family w orkers............. Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers ....... Government .......................... Private industries................... Private households............. Other ................................... Self-employed workers............ Unpaid family workers............. PERSONS AT W O RK P A R T T IM E 1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work .............................. Could only find part-time work Voluntary part tim e .................... Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Could only find part-time work Voluntary part time .................... Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Annual average 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total, all civilian workers......................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................................ Men, 20 years and o v e r.................................... Women, 20 years and over................................ 7.2 18.6 6.2 6.6 7.0 18.3 6.1 6.2 7.0 19.0 6.0 6.4 6.8 18.2 5.8 6.1 7.2 18.9 6.2 6.6 7.2 18.4 6.2 6.5 7.1 19.3 6.0 6.4 7.2 18.8 6.2 6.4 7.1 18.9 6.2 6.3 7.0 17.9 6.2 6.2 6.8 18.0 5.9 6.1 7.0 18.5 6.2 6.2 6.9 17.7 6.2 6.1 6.9 18.2 6.2 6.1 6.7 17.3 6.0 5.9 White, total ......................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............................. Men, 16 to 19 years ................................... Women, 16 to 19 years.............................. Men, 20 years and over .................................. Women, 20 years and o ver............................. 6.2 15.7 16.5 14.8 5.4 5.7 6.0 15.6 16.3 14.9 5.3 5.4 6.0 16.0 16.4 15.6 5.1 5.5 5.8 15.1 15.0 15.1 5.0 5.4 6.3 16.0 16.6 15.4 5.4 5.9 . 6.2 15.0 15.9 14.1 5.4 5.7 6.1 16.3 17.1 15.4 5.2 5.5 6.2 15.9 17.0 14.7 5.4 5.5 6.1 15.9 17.1 14.6 5.4 5.4 6.0 15.2 15.6 14.7 5.4 5.3 5.8 15.4 16.6 14.2 5.1 5.2 6.0 15.9 16.6 15.1 5.4 5.3 6.0 15.4 15.7 15.2 5.4 5.2 6.0 16.0 16.3 15.7 5.4 5.2 5.8 15.1 15.5 14.6 5.3 5.0 Black, total ......................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............................. Men, 16 to 19 years ................................... Women, 16 to 19 years.............................. Men, 20 years and over .................................. Women, 20 years and over............................. 15.1 40.2 41.0 39.2 13.2 13.1 14.5 39.3 39.3 39.2 12.9 12.4 15.0 41.7 40.9 42.7 13.2 12.6 14.6 41.5 41.1 41.9 12.9 12.2 14.9 40.0 39.5 40.7 13.3 12.5 14.8 42.4 42.6 42.2 12.8 12.3 14.8 41.9 41.2 42.7 12.8 12.5 14.8 40.5 40.5 40.5 12.9 12.7 14.9 39.5 39.7 39.4 13.3 12.7 14.2 38.0 40.5 35.0 12.9 12.1 14.6 40.3 38.8 41.9 13.2 12.5 14.6 38.4 38.6 38.3 13.4 12.4 14.3 35.8 37.8 33.8 13.1 12.4 14.2 36.0 35.0 37.0 12.9 12.5 13.7 36.5 36.1 36.9 11.8 12.3 Hispanic origin, tota l........................................... 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.3 11.8 10.5 10.5 10.9 10.6 10.5 10.8 10.9 10.4 9.6 10.5 Married men, spouse present............................ Married women, spouse present....................... Women who maintain families........................... Full-time workers ................................................ Part-time workers ............................................... Unemployed 15 weeks and over....................... Labor force time lost1 ........................................ 4.3 5.6 10.4 6.8 9.3 2.0 8.1 4.4 5.2 9.8 6.6 9.1 1.9 7.9 4.3 5.4 9.6 6.7 9.1 1.9 7.9 4.3 5.1 9.9 6.5 8.7 1.8 7.7 4.5 5.5 9.9 6.9 9.3 2.0 8.1 4.5 5.5 10.1 6.8 9.1 1.9 8.1 4.2 5.3 9.5 6.7 9.4 1.8 8.1 4.4 5.3 10.1 6.9 9.1 1.9 8.2 4.5 5.2 10.0 6.7 9.1 1.9 8.1 4.4 5.2 9.5 6.6 9.2 1.9 7.8 4.2 5.1 10.1 6.4 9.3 1.9 7.7 4.3 5.1 9.8 6.6 9.3 2.0 7.9 4.6 5.0 8.9 6.6 9.2 1.8 7.8 4.5 5.0 9.7 6.6 9.1 1.9 7.7 4.3 4.8 9.8 6.3 8.8 1.8 7.6 7.2 9.5 13.1 7.7 7.6 7.8 5.1 7.6 5.6 3.9 13.2 7.0 13.5 13.1 7.1 6.9 7.4 5.1 7.6 5.5 3.6 12.5 7.0 10.2 12.6 7.3 7.3 7.3 5.1 7.7 5.4 3.9 10.7 6.8 10.7 12.8 7.1 7.0 7.2 4.5 7.3 5.3 3.5 11.5 7.2 9.5 13.0 7.3 7.4 7.1 5.3 7.8 5.9 3.8 13.8 7.1 10.5 13.0 7.2 6.9 7.6 5.8 7.7 5.6 3.9 12.1 7.1 12.4 12.3 6.9 6.9 6.9 5.5 7.9 5.8 3.6 13.4 7.2 13.6 13.0 7.4 7.3 7.5 5.3 7.9 5.5 3.6 15.3 7.1 17.3 12.4 7.2 7.0 7.5 5.4 7.7 5.5 3.6 13.2 7.1 16.6 13.0 6.9 6.7 7.2 5.5 7.8 5.7 3.3 11.4 6.9 16.6 12.4 6.9 6.8 6.9 4.8 7.5 5.6 3.3 13.3 7.0 13.9 12.9 7.0 6.5 7.7 4.7 7.6 5.6 3.5 12.9 7.0 14.5 13.8 7.3 7.2 7.3 5.2 7.4 5.4 3.7 11.9 7.0 14.5 15.1 7.1 6.6 7.9 4.4 7.2 5.4 3.6 10.1 6.8 14.1 13.7 6.9 6.4 7.7 4.6 7.2 5.1 3.3 11.5 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC IN D U S T R Y Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers .... Construction ....................................................... Manufacturing .................................................... Durable goods................................................. Nondurable g oods........................................... Transportation and public utilities ...................... Wholesale and retail tra d e ................................. Finance and service industries.......................... Government workers ............................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers .................... Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 8. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) Annual average Sex and age 1985 1986 1985 Dec. 1986 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total, 16 years and over ................................................................. 16 to 24 years............................................................................... 16 to 19 years............................................................................. 16 to 17 years .......................................................................... 18 to 19 years .......................................................................... 20 to 24 years............................................................................. 25 years and o ver.......................................................................... 25 to 54 years .......................................................................... 55 years and o v e r.................................................................... 7.2 13.6 18.6 21.0 17.0 11.1 5.6 5.8 4.1 7.0 13.3 18.3 20.2 17.0 10.7 5.4 5.7 3.9 7.0 13.4 19.0 21.2 17.6 10.7 5.4 5.7 3.9 6.8 13.1 18.2 21.0 16.6 10.5 5.2 5.5 3.9 7.2 13.6 18.9 21.6 17.1 10.9 5.6 5.9 4.3 7.2 13.3 18.4 19.8 17.2 10.7 5.6 5.9 4.2 7.1 13.7 19.3 20.8 18.4 10.8 5.4 5.7 3.9 7.2 13.8 18.8 20.8 17.4 11.2 5.5 5.9 3.7 7.1 13.5 18.9 20.7 17.5 10.7 5.5 5.9 3.8 7.0 13.2 17.9 19.8 16.2 10.8 5.4 5.7 3.8 6.8 12.9 18.0 19.8 16.8 10.3 5.4 5.7 3.7 7.0 13.6 18.5 20.0 17.2 11.1 5.4 5.6 4.0 6.9 13.0 17.7 19.3 16.5 10.5 5.5 5.7 4.1 6.9 12.9 18.2 20.6 16.7 10.2 5.5 5.8 3.8 6.7 12.9 17.3 18.8 16.3 10.7 5.2 5.5 3.5 Men, 16 years and o ve r.............................................................. 16 to 24 years .......................................................................... 16 to 19 years........................................................................ 16 to 17 years..................................................................... 18 to 19 years..................................................................... 20 to 24 years........................................................................ 25 years and o v e r.................................................................... 25 to 54 years..................................................................... 55 years and over................................................................ 7.0 14.1 19.5 21.9 17.9 11.4 5.3 5.6 4.1 6.9 13.7 19.0 20.8 17.7 11.0 5.4 5.6 4.1 6.8 13.6 19.5 21.8 18.0 10.7 5.2 5.5 3.9 6.6 13.1 18.3 21.3 16.8 10.5 5.1 5.4 3.9 7.0 13.6 19.5 22.9 17.2 10.8 5.5 5.7 4.3 7.0 13.7 19.2 20.5 18.3 11.0 5.4 5.7 4.1 6.9 14.2 20.0 21.1 19.2 11.3 5.2 5.5 4.0 7.1 14.5 20.0 21.3 19.1 11.7 5.4 5.7 3.9 7.1 13.9 19.9 20.0 19.4 10.9 5.4 5.7 4.1 7.0 13.6 18.4 20.3 16.7 11.1 5.4 5.7 4.0 6.8 13.3 19.1 20.9 18.0 10.3 5.3 5.6 4.1 7.0 14.3 19.1 21.0 17.5 11.9 5.4 5.5 4.2 7.0 13.2 18.2 19.8 17.0 10.7 5.5 5.7 4.4 6.9 13.4 18.3 21.3 16.2 10.9 5.5 5.7 4.1 6.7 13.4 17.8 19.1 17.0 11.3 5.2 5.5 4.0 Women, 16 years and o ver....................................................... 16 to 24 years......................................................................... 16 to 19 years ...................................................................... 16 to 17 years ................................................................... 18 to 19 years ................................................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................................................... 25 years and o ver................................................................... 25 to 54 years ................................................................... 55 years and o v e r.............................................................. 7.4 13.0 17.6 20.0 16.0 10.7 5.9 6.2 4.1 7.1 12.8 17.6 19.6 16.3 10.3 5.5 5.9 3.6 7.3 13.2 18.5 20.5 17.2 10.6 5.7 5.9 3.9 7.0 13.1 18.1 20.6 16.4 10.6 5.4 5.6 3.9 7.5 13.5 18.3 20.1 17.1 11.0 5.8 6.1 4.3 7.3 12.8 17.5 19.0 16.2 10.3 5.8 6.1 4.3 7.3 13.1 18.5 20.4 17.6 10.2 5.7 6.0 3.8 7.2 13.1 17.5 20.3 15.5 10.8 5.6 6.0 3.5 7.2 13.0 17.9 21.4 15.6 10.4 5.6 6.0 3.3 7.0 12.7 17.3 19.2 15.6 10.4 5.4 5.8 3.6 6.9 12.4 16.7 18.7 15.4 10.2 5.4 5.8 3.3 7.0 12.8 17.7 18.8 16.9 10.2 5.5 5.8 3.6 6.9 12.7 17.2 18.6 16.0 10.3 5.4 5.7 3.6 6.9 12.4 18.2 19.8 17.2 9.4 5.5 5.8 3.4 6.7 12.4 16.8 18.4 15.7 10.0 5.2 5.5 2.9 Nov. Dec. 9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1986 1985 Reason for unemployment 1985 Job losers ................................................................ On layoff................................................................ Other job losers.................................................... Job leavers .............................................................. Reentrants ............................................................... New entrants ........................................................... 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 4,139 1,157 2,982 877 2,256 1,039 4,033 1,090 2,943 1,015 2,160 1,029 3,996 1,135 2,861 902 2,251 1,042 3,802 1,143 2,659 977 2,083 1,029 4,147 1,136 3,011 985 2,263 1,073 4,210 1,144 3,066 989 2,196 1,006 4,035 1,057 2,978 1,071 2,188 1,048 4,214 1,118 3,096 979 2,200 1,046 4,272 1,074 3,198 1,009 2,107 1,050 4,063 1,078 2,985 1,025 2,205 989 3,824 1,017 2,807 990 2,199 1,014 4,044 1,029 3,015 1,041 2,145 1,038 3,984 1,072 2,912 1,027 2,190 972 3,947 1,073 2,874 1,056 2,119 1,076 3,890 1,078 2,812 1,036 2,019 1,015 49.8 13.9 35.9 10.6 27.1 12.5 48.9 13.2 35.7 12.3 26.2 12.5 48.8 13.9 34.9 11.0 27.5 12.7 48.2 14.5 33.7 12.4 26.4 13.0 49.0 13.4 35.6 11.6 26.7 12.7 50.1 13.6 36.5 11.8 26.1 12.0 48.4 12.7 35.7 12.8 26.2 12.6 49.9 13.2 36.7 11.6 26.1 12.4 50.6 12.7 37.9 12.0 25.0 12.4 49.1 13.0 36.0 12.4 26.6 11.9 47.6 12.7 35.0 12.3 27.4 12.6 48.9 12.4 36.5 12.6 25.9 12.6 48.7 13.1 35.6 12.6 26.8 11.9 48.1 13.1 35.1 12.9 25.8 13.1 48.9 13.5 35.3 13.0 25.4 12.8 3.6 .8 2.0 .9 3.4 .9 1.8 .9 3.4 .8 1.9 .9 3.3 .8 1.8 .9 3.5 .8 1.9 .9 3.6 .8 1.9 .9 3.4 .9 1.9 .9 3.6 .8 1.9 .9 3.6 .9 1.8 .9 3.4 .9 1.9 .8 3.2 .8 1.9 .9 3.4 .9 1.8 .9 3.4 .9 1.8 .8 3.3 .9 1.8 .9 3.3 .9 1.7 .9 PERCENT O F UNEM PLOYED Job losers.............................................................. On layo ff............................................................. Other job losers.................................................. Job leavers............................................................ Reentrants............................................................. New entrants ........................................................ PERCENT OF C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E Job losers ................................................................ Job leavers .............................................................. Reentrants ............................................................... New entrants ........................................................... 10. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1985 1986 Weeks of unemployment 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Less than 5 weeks ........................................... 5 to 14 weeks .................................................. 15 weeks and o ve r........................................... 15 to 26 weeks .............................................. 27 weeks and o v e r........................................ 3,498 2,509 2,305 1,025 1,280 3,448 2,557 2,232 1,045 1,187 3,417 2,507 2,209 1,005 1,204 3,373 2,505 2,117 1,003 1,114 3,534 2,615 2,332 1,142 1,190 3,536 2,625 2,243 1,078 1,165 3,565 2,650 2,130 982 1,148 3,610 2,671 2,232 1,065 1,167 3,415 2,650 2,299 1,038 1,261 3,399 2,521 2,250 1,058 1,192 3,436 2,407 2,272 1,068 1,204 3,415 2,524 2,373 1,110 1,263 3,418 2,563 2,168 950 1,218 3,382 2,613 2,217 1,045 1,172 3,355 2,389 2,171 1,023 1,148 Mean duration in w eeks................................... Median duration in weeks................................. 15.6 6.8 15.0 6.9 15.2 6.8 15.0 6.8 15.2 6.9 14.6 6.8 14.7 6.6 14.8 6.8 15.2 7.2 15.1 7.1 15.6 7.1 15.5 7.1 15.2 ■7.0 14.8 7.0 15.0 7.1 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted Nov. 1985 State Nov. 1986 8.1 9.5 6.2 8.2 6.6 6.0 A labam a........................ Alaska ........................... A riz o n a .......................... Arkansas ................................. C a lifornia.................... Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... D elaw are..................... District of C o lum bia............... Florida ............................... 9.7 11.0 5.8 8.2 7.0 8.9 6.5 3.1 New Jersey ................. 8.0 4.8 5.7 5.5 Ohio ............................ 6.2 9.0 7.1 5.7 5.2 7.3 9.0 7.2 8.6 O re g o n .............................................................. Pennsylvania................................................... 6.9 South C a rolina..................... Io w a ........................................ Kansas .............................. K e n tu c k y ................................ Louisiana................................ M aine............................ 7.4 4.8 9.0 11.3 4.7 Maryland ............................... M assachusetts................... M ichigan.................................. M inne sota....................... M ississippi............................ M issouri.................................. 4.4 3.6 8.9 5.8 9.1 6.4 5.9 5.4 7.9 13.4 8.3 5.0 5.4 2.5 9.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 7.3 7.6 7.4 7.6 3.9 6.0 6.4 5.6 5.9 7.7 7.5 6.5 Utah 6.0 V e rm o n t....................... 4.3 5.3 7.8 4.6 3.6 8.0 5.1 6.7 6.0 NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the Nov. 1986 5.6 8.6 6.1 7.6 3.4 32 7.9 4.2 4.4 Georgia .................................. H aw aii............................... Idaho .................................... Illin o is .............................. Indiana .............................. 12. Nov. 1985 State 3.8 8.8 5.9 4.9 11.8 6.6 8.9 database, Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State Nov. 1985 A labam a....................... Alaska .......................... A rizo n a .......................... A rkansa s........................... C a lifornia....................... Oct. 1986 1,451.1 224.2 1,365.8 1.451.3 217.7 1.376.4 11,363.9 11,402.7 1,438.2 1,598.0 299.9 634.0 1,451.0 1,625.4 305 6 651.0 1,459.2 1,646.1 307.5 346.1 342.7 Io w a ......................... Kansas ............................... K e n tu cky........................ Louisiana...................... M aine...................... 1,087.8 994.1 1,266.0 1,606.1 465.9 1,081.4 1,003.1 1,296.6 Maryland .............................. M assachusetts............. M ichigan............................................................. M inne sota.................. M ississippi.......................................................... M issouri............................ M ontana........................... 1,920.7 2,973.3 3,578.0 1,895.5 854.5 2,132.3 280.1 1,957.1 3,000.4 3,639.0 1,929.8 860.4 2,172.8 275.8 483.2 Nov. 1985 659.0 O klaho m a......................................................... 2,695.7 O re g o n .................................... Pennsylvania.................................................... 340.1 4.876.1 2,302.9 South C a ro lin a ................................................ South D a k o ta ................................................... 1.082.1 1,011.0 1,299.1 Utah 3,573.4 525.6 8,013.0 2,769.0 253.0 8,050.7 2,778.6 251.9 4,473.1 1,178.9 1,050.6 4,828.1 4,584.4 1,154.9 1,076.9 4,880.1 436.5 4.603.9 1.158.9 1,070.5 4,895.8 437.9 1,319.6 246.5 1,360.0 254.8 1,975.5 6,685.3 643.1 1,361.2 253.4 1,979.6 6,683.7 644.9 526.0 6,747.3 3,582.9 230.1 230.2 1,794.2 601.2 2,046.0 1,784.0 600.7 2,507.3 600.4 2,009.3 203.7 ' I in T c relc 1'nary^ . . . . . . . , NOTE. Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere Nov. 1986p 670.7 474.9 492.1 479.5 V irg in ia ....................................... 1,959.3 3,009.8 3,652.0 W iscon sin............................. 1,925.2 860.0 W yom ing...................................... 2,174.4 272.7 Oct. 1986 668.2 474.2 495.2 253.5 4,667.5 Georgia ......................... H aw aii........................ Idaho .................... Illinois ........................ Indiana ........................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State New M e x ic o ........................ C o lo ra d o .......................... Connecticut ................. D elaw are.................. District of C o lum bia............ Florida ......................... -------------------------------------------------------- Nov. 1986p 1,440.6 228.9 1,316.6 814.9 11,127.9 because of the continual updating of the database. 198.0 710.3 36.2 714.8 37.1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 13. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Annual average 1985 1986 Dec. Industry 1985 1986 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.p Dec.p 100,105 83,508 00,283 83,655 00,560 83,786 00,826 83,956 01,065 84,168 01,334 84,384 97 614 81J99 100,168 83,430 98,910 82,281 99,296 82,659 99,429 82,748 99,484 82,785 99,783 83,072 99,918 83,198 99,843 83,161 24 930 930 585 24,940 792 464 24,977 901 560 25,101 897 556 25,038 880 541 24,945 852 518 25,038 821 488 24,965 790 461 24,854 772 446 24,869 768 442 24,888 753 431 24,858 743 422 24,865 746 423 24,895 743 421 24,932 738 414 4 687 1Ì251 4,961 1J307 4,787 1,287 4,901 1,330 4,864 1,320 4,838 1,298 4,972 1,315 4,974 1,314 4,947 1,299 4,980 1,299 5,012 1,306 5,010 1,301 5,001 1,302 4,993 1,305 5,004 1,296 19,314 13J30 19,187 13,025 19,289 13,100 19,303 13,111 19,294 13,097 19,255 13,061 19,245 13,060 19,201 13,025 19,135 12,979 19,121 12,961 19,123 12,971 19,105 12,960 19,118 12,974 19,159 13,022 19,190 13,065 11 516 7 ,6 6 0 11,346 7^497 11,461 7,595 11,466 7,595 11,455 7,579 11,418 7,545 11,415 7,547 11,378 7,519 11,307 7,462 11,294 7,441 11,302 7,458 11,271 7,438 11,266 7,435 11,283 7,456 11,298 7,479 700 493 591 813 727 497 595 768 710 494 593 803 716 494 596 798 716 494 597 795 715 493 594 787 719 494 600 785 719 496 599 780 721 496 597 761 724 498 593 758 729 499 592 751 734 500 594 749 737 500 590 749 742 500 590 752 749 501 593 /53 305 1,468 283 1,439 303 1,456 300 1,455 299 1,452 293 1,450 291 1,451 288 1,447 286 1,440 285 1,428 272 1,429 270 1,433 272 1,429 271 1,429 271 1,430 2,182 2,082 2,133 2,137 2,127 2,118 2,111 2,100 2,089 2,079 2,072 2,044 2,039 2,036 2,032 2,207 1 971 876 723 2,169 1,985 843 717 2,182 1,998 872 725 2,182 1,996 867 724 2,181 1,998 864 725 2,177 1,989 858 726 2,177 1,986 854 723 2,175 1,972 839 721 2,143 1,974 839 717 2,169 1,969 824 713 2,168 1,985 839 713 2,162 1,979 834 713 2,167 1,979 824 713 2,165 1,995 837 709 2,162 1,998 835 711 369 367 367 368 370 369 369 369 369 363 364 363 363 365 369 7 798 5,470 7,841 5^528 7,828 5,505 7,837 5,516 7,839 5,518 7,837 5,516 7,830 5,513 7,823 5,506 7,828 5,517 7,827 5,520 7,821 5,513 7,834 5,522 7,852 5,539 7,876 5,566 7,892 5,586 Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures...... Textile mill products........... Apparel and other textile products............................ Paper and allied products .. 1 608 65 704 1,641 61 709 1,623 64 702 1,623 64 702 1,631 63 705 1,632 63 707 1,633 63 703 1,640 62 705 1,648 62 707 1,645 62 710 1,642 59 711 1,644 60 709 1,644 59 711 1,654 61 717 1,651 58 719 1 125 683 1,115 690 1,130 686 1,133 687 1,122 687 1,117 688 1,119 689 1,113 689 1,106 690 1,108 687 1,108 685 1,110 691 1,113 694 1,113 695 1,124 698 Printing and publishing............ Chemicals and allied products . Petroleum and coal products ... Rubber and mise, plastics products................................. Leather and leather products .. 1 435 1 046 178 1,479 1,027 164 1,457 1,035 169 1,461 1,034 168 1,467 1,032 167 1,469 1,031 166 1,472 1,028 166 1,474 1,024 166 1,477 1,026 164 1,483 1,025 163 1,481 1,026 163 1,485 1,025 162 1,491 1,023 161 1,493 1,023 160 1,496 1,022 160 790 166 801 154 798 164 802 163 803 162 804 160 800 157 796 154 797 151 792 152 794 152 797 151 805 151 809 151 813 151 72,684 75,228 73,933 74,195 74,391 74,539 74,745 74,953 74,989 75,236 75,395 75,702 75,961 76,170 76,402 5,242 3,006 5,285 3,068 5,277 3,046 5,286 3,056 5,277 3,048 5,280 3,053 5,266 3,040 5,265 3,037 5,167 3,035 5,288 3,057 5,255 3,063 5,316 3,088 5,316 3,094 5,348 3,115 5,358 3,127 2,236 2,217 2,231 2,230 2,229 2,227 2,226 2,228 2,132 2,231 2,192 2,228 2,222 2,233 2,231 5,864 3,492 2,372 5,855 3,487 2,368 T O T A L ..................... P R IV A T E S E C T O R G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G . M in in g .................................... Oil and gas extraction . C o n s t r u c t io n ................................. General building contractors . M a n u f a c t u r i n g ........... Production workers D u r a b le g o o d s Production workers Lumber and wood products...... Furniture and fixtures................ Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries ........... Blast furnaces and basic steel products................................... Fabricated metal products........ Machinery, except electrical....... Electrical and electronic equipment.................................. Transportation equipment........... Motor vehicles and equipment ... Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Production workers . S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ......................................... Transportation................... Communication and public utilities............................... 5,740 3,409 2^331 5,853 3,482 2,371 5,809 3,460 2,349 5,830 3,470 2,360 5,843 3,482 2,361 5,841 3,480 2,361 5,864 3,485 2,379 5,872 3,488 2,384 5,829 3,454 2,375 5,849 3,483 2,366 5,863 3,485 2,378 5,859 3,485 2,374 5,864 3,489 2,375 General merchandise stores..... 17,360 2,320 Food s to re s .................................. 2 ,7 7 9 17,976 2,348 2,932 17,622 2,317 2,870 17,734 2,328 2,880 17,795 2,333 2,891 17,828 2,333 2,901 17,851 2,342 2,910 17,911 2,344 2,917 17,944 2,350 2,932 17,992 2,354 2,938 18,030 2,359 2,951 18,065 2,362 2,952 18,143 2,379 2,963 18,186 2,359 2,969 18,187 2,331 2,977 Automotive dealers and service stations.................................... Eating and drinking places....... 1,892 5,715 1,954 5,922 1,922 5,801 1,929 5,831 1,938 5,854 1,939 5,868 1,940 5,859 1,944 5,889 1,945 5,918 1,950 5,931 1,962 5,923 1,970 5,948 1,973 5,982 1,976 6,005 1,982 6,047 5 953 2,979 1,830 1,144 6,304 3,159 1,934 1,210 6,095 3,053 1,868 1,174 6,123 3,066 1,878 1,179 6,157 3,082 1,889 1,186 6,184 3,095 1,900 1,189 6,228 3,120 1,910 1,198 6,261 3,137 1,918 1,206 6,295 3,159 1,927 1,209 6,334 3,176 1,945 1,213 6,364 3,192 1,952 1,220 6,388 3,202 1,962 1,224 6,409 3,212 1,971 1,226 6,431 3,221 1,980 1,230 6,466 3,237 1,990 1,239 21,974 4,452 6^310 23,073 4,810 6,585 22,501 4,631 6,424 22,585 4,660 6,447 22,638 4,687 6,471 22,707 4,698 6,497 22,825 4,750 6,511 22,924 4,755 6,543 23,072 4,792 6,571 23,176 4,835 6,601 23,255 4,848 6,634 23,300 4,883 6,649 23,359 4,908 6,677 23,444 4,927 6,690 23,586 4,970 6,726 16,415 2,875 3,848 9^692 16,738 2,899 3,939 9,901 16,629 2,913 3,904 9,812 16,637 2,918 3,916 9,803 16,681 2,918 3,924 9,839 16,699 2,923 3,927 9,849 16,711 2,914 3.938 9,859 16,720 2,899 3,936 9,885 16,682 2,875 3,927 9,880 16,597 2,866 3,921 9,810 16,628 2,875 3,919 9,834 16,774 2,901 3,932 9,941 16,870 2,896 3,959 10,015 16,897 2,899 3,969 10,029 16,950 2,901 3,993 10,056 W h o le s a le t r a d e ... Durable goods...... Nondurable goods R e ta il t r a d e .......................................... F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ................................................ Finance ................................. Insurance ............................... Real estate............................ S e r v i c e s .................... Business services Health services .... G o v e rn m e n t Federal....... S tate........... Local........... p = preliminary NOTE: See notes on the data for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Juction or n<msup ervlsory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Industry A inual av erage 1985 P R IV A T E S E C T O R 1986 34.£ C O N S T R U C T I O N .......... 1985 Dec. 34.£ 37.5 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Overtime hours . D u r a b le g o o d s ..................................................... 1986 Jan. 35.C Feb. 34.S Mar. 34.S - - - Apr. 34.£ - May 34.£ - June July Aug. 34.' 34.' 34.£ _ _ . Sept. Oct. Nov.p Dec.p 34.' 34.' 34.£ 34.6 40.7 3.5 40.9 3.6 4o.e 3.5 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.6 3.3 40.e 3.4 40.8 3.5 40.8 3.5 40.7 3.5 40.8 3.5 40.9 3.6 41.6 3.7 40.2 39.9 41.8 42.1 41.9 41.6 41.5 3.6 40.4 40.0 42.7 41.9 41.7 41.5 41.4 3.5 40.0 39.7 41.9 42.1 41.8 41.5 41.4 3.6 40.2 39.4 41.9 41.9 41.7 41.4 41.3 3.6 40.3 39.1 42.4 41.3 40.5 41.2 41.2 3.4 40.3 39.4 42.3 41.7 41.5 41.1 41.2 3.5 39.9 39.4 42.2 41.6 41.1 41.1 41.1 3.5 40.1 39.4 42.2 41.3 41.2 41.1 41.4 3.5 40.2 39.9 42.5 41.9 41.5 41.2 41.4 3.6 40.1 40.0 42.5 42.0 41.6 41.5 41.3 3.6 40.3 39.8 42.3 42.3 42.3 41.2 41.4 3.6 40.7 39.7 41.9 42.4 42.5 41.4 41.4 3.7 40.4 39.7 42.2 43.0 43.7 41.3 Overtime hours.................................... Lumber and wood products..................... Furniture and fixtures................................ Stone, clay, and glass products............... Primary metal industries ........................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products ........................ 41.5 41.1 41.3 41.4 3.5 40.3 39.6 42.3 42.0 41.7 41.3 Machinery except electrical ............ Electrical and electronic equipment. Transportation equipment................ Motor vehicles and equipment..... Instruments and related products .... Miscellaneous manufacturing.......... 41.5 40.6 42.6 43.5 41.0 39.4 41.6 41.0 42.4 42.7 41.1 39.7 41.7 41.1 43.0 44.0 41.6 41.6 41.0 42.8 43.6 41.1 41.6 40.9 42.7 43.4 41.2 41.6 41.0 42.7 43.3 41.3 41.8 41.1 42.1 41.9 41.3 41.8 41.0 41.9 41.8 40.9 41.7 41.0 42.2 42.4 41.0 41.4 4.1.1 42.1 42.4 40.8 41.7 41.2 42.6 42.8 41.0 41.7 41.2 42.6 42.7 40.7 41.6 40.9 42.1 42.1 41.1 41.7 40.9 42.3 42.5 41.2 41.6 40.9 42.3 42.6 41.6 Overtime hours......................... Food and kindred products........... Tobacco manufactures.................. Textile mill products...................... Apparel and other textile products . Paper and allied products ............. 39.6 3.1 40.0 37.2 39.7 36.4 43.1 39.9 3.3 40.0 37.6 41.2 36.7 43.3 40.0 3.4 40.1 39.9 3.3 40.1 39.7 3.2 39.8 39.8 3.2 39.9 39.9 3.3 40.2 39.9 3.4 40.2 39.8 3.2 40.0 39.8 3.4 40.0 40.0 3.4 40.3 39.9 3.3 39.7 39.9 3.4 39.8 40.1 3.5 39.9 40.1 3.5 39.9 41.0 36.8 43.5 40.8 36.7 43.6 40.6 36.3 43.5 40.7 36.5 43.5 41.3 36.9 43.0 41.1 36.5 43.2 40.8 36.5 43.1 40.9 36.6 43.2 41.4 36.5 43.5 41.6 36.7 43.0 41.5 36.7 43.0 41.6 36.9 43.2 41.8 37.1 43.2 Printing and publishing............ Chemicals and allied products . Petroleum and coal products ... Leather and leather products .. 37.8 41.9 43.0 37.2 38.0 42.0 43.7 36.9 38.1 42.0 43.6 38.0 41.9 43.5 38.0 41.8 43.7 38.0 41.9 43.8 38.0 41.9 43.6 38.0 42.0 43.4 37.8 41.9 44.0 37.9 41.9 43.5 38.0 42.1 44.3 38.0 42.0 43.4 38.0 42.2 43.7 38.0 42.6 43.7 38.0 42.5 43.8 39.1 39.3 39.0 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ............................... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 39.5 39.2 39.5 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.2 39.2 39.1 39.2 39.1 38.9 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................... 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.5 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.3 38.2 29.4 29.2 29.2 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.2 29.2 29.1 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.1 29.2 28.8 32.5 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.4 R E T A IL T R A D E S E R V IC E S ........... - Data not available. p = preliminary https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 32.5 NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark adjustment. 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry _______________________________________ Industry Annual average 1986 1985 Nov.p Dec.p 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Seasonally adjusted ......................................... $8.57 - $8.76 - $8.71 8.70 $8.72 8.68 $8.74 8.71 $8.73 8.73 $8.72 8.72 $8.72 8.73 $8.71 8.74 $8.69 8.73 $8.70 8.77 $8.81 8.76 $8.81 8.80 $8.86 8.85 $8.85 8.84 M I N I N G ....................................................................................... 11.98 12.45 12.27 12.24 12.32 12.35 12.43 12.44 12.50 12.46 12.51 12.52 12.51 12.57 12.64 C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................................... 12.31 12.42 12.47 12.34 12.35 12.22 12.29 12.33 12.31 12.31 12.39 12.54 12.62 12.59 12.71 9.72 9.70 9.71 9.70 9.74 9.68 9.73 9.72 9.77 9.86 P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................................................... 9.53 9.73 9.74 9.70 9.70 10.10 8.22 7.17 9.84 11.68 13.34 9.70 10.29 8.37 7.44 10.05 11.94 13.83 9.88 10.34 8.35 7.38 9.95 11.84 13.44 9.91 10.27 8.30 7.36 9.96 11.81 13.48 9.85 10.29 8.36 7.31 9.94 11.96 13.81 9.85 10.30 8.33 7.35 9.93 11.99 13.80 9.88 10.28 8.32 7.36 10.00 12.00 13.82 9.84 10.28 8.37 7.39 10.04 12.02 13.86 9.85 10.26 8.43 7.46 10.04 11.94 13.88 9.88 10.27 8.36 7.44 10.06 12.06 14.08 9.84 10.22 8.40 7.46 10.07 11.85 13.83 9.82 10.30 8.42 7.52 10.11 11.92 13.93 9.87 10.28 8.37 7.50 10.10 11.84 13.78 9.86 10.33 8.39 7.51 10.12 11.88 13.77 9.93 10.44 8.41 7.60 10.15 11.98 13.92 10.03 Machinery, except electrical ............................... 10.29 9.47 Electrical and electronic equipment................... Transportatlon equipment................................... 12.72 13.42 Motor vehicles and equipment......................... 9.16 Instruments and related products ...................... Miscellaneous manufacturing.............................. 7.30 10.57 9.67 12.86 13.53 9.47 7.56 10.55 9.68 13.06 13.81 9.39 7.48 10.50 9.60 12.91 13.66 9.32 7.48 10.53 9.60 12.87 13.59 9.39 7.50 10.58 9.62 12.90 13.66 9.41 7.51 10.55 9.62 12.83 13.54 9.41 7.50 10.55 9.64 12.79 13.47 9.40 7.54 10.55 9.61 12.78 13.41 9.41 7.54 10.57 9.68 12.78 13.40 9.47 7.59 10.57 9.67 12.75 13.36 9.45 7.52 10.58 9.73 12.87 13.50 9.51 7.59 10.56 9.72 12.87 13.49 9.54 7.60 10.59 9.74 12.91 13.51 9.61 7.63 10.68 9.87 13.05 13.70 9.69 7.71 8.71 Food and kindred products................................. 8.57 Tobacco manufactures....................................... 11.94 Textile mill products............................................ 6.71 5.73 Apparel and other textile products..................... Paper and allied products .................................. 10.82 8.93 8.73 12.78 6.95 5.81 11.14 8.87 8.71 11.78 6.83 5.80 11.07 8.86 8.72 11.89 6.85 5.82 11.02 8.86 8.71 12.38 6.83 5.79 10.99 8.88 8.74 12.76 6.86 5.80 11.03 8.88 8.75 12.84 6.87 5.81 11.05 8.90 8.78 13.38 6.88 5.78 11.12 8.91 8.74 13.68 6.87 5.79 11.15 8.99 8.75 13.48 6.90 5.76 11.31 8.93 8.65 13.44 6.99 5.79 11.17 8.96 8.65 12.21 7.05 5.87 11.20 8.95 8.68 12.10 7.04 5.82 11.20 9.00 ¿.78 12.62 7.07 5.83 11.18 9.05 8.85 13.04 7.12 5.86 11.24 9.71 Chemicals and allied products............................ 11.56 Petroleum and coal products.............................. 14.06 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products..... 8.54 Leather and leather products ............................. 5.82 9.97 11.96 14.20 8.76 5.90 9.92 11.85 14.24 8.73 5.83 9.85 11.86 14.26 8.69 5.86 9.86 11.81 14.21 8.69 5.83 9.90 11.78 14.22 8.72 5.86 9.87 11.82 14.16 8.68 5.89 9.91 11.89 14.02 8.75 5.88 9.88 11.94 14.14 8.75 5.88 9.96 12.04 14.16 8.82 5.89 10.00 11.99 14.07 8.81 5.90 10.10 12.03 14.20 c 8.76 5.93 10.08 12.08 14.18 8.76 5.92 10.11 12.14 14.33 8.80 5.99 10.12 12.19 14.45 8.84 5.95 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S ..... 11.40 11.64 11.61 11.59 11.64 11.62 11.55 11.54 11.57 11.61 11.61 11.70 11.68 11.77 11.76 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................................................... 9.16 9.36 9.33 9.28 9.36 9.33 9.29 9.29 9.32 9.30 9.32 9.37 9.35 9.54 9.54 5.97 5.97 6.05 6.04 6.06 6.02 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................................................... D u r a b le g o o d s ...................................................................... Lumber and wood products................................ Stone, clay, and glass products......................... Primary metal industries..................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products......... Fabricated metal products ................................. N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................................................. R E T A IL T R A D E ..................................................................... 5.94 6.02 5.99 6.03 6.04 6.03 6.01 6.00 5.99 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ..... 7.94 8.35 8.15 8.14 8.28 8.30 8.29 8.31 8.37 8.30 8.33 8.37 8.38 8.56 8.52 8.18 8.12 8.10 8.10 8.04 8.05 8.19 8.22 8.32 8.31 S E R V IC E S ................................................................................ - Data not available. p — preliminary c = corrected 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7.89 8.16 8.12 8.12 8.17 NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision, 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls by industry Annual average 1985 Industry 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.p Dec.p P R IV A T E S E C T O R Current dollars.............. Seasonally adjusted.... Constant (1977) dollars S299.0S S304.8Í $306.55 $302.55 $300.65 $302.92 $301.71 $302.55 $303.95 $304.15 $305.37 $306.5S $305.71 $307.44 $308.87 303.6C 303.8C 303.95 304.66 303.45 303.8C 303.25 302.9C 305.2C c303.97 305.36 “ 307.96 305 86 170.42 172.05 169.32 168.82 171.05 170.94 170.85 170.78 170.97 171.35 171.28 170.69 171.47 _ M I N I N G .................... 519.93 526.64 537.43 543.46 522.37 522.41 522.06 519.99 525.00 518.34 529.17 529.60 527.92 524.17 533.41 C O N S T R U C T IO N 464.09 465.75 460.14 459.05 434.72 444.81 462.10 467.31 465.32 471.47 475.78 482.79 479.56 460.79 470.27 385.97 219.93 396.01 406.16 227.92 394.79 220.92 390.91 219.49 395.60 223.38 392.85 222.58 394.23 222.60 395.76 222.34 391.55 220.10 393.98 221.09 398.93 222.87 396.58 221.43 400.57 223.41 411 16 Lumber and wood products..................... Furniture and fixtures................................ Stone, clay, and glass products............... Primary metal industries ........................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products ........................ 416.12 327.98 282.50 412.30 484.72 548.27 400.61 426.01 337.31 294.62 425.12 501.48 576.71 408.04 439.45 335.67 303.32 414.92 504.38 564.48 422.17 425.18 329.51 289.98 414.34 493.66 556.72 407.79 421.89 328.55 284.36 403.56 503.52 578.64 403.85 426.42 333.20 288.12 412.10 504.78 576.84 409.03 423.54 334.46 286.30 425.00 499.20 569.38 403.44 423.54 338.99 288.21 428.71 501.23 576.58 404.84 424.76 342.26 294.67 429.71 499.09 577.41 408.04 417.99 334.40 287.93 427.55 495.67 582.91 398.52 420.04 341.04 298.40 432.00 491.78 569.80 402.62 428.48 342.69 303.81 435.74 501.83 579.49 410.59 424.56 338.99 303.00 431.27 496.10 571.87 407.22 429.73 442 66 338.12 340 61 301 15 311 60 424.03 427 32 503 71 521 13 579 72 608 30 412.10 424.27 Machinery, except electrical ........... Electrical and electronic equipment. Transportation equipment................ Motor vehicles and equipment..... Instruments and related products .... Miscellaneous manufacturing.......... 427.04 384.48 541.87 583. 7 I 375.5b 287.62 439.71 396.47 545.26 577.73 389.22 300.13 452.60 408.50 577.25 625.59 400.01 304.44 437.85 394.56 555.13 595.58 383.05 297.70 437.00 389.76 545.69 583.01 384.99 294.75 442.24 395.38 552.12 592.84 389.57 299.65 437.83 392.50 542.71 574.10 385.81 297.75 437.83 393.31 537.18 567.09 382.58 297.08 439.94 394.01 540.59 572.61 385.81 298.58 431.26 391.07 530.37 560.12 382.59 294.49 436.54 395.50 531.68 555.78 384.62 294.78 441.19 401.85 544.40 573.75 388.96 300.56 438.24 397.55 540.54 567.93 390.19 302.48 443.72 402.26 548 68 574 18 398 82 306.73 457 10 414 54 568 98 602 80 412 79 313.80 344.92 342.80 444.17 266.39 208.57 466.34 356.31 349.20 480.53 286.34 213.23 482.36 359.24 354.50 448.82 283.45 215.18 490.40 352.63 347.93 448.25 278.80 213.01 479.37 347.31 339.69 453.11 274.57 207.28 472.57 352.54 344.36 478.50 278.52 211.70 477.60 351.65 346.50 469.94 278.92 211.48 474.05 354.22 352.08 504.43 282.08 210.97 479.27 355.51 350.47 523.94 283.04 213.65 480.57 356.00 350.00 483.93 278.07 209.09 486.33 358.09 352.06 486.53 290.78 211.91 483.66 360.19 349.46 470.09 295.40 215.43 484.96 358.00 347.20 473.11 293.57 214.76 482.72 362 70 352 08 484 61 296 94 216.88 485.21 368 34 358 43 498 13 301 18 219 75 494.56 367.04 484.36 604.58 378.86 502.32 620.54 384.90 503.63 622.29 371.35 495.75 616.03 370.74 492.48 612.45 377.19 494.76 621.41 374.07 495.26 615.96 374.60 499.38 605.66 370.50 502.67 622.16 374.50 502.07 618.79 381.00 501.18 623.30 386.83 505.26 626.22 384.05 506.15 621.08 387.21 518.38 627.65 391 64 524 17 634.36 350.99 216.50 361.79 217.71 366.66 220.96 359.77 217.41 356.29 209.88 360.14 212.72 356.75 213.81 360.50 215.80 361.38 221.68 357.21 217.93 362.97 216.53 364.42 218.22 362.66 217.86 366 96 222.23 373 05 225.51 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S ......................................... 450.30 456.29 460.92 452.01 456.29 457.83 450.45 450.06 455.86 457.43 457.43 457.47 456.69 462.56 460.99 W HOLESALE TRADE 351.74 359.42 360.14 355.42 355.68 357.34 355.81 356.74 358.82 358.05 358.82 358.87 359.04 366.34 366.34 174.64 175.78 178.50 173.06 172.74 174.27 173.69 174.60 176.71 178.50 178.50 176.66 175.16 175.74 176.99 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ...............i..................... 289.02 304.78 299.11 296.30 304.70 304.61 301.76 301.65 306.34 302.95 304.88 304.67 306.71 315.01 310.98 S E R V IC E S 256.43 265.20 263.90 263.09 264.71 265.03 263.09 262.44 264.06 263.71 264.04 264.54 266.33 269.57 269.24 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Current dollars.............. Constant (1977) dollars . D u r a b le g o o d s ......................................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ................................. Food and kindred products........... Tobacco manufactures.................. Textile mill products...................... Apparel and other textile products . Paper and allied products ............. Printing and publishing............ Chemicals and allied products . Petroleum and coal products ... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products................... Leather and leather products .. R E T A IL T R A D E ............ ' - Data not available. p = preliminary c = corrected NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. indiwtryHOUr,y Earnings ,ndex for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls by Not seasonally adjusted Industry Dec. 1985 P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c u r r e n t d o lla r s ) Mining' ............................................. Construction.................................... Manufacturing .................................. Transportation and public utilities ... Wholesale trade' ............................. Retail trade ..................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate' Services.................................. P R IV A T E S E C T O R (In c o n s t a n t d o lla r s ) Oct. 1986 170.0 171.0 181.7 151.7 171.3 170.1 172.2 157.0 176.2 172.8 181.4 154.0 172.6 171.3 172.6 158.7 180.7 175.5 182.5 153.3 173.1 172.4 175.8 158.9 184.0 177.2 94.4 94.9 ’ This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Nov. 1986p Seasonally adjusted Dec. 1986p 182.8 154.3 174.0 172.6 175.7 158.1 183.3 177.1 Dec. 1985 Aug. 1986 Sept. 1986 Oct. 1986 151.2 171.0 169.1 151.3 172.9 170.1 151.2 172.8 170.8 152.6 173.1 170.9 Nov. 1986p Dec. 1986p 153.9 173.1 171.4 153.8 173.7 171.6 157.5 158.5 159.1 158.5 171.6 174.3 175.3 175.9 94.0 95.1 p = preliminary. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 18. Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased, data seasonally adjusted (In p e rc e n t) J an . T im e s p an a n d y e a r Feb. Apr. M a r. June M ay July S ep t. A ug. O c t. N o v. D ec. O v e r 1 -m o n th span: 1 9 8 4 .............................................................................................. 6 7 .8 7 2 .7 6 7 .6 6 7 .6 5 5 .9 5 0 .5 6 3 .0 1 9 8 5 .............................................................................................. 5 2 .4 4 7 .8 5 3 .8 4 9 .2 5 1 .6 4 7 .0 5 6 .2 5 6 .8 5 0 .8 6 1 .9 5 7 .6 5 9 .5 1 9 8 6 .............................................................................................. 5 9 .7 5 3 .5 4 5.1 54.1 4 9 .2 6 2 .4 6 5 .4 4 6 .2 6 2 .2 5 4 .6 5 4 .3 5 4 .9 5 5 .7 6 0 .0 5 3 .5 5 7 .0 “ 1 9 8 4 .............................................................................................. 7 6 .5 7 5.1 7 5 .9 7 1 .4 7 1 .6 6 8.1 6 3 .2 58.1 5 6 .8 5 3 .5 58.1 5 3 .0 1 9 8 5 .............................................................................................. 51.1 4 9 .7 4 6 .2 4 6 .2 45.1 5 1 .4 4 9 .7 51.1 55.1 5 5 .9 6 1 .4 6 0 .5 1 9 8 6 .............................................................................................. 58.1 5 4 .3 51.1 4 9 .7 4 8 .4 4 4 .9 4 7 .3 54.1 5 5 .7 6 0 .3 “ “ 65.1 6 3 .2 O v e r 3 -m o n th span: O v e r 6 -m o n th span: 1 9 8 4 .............................................................................................. 78.1 7 6 .5 7 7 .0 75.1 6 9 .2 5 9 .2 5 8 .6 5 3 .2 4 9 .7 5 4 .9 1 9 8 5 .............................................................................................. 4 9 .2 4 7 .8 4 3 .0 4 5 .9 4 4 .3 4 4 .3 4 8 .9 5 0 .8 54.1 5 7 .0 5 7 .0 5 5 .9 1 9 8 6 .............................................................................................. 5 3 .8 5 3 .8 4 7 .6 4 5 .9 4 5 .9 4 8 .6 4 9 .7 5 5 .4 “ “ “ ” O v e r 1 2 -m o n th span: 1 9 8 4 .............................................................................................. 8 1.1 78.1 7 2 .2 7 2 .2 6 8 .9 6 7 .8 6 5 .7 6 2 .7 5 9 .7 5 4 .6 5 1 .4 4 8 .6 1 9 8 5 .............................................................................................. 4 6 .2 4 5 .7 4 6 .8 4 3 .8 4 4 .9 4 7 .3 4 7 .6 4 8 .9 4 7 .3 4 9 .5 4 8 .9 4 8 .6 1 9 8 6 .............................................................................................. 5 0 .3 51.1 5 2 .2 5 2 .4 5 3 .2 “ “ “ “ " “ ' - D a ta n o t a v a ila b le . NO TE: s p an s . F ig u re s a re th e p e rc e n t o f industries w ith e m p lo y m e n t rising. (H a lf o f th e u n c h a n g e d c o m p o n e n ts a re c o u n te d a s rising.) D a ta a re c e n te re d w ithin th e 19. D a ta fo r th e 2 m o s t re c e n t m o n th s s h o w n in e a c h s p an a re pre lim in a ry . S e e th e “ D e fin itio n s ” in th is sec tio n . S e e “ N o te s o n th e d a ta ” fo r a d e sc rip tio n o f th e m o s t re c e n t b e n c h m a rk revision. Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population (Numbers in thousands) Employment status 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Noninstitutional population.................................... 163,541 166,460 169,349 171,775 173,939 175,891 178,080 179,912 182,293 Labor force: Total (number).................................................. Percent of population....................................... 103,882 63.5 106,559 64.0 108,544 64.1 110,315 64.2 111,872 64.3 113,226 64.4 115,241 64.7 117,167 65.1 119,540 65.6 Employed: Total (number)............................................. Percent of population .................................. Resident Armed Forces............................ Civilian Total ....................................................... Agriculture............................................ Nonagricultural industries..................... 97,679 59.7 1,631 100,421 60.3 1,597 100,907 59.6 1,604 102,042 59.4 1,645 101,194 58.2 1,668 102,510 58.3 1,676 106,702 59.9 1,697 108,856 60.5 1,706 111,303 61.1 1,706 96,048 3,387 92,661 98,824 3,347 95,477 99,303 3,364 95,938 100,397 3,368 97,030 99,526 3,401 96,125 100,834 3,383 97,450 105,005 3,321 101,685 107,150 3,179 103,971 109,597 3,163 106,434 Unemployed: Total (number)............................................ Percent of labor fo rc e ................................ 6,202 6.0 6,137 5.8 7,637 7.0 8,273 7.5 10,678 9.5 10,717 9.5 8,539 7.4 8,312 7.1 8,237 6.9 Not in labor force (number) ................................ 59,659 59,900 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 20. Annual data: Employment levels by industry (Numbers in thousands) Industry 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Total employment.................................................................... Private sector......................................................................... Goods-producing ................................................................ Mining............................................................................ Construction .................................................................. Manufacturing................................................................ 86,697 71,026 25,585 851 4,229 20,505 89,823 73,876 26,461 958 4,463 21,040 90,406 74,166 25,658 1,027 4,346 20,285 91,156 75,126 25,497 1,139 4,188 20,170 89,566 73,729 23,813 1,128 3,905 18,781 90,200 74,330 23,334 952 3,948 18,434 94,496 78,472 24,727 966 4,383 19,378 97,614 81,199 24,930 930 4,687 19,314 100,168 83,430 24,940 792 4,961 19,187 Service-producing............................................................... Transportation and public utilities................................... Wholesale trade ............................................................. Retail trade ..................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................... Services........................................................................... 61,113 4,923 4,969 14,573 4,724 16,252 63,363 5,136 5,204 14,989 4,975 17,112 64,748 5,146 5,275 15,035 5,160 17,890 65,659 5,165 5,358 15,189 5,298 18,619 65,753 5,082 5,278 15,179 5,341 19,036 66,866 4,954 5,268 15,613 5,468 19,694 69,769 5,159 5,555 16,545 5,689 20,797 72,684 5,242 5,740 17,360 5,953 21,974 75,228 5,285 5,853 17,976 6,304 23,073 Government................................................................... Federal...................................................................... State .......................................................................... Local ......................................................................... 15,672 2,753 3,474 9,446 15,947 2,773 3,541 9,633 16,241 2,866 3,610 9,765 16,031 2,772 3,640 9,619 15,837 2,739 3,640 9,458 15,869 2,774 3,662 9,434 16,024 2,807 3,734 9,482 16,415 2,875 3,848 9,692 16,738 2,899 3,939 9,901 NOTE: 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry Industry 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 35.8 5.69 203.70 35.7 6.16 219.91 35.3 6.66 235.10 35.2 7.25 255.20 34.8 7.68 267.26 35.0 8.02 280.70 35.2 8.32 292.86 34.9 8.57 299.09 34.8 8.76 304.85 43.4 7.67 332.88 43.0 8.49 365.07 43.3 9.17 397.06 43.7 10.04 438.75 42.7 10.77 459.88 42.5 11.28 479.40 43.3 11.63 503.58 43.4 11.98 519.93 42.3 12.45 526.64 36.8 8.66 318.69 37.0 9.27 342.99 37.0 9.94 367.78 36.9 10.82 399.26 36.7 11.63 426.82 37.1 11.94 442.97 37.8 12.13 458.51 37.7 12.31 464.09 37.5 12.42 465.75 40.4 6.17 249.27 40.2 6.70 269.34 39.7 7.27 288.62 39.8 7.99 318.00 38.9 8.49 330.26 40.1 8.83 354.08 40.7 9.19 374.03 40.5 9.53 385.97 40.7 9.73 396.01 40.0 7.57 302.80 39.9 8.16 325.58 39.6 8.87 351.25 39.4 9.70 382.18 39.0 10.32 402.48 39.0 10.79 420.81 39.4 11.12 438.13 39.5 11.40 450.30 39.2 11.64 456.29 38.8 5.88 228.14 38.8 6.39 247.93 38.5 6.96 267.96 38.5 7.56 291.06 38.3 8.09 309.85 38.5 8.55 329.18 38.5 8.89 342.27 38.4 9.16 351.74 38.4 9.36 359.42 31.0 4.20 130.20 30.6 4.53 138.62 30.2 4.88 147.38 30.1 5.25 158.03 29.9 5.48 163.85 29.8 5.74 171.05 29.8 5.85 174.33 29.4 5.94 174.64 29.2 6.02 175.78 36.4 4.89 178.00 36.2 5.27 190.77 36.2 5.79 209.60 36.3 6.31 229.05 36.2 6.78 245.44 36.2 7.29 263.90 36.5 7.63 278.50 36.4 7.94 289.02 36.5 8.35 304.78 32.8 4.99 163.67 32.7 5.36 175.27 32.6 5.85 190.71 32.6 6.41 208.97 32.6 6.92 225.59 32.7 7.31 239.04 32.6 7.59 247.43 32.5 7.89 256.43 32.5 8.16 265.20 P r iv a te s e c to r Average weekly hours.......................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ................................... M in in g Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... C o n s t r u c tio n Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... M a n u f a c t u r in g Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... W h o le s a le tr a d e Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... R e ta il t r a d e Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a te Average weekly hours ................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... S e r v ic e s Average weekly hours ....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 22. February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group (June 1981 = 100) Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 1986 1985 1984 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 months ended 12 months ended Sept. 1986 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 2 ......................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ........................................................... Blue-collar workers.............................................................. Service occupations............................................................ Workers, by industry division: Manufacturing ..................................................................... Nonmanufacturing .............................................................. 122.4 123.9 126.4 128.4 129.2 130.6 131.5 133.0 1.1 3.6 130.7 124.4 130.9 131.6 124.9 131.8 133.1 126.2 133.1 134.2 126.8 133.7 136.0 127.8 135.4 1.3 .8 1.3 4.1 2.7 3.4 125.5 129.7 136.4 134.2 126.0 130.6 137.1 134.8 127.7 131.9 138.8 136.8 128.7 132.8 139.4 138.0 129.3 134.6 142.4 140.6 .5 1.4 2.2 1.9 3.0 3.8 4.4 4.8 124.0 119.6 124.6 125.5 120.9 126.8 127.3 122.2 127.8 128.3 123.1 128.0 Public administration 3 ..................................................... 120.4 123.3 128.8 126.9 122.0 124.8 130.9 128.6 123.9 126.2 131.9 130.1 124.6 127.2 132.6 130.3 P r iv a te in d u s tr y w o r k e r s ..................................................................... 121.1 122.7 124.2 125.2 126.8 127.5 128.9 129.9 130.8 .7 3.2 128.8 124.0 128.8 129.8 124.4 129.5 131.3 125.7 130.9 132.5 126.3 131.1 133.5 127.2 132.3 .8 .7 .9 3.6 2.6 2.7 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers......................................................... Blue-collar workers........................................................... Service occupations......................................................... Workers, by industry division: Manufacturing................................................................... Nonmanufacturing ............................................................ 122.4 119.3 123.2 123.9 120.6 125.7 125.8 121.9 126.3 127.1 122.8 126.5 120.4 121.6 122.0 123.1 123.9 124.4 124.6 125.6 125.5 127.6 126.0 128.4 127.7 129.7 128.7 130.6 129.3 131.7 .5 .8 3.0 3.2 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ......................................... 128.8 130.1 131.7 132.0 136.5 137.5 138.9 139.7 143.6 2.8 5.2 129.7 125.0 131.1 125.9 132.5 128.1 132.9 128.5 137.6 131.9 138.6 132.7 140.0 134.7 140.5 136.3 145.0 138.5 3.2 1.6 5.4 5.0 129.9 130.6 132.1 127.9 126.9 131.3 132.0 133.5 129.2 128.6 132.8 133.4 134.4 131.1 130.1 133.2 133.7 134.6 131.5 130.3 137.9 139.1 140.9 134.1 134.2 139.1 140.3 142.0 135.2 134.8 140.4 141.5 143.0 136.8 136.8 140.8 141.7 143.2 137.9 138.0 145.5 147.6 149.4 139.4 140.6 3.3 4.2 4.3 1.1 1.9 5.5 6.1 6.0 4.0 4.8 Workers, by occupational group: Blue-collar workers........................................................... Workers, by industry division: Elementary and secondary......................................... Hospitals and other services4 ....................................... Public administration3 ....................................................... 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) 70 125.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group (June 1981=100) 1985 1984 Percent change 1986 Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 months ended 12 months ended Sept. 1986 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1 ......................................................................................... 123.1 124.2 123.5 118.2 124.3 125.2 119.3 124.8 126.4 120.5 125.3 128 8 122.0 128.0 118.0 121.3 127.2 124.4 119.5 122.6 128.9 125.7 121.0 123.9 129.7 127.0 122.3 125.0 130.5 127.2 119.2 120.6 122.0 120.9 125.2 122.3 127.3 124.0 127.7 121.0 110.5 122.2 111.6 123.8 116.3 126.5 117.4 120.3 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ........................................................... Blue-collar workers............................................................. Service occupations............................................................ 122.2 117.0 122.3 Workers, by industry division Manufacturing ..................................................................... Nonmanufacturing.............................................................. Services ............................................................................ Public administration 2 ..................................................... P r iv a te in d u s tr y w o r k e r s ................................................................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers...................................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations...... Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ............................................................. Sales occupations....................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical ..................................................................... 121.7 126.3 1.1 3.5 134.1 125.0 131.7 1.3 .7 1.3 4.1 2.5 2.9 126.5 130.4 137.0 134.6 127.2 132.2 139.9 137.5 .6 1.4 2.1 2.2 3.2 3.6 4.2 4.6 126.8 127.9 128.8 .7 3.1 129.6 132.7 131.1 134.0 132.0 135.4 .7 1.0 3.7 3.2 128.4 122.5 130.5 122.4 132.1 124.3 132.4 125.2 .2 .7 3.7 4.9 127.0 128.3 129.3 129.8 122.3 128.6 131.2 123.4 129.8 132.4 124.1 130.0 123.2 127.6 134.2 131.4 123.8 128.4 134.8 132.0 125.3 129.6 136.4 133.8 123.3 124.9 125.6 125.5 128.7 127.3 131.2 128.3 131.5 127.7 119.3 130.7 122.0 122.9 124.7 125.6 127.1 127.9 129.6 130.8 131.7 .7 3.6 116.7 118.0 119.1 120.3 121.7 122.0 123.1 123.7 124.5 .6 2.3 118.0 116.6 113.4 119.4 117.9 114.0 120.8 118.9 114.5 122.0 120.1 115.7 123.7 121.1 117.7 123.8 121.6 117.8 125.3 122.6 118.0 125.7 123.6 118.9 126.7 124.1 119.8 .8 .4 .8 2.4 2.5 1.8 114.7 121.2 115.9 123.7 116.7 123.8 118.5 124.4 118.6 126.3 119.8 126.6 120.0 128.0 120.3 128.0 120.9 128.9 .5 .7 1.9 2.1 Workers, by industry division: Manufacturing................................................................ Durables...................................................................... Nondurables................................................................ 118.0 117.7 118.6 119.5 119.1 120.2 121.0 120.6 121.6 122.3 122.0 122.6 123.2 122.7 124.0 123.8 123.4 124.6 125.3 124.8 126.1 126.5 125.8 127.9 127.2 126.4 128.5 .6 .5 .5 3.2 3.0 3.6 Nonmanufacturing.......................................................... Construction................................................................ Transportation and public utilities............................... Wholesale and retail trade.......................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................... Retail trade............................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate........................... Services....................................................................... 119.9 114.3 119.9 116.5 120.7 114.9 115.3 127.1 121.2 114.4 120.7 118.1 122.9 116.2 115.8 129.5 122.6 115.5 121.7 118.8 123.7 116.9 122.0 129.9 123.9 116.6 122.8 121.1 126.8 118.9 121.7 131.0 125.9 117.3 124.8 122.7 127.7 120.8 124.1 133.9 126.6 117.9 125.2 123.7 128.3 121.9 126.5 134.1 127.7 118.3 126.3 124.5 129.7 122.5 126.6 136.2 128.7 119.8 126.6 125.8 131.2 123.7 128.0 136.9 129.7 120.5 127.3 126.5 131.8 124.4 129.0 138.2 .8 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .8 .9 3.0 2.7 2.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.9 3.2 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ...................................... 126.1 127.1 128.4 128.7 133.2 134.2 135.5 136.0 140.4 3.2 5.4 127.1 121.9 128.0 122.5 129.3 124.2 129.6 124.5 134.3 127.9 135.3 128.4 136.6 130.4 137.0 131.9 141.8 134.5 3.5 2.0 5.6 5.2 127.2 127.8 129.3 125.1 124.4 128.1 128.7 130.2 125.9 125.7 129.4 129.9 130.8 127.7 127.0 129.7 130.2 131.1 128.0 127.2 134.5 135.8 137.5 130.2 131.4 135.6 137.0 138.5 130.9 132.0 136.8 138.0 139.4 132.4 133.8 137.1 138.2 139.4 133.3 134.6 142.1 144.1 145.7 135.8 137.5 3.6 4.3 4.5 1.9 2.2 5.7 6.1 6.0 4.3 4.6 Blue-collar workers........................................................ Precision production, craft, and repair occupations............................................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors....... Transportation and material moving occupations....... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................................................................... Service occupations...................................................... Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers...................................................... Blue-collar workers........................................................ Workers, by industry division Services ......................................................................... Schools........................................................................ Elementary and secondary ...................................... Hospitals and other services 3 ................................... Public administration 2 ................................................... 1 Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities, 3 Includes, for example, library, social and health services. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 24. February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size (June 1981=100) Series Sept. Dec. Sept. June Mar. Percent change 1986 1985 1984 Dec. 12 months ended 3 months ended Sept. June Mar. Sept. 1986 C O M P E N S A T IO N W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta tu s ' 122.6 121.6 123.6 123.9 123.2 124.5 124.8 124.2 125.3 125.5 124.2 126.6 126.5 125.0 127.8 127.1 125.5 128.6 128.4 127.0 129.7 128.7 126.9 130.4 129.4 127.5 131.2 0.5 .5 .6 2.3 2.0 2.7 120.3 119.3 120.7 121.9 120.8 122.4 123.8 123.6 123.9 125.0 124.8 125.1 126.8 125.7 127.3 127.5 126.3 128.1 129.0 128.1 129.5 130.2 129.7 130.4 131.2 130.4 131.6 .8 .5 .9 3.5 3.7 3.4 122.4 120.7 119.7 122.5 123.8 122.2 120.8 124.9 125.1 124.2 122.0 126.8 126.4 125.2 122.7 127.9 128.8 126.5 124.2 129.1 129.9 127.2 124.6 129.8 131.6 128.7 125.9 130.8 133.3 129.6 126.2 131.6 134.2 130.7 127.3 132.1 .7 .8 .9 .4 4.2 3.3 2.5 2.3 121.5 119.0 123.2 119.8 124.7 121.4 125.7 122.5 127.3 123.9 128.1 123.9 129.5 125.5 130.5 126.4 131.4 127.2 .7 .6 3.2 2.7 119.8 118.1 121.3 120.9 119.5 122.1 121.7 120.4 122.8 123.0 121.7 124.1 124.1 122.8 125.3 124.7 123.3 125.9 125.6 124.2 126.9 126.1 124.6 127.4 126.9 125.0 128.5 .6 .3 .9 2.3 1.8 2.6 118.8 117.9 119.2 120.4 119.5 120.7 122.1 121.5 122.3 123.4 122.8 123.6 125.2 123.7 125.9 125.9 124.4 126.6 127.3 126.1 127.8 128.5 127.7 128.9 129.4 128.5 129.8 .7 .6 .7 3.4 3.9 3.1 120.5 119.0 117.8 120.0 121.9 120.2 118.7 122.5 123.0 122.3 119.6 124.0 124.6 123.4 121.1 125.1 126.8 124.8 122.5 126.6 128.1 125.4 122.9 127.1 129.2 126.8 124.2 128.1 131.3 127.8 124.4 128.9 132.3 128.8 125.3 129.3 .8 .8 .7 .3 4.3 3.2 2.3 2.1 119.5 117.5 121.0 118.3 122.4 119.6 123.8 120.6 125.5 121.9 126.3 122.0 127.4 123.6 128.5 124.5 129.4 125.0 .7 .4 3.1 2.5 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta tu s 1 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n ' W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 ! 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Technical Employment Cost Index,” May 1982. M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w ____ Note, I “ Estimation procedures for the 25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) Annual average Measure Quarterly average 1984 1984 1985 1986 1985 IV I II III IV |p IF HIP S p e c if ie d a d ju s tm e n ts : Total compensation 1 adjustments,2 settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: First year of contract..................................... Annual rate over life of contract.................. Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year of contract.......................................... Annual rate over life of contract..................... 3.6 2.8 2.6 2.7 3.7 2.0 3.6 2.7 3.5 3.4 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.4 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.6 0.7 1.2 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.3 1.5 3.3 3.2 2.5 2.8 2.0 3.1 2.1 1.9 .8 1.5 1.3 2.0 .8 1.5 3.7 .8 3.3 .7 .7 .3 .7 .1 .8 .2 1.2 .2 .5 .1 .6 .0 .7 ,2 .1 2.0 .9 1.8 .7 .2 .2 .6 .1 .5 .1 .5 .4 .2 .1 .4 .2 .6 .0 .0 E f f e c t i v e a d ju s t m e n ts : Total effective wage adjustment 3 ......................... From settlements reached in period ................... Deferred from settlements reached in earlier periods ....................................................... From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses............. 1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers' cost of employee benefits when contract is negotiated. Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in 5 .5 compensation or wages, 3 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts. p = preliminary. 26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) Average for four quarters endingMeasure 1984 IV 1985 I II 1986 III IV |p IF IIP Specified total compensation adjustments, settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, all industries: First year of contract......................................................................... Annual rate over life of contract......................................................... 3.6 2.8 3.4 2.6 3.4 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.5 1.4 2.0 0.9 1.4 2.4 2.9 2.1 2.4 1.8 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 1.3 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 1.5 2.8 2.4 1.9 2.7 2.5 1.8 3.0 2.3 1.6 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.0 1.6 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.2 2.2 .8 1.7 2.0 1.6 2.3 2.1 2.9 1.5 1.0 3.3 2.1 2.0 2.5 1.4 .9 3.2 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 2.4 .8 .8 .9 1.8 2.1 1.6 .8 .8 .9 1.8 2.1 1.5 .1 .7 -.4 1.4 2.0 .9 -.1 1.1 -2.0 .3 1.1 -.1 2.5 5.5 2.0 2.9 4.8 2.6 2.6 5.1 2.4 2.8 4.0 2.7 2.7 4.3 2.5 2.9 3.8 2.8 3.2 4.0 3.0 3.3 3.9 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.3 2.8 3.5 2.7 3.0 3.6 2.8 2.6 3.4 2.4 2.8 3.3 2.6 .5 4.0 .4 1.0 1.4 1.0 .9 4.6 .8 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.1 9.2 1.0 1.7 4.6 1.7 1.6 2.3 1.1 2.4 2.5 1.2 2.6 Specified wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: All industries First year of contract ......................................................................... Contracts with COLA clauses......................................................... Contracts without COLA clauses .......................................... Annual rate over life of contract...................................................... Contracts with COLA clauses................................................ Contracts without COLA clauses .................................................. Manufacturing First year of contract ..................................................................... Contracts with COLA clauses............................................... Contracts without COLA clauses ................................................... Annual rate over life of contract................................................. Contracts with COLA clauses......................................................... Contracts without COLA clauses ................................................... Nonmanufacturing First year of contract ................................................................... Contracts with COLA clauses......................................................... Contracts without COLA clauses ................................................... Annual rate over life of contract....................................................... Contracts with COLA clauses.............................................. Contracts without COLA clauses ............................................ Construction First year of contract ............................................................. Contracts with COLA clauses................................................ Contracts without COLA clauses .................................. Annual rate over life of contract...................................... Contracts with COLA clauses........................................... Contracts without COLA clauses ................................................... 1 Data do not meet publication standards. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p 1.0 0 (') 1.5 (’) (’ ) 1.7 O 0 (') (') 2.1 (1) (') 2.2 0 (’) 2 .1 2 .7 1 .9 2 .3 2 .5 2 .2 2 .3 14 2 .4 2 .6 1 .6 2 .6 = preliminary. 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data 27. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) _______________________________________ Average for four quarters ending1985 Effective wage adjustment IIP I II III IV For all workers:1 To ta l........................................................................................ From settlements reached in period ................................... Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period ......... From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses............................. 3.6 .7 2.2 .7 3.5 .9 1.9 .7 3.5 .9 1.8 .8 3.3 .7 1.8 .7 3.1 For workers receiving changes: Tota l........................................................................................ From settlements reached in period ................................... Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period ......... From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses............................. 4.5 2.9 4.2 2.3 4.2 2.9 3.9 2.3 4.3 2.8 3.7 2.8 4.1 3.4 3.7 2.2 .6 2.9 .5 2.3 .5 1.7 1.8 .8 .7 1.6 .2 4.0 2.9 3.5 2.5 3.8 2.5 3.4 3.1 1.7 3.8 1.0 2.0 = preliminary. 1 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts 28 Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, State and r ................. , .__ . . . ___ *.!___ _______-t nnn uinrlrara nr m nrP fin n a r c e n tl Annual average First 6 months 1986» Measure 1984 1985 5.2 5.4 4.2 5.1 6.7 6.4 4.8 5.1 4.6 5.4 6.1 5.0 1.9 3.1 (4) 5.7 4.1 1.6 1.8 (*) (4) Specified adjustments: Total compensation 1 adjustments, 2 settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: First year of contract ................. Annual rate over life of contract Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year of contract................................................................... Annual rate over life of contract.................................................. Effective adjustments: Total effective wage adjustment3 ................................. From settlements reached in period........................... Deferred from settlements reached in earlier periods From cost-of-living-adjustment clauses....................... wu Annual totals 1985 Number of stoppages: Beginning in period.... In effect during period Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands)..................... In effect during period (in thousands)..................... Days idle: Number (In thousands).......... Percent of estimated working time1 ..................................... 74 1986 323.9 1986 1985 Oct.' Sept.' Aug.‘ JulyP May Apr. Mar. Dec. 2 9 54 61 _ 8.2 7.6 24.0 11.2 6.1 28.6 198.0 46.7 113.3 37.9 44.3 8.7 2.7 67.1 37.1 28.4 38.6 17.6 41.2 205.9 66.3 144.8 - 12.0 85.2 584.1 38.0 107.7 367.5 297.3 303.6 3,684.3 1,612.1 1,411.9 668.6 309.5 941.4 170.0 894.5 - 661.9 1,208.5 7,079.0 .02 .02 .17 .06 .06 .04 .02 .02 .04 .01 .04 - .03 .07 .03 1 Agricultural and government employees working time: private household, forestry, explanation of the measurement of idleness found in “ ‘Total economy’ measure of strike https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .6 1.2 3 Because u. -------- 4 Less than 0.05 percent. p = preliminary. 1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers' cost of employee benefits when contract is negotiated. 2 Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in compensation or wages. iv m y 6.0 are included in me roidi empiuy and fishery employees are excluded An as a percentage of the total time worked is idleness,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1968, pp. 54-56. - Data not available, p = preliminary 30. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Series Annual average 1985 1986 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 322.2 374.7 328.4 381.9 327.4 380.8 328.4 381.9 327.5 380.8 326.0 379.1 325.3 378.3 326.3 379.5 327.9 381.4 328.0 381.4 328.6 382.1 330.2 384.1 330.5 384.4 330.8 384.7 331.1 385.1 Food and beverages ..................................................................... Food............................................................................................ Food at home ........................................................................... Cereals and bakery products................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs................................................ Dairy products........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables............................................................. Other foods at home............................................................. Sugar and sweets............................................................... Fats and o ils ........................................................................ Nonalcoholic beverages...................................................... Other prepared foods.......................................................... Food away from home ............................................................. Alcoholic beverages.................................................................... 302.0 309.8 296.8 317.0 263.4 258.0 325.7 361.1 398.8 294.4 451.7 294.2 346.6 229.5 311.8 319.7 305.3 325.8 275.1 258.4 328.7 373.6 411.1 287.8 478.2 301.9 360.1 239.7 305.6 313.2 299.3 321.9 269.9 256.9 323.9 361.3 402.2 290.3 448.8 297.3 352.1 236.2 307.9 315.6 302.5 322.0 271.5 257.2 334.4 365.7 405.1 292.1 459.7 298.0 353.1 237.5 307.7 315.3 301.5 322.5 268.4 257.3 320.7 375.1 408.6 291.4 485.3 299.5 354.2 238.3 307.8 315.4 301.2 322.7 267.7 256.8 319.2 375.7 408.4 290.2 488.0 299.3 355.5 238.8 308.5 316.1 301.5 322.5 264.2 256.8 329.5 376.1 411.4 288.5 487.4 300.2 357.0 239.5 309.4 317.0 302.1 323.8 263.4 257.1 336.5 374.6 411.2 287.2 481.9 301.4 358.8 239.4 309.5 317.1 301.6 326.1 265.1 257.2 327.8 374.1 411.5 287.0 480.0 301.7 360.2 240.1 312.2 320.1 305.5 326.3 274.9 258.4 330.3 373.7 412.4 287.3 478.3 301.8 360.8 240.4 314.6 322.7 308.9 328.2 283.0 258.3 332.1 374.0 413.1 287.8 476.9 303.2 361.8 240.1 315.1 323.2 309.0 328.5 284.7 258.5 329.1 373.7 413.7 285.6 475.7 303.8 363.3 240.4 315.6 323.7 309.5 328.4 284.9 260.0 328.6 374.4 413.4 284.6 477.5 304.7 364.0 240.6 316.4 324.6 309.9 328.5 286.3 261.2 327.8 373.9 412.4 285.4 476.9 303.9 365.8 240.5 317.0 325.2 310.2 329.5 287.3 262.2 328.5 372.2 411.8 286.0 470.2 305.2 367.1 240.8 Housing .......................................................................................... Shelter ......................................................................................... Renters’ costs (12/82=100).................................................. Rent, residential..................................................................... Other renters’ costs .............................................................. Homeowners’ costs (12/82 = 100)........................................... Owners’ equivalent rent (12/82 —100) .................................. Household insurance (12/82—100)...................................... Maintenance and repairs.......................................................... Maintenance and repair services .......................................... Maintenance and repair commodities................................... Fuel and other utilities................................................................ Fuels ..................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas ............................................... Gas (piped) and electricity .................................................... Other utilities and public services............................................ Household furnishings and operations....................................... Housefurmshings ...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies............................................................. Housekeeping services............................................................. 349.9 382.0 115.4 264.6 398.4 113.1 113.2 112.4 368.9 421.1 269.6 393.6 488.1 619.5 452.7 240.7 247.2 200.1 313.6 338.9 360.2 402.9 121.9 280.0 416.2 119.4 119.4 119.2 373.8 430.9 269.7 384.7 463.1 501.5 446.7 253.1 250.4 201.1 319.5 346.6 355.8 392.3 118.3 272.4 398.1 116.3 116.3 115.0 373.7 426.2 273.3 393.3 483.6 657.3 439.9 245.8 248.8 200.1 317.7 343.2 356.8 393.8 118.8 273.4 401.1 116.7 116.7 115.7 379.1 432.6 277.1 394.6 484.7 650.3 442.6 247.3 248.8 199.8 318.3 343.9 356.5 394.8 119.0 273.7 404.1 117.0 117.0 117.4 379.6 432.8 277.8 390.0 476.3 591.2 444.5 247.9 249.0 199.7 318.6 344.5 357.0 397.0 119.6 275.0 405.5 117.9 117.9 118.0 367.5 422.4 266.1 385.5 467.6 549.9 442.3 249.0 249.8 201.0 317.9 345.1 358.0 400.1 120.9 277.9 410.8 118.7 118.7 118.3 367.6 424.6 264.5 381.8 459.6 518.3 439.2 251.3 249.6 200.4 318.5 345.4 358.5 400.9 121.1 278.4 411.3 118.9 118.9 118.8 367.1 425.5 262.9 382.5 460.6 496.8 444.6 251.5 249.9 200.8 318.3 345.8 361.2 401.6 121.6 279.4 415.2 119.0 119.0 118.9 366.6 427.4 260.7 393.8 477.0 486.6 466.0 255.2 250.2 200.8 319.6 346.1 361.5 403.5 122.5 281.2 420.1 119.4 119.4 119.9 369.2 430.1 262.7 389.4 469.2 459.4 462.3 255.6 250.5 201.2 319.5 346.6 362.4 405.2 122.9 281.7 425.7 119.9 119.9 119.9 376.4 434.2 271.3 389.5 469.0 447.3 464.5 255.9 250.5 200.9 319.8 347.4 363.7 407.6 123.6 283.2 429.1 120.7 120.7 120.2 376.2 437.0 268.7 388.3 467.2 453.5 461.1 255.6 251.5 202.2 320.1 347.8 363.0 409.5 124.0 284.6 427.3 121.3 121.3 120.6 379.0 437.5 273.0 379.1 450.3 451.9 441.4 257.1 251.6 202.2 319.8 348.5 361.7 410.2 124.3 285.6 425.5 121.5 121.5 121.1 377.1 433.7 272.9 371.1 437.8 452.0 426.7 255.4 251.2 201.4 320.4 348.5 362.1 410.4 124.2 286.0 418.2 121.6 121.6 121.6 380.0 433.1 278.3 371.0 438.1 460.6 425.3 254.9 252.4 202.5 322.9 349.3 Apparel and upkeep .......................................................... Apparel commodities ............................................................ Men's and boys' apparel.......................................................... Women's and girls’ apparel ..................................................... Infants’ and toddlers' apparel.................................................. Footwear............................................................. Other apparel commodities........................................ Apparel services............................................................. 206.0 191.6 197.9 169.5 299.7 212.1 215.5 320.9 207.8 192.0 200.0 168.0 312.7 211.2 217.9 334.6 209.0 194.2 202.0 172.6 304.1 213.1 214.6 326.9 205.0 189.5 198.6 164.4 313.9 209.1 215.5 329.8 204.1 188.5 196.8 163.4 311.6 207.9 216.1 330.7 206.3 190.8 198.3 167.6 313.1 210.1 214.6 331.5 207.3 191.7 199.7 168.0 316.6 211.4 215.3 332.9 206.4 190.7 200.2 164.9 318.5 211.5 215.4 333.6 204.5 188.4 198.1 161.3 319.7 210.0 215.8 334.3 203.2 187.0 195.8 159.8 307.5 209.1 218.1 334.6 207.0 191.2 197.8 167.2 310.6 209.6 221.6 334.7 212.1 196.6 203.2 175.7 309.7 212.0 221.1 336.7 213.2 197.6 204.3 176.4 312.0 215.1 219.8 338.3 213.1 197.4 205.3 175.0 307.0 215.1 221.1 339.0 210.9 194.9 202.3 171.7 312.7 214.0 220.0 339.5 Transportation ........................................................... Private transportation............................................ New vehicles.............................................. New ca rs.............................................. Used cars ............................................... Motor fuel .................................. Gasoline................................................ Maintenance and repair................................................ Other private transportation...................................... Other private transportation commodities............................. Other private transportation services.................................. Public transportation.............................................. 319.9 314.2 214.9 215.2 379.7 373.8 373.3 351.4 287.6 202.6 312.8 402.8 307.5 299.5 224.1 224.4 363.2 292.1 291.4 363.1 303.9 201.6 333.9 426.4 324.0 317.8 219.2 219.4 375.6 377.5 376.8 357.5 295.2 202.1 322.7 412.9 323.9 317.3 219.7 219.9 374.1 373.3 372.5 357.9 297.7 203.4 325.5 419.6 319.2 312.2 220.2 220.4 370.7 351.5 350.8 358.9 299.2 202.9 327.6 422.2 309.6 302.1 220.1 220.3 367.2 308.5 307.7 359.3 301.5 203.6 330.3 421.2 303.3 295.3 221.0 221.2 364.8 279.5 278.6 360.6 301.6 202.2 330.9 422.2 305.7 297.8 222.8 223.0 363.6 289.3 288.7 361.3 301.3 202.4 330.4 423.7 308.6 300.8 224.0 224.2 362.5 299.4 299.1 362.1 303.0 201.5 332.8 425.4 304.7 296.5 224.5 224.7 360.3 280.2 279.8 363.4 304.5 201.6 334.6 428.0 301.3 292.8 224.5 224.7 358.0 265.9 265.3 364.3 304.5 201.8 334.6 428.0 302.2 293.7 224.2 224.5 359.5 271.1 270.6 365.0 302.3 200.3 332.3 428.5 302.6 294.1 226.7 227.1 360.6 263.2 262.6 365.7 307.6 198.9 339.3 428.7 304.3 295.8 230.2 230.7 361.0 260.9 260.2 368.4 311.6 200.0 344.1 431.7 304.8 295.9 231.7 232.2 356.6 261.9 261.2 370.7 312.0 200.4 344.5 437.5 Medical ca re ................................................ Medical care commodities.......................................................... Medical care services....................................... Professional services............................................................... Other medical care services.................................................... 403.1 256.7 435.1 367.3 517.0 433.5 273.6 468.6 390.9 562.6 414.7 262.9 448.0 377.1 533.6 418.2 264.5 451.9 378.9 540.3 422.3 267.4 456.2 381.6 546.4 425.8 269.4 460.1 385.0 550.8 428.0 271.3 462.3 386.9 553.5 429.7 272.3 464.2 388.3 555.9 432.0 273.3 466.8 390.3 559.2 434.8 275.4 469.8 391.7 564.2 437.5 276.0 473.0 393.3 569.4 439.7 276.7 475.7 396.1 571.9 442.3 277.5 478.8 398.0 576.4 444.6 278.2 481.5 399.8 580.3 446.8 280.8 483.4 401.0 583.0 Entertainment ........................................ Entertainment commodities ........................................................ Entertainment services............................................................... 265.0 260.6 271.8 274.1 265.9 286.3 268.3 262.5 277.1 270.8 264.7 279.9 272.0 265.2 282.1 271.9 265.0 282.2 272.3 264.8 283.5 272.9 265.3 284.2 273.9 266.1 285.5 274.4 265.8 287.0 274.7 266.1 287.3 275.3 265.9 289.2 276.5 266.7 290.8 277.4 267.6 291.8 277.4 267.4 292.2 Other goods and services ................................................ Tobacco products.............................................................. Personal care........................................................ Toilet goods and personal care appliances............................. Personal care services ............................................ Personal and educational expenses........................................... School books and supplies...................................................... Personal and educational services.......................................... 326.6 328.5 281.9 278.5 286.0 397.1 350.8 407.7 346.4 351.0 291.3 287.9 295.4 428.8 380.3 440.1 336.5 337.4 286.3 282.5 290.6 415.5 364.7 427.0 339.1 342.7 288.1 285.3 291.8 416.8 371.0 427.6 340.3 344.7 289.1 286.0 293.0 417.7 373.8 428.1 341.1 345.6 290.3 287.3 294.0 417.9 374.3 428.3 341.8 346.5 290.5 287.7 294.1 418.9 374.4 429.5 342.1 346.5 290.9 287.9 294.7 419.5 374.5 430.2 342.6 347.1 291.0 287.0 295.7 420.4 375.7 431.0 344.9 354.3 291.1 287.1 295.8 421.2 375.9 431.9 346.4 356.2 292.3 289.1 296.2 422.9 376.9 433.7 353.3 356.8 292.0 288.2 296.5 445.2 389.4 457.8 354.6 357.2 293.1 289.9 297.1 447.6 392.3 460.2 354.9 357.3 293.4 289.6 297.9 448.2 392.5 460.8 355.2 357.6 293.6 289.6 298.2 448.8 392.6 461.6 C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X F O R A L L U R B A N C O N S U M E R S : All items .......................................................................................... All items (1957-59-100)................................................................ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 328.4 283.9 311.8 327.4 289.9 305.6 265.2 192.0 307.3 270.2 286.8 194.2 339.1 271.4 327.5 287.4 307.7 278.6 188.5 329.5 270.5 326.0 283.7 307.8 268.9 190.8 313.6 269.7 325.3 281.2 308.5 262.0 191.7 302.6 269.2 326.3 282.1 309.4 263.3 190.7 305.2 269.6 327.9 282.8 309.5 264.7 188.4 308.4 269.9 328.0 281.9 312.2 259.8 187.0 301.7 269.6 328.6 281.9 314.6 258.1 191.2 296.9 269.0 330.2 283.5 315.1 261.5 196.6 299.5 269.3 330.5 283.6 315.6 260.4 197.6 297.2 270.5 330.8 284.0 316.4 ~ 260.0 197.4 296.7 271.8 331.1 284.2 317.0 282.1 191.6 333.3 270.7 328.4 290.1 307.9 284.9 189.5 338.7 271.4 381.5 113.9 111.2 337.0 435.1 314.1 400.5 120.2 112.8 356.3 468.6 331.8 389.5 117.0 110.8 346.1 448.0 322.9 391.7 117.4 111.4 349.0 451.9 324.8 393.3 117.7 111.8 351.0 456.2 326.1 394.9 118.5 111.6 352.4 460.1 326.6 396.8 119.4 111.6 353.2 462.3 327.6 397.9 119.7 112.3 353.4 464.2 328.2 401.0 119.9 115.2 355.3 466.8 329.2 402.3 120.5 114.9 357.1 469.8 330.1 403.7 120.9 115.3 35/.3 330.8 405.5 121.7 114.9 356.2 475.7 337.9 406.1 122.2 112.9 360.5 478.8 339.5 406.1 122.4 111.0 364.4 481.5 340.3 406.6 122.5 110.8 366.2 483.4 340.8 323.3 303.9 109.7 317.7 272.5 277.2 319.2 293.2 113.5 373.3 426.5 314.8 314.4 259.7 409.9 375.9 328.6 306.7 111.2 322.6 263.4 262.2 297.1 289.6 118.7 390.6 370.3 327.0 327.1 263.2 322.4 397.1 328.9 307.9 111.3 322.6 275.7 282.0 325.1 297.4 115.4 380.8 426.5 320.5 320.7 262.2 417.9 385.8 329.5 308.8 111.6 323.4 274.7 280.4 324.9 297.7 116.2 382.7 424.7 321.8 321.6 261.8 413.2 387.9 328.5 307.4 111.2 322.2 270.9 274.5 316.8 294.3 116.8 384.0 408.9 322.3 322.3 261.6 386.5 389.4 326.6 305.2 110.5 320.5 265.2 265.6 302.7 289.5 117.1 385.4 381.3 323.3 323.6 262.0 343.0 391.5 325.7 303.6 110.1 319.7 261.2 259.2 292.9 286.3 117.4 387.2 361.8 324.4 324.8 262.1 313.3 393.8 326.7 304.7 110.4 320.6 262.1 260.5 295.2 287.4 117.8 388.3 367.6 325.0 325.3 262.2 319.3 394.5 328.6 306.5 111.1 322.2 263.0 261.8 298.1 288.2 119.2 391.3 380.6 325.5 325.9 262.0 327.1 395.9 328.0 306.1 111.0 322.1 260.2 257.3 292.2 287.1 119.5 392.5 366.5 326.9 326.9 262.0 306.6 397.7 328.1 306.4 111.2 322.6 259.0 255.6 287.9 287.4 119.8 393.6 358.6 328.3 327.9 262.9 292.4 399.0 330.0 307.9 111.7 324.2 261.1 258.9 290.2 289.4 120.2 395.4 360.6 330.0 329.9 264.5 297.7 401.4 330.2 307.8 111.7 324.4 260.9 257.8 288.1 289.0 120.1 395.7 348.6 331.4 331.6 265.5 290.6 403.7 330.4 308.0 111.8 324.5 261.2 257.4 287.7 289.2 120.0 395.4 341.7 332.3 332.5 266.1 288.5 405.0 330.6 308.3 111.9 324.8 261.2 257.5 288.9 289.5 120.2 395.8 342.4 332.6 332.8 265.8 290.5 405.7 31.0 26.7 30.5 26.2 30.5 26.3 30.5 26.2 30.5 26.3 30.7 26.4 30.7 26.4 30.6 26.4 30.5 26.2 30.5 26.2 30.4 26.2 30.3 26.0 30.3 26.0 30.2 26.0 30.2 26.0 318.5 370.4 323.4 376.1 323.4 376.1 324.3 377.1 323.2 375.8 321.4 373.7 320.4 372.6 321.4 373.7 323.0 375.6 322.9 375.5 323.4 376.1 324.9 377.8 325.0 378.0 325.4 378.4 325.7 378.8 301.8 309.3 295.3 315.4 262.7 256.9 320.3 361.5 398.3 293.9 453.2 295.7 349.7 232.6 311.6 319.2 303.7 324.2 274.4 257.1 323.8 373.5 410.5 287.2 478.1 303.2 363.4 242.5 305.4 312.8 297.9 320.4 269.2 255.7 319.3 361.6 401.8 289.6 450.4 298.7 355.2 239.1 307.7 315.1 300.9 320.4 270.7 256.0 329.7 366.1 404.7 291.6 461.0 299.4 356.2 240.1 307.5 314.9 300.1 320.9 267.7 256.0 316.0 375.2 408.1 290.8 485.5 300.9 357.3 240.9 307.6 315.0 299.7 321.1 267.2 255.5 314.6 375.6 407.8 289.7 487.4 300.7 358.6 241.4 308.3 315.6 299.9 320.9 263.5 255.5 325.0 376.0 410.9 287.8 487.0 301.6 360.2 242.3 309.0 316.4 300.4 322.1 262.6 255.8 331.6 374.3 410.6 286.6 481.2 302.7 362.0 242.2 309.3 316.6 300.0 324.5 264.2 255.9 323.5 373.9 410.9 286.4 479.5 303.0 363.5 242.9 312.0 319.5 303.9 324.6 274.0 257.0 325.6 373.4 411.9 286.6 477.6 303.1 364.2 243.4 314.5 322.3 307.3 326.7 282.2 256.9 327.2 373.9 412.6 287.1 476.9 304.5 365.2 243.0 315.0 322.8 307.5 326.8 284.0 257.1 324.2 373.5 413.0 285.1 475.5 305.2 366.6 243.4 315.4 323.3 307.9 326.8 284.4 258.6 322.9 374.4 412.8 284.1 477.7 305.9 367.3 243.5 316.2 324.2 308.4 327.0 285.8 259.9 322.2 373.9 411.9 284.5 477.1 305.3 369.2 243.4 316.8 324.8 308.7 328.0 286.6 260.9 323.4 372.2 411.2 285.5 470.3 306.6 370.5 243.9 343.3 370.4 353.2 390.7 349.1 380.4 350.1 381.8 349.7 382.9 263.7 397.9 103.1 103.0 103.2 364.1 415.0 261.1 394.7 487.5 622.0 451.6 241.6 243.4 197.6 310.7 340.2 279.1 416.0 108.8 108.8 109.4 369.4 425.3 262.5 385.4 462.7 504.5 445.6 253.8 246.5 198.4 317.1 348.2 271.5 397.5 105.9 105.9 105.7 368.5 420.1 264.2 394.3 483.1 659.9 438.8 246.7 245.2 197.8 315.C 345.C 272.5 400.8 106.3 106.3 106.3 373.2 426.2 267.2 395.6 484.1 652.7 441.4 248.3 245.1 197.3 315.8 345.6 272.8 403.5 106.6 106.6 107.8 374.0 426.5 268.1 390.9 475.7 593.6 443.2 248.8 245.3 197.2 316.4 346.3 350.1 385.0 274.1 405.4 107.4 107.3 108.2 364.7 416.6 261.1 386.3 467.1 552.8 441.2 249.9 246.0 198.5 315.5 346.6 351.1 388.1 277.0 411.6 108.1 108.1 108.5 364.6 419.2 259.4 382.6 459.1 521.5 438.0 252.1 246.0 198.1 316.3 347.1 351.6 388.8 277.5 411.3 108.3 108.3 109.0 363.8 420.0 258.0 383.0 459.7 499.9 443.0 252.2 246.1 198.4 315.7 347.4 354.3 389.4 278.5 415.5 108.4 108.4 109.1 363.2 422.6 255.7 394.9 477.3 489.9 465.7 255.8 246.2 198.2 316.8 347.8 354.5 391.5 280.3 420.4 108.8 108.8 110.1 366.7 425.2 259.0 390.3 469.1 462.9 461.4 256.3 246.5 198.4 317.1 348.4 355.4 392.9 280.8 426.1 109.3 109.2 110.1 371.5 428.6 263.5 390.6 469.3 450.7 464.1 256.6 246.6 198.3 317.3 349.1 356.6 395.2 282.2 428.9 110.0 110.0 110.4 370.6 430.7 261.1 389.1 467.1 456.6 460.3 256.2 247.5 199.4 317.9 349.5 355.6 397.1 283.6 426.7 110.5 110.5 110.8 373.1 431.1 264.3 379.3 449.2 454.8 439.6 257.8 247.5 199.3 317.8 350.1 354.3 397.8 284.6 424.8 110.7 110.7 111.3 372.4 428.2 265.0 371.3 437.1 455.0 425.3 255.8 247.2 198.5 318.4 350.1 354.8 398.1 " 285.1 417.3 110.8 110.8 111.7 205.0 206.E 208.1 204.1 203.1 205.2 206.1 205.1 203.0 201.8 205.S 211.C 211.S 211.5 209.6 1985 1986 322.2 286.7 302.0 _ Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100)....... 1986 1985 Annual average Special indexes: _ - Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 1 9 5 7 .5 9 - $ 1 00 ........................................................ 4 7 3 .0 260.0 194.9 298.0 271.7 C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X F O R U R B A N W A G E E A R N E R S A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S : Cereals and bakery products................................................. Sugar and sweets............................................................... Homeowners’ costs (12/84 = 100)........................................... Owners’ equivalent rent (12/84 = 100) .................................. Household insurance (12/84 = 100)...................................... Other utilities and public services ........................................... See footnotes at end of table. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ _ - J___ I 3 7 4 .6 428.1 268.0 371.1 437.3 463.5 423.8 255.3 248.5 199.7 320.6 350.8 30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Series Annual average 1985 1986 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Apparel commodities ................................................................. Men’s and boys’ apparel......................................................... Women’s and girls’ apparel .................................................... Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel................................................. Footwear.................................................................................. Other apparel commodities..................................................... Apparel services......................................................................... 191.3 198.2 171.3 311.7 212.5 203.1 318.5 191.5 199.7 169.4 329.4 211.8 206.1 332.0 194.1 202.2 174.5 317.3 213.6 202.4 324.4 189.4 198.8 166.1 332.7 209.9 203.5 327.2 188.2 196.8 165.2 328.6 208.4 204.2 328.1 190.4 198.0 169.0 329.6 210.7 203.5 329.0 191.2 199.3 169.3 331.3 212.1 204.1 330.2 190.1 200.0 165.9 334.3 212.0 203.8 330.9 187.7 198.0 162.0 335.6 210.6 204.5 331.9 186.3 195.4 160.8 323.7 209.6 206.5 332.2 190.8 197.1 169.3 328.6 209.9 209.5 332.3 196.2 202.3 178.1 326.2 212.0 209.0 334.2 197.1 203.6 178.1 329.2 215.3 207.9 335.6 196.6 204.6 176.2 323.8 215.6 208.9 336.2 194.5 202.1 173.1 329.3 214.9 207.8 336.6 Transportation .............................................................................. Private transportation................................................................. New vehicles............................................................................ New cars................................................................................ Used c a rs ................................................................................. Motor fuel ................................................................................. Gasoline......[.......................................................................... Maintenance and repair............................................................ Other private transportation..................................................... Other private transportation commodities............................. Other private transportation services.................................... Public transportation................................................................... 321.6 317.4 214.2 214.5 379.7 375.4 375.0 352.6 287.7 204.7 312.3 391.7 307.6 301.5 223.3 223.6 363.2 293.1 292.5 364.7 302.2 203.9 330.9 416.3 325.3 320.8 218.6 218.8 375.6 379.6 378.9 359.0 294.7 204.3 321.3 400.2 325.1 320.2 219.0 219.2 374.1 375.3 374.6 359.4 296.9 205.6 323.7 408.6 320.1 314.8 219.4 219.7 370.7 353.0 352.3 360.4 298.4 205.4 325.7 412.6 310.3 304.5 219.4 219.5 367.2 309.6 308.8 360.9 300.6 206.0 328.3 412.0 303.5 297.4 220.2 220.4 364.8 280.1 279.1 362.2 300.4 204.6 328.5 413.0 305.9 299.9 222.0 222.3 363.6 290.3 289.6 362.8 299.8 204.9 327.7 413.8 308.7 302.8 223.2 223.4 362.5 300.6 300.3 363.6 301.2 203.9 329.6 415.1 304.6 298.3 223.7 223.9 360.3 280.9 280.5 365.0 302.4 '203.8 331.2 418.0 300.9 294.4 223.6 223.9 358.0 266.7 266.1 365.7 302.2 204.0 330.9 418.4 301.8 295.3 223.3 223.7 359.5 271.9 271.4 366.6 299.7 202.7 328.1 418.8 302.2 295.7 225.7 226.3 360.6 264.0 263.4 367.2 305.2 201.1 335.4 418.9 304.0 297.5 229.4 230.0 361.0 262.0 261.3 369.7 309.5 202.3 340.7 421.1 304.2 297.5 230.7 231.4 356.6 263.2 262.5 372.3 309.9 202.8 341.0 425.8 Medical c a re .......................................................... Medical care commodities.......................................................... Medical care services................................................... Professional services............................................................... Other medical care services.................................................... 401.2 256.3 432.7 367.7 513.9 431.0 272.8 465.7 391.4 559.0 412.6 262.3 445.4 377.6 530.4 416.0 264.1 449.2 379.3 536.9 420.0 267.0 453.5 382.2 543.0 423.5 268.8 457.3 385.6 547.3 425.7 270.7 459.5 387.4 550.0 427.3 271.7 461.3 388.8 552.3 429.6 272.5 464.0 390.8 555.8 432.4 274.6 466.9 392.3 560.7 435.0 275.2 470.1 394.0 565.8 437.1 275.8 472.6 396.6 568.1 439.7 276.6 475.6 398.4 572.7 441.7 277.0 478.2 400.2 576.2 443.9 279.8 480.1 401.5 579.0 Entertainment ............................................................... Entertainment commodities ........................................................ Entertainment services................................................. 260.1 254.2 271.6 268.7 259.5 286.0 263.0 255.7 276.8 265.4 257.8 280.0 266.5 258.3 282.0 266.5 258.3 282.1 266.9 258.4 283.0 267.3 256.7 283.6 268.4 259.8 284.8 269.0 259.6 286.5 269.2 259.8 286.7 270.0 259.8 288.9 271.1 260.6 290.7 272.1 261.7 291.6 272.3 261.7 292.0 Other goods and services ..................................................... Tobacco products ................................................................... Personal care............................................................ Toilet goods and personal care appliances........................... Personal care services................................................. Personal and educational expenses.................................. School books and supplies............................................... Personal and educational services......................................... 322.7 328.1 279.6 279.0 280.5 399.3 355.7 410.1 341.7 350.7 289.0 288.6 289.8 430.7 384.8 442.0 331.9 337.1 284.0 283.3 285.2 417.4 369.4 429.1 334.9 342.4 285.9 285.9 286.4 418.9 375.6 429.7 336.1 344.4 286.8 286.7 287.4 419.9 378.4 430.3 337.0 345.2 288.0 288.1 288.4 420.1 379.0 430.5 337.6 346.0 288.2 288.4 288.4 421.2 379.1 431.8 338.0 346.0 288.6 288.6 289.0 422.0 379.1 432.8 338.4 346.7 288.6 287.6 290.0 422.9 380.2 433.6 341.2 354.0 288.8 287.8 290.2 423.8 380.5 434.6 342.6 355.9 289.9 289.7 290.5 425.1 381.4 436.0 347.5 356.5 289.5 288.7 290.8 446.1 393.9 458.7 348.8 356.8 290.8 290.5 291.6 448.7 396.7 461.3 349.2 356.9 291.2 290.5 292.4 449.4 396.9 462.1 349.5 357.2 291.3 290.3 292.7 450.0 397.1 462.8 318.5 286.5 301.8 323.4 289.7 305.4 _ 288.7 194.1 340.1 265.7 324.3 289.8 307.7 323.2 287.0 307.5 321.4 283.1 307.6 320.4 280.4 308.3 321.4 281.3 309.0 323.0 282.0 309.3 322.9 281.1 312.0 323.4 281.1 314.5 324.9 282.6 315.0 325.0 282.6 315.4 325.4 283.1 316.2 325.7 283.3 316.8 283.8 191.3 334.2 265.2 323.4 283.1 311.6 265.6 191.5 306.7 264.0 286.9 189.4 339.6 265.6 280.1 188.2 330.1 264.6 269.6 190.4 313.2 263.7 262.0 191.2 301.6 263.3 263.6 190.1 304.5 263.5 265.2 187.7 308.0 263.6 260.1 186.3 301.0 263.2 258.1 190.8 295.9 262.6 261.5 196.2 298.4 263.0 260.2 197.1 296.0 264.0 259.7 196.6 295.6 265.3 259.9 194.5 296.9 265.0 Services.......................................... Rent of shelter (12/84 = 100)............................. Household services less rent of shelter (12/84 = 100).............. Transportation services.............................................................. Medical care services................................................................. Other services ........................ 377.3 103.2 102.6 332.2 432.7 310.1 395.7 109.0 103.9 350.1 465.7 326.9 385.1 106.1 102.0 340.5 445.4 318.3 387.2 106.4 102.6 343.3 449.2 320.4 388.8 106.7 103.0 345.4 453.5 321.6 390.5 107.4 102.8 347.0 457.3 322.1 392.2 108.3 102.7 347.5 459.5 322.9 393.2 108.5 103.4 347.3 461.3 323.6 396.4 108.7 106.4 348.9 464.0 324.6 397.7 109.2 106.0 350.6 466.9 325.6 399.0 109.6 106.4 350.7 470.1 326.0 400.4 110.3 106.0 349.2 472.6 332.2 401.0 110.8 103.8 353.8 475.6 333.8 401.0 111.0 102.0 357.9 478.2 334.7 401.5 111.1 101.8 359.5 480.1 335.1 Special indexes: All items less food .................... All items less shelter ............................ All items less homeowners’ costs (12/84=100).......... All items less medical care............................. Commodities less fo o d ......................... Nondurables less food ..................... Nondurables less food and apparel ........................................... Nondurables........................................... Services less rent of shelter (12/84= 100)................................ Services less medical c a re ......................................................... Energy.............................................. All items less energy ....................... All items less food and energy .................................................. Commodities less food and energy............................................ Energy commodities .................... Services less energy.................................. 319.4 303.4 101.8 314.3 272.8 279.0 320.3 293.9 102.6 369.0 426.3 309.9 308.7 256.8 410.9 371.1 323.0 305.1 102.8 318.0 262.9 262.7 296.9 289.8 107.1 385.9 367.5 321.2 320.3 259.8 322.9 391.9 324.6 307.2 103.2 318.9 275.9 283.9 326.3 298.2 104.2 376.2 426.8 315.3 314.6 259.2 418.9 380.8 325.1 307.9 103.5 319.6 275.0 282.3 325.9 298.4 104.9 378.2 424.7 316.5 315.4 258.8 414.1 382.9 323.8 306.4 103.0 318.3 270.9 276.1 317.5 295.0 105.5 379.5 408.1 316.9 316.1 258.5 387.3 384.5 321.5 303.8 102.3 316.2 264.9 266.4 302.6 289.8 105.7 381.0 379.0 317.8 317.2 258.7 343.3 386.5 320.2 302.1 101.8 315.2 260.7 259.4 292.2 286.3 105.9 382.7 358.4 318.8 318.3 258.8 312.9 388.8 321.2 303.0 102.1 316.1 261.6 260.9 294.9 287.5 106.2 383.6 364.6 319.2 318.6 258.8 319.8 389.4 323.2 304.8 102.7 317.7 262.6 262.4 298.0 288.4 107.6 386.8 378.1 319.7 319.1 258.5 328.1 390.8 322.3 304.3 102.6 317.4 259.6 257.7 291.8 287.2 107.8 387.9 363.1 321.1 320.1 258.5 307.2 392.6 322.2 304.6 102.7 317.8 258.3 255.8 287.3 287.5 108.1 389.0 354.8 322.4 321.0 259.3 292.9 393.7 323.9 305.9 103.2 319.3 260.3 259.1 289.6 289.5 108.3 390.3 356.9 323.9 322.7 260.9 298.2 395.7 324.0 305.7 103.2 319.3 260.0 257.8 287.4 289.0 108.2 390.6 344.8 325.3 324.4 261.7 290.9 398.2 324.2 305.9 103.2 319.6 260.3 257.4 287.0 289.2 108.1 390.4 338.5 326.3 325.4 262.4 289.1 399.6 324.4 306.3 103.4 319.8 260.4 257.6 288.2 289.6 108.3 390.7 339.2 326.5 325.6 262.1 291.1 400.2 31.4 27.0 30.9 26.6 30.9 26.6 30.8 26.5 30.9 26.6 31.1 26.8 31.2 26.8 31.1 26.8 31.0 26.6 31.0 26.6 30.9 26.6 30.8 26.5 30.8 26.5 30.7 26.4 30.7 26.4 All items .......................................... Commodities....................................... Food and beverages ....................................... Commodities less food and beverages........... Nondurables less food and beverages ......... Apparel commodities............................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel ............. Durables............................................... Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 1967 = $1.00....................................... 1957-59 = $1.00............................... - _ _ _ _ _ _ - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 31. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items (1967 = 100, unless otherwise indicated) Urban Wage Earners All Urban Consumers Area' Pricing Other sche index dule2 base Dec. Jan. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Jan. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. - 327.4 328.4 328.6 330.2 330.5 330.8 331.1 323.4 324.3 323.4 324.9 325.0 325.4 325.7 M M - 325.9 323.1 326.3 323.1 331.4 323.2 333.9 321.1 328.7 324.3 331.3 325.3 331.0 324.7 312.6 313.1 312.9 313.4 316.2 312.8 318.3 310.5 313.4 313.6 316.1 314.7 315.8 314.0 M . 326.1 326.8 330.9 334.6 336.2 333.8 332.9 320.1 320.9 323.5 326.8 328.3 326.3 325.3 M M - 320.8 319.7 323.1 320.3 325.9 323.1 326.6 325.8 327.8 324.7 327.5 324.1 329.1 325.2 313.5 322.5 315.8 323.0 317.2 324.4 317.5 326.7 318.7 326.1 318.6 325.4 320.1 326.6 - 287.1 332.0 327.1 333.2 364.4 174.6 333.9 311.6 321.3 322.4 381.9 327.0 331.1 - 286.2 334.0 328.2 333.0 362.9 174.3 332.9 311.3 318.0 325.7 385.9 326.3 332.3 - 287.8 333.4 329.3 335.5 361.2 175.8 330.7 313.5 318.0 323.8 387.5 325.9 334.0 “ - - 280.2 331.1 324.5 326.0 359.1 175.7 353.0 310.6 311.0 319.1 344.7 313.5 332.6 - 277.9 330.9 325.2 324.7 357.2 174.5 351.7 310.2 306.3 320.7 347.4 312.3 334.6 339.9 309.4 352.1 345.9 302.2 334.0 323.7 - 342.2 311.4 351.8 342.8 305.4 331.0 324.7 332.6 295.9 327.5 338.3 305.8 334.1 311.7 - 335.4 292.5 329.9 339.1 308.3 330.5 311.9 340.9 331.8 347.7 _ - 342.4 333.0 343.6 336.0 312.8 331.3 “ 334.5 309.2 339.0 176.4 176.5 177.5 180.4 - 177.2 177.1 177.9 179.6 172.1 172.6 176.0 175.2 - 177.6 179.9 178.3 175.9 174.5 - 177.7 180.0 178.7 176.5 175.4 170.2 175.4 174.6 175.3 176.0 - 174.7 181.0 177.9 182.6 167.7 174.5 176.5 175.0 178.3 176.1 179.9 178.9 173.5 170.5 174.7 178.9 U.S. city average.................. Chicago, III.-Northwestern Ind........................................... Detroit, Mich............................ Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif........................ New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.......................................... Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J............... Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 - 100) ..................... Baltimore, Md.......................... Boston, Mass........................... Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind........... Denver-Boulder, Colo.............. Miami, Fla. (11/77 = 100)..... Milwaukee, Wis........................ Northeast, Pa.......................... Portland, Oreg.-Wash.............. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill....................... San Diego, Calif....................... Seattle-Everett, Wash............. Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va........ Alanta, Ga............................... Buffalo, N.Y............................. Cleveland, Ohio ..................... Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.............. Honolulu, Hawaii.................... Houston, Tex........................... Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas ...... Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis................................ Pittsburgh, Pa.......................... San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. 1 10/67 1 1 1 1 1 11/77 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 _ - 335.3 309.8 348.8 344.5 298.5 336.8 321.8 - _ - - - 340.3 330.1 345.5 - - 340.4 331.5 336.4 Region3 Northeast............................. North Central....................... South................................... West .................................... 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 174.3 176.0 176.3 177.2 - Population size class3 A-1 ....................................... A-2 ....................................... B ........................................... C .......................................... D .......................................... 2 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 174.2 178.4 177.2 174.9 174.7 - Region/population size class cross classification3 Class A: Northeast .......................... North Central .................... South ................................. W est.................................. 2 12/77 2 12/77 2 12/77 2 11/77 171.2 179.4 176.5 179.3 Class B: Northeast .......................... North Central.................... South ................................. W est.................................. 2 12/77 2 12/77 2 12/77 2 12/77 176.7 174.2 178.0 178.4 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ 338.9 307.5 352.7 346.2 301.5 332.9 323.9 2 2 2 See footnotes at end of table. 1986 1985 1986 1985 - - - - _ 175.0 176.2 176.4 179.0 - 176.6 179.1 176.6 175.0 173.8 - 173.1 180.7 176.7 182.0 174.7 172.5 178.6 178.1 - - - - 174.2 180.3 177.6 184.2 178.0 174.0 180.0 179.2 - - - - “ - _ - - - - - - 355.3 “ 335.9 294.2 329.3 338.5 308.8 331.7 311.3 - - 337.8 296.1 328.9 335.0 312.7 328.5 312.4 “ 334.6 310.6 341.1 ” 335.9 311.8 337.0 172.2 172.2 175.3 176.4 “ 173.5 172.4 176.3 177.8 - 174.3 173.0 176.5 177.0 171.8 175.3 173.5 174.8 174.5 - 172.5 176.0 175.1 175.7 175.1 “ 172.8 176.1 175.5 176.2 175.9 168.8 175.0 176.1 176.9 - 169.7 174.5 176.9 179.0 ■“ 170.3 175.3 177.0 177.5 174.6 169.5 175.7 179.3 “ 175.1 171.5 175.6 179.0 171.8 168.1 174.6 178.3 - - 279.7 330.4 325.9 327.6 355.2 176.1 349.4 311.9 306.1 319.0 349.0 311.7 335.9 - _ - 31. Continued— Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items (1967 = 100, unless otherwise indicated) All Urban Consumers Area1 Pricing Other sche index dule2 base 1985 Dec. Class C: Northeast .......................... North Central.................... South ................................. W est.................................. 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 184.1 171.5 175.3 169.1 Class D: Northeast .......................... North Central.................... South ................................ W est.................................. 2 12/77 2 12/77 2 12/77 2 12/77 178.1 172.6 174.5 176.2 Jan. - - ~ Aug. Sept. 182.8 171.2 174.8 173.0 176.8 171.4 174.3 174.9 - - 1985 Oct. 183.8 172.3 175.8 173.1 178.1 171.7 175.4 175.3 ’ Area is generally the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA), exclusive of farms. L.A.-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif, is a combination of two SMSA’s, and N.Y., N.Y.-Northeastern N.J. and Chicago, III.-Northwest ern Ind. are the more extensive Standard Consolidated Areas. Area defini tions are those established by the Office of Management and Budget in 1973, except for Denver-Boulder, Colo, which does not include Douglas County. Definitions do not include revisions made since 1973. 2 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated:. M - Every month. 1 - January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2 - February, April, June, August, October, and December. 3 Regions are defined as the four Census regions. The population size classes are aggregations of areas which have urban population as defined: A-1 - More than 4,000,000. 32. Urban Wage Earners 1986 Nov. - - “ Dec. Dec. 186.3 171.9 176.4 172.9 188.8 168.2 176.7 167.8 179.8 171.6 176.6 176.3 177.7 174.2 176.1 177.7 1986 Jan. _ - _ - - Aug. 187.2 167.7 175.3 171.1 176.2 172.4 175.0 176.3 Sept. _ _ _ _ _ - - Oct. 188.1 168.7 176.3 171.2 177.2 172.7 175.9 176.7 Nov. Dec. _ 190.5 168.4 176.7 171.1 _ _ _ _ _ - 178.9 172.7 177.0 177.6 A-2 - 1,250,000 to 4,000,000. B - 385,000 to 1,250,000 C - 75,000 to 385,000. D - Less than 75,000. Population size class A is the aggregation of population size classes A-1 and A-2. - Data not available. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI pro gram. Because each local index is a small subset of the national index, it has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error than the national index. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are quite similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in escalator clauses. Annual data: Consumer Price Index all items and major groups Series 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 195.4 7.7 217.4 11.3 246.8 13.5 272.4 10.4 289.1 6.1 298.4 3.2 311.1 4.3 322.2 3.6 328.4 1.9 206.3 9.7 228.5 10.8 248.0 8.5 267.3 7.8 278.2 4.1 284.4 2.2 295.1 3.8 302.0 2.3 311.8 3.2 202.8 8.7 227.6 12.2 263.3 15.7 293.5 11.5 314.7 7.2 323.1 2.7 336.5 4.1 349.9 4.0 360.2 2.9 159.6 3.5 166.6 4.4 178.4 7.1 186.9 4.8 191.8 2.6 196.5 2.5 200.2 1.9 206.0 2.9 207.8 .9 185.5 4.7 212.0 14.3 249.7 17.8 280.0 12.1 291.5 4.1 298.4 2.4 311.7 4.5 319.9 2.6 307.5 -3.9 219.4 8.4 239.7 9.3 265.9 10.9 294.5 10.8 328.7 11.6 357.3 8.7 379.5 6.2 403.1 6.2 433.5 7.5 Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: Index..................................................................... Percent change............................................................. Food and beverages: Index.............................................................................. Percent change............................................................. Housing: Index.............................................................................. Percent change............................................................. Apparel and upkeep: Index.............................................................................. Percent change............................................................. Transportation: Index.............................................................................. Percent change............................................................. Medical care: Index.............................................................................. Percent change............................................................. Entertainment: Index............................................................................ Percent change.............................................................. Other goods and services: Index........................................................................... Percent change.............................................................. 176.6 5.3 188.5 6.7 205.3 8.9 221.4 7.8 235.8 6.5 246.0 4.3 255.1 3.7 265.0 3.9 274.1 3.4 183.3 6.4 196.7 7.3 214.5 9.0 235.7 9.9 259.9 10.3 288.3 10.9 307.7 6.7 326.6 6.1 346.4 6.1 Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Index.............................................................................. Percent change.............................................................. 195.3 7.6 217.7 11.5 247.0 13.5 272.3 10.2 288.6 6.0 297.4 3.0 307.6 3.4 318.5 3.5 323.4 1.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 33. February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967 = 100) 1986 Annual average Grouping 1985 Finished goods .......................................... Finished consumer goods ........................ Finished consumer foods....................... Finished consumer goods excluding Nondurable goods less food ............... Durable goods ..................................... Capital equipment..................................... Intermediate materials, supplies, and com ponents.............................................. Materials and components for Materials for food manufacturing........... Materials for nondurable manufacturing . Materials for durable manufacturing....... Components for manufacturing.............. Materials and components for construction.............................................. Processed fuels and lubricants................. 80 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 289.3 284.5 275.1 287.6 282.3 280.4 288.1 283.0 284.0 287.5 282.7 282.2 290.5 284.9 282.9 290.7 285.0 283.0 289.9 284.2 282.9 284.4 313.5 245.9 306.1 278.3 302.6 246.2 306.4 277.5 301.6 245.8 306.2 278.1 304.8 242.7 304.2 281.0 301.9 253.6 310.1 281.1 302.1 253.5 310.5 279.9 300.5 252.9 310.1 287.2 281.9 271.9 - 298.3 339.6 243.5 303.9 291.8 328.0 243.9 304.3 284.6 315.4 243.7 304.3 282.2 309.8 245.7 305.6 284.0 313.0 245.5 305.7 318.7 - 317.4 313.5 309.5 307.1 306.7 306.8 304.8 304.5 306.1 304.9 304.9 305.0 299.5 258.8 285.9 320.2 291.5 - 295.1 247.9 277.8 312.9 294.1 295.6 251.7 277.7 313.0 294.6 296.0 255.5 277.1 313.6 294.9 296.2 254.3 277.3 314.5 295.1 296.5 253.2 277.7 315.4 294.9 296.5 253.2 278.1 315.0 295.0 296.2 253.0 277.9 313.8 295.2 297.3 339.3 241.5 300.5 - - 297.1 252.8 283.8 313.4 293.1 296.5 249.2 282.4 313.1 293.6 296.4 246.7 282.5 313.6 293.7 295.5 244.8 279.3 313.7 294.1 295.4 248.7 278.2 313.2 294.1 316.2 540.8 311.2 286.6 316.5 500.8 310.9 286.4 317.0 453.4 312.3 286.8 318.3 428.5 312.8 287.2 318.3 424.2 313.6 287.1 317.8 426.7 314.0 287.3 317.9 401.1 314.6 287.2 317.6 395.0 316.2 287.1 317.9 409.1 317.8 287.9 317.3 395.1 318.4 287.5 317.6 393.2 319.6 287.9 317.0 396.2 319.7 288.3 - 301.0 231.7 450.6 289.0 227.2 422.7 281.1 224.4 403.9 273.7 220.3 389.4 279.4 229.9 386.9 276.9 227.1 384.8 277.7 234.4 370.8 276.3 238.1 358.3 275.5 231.9 369.6 276.7 233.7 369.8 278.4 235.9 369.7 274.8 232.8 365.1 299.0 720.9 269.2 261.3 268.7 - 300.7 700.9 272.7 264.8 272.1 296.3 629.3 272.2 264.0 272.5 291.2 554.1 272.1 263.9 272.5 289.9 517.2 273.1 264.9 273.9 291.2 534.1 274.0 266.1 274.0 291.6 536.4 274.3 266.3 274.3 287.4 461.6 276.4 268.9 275.0 286.8 456.2 277.2 270.0 274.8 286.6 477.2 275.4 268.4 273.1 290.5 454.9 279.7 272.2 278.8 290.7 452.9 280.0 272.4 279.1 289.7 446.8 279.5 271.9 278.5 252.1 - 255.5 256.0 256.0 257.3 257.5 257.7 258.7 258.4 256.9 262.4 262.7 262.0 246.2 - 250.5 251.1 251.2 252.0 252.3 252.5 253.9 253.8 253.6 254.4 254.9 254.2 325.0 232.8 528.3 304.0 - 323.6 232.6 520.0 303.4 319.7 228.9 482.0 303.0 315.5 227.8 437.0 303.3 313.0 227.0 413.3 303.1 312.4 229.3 409.1 303.0 312.5 229.0 411.1 302.9 310.4 230.3 386.6 303.3 309.9 232.1 380.7 303.5 311.5 233.3 393.8 304.0 310.4 229.8 380.5 303.9 310.4 230.9 378.7 304.2 310.5 231.7 381.3 304.0 - 304.3 304.2 304.5 304.3 304.0 303.8 304.1 304.2 304.7 304.9 305.1 304.8 539.2 230.5 242.3 535.3 232.7 244.5 519.5 230.9 246.9 Intermediate materials less foods and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Mar. 288.0 283.4 271.6 306.1 235.0 459.2 1 Crude nonfood materials except fuel. Feb. 291.9 288.4 272.0 Supplies..................................................... Crude energy materials................................ Crude materials less energy ....................... Crude nonfood materials less energy......... Jan. 296.0 293.8 275.0 293.7 291.8 271.2 Crude materials for further processing Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ....................... Nonfood materials1................................... Intermediate foods and feeds..................... Intermediate energy goods ......................... Intermediate goods less energy .................. Intermediate materials less foods and energy......................................................... _ 288.9 284.1 274.8 315.2 548.9 311.2 284.2 Special groupings Finished goods, excluding foods................. Finished energy goods ................................ Finished goods less energy........................ Finished consumer goods less energy....... Finished goods less food and energy ........ Finished consumer goods less food and energy......................................................... Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy......................................................... 1986 305.2 748.1 233.2 249.7 - - _ - _ - _ - 732.8 229.8 245.8 662.9 226.5 246.5 614.5 224.7 247.9 577.0 221.9 249.1 570.6 229.2 249.3 563.9 227.3 250.1 - Data not available. 528.8 232.8 250.0 520.4 232.4 235.9 544.1 228.5 239.2 34. Producer Price indexes, by durability of product (1967=100) Annual average 1986 Grouping 1985 Total durable goods .................................... Total nondurable goods............................... 297.3 317.2 Total manufactures...................................... Durable...................................................... Nondurable ................................................ 304.3 298.1 310.5 Total raw or slightly processed goods ....... Durable...................................................... Nondurable................................................ 327.9 252.2 332.4 1986 - “ _ ” _ - ' Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 298.1 316.8 298.4 308.4 298.6 300.7 299.7 296.0 299.6 297.9 299.7 297.7 300.0 294.5 299.9 294.2 299.2 295.6 302.3 294.2 302.5 294.6 302.1 294.0 304.8 299.0 310.6 301.1 299.3 302.9 297.3 299.4 294.9 296.1 300.5 291.2 296.7 300.4 292.6 296.9 300.5 293.0 295.2 300.9 289.1 295.5 300.8 289.7 296.2 300.1 292.0 297.0 303.2 290.2 297.2 303.4 290.5 297.2 302.9 290.9 326.0 248.2 330.6 316.3 251.2 320.2 310.3 252.4 313.6 303.0 253.1 305.8 306.2 252.1 309.3 304.2 251.2 307.2 303.2 249.6 306.2 300.4 252.0 303.0 299.2 253.2 301.7 298.8 252.0 301.4 299.9 254.3 302.4 296.3 254.7 298.4 - Data not available. 35. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967 = 100) In d e x 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 181.7 180.7 184.6 195.9 194.9 199.2 217.7 217.9 216.5 247.0 248.9 239.8 269.8 271.3 264.3 280.7 281.0 279.4 285.2 284.6 287.2 291.1 290.3 294.0 293.7 291.8 300.5 F in is h e d g o o d s : Total .................................................................... Consumer g oods............................................. Capital equipment ........................................... I n t e r m e d i a t e m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n ts : Total .................................................................... Materials and components for manufacturing................................................. Materials and components for construction .... Processed fuels and lubricants ...................... Containers ....................................................... Supplies........................................................... 201.5 215.6 243.2 280.3 306.0 310.4 312.3 320.0 318.7 195.4 203.4 282.5 188.3 188.7 208.7 224.7 295.3 202.8 198.5 234.4 247.4 364.8 226.8 218.2 265.7 268.3 503.0 254.5 244.5 286.1 287.6 595.4 276.1 263.8 289.8 293.7 591.7 285.6 272.1 293.4 301.8 564.8 286.6 277.1 301.8 310.3 566.2 302.3 283.4 299.5 315.2 548.9 311.2 284.2 209.2 192.1 245.0 372.1 234.4 216.2 272.3 426.8 274.3 247.9 330.0 507.6 304.6 259.2 401.0 615.0 329.0 257.4 482.3 751.2 319.5 247.8 473.9 886.1 323.6 252.2 477.4 931.5 330.8 259.5 484.5 931.3 306.1 235.0 459.2 909.6 C r u d e m a t e r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g : Total .................................................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ............................... Nonfood materials except fuel ....................... Fuel ................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 36. February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data U.S. export price indexes by Standard international Trade Classification (June 1977 = 100, unless otherwise indicated) C a te g o ry Mar. ALL COMMODITIES (9/83 = 100)............................................... June 1986 1985 1984 1974 SITO Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 100.2 101.5 99.3 98.1 97.5 97.5 96.5 96.7 Mar. June Sept. 97.0 96.7 95.1 Food (3/83 = 100)........................................................................ Meat (3/83 = 100)...................................................................... Fish (3/83 = 100) ....................................................................... Grain and grain preparations (3/80 = 100) ............................... Vegetables and fruit (3/83 = 100) ............................................. Feedstuffs for animals (3/83 = 100).......................................... Misc. food products (3/83 = 100).............................................. 0 01 03 04 05 08 09 106.2 108.9 99.8 102.7 116.2 106.9 104.9 109.6 108.7 98.7 107.4 126.9 98.8 110.6 103.5 105.6 98.0 101.2 125.6 83.5 109.5 96.5 104.4 98.7 92.9 114.7 82.4 108.4 95.8 103.9 101.0 92.4 119.5 72.8 110.6 94.0 104.7 103.6 90.3 120.2 68.6 109.2 90.2 106.1 102.6 82.6 126.9 75.7 108.1 93.6 112.2 101.8 87.1 118.9 83.4 107.7 90.5 111.5 102.2 82.1 115.3 88.5 106.0 89.5 114.7 106.2 79.1 125.8 85.5 104.7 77.2 122.0 111.2 59.0 131.4 90.2 106.6 Beverages and tobacco (6/83 = 100)....................................... Beverages (9/83 = 100)............................................................ Tobacco and tobacco products (6/83 = 100)........................... 1 11 12 101.6 102.3 101.6 101.9 102.9 101.8 102.8 103.3 102.7 101.3 103.7 101.1 99.9 104.0 99.5 100.1 105.3 99.6 99.7 101.8 99.5 98.6 100.9 98.4 95.6 101.9 95.1 96.5 103.0 95.9 96.3 102.2 95.8 Crude materials (6 /83=100).................................................... Raw hides and skins (6/80 = 100) ........................................... Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit (9/77 = 100).............................. Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) (9/83 = 100) W ood......................................................................................... Pulp and waste paper (6/83 = 100) ......................................... Textile fibers............................................................................. Crude fertilizers and minerals.................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ......................................... 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 112.5 145.6 93.9 103.3 131.1 112.5 120.5 146.6 100.2 118.3 154.7 104.3 106.0 129.4 122.1 125.6 147.7 98.5 105.2 153.7 79.9 104.1 123.8 120.8 109.4 163.0 93.2 101.4 133.6 74.8 104.0 125.4 114.2 106.7 163.2 92.4 97.5 121.0 71.0 106.4 128.7 100.5 102.4 165.6 89.2 96.8 126.2 71.2 106.3 125.7 96.1 105.8 167.9 82.0 93.3 129.0 64.2 107.1 124.5 93.8 103.6 169.4 80.1 92.5 139.9 63.9 106.0 128.1 92.7 97.7 165.5 78.7 95.8 138.9 66.9 106.0 128.7 98.8 101.6 168.0 83.4 95.6 148.9 65.8 106.1 128.7 109.7 98.6 166.1 80.5 92.3 138.0 64.5 105.3 129.7 120.7 74.7 164.3 84.6 3 99.1 99.7 99.7 99.7 100.1 99.2 97.6 96.6 91.9 86.7 85.7 Fixed vegetable oils and fats (6/83 = 100)..... 4 42 129.8 133.2 164.5 176.4 145.7 159.0 147.9 156.7 142.0 152.9 144.5 164.8 114.5 128.8 101.4 108.7 90.8 95.4 84.4 95.3 76.5 80.8 (3/83 = 100) ....................... Organic chemicals (12/83 = 100) ...... Fertilizers, manufactured (3/83 = 100) 5 51 56 101.4 100.2 108.3 99.7 101.0 96.9 98.3 97.4 97.4 97.7 94.7 94.8 97.0 93.8 92.5 96.8 96.5 87.9 97.1 97.1 89.8 96.6 95.4 90.0 96.5 93.5 88.6 95.4 89.3 84.0 93.1 88.0 77.4 101.0 83.5 146.7 150.2 95.9 94.2 103.1 101.3 81.2 147.5 154.7 96.1 92.9 104.5 102.0 80.8 148.9 160.0 96.8 90.4 105.1 100.4 79.0 148.5 159.5 96.5 82.5 105.0 99.4 82.5 150.2 155.0 95.5 79.7 105.4 99.2 79.2 149.0 151.6 95.3 79.6 105.2 99.2 75.9 148.3 149.6 95.9 79.8 105.4 99.1 78.5 148.7 148.2 98.2 78.2 104.4 100.3 77.8 151.0 152.2 98.4 80.2 105.3 101.2 82.5 150.0 158.7 99.4 79.1 105.5 102.2 84.2 150.4 165.3 100.2 79.4 105.6 67 68 69 7 71 72 73 74 75 76 138.5 158.4 152.3 150.8 148.6 101.4 133.0 110.2 130.2 183.1 139.4 156.9 152.8 151.2 149.0 101.5 132.3 112.6 131.2 187.7 140.1 160.6 153.7 151.7 149.3 99.8 134.4 113.8 131.0 189.6 141.5 167.5 153.4 151.9 150.2 101.4 134.3 114.6 131.8 191.7 142.3 165.3 155.0 153.4 152.4 100.9 133.3 114.9 133.1 195.5 142.9 167.4 155.7 155.1 152.0 100.0 133.3 116.1 133.9 196.6 143.1 167.1 156.0 156.3 152.4 99.9 134.1 115.3 133.8 199.3 143.3 167.5 156.2 158.4 152.2 99.4 134.5 113.8 135.0 200.7 144.0 169.1 155.5 159.0 152.3 99.9 136.5 115.1 135.5 203.3 144.1 169.2 154.7 158.9 153.3 99.2 137.0 114.2 136.4 205.6 144.4 169.5 155.0 160.4 154.4 98.8 137.8 114.2 136.5 206.0 77 78 79 100.6 101.9 171.8 100.4 102.1 172.0 100.7 103.9 175.8 99.3 103.4 171.7 99.5 104.7 175.5 100.4 104.7 178.3 100.3 105.0 178.7 100.3 105.3 178.8 102.6 103.4 104.1 182.1 183.8 183.8 131.6 132.9 132.7 M in e r a l fu e ls A n im a l a n d v e g e t a b le s o ils , fa t s , a n d w a x e s C h e m ic a ls (9/81 = 100) Leather and furskins (9 /7 9 =10 0 )........................... Rubber manufactures ............................................. Paper and paperboard products (6/78 = 1 00)....... Iron and steel (3/82=100) ..................................... Nonferrous metals (9/81=100) ............................. Metal manufactures, n.e.s. (3/82 = 100) ................ In t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts 6 61 62 64 _ - M a c h in e r y a n d tr a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t , e x c lu d in g m ilita r y (12/78 = 100) ........................................... Power generating machinery and equipment (12/78 = 100) ........... Machinery specialized for particular industries (9/78 = 100) ........... Metalworking machinery (6/78=100) .............................................. General industrial machines and parts n.e.s. 9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 )............... Office machines and automatic data processing equipment .......... Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing equipment Electrical machinery and equipment................................................ Road vehicles and parts (3/80 = 100)............................................. Other transport equipment, excl. military and commercial aviation a n d c o m m e r c ia l a ir c r a f t O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r e d a r t ic le s .............................................................................. Apparel (9/83 = 100)........................................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches and clocks (12/77 = 100)....................................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. G o ld , n o n - m o n e t a r y ( 6 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 ) - Data not available. 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 132.0 131.3 132.7 130.3 128.0 129.1 127.5 128.5 84 98.5 97.9 95.2 94.1 92.4 93.1 93.1 92.4 95.6 95.6 97.6 971 95.8 93.5 81.7 79.5 69.1 75.4 77.4 77.5 81.8 82.2 97.5 37. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification (June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated) 1974 SITC C a te g o ry A L L C O M M O D IT IE S (9/82=100). (9/77 = 100). M e a t................... Dairy products and eggs (6/81 == 100) Fish.......................................................................................... Bakery goods, pasta products, grain and grain preparations (9/77=100) ........................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Sugar, sugar preparations, and honey (3 /8 2 = 10 0 ).............. Coffee, tea, cocoa..................................................... Food 06 1984 Sept. 1985 Dec. Mar. 27 29 (6/82 = 100).......... Petroleum and Petroleum products (6/82=100) F u e ls a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s (9/83=100) ... Vegetable oils (9/83 = 100). F a ts a n d o ils Mar. June Sept 93.5 93.0 92.9 94.2 88 83.2 83.8 102.0 98.1 98.5 96.8 98.9 98.4 98.3 97.9 94.9 120.6 99.1 129.7 102.8 131.2 100.5 132.7 113.4 122.7 106.7 139.3 104.7 118.5 107.1 144.8 109.1 126.9 109.4 149.6 132.9 135.4 119.0 60.3 132.8 117.2 118.5 58.4 131.8 127.1 118.4 57.0 132.3 129.4 122.6 56.0 136.3 120.2 123.1 54.4 141.9 131.3 111.9 64.6 146.9 119.4 124.6 85.9 149.2 119.4 69.2 154.0 127.1 123.9 71.8 157.1 154.3 158.0 156.0 162.1 159.1 163.2 161.8 165.5 163.9 165.8 165.5 95.3 75.5 106.3 79.9 98.2 76.9 109.4 100.0 Beverages .................... 23 Dec. 95.7 1Jv). J Crude rubber (ine. synthetic & reclaimed) (3/84=100) Wood (9/81 = 100) ......................................................... Pulp and waste paper (12/81 = 1 0 0 )............................. Crude fertilizers and crude minerals (12/83 = 100) ...... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap (3/84 = 100).......... Crude vegetable and animal materials, n.e.s................. Sept. 96.7 B e v e ra g e s a n d to b a c c o C r u d e m a t e r i a l s ................................................................................. June 121.6 100.6 90.7 99.6 96.3 98.0 100.1 101.1 98.9 83.8 104.0 93.2 98.6 95.6 106.4 94.0 77.6 100.7 84.0 100.3 90.4 104.3 93.6 76.4 106.9 80.4 101.7 87.6 104.9 91.5 68.9 101.6 76.8 102.7 89.5 102.5 91.2 73.2 99.4 75.8 102.1 90.1 102.5 94.2 78.8 104.3 74.9 101.5 94.5 103.6 95.6 104.4 100.4 98.2 104.8 86.9 87.0 85.2 85.2 82.9 83.8 80.9 81.6 79.8 80.3 79.1 80.1 55.3 54.7 37.5 36.1 33.3 31.8 124.4 125.3 114.9 115.3 89.9 89.5 76.7 75.9 57.6 56.2 50.6 48.9 41.4 39.3 39.3 37.4 35.5 33.5 86.0 (9 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )................................................ Medicinal and pharmaceutical products (3/84 = 100) Manufactured fertilizers (3/84 = 100).......................... Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. (9/84=100). 54 56 59 98.8 96.4 98.5 100.0 97.1 94.6 92.9 97.5 95.7 91.6 94.2 96.1 94.9 95.1 82.0 95.6 94.5 95.3 80.8 96.9 94.2 96.7 78.5 97.8 94.6 102.9 79.2 99.9 93.3 104.9 79.7 100.3 77.4 101.0 In t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts (12/77 = 100) Leather and furskms ................................................... Rubber manufactures, n.e.s......................................... Cork and wood manufactures .................................... Paper and paperboard products ................................. Textiles..................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s..................... Iron and steel (9/78=100) ......................................... Nonferrous metals (12/81=100) ................................ Metal manufactures, n.e.s................................... 6 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 137.2 144.0 139.6 126.4 156.1 131.6 156.6 124.7 90.2 119.3 136.8 140.4 140.5 126.1 157.5 132.9 159.4 123.7 87.3 119.3 133.1 135.3 139.5 121.3 157.6 130.4 154.2 121.0 81.9 117.4 132.4 133.3 138.6 121.2 157.2 127.5 151.7 120.1 82.3 117.8 133.6 137.0 137.3 123.4 157.8 126.5 157.6 119.1 83.7 119.5 133.4 141.3 138.1 124.0 156.5 128.1 162.2 118.3 80.4 121.6 134.0 141.6 136.5 130.8 157.1 131.2 164.2 117.3 79.4 124.4 135.6 143.0 137.7 134.3 157.1 132.9 169.6 118.1 78.9 127.8 138.8 147.4 138.1 137.4 157.5 135.4 178.2 119.0 83.5 129.1 Machinery and transport equipment (6/81 = 100)........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries (9/78=100) ........... Metalworking machinery (3/80=100) ....................................” General industrial machinery and parts, n.e.s. (6/81 = 100) Office machines and automatic data processing equipment (3/80 - 100)........................................................ Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing apparatus (3/80 = 100).............................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment (12/81 = 100)......................... Road vehicles and parts (6/81 = 100)....................................... 7 72 73 74 102.6 98.8 92.1 92.4 102.9 98.0 89.9 91.3 101.6 96.2 86.3 89.2 102.6 97.0 90.5 91.1 103.5 101.4 94.2 94.3 107.2 104.9 98.1 98.0 111.5 105.0 103.8 115.3 115.4 107.7 109.0 75 94.1 92.2 89.6 89.4 90.3 93.7 96.9 100.8 102.1 76 77 78 93.6 87.0 109.8 91.3 86.4 111.3 90.0 82.1 111.5 88.8 83.9 112.1 88.3 81.4 112.7 88.6 83.1 117.8 89.4 84.5 123.4 91.6 87.5 127.1 93.7 89.5 129.8 8 81 82 84 85 99.7 110.7 138.4 135.4 138.4 100.0 111.6 142.5 138.5 142.5 97.0 113.9 137.4 136.7 137.4 98.0 114.1 136.7 133.9 136.7 99.6 117.8 142.1 134.5 142.1 100.8 115.0 142.7 134.5 142.7 104.8 123.5 142.2 135.3 142.2 109.5 125.5 145.8 137.8 145.8 87 95.6 92.9 89.2 92.3 98.8 102.4 112.5 118.5 88 89 91.2 98.3 91.3 96.3 88.9 91.2 89.5 95.2 91.1 96.4 94.5 97.9 103.2 103.4 106.8 112.3 971 106.4 103.6 90.1 98.3 101.1 101.0 C h e m ic a ls Misc. manufactured articles (3/80 = 100)......................................... Plumbing, heating, and lighting fixtures (6/80=100) ............ Furniture and parts (6/80 = 100) .............................. Clothing (9/77=100) ........................................ Footwear............................................................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus (12/79 = 100)............................................................ Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches, and clocks (3/80 = 100)................................................... Misc. manufactured articles, n.e.s. (6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )............................... ZZZZZZ G o ld , n o n - m o n e t a r y ( 6 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 112.1 99.3 93.4 110.0 118.1 120.1 110.7 112.8 126.9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 38. February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data U.S. export price indexes by end-use category (September 1983 = 100 unless otherwise indicated) C a te g o ry Sept. 16.294 30.696 21.327 9.368 30.186 7.483 7.467 3.965 3.501 39. Dec. 88.8 100.5 102.8 95.0 104.6 105.3 101.3 99.4 103.0 1986 1985 1984 Percentage of 1980 trade value 83.0 99.1 101.4 93.3 105.6 105.7 100.8 99.3 102.3 Mar. Sept. June 81.5 97.6 99.6 92.6 106.2 106.7 100.9 99.1 102.7 80.9 97.2 99.5 91.6 106.6 108.0 101.1 99.2 103.0 76.2 96.5 98.7 91.1 106.6 108.1 101.9 100.4 103.3 Dec. 77.5 95.9 97.9 91.0 106.6 109.2 101.4 99.5 103.3 Mar. 75.5 96.0 97.5 92.5 107.4 109.5 103.7 101.8 105.5 June 74.7 94.9 96.1 91.9 107.5 110.4 104.5 101.8 107.2 Sept. 66.0 93.4 93.7 92.5 107.6 110.8 104.5 102.1 106.9 U.S. import price indexes by end-use category (December 1982 = 100) C a te g o r y Foods, feeds, and beverages ....................................................... Petroleum and petroleum products, excl. natural g a s .................. Raw materials, excluding petroleum ............................................. Raw materials, nondurable ......................................................... Raw materials, durable............................................................... Capital goods................................................................................. Automotive vehicles, parts and engines....................................... Consumer goods............................................................................ Durable .................................................................... ................... Nondurable.................................................................................. 40. Per centage of 1980 trade value 7.477 31.108 19.205 9.391 9.814 13.164 11.750 14.250 5.507 8.743 1984 Sept. 105.6 87.5 102.5 101.7 103.3 98.0 104.0 100.6 98.8 103.0 1985 Dec. 101.8 85.7 101.1 100.7 101.6 97.8 105.2 101.1 98.5 104.6 Mar. June 102.1 84.4 96.3 95.0 97.7 94.8 105.4 99.5 97.0 103.0 100.4 82.1 95.8 93.9 97.8 96.3 105.9 99.4 97.0 102.5 1986 Sept. 99.0 80.9 95.4 93.5 97.4 97.6 106.4 101.0 98.9 103.9 Dec. 106.0 80.5 93.9 91.8 96.2 100.0 111.4 102.4 100.7 104.7 Mar. 115.8 55.4 94.5 91.1 98.1 102.8 115.6 104.5 103.4 106.0 June 108.2 36.8 94.0 89.7 98.7 106.7 119.0 106.5 106.5 106.6 U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1 1984 1986 1985 In d u s tr y g r o u p Sept. Manufacturing: Food and kindred products (6/83-100) .......................... Lumber and wood products, except furniture (6 /8 3 -1 0 0 )..................................................................... Furniture and fixtures (9/83-100) ................................... Paper and allied products (3 /8 1 -1 0 0 )............................. Chemicals and allied products (1 2 /8 4 -1 0 0 ).................... Petroleum and coal products (12/83 —100)..................... Primary metal products (3/82—100) ................................. Machinery, except electrical (9 /7 8 -1 0 0 )......................... Electrical machinery (12/80-100) ................................... Transportation equipment (1 2 /7 8 -1 0 0 )........................... Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks (6/77-100) ..................................................................... 1 SIC - based classification. 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 105.6 103.3 99.5 99.5 96.7 98.1 97.0 95.0 95.2 97.0 103.5 106.1 101.3 100.7 100.0 138.0 110.7 157.7 97.9 104.9 103.6 100.7 100.4 95.8 139.9 111.1 158.8 99.9 105.2 97.1 100.3 101.3 91.2 140.4 111.3 160.4 99.5 106.5 94.7 99.6 102.7 92.7 140.5 112.4 161.8 98.3 107.1 93.2 99.7 102.0 93.6 140.6 111.9 162.6 101.2 108.4 92.1 99.2 99.1 93.6 140.5 111.2 164.1 101.5 109.2 95.7 98.9 93.5 96.4 140.6 112.6 165.1 101.2 109.7 101.5 98.3 83.1 96.6 140.3 112.3 166.8 102.1 110.1 106.4 96.2 83.1 101.6 140.5 112.5 167.1 156.0 153.0 154.9 156.6 156.2 156.7 159.7 161.2 161.5 Sept. 112.3 32.3 95.3 89.5 101.4 109.4 121.0 110.1 111.2 108.6 41. U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1984 19 1986 In d u s t r y g r o u p Sept. Manufacturing: Food and kindred products (6/77 = 100) Textile mill products (9/82 = 100)...... Apparel and related products (6/77=100) Lumber and wood products, except furniture (6 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )...................... Furniture and fixtures (6/80=100) Paper and allied products (6/77 = 100)...... Chemicals and allied products (9/82=100) Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products (12/8 0=1 0 0 )............... Leather and leather products ............. Primary metal products (6/81=100) ..... Fabricated metal products (12/84 = 100) Machinery, except electrical (3/80 = 100) Electrical machinery (9/84=100).. Transportation equipment (6/81 =100) Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks (12/7 9=1 0 0 )..................... Miscellaneous manufactured commodities (9/82=100) ........................ Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 124.1 104.3 133.9 122.6 104.7 138.2 118.8 102.8 135.6 115 0 101 0 133.0 114.2 100.4 133.9 134.4 117.3 96.2 146.1 99.8 120.0 95.6 145.5 98.2 116.3 93.9 141.5 95.3 120.6 96 1 139 8 93.9 117.5 97.7 138.7 93.3 97.8 141.6 88.3 98.0 144.2 86.6 100.0 94.1 98.6 112.9 96.9 139.1 82.2 99.0 91.8 95.1 113.1 96 7 138 9 83 0 99 1 93 4 95 8 114.2 96.6 94.5 114.8 _ 95.5 100.0 110.7 115.1 June Sept. 117.7 104.7 133.4 115.6 106.4 135.1 118.1 107.4 137.8 115.8 98.2 137.4 95.8 122.1 101.2 124.8 103.5 139.4 127.9 105.4 142.2 103.8 96.6 142.3 83.4 97.5 144.0 81.9 101.0 102.6 100.0 95.8 119.6 100.9 145.8 82.0 104.9 105.5 97.0 123.9 101.8 137.6 98.6 102.1 101.9 147.7 86.4 110.3 112.5 100.6 144.6 82.4 108.5 108.9 100.2 102.6 128.0 130.4 94.4 93.2 90.7 91.7 94.6 98.8 103.9 109.1 113.7 95.8 96.4 95.1 95.1 96.6 98.7 99.9 101.7 106.9 ' SIC • based Massification. _ Data nof avai,ab|e 42. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted (1977=100) Annual average Quarterly Indexes Item 1986 II III B u s in e s s : Output per hour of all persons Compensation per hour.......... Real compensation per hour ... Unit labor c o sts ...................... Unit nonlabor payments......... Implicit price deflator .............. 105.3 168.1 98.1 159.7 156.3 158.5 104.9 165.9 98.1 158.2 154.1 156.7 105.6 167.1 97.9 158.3 156.7 157.7 105.5 169.0 98.1 160.2 157.0 159.0 105.5 170.6 98.2 161.7 157.7 160.3 105.7 172.3 98.4 163.1 158.3 161.4 106.4 174.5 98.7 164.0 160.0 162.6 107.3 176.4 99.1 164.4 161.4 163.4 106.4 178.0 99.0 167.3 159.6 164.6 107.3 179.1 99.2 167.0 162.2 165.3 107.4 180.4 100.3 168.0 161.9 165.8 107.4 181.7 100.4 169.1 163.7 167.2 104.3 167.9 98.0 161.0 156.1 159.3 103.9 165.6 97.9 159.4 153.2 157.2 104.6 166.9 97.8 159.5 156.4 158.4 104.4 168.7 98.0 161.5 157.2 160.0 104.3 170.4 98.1 163.3 157.9 161.4 104.4 172.1 98.2 164.8 158.9 162.7 104.9 174.0 98.4 165.9 160.8 164.1 105.4 175.4 98.5 166.3 163.0 165.2 104.5 177.0 98.4 169.3 160.3 166.2 105.6 178.3 98.8 168.8 163.9 167.1 105.7 179.3 99.8 169.6 163.7 167.5 105.8 180.4 99.7 170.5 165.9 168.9 105.6 165.9 96.8 161.5 157.0 174.6 133.4 160.1 158.1 105.3 163.6 96.8 159.4 155.4 171.1 134.4 158.3 156.4 105.9 164.8 96.6 160.1 155.7 173.1 138.5 161.0 157.5 105.5 166.6 96.7 162.6 157.9 176.4 130.3 160.3 158.7 105.8 168.3 96.8 163.8 159.1 177.5 130.5 161.0 159.8 106.0 169.9 97.0 164.9 160.3 178.5 129.3 161.3 160.6 106.5 171.6 97.0 165.8 161.1 179.8 130.2 162.5 161.6 107.8 173.1 97.2 165.0 160.5 178.3 141.7 165.5 162.2 107.0 174.5 97.0 167.2 163.0 179.8 131.2 162.8 162.9 106.9 175.4 97.1 168.3 164.0 181.1 131.7 163.8 164.0 106.8 176.1 97.9 168.6 164.8 179.9 132.3 163.2 164.3 106.9 176.8 97.7 169.8 165.4 182.8 134.4 165.9 165.6 116.6 168.2 98.1 144.2 114.7 165.4 97.8 144.1 115.7 166.8 97.8 144.2 117.8 169.1 98.2 143.5 118.2 171.5 98.7 145.1 119.3 173.8 99.2 145.7 121.7 175.6 99.3 144.3 123.0 178.1 122.9 179.3 99.7 145.8 123.7 180.2 99.8 145.7 124.7 181.4 100.9 145.5 125.8 182.5 100.9 145.0 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s : Output per hour of all persons Compensation per hour.......... Real compensation per hour ... Unit labor costs ...................... Unit nonlabor payments ......... Implicit price deflator .............. N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s : Output per hour of all employees Compensation per hour............... Real compensation per h o u r...... Total unit costs............................ Unit labor costs ........................ Unit nonlabor co sts................... Unit profits................................... Unit nonlabor payments .............. Implicit price deflator .................. M a n u fa c tu r in g : Output per hour of all persons Compensation per hour.......... Real compensation per hour ... Unit labor costs ...................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100.0 144.8 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 43. February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years (1977=100) 1976 1974 1973 1970 1960 Item 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 P r iv a te b u s in e s s Productivity: Inputs: 67.3 102.4 78.2 55.3 88.4 102.0 92.9 80.2 95.9 105.3 99.1 93.0 93.8 98.8 95.6 91.2 98.4 97.2 98.0 94.5 100.8 102.0 101.2 105.8 99.5 99.8 99.7 107.9 99.2 94.2 97.4 106.6 100.6 92.4 97.7 108.9 100.3 86.6 95.2 105.4 103.0 88.3 97.6 109.9 105.4 92.4 100.6 118.9 82.2 54.0 70.7 65.7 90.8 78.7 86.3 86.7 96.9 88.3 93.8 91.1 97.2 92.4 95.5 95.0 96.1 97.2 96.5 101.2 105.0 103.8 104.5 98.8 108.4 108.0 108.2 99.7 107.5 113.1 109.4 105.3 108.2 117.8 111.5 108.8 105.2 121.7 110.7 115.7 106.7 124.4 112.6 116.7 112.8 128.7 118.1 114.1 70.7 103.7 80.9 54.4 89.2 102.8 93.7 79.9 96.4 106.0 99.6 92.9 94.3 99.2 96.0 91.1 98.5 97.3 98.1 94.4 100.8 101.9 101.2 106.0 99.2 99.0 99.1 107.9 98.7 93.4 96.9 106.6 99.6 91.1 96.7 108.4 99.1 85.1 94.1 104.8 102.4 87.3 97.0 110.0 104.3 90.9 99.6 118.9 77.0 52.5 67.3 68.2 89.6 77.7 85.3 86.8 96.3 87.6 93.3 91.0 96.6 91.9 95.0 95.1 95.8 97.0 96.2 101.3 105.1 104.0 104.7 98.9 108.8 109.0 108.9 100.1 108.0 114.1 110.0 105.6 108.8 119.0 112.2 109.4 105.7 123.2 111.4 116.5 107.4 126.1 113.5 117.4 114.0 130.8 119.4 114.7 62.2 102.5 71.9 52.5 80.8 98.6 85.2 78.6 93.4 111.4 97.9 96.3 90.6 101.2 93.3 91.7 97.1 96.2 96.8 93.1 101.5 102.1 101.7 106.0 101.4 99.7 101.0 108.1 101.4 91.2 98.7 103.2 103.6 89.2 99.8 104.8 105.9 81.8 99.2 98.4 112.0 86.9 105.1 104.7 116.6 94.4 110.7 116.0 84.4 51.2 73.0 60.7 97.3 79.7 92.2 82.0 103.1 86.4 98.4 83.8 101.2 90.6 98.3 89.5 95.9 96.7 96.1 100.9 104.4 103.7 104.2 99.4 106.5 108.4 107.0 101.7 101.7 113.1 104.5 111.2 101.1 117.5 105.0 116.2 92.9 120.3 99.2 129.4 93.5 120.6 99.7 129.0 99.5 122.9 104.8 123.6 P r iv a te n o n f a r m b u s in e s s Productivity: Inputs: M a n u fa c tu r in g Productivity: Inputs: Combined units of labor and capital inputs...... I 44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years (1977 = 100) Item Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ 1960 1970 1973 1974 1976 Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ Unit nonlabor Dayments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 95.9 70.9 96.7 73.9 72.5 73.4 93.9 77.6 95.4 82.7 76.4 80.5 98.3 92.8 98.7 94.3 93.3 94.0 100.8 108.5 100.8 107.6 106.7 107.3 99.6 119.1 99.4 119.5 112.5 117.0 99.3 131.5 96.7 132.5 118.7 127.6 100.7 143.7 95.7 142.7 134.6 139.8 100.3 154.9 97.3 154.5 136.6 148.1 103.0 161.5 98.2 156.8 146.3 153.0 105.3 168.1 98.1 159.7 156.3 158.5 106.4 1 /5.3 98.8 164.8 159.7 163.0 71.0 35.3 72.3 49.7 46.3 48.5 89.3 58.2 90.8 65.2 60.0 63.4 96.4 71.2 97.1 73.9 69.3 72.3 94.3 78.0 95.9 82.7 74.0 79.7 98.5 92.8 98.8 94.3 93.0 93.8 100.8 108.6 100.9 107.7 105.6 107.0 99.3 118.9 99.2 119.7 110.5 116.5 98.8 131.3 96.6 132.9 118.5 127.8 99.8 143.6 95.7 144.0 133.5 140.3 99.2 154.8 97.2 156.0 136.5 149.2 102.4 161.5 98.2 157.7 148.1 154.3 104.3 167.9 98.0 161.0 156.1 159.3 104.8 174.6 98.4 166.7 160.6 164.6 73.4 36.9 75.5 50.2 51.5 50.7 91.1 59.2 92.4 65.0 60.1 63.3 97.5 71.6 97.6 73.4 68.9 71.9 94.6 78.2 96.1 82.6 73.1 79.4 98.4 92.9 98.9 94.3 93.8 94.2 100.6 108.4 100.7 107.8 104.4 106.6 99.8 118.7 99.1 119.0 108.4 115.4 99.1 131.1 96.4 132.3 118.6 127.6 99.6 143.3 95.5 143.8 137.8 141.7 100.4 154.3 96.9 153.8 142.1 149.8 103.5 159.9 97.3 154.5 152.1 153.7 105.6 165.9 96.8 157.0 160.1 158.1 106.8 172.3 97.0 161.2 163.0 161.8 62.2 36.5 74.8 58.7 60.0 59.1 80.8 57.4 89.5 71.0 64.1 69.0 93.4 68.8 93.8 73.7 70.7 72.8 90.6 76.2 93.6 84.1 67.7 79.3 97.1 92.1 98.1 94.9 93.5 94.5 101.5 108 2 100.5 106.6 101.9 105.2 101.4 118.6 99.1 117.0 98.9 111.7 101.4 132.4 97.4 130.6 97.8 121.0 103.6 145.2 96.7 140.1 111.8 131.8 105.9 157.5 98.9 148.7 114.0 138.6 112.0 162.4 98.8 145.0 128.5 140.2 116.6 168.2 98.1 144.2 136.9 142.1 121.7 176.7 99.5 145.1 134.4 142.0 M a n u fa c tu r in g : Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ 1980 88.4 57.8 90.2 65.4 59.4 63.2 N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s : Output per hour of all employees........................ Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ 1979 67.6 33.6 68.9 49.7 46.4 48.5 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s : Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ 1978 45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted 1986 1985 Annual average Country 1984 1985 II I III IV II I III T o t a l la b o r f o r c e b a s is United States.................................... Canada .............................................. Australia ............................................ Japan ................................................ 7.4 11.2 8.9 2.7 7.1 10.4 8.2 2.6 7.2 11.0 8.5 2.6 7.1 10.5 8.4 2.5 7.1 10.2 8.1 2.6 7.0 10.1 7.8 2.9 7.0 9.7 7.9 2.6 7.0 9.5 France ............................................... Germany............................................ Great Britain ..................................... Italy 2 .............................................. Sweden ............................................. 9.7 7.6 12.8 5.8 3.1 10.1 7.7 13.0 5.9 2.8 10.2 7.7 12.9 5.8 3.0 10.1 7.8 13.0 5.7 2.9 10.2 7.7 13.2 5.9 2.7 9.9 7.7 12.8 6.2 2.7 10.0 7.6 13.0 6.2 2.8 10.3 7.5 13.1 6.3 2.6 10.4 7.3 6.0 2.6 United States.................................... Canada .............................................. Australia ............................................ Japan....... ......................................... 7.5 11.3 9.0 2.8 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 7.3 11.1 8.6 2.6 7.2 10.6 8.5 2.6 7.2 10.2 8.2 2.7 7.1 10.1 7.9 2.9 7.1 9.7 8.0 2.7 7.1 9.6 6.9 9.7 France ............................................... Germany............................................ Great Britain ..................................... Italy ................................................... Sweden ............................................. 9.9 7.8 12.9 5.9 3.1 10.4 7.9 13.1 6.0 2.8 10.5 7.9 13.1 5.9 3.0 10.4 7.9 13.2 5.8 2.9 10.4 7.9 13.4 6.0 2.8 10.1 7.8 13.0 6.3 2.7 10.2 7.8 13.1 6.3 2.8 - 6.8 9.6 - 2.8 - C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e b a s is 1 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. 2 Major changes in the Italian labor force survey, Intro duced In 1977, resulted in a large Increase In persons enu merated as unemployed. However, many persons reported that they had not actively sought work in the past 30 days, and they have been provisionally excluded for comparability with U.S. concepts. Inclusion of such persons would more https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - - 2.8 - 10.5 7.6 13.3 6.5 2.6 - 10.7 7.5 6.1 2.6 than double the Italian unemployment rate shown. - Data not available. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and Great Britain are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. con cepts than the annual figures. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 46. February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and country 1982 1983 1984 1985 108,670 11,904 6,810 56,320 22,930 26,650 25,870 21,410 5,500 4,326 110,204 11,958 6,910 56,980 23,150 26,710 25,880 21,450 5,560 4,350 111,550 12,183 6,997 58,110 23,130 26,740 26,010 21,610 5,720 4,369 113,544 12,399 7,133 58,480 23,290 26,880 26,530 21,680 5,740 4,385 115,461 12,639 7,272 58,820 23,330 27,090 26,960 21,800 5,690 4,418 63.8 64.1 62.2 62.6 57.2 53.2 63.2 48.0 50.0 67.0 63.9 64.8 62.0 62.6 57.1 52.9 62.2 48.0 51.3 66.8 64.0 64.1 61.8 62.7 57.1 52.7 61.9 47.4 51.2 66.8 64.0 64.4 61.5 63.1 56.6 52.5 61.9 47.2 52.1 66.7 64.4 64.8 61.5 62.7 56.6 52.6 62.7 47.3 52.0 66.8 64.8 65.2 61.8 62.3 56.4 53.2 63.6 47.2 51.2 67.2 98,824 10,395 6,111 54,040 21,300 25,470 24,360 20,100 4,830 4,174 99,303 10,708 6,284 54,600 21,320 25,750 24,100 20,380 4,960 4,226 100,397 11,006 6,416 55,060 21,200 25,560 23,190 20,480 4,990 4,218 99,526 10,644 6,415 55,620 21,230 25,130 22,820 20,430 4,930 4,213 100,834 10,734 6,300 56,550 21,170 24,750 22,680 20,470 4,890 4,218 105,005 11,000 6,490 56,870 20,980 24,790 23,100 20,390 4,880 4,249 107,150 11,311 6,670 57,260 20,910 24,960 23,420 20,490 4,890 4,293 59.3 57.5 58.1 61.3 54.4 51.5 59.4 45.9 46.3 64.6 59.9 58.7 57.9 61.4 54.0 51.7 59.8 45.9 46.4 65.3 59.2 59.3 58.4 61.3 53.5 51.7 58.9 46.1 46.9 65.6 59.0 59.9 58.4 61.2 52.8 50.8 55.8 45.9 46.5 65.1 57.8 57.0 57.3 61.2 52.3 49.6 54.6 45.2 45.4 64.7 57.9 56.7 55.4 61.4 51.8 48.6 54.0 44.7 44.5 64.4 59.5 57.4 56.0 61.0 51.0 48.5 54.6 44.5 44.2 64.7 60.1 58.4 56.6 60.6 50.5 49.0 55.2 44.4 44.0 65.3 6,991 849 358 1,100 1,120 900 1,590 740 250 75 6,202 908 405 1,240 1,210 870 1,580 760 260 94 6,137 836 408 1,170 1,370 780 1,350 810 270 88 7,637 865 409 1,140 1,470 770 1,770 830 330 86 8,273 898 394 1,260 1,730 1,090 2,680 920 510 108 10,678 1,314 495 1,360 1,920 1,580 3,060 1,020 630 137 10,717 1,448 697 1,560 1,960 1,990 3,330 1,140 830 151 8,539 1,399 642 1,610 2,310 2,090 3,430 1,280 860 136 8,312 1,328 602 1,560 2,420 2,130 3,540 1,310 800 125 7.1 8.1 5.6 2.0 5.0 3.5 6.3 3.6 5.0 1.8 6.1 8.3 6.3 2.3 5.4 3.4 6.2 3.7 5.2 2.2 5.8 7.4 6.3 2.1 6.0 3.0 5.3 3.9 5.3 2.1 7.1 7.5 6.1 2.0 6.4 2.9 6.8 3.9 6.2 2.0 7.6 7.5 5.8 2.2 7.5 4.1 10.4 4.3 9.3 2.5 9.7 11.0 7.2 2.4 8.3 5.9 11.8 4.8 11.3 3.1 9.6 11.9 10.0 2.7 8.5 7.4 12.8 5.3 14.5 3.5 7.5 11.3 9.0 2.8 9.9 7.8 12.9 5.9 15.0 3.1 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 10.4 7.9 13.1 6.0 14.1 2.8 1978 1979 1980 99,009 10,500 6,358 53,820 22,300 25,870 25,430 20,530 4,950 4,168 102,251 10,895 6,443 54,610 22,470 26,000 25,620 20,630 5,010 4,203 104,962 11,231 6,519 55,210 22,670 26,250 25,710 20,910 5,100 4,262 106,940 11,573 6,693 55,740 22,790 26,520 25,870 21,210 5,290 4,312 61.6 61.1 62.7 62.4 57.3 53.8 63.2 47.8 49.1 66.0 62.3 61.6 62.7 62.5 57.6 53.4 63.2 48.0 49.0 65.9 63.2 62.7 62.0 62.8 57.5 53.3 63.3 47.7 48.8 66.1 63.7 63.4 61.7 62.7 57.5 53.3 63.2 47.8 49.0 66.6 88,752 9,477 5,946 52,020 21,010 25,010 23,810 19,600 4,630 4,083 92,017 9,651 6,000 52,720 21,180 24,970 23,840 19,800 4,700 4,093 96,048 9,987 6,038 53,370 21,260 25,130 24,040 19,870 4,750 4,109 56.8 56.7 59.7 61.1 54.8 52.0 59.5 46.1 46.5 64.9 57.9 56.6 59.2 61.2 54.7 51.6 59.3 46.3 46.5 64.8 7,406 726 298 1,080 990 890 1,480 700 260 66 7.7 7.1 4.8 2.0 4.5 3.4 5.9 3.4 5.3 1.6 1976 1977 96,158 10,203 6,244 53,100 22,000 25,900 25,290 20,300 4,890 4,149 1981 L a b o r fo rc e P a r t ic ip a t io n r a t e E m p lo y e d Australia................................................................ Japan .................................................................... France................................................................... Italy........................................................................ E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la tio n r a tio Germany............................................................... Great Britain.......................................................... U n e m p lo y e d Australia................................................................ Japan .................................................................... France ................................................................... Germany............................................................... U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te Australia................................................................ Japan .................................................................... France ................................................................... Germany............................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 47. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 12 countries (1977=100) Item and country 1960 Output per hour United S tates........................ Canada ............................ Japan ................... Belgium ................. Denmark ..................... France........................... Germany......................... Italy........................... Netherlands............ Norway..................... Sweden......................... United Kingdom.................. Output United S tates..................... Canada ........................... Japan .......................... Belgium............................................................................ Denmark.......................................................................... France ............................................................................... Germany................. Italy............................. Netherlands.................................................................. Norway................... Sweden.......................... United Kingdom................ 1970 1973 76.8 64.8 60.0 65.5 69.6 71.2 72.7 64.3 81.7 91.3 83.1 78.7 83.2 82.2 84.0 90.9 81.5 94.6 1974 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 104.2 114.8 111.8 106.5 110.3 108.2 110.5 112.3 107.1 110.9 102.2 101.4 101.9 122.7 119.3 112.3 112.0 108.6 116.9 113.9 109.3 112.7 101.2 103.6 104.0 127.2 127.2 114.2 116.4 111.0 121.0 116.9 109.7 113.2 107.9 105.9 101.0 135.0 132.8 114.6 123.5 112.6 123.4 119.4 112.6 116.5 112.7 112.9 107.6 142.3 141.0 117.3 129.3 119.0 126.6 126.1 119.2 125.5 121.2 118.5 111.5 152.2 145.5 118.3 135.0 124.7 135.0 139.3 122.3 132.6 126.2 121.8 115.1 159.9 118.4 140.2 131.9 139.1 125.0 135.2 129.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.1 110.9 113.9 104.2 105.4 106.1 106.6 108.6 106.1 100.3 103.6 100.5 103.2 107.7 124.1 107.2 110.1 106.6 106.6 115.4 106.6 101.3 104.0 91.7 104.8 108.8 129.8 105.9 106.6 105.9 104.9 114.3 106.7 100.1 100.6 86.2 98.4 96.4 137.3 109.1 108.3 106.0 102.4 111.6 105.0 99.8 100.1 86.4 105.6 101.7 148.2 110.7 112.2 107.4 103.5 109.2 105.3 98.8 105.2 88.9 117.9 110.1 165.2 112.8 118.6 108.4 107.4 113.2 110.8 101.3 112.4 92.4 121.0 115.2 175.8 101.4 101.2 101.6 99.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.5 106.4 99.3 93.2 99.0 96.2 98.5 98.2 94.4 93.6 93.4 98.3 101.7 105.7 101.2 89.9 98.1 95.2 98.1 98.7 93.6 92.6 92.3 90.7 101.1 104.6 102.0 83.3 93.4 91.0 94.6 94.5 91.2 91.3 88.9 79.9 92.9 95.4 101.7 82.1 94.5 85.9 91.0 90.4 88.0 88.6 85.9 76.7 93.5 94.6 104.2 78.5 95.7 83.0 87.0 86.2 83.5 82.9 83.9 73.3 99.5 98.7 108.5 77.5 100.2 80.3 86.2 83.9 79.5 82.8 84.8 73.2 103.3 77.8 85.7 82.9 83.0 84.8 73.3 92.1 89.9 90.7 89.5 90.4 88.9 91.3 84.2 91.9 88.8 91.5 88.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.6 118.3 113.4 117.6 123.1 129.3 116.1 134.7 117.0 116.0 120.1 137.7 132.4 130.6 120.7 130.4 135.9 147.5 125.6 160.2 123.6 128.0 133.6 165.8 145.2 151.5 129.8 144.6 149.6 170.3 134.5 197.1 129.1 142.8 148.1 188.9 157.5 167.1 136.6 152.0 162.9 200.8 141.0 237.3 137.5 156.0 158.9 206.4 163.2 179.3 140.7 163.7 174.3 148.4 276.4 144.7 173.5 173.3 222.4 169.1 182.1 144.8 176.6 183.9 246.5 155.3 303.0 152.8 188.3 190.7 237.2 176.6 191.4 148.3 195.5 262.7 164.7 334.0 205.2 205.8 257.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 113.5 98.8 105.2 115.7 117.3 107.3 121.9 104.1 108.2 108.3 134.7 130.6 128.1 98.4 109.3 121.0 131.7 115.7 137.0 108.5 117.0 118.6 163.8 140.1 145.7 102.0 113.6 131.1 146.3 121.2 162.9 110.4 130.2 130.9 175.1 148.7 165.4 101.2 114.4 142.2 162.6 125.2 192.4 115.2 138.6 136.3 183.1 144.5 166.7 98.9 116.1 148.6 175.0 124.7 218.3 114.7 145.5 138.1 183.5 142.8 163.2 95.1 121.4 155.5 182.5 124.6 224.5 109.7 154.0 143.8 187.9 145.0 166.3 92.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 103.0 121.3 128.5 132.0 135.5 135.9 129.5 127.4 113.8 112.9 163.9 130.6 116.4 116.8 134.1 129.0 153.4 147.9 141.4 134.2 126.2 125.3 218.3 140.1 129.1 123.8 109.9 110.3 132.2 124.9 126.3 108.9 120.6 115.4 203.1 148.7 142.3 108.8 89.5 102.3 121.5 1,19.7 125.4 105.8 114.2 96.9 183.5 144.5 143.7 111.5 81.3 97.5 112.9 113.4 126.8 98.6 106.1 80.4 159.4 142.8 133.9 107.2 75.3 90.1 102.7 101.6 112.8 83.9 100.4 77.7 143.9 86.5 95.3 85.2 97.7 n i? yo.o 41.7 49.2 35.4 78.1 82.0 73.3 95.8 95.9 88.6 99.6 97.4 91.8 99.5 99.6 96.1 44.8 55.1 52.6 71.0 84.4 87.0 92.5 95.8 99.5 100.3 100.0 104.0 105.7 99.0 101.4 106.1 Total hours United S tates................. Canada ............................. Japan ....................... Belgium................... Denmark............................... France ................................ Germany................................ Italy...................... Netherlands................. Norway................ Sweden........................... United Kingdom................ 127.0 132.4 97.2 123.8 102.3 130.1 125.1 105.3 121.7 107.4 121.8 115.2 107.8 114.4 99.6 119.7 113.2 107.8 109.2 Compensation per hour United S tates................. Canada .................. Japan ................... Belgium................... Denmark ................. France.................. Germany................ Italy .......................... Netherlands............. Norway............. Sweden................. United Kingdom........... 27.1 8.9 13.8 12.6 15.1 18.8 8.3 12.5 15.8 J / .U 46.5 33.9 34.9 36.3 36.6 48.0 26.1 39.0 37.9 59.2 55.1 53.5 56.1 52.3 67.5 43.7 60.5 54.5 68.5 72.3 65.2 67.9 62.0 76.9 54.5 71.9 63.6 nn n JÜ.Ü Unit labor costs: National currency basis: United S tates............. Canada ................. Japan ..................... Belgium.................. Denmark ....................... France.............................................................. Germany................. Italy........................ Netherlands.............................................................. Norway............. Sweden..................... United Kingdom........... 53.9 38.4 42.0 33.8 41.6 60.6 52.3 58.1 55.4 52.6 64.8 84.1 73.3 83.6 67.4 63.6 79.0 72.8 22.8 38.5 29.0 34.8 27.6 36.0 60.7 46.4 47.7 39.7 48.1 74.3 57.6 57.2 48.2 57.2 81.6 65.2 64.6 59.7 93.5 96.2 93.9 92.1 93.6 94.6 85.1 96.0 89.1 90.0 89.2 Unit labor costs: U S. dollar basis: United S tates................. Canada ....................... Japan ..................... Belgium.............. Denmark.................. France.................. Germany.................. Italy................... Netherlands........ J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Norway................1................................................. Sweden................... United Kingdom....... 58.7 59.0 28.5 30.2 29.5 41.7 25.9 32.5 25.1 21.7 30.1 44.4 70.9 61.7 39.1 42.0 44.4 46.8 42.9 50.6 41.2 34.5 41.1 54.4 73.7 68.8 65.6 62.8 67.2 70.4 70.4 73.1 65.6 53.4 58.7 67.7 84.1 79.7 76.8 72.1 77.9 74.5 79.1 77.6 74.6 62.8 65.1 80.1 94.9 100.7 86.9 87.2 91.5 96.3 87.3 90.5 89.1 86.9 92.3 92.3 _ D a ta n o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 22(5.2 122.3 109.0 113.0 115.3 103.7 114.6 95.0 99.3 100.1 110.0 165.1 187.4 124.9 240.1 164.2 152.2 198.1 145.0 129.4 104.2 93.5 102.6 98.6 111.1 101.7 79.1 147.3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 48. February 1987 • Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2 Industry and type of case’ 1976 1980 1977 P R IV A T E S E C T O R 3 Total cases............. Lost workday cases Lost workdays........ A g r ic u ltu r e , fo r e s t r y , a n d fis h in g 3 Total cases................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................... Lost workdays............................................................. M in in g 10.9 Total cases............. Lost workday cases Lost workdays........ 6.0 128.8 C o n s tr u c tio n Total cases................................................. Lost workday ca ses................................... Lost workdays............................................. General building contractors: Total cases................................................. Lost workday cases ................................... Lost workdays............................................ Heavy construction contractors: Total cases................................................. Lost workday cases .................................. Lost workdays............................................ Special trade contractors: Total cases................................................ Lost workday cases.................................. Lost workdays............................................ 14.9 6.0 106.0 M a n u fa c tu r in g Total cases............. Lost workday cases Lost workdays........ Durable goods Lumber and wood products: Total cases.................................................. Lost workday ca ses.................................... Lost workdays.............................................. Furniture and fixtures: Total cases.................................................. Lost workday ca ses.................................... Lost workdays.............................................. Stone, clay, and glass products: Total cases.................................................. Lost workday cases.................................... Lost workdays.............................................. Primary metal Industries: Total cases.................................................. Lost workday cases.................................... Lost workdays.............................................. Fabricated metal products: Total cases.................................................. Lost workday ca ses.................................... Lost workdays.............................................. Machinery, except electrical: Total cases.................................................. Lost workday cases .................................... Lost workdays............................................. Electric and electronic equipment: Total cases................................................. Lost workday cases................................... Lost workdays............................................. Transportation equipment: Total cases................................................. Lost workday ca ses................................... Lost workdays............................................. Instruments and related products: Total cases................................................. Lost workday ca ses................................... Lost workdays............................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Total cases................................................. Lost workday cases ................................... Lost workdays............................................. See footnotes at end of table. 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20.7 22.3 10.4 178.0 10.8 175.9 18.9 6.8 124.2 109.8 50 51.9 48. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2 industry ana type ot case' 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 N o n d u ra b le g o o d s Food and kindred products: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday cases.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Tobacco manufacturing: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday ca ses.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Textile mill products: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday ca ses.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Apparel and other textile products: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday ca ses.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Paper and allied products: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday cases .................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Printing and publishing: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday ca ses.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Chemicals and allied products: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday ca ses.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Petroleum and coal products: Tota cases ................................................................................................ Lost workday ca ses.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday ca ses.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Leather and leather products: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday ca ses.................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... 19.3 8.0 123.8 19.5 8.5 130.1 19.4 8.9 132.2 19.9 9.5 141.8 18.7 9.0 136.8 17.8 8.6 130.7 16.7 8.0 129.3 16.5 7.9 131.2 16.7 8.1 131.6 10.0 4.1 62.5 9.1 3.8 66.7 8.7 4.0 58.6 9.3 4.2 64.8 8.1 3.8 45.8 8.2 3.9 56.8 7.2 3.2 44.6 6.5 3.0 42.8 7.7 3.2 51.7 10.5 2.7 55.5 10.2 2.9 57.4 10.2 3.4 61.5 9.7 3.4 61.3 9.1 3.3 ¿2.8 8.8 3.2 59.2 7.6 2.8 53.8 7.4 2.8 51.4 8.0 3.0 54.0 6.7 1.9 31.0 6.7 2.0 31.7 6.5 2.2 32.4 6.5 2.2 34.1 6.4 2.2 34.9 6.3 2.2 35.0 6.0 2.1 36.4 6.4 2.4 40.6 6.7 2.5 40.9 13.7 4.7 94.8 13.6 5.0 101.6 13.5 5.7 103.3 13.5 6.0 108.4 12.7 5.8 112.3 11.6 5.4 103.6 10.6 4.9 99.1 10.0 4.5 90.3 10.4 4.7 93.8 6.8 2.6 40.3 6.8 2.7 41.7 7.0 2.9 43.8 7.1 3.1 45.1 6.9 3.1 46.5 6.7 3.0 47.4 6.6 2.8 45.7 6.6 2.9 44.6 6.5 2.9 46.0 8.2 3.1 50.6 8.0 3.1 51.4 7.8 3.3 50.9 7.7 3.5 54.9 6.8 3.1 50.3 6.6 3.0 48.1 5.7 2.5 39.4 5.5 2.5 42.3 5.3 2.4 40.8 7.9 3.2 62.5 8.1 3.3 59.2 7.9 3.4 58.3 7.7 3.6 62.0 7.2 3.5 59.1 6.7 2.9 51.2 5.3 2.5 46.4 5.5 2.4 46.8 5.1 2.4 53.5 16.8 7.1 113.3 16.8 7.6 118.1 17.1 8.1 125.5 17.1 8.2 127.1 15.5 7.4 118.6 14.6 7.2 117.4 12.7 6.0 100.9 13.0 6.2 101.4 13.6 6.4 104.3 11.6 4.1 69.0 11.5 4.4 68.9 11.7 4.7 72.5 11.5 4.9 76.2 11.7 5.0 82.7 11.5 5.1 82.6 9.9 4.5 86.5 10.0 4.4 87.3 10.5 4.7 94.4 9.8 5.0 94.0 9.7 5.3 95.9 10.1 5.7 102.3 10.0 5.9 107.0 9.4 5.5 104.5 9.0 5.3 100.6 8.5 4.9 96.7 8.2 4.7 94.9 8.8 5.2 105.1 7.5 2.8 43.2 7.7 2.9 44.0 7.9 3.2 44.9 8.0 3.4 49.0 7.4 3.2 48.7 7.3 3.1 45.3 7.2 3.1 45.5 7.2 3.1 47.8 7.4 3.3 50.5 8.1 3.3 51.8 8.5 3.6 52.5 8.9 3.9 57.5 8.8 4.1 59.1 8.2 3.9 58.2 7.7 3.6 54.7 7.1 3.4 52.1 7.0 3.2 50.6 7.2 3.5 55.5 7.2 2.6 39.7 7.4 2.7 40.5 7.5 2.8 39.7 7.7 3.1 44.7 7.1 2.9 44.5 7.1 2.9 41.1 7.2 2.9 42.6 7.3 3.0 46.7 7.5 3.2 48.4 2.0 .7 11.6 2.0 .8 10.4 2.1 .8 12.5 2.1 .9 13.3 2.0 .8 12.2 1.9 .8 11.6 2.0 .9 13.2 2.0 .9 12.8 1.9 .9 13.6 5.3 2.0 38.4 5.5 2.2 35.4 5.5 2.4 36.2 5.5 2.5 38.1 5.2 2.3 35.8 5.0 2.3 35.9 4.9 2.3 35.8 5.1 2.4 37.0 5.2 2.5 41.1 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday cases .................................................................................. Lost workdays .......................................................................................... W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tr a d e Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday cases .................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... Wholesale trade: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday cases ............ ...................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................................... Retail trade: Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday cases .................................................................................. Lost workdays............................................................................................ F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a te Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday cases .................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... S e r v ic e s Total cases................................................................................................ Lost workday cases .................................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................................... 1 Total cases include fatalities. 2 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as: (N/EH) X 200,000, where: N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EH = total hours worked by all employees during calendar year. 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year.) 3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. 91 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Depository lib raries. . . BRINGING GOVERNMENT INFORMATION TO YOU Information from the Federal Government on subjects ranging from agriculture to zoology is available at Depository Libraries across the nation. You can visit these libraries and use the Depository collection without charge. To find one in your area, contact your local library or write to the Federal Depository Library Program, Office of the Public Printer, Washington, DC 20401. The Federal Depository library Program This program is supported by The Advertising Council and is a public service of this publication. * U. S. GOVERNM ENT P R IN T IN G O F F IC E : 1987 1 8 1 -5 1 2 /4 0 0 1 2 Sound Economics Twelve issues of the M o n th ly L a b o r R e view for only $16. Analytical articles, Developments in Industrial Relations, Major Agreements Expiring, over 40 pages of Current Labor Statistics, Research Summaries, Book Reviews, and much more. Use the coupon below to place your order for 1 or 2 years. »A l * V s- ' jp ijjjgj I fggk , mm w ÆÈL 1 m lr Send subscription orders to: Order form Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Please start___ subscriptions to the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w □ one year, $16 or, □ two years, $32. for Total cost---------------- □ Enclosed is a check or money order payable to Superintendent of Documents. □ Charge to GPO Deposit Account No---------------------------------Order No-------------□ Charge to □ Credit card no.. Name Company name Address City, State, Zip code □ Expiration date_ ♦ ■' L w . U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington D.C. 20212 % Official Business https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis „ *’ Second Class Mail Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor ISSN 0098-1818 , : »■'*- Penalty for private use, $300 RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED ■’ ; v , - ---- - ^ l r r ~~ r-ILR L I BRA4 4 2L ISSDUE002R 1 LIBRARY F ED R E S E R V E BANK OF ST L O U I S i PO BOX <4*42 * SAINT LOUIS MO 63166 l