The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
mo - rriy aeorrevew u.o. ueparimem or LaDor Bureau of Labor Statistics F Lrt,a:y uS4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A speciaJ issue on employment and unemployment U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year—$26 domestic; $32.50 foreign. Single copy $5, domestic: $6.25, foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office. an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through April 30, 1987. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing addresses. Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I— Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara 1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Region II— New York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Region III— Philadelphia: Alvin I. Margulis 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV—Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V—Chicago: William E. Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI—Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Regions VII and VIII— Kansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming February cover: “ General Washington on White Charger,” a painting on wood, artist unknown Collection of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions IX and X—San Francisco: Sam M. Hlrabayashi 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington RESEARCH LIBRARY Federa! Reserve Bank of St, Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW FEBRUARY 1984 VOLUME 107, NUMBER 2 MAR 0 2 1984 E. H. Becker, N.Bowers Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor 3 Employment and unemployment gains widespread in 1983 During a full year of economic recovery, total employment increased by 4.0 million, and the unemployment rate dropped by 2.5 percentage points to 8.2 percent Diane M. Nilsen 15 Employment in durable goods anything but durable in 1979-82 Durable goods manufacturers were hard hit by the recent back-to-back recessions; for some industries, long-term declines in competitive position intensified woes Philip L. Rones 25 Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term unemployed In the last seven recessions, joblessness exceeding half a year has far outpaced the overall increase in unemployment and reached a postwar high during 1981-82 Paul 0. Flaim 30 Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families The March 1983 work experience survey provides a close look at joblessness by extent and duration, as well as the effect on family income and the incidence of poverty Richard J. Rosen 38 Regional variations in employment and unemployment, 1970-82 Even when the jobless rate was relatively low, 5.8 percent in 1979, wide differences in area rates existed, ranging from a high of 40 percent to a low of less than 1 percent Diana Runner 46 Changes in unemployment legislation during 1983 In response to continued high unemployment, Federal supplemental compensation was extended through March 1985; many States increased their taxable wage base LaVerne C. Tinsley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 55 Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983 Most States increased maximum weekly compensation for total disability and death; other major changes dealt with occupational disease and rehabilitation benefits DEPARTMENTS 2 62 64 68 71 Labor month in review Major agreements expiring next month Developments in industrial relations Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review WIVES AS PRIMARY EARNERS. As more wives enter the labor force, some scholars and media are giving attention to the growth in the number of women who earn more than their husbands, and to the effect of that phenomenon on marital stability and the husbands’ labor force attachment. Suzanne M. Bianchi of the Census Bureau has used microdata from the March 1982 Current Population Survey to estimate the pre valence of such “ atypical” wage earn ing couples and to examine their demographic and income character istics. Among her findings: Demographics and income. The wife earned more than her husband in 5.9 million, or 12 percent, of the 49 million couples in the 1981 civilian population. Of these families, 1.9 million were couples in which the wife but not the husband had earnings, and 4.0 million were couples in which both had earnings but the wife’s annual earnings exceeded those of her husband. Black couples were more likely to have a wife in a primary earning role—either as sole earner or the higher earning spouse in a dual-earner couple—than were white or Hispanic couples. In 20 percent of black couples, compared with 11 percent of white and 10 percent of Hispanic couples, the wife was the primary earner. Among dual-earner couples in which the wife earned more, 55 percent had no children present in the home, compared with 40 percent where the wife was a secondary earner and 43 percent where the wife was not in paid labor force. On ly 20 percent of wives who were primary earners had preschool-age children, as compared to 26 percent of wives who were secondary earners and 31 percent of wives who were not working for pay. Median annual family income of dual earners where the wife was the primary earner ($23,574) was higher than that of couples in which either the wife ($17,122) or husband ($22,800) was the sole earner, but was substantially below income for dual-earner families in which 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the husband earned more ($30,112). Characteristics of wives. In 1981, wives earned more than their husbands in 16 percent of dual-earner couples, and the same as their husbands in another 2 per cent of couples. The wife earned twice what her husband did in 1.6 million, or 6 percent, of dual-earner couples. In terestingly, almost 40 percent of the 4.0 million couples with a wife as primary earner fell into this category. In approximately 10 percent of the “ dual-earner, wife-primary” couples, the wife had some graduate or profes sional training. An additional 13 percent had completed 4 years of college. Thirtyeight percent had completed more years of school than their husbands. In 1981,36 percent of wives who earn ed more than their husbands were pro fessionals or managers, compared with 25 percent of secondary earners. Among those whose husbands were full-time, year-round workers, 44 percent held professional or managerial jobs. Wives who were primary earners ap peared to have a much stronger attach ment to the labor force than did wives who were secondary earners. Only 40 percent of the latter group worked full time throughout 1981, compared with 74 percent of the primary earners. For wives working part time during the year, 64 percent of secondary earners did so by choice, whereas only 40 percent of primary earners voluntarily worked part time. By dividing mean earnings by average annual hours worked in 1981, where an nual hours are determined by taking weeks worked times usual hours worked per week during the year, the implicit wage rate for each group of wives can be calculated. Among wives whose husbands were the primary family earners, this rate was $5.50, compared with $7.55 for primary-earner wives. If secondary earners worked as many hours per year as primary earners, about $3,000 of the mean annual earnings gap of $7,000 would be closed. The other $4,000 arises from differences other than the number of hours worked per year. Husbands of primary earners. The most striking characteristic of husbands who were secondary workers was their relatively low level of labor force attach ment. More than half of the husbands who were secondary earners in 1981 worked either part time or part year, or both, compared with only about onefourth of husbands whose wives were not in the paid labor force, and fewer than one-fifth of husbands who were primary earners in dual-earner couples. Am ong h usbands experiencing unemployment, secondary earners spent an average of 20 weeks looking for work compared to 12-13 weeks for sole and primary earners. Secondary-earner husbands tended to earn less money than other husbands even when they were employed. When analysis was restricted to full-time, yearround workers, median earnings of husbands who were secondary earners ($10,600) were still only about half as much as for primary ($21,000) and soleearner husbands ($22,000). Around 30 percent of secondaryearner husbands who worked part time in 1981 reported that they did so because they wanted to; this figure was more than twice that for husbands who were primary earners in dual-earner couples. If husbands traded work for leisure as their wives’ earnings increased, one would expect to see their annual hours of labor market work drop off as wives’ income grew. However, the 1981 data for all spouses in the prime working ages 25 to 59 show that husbands’ average annual hours of market work did not vary inversely with their wives’ earnings, nor was the percentage of husbands working part year or part time greater for wives in higher earnings categories. In fact, husbands whose wives had relatively low earnings were more likely than others to have worked part year. The 28-page report, Wives who Earn More Than Their Husbands, Special Demographic Analyses, cds-80-9, is for sale by the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price: $1.50.D Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983 During a fu ll year o f economic recovery , total employment increased by 4.0 million and the unemployment rate dropped by 2.5 percentage points to 8.2 percent E u g e n e H . B ecker and N orm an Bow ers The end of 1983 marked a year of recovery from one of the longest and deepest post-World War II recessions. Improve ment in the employment situation compared favorably with previous recovery periods. Spurred primarily by a surge in consumer spending, particularly on durable goods such as housing, appliances, and automobiles, real gross national product picked up sharply in the spring and summer months. Overall, real g n p grew by about 6 percent over the year (fourth quarter 1982 to fourth quarter 1983), compared with a decline in the prior year. Industrial production, which had fallen by just over 12 percent during the 1981-82 recession, increased steadily throughout the year. By yearend, the index had risen by more than 15 percent, with the biggest increases occurring among durable goods manufacturers. Concomitant with the improvements in production and spending came sharp gains in employment and reductions in unemployment. While comparatively stagnant in the first quarter of 1983, total civilian employment grew rapidly during the remaining quarters and posted an overall increase of 3.9 million between the 1981-82 recession trough of November 1982 and December 1983. Nonfarm payroll em ployment increased by 2.9 million over the same period.1 Eugene H. Becker is an economist in the Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Norman Bowers, also an economist, is on leave from the Division and is working with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Carol Boyd Leon, an economist, and Stella Cromartie, an economic assistant, of the Division contributed to the preparation of this article. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis While not all industries fared equally well, increases in payroll jobs were widespread. For example, 70 percent of the 186 industries which make up the b l s diffusion index registered gains in the fourth quarter of 1983, compared to just 25 percent a year earlier (3-month spans).2 The number of jobless persons fell by 2.7 million between November 1982 and December 1983, while the civilian unemployment rate dropped by 2.5 percentage points to 8.2 percent. The unemployment rate including the resident Armed Forces in the labor force base was 8.1 percent in December 1983, also down 2.5 percentage points from its recessionary high. This article provides a detailed look at the Nation’s labor market situation as it evolved during 1983. It gives a brief overview of the recovery compared with previous post-World War II recoveries, and discusses employment and unem ployment developments during 1983. A year of recovery One way to compare economic recoveries is to examine key indicators— gross national product, production, and employment— to see if the changes in each series are similar over a given period.3 There are a number of limitations to this approach, particularly in the absence of a fairly wellgrounded economic model of, for example, a firm’s hiring and production decisions and their links to the macro economy. One would expect that the speed and diffusion of a recovery would be related, in part, to the depth and duration of the prior recession. In addition, the existence 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment and Unemployment in 1983 of noncyclical changes may easily impair the ability to eval uate the relative strength of any given cyclical recovery. Subject to these limitations, table 1 provides a few important measures— various indexes of changes in employment, pro duction, and other measures of economic activity. In the context of this comparative approach, attention might be appropriately focused on the recoveries beginning in 1958 and 1975 because the depth of their prior recessions was most similar. For example, during the 1981-82 reces sion, production fell 12.3 percent and nonfarm payroll em ployment declined 3.1 percent. During the 1957-58 recession, the declines were 12.4 and 4.0 percent, and during the 1973-75 recession, 15.1 and 1.8 percent. Over the first 13 months of the 1982-83 recovery, em ployment exhibited increases not far out of line with the recoveries since 1961. The 5.8-percent gain in manufac turing employment is greater than for all the recoveries shown except 1949 and 1958. But total nonfarm payroll employment, with a gain of 3.2 percent, falls short of the pre-1960 and 1975 increases. For example, in the first 13 months of the 1958-59 recovery period, nonfarm payroll jobs increased by 5.1 percent, while in the 1975-76 period, the increase was 3.5 percent. In terms of the other economic indicators in table 1, retail sales in 1983 have not yet shown gains commensurate with most other recoveries, and the increase in industrial production has fallen short of the 1958— 59 recovery. How much of the 1981-82 recession’s job loss has been Table 1. Changes in selected economic indicators from postwar business cycle troughs through the first 13 months of recovery, seasonally adjusted [In percent] C iv ilia n R e c o v e r y p e rio d s e m p lo y m ent October 1949 to November 1950 May 1954 to June 1955 . . . April 1958 to May 1959 ____ February 1961 to March 1962 . . November 1970 to December 1971 March 1975 to April 1976 . . . . July 1980 to July 19814 . . . November 1982 to December 19835 N o n fa rm p a y r o ll e m p lo y m ent 4.2 8.9 3.1 3.3 M a n u fa c tu r in g p a y r o ll e m p lo y m ent Real In d e x o f g ro s s in d u s tr ia l n a t io n a l p ro p ro d u c t1 d u c tio n 14.7 13.3 3.8 4.1 5.1 7.0 1.4 3.3 2.3 P riv a te h o u s in g sta rts 3 R e ta il s a le s 3 27.5 - 6 .1 7.4 14.0 20.7 10.3 8.4 22.7 29.8 10.0 4.5 7.0 14.0 17.7 6.9 2.2 .9 4.7 7.2 39.3 11.4 3.8 3.5 4.3 6.7 15.6 40.5 10.5 1.9 2.0 2.9 4.2 9.7 -1 8 .4 1.8 3.9 3.2 5.8 6.1 15.9 29.0 8.0 2.6 1Measured in 1972 dollars at an annual rate. This series is estimated on a quarterly basis so that the calculations are based on the quarter within which each recovery date fell. M easured as an annual rate of housing starts. M easured in 1972 dollars. 4The National Bureau of Economic Research designated July 1981 as the prerecession peak; thus, the recovery from the 1980 recession did not last 13 months. 5The changes in private housing starts and retail sales refer to the November 1982November 1983 period. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “ restored” compared to other periods of expansion? The following tabulation shows nonfarm and manufacturing pay roll employment increases (in thousands) over the first 13 months of recovery as a percent of the job loss during each prior recession (the 1980-81 recovery only lasted 12 months): Recovery Total nonfarm Manufacturing Oct. 1949-Nov. 1950 ............. ........ May 1954-June 1955 ............. ........ Apr. 1958-May 1959 ............. ........ Feb. 1961-Mar. 1962 ............. ........ Nov. 1970-Dec. 1971 ............ ........ Mar. 1975-Apr. 1976 ........... ........ July 1980—July 1981 ............... ........ Nov. 1982-Dec. 1983 ............ ........ 169.5 120.9 121.8 146.1 200.4 188.7 154.9 105.9 132.0 45.0 77.0 74.0 10.0 35.7 45.9 49.1 Consider the manufacturing sector. Throughout the first 13 months of recovery from the four recessions since 1970, the proportions of jobs recovered tended to be less than in the early postwar recovery periods, undoubtedly reflecting a number of noncyclical changes in the structure of pro duction and employment. For example, 49 percent of the overall manufacturing jobs lost during the 1981-82 recession had been regained, com pared with more than 75 percent during the 1958-59 re covery. Since the 1973-75 recession, the percentages have been more similar. To put this in another perspective, fac tory job losses accounted for 79 percent, 152 percent, and 67 percent of total nonfarm job declines over the course of the 1981-82, 1973-75, and 1957-58 recessions, respec tively. As a proportion of nonfarm payroll job gains 13 months after each recession trough, manufacturing jobs ac counted for 37 percent, 29 percent, and 42 percent, re spectively. Also by the thirteenth month of every previous recovery, total nonfarm jobs had already recovered sub stantially more than the recession job loss. By this measure, recovery during the 1983 expansion has been less robust. One should bear in mind that these data on restored jobs are not able to isolate cyclical from secular and other microand macro-economic changes. Employment growth strong The payroll jobs picture brightened considerably through out 1983. After declining by 2.7 million over the course of the recession and exhibiting essentially no growth in the first few months of 1983, payroll employment increased rapidly through the end of the year. Between the November 1982 National Bureau of Economic Research ( n b e r ) des ignated trough and December 1983, payroll jobs increased by 2.9 million.4 These developments are traced on a quart erly basis in table 2. Employment gains were widespread, although not nec essarily proportionate to the size of the industry or to the magnitude of recession-induced employment cutbacks. The b l s Diffusion Index of over-the-month employment gains among 186 industries increased from a 32-percent low in November 1982 to 71 percent in May 1983; in the remaining months of the year, the index was between 60 and 70 per cent. The goods-producing sector, which had about 96 per cent of the 1981-82 job declines, accounted for only 46 percent of the increases posted since November 1982. Service-producing industries. Employment in the serviceproducing sector advanced by 1.6 million between Novem ber 1982 and December 1983. These gains were dominated by the services industry, which has such diverse industries as business, educational, personal, and legal services, mo tels, amusement and recreation, and auto repair. The ser vices industry gained 935,000 jobs. In contrast, government employment, particularly at the State and local level, showed no growth, reflecting, in large part, stringent budgets and consequent staffing limitations. State and local government employment had declined by 206,000 during the recession. Wholesale and retail trade employment remained rela tively stagnant in early 1983 but began to increase in the early summer, spurred by the surge in consumer spending. Over the year, jobs in retail trade increased by 361,000, while wholesale trade edged up by about 113,000. The cyclical transportation and public utilities industry registered essentially no growth during 1983; employment in this in dustry had declined by 165,000 during the recession. Goods-producing industries. From a purely cyclical per spective, the goods-producing sector shows the most move ment. Employment in this sector, which declined 2.6 million over the NBER-dated recession period, did not bottom out until March 1983. By December, the number employed was 24.4 million, an increase of 1.4 million from March, with the biggest job gains in construction and durable goods manufacturing. Construction employment continued to decline through the early part of 1983, but began to increase in the spring. Depressed since 1979, the housing industry— and, hence, residential construction— was one of the star performers of the economy in 1983, particularly during the spring and summer. New housing starts, which had hovered around 900,000 units (at an annual rate) during the first half of 1982, began to edge up slowly toward the end of 1982. They took off in 1983, hitting a peak of 1.9 million units annually in August. However, during the summer, mortgage interest rates began to inch upward again and were instru mental in slowing single-family home sales and construc tion. As a result, housing starts tailed off to an annual rate of 1.7 million units toward yearend, but were still substan tially above the levels of the previous 2 years. By the end of 1983, construction industry employment was 350,000 above its March trough. Jobs in manufacturing, which had accounted for nearly 80 percent of the decline in total nonfarm jobs in the reces sion, increased steadily throughout the year. Between No https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by indus try, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-83 [In thousands] 19 8 1 19 8 2 III IV I II III IV 1 88,815 89,452 90,250 91,381 19 8 3 In d u s try Total ............................. 91,440 88,796 Total private ............................. 75,492 73,026 73,075 73,726 74,512 75,596 G oods-producing.................. 25,653 M in in g ............................... 1,193 4,162 Construction ..................... Manufacturing, total . . . . 20,298 Production workers . . . 14,121 23,160 1,067 3,835 18,258 12,287 23,088 1,019 3,817 18,252 12,306 23,341 998 3,860 18,484 12,527 23,830 1,022 4.009 18.799 12,806 24,308 1,047 4,089 19,172 13,141 Durable g o o d s .................. 12,196 Lumber and wood products .................. 667 Furniture and fixtures . . 470 Stone, clay, and glass products .................. 639 Primary metal in dustries.................. 1,133 Fabricated metal 1,603 products .................. Machinery, except electrical .................. 2,522 Electric and electronic equipment ................ 2,111 Transportation equipment ................ 1,906 Instruments and related products .................. 736 Miscellaneous m anufacturing.......... 410 10,607 10,606 10,774 11,021 11.318 609 427 631 430 664 445 697 458 713 469 559 558 569 581 592 826 814 826 843 875 1,366 1363 1,377 1.404 1,439 2,092 2,040 2.054 2,106 2,153 1,969 1,981 2.013 2,057 2.127 1,683 1,721 1,754 1.801 1.859 700 693 689 692 702 375 375 382 383 390 8,102 7,651 7,646 7,710 7.778 7.854 1,662 71 830 1,631 66 729 1,622 68 727 1.636 66 738 1.632 63 750 1.634 61 760 1,257 1,143 1,147 1,154 1.177 1.201 693 653 652 656 660 666 1,273 1,264 1,266 1,277 1.288 1.300 1,111 1,063 1,056 1,057 1.058 1.061 215 200 199 198 196 193 748 686 693 715 738 761 243 215 215 214 216 217 Private service-producing . . . 65,787 Transportation and public u t ilit ie s .......................... 5,184 Wholesale t r a d e ............... 5,376 Retail t r a d e ....................... 15,262 Finance, Insurance, and real e s ta te ..................... 5,317 S e rvices............................. 18,700 65,636 65,727 66.110 66,421 67,073 5,020 5,214 15,093 4,969 5,181 15,169 4,991 5,200 15,193 4,785 5,251 15,323 5,023 5,293 15,408 5,358 19,182 5,383 19,285 5,436 19,564 5,484 19,839 5,521 20,043 15,770 2,745 13,025 15,740 2,744 12,996 15,726 2,745 12,981 15,738 2,754 12,984 15,785 2,769 13,016 Nondurable goods .......... Food and kindred products .................. Tobacco manufactures Textile mill products . . Apparel and other textile products . . . . Paper and allied products .................. Printing and publishing ................ Chemicals and allied products .................. Petroleum and coal products .................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products . . . . Leather and leather products .................. G overnment............................... Federal .................................. State and local ..................... 15,948 2,771 13,177 1Data are preliminary. vember 1982 and December 1983, manufacturing employment increased by 1,050,000. However, this gain represented only 49 percent of the jobs lost during the recession. Of note is the fact that production workers accounted for vir tually all of the manufacturing job gains as employers sought to control overhead costs. Those workers had accounted for 70 percent of the prerecession peak manufacturing work force and 91 percent of the decline in employment. Between November 1982 and December 1983, they made up 93 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment and Unemployment in 1983 percent of the job gains. However, their number, at 13.2 million, was still about 1 million below the previous peak reached in the second quarter of 1981. It should be em phasized that several manufacturing industries had been con fronted with serious secular problems prior to the recession— international competition, technological change, and the like. Thus, other things equal, it would be unrealistic to expect a complete recoupment of jobs in these industries. Although gains in manufacturing were fairly pervasive, they were also somewhat uneven. More than three-quarters of the absolute increase occurred in durable goods, with especially large gains in industries closely connected to con sumer spending on big-ticket items. For example, note worthy employment increases were posted in lumber, furniture, electrical equipment, and transportation equip ment. The increases in both lumber and electrical equipment began in early 1983, and by the end of the year the increases exceeded the number of jobs lost during the recession (July 1981-November 1982). Employment in transportation equipment, paced largely by motor vehicles and equipment, was up 12.8 percent or 210,000 jobs between November 1982 and December 1983. In the last quarter of 1983, do mestic cars sold at more than a 7-million annual rate, and auto manufacturers’ production schedules had increased from an annual rate of approximately 5 million units in the fourth quarter of 1982 to more than 7.5 million units near the end of 1983.5 Three durable goods industries with very large reces sionary job losses— primary metals, fabricated metals, and machinery— posted only minimal gains in 1983 relative to the number of jobs lost. Between November 1982 and De cember 1983, employment in primary metals, which in cludes steel, increased by 60,000, or only one-fifth of the industry’s seasonally adjusted job loss. While steel produc tion and capacity utilization had increased significantly from the nadir of the recession, the restructuring which is oc curring in the industry suggests that major advances in em ployment are unlikely in the near future. Employment in machinery, which dropped by more than 400,000 during the recession, continued to decline during the first half of 1983. A substantial increase in the growth of business equip ment investment and nondefense capital goods shipments in the second quarter was instrumental in pushing the num ber of jobs in machinery up by 100,000 between the second and fourth quarters of 1983. However, growth in this com ponent of investment was off in the latter half of the year, and its effect on future employment gains thus remains uncertain. In nondurable goods, large advances occurred during the November 1982-December 1983 period in the rubber and plastics (85,000), printing (40,000), and apparel (70,000) industries, while a decline occurred in petroleum. Else where, the number of jobs in the mining industry continued its downward trend through the first 5 months of 1983 before increasing during the remaining months. 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Worker recalls? To what extent is the improved employ ment and unemployment picture, particularly in manufac turing, attributable to recalls of laid-off workers? Were the furloughed auto workers called back, did they find a job in another industry, or did they simply drop out of the labor force? The information needed to definitively answer these questions is not available. However, the nature and mag nitude of employment growth during the recovery makes it implausible that the improvement could be attributable en tirely to new hires. Moreover, changes in the pattern of reasons reported for unemployment can provide some insight. During the reces sion, job loss— layoffs and permanent separations— is by far the major reason for increasing unemployment, partic ularly in cyclically-sensitive industries.6 For example, be tween the third quarters of 1981 and 1982, unemployment in manufacturing increased by 1.1 million. More than half of this increase (52 percent) was due to layoffs, with per manent separations accounting for the remainder. A similar pattern was evident in durable goods industries, while per manent job separations predominated in nondurable goods and in the construction industry. During the recovery phase, the improved unemployment picture was dominated by a reduction in layoffs. For example, 85 percent of the decline in unemployment of manufacturing workers between the third quarters of 1982 and 1983 was the result of a drop in the number of persons on layoff. (The proportions were 92 percent in durable goods, 65 percent in nondurable goods, and 52 percent in construction.) Hours and part-time work. Two other important features of the state of the labor market in 1983 were changes in the number of involuntary part-time workers and the average number of hours worked. In a recession, employers typically resort to cutbacks in hours as well as layoffs and hiring freezes. Hours reductions tend to occur prior to layoffs. During the recovery period, as orders and production pick up, firms tend to restore hours prior to recalling persons on layoff or hiring new workers. In fact, the factory workweek, which had reached a low of 39 hours in December 1982, was up to 40.5 hours at the end of 1983, and the index of aggregate weekly hours of production workers in manufac turing— which reflects both employment and hours— rose 12 percent over the year. Further insight into the improved job market can be gleaned by examining the series on the number of workers on parttime schedules for economic reasons. The two major reasons for involuntary part-time work are slack work (that is, em ployer-reduced hours), and the inability of persons to find a full-time job.7 Table 3 presents the number of persons at work in nonagricultural industries by type of work schedule. The number of involuntary part-time workers increased steadily throughout the recession and peaked at 6.7 million workers— 7.4 percent of the total number of persons at work in nonagricultural industries— in January 1983. Thereafter, Table 3. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by full- or part-time status, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-83 19 8 1 19 8 2 III IV I II 19 8 3 III IV 91,474 74,507 90,124 71,412 90,484 71,834 91,405 73,196 92,467 74,003 93,760 75,416 4,508 6,385 6,403 5,976 5,864 5,761 12,459 12,327 12,247 12,234 12,600 12,583 100.0 81.5 100.0 79.2 100.0 79.4 100.0 80.1 100.0 80.0 100.0 80.4 4.9 7.1 7.1 6.5 6.3 6.1 13.6 13.7 13.5 13.4 13.6 13.4 S ta tu s Total at work (in thousands) . . . . Full-time sche d u le s.................. Part time for economic re asons.................................. Part time for noneconomic re asons.................................. Percent at work .......... Full-time sche d u le s.................. Part time for economic re asons.................................. Part time for noneconomic re asons.................................. the number of involuntary part-timers decreased fairly steadily throughout the year. By year’s end, there were 5.7 million such workers, 1.0 million fewer than in January. It is useful to delve deeper into the source of this im provement to determine the industries in which these work ers are concentrated. Some recent evidence suggests that the cyclical behavior of the “ slack work” and “ could only find part-time work” components differ.8 It appears, for example, that the slack-work rate improves (declines) much earlier in a recovery than the “ failure to find” rate. This means that employees’ hours are restored before there is sufficient economic improvement to enable firms to hire additional full-time workers. Moreover, as one would ex pect, the relative importance of each component varies among industries. This perspective is borne out in the current recession-to-recovery data. Changes in the slack work component are highlighted in the following unadjusted data on invol untary part-time workers as a proportion of the total at work for the third quarters, 1981-83, selected industries: Nonagricultural in- Manufacdustries turing 1981: Slack work . Could only find part tim e....... 1982: Slack work . Could only find part tim e....... 1983: Slack work . Could only find part tim e....... Wholesale Miscellaneous and retail trade services 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.6 2.5 .5 5.7 3.1 3.2 4.2 3.4 2.2 3.2 .7 7.3 4.0 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.1 3.6 .8 8.2 4.2 Between the third quarters of 1981 and 1982, the number of involuntary part-timers increased by 1.3 million persons, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 68 percent of whom were put on short workweeks because of slack work. This group’s proportion of the at-work total rose from 2.0 to 3.2 percent. With the onset of recovery, however, the number of workers subject to a slack workload declined, and by the third quarter of 1983 had fallen to 2.3 percent of total number of persons at work. The “ could only find part-time” rate, on the other hand, continued to increase into the recovery, although at a much reduced rate. Particularly dramatic differences are seen when manu facturing industries are compared with the two major ser vice-producing industries. Swings in part-time work in manufacturing were dominated by slack workloads; the ratio to total at work went from 2.0 percent at the start of the recession to 4.2 percent in the latter half of 1982, before improving quickly to 2.4 percent of those at work in the third quarter of 1983. On the other hand, while slack work is also important in trade and services and behaves in the same cyclical manner as in manufacturing, the situation of only being able to find part-time work appears to be more predominant. The data also support the notion that persons who desire full-time work but are unable to obtain it settle for part-time jobs in those industries that provide such jobs— services and trade. Employment among worker groups. Civilian employment, as measured by the Current Population Survey, declined by 1.4 million during the course of the downturn to a low of 99.2 million in the first quarter of 1983, and then rose by 3.3 million to 102.5 million by yearend. The number of employed adult men (those age 20 and over) increased by 1.9 million from its recession low and by the end of 1983 had surpassed the previous peak reached during the third quarter of 1981. Employment among adult women, which had increased, albeit at a slower pace, throughout most of the recession, increased by 1.4 million between the first and last quarters of 1983. Indeed, with the exception of teen agers, whose population and proportion of the labor force have been declining, all demographic groups shown in table 4 posted employment gains. Employment of blacks and Hispanics rose by 400,000 and 415,000 from their recession troughs, increases more than proportionate to their share of employment. In addition to providing demographic information not available in the establishment survey, the household survey covers self-employed workers, whose numbers increased substantially in 1983. In contrast to earlier in the postwar period when self-employment growth tended to be coun tercyclical, in the past decade, self-employment has grown fastest in the expansionary phase of the cycle. Nevertheless, in relation to previous recoveries, the increase in selfemployment from November 1982 through December 1983 was exceptionally large— 360,000. The following tabula tion shows the percent change in self-employment from the trough through the first 13 months of the recovery. 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment and Unemployment in 1983 Recovery period Total Nonagricultural sector Agricultural sector Jan. 1970/Dec. 1971 ... Mar. 1975/Apr. 1976 .. .. July 1980/July 1981 .... Nov. 1982/Dec. 1983 .. 0.8 -0 .6 0.4 4.0 2.0 .8 1.4 5.6 -3 .0 -5 .0 -3 .9 -3 .0 The employment-population ratio provides a useful in dicator of the economy’s ability to generate enough jobs for a growing population, as the ratio is affected by changes in both the number of jobholders and the working-age popu lation. The overall ratio for civilians declined throughout the recession and into the first quarter of 1983— from 59.4 percent in the second quarter of 1981 to 57.2 percent. By the fourth quarter of 1983, it had increased to 58.6 percent, still short of the prerecession high. Adult men, whose em ployment ratio dropped 3.1 percentage points during the recession, posted a ratio of 72.2 percent at yearend, an increase of 1.6 percentage points from their low point. In contrast, the ratio for adult women was only modestly af fected by the recession and, at the end of the year, was a record 49.3 percent. Ratios fell substantially during the recession to lows of 48.8 percent for blacks, 53.6 percent for Hispanics, and 58.3 percent for whites. All three groups Table 4. Civilian employment and employment-population ratios for major labor force groups, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-83 19 8 1 19 8 2 III IV 19 8 3 G ro u p Total, civilian employment (in thousands) . . . 100,452 1 II I II IV 99,054 99,214 100,037 101,528 102,506 Men, 20 years and over . . . Women, 20 years and over Teenagers ............................. 53,709 39,568 7,175 52,537 40,108 6,409 52,563 40,313 6,338 53,095 40,654 6,288 53,839 41,324 6,366 54,418 41,717 6,370 White ..................................... Black ..................................... Hispanic origin ..................... 88,815 9,286 5,339 87,368 9,133 5,052 87,459 9,226 5,083 88,231 9,287 5,293 89,485 9,452 5,360 90,353 9,531 5,467 38,819 37,642 37,511 37,710 38,256 38,374 23,868 24,055 24,177 24,360 24,815 25,050 4,977 5,033 5,046 4,996 5,097 5,221 Married men, spouse present............................... Married women, spouse present............................... Women who maintain families ............................. Total, civilian employmentpopulation ratios (in p e rc e n t).......... 58.9 57.2 57.2 57.5 58.2 58.6 Men, 20 years and over . . . Women, 20 years and over Teenagers ............................. 74.0 48.4 44.4 70.9 48.1 41.1 70.6 48.2 41.0 71.1 48.5 41.0 71.8 49.1 41.9 72.2 49.3 42.3 White ..................................... Black ..................................... Hispanic origin ..................... 59.9 50.8 56.9 58.3 48.8 53.9 58.2 49.1 54.0 58.6 49.2 54.5 59.3 49.8 55.4 59.7 50.0 56.3 Married men, spouse present ............................... Married women, spouse present ............................... Women who maintain families ............................. Note: 76.8 73.8 73.7 74.0 74.4 74.8 47.4 47.2 47.6 47.9 48.5 48.7 53.2 52.5 51.8 51.4 52.4 53.3 Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “ other races” group are not presented, and because Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis posted gains during 1983, although at an uneven pace, and were still considerably short of their prerecession highs by yearend. Unemployment improved, but still high With strong employment growth during most of 1983, the level of unemployment dropped by 2.6 million between December 1982 and December 1983. Despite this improve ment, the number unemployed, 9.2 million at yearend, and the civilian unemployment rate, 8.2 percent, were still quite high by historical standards, and there was continued con cern about the magnitude of the numbers and the demo graphic composition of the jobless total. At the end of 1983, nearly half the unemployed were adult men, a third were adult women, and the remainder were teenagers. Because about twice as many men as women became unemployed in 1982, it was not surprising that more men than women left the jobless ranks during the recovery period. Thus, the decline in unemployment between De cember 1982 and 1983 was greater for men (1.4 million or 24.3 percent) than for women (790,000 or 20.6 percent) or teenagers (410,000 or 21.7 percent). Despite the greater improvement for men during the year, jobless rates for women continued to be lower than men’s, sustaining a pattern first noted in late 1981. Duration. An important consideration in the overall eval uation of the health of the economy is the duration of un em ployed p ersons’ job search. Average duration of unemployment (the mean and median) and the number of weeks spent looking for work generally decrease with an upturn in the business cycle. However, their movements tend to lag behind other unemployment indicators because those who become unemployed early in the downturn typ ically have the least seniority and skills and, consequently, are the last to obtain jobs when conditions improve. This lag was clearly evident during the 1983 recovery period. While the level and rate of unemployment peaked in De cember 1982 at 11.9 million and 10.7 percent, respectively, both the average duration figures and the number jobless for a half year or more reached their highs after unemploy ment had been on the decline for 6 months. Because increases in unemployment can be a function of both increased flows into the unemployment stream as well as increases in the duration of unemployment, it is useful to trace the pattern of the newly unemployed, that is, those who have been unemployed for less than 5 weeks. Chart 1 shows that during the months preceding the economic down turn of 1981-82, the number of short-duration unemployed began to increase. But as the downturn deepened, the in creased levels of unemployment moved into the longer du ration categories and ultimately into the 27 week and longer group. During the initial months of the 1983 recovery, the number entering unemployment declined, while the long term unemployed continued to increase. It was not until the Chart 1. Unemployed persons by duration, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1972-83 Thousands Thousands 5,000 5,000 4,000 4,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment and Unemployment in 1983 Table 5. Unemployed persons by duration of unemploy ment, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-83 [Numbers in thousands] 19 8 1 19 8 2 III IV I II III IV Less than 5 weeks .................. 5 to 14 weeks .......................... 15 weeks and o v e r .................. 15 t o 2 6 w e e k s ..................... 27 weeks and over ............. 3,379 2,465 2,228 1,106 1,122 3,913 3,454 4,449 2,053 2,396 3,622 3,224 4,608 1,914 2,693 3,598 3,034 4,464 1,686 2,778 3,634 2,859 4,122 1,591 2,530 3,405 2,615 3,517 1,331 2,186 Mean duration, in weeks . . . . Median duration, in weeks . . . 13.9 7.1 17.7 10.1 19.2 10.5 20.3 11.2 20.5 9.6 20.0 9.3 Total unemployed (in percent) .......................... Less than 5 w e e ks................ 5 to 14 w e eks....................... 15 weeks and o v e r................ 15 to 26 weeks ................ 27 weeks and o v e r .......... 100.0 41.9 30.5 27.6 13.7 13.9 100.0 33.1 29.2 37.6 17.4 20.3 100.0 31.6 28.1 40.2 16.7 23.5 100.0 32.4 27.3 40.2 15.2 25.0 100.0 34.2 26.9 38.8 15.0 23.8 100.0 35.7 27.4 36.9 14.0 22.9 19 8 3 D u ra tio n third quarter of 1983 that the number of long-term unem ployed, too, began to decline. (See table 5.) This lead and lag phenomenon is fairly typical of unemployment cycles. Men were unemployed for more successive weeks in 1983 than either women or teenagers, as more than two-fifths of those who were unemployed at the end of 1983 had been looking for work for 15 weeks or longer, and more than two-thirds of this long-term group had been searching for a job for at least 27 weeks. About one-third of the women had been jobless for 15 weeks or more, and, like men, twothirds of them had been job hunting for at least 27 weeks. Slightly more than one-fifth of the teenagers were unem ployed for 15 weeks or more, but less than half were un employed for as long as 27 weeks. The following tabulation shows median duration, in weeks, for men, women, and teenagers, quarterly, 1982-83: Men Women Teenagers 1982: I V ....................... ............... 11 9 1 1983: I ....................... ............... II ....................... ............... Ill ....................... ............... I V ....................... ............... 14 18 13 12 10 10 7 7 8 5 6 6 1983, the number of unemployed persons who had lost their jobs declined by 2.3 million to about 5.0 million by De cember, with, as indicated earlier, the greatest part of that decline among persons on layoff, who accounted for more than half of the reduction. The improvement among job losers was more than twice the rate of recovery registered in the 13 months following the 1973-75 recession. As the job-loser share of unemployment declines during expansionary periods, the share of persons who voluntarily quit a job in order to search for another increases signifi cantly. The number of unemployed job leavers reached a low of 6.8 percent of total unemployment during the fourth quarter of 1982— it had been 11.5 percent in the third quarter of 1981— and was up to 9.0 percent by the final quarter of 1983. Typically, upward movement in this indicator augurs increased confidence about job prospects, a confidence borne out by strong employment growth. The number of unem ployed new entrants and reentrants remained about the same over the year. Selected characteristics of joblessness Racial and ethnic differences. The overall decline in job less rates was predominantly fueled by a decline in the unemployment of white workers. (See table 6.) While the white jobless rate peaked in the final quarter of the 198182 downturn, the black rate, which had registered virtually no improvement during the 1980-81 recovery, continued increasing until the second quarter of 1983. Nevertheless, during the third quarter of 1983, there was a strong down ward movement in the black unemployment rate that carried over into the fourth quarter. To a large extent, the higher jobless rate for blacks in 1983 than in 1982 was a result of the increasing unem ployment of black teenagers, whose jobless rate reached a record 50 percent in the third quarter, and only dropped back to 48 percent in the final quarter of the year. In com parison, between the fourth quarters of 1982 and 1983, the Table 6. Unemploymtint rates for major labor force groups, seasonally ad usted quarterly averages, 1981 -8 3 19 8 1 19 8 2 III IV 1 II III IV Total (all civilian workers) .................. Men, 20 years and o v e r .......... Women, 20 years and over . . . Teenagers .................................. 7.4 6.1 6.8 19.0 10.6 9.9 9.0 24.1 10.4 9.7 8.9 23.1 10.1 9.4 8.5 23.3 9.4 8.7 7.9 22.4 8.5 7.8 7.2 20.6 W h ite .......................................... B la c k .......................................... Hispanic o r ig in .......................... 6.4 15.8 9.8 9.5 20.6 15.3 9.1 20.2 15.6 8.8 20.4 14.2 8.1 19.4 12.8 7.4 17.9 12.1 4.1 7.5 7.2 6.9 6.2 5.5 19 8 3 G ro u p Not only is the duration of unemployment longer for men than for women or teenagers, but the gap widens during a downturn. A possible explanation for the shorter duration of women and teenagers is that they tend to enter and leave the job market more often than men. They are also more likely to end a spell of unemployment by dropping out of the labor force.9 Job losers, leavers, and entrants. The unemployed are classified by whether they have lost their last job because of layoff or other reasons, left it voluntarily, are entering the job market for the first time, or are reentering after a period of absence. Reflecting the economic expansion of 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Married men, spouse present .................................. Married women, spouse present .................................. Women who maintain fa m ilie s .................................. 5.8 8.1 7.7 7.5 6.9 6.2 10.7 12.5 13.2 12.7 11.9 11.0 Full-time workers ..................... Part-time w o rk e rs ..................... 7.1 9.5 10.6 11.0 10.3 10.5 10.0 11.1 9.3 10.2 8.3 9.8 black adult rate decreased from 18 percent to 15 percent, largely because of improvements among men. Among Hispanics, unemployment declined each quarter in 1983, with the sharpest drop occurring in the third quarter. Age, sex, and industry. While still higher than at the outset of the recession in the third quarter of 1981, joblessness for men and women and for teenagers declined in 1983 from the fourth quarter of 1982, with each quarter showing some improvement. As discussed earlier, the jobless rate for men traditionally has been lower than that for women. However, as the 1981-82 recession intensified, particularly in the male-dominated goods-producing sector, this relationship began to change. In 1982, for the first time in more than three decades, the unemployment rate for men exceeded that for women on an annual average basis. Although the male rate remained higher than the female rate throughout 1983, the gap narrowed considerably toward the end of the year, commensurate with the faster pace of improvement for male unemployment. Teenagers continued to account for a disproportionate share of the unemployed, as shown in the following tabu lation of seasonally adjusted fourth-quarter data:10 1979 Teenagers as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... Teenagers as a percent of total unemployed 1980 1981 1982 1983 9.2 25.3 8.7 21.9 8.3 21.3 7.7 18.5 19 8 1 19 8 2 III IV 19 8 3 In d u s try Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ............. 1 II III IV 7.5 11.3 10.8 10.3 9.6 8.6 G oods-producing.................. M in in g ............................... Construction ..................... M anufacturing.................. Durable goods ............. Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ............... Furniture and fix tu re s .................. Primary metal industries ............. Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ............... Machinery, except e lectrica l................ Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ................ A u to m o b ile s............. Nondurable goods . . . . Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products . . Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 9.0 5.7 15.7 7.6 7.3 15.8 18.2 22.1 14.2 16.1 14.5 18.6 20.1 13.0 14.5 13.8 19.7 19.5 12.1 13.2 12.3 16.1 18.0 10.7 11.3 10.4 12.4 15.9 8.9 9.2 11.6 17.1 16.1 16.1 14.8 12.7 8.3 16.5 15.1 12.6 11.1 10.8 14.5 Private service-producing . . Transportation and public utilities .......................... Wholesale and retail trade Finance and services . . . . Government............................... 7.9 25.7 26.6 21.2 17.3 8.6 18.0 15.5 14.6 14.8 11.9 11.5 8.0 5.4 15.0 15.3 13.6 6.4 13.2 8.0 9.1 12.2 22.4 11.4 12.4 11.4 16.4 10.9 11.2 10.2 14.8 10.5 10.4 8.3 10.9 9.8 9.5 6.0 8.5 8.6 7.0 11.6 15.1 14.8 13.6 11.3 10.1 9.9 14.4 11.0 10.7 9.9 10.8 6.6 8.8 8.8 8.5 8.2 7.7 4.6 8.2 5.8 8.1 10.7 7.6 7.8 10.9 7.4 7.6 10.2 7.3 7.5 9.7 7.2 6.8 9.2 6.7 4.7 5.2 5.7 5.5 5.2 5.0 7.3 17.1 The declining proportion of unemployed teenagers resulted largely from a more rapid increase in the number of un employed adults and the shrinking of the teenage population and labor force. The reduction in unemployment was reflected in a wide range of industries. Table 7 contains quarterly average un employment rates among wage and salary workers in se lected industry categories. The unemployment rate for manufacturing workers improved throughout 1983 and, at 8.9 percent in the fourth quarter, was more than 5 percentage points below its recession high. Substantial improvement occurred in each of the manufacturing industries shown. The unemployment rate for construction workers dropped from 22 percent in the fourth quarter of 1982 to about 16 percent in the last 3 months of 1983. The service-producing sector was less affected by the recession, but the unemployment situation nonetheless gen erally worsened during 1982. For example, in the sector as a whole, the unemployment rate went from 6.6 percent in the third quarter of 1981 to 8.8 percent by the end of 1982. By the end of 1983, it had edged down to 7.7 percent. Among the major industry groups, the incidence of un employment was unevenly distributed by sex. (See table 8.) As discussed earlier, there have been large employment gains in a number of industries, with accompanying declines https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 7. Unemployment rates of nonagricultural wage and salary workers by industry, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-83 in unemployment. Men and women in the goods-producing industries— especially in durable goods manufacturing— experienced the largest over-the-year unemployment de clines. However, unemployment rates remained higher among women than among men in manufacturing, particularly in nondurable goods manufacturing. In the service-producing sector, unemployment rates for men and women declined less, and, in most instances, the declines were comparable, at least at the major industry levels. However, in finance and in services, women showed no over-the-year reductions, while men did. Major occupation. Because employment in the manufac turing and construction industries is more sensitive to cycli cal movements, it follows that the occupations which are concentrated in these industries—precision production, craft and repair, and operators, fabricators, and laborers— are more likely to evidence unemployment declines during eco nomic recoveries.11 With over-the-year employment in creases, these two major occupational groups showed a decline in unemployment of 1.5 million. Three-fourths of this de cline was concentrated in the operators, fabricators, and laborers occupations, but, even so, this group still had the highest unemployment rate among the major occupations. (See table 9.) Unemployment also declined over the year among man agerial and professional workers, who have the lowest job less rates. In the service occupations traditionally least affected 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment and Unemployment in 1983 by cyclical downturns, unemployment rates remained quite high, even after a year of recovery. Families and marital status. The proportion of families having at least one member unemployed declined to 10.9 percent from 13.6 percent between the fourth quarters of 1982 and 1983. In 60 percent of those 6.8 million families, the effects of unemployment were mitigated, to some extent, by the full-time employment of some other family member, up from 58 percent a year earlier. A family’s experience with unemployment differed sig nificantly by race and ethnic origin in 1983. The proportion of black families experiencing some unemployment was almost 21 percent at yearend, compared with 10 percent among white families. These proportions represented a slight decrease for both black families and white families over 1982. Unemployment touched about 16 percent of Hispanic families in late 1983, down from more than 19 percent a year earlier. As with most other unemployment indicators, the jobless rates of married men and women peaked in the fourth quarter of 1982. Typically, their rates are well below the national average. For example, the December 1983 rate for married men, at 5.2 percent, was 3.0 percentage points below the national average, while the rate for married women, at 6.1 percent, was 2.1 percentage points below. On the other hand, women who maintain families have considerably higher than average unemployment rates. (See table 6.) Discouraged workers. Of the 63 million persons not in the labor force in 1983 (on average), about 90 percent did not want jobs. Of these, slightly more than half were women keeping house. Others not in the labor force who did not want jobs were retired workers, students, and those who were either ill or disabled. The remaining 6.5 million per sons outside the work force want jobs “ now” but are not looking for work because of ill health, school attendance, home responsibilities, or because they think they cannot Table 8. Unemployment rates for nonagricultural private wage and salary workers by industry and sex, fourth quarters 1979, 1982, and 1983, not seasonally adjusted 19 79 19 8 2 19 8 3 In d u s try M en W om en Mining ............................................... 4.3 2.5 19.1 4.3 12.8 4.7 Construction .................................... 9.5 7.2 20.3 15.9 14.5 11.4 Manufacturing .................................. Durable g o o d s .......................... Nondurable goods .................. 4.7 4.9 4.4 7.7 6.6 8.7 13.2 15.3 9.1 15.5 16.9 14.0 8.3 8.8 7.4 9.6 9.5 9.8 Transportation and public utilities 3.6 4.7 8.1 5.9 6.8 5.1 Wholesale and retail trade M en W om en M en W om en ............. 5.1 7.2 9.2 11.4 8.1 9.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................................ 1.9 3.4 5.3 5.0 3.8 4.4 Services, excluding private households .................................. 5.0 5.4 9.1 7.7 8.1 6.7 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 9. Occupational status of the employed and unemployed, fourth quarters 1982 and 1983, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 19 8 2 O c c u p a tio n Managerial and professional specialty .......... Technical, sales, and administrative support . . . . . . Service occupa tions .................. Precision produc tion, craft, and repair ................ Operators, fabrica tors, and la borers............. Farming, forestry, and fishing . . . . C iv ilia n Unem e m p lo y e d p lo y e d 19 8 3 Unem p lo y m e n t ra te C iv ilia n Unem e m p lo y e d p lo y e d Unem p lo y m e n t r a te 23,567 845 3.5 24,071 654 2.6 31,048 2,192 6.6 31,843 1,868 5.5 13,496 1,712 11.3 14,115 1,603 10.2 11,554 1,475 11.3 12,814 1,138 8.2 16,051 3,558 18.1 16,618 2,431 12.8 10.2 3,365 398 10.6 3,607 408 find work. This last group is commonly referred to as “ dis couraged workers.” Discouraged workers— although reporting that they want a job— are excluded from counts of the unemployed, with whom they often are compared, because they have not looked for work during the 4 weeks prior to being surveyed. Changes in their number generally follow cyclical changes in un employment. For example, the number of discouraged workers reached a recession high of 1.8 million in the fourth quarter of 1982, the same time the unemployment rate peaked. (See table 10.) As the unemployment rate began to decline, so too did the number of discouraged workers, such that by the final quarter of 1983 their number was down to 1.5 million. About three-fourths of discouraged workers cited “job market factors” as the reason for their discouragement in 1983. These include the individual’s repeated failure in find ing a job or the belief that no suitable jobs existed in his or her line of work or geographic area. The rest of the dis couraged workers cited “ personal factors” for their dis couragement, namely, the belief that employers would not hire them because they lack the necessary education or skills, are too young or too old, or are otherwise not acceptable for employment. The group citing job market factors for its discouragement is much more strongly influenced by changes in the business cycle. Accordingly, the decline in the number of discouraged workers from the final quarter of 1982 to the fourth quarter of 1983 of nearly 350,000 occurred almost exclusively among this group. Discouragement because of personal factors is usually insensitive to cyclical changes; the number actually increased between the first two quarters of 1983, and then remained constant at about 410,000 for the remainder of the year. Women are somewhat more likely than men to be dis couraged workers. Their number peaked at 1.1 million dur ing the fourth quarter of 1982, compared with a peak for men of 695,000 (reached in the first quarter of 1983). Also, the level of discouragement among women was fairly con stant for most of 1983. Discouragement among men fol lowed a more cyclical pattern, with a pronounced decline during the year. Blacks make up a very disproportionate share of the discouraged group when compared with whites— about 30 percent in recent years. The labor force The civilian labor force, at 112.0 million in the final quarter, grew at almost the same pace in 1983 as in 1982, finishing the year 1.3 million higher, compared with in creases of 1.7 million in 1982 and 1.6 million in 1981. Most of the labor force growth occurred in the third quarter. (See table 11.) The relatively slow rate of labor force increase is the result of several factors. There have been fewer persons reaching working age in recent years because the high birth rates of the 1950’s and early 1960’s were not sustained in the later 1960’s and early 1970’s. The number of teenagers of labor force age has dropped steadily from a high of 16.7 million in the fourth quarter of 1977 to 15.1 million by the fourth quarter of 1983. The drop in the teenage population is the dominant reason for the declining rate of increase in the overall working age population (16 years and older), from 2.6 percent between 1971 and 1972 to 1.1 percent between 1982 and 1983. Women accounted for more than half of the labor force growth in 1983. At 48.8 million, they accounted for nearly 44 percent of the labor force in December, reflecting a marked increase during the postwar era. However, the rate of increase has slowed somewhat in recent years. Although women constituted a larger share of the labor force in 1983 than in any previous year, they did not enter the job market at the same pace as in earlier years. This has also contributed to the slower than usual labor force growth over the year. The following tabulation shows women as a percent of the civilian labor force, 1974-83: Year 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Percent Year 39.4 40.0 40.5 41.0 41.7 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Percent .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 42.1 42.5 43.0 43.3 43.5 The labor force participation rate—the proportion of the civilian population in the labor force— averaged the same in 1983 as in the prior year. The rate for men has been declining fairly consistently since the early 1950’s, largely because of the labor force withdrawal of older men.12 In particular, the participation rate for white men has been declining steadily over the past three decades, with the larg est year-to-year decline occurring over the 1974-75 period. The drop from 79.2 percent in 1982 to 78.9 percent in 1983 reflects a continuation of the trend over the decades. During the year, however, there was some upward movement in their rate, especially during the first 6 months, as the eco https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 10. Discouraged workers by selected characteristics, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-83 [In thousands] 19 8 3 19 8 1 19 8 2 III IV 1 II III IV Total ............................... 1,110 1,813 1,765 1,726 1,610 1,457 Job-market fa c to rs ..................... Personal factors ....................... 822 288 1,393 420 1,408 357 1,316 411 1,197 413 1,046 411 Men ............................................ Women ....................................... 396 714 683 1,131 695 1,070 683 1,043 607 1,003 620 836 White Black 751 324 1,252 522 1,194 512 1,245 431 1,076 473 974 458 C h a r a c te r is tic .......................................... .......................................... nomic recovery began to take hold. As with white men, the rate for black men has also shown a general downward trend. Although the participation rate for black men was slightly higher in 1983 than in 1982, most of the increase came, as it did for whites, in the first half of the year. The last 6 months brought a slight decline in the participation rate for black men. The participation rate for women was 53.1 percent in 1983, compared with 52.7 percent a year earlier and 41.6 percent in 1968. The secular increase for women has ac companied a tremendous expansion in the service sector where women have obtained the majority of new jobs. For example, 15 years earlier, service-producing industries em ployed about 44 million persons, of whom some 19 million were women. By 1983, total employment in this sector had grown by 21 million to 66 million, 33 million of them women. In the last decade and a half, then, women have accounted for two-thirds of the increase in service-producing employment. It is possible that better employment oppor tunities for women in the growing services sector may have contributed to their greater labor force participation. It is too early to draw any firm conclusions about future trends in women’s participation rates, but it is clear that there has been a reduction in the rate of increase thus far in the 1980’s. White women have entered the labor force at a much faster pace than black women over the past decade. In 1983, however, the increase in the participation rate between the two groups was about the same. The labor force participation rate for the Hispanic pop ulation, which peaked at 64.1 percent in 1981, was the same in 1983 as in 1982— 63.6 percent. The rate at which teenagers participate in the labor force increased from the early 1960’s, when it was about 45 percent, and reached a high of almost 58 percent in 1978 and 1979. Since then, however, their participation has been on a downward trend, finishing 1983 at slightly more than 53 percent. The factors that motivate teenagers to join the work force are complex and include, among other issues, family eco nomic situation, whether their friends work, the cost of education, their interests, and potential earnings. Most re cently, the declining teenage participation rate may have stemmed from the recessions of 1980 and 1981-82. To the 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment and Unemployment in 1983 Table 11. Civilian labor force and participation rates for major age-sex groups, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, [Numbers in thousands] 19 8 2 19 8 3 G ro u p Total, civilian labor f o r c e ............................ .......... Men, 20 years and over ......................................... Women, 20 years and over ...................................................... T e e n a g e rs ......................................................................... Total, participation r a t e ................................................................. Men, 20 years and over ...................................................... Women, 20 years and over ................................................. Teenagers ......................................................................... I II III IV 1 II III IV 109,414 57,608 43,141 8,665 110,192 57.963 43,662 8,567 110,517 58,130 43,949 8,439 110,829 58,335 44,053 8,441 110,700 58,208 44,247 8,245 111,277 58,634 44,442 8,201 112,057 58,983 44,868 8,206 112,012 59,017 44,971 8,024 63.8 78.7 52.4 54.4 64.1 78.9 52.8 54.1 64.1 78.8 52.9 53.7 64.0 78.7 52.9 54.1 63.8 78.2 52.9 53.3 64.0 78.5 53.0 53.4 64.2 78.6 53.3 54.0 64.0 78.4 53.2 53.2 extent that teenagers are unskilled or untrained, or are per ceived by employers to have only a transient commitment to the job market, it becomes especially hard for them to find employment during a recessionary period. This, of course, is not lost on the teenager, who may be in or out of school but who has not yet begun to search for a job. Together with rapidly increasing unemployment among adult and more experienced workers, it may be the psychologically inhib iting factor telling the teenager not to enter the labor force. But whatever the cause, a declining participation rate has been noted among teenagers over the past 3 to 4 years and is yet another factor in the slackened pace of labor force growth. As 1983 e n d e d , the economic recovery was 13 months old. Over this span, the labor market situation improved con siderably. Employment as measured by the household sur vey increased by 3.9 million, while the unemployment rate, at 8.2 percent, declined from its recession peak of 10.7 percent. FOOTNOTES 1This article uses data from two main sources: the Current Employment Statistics program and the Current Population Survey. Statistics on nonagricultural payroll employment and hours from the Current Employment Statistics program are collected by State agencies from payroll records of employers and are tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data on labor force, total employment, and unemployment are derived from the Current Population Survey, a sample survey of households conducted and tabulated by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A description o f the two surveys appears in the monthly Bureau of Labor Statistics publication, E m ploym ent and Earnings. 2The bls diffusion index measures the percent of industries which posted increases in employment over a specified time span. The index is calculated from 172 unpublished seasonally adjusted employment series (two-digit nonmanufacturing industries and three-digit manufacturing industries) cov ering all nonagricultural payroll employment in the private sector. 3 For some attempts to analyze the (hypothesized) changing cyclical nature of several kinds of economic indicators, see Martin Neil Baily, “ Stabilization Policy and Private Economic Behavior,” Brooking P apers on E conom ic A ctivity, No. 1, 1978, pp. 11-60; Norman Bowers, “ Have employment patterns in recessions changed?” M onthly L abor R eview , February 1981, pp. 15-28; Jeffrey Sachs, “ The Changing Cyclical Be havior o f Wages and Prices: 1890-1976,” A m erican Econom ic R eview , March 1980, pp. 78-90; and Charles L. Schultze, “ Some Macro Foun dations for Micro Theory,” Brookings P a p ers on E conom ic A ctivity No 2, 1981, pp. 521-92. 4 Unless otherwise noted, the employment changes cited in the text refer to the November 1982 to December 1983 period. This is done to be consistent with National Bureau of Economic Research cycle dates. 5 For more information, see Douglas R. Fox, “ Motor Vehicles, Model Year 1983,” Survey o f Current Business, October 1983, pp. 20-22. 6 For an excellent treatment of this issue, see Robert W. Bednarzik, 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “ Layoffs and permanent job losses: workers’ traits and cyclical patterns.” M onthly L abor R eview , September 1983, pp. 3-1 2 . 7 See Robert W. Bednarzik, “ Short workweeks during economic down turns,” M onthly L abor R eview , June 1983, pp. 3-11; and. Philip L. Rones, “ Response to recession: reduce hours or jobs?” M onthly L abor R eview , October 1981, pp. 3 -1 1 . 8See Robert W. Bednarzik, “ Short workweeks.” 9 For a comprehensive review of teenage and youth unemployment, see Norman Bowers, “ Tracking youth joblessness: persistent or fleeting?” M onthly L abor R eview , February 1982, pp. 3-1 5 . 10See testimony of Commissioner of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood before the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Apr. 18, 1983. Norwood’s testimony was subsequently published as Youth U nem ploym ent: A Look a t the D ata, Report 695 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1983). "Beginning with January 1983, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began coding all occupational data in accordance with the classification system used in the 1980 decennial census which, among other changes, eliminated blue-collar and white-collar designations. The new occupational categories are so different from those previously published that their implementation represents a major break in historical data series. The full occupational titles for the six new major occupational groups are included in table 9. For a technical discussion of the occupational revision procedures, see Gloria Peterson Green and others, “ Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1983,” E m ploym ent and Earnings, February 1983, pp. 7 -1 5 . 12This was briefly alluded to by Robert W. Bednarzik and others in “ The employment situation in 1981: new recession takes its toll,” M onthly L abor R eview , March 1982, p. 13. For a more comprehensive discussion of the subject, see Philip L. Rones, “ The labor market problems of older workers,” M onthly L abor R eview , May 1983, pp. 3 -1 2 . Employment in durable goods anything but durable in 1979-82 Durable goods manufacturers, particularly makers and industrial users o f metal products, were hard hit by the recent back-to-back recessions; fo r some industries, cyclical jolts were aggravated by long-term declines in competitive position D ia n e M. N il s e n The 1979-82 period was one of economic volatility, as the Nation underwent two recessions separated by a mild and brief expansionary period lasting but 1 year— the shortest on record. The brevity of the recovery reflected the uncer tainty of prevailing economic conditions— particularly high interest rates and unrelenting inflation— which made con sumers and businesses alike hesitant to make major pur chases. As a result, job growth was quite limited during this period. The effect of the 1981-82 recession on the already weakened economy was especially disruptive in the cyclically sensitive manufacturing sector. Durable goods manufacturing industries (along with con struction) have historically borne the brunt of economic reversals, because of consumers’ willingness to forgo pur chases of large manufactured items during recessionary pe riods. In an attempt to offset eroding sales and profits, employers typically cut back first on hours of work and then on jobs, with the sharpest reductions taking place among those firms whose products are relatively high priced, are of a type which customers can postpone buying, and involve significant financial outlays for production as well as for research and development (for example, autos, large ap pliances, and furniture). During the 1980-82 period, pros- Diane M. Nilsen is an economist in the Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pects were bleakest in the severely depressed auto and steel industries which, for most of the 20th century, have been among the pacesetters for the U.S. economy. This article examines changes in employment, unem ployment, and hours of work in manufacturing between 1979 and 1982, with particular focus on the five major metal using and producing industries within the durable goods division.1 Although the economy officially underwent two downturns within this 4-year period— from January 1980 to July 1980, and from July 1981 to November 19822— the 1979-82 period will be dealt with in its entirety for purposes of most of this analysis, in part because the important man ufacturing industries had started to weaken prior to the Jan uary 1980 prerecession peak and also because the 1980-81 recovery was so short and limited in effect. Whereas a num ber of industries were affected by the downturn, the response of the five metals industries— primary metals, fabricated metals, machinery, electric and electronic equipment, and transportation equipment— to the recessions was particu larly sharp and prolonged and yet, on the whole, as varied as the products they produce. Because of the difference in performance among these industries, the peak-to-trough changes in employment and hours discussed below will, in most cases, refer to the turning points for individual indus tries, and not the official turning points designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research for the total econ omy. 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment in Durable Goods, 1979-82 Table 1. Changes in manufacturing employment during selected recessions, seasonally adjusted [Employment in thousands] Recession1 All manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 1957-58: Level at peak (Aug. 1957)..................... Level at trough (Apr. 1958) ............... C h a n g e .................................................... Percent change .................................... 17,411 15,655 -1 ,7 6 5 -1 0 .1 10,032 8,600 -1 ,4 3 2 -1 4 .3 7,379 7,055 -3 2 4 - 4 .4 1960-61: Level at Level at Change Percent peak (Feb. 1 9 6 0 )..................... trough (Feb. 1961) ................ .................................................... change .................................... 17,154 16,073 -1,0 8 1 -6 .3 9,777 8,870 -9 0 7 -9 .3 7,377 7,203 -1 7 4 - 2 .4 1969-70: Level at peak (Aug. 1969) .................. Level at trough (Nov. 1970) ................ Change .................................................... Percent change .................................... 20,287 18,492 -1 ,7 9 5 - 8 .8 11,979 10,462 -1 ,5 1 7 - 1 2 .7 8,308 8,030 -2 7 8 -3 .3 1974-75: Level at Level at Change Percent peak (Sept. 1 9 7 4 ) .................. trough (Apr. 1975) ............... .................................................... change .................................... 20,432 18,060 -2 ,3 7 2 -1 1 .6 12,128 10,484 -1 ,6 4 4 -1 3 .6 8,304 7,576 -7 2 8 -8 .8 1980: Level at peak (Jan. 1 9 8 0 )..................... Level at trough (July 1980) ............... Change .................................................... Percent change .................................... 21,165 19,784 -1,3 8 1 - 6 .5 12,857 1V, 793 -1 ,0 6 4 -8 .3 8,308 7,991 -3 1 7 -3 .8 20,358 18,222 -2 ,1 3 6 -1 0 .5 12,231 10,577 -1 ,6 5 4 -1 3 .5 8,127 7,645 -4 8 2 -5 .9 1981-82: Level at peak (July 1 9 8 1 )..................... Level at trough (Nov. 1982) ................ Change .................................................... Percent change .................................... Recessions are as designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Job cutbacks in manufacturing Manufacturing industries employed about one-fifth of the total nonagricultural work force in 1982. Although their employment share has been steadily declining— from onethird of the total in 1951 and one-fourth in 1971— these industries still play a major role in the economy, generating about a quarter of both the gross national product and total national income in the early 1980’s. The cost of techno logical advancement, increased foreign competition, in creasing productivity, and weakened product demand portend a continued reduction in manufacturing’s overall share of total employment, although the outlook for some manufac turing industries is much more positive. The 1970’s were particularly troublesome years for man ufacturing. During the 1973-75 recession, the most severe of the post-World War II downturns, manufacturing em ployment fell by 2.4 million to 18.1 million, a 12-percent drop.3 It was not until mid-1978, a full 3 years later, that employment levels returned to those that prevailed before the start of the recession. By 1979, however, employment growth in manufacturing again was sluggish and the econ omy was threatened with another downturn. In particular, the Nation was plagued by continuing high rates of interest and inflation, which dampened demand for such major con sumer items as housing and automobiles and reduced capital spending by business firms. 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The 1980’s got off to a slow economic start as the Nation entered its seventh postwar recession. The 1980 downturn in payroll employment was the mildest recorded in the post war era; it was shorter in length, shallower in depth, and not nearly as pervasive as its predecessors. In contrast, the 1981-82 recession, which hit the economy before the key manufacturing industries had had a chance to fully recover from the 1980 episode, was particularly severe—one of the deepest and longest in the postwar era. (See table 1.) The labor market effects of the last two recessions were particularly pronounced in manufacturing. By July 1980, manufacturing employment had dropped by 1.4 million over the prior 13 months, and by the end of 1982, reductions totaled 3 million, or 14.0 percent. Job cutbacks were greatest in the durable goods division, with the primary metals and auto industries experiencing large declines over the course of the two recessions— 36 and 39 percent, respectively. Employment problems in these hard-hit industries produced ripple effects throughout manufacturing, generating wide spread cutbacks in jobs— especially among the auto and housing supplier industries such as steel, lumber, stone, textiles, and rubber and plastics. A noteworthy aspect of the recessionary period was the sex composition of the work force that was laid off" or ter minated in the durable goods division. Men, as usual, made up the bulk of the employment declines in the durable goods industries. But in contrast to prior recessions, men also made up a disproportionately large share of the decline. Because women in durable goods industries have been hired more recently and, hence, have worked for shorter periods than men, they are usually the first to be let go during a reces sion4; this did not occur during the 1980-82 period. At the beginning of 1979, women held slightly less than one-fourth of all jobs in the durable industries, but they accounted for only one-fifth of the decline over the ensuing 4 years. One explanation may be that, while women have made significant inroads into some areas of manufacturing, par ticularly the cyclically sensitive durable goods industries such as machinery, they are still not that prevalent in primary metals and transportation equipment, the two key industries in which 1980-82 employment declines were concentrated. (See table 2.) Thus, women were not as likely to feel the full impact of the recession in these industries. If primary metals and transportation equipment are excluded from the durable goods manufacturing total, women would then ac count for two-fifths of the employment declines, consider ably above their proportion of the work force in the durables industries. Decline in durables Employment in the durable goods industries has tended to be more susceptible to cyclical influences than jobs in the nondurable goods division. The durable goods com ponent accounted for 77 percent of the total decline in man- Table 2. Women as a percent of total employment, manufacturing industries, 1982 P e rc e n t In d u s try wom en Durable goods industries ......................................................................... Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................................................. Furniture and fix tu re s ........................................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ......................................................... Primary metal in d u s trie s ...................................................................... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts .................................................................... Machinery, except e lectrica l................................................................. Electric and electronic equipment ...................................................... Transportation equipment .................................................................... 25.6 15.0 30.1 19.9 11.3 21.1 21.1 42.2 16.5 Nondurable goods in d u s trie s .................................................................... 40.9 ufacturing employment between June 1979 and December 1982. In particular, the five metal using and producing in dustries were quite sensitive to the recent downturns, al though some fared worse than others. (See chart 1.) The most severely affected were the transportation equipment and primary metals industries. Transportation equipment. Job cutbacks in the trans portation equipment industry were evident early in 1979, before the official onset of the 1980 recession. In fact, this is the only one of the five metals industries that registered a larger decline in employment during the brief 1980 slump than during the longer and much more severe 1981-82 downturn. Almost 90 percent of the 460,000 jobs lost in the transportation equipment industry since the 1979 peak were in automobile manufacturing. (See table 3.) The rest of the decline in transportation equipment re flected mostly small losses in aircraft and parts, railroad equipment, and ship and boat building and repairing. Em ployment in guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts, how ever, continued to grow throughout the recessions. Continued defense spending undoubtedly bolstered the aircraft and guided missiles industries, resulting in fewer employment cuts and even growth in some firms. Interestingly, the nonautomo bile-related industries within transportation equipment man ufacturing, which usually account for about 50 percent of its total employment, accounted for 60 percent of all workers in 1982 as a result of the heavy decline among auto workers. The seriousness of conditions in automobile manufactur ing resulted from a slump in domestic car sales, which plummeted from a selling rate of 9.2 million units in 1977 to a 20-year low of 5.8 million units during 1981 and 1982. In 1980, the U.S. auto industry posted a loss of $4.2 billion, the worst 1-year performance in the history of any U.S. industry.5 Inflation and high interest rates, which eroded consumer buying power during 1980-82, were largely accountable for the resulting drop in car sales. However, longer-term factors were also at work, as U.S. consumers continued to react to the energy crisis of 1973-74, and the corresponding rise in gasoline prices, by purchasing smaller, more energy efficient cars. Domestic auto manufacturers have had trouble maintaining their share of this market niche over the last https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis several years in the face of aggressive foreign competition. As recently as 1976, imports accounted for only 15 percent of new-car sales in the United States, but by 1982, they claimed one-fourth of the market. Another long-term dam per on U.S. auto sales is the phenomenon referred to as “ sticker shock. ’’ Because of inflation and the cost of product improvements, the price of a new automobile has risen significantly over the last decade, and consumers have re sponded by keeping their old cars for longer periods or by purchasing used cars. Thus, both cyclical and secular in fluences contributed to the loss of more than 400,000 au tomobile jobs between March 1979 and November 1982. The sharp decline in employment in auto manufacturing during the last two recessions undoubtedly represents some permanent reduction in jobs, as automakers struggle to make the technological improvements necessary to ensure a viable share of U.S. and world markets. Some analysts also believe that the new-car market will not expand as fast in the midto-late 1980’s as during past recoveries because most house holds already have one or more vehicles (87 percent as of the 1980 census) and because owners have begun to keep their cars for longer periods.6 Still, the small upturn in new-car sales since the last quarter of 1982 has had some positive effect on employment in the auto industry; the number of jobs rose by about 75,000 Table 3. Peak-to-trough employment changes in selected durable goods manufacturing industries, 1980 and 1981-82, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] C h a n g e fro m peak (h ig h ) m o n th to tr o u g h (lo w ) m o n th In d u s tr y Peak Tro u g h Num ber P e rc e n t Total durable goods: 1980 ..................................... 1981-82 ............................... 1980-82 ............................... June 1979 July 1981 June 1979 July 1980 Dec. 1982 Dec. 1982 -1 ,0 6 4 -1 ,6 7 2 -2 ,2 9 8 -8 .3 - 1 3 .7 - 1 7 .9 Primary metal industries: 1980 .................................. 1981-82 .......................... 1980-82 .......................... July 1979 June 1981 July 1979 July 1980 Dec. 1982 Feb. 1983 -2 0 5 -3 2 8 -4 6 2 -1 6 .1 -2 8 .8 -3 6 .3 Fabricated metal products: 1980 .................................. 1981-82 .......................... 1980-82 .......................... June 1979 May 1981 June 1979 July 1980 Dec. 1982 Dec. 1982 -1 8 9 -2 5 0 -3 7 3 - 1 0 .9 - 1 5 .5 -2 1 .5 Machinery, except electrical: 1980 .................................. 1981-82 .......................... 1980-82 .......................... Sept. 1979 Aug. 1981 Sept. 1979 Aug. 1980 Mar. 1983 Jan. 1983 -7 4 -4 9 6 -4 9 3 -2 .9 -1 9 .6 - 1 9 .5 Electric and electronic equipment: 1980 .................................. 1981-82 .......................... 1980-82 .......................... Mar. 1980 Aug. 1981 Mar. 1980 July 1980 Dec. 1982 Dec. 1982 -1 0 5 -1 5 5 -1 9 0 -4 .9 -7 .3 -8 .8 Transportation equipment: 1980 .................................. 1981-82 .......................... 1980-82 .......................... Mar. 1979 June 1981 Mar. 1979 July 1980 Nov. 1982 Nov. 1982 -2 9 4 -2 7 5 -4 5 9 - 1 3 .9 -1 4 .2 - 2 1 .7 Automobile manufacturing: 1980 ............................. 1981-82 ........................ 1980-82 ........................ Mar. 1979 June 1981 Mar. 1979 July 1980 Nov. 1982 Nov. 1982 -3 2 7 -1 8 4 -4 0 6 - 3 1 .2 - 2 2 .3 -3 8 .8 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment in Durable Goods, 1979-82 Chart 1. Monthly nonfarm payroll employment in durable and nondurable goods manufacturing and in five major metals industries, seasonally adjusted, January 1979—June 1983 Thousands Thousands 1,300 12,600 1,200 11,600 10,600 1,100 9.600 1,000 8.600 900 7,600 800 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1,100 2,600 1,000 2,500 2,400 900 2,300 800 2,200 700 2,100 600 2,000 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1,800 2,300 1,700 2,200 1,600 2,100 1,500 2,000 1,400 1,900 1,300 1,800 1979 1980 1981 1982 NOTE: Shaded areas are recessionary periods, as designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research. 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1983 during the first half of 1983. The increase in sales realized over this same period could eventually translate into better job prospects among auto parts suppliers— those producing tires, bearings, brakes, transmissions, and so forth. But gains realized by auto parts makers are not expected to be as great as in the past, because auto manufacturers have begun to produce certain technologically advanced com ponents themselves and to purchase cheaper parts from for eign manufacturers, thereby reducing their dependence on domestic suppliers.7 To avoid buildups of unused inven tories, auto manufacturers are also adopting the Japanese method of not ordering parts until they are needed. In the past, auto suppliers could be reasonably certain of the com ing year’s level of parts and equipment orders from car manufacturers, but with the concept of “just-in-time” inventory control, suppliers can never be sure just how much of their product will be needed, or when it will be wanted.8 Primary metals. The primary metals industries registered a stunning 36-percent drop in payroll jobs over the course of the last two recessions. These losses were attributable primarily to the weak performance of steel operations, which suffered from one of the lowest levels of demand for their product since World War II. Employment declines were evident in aluminum and other nonferrous metals as well, but these losses were considerably smaller than those that occurred in the steel producing and processing plants. Between July 1979 and February 1983, employment lev els in primary metals were reduced by 460,000, as capacity utilization rates within steel manufacturing fell to an un precedented low of 30 percent; by comparison, the lowest utilization rate during the 1973-75 recession was consid erably higher, 69 percent. (During nonrecessionary times, steel mills have generally operated at about 80 to 85 percent of capacity.) The bulk of the job reductions occurred during the 1981-82 downturn, which was the steepest recorded for steel since statistics of this type have been collected. But the problems currently faced by steel manufacturers are not solely the result of the recession. Because steel is the most widely used metal, its fortunes are tied to devel opments in a wide variety of user industries— automotive, machinery, construction, and fabricated metals. The health of our economy is often reflected by the demand for steel. Over time, however, technological advances have yielded lighter, stronger, and less costly products that may be sub stituted for steel, and demand has fallen. For example, the automakers— faced with meeting Federal requirements for safety and a more fuel efficient car— have expanded their use of substitute materials— plastics, ceramics, and alu minum— for parts that were primarily steel, in an effort to make a lighter and more durable vehicle. Even when steel continues to be used, it is open rolled thinner, which means that less steel is required. These phenomena are actually part of a secular downtrend which also reflects several other factors, such as competition from foreign producers with https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis modern plants and lower unit labor costs. Foreign compe tition has proved a significant threat to the existence of a number of domestic steel mills, especially given the com paratively higher wages and benefits of American steel workers.9 All told, the steel industry must deal with a variety of problems if production levels and employment are to in crease significantly. Its success is tied to more than just the auto industry’s ability to rebound quickly from the effects of the recession. Auto manufacturers’ orders account for only about 15 percent of total domestic steel production, and would not be strong enough by themselves to offset the long-term weakening of demand for steel. Some analysts feel that one possible road to recovery lies in industry di versification. For example, some steel producers have ac quired one or more healthy businesses outside the industry, such as chemicals or utilities, to help offset declining rev enues. Another development is the move toward smaller steel plants— mini-mills— that sell specialty steel. Minimills have an advantage over older mills in that they are not handicapped by obsolete plants and equipment; they use energy efficient electric furnaces rather than blast furnaces for production and are considerably less expensive to con struct. However, they cannot process raw metal and instead must rely on the purchase of scrap metals for their opera tions. Mini-mills weathered the 1981-82 recession consid erably better than other establishments but they presently account for only 15 to 20 percent of domestic steel pro duction.10 In steel, as in autos, employment will eventually pick up, but it is unlikely that previous peak levels will be attained, due to slack demand for their products, foreign competition, and advanced technologies that boost productivity but may also reduce labor requirments. Fabricated metals and machinery. Fabricated metals and machinery are two key durable goods industries supplying the auto and housing sectors with parts and products. The number of jobs in fabricated metals, which produces such items as plumbing and heating fixtures, hand tools and hard ware, screw machine products (nuts, bolts, rivets), and au tomotive stampings, dropped by 375,000, or 21.5 percent, between its 1979 high and 1982 low. Likewise, machinery, which includes construction machinery, machine tools, en gines, and office computing machines, showed a decline of 495,000, or 19.5 percent. (See table 3.) Throughout most of the 1980-82 period, however, makers of computing ma chines held their own, because of healthy demand for their products. Although the employment declines in machinery and fabricated metals were not as severe as those experi enced in autos and primary metals, jobs have been rather slow to rebound as the industries that they serve have yet to recover to earlier levels of production and sales. Electric and electronic equipment. Of the five major metal 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment in Durable Goods, 1979-82 producing and using industries, electric and electronic equipment was least affected by the prolonged downturn. Employment cutbacks totaled 190,000, or 8.8 percent, be tween March 1980 and December 1982. Overall, the de clines in this industry were minimized by a boom in small computers which shored up the electronic components in dustry. Demand for small computers is expected to remain strong, as professionals and nonprofessionals alike purchase what is becoming a fundamental, if not essential, tool. While employment in the electric and electronic equipment in dustry is not impervious to the economic climate, secular trends caused by advances in technology currently are more influential than are business cycles.11 Industries on the move Defense. A number of firms spread throughout several industries produce components or products for the military. These defense-related establishments have had a substantial impact on employment in key durable goods industries. Employment in guided missiles and space vehicles and ord nance and accessories, for example, has shown steady, though slow, growth over the last several years, while the military’s demand for communications equipment, electronic com ponents, and aircraft parts helped to moderate the overall employment losses in these industries. But because firms producing military goods are often capital intensive, fewer jobs may be generated by an increase in orders than in other sectors of the economy. With total defense spending for goods and services being a relatively small part of the econ omy, the infusion of money budgeted for defense over the next few years is expected to stimulate only a few industries, in particular, the manufacture of electronic equipment, sem iconductors, ships, aircraft, missiles, communications equipment, and machine tools.12 For many firms, the increased military spending promises to bolster employment and profits and offset their sagging commercial businesses. But these benefits may not be felt for some time, as defense spending does not have its greatest effect on manufacturing until prime contractors begin plac ing orders with subcontractors.13 In any event, the current level of defense spending is not expected to have the same broad economic impact that military expenditures did during the Korean or Vietnam wars. Today, the military does not need huge quantities of small items such as rifles, tents, and trucks, but instead has focused on military preparedness and better communications. Overall, the benefits that do derive from the increased defense spending will be realized almost totally within the durable goods division. High tech. As noted earlier, economic activity in the post war years has shifted away from the manufacturing sector— particularly primary metals and other producer goods in dustries— while expanding in the services industries and public sector. The manufacturing industries that have best resisted decline have been those producing “ high technol 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ogy’’ equipment and those making synthetic materials.14 High-tech industries are generally considered to be those in which technical workers account for a high proportion of total employment (at least 1.5 times the average) and whose expenditures on research and development are at least twice the average for all industries.15 Industries commonly as sociated with high-tech development are makers of com puters and other electronic equipment, drugs and medicines, aircraft and parts, laboratory equipment, and plastics and other synthetic materials. In summary, some manufacturing industries have been better able to weather the recessions because they have a relatively modern plant and equipment, face less foreign competition, and because demand for their products was higher. Other durable goods industries will find it extremely difficult to recover their former positions of strength in the economy, as poor performance during the recession was exacerbated by longer term effects that have little to do with current business climate. The auto and steel industries are cases in point. Their weak performance, high production and labor costs, diminished productivity growth, and outlays for research and development have made them all the more vulnerable to foreign competition. Still, as evidenced during the first half of 1983, industrial production is up from re cessionary levels and employment has begun to rise even among the hard-hit primary metals and auto industries. Unemployment When the economy worsens, firms inevitably respond to decreasing demand by reducing their work forces through layoffs and permanent separations. Although the impact of the 1980-82 economic contractions was initially concen trated in a few key industries, job cutbacks eventually be came fairly widespread, but with different degrees of intensity. Reflective of these cutbacks, the unemployment rate for workers in manufacturing industries rose steadily from a low of 5.3 percent in June 1979 to 14.5 percent in November 1982— a postwar high, and considerably above the previous record of 12.3 percent reached during the 1973-75 down turn. Within manufacturing, the incidence of unemployment was much greater in durable goods industries than in non durables. (See table 4.) Durable goods such as autos, fur niture, and appliances are often the expendable items on a shopper’s list; the consumer will simply postpone the pur chase of these large items until absolutely necessary to avoid paying the high interest rates associated with time purchase of such goods or because his or her future income is in doubt. On the other hand, food, apparel and other soft goods industries fare better because it takes less cash to replace worn-out clothing, sheets, and the like, and because these items are likely to be necessities that must be replaced pe riodically regardless of economic circumstances. The overall unemployment rate was 9.7 percent in 1982; within the durable goods sector, the rate averaged 13.3 percent, with rates varying substantially among the com ponent industries. For example, the rate for autoworkers went from a low’ of 3.9 percent in early 1979 to a high of 29.1 percent just over a year later. And even though their jobless rate had fallen considerably by mid-1981— to a low of 11.8 percent— it was back up over 20 percent by the last quarter of 1982. Partly because of steel’s dependence on the hard-hit auto industry, the rate for workers in primary metals soared to a record high of 28.7 percent in December 1982, more than 5 times the rate that prevailed in pre recession 1979. The jobless rate for primary metals had risen astronomically in late 1982, when the industry could no longer rely on previously placed orders to provide work, and when it became clear that future orders from the auto industry were to be smaller for quite some time. Other traditional auto suppliers, such as rubber and glass manu facturers, were also hurt by their reliance on orders from the automakers. The jobless rate for workers in the stone, clay, and glass industry (also very closely linked to the hardhit construction industry) was 5.9 percent at the beginning of the recession in January 1980 and 17.1 percent in No vember 1982, while the rate in rubber and plastics went from 7.2 to 12.3 percent over the same period. Even with their high unemployment rates, workers in the manufacturing industries represented only about one-fourth of the total jobless during the 1981-82 recession. Similarly, when the jobless rate for autoworkers approached 30 percent in mid-1980, the number of unemployed workers, at 365,000, was only about 5 percent of the total unemployed. The important point is that the health of relatively small portions of the economy, such as primary metals and auto manu facturing, can have a substantial effect on the economic well being of the entire country. One way to measure the effects generated by the cutbacks in the auto and primary metal industries is to examine the responsiveness of other industries to changes in demand for their products. This can be accomplished by calculating a sensitivity ratio,16 which measures the impact of changes in demand on employment within a particular industry (direct) and in its supplier industries (indirect). Following are es timates of 1981 jobs generated per $1 million sales (in 1972 Table 4. Unemployment rates in selected manufacturing industries, selected months, 1979-82, seasonally adjusted Ja n u a ry Ja n u a ry Novem ber In d u s try 19 79 1 19 8 0 19 8 2 Total (all civilian w o rkers)............................... Manufacturing............................................... Durable g o o d s ......................................... Primary metal industries..................... Fabricated metal pro d u c ts.................. Machinery, except electrical ............. Electric and electronic equipment . . . Transportation e qu ipm ent.................. Automobile m anufacturing............. Nondurable goods .................................. 5.9 5.2 4.5 2.9 5.6 2.2 4.8 3.8 4.1 6.2 6.3 6.8 6.8 6.4 6.8 3.7 4.8 11.3 17.0 6.9 10.7 14.5 16.7 25.5 18.2 16.3 12.4 17.7 24.2 11.3 Although the downturn did not officially begin until January 1980, most durable goods manufacturing industries began experiencing recessionary problems early in 1979. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis dollars) by auto and steel manufacturing, and the corre sponding ratios of total to direct employment: D irect ............................................. Indirect .......................................... Total ............................................... Ratio o f total to direct ........... A u to s S te e l I5 .8 3 1 .7 4 7 .5 2 2 .5 3 5 .7 5 8 .2 3 .0 2 .6 The estimated sensitivity ratio for autos was very high at 3 to 1, meaning that for every job lost in auto manufacturing in 1981, another two were adversely affected in industries supplying inputs to auto production. The reduction in de mand for automobiles was not felt solely in other manu facturing industries such as primary metals, fabricated metals, and rubber and plastics, but also spilled over into the serviceproducing sector, affecting, for example, the transportation of steel and other materials to auto manufacturers and the wholesaling of these materials. Likewise, the sensitivity ratio for steel was a high 2.6 to 1. Suppliers to steel mills include mining, trucking and railroad transportation, busi ness services used by steel mills, and the wholesaling of imputs used in production. Sensitivity ratios do not reflect the number of jobs affected once a product leaves the plant, but it is safe to say that a number of other industries that rely on the finished product for their business were also adversely affected by the weak ened demand for both autos and steel, including automobile dealerships, the retailing of parts and building supplies, gasoline stations, repair and maintenance shops, heating and plumbing services, and machinery. The ratios also cannot capture the multiplier effects on total economic demand of the forgone or reduced wages of auto and steel workers. With employment so adversely affected by the slackening demand for autos and steel, it is easier to understand why the total number of unemployed were widely distributed among both the goods- and service-producing sectors. Weekly and aggregate hours At the outset of an economic downturn, manufacturers generally shorten the hours employees work before resorting to job cuts. And in periods of expansion, employers tend to restore the hours of workers on shortened workweeks before recalling those on layoff. (See chart 2.) This phe nomenon is so predictable that the manufacturing workweek is viewed as a leading cyclical indicator, in that changes in hours worked consistently precede those in employment. Within manufacturing, hours (as well as employment) in durable goods industries are generally more volatile, re flecting their dependence on consumer demand for hard goods and the outlook for capital investment. In fact, during the eight postwar business downturns, declines in average weekly hours among the major durable goods industries preceded employment reductions more than 80 percent of the time.17 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment in Durable Goods, 1979-82 Employment Chart 2. Employment and average weekly hours in manufacturing, seasonally adjusted, January 1979—June 1983 Hours 41 40 39 38 37 NOTE: Shaded areas are recessionary periods, as designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Employers in the durable goods manufacturing industries followed the established pattern during the 1980 and 1981 — 82 recessions. The workweek fell 1.9 hours from the Jan uary 1979 high to a July 1980 low of 39.5 hours. During the brief recovery phase, hours rose somewhat, but failed to return to their prerecession high. Average weekly hours reached another low of 39.1 hours in September 1982, hav ing fallen by 1.6 hours since May of 1981. In total, between 1979 and 1982, the workweek declined by 5.6 percent or 2.3 hours. It should be noted that the contraction in hours at the start of the 1981-82 recession preceded the downturn in employment by only 2 months, a rather short lead. This is largely attributable to the fact that the economy had ex perienced the briefest of recovery periods and had never fully rebounded from the 1980 episode. As in previous recessions, the drop in average weekly hours in the durable goods division exceeded that for overall manufacturing, while nondurable goods industries registered considerably smaller workweek declines. 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Overtime hours are generally reduced first when cutbacks in hours are necessary, and indeed, they accounted for most of the workweek decline during the 1980-82 recessionary period. Overtime hours in the durable goods industries stood at a prerecession high of 4.0 hours in early 1979 and fell to 2.1 hours by late 1982. The drop in overtime hours accounted for 83 percent of the decline in total hours worked in durables, surpassing the 75-percent mark reached during 1973-75 downturn. Workweek trends varied among the five metal using and producing industries. Primary metals, transportation equip ment, and machinery all showed substantial reductions in hours beginning early in 1979. Average hours in primary metals showed the sharpest decline— 4.4 hours overall be tween the 1979 high and 1982 low— as the capacity utili zation rate in steel mills fell to its lowest average level in 44 years. The next steepest drop— 3.9 hours— occurred in transportation equipment. Machinery recorded a relatively large decline of 3.4 hours, while fabricated metals and elec- Table 5. Causes of the decline in aggregate weekly hours of production workers in the durable goods industries during the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions, seasonally adjusted [Hours in millions] E ffe c t P e rio d To ta l E m p lo y m e n t1 H o u rs 2 R e s id u a l3 1980 recession: Hours decline .......................... Percent of total effect ............. 62,077 100.0 46,741 75.3 17,482 28.2 2,146 - 3 .5 1981-82 recession: Hours decline .......................... Percent of total effect ............. 73,566 100.0 61,701 83.9 13,446 18.3 1,579 - 2 .1 'Employment effect (EE) is equal to the change in employment (A E) from peak to trough times the number of hours at peak: EE = AE x hours. 2Hours effect (HE) is equal to the change in the number of hours (AH) from peak to trough times employment at the peak: HE = AH x employment. 3The residual is that portion of employment and hours effects that cannot be isolated: (EE - HE)—(peak employment x peak hours - trough employment x trough hours). NoTE:The declines in aggregate weekly hours are calculated from the high to low points of the employment and hours series for each individual industry during the combined 1980 and 1981-82 recessions. trie and electronic equipment experienced much smaller re ductions during the 1980-82 downturns. The cutback in electronics (2.3 hours) was the least severe, in keeping with the steady demand for and production of new and more advanced computer and telecommunications equipment. A combined measure— aggregate weekly hours— may be used to examine the impact of the last two recessions on both employment and hours. Specifically, this measure in dicates whether employers in a particular industry were more likely to terminate jobs or reduce hours worked in response to changing economic conditions. During the course of the 1980 recession, aggregate weekly hours fell by 62.1 million in durable goods manufacturing, with 75 percent of this decline attributable to job cutbacks. (See table 5.) During the 1981-82 downturn, employment reductions accounted for almost 85 percent of the total drop of 73.6 million aggregate hours. Although both hours and employment are reduced during economic downturns, as a recessionary period lengthens, it becomes more likely that jobs, rather than hours, will be cut. Hence, over the course of a downturn, changes in employment become an increasingly large proportion of the total change in aggregate weekly hours. Altering hours of work is primarily a short-term adjustment mechanism to reconcile manpower needs to production schedules, while changes in employment are the prime method of cutting costs in response to long-run changes in demand. Aftermath Recovery from one of the Nation’s most severe recessions 1The Current Employment Statistics program, a monthly survey of nonagricultural business establishments, was the source of the employment and hours data used in this article. Unemployment statistics were derived from the Current Population Survey, a monthly survey of some 60,000 households across the Nation. For an explanation of the concepts and differences between the two surveys, see the BLS H andbook o f M ethods, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis since the 1930’s was underway in the first half of 1983; inflation had abated and interest rates had fallen enough to induce some consumers to purchase large ticket items. The degree to which consumers continue to increase spending on a new car, house, or other major items will strongly influence the strength of the recovery. However, despite the step-up in production, capital spending has remained weak during the first half of 1983, perhaps because manufacturers recognize that consumer spending has not been consistently strong in recent years. For example, the auto industry had increased production levels substantially from a year earlier; but, while machine tool orders, often an early indicator of trends in capital spending, were on the rise during the first half of 1983, some manufacturers of autos and other goods were delaying taking delivery of (and thereby actually pur chasing) new machine tools until demand for their own products strengthened or until interest rates improved. Employment losses in steel and auto manufacturing, and in several of their supplier industries, are not solely the result of the last cyclical downturn but also reflect a restruc turing of these basic industries to deal with increased foreign competition, high wages, plant inefficiencies, and reduced demand. Although recovery trends in autos and steel were evident by late 1983, neither is expected to reattain previous peak employment levels.18 Other durable goods industries, such as fabricated metals and machinery, are not experiencing long-run secular de clines and are thus expected to resume their prerecession growth patterns. The electric and electronic equipment in dustry, in particular, is expected to grow quite rapidly during the 1980’s, consistent with the strong demand for computers and telecommunications products. Despite projections of rapid growth, this industry is expected to account for only a small proportion of total future employment growth, be cause it has a relatively small workforce with high produc tivity. However, while there may not be a large number of jobs created in firms producing electronic components, there could be sizable job growth in industries using their prod ucts— computer and data processing services, defenserelated industries, communications services, petroleum and natural gas extraction, and many more. Defense spending should also boost the effects of the recovery in a number of industries, but is more likely to benefit the community in which a defense contractor is based rather than an industry as a whole. In light of all these factors, the recovery of durable goods industries from the 1980-82 recessionary period could be slower and more calculated than during past expansions. □ Vol. 1, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982); and John F. Stinson, Jr., “ Comparison of Nonagricultural Employment Estimates from Two Surveys,” E m ploym ent an d E arnings, March 1983, pp. 6 -9 . 2 These are the turning points designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research ( n b e r ) for the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions. 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Employment in Durable Goods, 1979-82 •’ For an analysis of the effects of the 1974-75 recession on manufac turing, see Robert W. Bednarzik, “ The plunge of employment during the recent recession, ” M onthly L a b o r R eview , December 1975, pp. 3 -10. 4 For an indepth discussion of employment response to cyclical fluctua tions, see Norman Bowers, “ Have employment patterns in recessions changed?” M onthly L a b o r R eview , February 1981, pp. 15-28. 5 For a comprehensive source of various statistics relating to automobile production, see any issue of W ards’ A utom otive Reports', and the U .S. Industrial O utlook, 1980-82 editions (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industrial Economics). 6See Vivian Brounstein, “ How Far Will Car Sales Rebound?” Fortune, Nov. 5, 1982, pp. 70-87; and “ Why Detroit Still Can’t Get G oing,” B usiness W eek, Nov. 9, 1981, pp. 106-10. 7See Steven Flax, “ A Hard Road For Auto Parts Makers,” Fortune, Mar. 7, 1983, pp. 108-13; and Mark Potts and Warren Brown. “ Auto Revolution Hits Suppliers,” The W ashington P o st, Jan. 9, 1983, p. G7. 8 See Warren Brown, “ Hard Times Force Cost-Cutting Effort With Sup pliers,” The W ashington P o st, Jan. 23, 1983, p. F4. 9 “ Time Runs Out For Steel,” B usiness Week, June 13, 1983, pp. 8 4 94. 10For a thorough account of the long-term and current recessionary problems encountered by the steel industry, see Robert W. Crandall, The U .S . S teel Industry in R ecurrent C risis (Washington, The Brookings In stitution, 1981). 11 See Thomas W. Lippman, “ Personal Computers: An Explosion in the American M arketplace,” The Washington Post, Jan. 9, 1983, p. G2: and 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis James L. Rowe, Jr., “ Industry Bucks Recession With Big G ains,” The W ashington P o st, Jan. 23, 1983, p. F2. 12 For an analysis o f the defense-related industries in the recession, see “ Defense and the Economy,” R eview o f the U .S. E conom y (Data Re sources, Inc.), May 1982, pp. 119-24. 13 “ Is Industry Ready for Work Defense Buildup?” B usiness W eek, Feb. 8, 1982, pp. 9 4 -9 6 . 14Richard E. Caves, “ The Structure of Industry,” in Martin Feldstein, ed., The A m erican E conom y in Transition (Chicago, National Bureau of Economic Research, The University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 501 — 45. 15There is no universally accepted definition of a “ high technology industry. ’’ For an indepth discussion of characteristics associated with hightech industries, see Richard W. Riche, Daniel E. Hecker, and John U. Burgan, “ High technology today and tomorrow: a small slice of the em ployment p ie,” M onthly L abor R eview , November 1983, pp. 5 0 -5 8 . 16A sensitivity ratio is an industry’s total— direct and indirect— em ployment generated per million dollars of demand divided by its direct employment per million dollars. These data were derived from the U.S. Department of Commerce’s 1972 input-output table and a table on 1981 employment-output relationships. 17 Philip L. Rones, “ Response to recession: reduce hours or jobs?” M onthly L abor R eview , October 1981, pp. 2 5-31. 18 For projections of industry growth over the next decade, see Valerie Personick, “ The job outlook through 1995: industry output and employ ment projections,” M onthly L abor R eview . November 1983. pp. 2 4 -3 6 . Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term unemployed During the past seven recessions, joblessness lasting more than half a year has fa r outpaced the overall increase in unemployment and in 1981-82 reached the highest level o f the postwar era Ph ilip L. Rones The recent recession in the United States produced the high est unemployment rates in more than 40 years. It also pro duced unusually long periods of unemployment for a workforce that is normally among the most dynamic in the world. Millions of Americans move into and out of each labor force category (employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force) every month. Generally, about half of the people who are unemployed in one month are no longer unemployed the next, some finding jobs and others ending their job search for other reasons. These people are then replaced by newly unemployed persons. Short-term unemployment is quite normal in a dynamic economy and, within limits, is necessary for the normal functioning of the job search pro cess. During 1982, however, as in any recessionary year, fewer unemployed people could find jobs, and, consequently, more remained unemployed from one month to the next. As a result, the number of persons out of work 15 weeks or more rose sharply. Data on long-term unemployment provide a valuable ad dition to the more frequently reported unemployment data. This article will briefly investigate long-term unemployment and identify those worker groups most affected by this probPhilip L. Rones is an economist with the Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lem. Particular emphasis will be placed on the most recent recession.1 While an assessment of the causes of lengthy unemploy ment is not the focus of this discussion, a few comments are appropriate. What is being examined here is largely a cyclical condition, that is, the sharp rise in long-duration unemployment brought about by the severe 1981-82 reces sion. It should be noted, however, that some long-term joblessness is structural in nature, a result of some basic problem in the functioning of labor markets unrelated to cyclical changes. For example, the persistently high un employment rate and unemployment duration of some groups of racial and ethnic minorities are evidence of such structural unemployment. It should be kept in mind, then, that in regard to long termjoblessness, both structural and cyclical forces may be at work simultaneously. Some cases are fairly obvious, such as joblessness among blacks. Some are not. For example, prior to the two recessions of the 1980’s, the incidence of long-term unemployment among workers in the primary metals industries was quite low— half the national average. More recently, long-term unemployment among these work ers has become among the worst of any worker group. While the timing corresponds to a cyclical downturn, considerable evidence indicates that the Nation’s steel industry is suf fering from some basic problems quite unrelated to cyclical declines in demand. Thus, when structural problems appear 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Long-Term Unemployment under the “ cloak” of recession, unemployment problems will persist after economic recovery is well under way. Unemployment duration and the unemployment level should not be viewed as completely separate entities. In fact, the unemployment level is really a function of two factors.2 The “ incidence” of unemployment refers to the number of people who begin a spell of joblessness. Assum ing a constant duration, the number unemployed will decline if the incidence declines. Conversely, assuming a constant incidence (a steady flow into unemployment status), the number of jobless will rise as duration increases, that is, persons remain unemployed longer. Thus, the increase in the unemployment levels during the recent recession (or any recession) was due both to increasing duration and inci dence. The most widely used measures of unemployment du ration are the mean and median duration of a spell of un employment.3 While these indicators generally rise with increases in the unemployment rate (with some difference in timing), they may hide increases in long-term unem ployment during certain periods of the business cycle. For instance, early in a recession, when there is extensive job loss, the large number of newly unemployed may actually lower these measures. It is not until the number of newly unemployed begins to decline as a proportion of the total that average duration measures begin a sustained rise. Sim ilarly, during recoveries, the number of newly unemployed may begin to decline first, putting upward pressure on the mean and median durations. Thus, the long-term unem ployed need to be examined directly. by 74 percent and, at the extreme, unemployment of longer than half a year more than tripled. A similar pattern occurs in every period of unemployment increases. During the last seven recessions (starting in the early 1950’s), the total of unemployed persons rose, on average, 84 percent from its previous low to its recession high.4 However, as table 2 shows, the number unemployed 15 weeks or more rose almost 3 times as fast and the number unemployed more than a half year rose more than 4 times as fast. It should be noted that the recovery from the 1980 recession was so weak (the unemployment rate only im proved half a point) that the percentage increase in long termjoblessness in the subsequent (1981-82) recession was somewhat low by historical standards; the actual levels, however, were far higher than those in any previous postwar recession. Similarly, as a recession comes to an end, long-term unemployment continues to increase. Employers first stop laying off new workers and then begin recalling those work ers most recently laid off. This helps to reduce unemploy ment of short and medium duration. Those workers who had become unemployed early in the downturn often have the least skills and the least seniority, and it typically re quires a sustained period of recovery for them to obtain employment. Thus, there is generally a time lag between when the unemployment rate peaks and when the number of long term unemployed peaks. The nature of that lag, however, has changed. The following shows the number of months the high in long-duration unemployment followed the peak unemployment rate in the business cycles since 1948: Duration is key to jobless rise Table 1 compares the number of newly unemployed (less than 5 weeks) to total unemployment since 1979. The num ber of persons in the two long-duration categories is also shown. Clearly, the newly unemployed are insufficient to account for the dramatic rise in overall joblessness. Since 1979, the average increase in the newly unemployed never exceeded 13 percent in any year and had totaled 32 percent through 1982. During the same period, total joblessness rose Table 1. Total unemployed by selected duration, with percent change from previous year, 1979-82 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] 19 8 2 19 8 1 19 8 0 19 79 C h aracte r is tic Num ber P e rc e n t change Num ber P e rc e n t change Num ber P e rc e n t change Num ber P e rc e n t change ........... 6,137 - 1 .0 7,637 24.4 8,273 8.3 10,678 29.1 Unemployed less than 5 weeks . . 2,950 3.0 3,295 11.7 3,449 4.7 3,883 12.6 Unemployed 15 to 26 weeks . . . 706 -7 .8 1,052 49.0 1,122 6.7 1,708 52.2 Unemployed 27 weeks and over. . 535 -1 7 .4 820 53.3 1,162 41.7 1,776 52.8 Total 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P eak xear 1949 1954 1958 1961 1971 1975 1980 1982 U n e m p lo y e d 15 w eeks a n d o v er ........................................ ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... 1 0 1 2 1 2 5 0 U n e m p lo y e d 2 1 w eeks a n d o v er 1 1 2 2 8 6 6 6 Through the early 1960’s, the number of long-term un employed peaked within 1 or 2 months of the unemployment rate peak. The recessions were followed by relatively rapid and strong recoveries; the unemployment rate declined at least a percentage point, but generally much more, within 6 months of its peak. The recessions since 1970, however, have generally been followed by slower recoveries. In 1971, for instance, the rate did not fall a full point from its peak for a year and a half. After the 1980 recession, the rate did not even fall by as much as a full point (it recovered only six-tenths of a point). These weak recoveries do not provide many job opportunities for people who have experienced considerable unemployment. Thus, the ranks of those job less at least 15 weeks have not tended to decline sufficiently fast to offset those who become unemployed just prior to the unemployment peak and who subsequently join the ranks of the long-term unemployed. Movement out of the very long-term unemployed (27 weeks and over) is very slow, and hence this group sometimes peaks more than 3 months after the 15-week-and-over group peaks. Recovery speeds jobless decline after lag The 1983 recovery was somewhat different than those that preceded it. While the fall in the jobless rate was fairly slow for the first half year, long-term joblessness continued to rise until June. This pattern was similar to the three previous recoveries. In the second half, however, the re covery gained momentum, and by December the 12-month unemployment decline was faster than any previous recov ery since the 1960-61 recession. Very long-term joblessness also declined rapidly in the second half to 2.1 million at yearend, compared with a peak of 2.9 million. The extent of long-duration unemployment during the most recent recession is demonstrated here by comparing data for June 1983 with June 1979. Even though the reces sion bottomed in November 1982 (according to the National Bureau of Economic Research) and unemployment began to decline in January 1983, the June data are used because they represent the peak of unemployment of 27 or more weeks’ duration. June 1979 is used for comparison because it is near the low point in unemployment between the 1975 and 1980 recessions. Because data for specific worker groups are not seasonally adjusted, the same month in any 2 years being compared should be used. This is particularly im portant in analyzing long-duration unemployment, which has a strong seasonal component. A date between the 1980 and 1982 recessions was not chosen because the recovery from the former recession was so weak, particularly in re gard to long-term joblessness, that it could hardly be used as a comparison between relatively good and bad times. In fact, long-term joblessness in mid-1979 was half of what it was at its lowest point in 1981. No single statistic adequately reflects the extent of long term unemployment experienced by different labor force groups. For this reason, three types of measures are used which address different aspects of the problem. 1. The long-term unemployed as a proportion of a group’s total unemployed answers the question, “ If a person was unemployed, what was his or her likelihood of having been jobless at least 15 (or 27) weeks?” 2. The long-term unemployed as a proportion of a group’s labor force combines two factors—the likelihood of being unemployed and the likelihood of the unemployment reaching long term. A group could have a high proportion of long-term unemployed under measure 1 (above) but have a low unemployment rate. (See, for example, per sons age 55 and over in column 4, table 3.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3. The percent distribution of the long-term unemployed provides the demographic and industry make-up of this group but is as much a function of the size of the labor force and the unemployment rate of a group as it is a function of the probability of becoming unemployed 15 weeks or more. Demographic characteristics In “ good times,” the long-duration unemployed are com posed disproportionately of black workers and workers un der 25 years of age, reflecting these g ro u p s’ high unemployment rates. As a share of the unemployed, the long-term jobless are more likely to be male and over 25 years of age. As the economy worsens, some of these re lationships intensify and others moderate. The complexity of these relationships is illustrated by focusing on men. Once unemployed, men have a higher probability of stay ing unemployed at least 15 weeks, particularly those of prime working age and older. (See table 3.) This is due to several factors, including their greater likelihood (except for those in the oldest age groups) to be persistent in their job search. The lower duration of unemployment among young workers and women is not a result of their more successful job search. Rather, it is due to their greater tendency to end a period of job search by withdrawing from the job market. For instance, in 1979, 27 percent of women age 25 to 54 who were unemployed in 1 month had left the labor force the next. A comparable figure for persons age 16 to 24 was 25 percent. However, only 11 percent of men 25 to 54 left the labor force from unemployment in any given month. (For 1982, comparable percentages were 22 for women, 23 for youth, and 8 for men.) For older unemployed persons, the high probability of long-term unemployment reflects the particularly low chance of finding a job for those who do persist in their job search. An unemployed man age 25 to 54 had a 50-percent better chance of finding a job in 1979 than did one age 55 and over. Even when many prime-working age men were out of work during the 1981-82 recession, they still stood a 25-percent better chance-of finding a job in 1982 than their older counterparts.5 Table 2. Percent change in unemployment1 between recession peak and previous low, 1954 to 1982 [In percent] Peak year Average, 7 recessions 1954 1958 1961 1971 1975 1980 1982 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... U n e m p lo y e d U n e m p lo y e d To ta l 15 w eeks 2 7 weeks u n e m p lo y e d o r lo n g e r o r lo n g e r 84 246 394 146 102 50 92 104 43 53 505 297 130 266 289 117 119 846 471 150 466 483 149 174 1Based on seasonally adjusted data. 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Long-Term Unemployment in construction were 8 times as likely and those in durable goods, 9 times. In primary metals (largely steel), a worker was nearly 20 times as likely to be jobless for 15 (or 27) weeks as 4 years earlier. Nearly three-fourths of all jobless workers in this industry had been jobless at least 15 weeks and 6 of 10 were jobless more than one half year. These figures demonstrate the combined effects of both cyclical and structural problems in the employment situation in steel. It should also be noted that auto manufacturing experienced a marked improvement in its unemployment situation during the first half of 1983. The long-term duration figures shown for June 1983, as bad as they are, actually represent a 50percent improvement over February, the industry's worst month. These developments make it clearer why prime working age men (25-54 year-olds) were hardest hit by long-term unemployment. These men accounted for half of the wage and salary employment in durable goods and con struction in 1979, compared with only one-third of wage and salary employment in the service-producing sector. A job loser was far more likely to remain unemployed for long periods than was a job leaver or a labor force entrant. This makes sense, given the voluntary nature of a quit and the more marginal job market commitment of en trants as a group. Moreover, job losers are likely to have come from the cyclically sensitive goods-producing sector. Between June of 1979 and 1983, job losers had risen from one-half to almost three-fourths of the long-term jobless. The situation for blacks is somewhat different. The prob lem of long-duration unemployment for blacks is a result of their higher probability of becoming unemployed in the first place. Because the likelihood of reaching 15 (or 27) weeks of unemployment, once jobless, is roughly the same for blacks and whites (columns 5 and 6, table 3), the labor force differences (columns 7 and 8) are proportionate to the white/black differences in their unemployment rates. In both 1979 and 1982, blacks were from 2 to 3 times as likely to be long-term jobless as were whites, roughly the same as the relationship for overall unemployment. Variations by industry The statistics by industry show the effects of the recession most dramatically. In 1979, there was little difference among industries in the probability of a worker becoming unem ployed for a long time. This probability was generally be tween 1 and 2 percent for 15 weeks or more and about 0.5 percent for 27 weeks and over. By 1983, there were dramatic differences in the long-term unemployment situation among the major industry groups. Finance and services continued to experience relatively low levels of long-term joblessness, although the levels were triple those in 1979. But some of the changes in other industry statistics were striking, most notably the cyclically sensitive construction and durable goods industries. While about 4 percent of the civilian labor force was unemployed at least 15 weeks in June 1983, more than 7 percent of the construction and durable goods labor force had reached that level. And while the average worker was 5 times as likely to have been unemployed more than 6 months in June 1983 compared to 4 years earlier, workers Table 3. Work experience data The duration measures discussed thus far come from the responses to the monthly Current Population Survey ques tionnaire. Another measure of unemployment duration ob- The long-term unemployed by selected characteristics, June 1979 and June 1983, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] T o ta l U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s o r lo n g e r u n e m p lo y e d C h a r a c te r is tic T o ta l Ju n e Ju n e 19 79 19 8 3 U n e m p lo y e d 2 7 w e e k s o r lo n g e r P e rc e n t of P e rc e n t of P e rc e n t u n e m p lo y e d la b o r fo rc e d is tr ib u tio n T o ta l P e rc e n t of P e rc e n t of P e rc e n t u n e m p lo y e d la b o r fo rc e d is tr ib u tio n Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e Ju n e 19 79 19 8 3 19 79 19 8 3 19 79 19 8 3 19 79 19 8 3 19 79 19 8 3 19 79 19 8 3 19 79 19 8 3 19 79 19 8 3 Ju n e Total ....................................... M e n ....................................................... Women ............................................... 6,235 2,993 3,242 11,570 6,498 5,072 1,085 601 484 4,447 2,939 1,507 17.4 20.1 14.9 38.4 45.2 29.7 1.0 .9 1.1 3.9 4.6 3.1 100.0 55.4 44.6 100.0 66.1 33.9 492 288 204 2,842 1,934 908 7.9 9.6 6.3 24.6 29.8 17.9 .5 .5 .5 2.5 3.3 1.9 100.0 58.5 41.5 100.0 68.1 31.9 16 20 25 55 y e a r s .................................... years .................................... y e a r s .................................... and over ............................... 2,034 1,441 2,372 389 2,527 2,478 5,780 785 136 233 589 128 313 814 2,889 431 6.7 16.2 24.8 32.9 12.4 32.8 50.0 54.9 1.2 1.5 .9 .9 3.2 4.9 4.0 2.9 12.5 21.5 54.3 11.8 7.0 18.3 65.0 9.7 44 91 284 73 148 458 1,938 299 2.2 6.3 12.0 18.8 5.9 18.5 33.5 38.1 .4 .6 .5 .5 1.5 2.7 2.7 2.0 8.9 18.5 57.7 14.8 5.2 16.1 68.2 10.5 W h ite .................................................... Black .................................................... Hispanic o r ig in .................................... 4,677 1,421 432 8,598 2,599 896 790 273 70 3,317 997 240 16.9 19.2 16.2 38.6 38.4 26.8 .9 2.6 1.4 3.4 8.3 3.8 72.8 25.2 6.5 74.6 22.4 5.4 329 119 26 2,104 657 155 7.0 8.4 6.0 24.5 25.3 17.3 .4 1.1 .5 2.1 5.5 3.0 66.9 24.2 5.3 74.0 23.1 5.5 Construction ....................................... Manufacturing .................................... Durable goods ............................... Primary metals .......................... Autos .......................................... Nondurable g o o d s .......................... T r a d e .................................................... Finance.................................................. 456 1,158 611 32 54 547 1,304 1,462 919 2,500 1,602 195 137 898 2,243 2,434 97 304 182 10 18 121 195 258 438 1,429 993 142 91 436 816 860 21.3 26.3 29.8 31.3 33.3 22.1 15.0 17.6 47.7 57.2 62.0 72.8 66.4 48.6 36.4 35.3 1.6 1.3 1.3 .8 1.3 1.3 1.0 .8 7.0 6.4 7.5 14.0 8.4 4.9 3.8 2.4 8.9 28.0 16.8 .9 1.7 11.2 18.0 23.8 9.8 32.1 22.3 3.2 2.0 9.8 18.3 19.3 32 128 84 7 7 44 71 134 262 1,006 703 115 73 303 448 542 7.0 11.1 13.7 21.9 13.0 8.0 5.4 9.2 28.5 40.2 43.9 59.0 53.3 33.7 20.0 22.3 .5 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .4 4.2 4.5 5.3 11.4 6.7 3.4 2.1 1.5 6.5 26.0 17.1 1.4 1.4 8.9 14.4 27.2 9.2 35.4 24.7 4.0 Job lo s e rs ............................................ Job leavers .......................................... Entrants ............................................... 2,096 823 3,314 6,135 748 4,686 577 143 363 3,314 231 884 27.5 17.4 11.0 54.0 30.9 18.9 _ _ — — 265 61 165 2,173 143 522 12.6 7.4 5.0 35.4 19.1 11.1 __ — 74.5 5.2 19.9 __ — 53.2 13.2 33.5 — — 53.9 12.4 33.5 76.5 5.0 18.4 to 19 to 24 to 54 years 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ 2 .6 10.7 15.8 19.1 tainable from the c p s comes from responses from a set of supplemental questions asked each March regarding the re spondent’s work experience during the prior calendar year. Each measure has advantages and disadvantages. The du ration measure from the monthly c p s relates to a single, continuous spell of unemployment, while the March sup plement counts the total weeks of unemployment over the course of a year regardless of the number of spells. The March data, therefore, understate the duration of unem ployment for spells that begin before, or continue after, a calendar year. The monthly survey, by contrast, provides more reliable estimates of unemployment primarily because it does not entail the problems of recall associated with work experience questions. However, the monthly c p s may also understate the duration of unemployment when it is broken by a brief period of employment or labor force withdrawal.6 While neither the monthly nor the annual work experience data on duration of joblessness are without limitations, when combined, they provide a fairly thorough view of the prob lem. For a cyclical perspective, the monthly survey is gen erally better. To assess the extent of the problem on an individual basis, the work experience questionnaire is quite helpful. In this case, unemployment duration for 1982 will be compared to 1979, a year of relatively low unemploy ment. Data from the work experience tabulations demonstrate much the same demographic patterns as the monthly sur veys. In 1982, being male and being black each added 10 percentage points to the proportion of those jobless 15 weeks or more in each group. (See table 4.) In other words, the proportion of black women and white men jobless this long was about 10 points higher than the lowest group, white women, while the proportion of black men was 20 points higher. Hispanic men and women experienced long-term joblessness in proportions between their white and black counterparts. Half of all unemployed persons reported at least 15 weeks Table 4. Proportion of unemployed who experienced at least 15 weeks of unemployment during 1979 and 1982, by sex, race, and Hispanic origin D u r a tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t C h a r a c te r is tic 15 w eeks and over 2 7 w eeks and over 19 79 19 8 2 19 79 19 8 2 Total ............................................ Men ...................................................... White ............................................... B la c k ................................................. Hispanic origin ............................... 33.4 35.9 33.8 48.8 38.8 49.6 54.1 52.6 62.8 57.8 13.7 14.9 13.3 24.7 15.2 25.5 27.6 26.0 36.1 26.6 Women ................................................. White ............................................... B la c k ................................................. Hispanic origin ............................... 30.5 28.2 41.1 34.7 43.2 41.3 52.5 47.9 12.3 11.1 18.4 13.5 22.6 21.5 28.0 25.3 of unemployment in 1982. This figure is higher than the figure from the monthly c p s largely because it counts all spells of unemployment. The proportion unemployed 27 weeks or longer is severely limited by the time frame of the March supplement questionnaire— the half-year period had to fall entirely within the particular calendar year. W h il e s h o r t - t e r m j o b l e s s n e s s is often part of the normal functioning of a market economy, long-term joblessness can have profound consequences for the individual and family— financial, emotional, and even physical. The 1981-82 recession resulted in levels of long-term unemployment far higher than any experienced since the Great Depression. The hardest hit workers were men, who typically work in cyclically sensitive industries and who tend to persevere in their job search. Racial minorities, whose overall job lessness is extensive, experience a similarly large share of long-term unemployment. Long-term unemployment is a critical policy area not only during recessions but also during expansions, when the fo cus shifts to the hard-core, or structurally, unemployed. This aspect of the unemployment picture receives less attention than the overall jobless rate or level but bears directly on the question of economic hardship. F O O T N O T E S 1The source of data is the Current Population Survey, a monthly survey o f about 60,000 households, conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. ment duration,” M onthly L abor R eview , July 1980. pp. 23-32. 4The 1949 recession is not included here because bls data, dating to 1948, cannot be used to identify the “ prerecession low .” 2The mathematical relationship between flow, duration, and the un employment rate is discussed in Ronald S. Warren, Jr., “ Measuring the flow and duration as jobless rate components,” M onthly Labor R eview , March 1977, pp. 7 1 -72. 5 Data on the probability of labor force withdrawal and of finding a job come from the Current Population Survey gross flows data. Annual av erages are used to improve the reliability of the estimates. 2 For a discussion of the issues involved in measuring the duration of unemployment, see Norman Bowers, “ Probing the issues of unemploy 6 In the monthly cps , a period of 2 weeks or more during which a person is either employed or ceases job search is considered a break in a spell of unemployment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 29 Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families The March 1983 work experience survey provides a close look at joblessness by extent and duration and the effect on fam ily income and the incidence o f poverty Pa u l O. F l a im Joblessness reached a postwar high in 1982. On “ average," 10.7 million persons were unemployed during the year, 9.7 percent of the labor force. By the end of the year, when the economy finally ended its deep recessionary slide, unem ployment had risen even higher, with the number of jobless persons (seasonally adjusted) reaching 12.0 million in De cember and with the rate of joblessness peaking at 10.8 percent. What these numbers, based on data from the monthly Current Population Survey ( c p s ) , 1 do not really tell us is how many different persons among the entire population encountered unemployment during the course of the year, how long they were unemployed, how many weeks they still managed to work, and how their earnings and family income compared with those of workers who remained free of unemployment. For this additional information on the “ pervasiveness” of unemployment and for a glance at its impact on the economic well-being of American workers, we must turn to special data from the “ work experience” survey. The work experience survey, conducted each March as a special supplement to the c p s , relates to the activities of the entire civilian population over the previous calendar year. It obtains a complete count of all the persons with some employment or unemployment, as well as data on the Paul O. Flaim is chief of the Division of Data Development and Users’ Services, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis earnings of workers and the income of their families from other sources. Because there are many persons who change their labor force status during the course of a year, the number with some employment or unemployment as esti mated through the work experience survey is generally much higher than the annual averages for employment and un employment based on data from the monthly surveys. For 1982, the work experience survey shows that the number of persons with a job for at least part of the year was 116.3 million. This number was 17 percent higher than the “ average” civilian employment level for the year. And the number of persons with some unemployment, as mea sured through the same retrospective survey, was 26.5 mil lion, about 2.5 times the “ average“ number for the year. Overall, 22.0 percent of all persons with any labor force activity during 1982 (in terms of having either worked or looked for work) were found to have experienced some unemployment during the year. This percentage was more than double the annual average employment rate for the same year (9.7 percent). In this article, we look at how the work experience num bers for 1982 changed vis-a-vis similar data for previous years, particularly 1981. We then examine the earnings and family income of the workers who encountered some job lessness. Finally, we look at workers who, because of un favorable economic conditions, had to work part time during the year or who, because of their perception of the job market, remained on the sidelines for at least part of the year. The recessionary impact on jobs For most of 1982, the American economy was in the throes of a deep recession which had begun the previous year and which had brought about a substantial decline in the demand for goods and some services. For example, real g n p (the gross national product measured in constant dol lars) declined by 3.0 percent from the third quarter of 1981 to the fourth quarter of 1982. Although the recession is considered to have bottomed as of November 1982,2 it was not until the following January that any significant improve ment was noticed in the monthly statistics on employment and unemployment. All of 1982 was thus a poor year in terms of the demand for workers, and the work experience data for the year are a reflection of this situation. Of course, even 1980 and 1981, affected by a previous recession, were not banner years in terms of employment growth. This is clearly shown in the following tabulation, which contrasts the rather meager jobs gain over the 1979— Table 1. 82 period with the much larger average gains posted during the 1970 decade when, except for the 1973-75 period, the economy was on a more steady upward path: Persons with some employment dur ing the year (millions) ............ Persons with yearround full-time jobs (millions) ... 1969 1979 1980 1981 92.5 115.0 115.8 116.8 116.3 52.8 64.7 64.9 1982 65.3 64.0 Over the 1969-79 period, the year-to-year gains in the number of persons with some employment averaged 2.3 million. Of this average annual gain, a little more than half, or 1.2 million, was in year-round full-time jobs. In sharp contrast, over the 1979-82 period, which was plagued by two back-to-back recessions, the number of persons with Work experience of population during the year by extent of employment, gender, race, and Hispanic origin, 1981-82 [Numbers in thousands] To ta l M en W om en E x te n t o f e m p lo y m e n t 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 1 19 8 2 TO TAL Civilian noninstltutional population ...................................................................... Total who worked or looked for work ................................................. Percent of the p o p ulation........................................................................... Total who worked during the year ................................................. Percent of the p o p ulation.............................................................................. Full time1: 50 to 52 weeks ......................................................................... 48 to 49 weeks .............................................................. 40 to 47 weeks ............................................................ 27 to 39 weeks ......................................................................... 14 to 26 weeks ................................................................. 1 to 13 weeks .............................................................. Part time2: 50 to 52 weeks ................................................. 48 to 49 weeks ................................................. 40 to 47 weeks .......................................... 27 to 39 weeks ......................................................... 14 to 26 weeks ....................................................... 1 to 13 weeks ............................................................ 171,666 119,658 69.7 116,794 68.0 173,656 120,235 69.2 116,277 67.0 81,231 65,950 81.2 64,769 79.7 82,260 66,160 80.4 64,365 78.2 90,436 53,708 59.4 52,025 57.5 91,395 54,074 59.2 51,912 56.8 65,292 2,446 5,888 6,102 6,138 4,804 63,973 2,317 5,772 6,017 6,263 5,233 41,806 1,567 3,436 3,335 3,286 2,379 40,129 1,381 3,377 3,575 3,654 2,800 23,486 880 2,452 2,767 2,852 2,425 23,844 936 2,395 2,441 2,609 2,433 9,133 827 2,425 3,345 4,711 5,684 9,812 815 2,416 3,463 4,623 5,574 2,946 215 811 1,059 1,782 2,149 3,118 253 912 1,210 1,714 2,241 6,187 612 1,614 2,286 2,929 3,535 6,694 562 1,503 2,253 2,910 3,332 149,136 104,668 70.2 102,825 68.9 150,427 104,942 69.8 102,192 67.9 71,018 58,378 82.2 57,615 81.1 71,808 58,560 81.6 57,273 79.8 78,118 46,290 59.3 45,210 57.9 78 618 46 381 59 0 44 918 57.1 18,480 12,153 65.8 11,211 60.7 18,823 12,276 65.2 11,168 59.3 8,236 6,030 73.2 5,653 68.6 8,398 5,994 71.4 5,521 65.7 10,244 6,123 59 8 5 558 54.3 10 425 6 282 60 3 5 647 54.2 9,227 6,293 68.2 6,125 9,384 6,331 67.5 6,078 4,393 3,678 83.7 3,605 4,406 3,646 82.7 3,544 4 834 2^615 54 1 2,520 4 978 2 685 53 9 2,534 W h ite Civilian noninstltutional population .......................................... Total who worked or looked for work ............................... Percent of the pop ulation............................................... Total who worked during the year .................................. Percent of the pop ulation............................................ B la c k Civilian noninstltutional population ............................. Total who worked or looked for work ............................. Percent of the pop ulation............................................... Total who worked during the year ....................................... Percent of the pop ulation....................................................... H is p a n ic o r ig in Civilian noninstitutional population ............................... Total who worked or looked for work .......................... Percent of the pop ulation............................... Total who worked during the year ....................................... ’ Usually worked 35 hours or more per week. Usually worked 1 to 34 hours per week. Note: for the “ other races” group are not presented and Hispanlcs are included In both the white and black population groups. Detail for races and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Unemployment in 1982 The number of blacks and Hispanics with jobs was not significantly lower in 1982 than in 1981. However, the fact that their employment level did not increase at all means that there was a drop in their employment/population ratios as their populations increased at a relatively rapid pace. any type of job during the year posted an average annual gain of only 0.4 million. And the proportion with yearround full-time jobs showed an actual decline for this period, reflecting primarily the severity of the 1981-82 recession. As indicated in greater detail in table 1, the number of persons with some employment during the year was half a million lower in 1982 than it had been in 1981. There was an even bigger drop— of 1.3 million— in the number of year-round full-time workers, that is, those working 35 or more hours a week 50 to 52 weeks. The drop in their number reflects the sharp cutbacks in the workweek as well as actual layoffs of workers. The large increase— from 9.1 to 9.8 million— in the number of persons working mostly part time the entire year was a further reflection of the cyclical cutback in hours. Table 1 also shows that it was men who accounted for nearly all of the employment declines between 1981 and 1982, particularly among those with year-round, full-time jobs. The number of women with some employment was almost the same for 1982 as for 1981— about 52 million. And there were actually more women with year-round full time employment in 1982 than a year earlier. The relative stability in the employment of women reflects both their growing attachment to the job market as well as the fact that, in this as in other recessions, the sharpest rise in un employment occurred in goods-producing industries— such as construction, autos, and steel— which are largely staffed by men. Although women have been moving gradually even into nontraditional fields, they are still concentrated in the less cyclically sensitive service-producing industries. How ever, even these industries did not show much growth during 1982, and this caused at least a pause in the historical rise in female employment. T a b le 2. E x te n t o f u n e m p lo y m e n t d u rin g th e y e a r b y g e n d e r , The increase in joblessness With employment showing a sizable decline for men and a virtual stalemate for women, it is not surprising that there was a sharp rise in 1982 in the number of persons with a period of unemployment during the year. The total rose to 26.5 million from 23.4 million in 1981, with an increase of 2.3 million among men and nearly 850,000 among women. Taken as a proportion of the labor force, these numbers represented 23.3 percent of all men and 20.4 percent of all women with some job market activity in 1982. (See table 2 .) Not only were there more persons with some unemploy ment in 1982 than in 1981, they were also unemployed for longer periods. As shown in table 2, of those with some work during the year— and they were the great majority ofthe unemployed— the proportion with relatively short un employment spells of 1 to 4 weeks shrank from 4.0 to 3.5 million. At the same time, the proportions unemployed 27 weeks or more (that is, in excess of 6 months) increased from 3.6 to 5.0 million. Also of interest is the fact that the number of persons with two or more spells of unemployment during the year increased from 7.0 million to 7.6 million during 1982. Taking into account all spells, the average (median) duration of unemployment was 15.4 weeks in 1982 versus 13.3 weeks in 1981. As a further reflection of the cyclical drop in the demand for labor, there were nearly 4.0 million persons in 1982, 1981-82 [Numbers in thousands] M en T o ta l W om en E x te n t o f e m p lo y m e n t 1981 1982 1981 1982 1981 1982 Total who worked or looked for work ........................................................................................... Percent with unemploym ent........................................................................................................ 119,658 19.5 120,235 22.0 65,950 20.0 66,160 23.3 53,708 19.0 54,074 20.4 Total with unemployment ........................................................................................................... Did not work but looked for work ......................................................................................... 1 to 14 weeks ..................................................................................................................... 15 weeks or m o re ................................................................................................................ Worked during the y e a r ........................................................................................................... 23,382 2,863 1,499 1,364 20,518 26,493 3,958 1,730 2,228 22,535 13,175 1,181 430 751 11,994 15,441 1,795 508 1,286 13,646 10,207 1,682 1,069 613 8,525 11,052 2,163 1,221 942 8,889 Year-round workers1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unem ploym ent............................................ Part-year workers2 with unem ploym ent............................................................................ 1 to 4 weeks ................................................................................................................... 5 to 10 w e e k s ................................................................................................................... 11 to 14 w e e k s ................................................................................................................ 15 to 26 w e e k s ................................................................................................................ 27 weeks or more ........................................................................................................... 1,170 19,348 3,991 4,040 2,815 4,940 3,562 1,155 21,380 3,483 4,184 2,808 5,863 5,041 733 11,260 1,985 2,296 1,667 3,057 2,256 747 12,900 1,736 2,372 1,721 3,911 3,159 437 8,088 2,006 1,744 1,148 1,884 1,306 408 8,481 1,747 1,813 1,087 1,952 1,882 With 2 or more spells of unemployment ......................................................................... 2 s p e lls ............................................................................................................................. 3 or more spells ............................................................................................................. 6,986 3,750 3,237 7,573 3,854 3,719 4,478 2,329 2,149 4,913 2,421 2,492 2,508 1,421 1,087 2,660 1,433 1,227 13.3 15.4 14.2 16.9 12.0 13.5 Median weeks of unemployment 1Worked 50 weeks or more. 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ...................................................................................... 2Worked less than 50 weeks compared with about 2.9 million in 1981, who looked for work but found none during the year. While many may have been sporadic jobseekers, more than half reported that they had looked for work for 15 or more weeks. The already high incidence of unemployment among blacks and Hispanics rose even higher in 1982. Among blacks, 33.4 percent of all those with some labor force activity reported some unemployment, up from 30.5 percent in 1981. Among Hispanics, the proportion with some unemployment was 27.1 percent, up from 23.7 percent in 1981. (See table 3.) An even greater difference between unemployed blacks and other jobless workers was the proportion who, although Table 3. seeking work, failed to obtain any employment during the year. For white and Hispanic jobseekers, the proportions who never held a job in 1982 were very close, 13 and 15 percent. Among blacks, the proportion of jobseekers who apparently never found any work was much higher— 27 percent. Unemployment and family income With unemployment generally longer in 1982 than in 1981, its effect on earnings and on family income became obviously more burdensome. However, even in the unfa vorable labor market climate of 1982 there were many work ers for whom unemployment was a rather fleeting problem, Extent of unemployment during the year by race, Hispanic origin, and gender, 1981-82 [Numbers in thousands] To ta l M en W om en C h a r a c te r is tic 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 1 19 8 2 W H IT E Total who worked or looked for work .................................................................... Percent with unem ploym ent......................................................................... 104,668 18.3 104,942 20.7 58,378 18.8 58,560 22.0 46,290 17.7 46,381 19.1 Total with unemployment ................................................................................. Did not work but looked for work ................................................................. 19,140 1,843 21,730 2,750 10,963 763 12,883 1,287 8,177 1,080 8,847 1,463 Worked during the y e a r .................................................................... Percent distribution ............................................................................... Year-round workers1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unem ploym ent..................... Part-year workers2 with une m ploym ent.................................................................... 1 to 4 weeks .................................................................................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ....................................................................................... 15 weeks or more .................................................................................................... 17,297 100.0 6.0 94.0 20.2 33.6 40.2 18,981 100.0 5.3 94.7 16.2 31.6 46.9 10,200 100.0 6.5 93.5 17.0 33.2 43.3 11,596 100.0 5.6 94.4 13.3 30.5 50.6 7,097 100.0 5.4 94.6 24.6 34.2 35.8 7,384 100.0 4.8 95.2 20.7 33.4 41.1 33.8 13.0 33.3 14.9 37.2 14.0 35.7 16.4 29.0 11.7 29.5 13.0 Total who worked or looked for work ............................................................................................ Percent with unem ploym ent.............................................................................................. 12,153 30.5 12,276 33.4 6,030 31.2 5,994 36.5 6,123 29.7 6,282 30.4 Total with unemployment ......................................................................................................... Did not work but looked for work ......................................................................................... 3,703 942 4,096 1,108 1,884 377 2,186 473 1,819 565 1,910 635 Worked during the y e a r ......................................................................................................... Percent distribution ............................................................................................................ Year-round workers1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unem ploym ent............................................ Part-year workers2 with unemployment ............................................................................ 1 to 4 weeks ................................................................................................................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ................................................................................................................... 15 weeks or more ........................................................................................................... 2,761 100.0 4.1 95.9 15.4 31.8 48.7 2,988 100.0 4.0 96.0 10.8 27.5 57.6 1,507 100.0 4.1 95.9 13.5 31.5 50.8 1,713 100.0 4.6 95.4 8.7 26.7 60.0 1,254 100.0 4.0 96.0 17.7 32.1 46.2 1,275 100.0 3.3 96.7 13.5 28.7 58.5 With 2 or more spells of unemployment ......................................................................... Median weeks of unemployment ...................................................................................... 34.7 15.3 36.2 18.9 37.1 17.3 38.3 19.8 31.9 14.4 33.4 17.5 Total who worked or looked for work ........................................................................................... Percent with unem ploym ent....................................................................................1............. 6,293 23.7 6,331 27.1 3,678 24.2 3,646 28.5 2,615 22.9 2,685 25.3 Total with unemployment ........................................................................................................... Did not work but looked for work ......................................................................................... 1,491 167 1,717 253 891 72 1,038 101 600 95 679 152 Worked during the y e a r ........................................................................................................... Percent distribution ...................................................................................................................... Year-round workers1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unem ploym ent............................................ Part-year workers2 with unem ploym ent............................................................................ 1 to 4 weeks ................................................................................................................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ................................................................................................................... 15 weeks or more ........................................................................................................... 1,324 100.0 4.4 95.6 17.2 32.2 46.2 1,464 100.0 2.9 97.1 13.0 31.2 53.0 819 100.0 4.8 95.2 13.8 31.8 49.6 937 100.0 3.4 96.6 10.6 30.1 55.9 505 100.0 3.7 96.3 22.9 32.9 40.6 527 100.0 2.0 98.0 17.1 33.0 47.9 With 2 or more spells of unemployment ......................................................................... Median weeks of unemployment ...................................................................................... 37.6 14.5 33.9 16.8 40.4 15.9 36.6 17.7 33.0 12.8 29.2 14.7 With 2 or more spells of unem ploym ent.............................................................................. Median weeks of unemployment ............................................................... B LA C K H IS P A N IC 'Worked 50 weeks or more. , ^Worked less than 50 weeks. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O R IG IN Note: Detail for racial and Hlspanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “ other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are Included in both the white and black population groups. 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Unemployment in 1982 Table 4. Earnings and family income of workers by industry, unemployment status, and incidence of poverty, 1982 [Numbers in thousands] W o r k e r s w ith n o u n e m p lo y m e n t M e d ia n In d u s try Num ber Total M e d ia n W o r k e rs w ith s o m e u n e m p lo y m e n t P e rc e n t annual fa m ily in e a r n in g s in c o m e p o v e rty P e rc e n t Num ber M e d ia n M e d ia n P e rc e n t o f a ll annual fa m ily in w o rk e rs e a r n in g s in c o m e p o ve rty ................................................................................................................... 93,742 312,328 $27,930 5.6 22,535 19.4 S 5,358 319,503 16.6 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries .............................................................................. Mining .............................................................................................................................. Construction ................................................................................................................... 3,451 924 4,460 4,031 24,897 14,678 17,175 33,149 25,701 22.7 3.0 5.9 797 346 2,816 18.8 27.2 38.7 2,917 15,104 7,978 13,226 23,083 18,645 33.8 9.2 17.5 Manufacturing ................................................................................................................ Durable goods ........................................................................................................... Lumber, wood products, and fu rn itu re ............................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ......................................................................... Primary metal industries ...................................................................................... Fabricated metal products .................................................................................... Machinery, except electrical ................................................................................. Electric machinery, equipment, and supplies .................................................... Automobiles ........................................................................................................... Aircraft and other transportation equ ip m e n t....................................................... Professional and photographic equipment, and w a tc h e s .................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ............................................................ Nondurable g o o d s ...................................................................................................... 17,248 9,932 821 429 645 1,216 2,169 1,753 704 1,143 600 452 7,316 17,243 18,658 12,004 17,739 22,999 16,776 20,485 17,174 23,177 23,149 17,934 12,183 14,915 29,010 30,156 22,568 29,534 30,467 28,784 31,343 30,202 33,299 34,645 33,446 26,313 27,368 2.8 2.1 6.5 2.3 1.6 2.4 1.0 2.5 2.0 .9 .4 2.9 3.7 5,914 3,718 475 203 404 409 771 565 411 221 104 156 2,196 25.5 27.2 36.7 32.1 38.5 25.2 26.2 24.4 36.8 16.2 14.7 25.6 23.1 8,563 10,184 6,841 12,469 13,064 9,659 11,210 9,039 16,672 10,204 8,094 5,812 6,528 21,210 22,369 18,671 20,863 24,644 21,986 23,657 22,175 27,560 23,090 22,722 16,219 18,539 10.5 7.7 18.3 6.0 4.5 9.2 3.9 7.3 3.5 4.8 10.5 16.5 15.1 Transportation, communications, and other public utilities .................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................. Retail trade ................................................................................. Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ......................................................................... Business and repair se rvice s ...................................................................... Private households .................................................................................... Personal services, except private hou se h o ld s....................................... Entertainment and recreational s e rv ic e s ............................................................... Professional and related s e rv ic e s ......................................................................... Public adm inistration................................................................. 6,465 4,122 15,859 5,994 4,378 1,340 2,689 1,177 20,890 4,746 20,245 16,426 6,515 13,392 11,367 920 5,685 4,528 11,903 17,295 30,838 30,088 25,700 31,552 26,520 17,080 20,630 27,333 29,425 30,748 2.6 3.4 7.9 2.3 7.0 20.6 12.0 75 4.3 2.6 1,103 715 4,322 708 1,250 332 647 423 2,670 492 14.6 14.8 21.4 10.6 22.2 19.9 19.4 26.4 11.3 9.4 8,133 6,722 2,833 5,353 4,458 551 2,996 2,898 4,090 5,015 21,831 21,033 19,038 18,118 19,088 11,671 15,307 17,514 19,677 18,645 12.2 12.3 19.3 11.4 19.6 37.5 23.2 21.4 18.2 18.5 although of some economic consequence. For example, 1.2 million were year-round workers, meaning they were em ployed for at least 50 weeks and were without work no more than a week or two. (See table 2.) An additional 3.5 million, classified as part-year workers, were unemployed up to 4 weeks. Altogether, nearly 5 million persons, or almost onefifth of the unemployed in 1982, experienced relatively short spells of joblessness. The effect of such spells on earnings and total family income could not have been very large. When spells of unemployment were much longer— and it should be reemphasized that the overall median exceeded 15 weeks— the losses in earnings and family income were obviously much larger. In such cases, the total income avail able for the year to the family of the affected worker de pended on three factors: (1) the type of job lost and its wage level; (2) the amount of earnings that might accrue to the family from the jobs of other members; and (3) the income obtained from other sources, including unemployment in surance benefits and other transfer payments. For workers with some unemployment in 1982, median annual pay was not much over $5,000. Nevertheless, their family income averaged nearly $20,000, reflecting the im portance of having more than one jobholder in the family— which has become the rule rather than the exception— as well as possible transfer payments. Table 4 also shows that only 17 percent of the workers with some unemployment in 1982 were in families whose income for the year fell below the Federally designated 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis poverty thresholds.3 What is also interesting is the associ ation of the type of industry in which these jobless persons had worked with their annual earnings, family income, and the probability of falling into poverty. In general, the per sons whose principal jobs were in the various durable goods manufacturing industries, in which average wages tend to be much higher than in most other industries,4 had the lowest probability of poverty. For example, of the workers who lost jobs in the auto industry, only 3.5 percent wound up with family income below the poverty line. In contrast, about one-third of the jobless agricultural workers and onefifth of those who had been in the various service industries had family income below the poverty line. Indeed, there were some industries, notably agriculture, household ser vices, and personal services, in which the probability of impoverishment was relatively high even for workers with no unemployment whatsoever during the year. This is pri marily a reflection of the wide disparity in wages among the various industries. The number of wage earners in a family also affects the likelihood of poverty among the unemployed. Altogether, 17.5 million families had one or more members out of work in 1982. About 18 percent of such families reported total income below the poverty line. (See table 5.) However, if the family was headed by a married couple and had two jobholders or more, the probability of poverty was only 6 percent. And about 10.5 million families, or well over half of these with some unemployment, were working couples, or if one spouse did not work, had a second earner in the family, cushioning the effects of unemployment. However, among the households maintained solely by a woman, the incidence of poverty was very high when un employment struck. About 3.1 million such households ex perienced some unemployment, and 44 percent were in poverty, largely because they seldom had more than one earner. This highlights the financial vulnerability of families with only one working member, particularly a woman. Be cause women who head their own families are even more likely than women in general to be concentrated in relatively low paying jobs,5 the incidence of poverty among the fam ilies which they head was comparatively high (17 percent) even when these families escaped unemployment. Workers living alone or with unrelated individuals also faced a relatively high incidence of poverty when they be came unemployed. More than one-third reported annual in come for 1982 below the poverty line. Obviously, such persons are also not likely to benefit from someone else’s earnings during periods of joblessness. Race and ethnic origin makes a considerable difference in terms of the incidence of unemployment-related poverty. As indicated below, black and Hispanic families with un employment in 1982 were much more likely to be poor than were comparable white families: Table 5. Percent with income below poverty Hispanic Black White Type of family All families .................. Married-couple families ................. One earner ........... Two or more earners .................. Families maintained by women .................. Families maintained by m en....................... Persons not in families .. 14.0 38.1 30.0 10.6 23.2 17.6 38.1 25.8 44.3 5.9 lO.l 16.7 33.4 64.6 50.8 I8.6 32.7 33.9 49.9 21.1 52.5 Not all of the differences in the rates of poverty among these racial-ethnic groups can be ascribed to the degree of severity of unemployment. The differences are also related to wage levels, size of the family, and other factors, such as the amount of transfer payments the families may have drawn upon. It is important to note that, even when free of unemployment, black and Hispanic families had much higher rates of poverty than white families— 15 percent versus 5 percent. Involuntary part-time work A total of 16.1 million workers reported that they had been limited involuntarily to part-time work for varying Income by family type, number of earners, unemployment status, and incidence of poverty, 1982 [Numbers in thousands] F a m ily ty p e a n d n u m b e r o f e a rn e rs W ith n o m e m b e r th e la b o r fo r c e u n e m p lo y e d M e d ia n Num ber All families W i t h a m e m b e r in P e rc e n t fa m ily in in c o m e p o ve rty M e d ia n Num ber W ith a t le a s t o n e m e m b e r u n e m p lo y e d P e rc e n t fa m ily in in c o m e p o v e rty M e d ia n Num ber P e rc e n t fa m ily in in c o m e p o ve rty ............................................................................................. 53,334 25,519 9.9 35,812 27,774 6.1 17,521 20,887 17.6 Married-couple fa m ilie s ...................................................................... No earners ..................................................................................... One earner ...................................................................................... Husband ...................................................................................... W ife ............................................................................................. Other family m e m b e r................................................................. Two or more earners ................................................................... Husband and w i f e ...................................................................... Husband and other family m e m b e r......................................... Husband is not an e a rn e r......................................................... 43,732 262 13,636 11,236 1,832 568 29,834 25,922 3,241 672 27,917 7,160 21,411 22,435 16,191 21,518 31,209 31,031 34,144 25.449 6.6 61.4 11.2 10.8 12.9 13.0 4.0 3.5 6.8 8.9 30,039 4 10,702 8,937 1,393 372 19,334 17,150 1,852 333 29,902 (1) 23,636 24.720 17,650 24,067 33,693 33,432 37,639 29,614 4.4 (1) 7.5 7.4 8.2 5.3 2.7 2.4 5.1 3.7 13,693 258 2,934 2,299 439 197 10,500 8,772 1,389 339 23,485 7,153 14,562 15,022 12,496 15,123 26,714 26,384 30,576 21,844 11.4 61.7 24.9 24.1 28.0 27.5 6.3 5.6 9.0 14.0 Families maintained by w o m e n ......................................................... No earners ...................................................................................... One earner ...................................................................................... Two or more earners ................................................................... 7,772 558 4,488 2,725 13,618 3,755 11,514 20,974 27.9 92.0 30.3 10.9 4,635 2 3,197 1,436 15,672 (1) 13,143 22,943 17.0 (1) 21.7 6.6 3,137 556 1,291 1,289 9,900 3,746 7,786 18,380 44.1 92.3 51.6 15.7 Families maintained by m e n .............................................................. No earners ...................................................................................... One earner ...................................................................................... Two or more earners ................................................................... 1,830 44 893 893 21,312 (1) 17,414 26,705 11.8 (1) 16.7 3.9 1,138 5.8 620 518 20,254 30,999 8.4 2(7 692 44 273 375 16,678 (1) 10,151 21,395 21.7 (1) 35.5 5.6 Persons not living in families .............................................................. With e a rn in g s ..................................................................................... Living alone ................................................................................... M e n ............................................................................................. Women ........................................................................................ Others with earnings ........................................................................ M e n ............................................................................................. Women ........................................................................................ Without e a rnings................................................................................ 18,019 17,617 10,668 5,468 5,199 6,949 4,209 2,740 402 13,162 13,436 14,941 17,160 13,340 11,285 12,585 9,583 1,502 15.1 13.6 9.9 9.9 10.0 19.3 16.7 23.4 80.4 13,987 13,979 8,848 4,335 4,512 5,131 3,054 2,077 8 14,989 14,995 16,259 19,073 14,286 13,096 14,873 10,730 (1) 9.3 9.3 6.8 6.1 7.5 13.7 11.6 16.7 (1) 4,032 3,638 1,820 1,133 687 1,818 1,155 662 394 7,190 8,039 9,135 10,503 7,848 7,074 8,007 5,850 1,459 35.3 30.3 25.2 24.7 26.1 35.3 30.1 44.3 81.4 — 25,177 — — 'Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Unemployment in 1982 periods during 1982. (See table 6.) About iwo-thirds cited a reduction in their workweek due to “ slack work or material shortages” as the main cause. The other third attributed their involuntary part-time work to the fact that they had simply been unable to secure a full-time job in their initial search and had reluctantly settled for part-time work. The great majority of the workers who had suffered cutbacks in their workweeks had been working either in construction or durable goods manufacturing, and their problems were an obvious consequence of the weak demand for housing and other goods associated with the recession. Those who took a part-time job involuntarily because they could not find full-time work were employed for the most part in the var ious service-producing industries that were not hit so hard by the recession. About 7.4 million or nearly one-half of the persons with involuntary part-time work had also suffered some unem ployment in 1982. Being beset with both of these labor market problems, their earnings and family income were obviously much lower than those of fully employed workers. Almost one-fourth of them wound up with family income below the poverty line. Table 6. Income and incidence of poverty of Involuntary part-time workers by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic origin, 1982 [Numbers in thousands] S la c k C h a r a c te r is tic To ta l C o u ld w o rk or n o t fin d m a te ria l fu ll-tim e s h o rta g e jo b M e d ia n P e rc e n t fa m ily in in c o m e p o v e rty Total with Involuntary parttime w o r k ............................. With unemployment also . . . . With no unem ploym ent.......... 16,064 7,392 8,672 10,400 4,427 5,973 5,664 2,964 2,700 $18,400 16,456 l 1) 18.0 22.8 (1) Men .......................................... Women .................................... 9,043 7,022 6,651 3,749 2,391 3,273 18,938 17,679 17.1 19.2 White ....................................... B la c k .......................................... Hispanic origin ....................... 13,555 2,180 1,060 8,927 1,253 724 4,628 927 336 19,299 12,997 14,389 15.8 31.9 30.1 784 181 2,057 3,528 1,787 1,741 549 169 1,762 3,143 1,588 1,555 235 12 294 385 199 186 13,225 24,256 17,621 19,984 21,524 18,173 34.4 8.2 18.5 10.2 7.9 12.7 826 436 3,512 607 332 1,498 219 105 2,014 21,109 21,672 18,369 14.8 14.0 20.2 403 930 358 241 623 75 163 307 283 22,485 16,507 10,166 8.7 21.4 38.0 683 418 265 14,690 25.9 291 139 152 16,380 22.5 1,789 287 717 129 1,072 158 20,010 17,294 17.1 21.5 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ............................... M in in g ....................................... C o nstruction............................. M anufacturing.......................... Durable g o o d s ..................... Nondurable g o o d s ............... Transportation, communication, and other public utilities . . . Wholesale tra d e ....................... Retail tra d e ............................... Finance, Insurance, and real estate .................................... Business and repair services . Private households.................. Personal services, except private h o u sehold............... Entertainment and recreational services ............................... Professional and related services ............................... Public administration ............. 1Not available. Note: Detail for racial and Hlspanlc-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “ other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Part-year workers As already noted, of the 116.3 million persons with some employment in 1982, about 64 million worked all year in full-time jobs. An additional 9.8 million also worked the entire year but in jobs that were essentially of part-time nature. Thus, the total employed the entire year was 73.8 million. This means that there were 42.5 million persons with jobs for less than a full year or, more precisely, less than 50 weeks. About three-fifths of these part-year workers (25.6 million) had been in primarily full-time jobs, while two-fifths (16.9 million) had been in jobs that were both of a part-year or part-time nature. Of the 42.5 million part-year workers, about two-fifths had been constrained by unemployment from working all year. The remainder cited a variety of reasons: Reason for part-year work Part-year workers (in thousands) Percent distribution Total ................................ Unemployment ............ Illness or d is a b ilit y ......... Home responsibilities .. School attendance........ Military service ............ Retirement .................. Other reasons ............... 4 2 ,4 9 3 17,633 2 ,6 9 0 6,741 8,621 107 1.749 4 ,9 5 0 100.0 4 1 .5 6 .3 15.9 2 0 .3 .3 4.1 11. 6 It should be noted that the number of persons citing un employment as the main reason for working less than the full year— 17.6 million— is considerably lower than the number with both employment and unemployment— 22.5 million. There are two reasons for this. First, 1.2 million of these persons managed to work at least 50 weeks and were thus classified as employed the full year. Second, for many of the part-year workers with some unemployment, the principal reason for working less than the full year was not necessarily the period of joblessness but the fact that they left the labor force to go to school, to take care of their families, or for other personal reasons. As shown, “ school attendance” and “ home responsibilities” figure very prom inently among the reasons for part-year work. Discouraged part-year workers. An important subgroup of part-year workers was identified for the first time in the March 1983 survey. They are those who reported that their main reason for working only part of 1982 was that there was “ no work available.” Of the nearly 5 million part-year workers in the catchall “ other reasons” category, about 2.2 million, or almost half, were found to have worded their answers in such a way as to indicate that the unavailability of jobs was their main reason for working only part of the year. While these persons were not actually reported as having “ looked for work” during the year— and thus were not classified as unemployed— it would appear from their answers that they would have preferred to work all year and that they would have looked had it not been for their “ dis couragement” over job prospects. Of course, discouragement has long been measured on a current basis through a special set of questions in the Current Population Survey, with the data being published quarterly and annually. During 1982, the number of “ discouraged workers,” as measured monthly, averaged 1.6 million The March 1983 work experience survey was the first in which an attempt was made to measure “ discouragement” ret roactively, at least for the part-year workers. These statis tics, although based on a different concept than those gathered during the course of the year, add a new perspective to our knowledge of the conditions of the labor market— and of the perception of these conditions on the part of American workers. F O O T N O T E S - 1The Current Population Survey is a monthly household survey con ducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the primary purpose of determining the extent of employment and un employment among the American population. The sample of households has been 60,000 in recent years. 2The National Bureau of Economic Research designated the 1981-82 recession as starting in July 1981 and ending in November 1982. 3The poverty thresholds, based primarily on a U.S. Department of Ag riculture study of the consumption requirements of families by size, are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index. For 1982, the poverty threshold for a family of four was $9,862. It should be https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis noted, however, that in determining whether or not a family falls below the poverty line, only cash income is taken into account. In-kind income, while important to many families, is very difficult to measure and is not yet included in the official measurements. 4The average (mean) weekly earnings for all production and nonsupervisory jobs in durable goods manufacturing was $356 in 1982, while the mean for all private nonfarm production and nonsupervisory jobs was only $267. 5 For 1982, the median usual weekly earnings for all women working in full-time wage and salary jobs was $241; for men. the median was $371. A note on communications The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not po lemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. 37 Regional variations in employment and unemployment during 1970-82 Even when the jobless rate was relatively low, 5 .8 percent in 1979, wide differences in rates fo r local areas existed, ranging from a high o f 40 percent to a low o f less than 1 percent R i c h a r d J. R o s e n National economic events often mask developments at the State and local area level which together make up national changes. The United States is actually composed of many distinct economic regions with their own industrial concen trations. This regional specialization results in unequal growth rates among different areas of the country and explains why regions may be more (or less) susceptible to short-term cyclical fluctuations. This article focuses on employment and unemployment developments at the subnational level, using data from two Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Federal-State cooperative pro grams. The Local Area Unemployment Statistics Program ( l a u s ) provides State and county unemployment rates, and the Current Employment Statistics Program ( c e s ) provides employment estimates by industry and State. The data are analyzed over two periods— 1970 to 1980, to provide a background perspective— and 1979 to 1982, to show recent trends. Comparison measures Measures of employment and unemployment are key ba rometers of the economic well-being of an area. The State employment figures from the Current Employment Statistics program provide a count of the number of nonagricultural jobs. When changes in employment are analyzed at the Richard J. Rosen is an economist in the Office of Employment and Un employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Special editorial assis tance was provided by the M onthly L abor R eview staff. 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis industry level, one is provided insight into which sectors of the local economy are expanding and which are stable or contracting. Growth rates in area employment can be com pared, and the relative concentration of industries can be analyzed. As in the case of national unemployment rates, State and local unemployment rates represent the number of unem ployed persons expressed as a percentage of the resident civilian labor force. The civilian labor force, in turn, is the sum of total civilian employment and the number of un employed. Consequently, the unemployment rate is affected by changes in the size of the labor force and in the number of unemployed. The unemployed can be categorized as fol lows: (1) job losers; (2) job leavers; (3) reentrants; and (4) new entrants. Job losers are persons whose employment ended invo luntarily and who immediately began looking for work, including those on layoff. Job leavers are persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work. Reentrants are persons who previously worked at a full-time job lasting 2 weeks or longer or had looked for work before dropping out of the labor force. New entrants are persons who never worked at a full-time job lasting 2 weeks or longer. The following tabulation shows unemployment among these components during a prerecession year, 1979, and a recession year, 1982. The percent change between the 2 years is also shown. Job losers, both those on layoff and other terminations, increased dramatically— more than 100 percent. By contrast, the number of job leavers was rela tively stable, and the number of new entrants and reentrants rose by about a third, as seen below (numbers in thousands): 1979 1982 Percent change Total............ 6.137 10.678 74.0 Job losers ............... Layoffs............ Other ............. 2.653 851 1,784 6,268 2,127 4,141 137.9 153.5 132.1 Job leavers ............. Reentrants ............. New entrants .......... 880 1.806 817 840 2,384 1,185 -4.5 32.0 45.0 Thus, it is changes in the number of job losers which account for most of the rise in unemployment during recent as well as historic economic downturns. Movements in this group are the result of an employer terminating a worker (as opposed to the more voluntary act of leaving or deciding to enter or reenter the labor market). Therefore, areas ex periencing rising joblessness during recent recessions should coincide with areas having employment losses. Regional specialization Changes in aggregate demand, such as the recent decline in sales of automobiles or an increasing need for domestic energy supplies, do not impact all regions in the same man ner. Industries or particular types of natural resources are often concentrated in particular areas. For example, the contiguous North Central States of Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin account for about 14 percent of the Nation’s nonagricultural employment, but 62 percent of employment in motor vehicle manufacturing. Michigan alone has nearly 40 percent of motor vehicle manufacturing jobs— 10 times its share of all jobs in the nonfarm economy. By contrast, six contiguous States (Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming) account for more than three-fourths of U.S. employment in oil and gas extraction, but only 11 percent of all nonfarm jobs. Table 1 shows the regional concentration of these indus tries, and two other “ key” industries which are highly con centrated— lumber and textiles. The table’s last column shows the “ concentration ratio” of a State; the ratio is derived by dividing the State’s share of national employment in an industry by its share of total nonfarm jobs. For example, textile employment in North Carolina accounts for 28.6 percent of nationwide textile employment and 2.6 percent of all U.S. nonfarm jobs. Thus, the relative concentration of textile jobs is 11.0 (28.6 -t- 2.6 = 11.0). This means that North Carolina has 11 times more jobs in textiles than it would have if its textile employment matched its share of total nonfarm employment. Regional specialization in terms of industries causes spe cific changes in demand to affect geographic areas quite differently. For example, a decline in textile employment https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis would have little impact in Idaho, while a drop in the de mand for lumber would not materially affect Michigan. The ability of a State or region to adapt to changes in demand depends on many factors, including the rate of population and labor force growth, the degree of diversi fication of the region’s industrial structure, the concentration of “ secondary” or “ feeder” industries dependent on “ pri mary” industries, and whether industries affected by changes in demand have significant multiplier effects. California and Oregon provide a good comparison of the effect of industry diversification. Each State accounts for roughly the same share of the Nation’s employment in the lumber and wood products industry— about 10 percent. Yet, changes in demand for the products of the industry affects the overall employment situation in California far less than they do in Oregon; less than 1 percent of California’s em ployment is in this industry, compared with nearly 8 percent of Oregon’s. This was the case in 1979-82, when the cur tailment of construction resulted in a sharp decline in de mand for lumber. Both States began the period with nearly identical unemployment rates (6.2 percent in California and 6.4 percent in Oregon in July 1979). However, by February 1981, Oregon’s jobless rate topped 10 percent, while Cal ifornia’s stood at 8 percent. It was not until mid-1982, when employment dropped in a broad range of industries— such as construction, numerous manufacturing industries (nota bly, aircraft), transportation, and public utilities, trade and government— that California’s rate rose above 10 percent. Ohio provides a good example of the effect of substantial “ feeder” industries on State employment changes. While it has approximately 5 percent of all nonfarm jobs in the Nation, it accounts for 12 percent of all motor vehicle man ufacturing jobs. However, Ohio also accounts for approx imately 10 percent of jobs in several related industries (primary and fabricated metals), and nearly 25 percent of employment in tire and rubber manufacturing (another industry largely dependent on automobile production). Thus, a change in auto production has an impact on Ohio’s employment far beyond what would be expected by looking at motor vehicle manufacturing alone. When the slump in domestic auto mobile production began in the second half of 1979, the unemployment rate in Ohio rose rapidly from 6.6 percent in July 1979 to 10.3 percent a year later. As the slump continued, the State’s jobless rate rose further— to 12.2 percent in mid-1982. County and State joblessness During 1979, the national average unemployment rate was 5.8 percent, but county unemployment rates ranged from a high of 40 percent in Menominee County, Wisconsin to less than 1 percent in Sioux County, Nebraska. Even during a period of relatively low unemployment, 89 counties had rates of 12 percent or more, and 107 had rates between 10 and 11.9 percent. (See chart 1.) These areas are apt to have certain “ structural” problems retarding economic 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Regional Employment and Unemployment Table 1. Examples of key industry employment impact,1 1979 To ta l K e y in d u s try K e y in d u s tr y a n d S ta te e m p lo y m e n t (in th o u s a n d s ) Motor vehicles: Michigan .................................................................... Indiana ......................................................................... O h io ................................................................................. Wisconsin .................................................................. Lumber and wood products: California ......................................................................... Oregon ....................................................................... W ashington.......................................................... Id a h o ......................................................................... Oil and gas extraction: Texas ......................................................................... O klahom a............................................................ Louisiana ....................................................................... New Mexico .......................................................... Colorado .................................................................... Wyoming .......................................................... Textiles: North C a ro lin a ............................................................ South C arolina....................................................... Georgia ......................................................................... A labam a.......................................................... n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e m p lo y m e n t as S ta t e to ta l U .S . In d u s try p e rc e n t o f U .S . to ta l to ta l C o n c e n tra tio n ra tio 2 392.7 64.6 120.1 33.4 3,637.1 2,236.3 4,484.7 1,960.2 10.8 2.9 2.7 1.7 39.7 6.5 12.1 3.4 4.0 2.5 5.0 2.2 68.7 81.2 53.9 18.8 9,664.6 1,056.2 1,581.2 338.0 0.7 7.7 3.4 5.6 9.0 10.6 7.0 2.5 10.8 1.2 1.8 0.4 0 8 3 6 8 8 9 3 194.1 57.8 74.8 11.0 14.6 15.7 5,601.8 1,087.3 1,517.4 461.0 1,218.0 200.7 3.5 5.3 4.9 2.4 1.2 7.8 40.9 12.2 15.8 2.3 3.1 3.3 6.2 1.2 1.7 0.5 1.4 0.2 6 10 9 4 2 16 6 2 3 6 2 5 253.8 142.1 123.7 43.9 2,372.9 1,176.0 2,127.5 1,362.0 10.7 12.1 5.8 3.2 28.6 16.1 14.0 5.0 2.6 1.3 2.4 1.5 11 0 12 4 5 8 3.3 progress. Also, the counties tend to be clustered in certain regions. For example, the industrial Great Lakes States, and counties along the Appalachian mountains generally had above average unemployment, as did the Northwestern Pa cific areas and parts of the Southwest. There is also a line of high unemployment in the Texas counties which border Mexico. By contrast, the lower unemployment areas were con centrated through the central agricultural States (the Da kotas, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wyoming) and many sunbelt areas where employment has soared. In 1982, the U.S. unemployment rate averaged 9.7 per cent. The high-unemployment area expanded and the low unemployment area contracted. This “ spreading out” of unemployment is related to both industrial composition and secondary effects. Industry composition. Adjacent areas may contain addi tional firms within the same industry or in industries related to those initially showing employment cutbacks in the wake of declines in demand. For example, declining demand for automobiles has secondary impacts on employment in re lated industries such as steel, tires, and glass, which sell a significant portion of their output to auto manufacturers and are concentrated in roughly the same geographic area. Secondary effects. High unemployment, of course, results in reduced purchasing power. Workers on layoff, or those fearing possible layoff, curtail spending. There is a ripple effect because of commuting, work, and shopping patterns. Declining sales mean less hiring in other industries and in adjacent localities. Overall, nearly one-third of the counties had jobless rates https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S ta te p e r c e n t o f: e m p lo y m e n t (in th o u s a n d s ) 'Data for 1979 are used for comparison to show the prerecession impact. 40 K e y in d u s try e m p lo y m e n t a s a n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l 99 2.6 2 4 15 Represents the ratio of column 4 to column 5. A ratio greater than 1.0 indicates that industry employment is relatively more concentrated in the State than is total employment. of at least 12 percent in 1982. Nevertheless, one-fourth of the counties were below 6 percent, although they were con centrated in a very narrow band through the Nation’s center. Industry employment trends, 1970-80 As noted, industry growth patterns have a substantial impact on regional economic performance. This section looks at industry employment trends during 1970-80 as they af fected States. The period is illustrative of the general eco nomic trends which prevailed prior to the 1980-82 recessions. It will be shown later that many of the industries and regions which evidenced lagging growth during the 1970’s were hardest hit during the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions. During the 1970’s, overall employment rose by 28 per cent, but growth rates varied considerably. Manufacturing jobs advanced by less than 5 percent, and transportation and public utilities by less than 5 percent. By contrast, mining grew by nearly 65 percent. In general, the service-producing sector of the economy has been growing rapidly, while the goods-producing sector, except for mining, has grown less rapidly. Seventy percent of the employment increase from 1970 to 1980 was in the private service-producing sector. Government employment grew at about the same pace as the average for all nonagricultural industries, with State and local government accounting for the bulk of the increase. An examination of overall employment changes by State during 1970-80 shows that States with the slowest growth— 2.5 percent or less per year— are confined in a solid band extending from Iowa and Missouri east through the Great Lakes to Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, and Mas sachusetts. Generally, these States are in the industrial heart land, with older manufacturing facilities. The majority of States fall into the second category having annual growth Chart 1. The increase in county unemployment rates between 1979 and 19821 1 Annual averages for counties in the contiguous United States. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Regional Employment and Unemployment between 2.6 and 5 percent. Job creation was fastest in Flor ida and the Western States, where rapid population and energy exploration growth have spurred demand for ex panded services. Table 2 provides a comparison of popu lation and employment trends by State from 1970 to 1980. The States are arranged by Census Bureau-designated re gions and divisions so that patterns can be more readily discerned. The relationship between employment growth and shifts in the population is demonstrated in table 3, which compares employment growth in the 10 fastest and slowest population growth States. Part of the employment shift reflects the movement of people to where the jobs are. However, busi nesses may also choose to locate where there is growing or surplus labor supply. Proximity to raw materials and avail able markets are both important factors in business location or expansion.1 Thus, jobs often move to the people. This process of growth, once begun, appears to build up con siderable momentum. Underlying regional employment shifts are changes within industries. Energy exploration was a significant driving force behind employment gains in States such as Alaska, Colo rado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. Employment in mining, which includes oil and gas extrac tion as well as coal and metal mining, rose by 5.1 percent or more annually in 13 States during the 1970’s, as the rapid increase in energy prices and the need to develop domestic energy sources spurred exploration.2 At the same time, however, mining employment declined in Maryland, in three Northeastern States (New Jersey, New York, and Vermont), and three Midwestern States (Wis consin, Iowa, and Missouri). Mining is an insignificant por tion of these States’ economies—one-tenth to one-third the proportion nationally. By contrast, in 9 of the 13 States with annual gains above 5 percent, employment in mining was at least twice the proportion nationally; and in two other States it was about the same as the national average. (See table 4.) In terms of jobs, manufacturing was the slowest growing industry division during the 1970’s— advancing, as noted, by less than 5 percent over the decade. Among selected manufacturing industries, only employment in “ instru ments” increased more rapidly than the national average for all industries. Rubber and the expanding plastics industry and machinery except electrical (which includes agricul tural, construction, and mining equipment) increased at rates close to the national average. Losing employment during the decade were such industries as leather, which declined by 30 percent, textiles, apparel, and primary metals. Changes in manufacturing employment during the 1970’s show a distinct regional pattern. The same band of States which experienced the slowest overall growth recorded de clines in manufacturing. Manufacturing accounts for onefifth to one-third of nonfarm employment in almost all of these States. These are the older manufacturing areas dom42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis inated by “ heavy” industry, such as autos, tires, steel, and machinery. By contrast, lighter manufacturing centers are emerging in Florida and the Southwest, where employment gains have occurred in electronics, instruments, petroleum refining, or other high technology industries. As discussed earlier, the fastest growth during the postwar period has been in industries which provide services— wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real es tate; public utilities; business, medical, educational, and other services. Legal, business, and health services in creased at 2.5 to 3 times the average for all industries. Transportation and public utilities registered the smallest increase, largely because of the continued decline in rail transportation. Expansion of service-related employment also shows regional differences. Florida and most of the South western States posted annual gains of at least 5.1 percent. Because many service industries are consumer oriented, the geographic distribution of service-related employment growth looks very similar to that for population. Service employ ment gains are smallest in the States with the slowest pop ulation growth and greatest in New Hampshire, Florida, and the Western States which gained population. Table 2 con trasts employment growth in the private service-producing sector with population growth by State. The correlation becomes quite apparent when examining the rankings (in descending order). Industry employment trends, 1979-82 Unlike the 1970’s, when employment advanced by nearly 2.5 percent per year, employment growth was virtually at a standstill from 1979 to 1982. As noted, the period included two economic downturns, with only a brief recovery be tween them. In general, employment gains in mining, ser vices, finance, and trade were offset by heavy losses in manufacturing and construction, and modest declines in government and transportation and public utilities. The de crease in transportation and public utilities is, in part, related to its historically slow growth, but also to the slump in manufacturing and construction, as fewer heavy goods were transported. Federal, State, and local government job losses during 1979-82 are in marked contrast with the longer pe riod (1970-80) when government employment grew at about the average for all industries:3 nonagricultural industries.. Mining ...................... Services .................. Finance ....................... Trade ......................... Government.................. Construction ............. Transportation and public utilities............ Manufacturing............... Percent, 1970-80 Change, 1979-82 27.5 64.8 54.9 41.6 35.0 29.4 21.1 - .3 16.2 10.2 6.8 - .9 - 14.1 14.0 4.7 - 1.1 -11.6 1.0 Table 2. Selected measures of employment by State, 1970-80 and 1979-82 1 9 7 9 -1 9 8 2 1 9 7 0 - 19 8 0 N o n a g ric u ltu r a l P o p u la tio n e m p lo y m e n t R e g ió n a n d S ta te P e rc e n t Rank change1 P e rc e n t change1 Rank P riv a te s e r v ic e p ro d u c in g N o n a g ric u ltu r a l e m p lo y m e n t U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te 2 e m p lo y m e n t P e rc e n t Rank change1 P e rc e n t change1 Rank 19 79 19 8 2 Change ........................................................................ 1.1 — 2.4 — 3.4 — 3 — 5.8 9.7 3.9 Connecticut ................................................................................. M a in e ........................................................................................... Massachusetts ........................................................................... New Hampshire ......................................................................... Rhode Island .............................................................................. Vermont ...................................................................................... 0.2 1.2 0.1 2.2 0.0 1.4 45 28 47 13 49 23 1.8 2.3 1.7 4.1 1.5 3.1 39 37 41 12 44 27 3.4 3.9 2.4 5.1 2.5 3.8 35 28 47 11 46 33 0.7 - 0 .4 0.2 1.3 - 0 .8 0.7 14 25 22 10 29 16 5.1 7.2 5.5 3.1 6.6 5.1 6.9 8.6 7.9 7.4 10.2 6.9 1.8 1.4 2.4 4.3 3.6 1.8 0.3 - 0 .4 0.1 44 50 48 1.6 0.1 0.9 43 50 49 2.8 0.8 2.2 42 50 49 0.6 0.3 -1 .7 17 20 39 6.9 7.1 6.9 9.0 8.6 10.9 2.1 1.5 4.0 0.8 3.7 1.8 0.7 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.1 31 3 16 32 21 15 24 30 1.8 5.2 3.3 2.4 2.9 3.5 3.6 2.3 40 6 24 35 31 21 19 38 2.9 6.0 4.5 3.2 3.9 5.0 4.6 3.2 40 6 19 37 29 12 18 39 0.2 3.6 1.1 - 0 .4 - 0 .5 - 0 .4 0.2 -2 .6 21 4 11 26 28 25 23 46 8.0 6.0 5.1 5.9 4.8 5.0 4.7 6.7 8.5 8.2 7.8 8.4 9.0 10.8 6.9 13.9 0.5 2.2 2.7 2.5 4.2 5.8 2.2 7.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 29 26 25 20 3.0 2.9 3.6 2.8 28 30 18 32 3.9 3.8 4.4 4.0 27 31 22 26 - 1 .2 - 2 .2 -1 .8 - 1 .7 32 43 41 40 7.1 5.6 5.8 5.8 14.4 10.6 11.0 11.8 7.3 5.0 5.2 6.0 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.4 17 22 19 10 3.3 4.3 4.1 4.9 23 11 14 7 4.3 4.9 4.6 5.3 24 14 17 8 - 1 .4 2.1 4.3 3.8 33 7 2 3 6.2 6.7 3.4 4.2 9.8 10.3 5.7 6.9 3.6 3.6 2.3 2.7 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.6 43 36 40 46 34 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 2.4 48 45 46 47 36 2.3 2.9 2.6 2.6 3.5 48 41 43 45 34 - 2 .0 -3 .5 -4 .3 -2 .6 -1 .6 42 49 50 45 36 5.5 6.4 7.8 5.9 4.5 11.3 11.9 15.5 12.5 10.7 5.8 5.5 7.7 6.6 6.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 42 38 33 39 35 37 41 2.4 3.4 3.0 1.7 2.6 4.1 3.1 34 22 29 42 33 13 26 3.2 3.8 4.0 2.6 3.2 4.5 3.8 36 30 25 44 38 20 32 - 3 .1 -1 .0 - 1 .1 - 1 .6 -1 .5 0.9 -1 .6 47 30 31 36 35 12 37 4.1 3.4 4.2 4.5 5.1 3.7 3.5 8.5 6.3 7.8 9.2 6.1 5.9 5.5 8.4 2.9 3.6 4.7 1.0 2.2 2.0 4.4 2.7 2.8 1.3 5.0 2.5 2.8 3.3 2 8 6 27 1 9 5 4 6.4 5.2 4.7 3.5 7.0 4.8 4.4 6.9 3 5 9 20 1 8 10 2 7.2 6.1 5.9 4.4 7.5 5.2 5.2 6.6 3 5 7 23 2 9 10 4 1.7 2.5 - 2 .6 - 1 .4 1.9 0.9 0.7 2.7 9 6 44 33 8 12 15 5 5.1 4.8 5.7 5.1 5.1 7.4 4.3 3.9 9.9 7.7 9.8 8.6 10.1 9.2 7.8 5.8 4.8 2.9 4.1 3.5 5.0 1.8 3.5 1.9 2.8 1.7 2.3 2.3 1.9 7 18 12 11 14 6.2 3.6 3.3 3.9 4.1 4 17 25 16 15 8.0 4.4 4.7 4.8 5.0 1 21 16 15 13 6.1 0.6 0.6 - 3 .1 - 0 .3 1 17 18 48 24 9.2 6.2 6.3 6.8 6.8 9.9 9.9 6.7 11.5 12.1 0.7 3.7 0.4 4.7 5.3 United States N o rth e a s t: N e w E n g la n d : M id -A tla n tic : New Jersey ................................................................................ New York ................................................................................... Pennsylvanla .............................................................................. S o u th : S o u th A tla n tic : Delaw are...................................................................................... Florida ........................................................................................ G eorgia........................................................................................ M aryland...................................................................................... North Carolina ........................................................................... South Carolina ........................................................................... V irg in ia ........................................................................................ West Virginia .............................................................................. E a s t S o u th C e n tra l: Alabama ...................................................................................... Kentucky ...................................................................................... Mississippi ................................................................................ Tennessee ................................................................................... W e s t S o u th C e n tra l: Arkansas ...................................................................................... Louisiana...................................................................................... Oklahoma ................................................................................... Texas ........................................................................................... N o rth C e n tr a l: E a s t N o rth C e n tra l: Illinois ........................................................................................ Indiana ........................................................................................ M ich ig a n ...................................................................................... O h io .............................................................................................. Wlsconsin ................................................................................... W e s t N o rth C e n tra l: lo w a ............................................................................................. Kansas ........................................................................................ Minnesota ................................................................................... Missouri ...................................................................................... Nebraska...................................................................................... North Dakota .............................................................................. South D a k o ta .............................................................................. W e s t: M o u n ta in : A riz o n a ........................................................................................ C o lo ra d o ...................................................................................... Idaho ........................................................................................... Montana ...................................................................................... Nevada ........................................................................................ New M é x ic o ................................................................................ U ta h ............................................................................................. W yom lng...................................................................................... P a c ific : Alaska ........................................................................................... C alifornia...................................................................................... Hawai i ........................................................................................ Oregon ........................................................................................ Washington ................................................................................ 1Percent changes are shown at annualized rates to facilitate comparison between time periods. 2Percent of civilian labor force. 3Lessthan - 0 .1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Regional Employment and Unemployment Table 3. Comparison of population and employment changes in selected States, 1970-80 E m p lo y m e n t P o p u la tio n F a s te s t-g ro w in g S ta te s P e rc e n t change Nevada ....................................... Wyoming ................................. A rizo na....................................... Alaska ....................................... C olorado.................................... Florida ....................................... Texas .......................................... Id a h o .......................................... New Mexico ............................ Utah .......................................... 96.8 94.1 85.2 82.0 66.8 65.9 61.4 58.8 58.0 54.3 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 E m p lo y m e n t P e rc e n t change Rank 63.5 41.6 53.1 32.4 30.7 43.4 27.1 32.4 27.8 37.9 1 4 2 7 8 3 10 6 9 5 P o p u la tio n S lo w e s t- g r o w in g S ta te s P e rc e n t change New York .................................. Pennsylvania ............................ Illinois ....................................... Ohio .......................................... M ichigan.................................... In d ia n a ....................................... Rhode Is la n d ............................ New J e rs e y ............................... M is s o u ri.................................... Massachusetts.......................... 0.7 9.2 11.6 12.5 14.6 15.2 15.8 17.4 18.1 18.2 Rank 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 P e rc e n t change - 3 .8 0.6 2.8 1.3 4.3 5.7 - 0 .3 2.7 5.1 0.8 Rank 50 48 43 46 40 36 49 44 39 47 Source: Population data are from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 and 1980 de cennial census. As a result of these divergent trends, nonagricultural em ployment declined by 0.3 percent from 1979 to 1982. De creases were recorded in 28 States, while growth in the other States was significantly below 1970-80 averages. Most of the Southwestern States had employment gains, while most of the Great Lakes and Southern States experienced losses. Not surprisingly, States having the largest employ ment declines were those experiencing the highest rates of joblessness. (See table 2.) In comparing State employment changes over the two periods, several conclusions can be drawn. First, many of the States— primarily the industrial North Central and MidAtlantic States— with the slowest growth during the 1970’s had the steepest losses over the more recent period. Thus, in these areas the recession struck an already weak economy. At the same time, job losses in many Southern States during 1979-82 contrast sharply with gains during the 1970’s. The same can be said for the Pacific Northwestern States (Wash ington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana). Finally, no State was immune from the slowdown. Growth rates in all States were lower during 1979-82 than in the 1970’s. For example six States had annual employment gains in excess of 5 percent per year during the 1970’s. Only one State (Alaska) was able to match this level of performance during 1979-82. Employment declines were particularly steep in the con struction industry, where high interest rates and the move ment of funds out of savings and loan institutions affected both the cost and availability of mortgage lending. Only five States registered job gains in this sector during 1979— 82— Alaska, Florida, Massachusetts, New York, and Texas. Annual reductions of 5.1 percent or more occurred in one44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis third of the States, with the largest declines in Iowa, Mich igan, Nebraska, Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington. While construction employment accounts for only 4 to 10 percent of employment at the State level, construction activity has a significant “ multiplier effect.” For every 10,000 jobs within the construction industry, 12,000 to 14,000 jobs are required in industries which produce, sell, and deliver materials and equipment in support of the construction.4 These industries include lumber, furniture, concrete, ap pliances, and textiles. Manufacturing employment was also hard hit during this period, rising in only four States— Arizona, Colorado, Flor ida, and Texas. Declines were steepest in the industrial belt stretching from Iowa eastward to Pennsylvania, and in Idaho. In comparing the current situation with the 1970-80 trend, it is evident that those States where manufacturing continued to expand during 1979 to 1982 are essentially the same as those which exhibited the strongest growth during the 1970’s— Florida and the Southwestern States. However, growth rates were cut about in half. The New England States, which had posted modest gains during the 1970’s, experienced declines during the recent period. To illustrate the severity of the situation in States largely dependent on manufacturing, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois combined had been losing approximately 40,000 manufacturing jobs per year during the 1970’s. From 1979 to 1982, their losses totaled 320,000 jobs per year. Much of the decline in the industrial Midwest is related to the slump in domestic automobile production, which be gan in the second half of 1979. The motor vehicle industry also exhibits a sizable multiplier effect. For every 10,000 Table 4. Mining employment in selected States, 1980 Slowest-growing States, 1970-801 Mining employment (In thousands) Percent of nonagricultural employment Percent of U.S. mining employment United States ............................... 1,020.0 1.1 100.0 Io w a ............................................... M aryland....................................... Missouri ....................................... New Jersey .................................. New York .................................... Vermont ....................................... Wisconsin .................................... 2.2 1.4 7.6 2.4 6.1 0.7 2.6 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.3 Fastest-growing Alaska............................................ Alabama ....................................... C o lo ra d o ....................................... Kentucky ....................................... Louisiana....................................... Mississippi .................................. New M e x ic o .................................. North Dakota ............................... Oklahoma .................................... O re g o n .......................................... Texas ............................................ Washington .................................. W yom ing....................................... Mining employment (In thousands) 6.5 16.9 36.2 52.8 87.3 10.8 29.4 7.8 74.9 2.3 241.7 3.2 35.5 Percent of nonagricultural employment 3.8 1.2 2.9 4.4 5.6 1.3 6.3 3.2 6.6 0.2 4.1 0.2 16.9 Percent of U.S. mining employment 0.6 1.7 3.5 5.2 8.9 1.1 2.9 0.8 7.3 0.2 23.7 0.3 3.5 1States with annual employment declines in mining from 1970 to 1980. 2States with annual employment gains in mining of 5.1 percent or more from 1970 to 1980. jobs within the industry, about 20,000 are required in other industries, including 2,300 in fabricated metals, 2,200 in primary metals, 2,500 in wholesale trade, and 900 in busi ness services.5 A look at the magnitude of the employment decline in 2digit manufacturing industries from 1979 to 1982 reveals the only major industry groups to post gains were printing and instruments. These two were also among the fastest growing manufacturing industries during 1970-80. Stone, clay, and glass and lumber experienced declines of about 20 percent over the 1979-82 period. This coincides with a 14-percent decline in construction employment, as these industries are closely tied to the building trades. Primary metals recorded the largest employment loss— nearly 30 percent. In contrast with the goods-producing sector of the econ omy, service-producing industries continued to expand na 1Philip L. Rones, “ Moving to the sun: regional job growth. 1968 to 1978,” M onthly L a b o r R eview , March 1980, pp. 12-19. 2Richard Greene, “ Employment trends in energy extraction,” M onthly L a b o r R eview , May 1981, pp. 3 -8 . 3John Tucker, “ Government employment: an era of slow growth,” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tionally during 1979-82. However, in many of the States most directly affected by the recession, service employment declined— Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, South Dakota, Idaho, and Oregon. Service-related employment is usually the last to experience a decline during a recession, as higher un employment reduces consumer spending. Employment growth in the other States was considerably below the 1970-80 trend. Only Alaska posted an annual gain of more than 5 percent, compared with 10 States during the 1970’s. F o r a n e c o n o m y of distinct regions and diverse industries, aggregate statistics do not tell the full story of the Nation’s employment and unemployment. The recent economic slowdown did not affect all areas equally. State and local data reveal sharp variations in job growth and joblessness during this period, as well as from the longer perspective of a decade. □ M onthly L abor R eview , October 1981, pp. 19-25. 4 Robert Ball, “ Employment created by construction expenditures.” M onthly L abor R eview , December 1981, pp. 3 8 -4 4 . table 1. 5 Derived from the latest “ employment inverse" tables prepared by the Office of Economic Growth and Employment Projections. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 45 Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1983 In response to continued high levels o f unemployment, the Federal Supplemental Compensation Program was extended through March 1985; many States raised their taxable wage bases and amended laws dealing with selected worker groups to comply with new Federal standards D ia n a R unner The Federal Supplemental Compensation ( f s c ) program, established by the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, was amended by the Surface Transportation Act of 1982 to increase the minimum and maximum weeks of unemployment benefits available and to change the triggers for which each level of benefits was payable. To ensure that the long-term unemployed will continue to receive assis tance while looking for work, the f s c program was further amended by the Social Security Amendments and the Fed eral Supplemental Compensation Amendments of 1983 to extend the program through March 1985, but the maximum weeks of benefits available were reduced from 16 to 14. Also as a result of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsi bility Act, 35 States1 amended their laws to deny unem ploym ent benefits to nonteaching, nonresearch, and nonadministrative employees of colleges and universities during periods between academic years or terms, if there is reasonable assurance that such individuals will be employed by the institution at the beginning of the forthcoming aca demic year or term. If a school employee is denied interim benefits and is not offered an opportunity for reemployment during the succeeding school year or term, such individual Diana Runner is an unemployment program specialist in the Office of Research, Legislation, and Program Policies, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis shall be entitled to retroactive payment for each week for which a timely claim for benefits was filed and for which compensation was denied based solely on the between-terms criterion. Thirty-two States2 amended their laws to round unemployment benefits down to the next lower dollar. Fif teen States3 extended the period of time during which a State may use Reed Act4 funds for costs of administration. Nineteen States5 removed the age-22 limitation for exclu sion from coverage of services performed by students in a work-study program. The exclusion from coverage of aliens performing agricultural labor was extended to January 1, 1984, by six States.6 The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act also boosted the Federal taxable wage base from $6,000 to $7,000, ef fective January 1, 1983. In response, 18 States7 increased their taxable wage bases to $7,000. Twenty-six States al ready have taxable wage bases that exceed $7,000, and the remaining eight States have an automatic provision to in crease the wage base when the Federal base is increased. Also effective January 1, 1983, the residual tax rate8 was increased from 0.7 to 0.8 percent. On January 1, 1985, the Federal tax will increase from 3.5 to 6.2 percent. However, the residual tax will remain at 0.8 percent. The following is a summary of some significant changes in State unemployment insurance laws during 1983. Alabama Arkansas The maximum and minimum weekly benefit amounts were increased to $120 and $22, respectively. The base-pe riod wages needed to qualify for benefits were raised to $774.01. The amount of earnings disregarded in computing the weekly benefit for partial benefits was changed from $6 to $15. Benefits. Benefits. Excluded from coverage are services performed by qualified real-estate agents and direct sellers. Coverage. The disqualification for misconduct was changed to date from the week of discharge, and to last for not less than 3 nor more than 7 following weeks. An addition to the duration disqualification for gross misconduct specifies that an in dividual must earn wages equal to at least 10 times the weekly benefit amount and must have been separated from such em ployment for a nondisqualifying reason in order to purge the earlier disqualification. Disqualification. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,600 to $8,000. The max imum basic tax rate for employers was in creased from 3.6 to 5.0 percent, and to 5.4 percent as of 1985. The employee tax rate was increased from 0.5 to 1.0 percent. However, the employee tax will be abol ished if at the end of any fiscal year begin ning January 1, 1983, the trust fund balance reaches at least 75 percent of the minimum normal amount. The amount of a surety bond or cash deposit filed with the Director of the Department of Industrial Relations by a reimbursing nonprofit organization shall be a percentage of the organization’s cov ered payroll (previously 2.7 percent) but not higher than the maximum percentage charged to contributing employers. Financing. No action to enforce recovery or recoupment of any overpayment may be gin after 6 years from the date of final de termination; the director is authorized to waive overpayments under regulatory au thority. Penalties. Arizona The shared-work benefit pro gram was extended indefinitely. Benefits. A National Guard member who is unemployed may not be considered employed or unavailable for work even though participating in drill, training, or other National Guard reserve activity that occurs on not more than one weekend per month or in lieu of a weekend drill or the equivalent. Disqualification. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To qualify for benefits for the period July 1, 1983, through December 31, 1985, an individual must have earned wages equal to at least 35 times the weekly benefit amount and must have earned wages in at least two quarters of the base period. Be ginning January 1, 1986, the qualifying re quirement will be 30 times the weekly benefit amount and wages in at least two quarters. For benefit years beginning July 1, 1983, and ending December 31, 1985, an indi vidual may requalify in a second benefit year if he or she has been paid wages of 35 (beginning January 1, 1986, 30) times the weekly benefit amount and has been paid wages in at least two quarters of the base period, with paid wages equal to 10 (beginning January 1, 1986, 6) times the weekly benefit amount subsequent to filing the claim in the previous benefit year. An individual’s weekly benefit amount will be determined as 'Ai of the wages paid during the two highest quarters of the base period. The maximum weekly benefit amount for benefit years beginning July 1, 1984, will be determined as 60 percent of the 1982 State average weekly wage; beginning July 1, 1985, and ending December 31, 1985, 60 percent of the 1984 State average weekly wage; beginning January 1, 1986, and end ing June 30, 1986, 662A percent of the 1984 State average weekly wage; and beginning July 1, 1986, and thereafter, 662A percent of the State average weekly wage for the previous calendar year. A seasonal em ployment provision was added to the law. ployed full time or because of circum stances of such nature and compelling ur gency that it would be contrary to good conscience to apply it. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,900 to $7,500. Employ ers who are not eligible for experience rat ing will pay a basic rate of 2.9 percent. A new tax rate (5.0 percent) was added for employers who have less than 2 years of negative account balances; however, an employer with more than 2 years of neg ative account balances shall continue to pay 6.0 percent. An advance interest tax of 0.3 percent for 1983 and 1984 and 0.14 percent for 1985 will be assessed on experience rated employers, to be used to pay any in terest incurred on advances from the Fed eral Government. Benefits paid to an individual shall not be charged to the ex perience rating account of a base-period employer if the individual remained em ployed by that employer without a reduc tion in the number of hours worked or wages paid. Regulations providing for the non charging of benefits paid in combined wage claims were repealed. Financing. The period for appealing an appeal tribunal, board of review and ju dicial review decisions, and determinations in labor dispute cases was extended from 15 to 20 days. Administration. California The shared-work benefits pro gram was extended until December 31,1986. Benefits. The employment exemption for domestic service was changed from em ployers having fewer than three employees and paying less than $500 in any quarter to employers paying less than $1,000 in a quarter. Coverage. The temporary provi sion which requires an individual’s maxi mum potential benefits to be reduced by an amount equal to 8 times the individual’s weekly benefit amount if disqualified for misconduct or refusal of suitable work has been extended through December 31,1985. The exemption from disqualification for voluntarily leaving work to accompany, follow, or join a spouse in a new place of residence if individuals demonstrated their availability for work no longer applies. An individual who refuses to report to work within 1 week after receiving notice of re call to the same job or to a job similar to the one from which he or she was laid off will be disqualified until, subsequent to fil ing claim, the individual has had at least 30 days of employment. However, no dis qualification will apply if he or she refuses to report for recall because of being em Disqualification. Connecticut The base period of an individual who is properly absent from work under the terms of the employer’s sick leave or disability leave policy may be extended up to four quarters prior to the individual’s benefit year. Holiday pay is included in the remuneration for determining partial ben efits. Benefits. An individual will not be considered unavailable for work solely because of attending school as a regularly enrolled student during separation from work and will not be considered to be lacking in efforts to obtain work if, as a student, the individual restricts job search efforts to em ployment that does not conflict with regular class hours. However, this provision will not apply to any claimant who attends school as a regularly enrolled full-time student at any time during the 2 years prior to the date of separation from work, unless the indi vidual was employed on a full-time basis during those 2 years. Disqualification. 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Unemployment Insurance Laws, 1983 The taxable wage base was increased from $7,000 to $7,100. A tax will be assessed on contributing employers at a rate established by the Administrator of the Employment Security Division for the pay ment of interest due on advances from the Federal Government. Financing. Delaware The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $ 150 to $ 165. The computation of the weekly benefit amount was changed from V\m of base-pe riod wages to 'As of wages during the high est three quarters of the base period. A provision to compute the maximum weekly benefit amount as 66% percent of the state wide average weekly wage was delayed un til 1985. Benefits. Excluded from coverage were services performed by corporate officers when one-half or more of the ownership interest is owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the individual’s spouse, child, or parent (if the individual is under 18); when one-fourth or more of the ownership interest is owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the individual; or when no more than four officers of a corporation re quest exemption from coverage. Coverage. The taxable wage base was increased from $7,200 to $8,000. Financing. The number of individ uals on the Unemployment Compensation Advisory Council was increased from 7 to Administration. 10. District of Columbia The maximum weekly benefit amount has been frozen at $206 until Jan uary 1, 1986. Deleted was the requirement that the maximum weekly benefit amount be computed at 66% percent of the State average weekly wage. The duration of ben efit payments was decreased from 34 to 26 weeks. The amount of qualifying wages was changed from $300 in the high quarter and $450 in the base period to $600 in the high quarter and $900 in the base period. Benefits. The duration disquali fication for voluntary leaving was increased to the duration of the claimant’s unem ployment and until he or she has been em ployed in 10 weeks and has earned remuneration equal to 10 times the weekly benefit amount. The disqualification for misconduct and refusal of suitable work was changed from a variable number of weeks (6 to 12 for misconduct and 4 to 9 for re fusal of suitable work) to a duration dis qualification and until the claimant has been Disqualification. 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employed 10 weeks and has earned remu neration equal to 10 times the weekly ben efit amount. The taxable wage base was increased from $7,500 to $8,000. The rate of contributions for new employers will be the higher of 2.7 percent (previously, 1.0 percent) or the average rate on taxable wages of all employers for the preceding year. The maximum contribution rate of 5.4 percent was deleted and the rates will range from 0.8 to 4.5 percent. Contributing employers shall be charged for extended benefits. Financing. were increased to $1,144.01 in the high quarter and total base-period wages to at least 1Vi times the high-quarter wages. The ratio of base-period wages to high-quarter wages for determining duration of benefits was changed to 1.50 for a minimum of 10 weeks and to 3.50 for a maximum of 26 weeks. The amount that an individual must have earned subsequent to the beginning of the first benefit year in order to qualify for benefits in a second benefit year was changed from 3 times the weekly benefit amount to 5% times the weekly benefit amount. Aliens performing agricultural labor were excluded from coverage unless coverage is required by the Federal Un employment Tax Act. Coverage. An Unemployment Compensation Study Commission was es tablished to review all matters relating to the solvency of the unemployment fund and to make recommendations to the District of Columbia Council no later than December 31, 1983, to eliminate the deficit of the fund. Adm inistration. Florida The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $125 to $150. A temporary short-time compensation pro gram was established, to expire December 31, 1989. Benefits. New legislation excludes from wages the value of meals or lodgings fur nished to an employee or the employee’s spouse or dependents by the employer on the business premises for the convenience of the employer and when lodging is in cluded as a condition of employment. The probationary period during which an em ployer may discharge an employee for un satisfactory work performance without subsequently incurring benefit charges was extended from 60 to 90 days. Also, good cause for refusal of suitable work will not, for noncharging purposes, include distance to work due to the individual’s change of residence. Financing. Georgia The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $ 115 to $125. However, if the Unemployment Trust Fund falls below $175 million, the maximum will revert to $115. The provision that $1 be added to the dollar amount of the quotient was deleted from the computation of the weekly benefit amount. Benefits. Idaho The maximum weekly benefit amount of $159 has been frozen until June 30, 1984, and until July 1 of any year in which the trust fund has not borrowed for two preceding quarters. Qualifying wages Benefits. The amount of earnings needed to purge a duration disqualification for voluntary leaving, discharge for mis conduct, or refusal of suitable work was increased from 8 to 20 times the weekly benefit amount. Claimants must be willing to expand their job search beyond their nor mal trade or occupation and to accept work at a lower rate of pay in order to remain eligible for benefits as their unemployment lengthens. Disqualification. The fund requirements for the most favorable schedule will be 5.00 per cent of payrolls, with rates ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 percent. The least favorable schedule will be less than 1.50 percent of payrolls with rates ranging from 2.9 to 6.8 percent. All contributing employers will be assessed a Federal advance interest repay ment tax which shall be a percentage of the contribution payable for the quarter but not less than $1. Financing. Illinois For weeks beginning April 24, 1983, and before July 7, 1986, an individ ual’s weekly benefit amount will be com puted as 48 percent of the claimant's average weekly wage up to 48 percent of the State average weekly wage. For the same period, the formula for dependents’ allowances shall be either 7 percent of the claimant’s prior average weekly wage (but not to exceed 55 percent of the State average weekly wage) if the claimant has a nonworking spouse or 14.4 percent (but not to exceed 62.4 percent of the State average) if he or she has any dependent children. For benefit years be ginning April 24, 1983, and ending January 31,1984, the statewide average weekly wage shall be $321 and beginning February 1, 1984, and ending June 30, 1986, $335. Therefore, the maximum weekly benefit payable to claimants without dependents will be limited to $154 and $161, respectively. Benefits. The taxable wage base was raised from $6,000 to $7,000 for the first quarter of 1983; $8,000 beginning April 1, 1983, and for 1984; $8,500 for 1985 and the first half of 1986; and $7,000 thereafter. The rate for new employers is the greater of 2.7 percent or 2.7 percent times the cur rent adjusted State experience factor. For 1984 and 1985 and the first half of 1986, the benefit-wage ratio shall be determined on the liability in each of the 2 years (nor mally 3 years) preceding the year for which the contribution rate is determined. Financing. Indiana The base period for individuals who have received workers’ compensation for 52 weeks or less and who, as a result, did not earn sufficient wages to qualify for unemployment benefits will be extended up to four quarters preceding the last day the individual was able to work. A seasonal employment provision was added to the law. Benefits. An individual will be considered unavailable for work if he or she attends a regular established public or private school during the customary hours of the occupation or is in any vacation pe riod between regular school terms during which the individual is a student. However, this does not apply to an individual who is attending school and has been regularly em ployed and upon becoming unemployed makes an effort to secure full-time work and remains available for full-time work with the last employer or for any other suit able employment. Disqualification. If an individual voluntarily leaves a base-period employer without good cause connected to the work and later be comes employed by another base-period employer and is subsequently laid off, ben efits paid to the individual based on wage credits of the employer from whom the in dividual quit shall be charged to the ex perience or reimbursable account of the baseperiod employer who laid the individual off. Also, if an individual who earns wages during the base period through employment with two or more employers is laid off by one of the employers but continues to work for one or more of the other employers after the end of the base period and continues to work during the benefit year on the same basis as during the base period, benefits shall be charged to the account of the em ployer who laid the individual off. Financing. Iowa The maximum weekly benefit amounts were reduced to range from $143 with no dependents, determined as 53 per cent of the statewide average weekly wage, Benefits. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to $176 with four or more dependents, de termined as 65 percent of the statewide av erage weekly wage. To qualify for benefits, an individual must be paid high-quarter wages totaling at least 3.5 percent of the State average weekly wage in the high quarter and 1.75 percent of the State’s average weekly wage outside the high quarter. The additional qualifying requirements in a sec ond benefit year were changed from 10 times the weekly benefit amount to $250 in wages earned subsequent to the beginning of the individual’s preceding benefit year. An in dividual’s benefit year may be extended three or more quarters if he or she received work ers’ compensation or weekly indemnity in surance benefits for three or more quarters. Services performed by an in dividual as a licensed real-estate agent are excluded from coverage if substantially all of the remuneration for the services is di rectly related to sales or other output rather than the number of hours worked, and the services are performed pursuant to a written contract that provides that the individual will not be treated as an employee for Fed eral tax purposes. Coverage. The voluntary leaving disqualification and the “ able to work,’’ “ available for work,’’ and “ actively seek ing work’’ requirements will not be applied if an individual has left work in lieu of exercising a right to bump or oust a fellow employee with less seniority or priority from that employee’s job. Disqualification. The taxable wage base, which is determined annually as 662A percent of the State average annual wage, will be fur ther increased by $600 for 1984, $1,100 for 1985, and $1,600 for 1986. However, if on January 1, 1986, a contribution rate table other than the highest is in effect, the added increase in the taxable wage base will be repealed. The contribution rates for the least favorable schedule will range from 0.5 to 7.0 percent. Construction employers who have not qualified for experience rating will pay the maximum contribution rate as signed to any employer for the year, plus the additional surcharge required from cer tain negative-balance employers. Financing. Kansas The maximum weekly benefit amount will be frozen at $163 until July 1, 1984. Benefits. Negative-account-balance em ployers will pay contributions at the rate of 5.4 percent. New employers shall pay con tributions at an assigned rate equal to the sum of 1 percent plus the greater of the average rate assigned in the preceding year Financing. to all employers or the average rate as signed to the individual employer in the previous year, but in no instance shall the assigned rate be less than 2 percent. Louisiana The maximum and minimum weekly benefit amounts shall be frozen in definitely at $205 and $10, respectively. Wages in excess of 50 percent of an indi vidual’s weekly benefit amount or $50, whichever is lower, shall be disregarded when computing partial benefits. The max imum duration of benefits was reduced from 28 to 26 weeks. The qualifying wages were changed from 30 times the weekly benefit amount to 1Vi times the high-quarter wages. Repealed was the waiting week provision that allowed benefits to be paid for such week if the individual had been unem ployed for 6 consecutive weeks or longer, and provided that there would be no inter ruption of benefits for consecutive weeks of unemployment continuing into a new benefit year. Benefits. A disqualification for voluntary leaving will not apply if an in dividual left part-time or interim employ ment to protect full-time or regular employment. No individual may be dis qualified for refusing suitable work if the offered work pays less than 60 percent of the individual’s highest rate of pay in the base period. Disqualification. Any benefits paid to an indi vidual who left part-time or interim work to protect full-time or regular employment shall not be charged to the experience-rat ing account of a part-time or interim em ployer. The contribution rates for positivebalance employers shall range from 0.3 to 3.9 percent. Negative-balance employers will pay a maximum rate that will escalate from 4.5 percent in 1983 to 5.0 percent in 1984, 5.4 percent in 1985, and 6.0 percent for 1986 and thereafter. Beginning in 1983, the minimum rate will be 4.0 percent. Financing. Maine No individual will be ineligible for benefits nor disqualified for refusing suitable work if he or she is unable to accept employment on a shift, the greater part of which falls between the hours of midnight to 5 a.m., because of marital ob ligation, the need to care for an immediate family member, or the unavailability of a personal care attendant required to assist the unemployed handicapped individual. Also, an individual may not be denied ben efits for refusal of suitable work if the po sition offered is the same one previously vacated by the claimant for good cause Disqualification. 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Unemployment Insurance Laws, 1983 atrributable to that employment or is the position which the employee left for rea sons attributable to that employment but which were found insufficient to relieve dis qualification for voluntary leaving, pro vided that, in either instance, the specific good cause or specific reasons for leaving have not been removed or changed. The wages needed to purge a disqualification for discharge for conviction of a felony or misdemeanor in connection with an indi vidual’s work were increased from $400 to $600. The penalty for fraudulent misrepresentation will be a Class D crime. Penalties. The period for appealing a claim redetermination was increased from 15 to 20 days. An Unemployment Fund Study Commission was created to study the financial condition of the fund. Administration. Maryland B e n e fits . T he m axim um w eek ly benefit amount for new claims filed after July 3, 1983, was raised from $153 to $160 and will increase to $165 for claims filed after December 25, 1983. The earnings disre garded for computing partial benefits were raised from $10 to $25. The State additional benefits program was extended until June 9, 1984. The computation date for new rates was changed from March 31 to May 31 of each year. Financing. The Department of Em ployment and Training was established to administer the unemployment insurance program under the direction and supervi sion of the Secretary of Employment and Training. Currently the program is admin istered by the Department of Human Re sources. Administration. Massachusetts An individual’s weekly benefit amount will not be reduced if an individual received holiday pay in any week of total or partial unemployment. Benefits. Michigan The maximum weekly benefit amount will be frozen at $197 until January 1, 1987. The weekly benefit amount will be computed as 65 percent (increases to 70 percent for 1987 and thereafter) of the claimant’s after-tax earnings up to a max imum of 58 percent (53 percent for 1987, 55 percent for 1988, and 58 percent for 1989 and thereafter) of the State average weekly wage. For the period beginning Jan Benefits. 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis uary 2, 1983, through December 31, 1986, the qualifying requirements will be 20 weeks of employment at 30 times the State min imum hourly wage, and for 1987 and there after, 20 weeks of employment at 20 times the State minimum hourly wage. Added was an alternate qualifying requirement for 15 weeks of regular benefits and IVi weeks of extended benefits for individuals having at least 14 weeks of employment at 20 times the State average weekly wage. A 10-week limit was placed on benefits payable based on services performed in a family corpo ration of which the individual or his or her son, daughter, spouse, or parent owns more than 50 percent of the proprietary interest. An individual will not be disqualified for voluntary leaving if he or she left unsuitable work within 30 (pre viously, 60) days after beginning work. An individual shall be disqualified for 13 weeks and until he or she returns to work and earns 30 times the State minimum hourly wage in each week, if the individual committed a theft which occurred subsequent to a no tice of layoff or discharge resulting in loss or damage to the employer of more than $25. The disqualification for voluntary leaving and discharge for misconduct was changed from the week of occurrence plus 13 weeks to the duration of the claimant's unemployment and until the claimant earns the lesser of 7 times the weekly benefit amount, or 40 times the State minimum hourly wage times 7. Also, the disqualifi cation for an individual discharged for theft connected with work resulting in loss or damage of $25 or less or for willful de struction of property in an amount of $25 or less was changed from the week of oc currence plus 12 weeks to a duration dis qualification and until claimant earns the lesser of 7 times the weekly benefit amount or 40 times the State minimum hourly wage times 7. Disqualification. The taxable wage base was increased to $8,000 in 1983, $8,500 in 1984, $9,000 in 1985, and $9,500 thereafter. All newly liable construction employers will pay a tax rate equal to the average rate for all construction employers for 2 years, be partially experienced for the next 2 years, and be rated as fully experienced-rated thereafter. Any benefits paid to an individ ual disqualified for voluntary leaving, dis charge for misconduct, and gross misconduct shall be noncharged to the account of the employer who was involved in the dis qualification. Financing. The period for appealing a monetary determination and referee and board of review decisions has been ex tended from 20 to 30 days. Administration. The fine for fraudulent misrep resentation was increased from $100 to $1,000 and claimants must pay restitution of benefits plus a penalty of 100 percent of restitution, not to exceed $ 1,000 in a benefit year established within 2 years after can cellation before receiving additional bene fits. Penalties. Minnesota When computing an individu al’s partial weekly benefit amount, up to $200 in earnings from service in the Na tional Guard or military reserves and pay received for jury duty will be excluded from the benefit computation. The base period may be lengthened up to 52 weeks if the claimant received compensation due to ill ness under a worker's compensation law or under any other State law for more than 7 weeks within the base period. Benefits. An individual serving as a juror will be considered available for work and actively seeking work for each day the individual is on jury duty. An in dividual will not be disqualified for vol untary leaving if the separation occurred under a collective bargaining agreement or if the individual left part-time work with a base-period employer while continuing full time work and subsequently attempted to return to part-time work that was not avail able after being separated from the full-time work. Abuse of a patient or resident of a health care facility was included in the def inition of gross misconduct. An individual shall be disqualified for refusal of suitable work if he or she fails to accept reemploy ment with a base-period employer offering the same or better hourly wages and if the same conditions of work apply. Disqualification. The standard rate of contri butions will increase from 2.7 to 5.4 per cent on January 1, 1985. Also, beginning January 1, 1985, new employers, except employers in construction, will pay a con tribution rate determined as the higher of 1.0 percent or the State’s 5-year benefit cost rate but not more than 5.4 percent. All con tributing employers will be assessed a sur charge equal to 10 percent of contributions due, which will be used to pay interest on loans advanced from the Federal Govern ment. Financing. The first-stage appeals body and judicial review were changed to a referee and the court of appeals, respec tively. Administration. Mississippi Cotton ginning was established as a seasonal industry. Benefits. No individual may be denied benefits for voluntary leaving solely on the basis of pregnancy or termination of pregnancy. An individual is dis qualified for substantial fault on the part of the claimant that is work-related but not rising to the level of misconduct. The dis qualification may vary from 4 to 13 weeks, depending on the circumstances. New York Financing. The maximum and minimum weekly benefit amounts were increased from $125 and $25 to $170 and $35, respec tively, and will increase to $180 and $40 on July 9, 1984. The minimum average weekly wage necessary to qualify for ben efits was increased from $42 to $67 and will increase to $90 on July 19, 1984. The qualifying requirements were changed to 20 weeks of employment at the minimum av erage weekly wage, or 40 weeks of em ployment in the period of 104 consecutive weeks preceding the filing of a claim and earnings of at least the minimum weekly wage. The provision suspending the wait ing period requirement during a period of natural disaster was repealed. Administration. Montana New Mexico If an individual fails to meet the qualifying wage requirements because of a temporary total disability, the base period will be extended up to four quarters pre ceding the disability if the claim was filed within 18 months of the individual’s last employment. D is q u a lific a tio n . Benefits. Benefits. An extended-benefit claimant who is disqualified under the reg ular program for gross misconduct will be denied extended benefits until the individ ual earns 8 times the weekly benefit amount. If an individual voluntarily leaves work to attend school under the regular program and requalifies for regular benefits, such indi vidual may not receive extended benefits unless he or she earns at least 6 times the weekly benefit amount. Disqualification. Nebraska The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $106 to $120. Benefits. An individual who vol untarily leaves work to accept a better job will be disqualified for the week of leaving and 1 additional week. Disqualification. Nevada The disqualification for refusal of suitable work was changed from a variable number of weeks (1 to 15) to the duration and until the individual earns wages equal to or exceeding the weekly benefit amount in each of the number of weeks determined by the director, but not to ex ceed 15 weeks. Disqualification. On January 1, 1985, the max imum contribution rate will increase from 3.6 to 5.4 percent. Financing. New Hampshire The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $132 tr $141. Excluded from wages for benefit purposes are payments from a supplemental unem ployment plan. Also, partial benefits may not be reduced if an individual receives sup plemental unemployment payments. The pension offset provision will apply only if both the unemployment benefits and the pension payments are based on the same period of unemployment. Benefits. An individual will not be disqualified if a work stoppage was caused by a lockout or the failure of the employer to live up to a provision of any agreement or contract entered into between the em ployer and the employees. Disqualification. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The amount of work and wages needed to purge a disqualification for voluntary leaving, misconduct, or re fusal of suitable work was changed to at least 3 days’ work in each of 5 weeks and earnings of at least 5 times the weekly ben efit amount. A new provision specifies that the period of suspension of accumulated benefit rights during a strike will also be triggered by concerted activity not autho rized or sanctioned by the collective bar gaining unit. Disqualification. The present experience rating system was extended indefinitely. F in a n c in g . North Carolina The fraction used to compute the weeks of duration was changed from the individual's base period wages divided by high-quarter wages multiplied by 8% to that quotient multiplied by 8. An individual’s weekly benefit amount will be computed as 1/52 of the wages paid during the highest two quarters (previously, !/26 of high-quarter wages) of the base period. The maximum weekly benefit amount will be computed as 60 percent of the average weekly insured wage rather than 66% percent if, on August 1, 1983, or on any August 1 thereafter, the fund ratio is less than 5.5 percent. How ever, in no event may the maximum weekly benefit amount be less than the maximum in effect during the preceding 12 months. The earnings disregarded in computing the weekly benefit for partial unemployment will be 10 percent of the average weekly wage in the highest two quarters (previ ously the high quarter). Benefits. Disqualification. Effective January 1, 1984, the taxable wage base will be the greater of the tax base required by Federal law or 60 per cent of the average yearly insured wage, rounded to the nearest multiple of $100. The amount allocated (previously charged) to a base-period employer’s account will be multiplied by 120 percent and charged to that employer’s account. An employer's ac count will not be charged for benefits paid if an individual is discharged for substantial fault, or for the inability to do the work for which hired pursuant to a job order with the agency for a probationary period of 60 days. Also, benefits will be noncharged as a result of a reversed decision. The period for appealing an Employment Security Commission de cision was extended from 10 to 30 days after notification or mailing. The commis sion may waive overpayments if good cause is found. North Dakota The maximum weekly benefit amount will be computed as 62 percent (previously 67 percent) of the State average weekly wage. The percentage will increase to 65 percent on July 1, 1984. and to 67 percent on July 1, 1985. The base-period qualifying requirements changed from 40 times the minimum weekly benefit amount to Wi times the individual’s high-quarter wages. The ratio of base-period wages to high-quarter wages for determining weeks of duration changed to 1.5 for a minimum of 18 weeks and to 3.5 or more for a max imum of 26 weeks. Benefits. The beginning date of a disqualification for voluntary leaving or discharge for misconduct will be the week of leaving or discharge. An individual may not be disqualified for voluntary leaving if the individual left employment or remains away from employment but furnishes sick leave notification from a physician; how ever, no benefits may be paid unless the employee notifies the employer of the phy sician’s finding and offers to return to work when capable within 60 days of the last day of work. Disqualification. The contribution rates for positive-balance employers will range from 0.5 to 4.3 percent, and from 0.5 to 5.0 percent for negative-balance employers. Financing. 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Unemployment Insurance Laws, 1983 Ohio The maximum weekly benefit amount will be frozen within a range of $147 to $233 until January 1986. For 1985 and 1986, the maximum weekly benefit amount will be computed with an additional increase equal to one-half of the percentage increase in the average weekly earnings of all covered workers in Ohio over the year ending June 30, 1983. For the period be ginning December 26, 1982, and ending December 31, 1985, an individual must work 20 weeks at 37 times the minimum hourly wage to qualify for benefits. For 1984 and 1985, an individual will not be paid benefits for the waiting week. Benefits. For 1984 and 1985, a duration disqualification will be 6 weeks of work and earnings of 6 times the amount required to establish a credit week. An in dividual will meet the able, available, and actively seeking work requirements if he or she is participating and advancing in a train ing program for which an enterprise is pay ing all or part of the cost with the intention of employing the individual for at least 90 days after completion of the training. Disqualification. Financing. The taxable wage base for 1984 The base-period wages needed to qualify for benefits increased from $1,000 to $3,000. Beginning January 1, 1986, an individual will need 40 percent of the taxable wages and 1'A times high-quarter wages to qualify for benefits. For the period January 1, 1986, through December 31, 1987, notwithstand ing any other provision, an individual will be eligible for benefits if he or she worked at least 20 hours in each of 20 weeks. The maximum contribution rate increased from 3.0 to 5.4 percent. Begin ning January 1, 1986, the taxable wage base will be computed as 50 percent of the av erage annual wage for the preceding cal endar year, rounded to the nearest $100. If an employer recalls a laid-off or separated employee and the employee continues to be employed, or voluntarily terminates em ployment or is discharged for misconduct within the benefit year, benefit charges may be reduced by the ratio of remaining weeks of eligibility to the total weeks of entitle ment. Financing. Oregon A temporary State additional benefits program, which will expire on June 29, 1985, was established. Benefits. and 1985 will be $8,000. An individual will not be disqualified for voluntary leaving, fail ure to accept work, or because of a labor dispute if he or she ceases to work or fails to accept work when a collective bargaining agreement between the bargaining unit and employer is in effect and the employer uni laterally modifies the amount of wages pay able under the agreement, in breach of the agreement. Deleted from the definition of disqualifying income are dismissal or sep aration allowances and guaranteed wage payments. Holiday and vacation pay may or may not be deductible depending on the circumstances under which the claimant re ceived them. Disqualification. The Advisory Council was changed to the Unemployment Compen sation Advisory Commission and the num ber of members was increased from 7 to Administration. 12. Oklahoma The maximum weekly benefit amount decreased from $197 to $185. Be ginning July 1, 1984, the maximum weekly benefit amount will be the greater of $197 or 60 percent, 57.5 percent, 55 percent, 52.5 percent, or 50 percent of the State average weekly wage of the second pre ceding calendar year, depending on the condition of the unemployment fund. The weekly benefit amount will be computed as V25 of the taxable wages (previously V25 of total wages up to 66% percent of the State average weekly wage) paid during the high quarter of the individual’s base period. The formula for determining weeks of duration changed from the lesser of 26 times the weekly benefit amount or 'A of base-period wages to the lesser of 26 times the weekly benefit amount or 50 percent of the taxable wage. Beginning January 1, 1986, it will be the lesser of 26 times the weekly benefit amount or 40 percent of the taxable wage. Also beginning January 1, 1984, the weeks of duration shall be no greater than the num ber of weeks worked in the base period. Benefits. 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The maximum rate of contri butions for the most favorable schedule in creased from 2.7 to 5.4 percent and for the least favorable schedule, from 4.0 to 5.4 percent. A base-period employer’s account will not be charged for benefits if the em ployer furnished part-time work to the in dividual during the base period and if the individual was collecting benefits due to loss of employment with one or more em ployers, so long as the employer continues to employ the individual in part-time work to the same extent as in the base period and the employer requests relief of charges. Financing. The period for appealing an appeals board decision to the courts was Administration. increased from 20 days after the decision is final to 30 days after the decision is served. Pennsylvania The maximum duration of ben efits was reduced from 30 to 26 weeks (if claimant had 18 or more weeks of work), and an individual with 16 or 17 weeks of work can now collect 16 weeks of benefits. Deleted were provisions suspending the waiting week if the Governor declares a state of emergency because of a major di saster, and those specifying that the waiting week would become compensable after re ceipt of benefits equaling 4 times the weekly benefit amount. Benefits. Coverage. Officers of a corporation deemed to be self-employed because they exercise a substantial degree of control over the corporation who become unemployed because of bankruptcy will be entitled to receive unemployment benefits, provided that the wages paid to the officers were mandatorily subject to the law. The taxable wage base will be increased to $8,000 on January 1, 1984. A tax on all employees of 0.1 percent of all wages paid for employment was imposed. Successor employers may pay the maxi mum tax rate if the transferring employer elected to transfer the business. Also added was an interest tax on contributing em ployers at the rate of 1.25 percent in 1984. 0.5 percent in 1985, and 1 percent in 1986 for the payment of interest on outstanding advances from the Federal Government. The maximum contribution rate (excluding in terest or solvency taxes) increased to 8.5 percent for 1984, 8.8 percent for 1985. and 9.2 percent for 1986 and thereafter, based on a combination of the reserve-ratio factor, benefit-ratio factor, and the State adjust ment factor (currently based on funding, experience, and State adjustment factor). Financing. The advisory council, which formerly had no specific number of members, now is required to have 13 mem bers. Administration. South Carolina The minimum weekly benefit amount increased from $10 to $20. Benefits. South Dakota The maximum weekly benefit will be frozen at $129 until July 1, 1984. Any individual who receives primary social security retirement benefits or payments made under a plan contributed to by a baseperiod employer will have his or her un employment benefits reduced by the pro rated weekly amount of such pension. Benefits. The maximum contribution rate for negative-balance employers was in creased to 9.0 percent and the minimum rate will be 0.1 percent. The rate for em ployers not qualifying for a reduced rate based on experience also was raised to 3.5 percent. The maximum contribution rate will increase to 10.5 percent on January 1, 1984. over $500 million to 2 percent of the total taxable wages for the four calendar quarters ending the preceding June 30. Nonprofit organizations, the State, and political sub divisions which elect to be reimbursable employers shall pay a fee for each valid claim for payment of administrative costs. Tennessee Utah The maximum weekly benefit amount will increase from $110 to $115 on January 1, 1984, and to $120 on January 7, 1985. The minimum weekly benefit amount was increased from $20 to $30. An individual must earn $754.01 in the highest two quarters of the base period in order to qualify for benefits. Also, for benefit years beginning July 4, 1983, through July 6, 1985, claimants must have base-period wages outside the two high quarters which equal or exceed $135. The requirement that an individual must have earned in some quarter other than the high quarter wages equal to or more than 6 times the weekly benefit amount to qualify for the maximum weekly benefit amount was deleted. For benefit years beginning July 4, 1983, and through July 6, 1985, the proportion of baseperiod wages for computing weeks of du ration will be one-fourth. An individual will not be eligible for benefits if 65 percent of the wages were earned in the highest quarter of the base period. The maximum weekly benefit amount will be frozen at $166 until July 1, 1984, at which time the maximum will be computed as 60 percent (currently 65 per cent) of the State average weekly wage. The computation for potential weeks of du ration changed from a ratio of base-period wages to high-quarter wages, to 27 percent of base period wages. Beginning July 1, 1984, an individual must have earned 1'/> times the high-quarter wages and total base period wages of 8 percent of the State av erage annual wage to qualify for benefits. Beginning January 5, 1986, the base period will be the first four of the last five com pleted calendar quarters; until that time, it will remain the four completed calendar quarters preceding the benefit year. Begin ning October 1, 1984, the State will change from wage request to wage reporting. Financing. Benefits. The rates for the most favor able schedule will range from 0.15 percent to 10.0 percent, and from 0.50 percent to 10.0 percent for the least favorable sched ule. Financing. Texas Coverage. An individual will not be eli gible for benefits from the date of the sale of a business until reemployed and eligible for benefits based on the wages received through new employment if the business was a corporation and the individual was an officer or a majority or controlling share holder in the corporation and was involved in the sale of the corporation; if the business was a limited or general partnership and the individual was a limited or general partner who was involved in the sale of the part nership; or if the business was a sole pro prietorship and the individual was the proprietor who sold the business. The fund requirements for the least favorable schedule were increased from $225 million to an amount equal to the greater of $400 million or 1 percent of the taxable wages for the four quarters ending the pre ceding June 30. The fund requirements for the most favorable schedule changed from Financing. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employer; and the contribution rate for em ployers who do not qualify for a rate based on experience will be decreased from 10 to 8 percent. Vermont The maximum weekly benefit amount will be frozen at $146 until June 30, 1986. On the first Sunday in July of subsequent years, the maximum shall be adjusted by a percentage equal to the per centage change in the State average weekly wage during the preceding calendar year. Benefits. Benefits. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,000 to $8,000. Financing. Virginia An individual will not be deemed to have voluntarily quit work when the separation is in accordance with a seniority-based policy. The Director of the Virginia Employment Commission may modify the active search-for-work require ment if such modification is warranted due to economic conditions. Disqualification. Washington The State additional benefit pro gram was extended to March 31, 1984. A shared-work compensation plan was estab lished. Benefits. The pension offset pro vision will apply to pensions maintained or contributed to by a base-period employer. Disqualification. The taxable wage base will increase from $12,000 to $13,300 on Jan uary 1, 1984. The rate of contributions for new employers will be 4.5 percent for 1983 and 1984 and an amount equal to the av erage benefit cost rate experienced by em ployers of the major industry to which new employers belong for 1985 and thereafter. A contributing employer’s account will not be charged for benefits paid to an individual who was discharged for misconduct, or who voluntarily quit after December 31, ¡984, and who would have been denied benefits but subsequently requalified for and ac tually received benefits. Also, base-period employers shall not be charged with the State’s share of extended benefits, uncol lectible benefit overpayments, and reim bursements on combined wage claims when the claimant could not have qualified solely on the basis of Utah wages. The following changes will become effective on January 1, 1985: the taxable wage base will be com puted as 75 percent (currently, 100 percent) of the State insured average annual wage, rounded to the higher multiple of $100; an employer’s tax rate shall be based on three factors—the reserve factor, social tax, and experience; benefits shall be charged against all base-period employers in proportion to the wages earned by the claimant with each Financing. Coverage. A corporation may elect not to cover all of its corporate officers, and if it does not elect coverage, the employer must notify the corporate officers that they are ineligible for benefits; if the employer fails to notify any corporate officer, that person shall not be considered a corporate officer. West Virginia An individual who is unemployed and a member of the State Na tional Guard or other reserve component of the Armed Forces may not be considered to be employed or unavailable for work because he or she is engaged in inactive duty for training; any remuneration the in dividual receives for participation in such training may not be deducted from the un employment benefits to which he or she may otherwise be entitled. Disqualification. Wisconsin The minimum and maximum weekly benefit amounts will be frozen in definitely at $196 and $37, respectively. The following changes will be effective January 1, 1984: The number of weeks of employment needed to qualify for benefits will increase from 15 to 18 in 1984 and 1985, and to 19 in 1986 and thereafter; an Benefits. 53 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Unemployment Insurance Laws, 1983 individual will have to earn weekly wages equal to 30 percent of the State average weekly wage in each of the qualifying weeks; and the maximum potential duration will be reduced from 34 to 26 weeks. Effective with weeks of unemployment beginning af ter June 1, 1984, the partial benefit formula will change so that if an individual earns weekly wages totaling less than his or her weekly benefit amount, the first $20 per week will be disregarded and the weekly benefit amount will be reduced by 67 per cent of the wages over $20. If the individ ual’s wages are at least one-half of his or her weekly benefit amount, the individual may not be paid less than one-half of that amount, and if the wages are less than onehalf of the weekly benefit amount, the in dividual must be paid the full weekly ben efit amount. A supplemental benefits program will begin on January 1, 1984, and end with the week beginning May 27, 1984. A number of changes will become effective January 1, 1984. The re qualifying requirement for purging a du ration disqualification for voluntary leaving will change from 4 weeks of work and wages of $200 to 8 weeks of work and wages equaling at least 16 times the weekly benefit amount. Potential weeks of benefits are re duced to 1. An individual will not be sub ject to the voluntary quit disqualification if he or she terminates part-time employment of no more than 30 hours per week with Disqualification. weekly wages of less than his or her weekly benefit amount based on wages earned with an earlier employer; after benefits are ex hausted based on the previous job, the in dividual may then claim benefits based on the part-time employment. The requalify ing requirement for purging a duration dis qualification for failure to apply for or accept employment without good cause or failure to accept a recall from a layoff that occurred within the preceding 52 weeks will change from 4 weeks with wages of at least $200 to 8 weeks and wages equaling at least 16 times the weekly benefit amount, and the potential weeks of benefits will be reduced to 1. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,000 to $8,000; it will increase to $9,500 for 1984 and 1985, and to $9,700 for 1986 and thereafter. Financing. The penalties for fraudulent misrepresentation were changed from a fine of not less than $25 or more than $100 or imprisonment for not longer than 30 days, or both, to a fine of not less than $100 or more than $500 or imprisonment for not more than 90 days, or both. Penalties. Wyoming weekly benefit amount received by any in dividual normally entitled to more than $90 will be reduced to 3.4 percent of the in dividual’s high-quarter wages. Also, until the trust fund solvency is restored, the max imum weekly benefit amount will be re duced from 55 to 46.75 percent of the State average weekly wage. The earnings dis regarded when computing partial benefits will be the greater of $15 or 50 percent (formerly 25 percent) of the weekly benefit amount. An individual who leaves the most recent job voluntarily without good cause or fails to apply for or accept avail able suitable work will be disqualified for a period equal to 90 percent of the number of weeks of entitlement and will forfeit 90 percent of all benefits. The provision which required an individual, after 4 weeks of unemployment, to seek and accept em ployment other than his or her customary occupation if it paid 75 percent of the wage received in the p revious em p loym en t was repealed. Also, when considering the suit ability of work, the Employment Security Commission may not consider the individ ual’s customary occupation, previous earn ings, experience, or training. Disqualification. The taxable wage base was increased from $7,000 to $9,525. The max imum basic contribution rate was increased from 2.7 to 5.4 percent. □ Financing. Effective September 5, 1983, whenever trust fund revenues are insuffi cient to pay benefits or repay loans, the Benefits. F O O T N O T E S 1Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mis sissippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Vir ginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. 2Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, West Vir ginia, and Wyoming. 3 Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, Wis 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis consin, and Wyoming. 4 By the terms of the 1954 Reed Act. funds in excess of the legal maximum in the Federal Unemployment Account are distributed to the States to be used for administrative costs. 5 Alabama, Colorado, Florida. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. Maryland. Min nesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico. North Dakota. Rhode Island. South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas. Virginia. Wisconsin, and Wyoming. 6 Alabama, Colorado, Nebraska, Tennessee. Virginia, and Wyoming. ’ California, Florida, Indiana, Kansas. Maine. Maryland. Mississippi. Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma. Pennsylvania. South Dakota, Tennessee. Texas, Virginia, and Wyoming. 8The residual tax is what remains of an employer's obligation to the program after receiving a tax offset credit for payment of the State tax. Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983 M ost States increased maximum weekly compensation fo r total disability and death, and eight raised allowances fo r burial expenses; other important changes dealt with occupational disease and rehabilitation benefits L a V erne C. T insley It was a heavy year for State workers’ compensation leg islation, except in Kentucky where the legislature did not meet.1 More than 1,100 proposals were introduced and 232 enacted. The enactments dealt primarily with coverage, ben efits, occupational disease, rehabilitation, insurance, and the creation of various funds. Beginning January 1, 1984, Alaska will become the third State, after Iowa and Michigan, to establish maximum weekly benefit levels for disability and death at 80 percent of spend able earnings. Spendable earnings are defined as the em ployee’s gross wage less State and Federal income taxes and social security, where appropriate. Previously, maxi mum weekly compensation in these States was established at 66% percent of the employee’s average weekly wages before taxes. In New Hampshire, the percentage of the State’s average weekly wage used in determining maximum weekly compensation for disability and death was raised from 100 to 150 percent. Forty-five States and the Virgin Islands increased their maximum weekly compensation for total disability and death while eight jurisdictions increased allowances for burial ex penses. One State’s law was amended to change compen sation for death from a statutory amount to 100 percent of LaVerne C. Tinsley is a State Standards Adviser in the Division of State Workers’ Compensation Programs, Office of State Liaison and Legislative Analysis, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of La bor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the State’s average weekly wage. Legislation in Louisiana increased the maximum weekly benefits for injured workers from two-thirds to three-fourths of the State’s average weekly wage and established a sup plemental earnings benefit system. Also, the State now com pensates disfigurement for any part of the body, and requires that employers or their insurance carriers provide prompt rehabilitation services for at least 26 weeks to injured work ers who are unable to earn wages equal to preinjury wages. Three States specifically broadened medical care coverage to include chiropractors, and mandated coverage of do mestic workers employed by a single employer for 40 or more hours per week, or 5 or more days per week. Several jurisdictions passed legislation extending their statutes-oflimitations for the filing of occupational disease claims. Minnesota became the first State in more than 50 years to establish a competitive State fund. The State also created a competitive system for setting workers’ compensation in surance rates and reformed procedures for compensating permanent impairments. A moratorium was placed on increases in insurance pre mium rates through December 31, 1984, in Hawaii, while an enactment in North Carolina permits insurers to deviate from workers’ compensation and employer liability insur ance rates. In California, workers’ compensation will now be the sole and exclusive remedy against the employer when a work-related injury or death occurs. This means that injured 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Workers’ Compensation Laws, 1983 employees or their dependents, in cases of death, can no longer bring court actions against the employer for damages. Alabama Corporate officers have the option of being exempted from coverage; however, such an election does not relieve corporate officers of their coverage liability to their employ ees. Alaska The percentage of the worker’s wages upon which benefits are based for disability and death is now 80 percent of the worker’s spendable earnings. Previously, it was 662A percent of the worker’s gross weekly wages. The minimum weekly compensation for disability is increased from $65 to $110. Death benefits, which previously had ranged from $45 to $75, are now between $75 and $125. The maximum compensation for scheduled injuries is also increased. The burial allowance is increased to $2,500 from $1,000. Arizona Real-estate licensees whose remunera tion is based on commission and is directly related to sales and service, rather than the number of hours worked, were excluded from coverage. Liability for compensation of injuries to public employees is now initially the re sponsibility of the primary employer. Employees working temporarily outside of the State may now be compensated by the State Fund for their work-related inju ries, if the Fund insures employees of the same employer working in the State. Arkansas Injured employees are now permitted to receive treatment from certified chiroprac tors after the carrier or employer has been notified of the treatment. The Workers’ Compensation Fund, the Second Injury Trust Fund, and the Death and Permanent Total Disability Trust Fund are newly established to be administered by the Workers’ Compensation Commission. Certain similar preexisting funds are in corporated into the new funds. The purpose is to improve the financial operations of the workers’ compensation system. All workers’ compensation and em ployer liability insurance carriers in the State must participate in apportionment of re jected risks. California Workers’ compensation is the sole and exclusive remedy against employers when work-related injury or death occurs. There fore, injured employees, or dependents in 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Following is a summary of legislation enacted by individual States. cases of death, are forbidden from bringing court actions against the employer for dam ages. Colorado Mandatory coverage is established for domestic workers employed by a single em ployer for 40 or more hours per week, or 5 or more days per week; however, a pri vate homeowner is not required to cover a contractor who is hired to work about the home. Educational institutions that sponsor stu dents in job training programs where no remuneration is paid must either insure the students under their liability policies, or en ter into agreements with the job training employers to provide the required cover age. Corporate officers may reject coverage for themselves by filing a written notice with the insurer. The maximum allowance for medical ex penses from the Medical Disaster Fund is increased from $35,000 to $55,000. Connecticut The Workers’ Compensation Commis sion is now required to notify claimants of their entitlements to annual cost-of-living increases. The additional weekly allowance ($40) paid to injured employees during rehabili tation was eliminated. Third-party claims are not allowed for worksite injuries involving certain mobile equipment designed for use principally off public roads. Delaware Sole proprietors and partners are per mitted elective coverage. Another amend ment now allows as many as four officers of a corporation who are also stockholders to be exempt from coverage upon written agreement. Florida Coverage is extended to include con tractors and subcontractors of certain public utilities. The burden of proof is the responsibility of claimants who file for wage-loss and temporary partial disability benefits. Wageloss benefits are no longer reduced at age 62 by the total amount of any social security retirement benefits not exceeding 50 per cent, or terminated at age 65. Social Se curity benefits are primary and wage-loss benefits are supplemental when an injured employee is entitled to both; however, total compensation must not exceed the prein jury wages of the employee. Also, tem porary partial disability benefits are offset against unemployment compensation ben efits. The medical fee schedule is applicable and must be uniform throughout the State. Health care providers are subject to deau thorization by insurance carriers to provide remedial treatment, care, and attendance services to injured employees, if a deputy commissioner determines the deauthoriza tion to be in the best interest of the injured employee. The Division of Workers’ Compensation must establish minimum qualifications, standards, and requirements for rehabili tation providers, and maintain a directory of approved providers. Injured employees will be referred only to providers listed in the Division’s directory. Employers who pay excess compensa tion for an injury, subsequent to a preex isting injury, that results in permanent total disability will be reimbursed from the Spe cial Disability Trust Fund. The discount factor used in computing the present value of compensation for lump sums is increased from 4 to 8 percent. Ad vance payments may be made up to a max imum of $47,500, or 26 weeks of compensation, in a 48-month period, whichever is greater. The reporting time is increased from 7 to 10 days during which the employer must notify the Division of Workers' Compen sation of an injury causing 7 or more con secutive lost workdays, or of an injury resulting in death. The reporting time is retained for minor injuries and for cases in which fewer than 7 days were lost from work due to injury. Procedures for obtaining coinsurance policies were modified and the penalties for late compensation payments were stiffened. Georgia Licensed real-estate salespersons or as sociate brokers with a written contract of employment indicating that all their ser vices will be performed as independent contractors are exempt from coverage. The burial expenses are raised to $1,500 from $750. Upon receipt of an employer’s report of injury, the Workers’ Compensation Board notifies the injured worker of his or her rights, benefits, and obligations under the law, and briefly explains the law. Hawaii A moratorium has been placed on in creases in workers’ compensation premium rates for the period January 1, 1983, through December 31, 1984. Certain workers’ compensation studies were authorized, to be conducted under the direction of the legislative auditor. One study puts special emphasis on ways to reduce or stabilize costs, and the other examines the financial impact and feasibility of creating a competitive State fund under competitive rating law. Illinois A sole proprietor or partner of a business may elect coverage under the law. The Industrial Commission was granted authority to establish claims administration procedures for claims filed by employees of defaulting self-insured employers. Group self-insurance is allowed. Indiana The maximum average weekly wage of an employee to be used in computing com pensation for total disability with respect to injuries occurring on or after July 1, 1983, increased from $210 to $234; on July 1, 1984, the amount will increase to $249. Total maximum compensation allowable for injury, excluding medical benefits, was raised from $70,000 to $78,000 on July 1, 1983; on July 1, 1984, the maximum will become $83,000. Burial expenses are increased from $1,500 to $2,000. Iowa The total number of officers in a corpo ration who elect exemption from coverage may not exceed four, except for family farm corporations. The State Department of Social Services may set liens against medical benefits to recover monies paid for hospital and med ical services provided injured workers. The State treasurer has sole authority for operational control of the Second Injury Fund. Kansas The maximum expenses allowed for burial are $3,200, previously $2,000. Addition ally, any child of a deceased employee who is adopted is no longer eligible for com pensation as a dependent of the employee. Five or more employers participating in the same trade or professional organization for at least 5 years may establish group selfinsurance pools for workers’ compensation and employers’ liability coverage. Louisiana Coverage is broadened to include quadraplegia, paraplegia, and loss of physical function of the respiratory system, gastro https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis intestinal system, or genito-urinary system as contained in the thoracic or abdominal cavities. The maximum weekly benefit level for disability and for death is 75 percent of the State average weekly wage. Minimum weekly benefits for total disability and death remain at 20 percent of the State average weekly wage, while the minimum for scheduled injury and supplemental earnings benefits is eliminated. Benefits based on supplemental earnings are now computed at 74 percent (formerly 66% percent) of the difference between 90 percent of the employee’s preinjury average monthly wages and his or her postinjury average monthly wages, but must not be less than the employee’s actual wages prior to injury. Compensation is allowable for any bod ily disfigurement. Previously, only disfig urement of the head and face was compensable. Scheduled injury compensation will only be awarded if a determination is made that an anatomical loss of use, amputation, or loss of physical function of at least 50 per cent exists, as established in the American Medical Association Guides to the Evalu ation of Permanent Impairment. Previ ously, no percentage was statutorily prescribed. Another requirement specifies that an employee must be unable to engage in any self-employment to qualify for total disability compensation. Workers’ compensation benefit pay ments are prohibited during any week in which an employee is receiving or is en titled to receive unemployment compen sation benefits. Workers injured on the job are entitled to prompt vocational rehabilitation services when they are unable to earn wages equal to their preinjury wages. The employer or insurer is required to provide up to 26 weeks of rehabilitation services, which may be extended for an additional 26 weeks. Upon request, board, lodging, or travel costs will be provided. For each week an injured em ployee refuses to accept rehabilitation ser vices, his or her compensation will be reduced up to 50 percent. The Office of Workers’ Compensation Administration is created within the State Department of Labor to administer the workers’ compensation law. Rules and reg ulations are also established for the agency concerning administration of the workers’ compensation law and operation of the of fice. In third-party cases, employers may re cover up to 50 percent of a compensation award. Costs of medical examinations are set by the State agency director based on prevail ing rates, rather than a statutory amount. The director is also authorized to set attor ney fees and method of payment. New legislation requires that the first payment of compensation for total disabil ity or death be made within 14 days after the employer receives notification of injury or death, and within 30 days of receipt of the medical report. Maine Volunteer firefighters and emergency medical services workers are covered for workers’ compensation. Coverage is elim inated for real-estate brokers or salesper sons whose services are based on commission only. All (rather than a previous few) services performed by chiropractors are covered. Injury or death from asbestosis occurring on or after November 30, 1967, may now be compensated; the employer in whose employment the last exposure to asbestos occurred will be liable for any compensa tion due. The 2-year statute of limitations for claim filing will not begin to run until the em ployer, if he or she has knowledge of the injury, files a report. A direct payment compensation system is established and the agreement system eliminated for injuries that occur on or after January 1, 1984. Benefits for injuries occurring on or after July 1, 1983, will be adjusted on the an niversary date of the injury. Under prior law, all benefits were adjusted concurrently with the State average weekly wage. The Workers' Compensation Commis sion is required to actively monitor the State's workers’ compensation system to ensure that it operates efficiently and with maximum benefit to both employees and employers. Maryland Coverage was amended to exclude li censed real-estate salespersons or associate brokers whose services are based on com mission only, and those who qualify as in dependent contractors for Federal tax purposes. Requests for compensation are to be made to the Uninsured Employers’ Fund Board in cases where the employer fails to make such payments. Previously, requests were made to the Workmen’s Compensation Commission. Massachusetts Maximum weekly compensation for death is no longer a statutory amount ($110) but is set at 100 percent of the State’s average weekly wage. Minimum weekly compen sation is set at $110; formerly, no statutory amount was prescribed. Weekly compen sation for a dependent spouse and a spouse 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Workers’ Compensation Laws, 1983 with children will be determined at 66% percent of the employee’s average weekly wage. Formerly, no percentage was estab lished in the law. The maximum period of 400 weeks during which surviving spouses were entitled to receive compensation is eliminated. Dependent surviving spouses may receive compensation payments for as long as they do not remarry. The previous $32,000 cap on total max imum compensation is removed and the ag gregate benefit set at an amount not to exceed 250 times the State average weekly wage in effect at the time of injury. An additional allowance of $6 per week for each child is included, to be applied in cases where the combined weekly compensation of the spouse and children falls below $150. Michigan Employees of police and fire departments who waive their rights to workers’ com pensation benefits, in lieu of benefits from their municipality or village, will maintain their rights under the State law to medical benefits that are not provided for by the municipality or village. A new provision permits benefits to be redeemed after certain criteria are met; for merly, any redemption of benefits was pro hibited. Employers are permitted to waive any reduction in the benefits of certain volunteer employees who are also entitled to disa bility benefits under a disability insurance program paid for by the employer. Minnesota Coverage is elective for independent contractors and for employers of individ uals who participate in ridesharing arrange ments. The permanent partial disability provi sion concerning scheduled injuries is re pealed. Compensation for a scheduled injury will be determined according to the per centage of body function lost. Awards will consist of impairment compensation and economic recovery compensation. A schedule has been formulated which pro vides for compensation awards between $75,000 and $400,000, according to per centage of disability. The Labor Commissioner has authority to determine an employee’s eligibility for rehabilitation, and to make all subsequent decisions concerning the rehabilitation of injured workers. Retraining during reha bilitation is limited to 156 weeks; previ ously, no time limit was established. Day care services, travel, and reasonable mov ing expenses are added as costs of reha bilitation. Within 90 days after maximum medical improvement, or after the em ployee has completed a retraining program, 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis compensation for temporary total disability will be terminated. Health care services rendered to injured employees must be monitored by the Commissioner of Labor. Any health care provider who violates regulations concerning health care services will be penalized, suspended, or disquali fied. The burial allowance is increased from $1,000 to $2,500. A new requirement makes the employer in whose employ a worker was last exposed to a hazard causing an occupational disease the responsible employer for compensa tion. The State Compensation Insurance Fund has been established as a nonprofit inde pendent public corporation for the purpose of insuring employers against their work ers’ compensation liabilities. Montana Coverage is compulsory for certain sole proprietors and working members of a part nership who consider themselves indepen dent contractors. The coverage of medical services is ex panded to include nurse specialists as pro viders of medical treatment services. Medical practitioners and hospitals are now permit ted to attach liens against compensation awards for services rendered. Nebraska The maximum weekly benefit level for disability and for death is raised from $180 to $200. The statutes concerning payment of at torney fees in appealed cases have been revised. Nevada Missouri Sole proprietors, partners, and copart ners may elect coverage; and real-estate agents are exempt from coverage. The percentage of the State average weekly wage used in computing maximum weekly benefits for total disability, tem porary partial disability, and death is in creased from 66% percent to 70 percent for all injuries or deaths occurring after Sep tember 28, 1983. Compensation for per manent partial disability is increased from 40 to 45 percent of the State average weekly wage. Beginning September 28, 1986, maximum compensation for total disabil ity, temporary partial disability, and death will be based on 75 percent of the State average weekly wage. Injured employees are no longer entitled to an additional 52 weeks of compensation during the healing period. Awards for disfigurement will be made up to a maximum of 40 weeks; previously, awards were payable up to a statutory max imum of $4,000. Employers are responsible for replace ment of prosthetic devices of injured em ployees whenever necessary. Liability for compensation resulting from occupational disease must, without excep tion, be borne by the employer in whose employment a worker was last exposed to the cause of the disease, regardless of the time since last exposure. Prior to this leg islation, certain occupational diseases were excluded. Firefighters who receive remu neration for their services are covered for exposure to smoke, gases, inadequate oxy gen, and for psychological stress. All injuries and deaths must be imme diately reported to the Division of Workers’ Compensation upon occurrence; formerly, up to 3 days of lost worktime could elapse before notification had to be made. Volunteers serving as police officers in the Nevada highway patrol, and apprentices in an apprenticeship program who are in jured during the course of instruction are covered for workers’ compensation. The monthly wage levels used to deter mine compensation of volunteer firefighters are raised from $600 to $900, and from $250 to $900 for volunteer peace officers while they are serving as State employees. Indemnity benefits for permanent partial disability will be gradually extended from age 65 to 70. Additionally, compensation awards of less than 25 percent may now be received in a lump sum payment; however, all rights to additional benefits in such cases will be forfeited. Employers may no longer require em ployees to waive the confidentiality of their medical records. Fees for medical services must be uniform within communities and be revised at least annually. The occupa tional disease statutes concerning exclusive remedy and medical examinations were re vised. The administrator of the industrial insurance system is authorized to rescind an employer’s self-insurance status under certain conditions. New Hampshire Household employees who are not cov ered by the Federal Social Security Act and volunteer members of rescue squads are in cluded for coverage. The percentage of the State average weekly wage used in determining maxi mum weekly compensation for disability and death is raised from 100 to 150. Min imum compensation is changed from a stat utory amount to 40 percent of the State average weekly wage, or the actual wage of the worker if less. The wage and com pensation schedule used in computing ben efits is deleted from the law. Table 1. Jurisdictions which changed maximum weekly temporary total disability benefits during 1983 J u r is d ic tio n F o r m e r m a x im u m N e w m a x im u m J u r is d ic tio n Alabama ....................... A la ska ............................ C a lifornia....................... Colorado ....................... Connecticut .................. $174.00 $942.00 $175.00 $283.71 $326.00, plus $10 for each dependent under 18 years of age, not to exceed 75 percent of employee’s wage $184.00 $996.00 $196.00 $296.80 $345.00, plus $10 for each dependent under 18 years of age, not to exceed 75 percent of employee's wage New Hampshire . . . New Jersey .......... New M e x ic o .......... New Y o rk ............... North Carolina . . . . North Dakota . . . . $279.00 $418.00 $217.00 $236.00 $246.44 $271.76 $215.00 $255.00 $228.00 $248.00 $261.00, plus $5 for each $278.00, plus $5 for each dependent child; aggregate not dependent child; aggregate not to exceed worker's net wages to exceed worker's net wages Delaware ....................... District of Columbia . . . F lorida............................ H a w aii............................ Idaho ............................ $208.45 $496.70 $253.00 $252.00 $217.80 to $302.50, according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent of the State average weekly wage for each child up to 5 children $223.78 $396.78 $271.00 $266.00 $238.50 to $331.25, according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent of the State average weekly wage for each child up to 5 children Ohio Oklahoma $298 00 $196.00 $304 60 $284.00 $257.00, plus $9 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of worker’s average weekly wage Illin o is ............................ Indiana .......................... Io w a ............................... Kansas .......................... Kentucky ....................... Louisiana....................... Maine ............................ Maryland ....................... Massachusetts ............. $446.40 $140.00 $542.00 $204.00 $254.33 $230.00 $396.48 $267.00 $297.85, plus $6 for each dependent, if weekly benefits are below $150 $456.33 $156.00 $563.00 $218.00 $277.66 $245.00 $426.43 $292.00 $320.29, plus $6 for each dependent, if weekly benefits are below $150 South Carolina . . . South Dakota . . . . Texas ..................... U ta h ....................... $235.00 $227.00 $182.00 $284.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4 children, but not to exceed 100 percent of the State average weekly wage Vermont $243.00, plus $10 for each dependent under age 21 $262.00, plus $10 for each dependent under age 21 $307.00 $290.00 $202.09 $263.00 $180.00 $297.21 $330.00 $313.00 $212.19 $277.00 $200.00 $314.18 Virgin Islands . . . . Virginia .................. Washington .......... West Virginia . . . . Wisconsin ............. W y o m in g ............... $153.00 $253.00 $243.10 $301.00 $269.00 $346.62 $165.00 $277.00 $249.33 $318.87 $294.00 $346.17 Michigan ....................... Minnesota ..................... Missouri ....................... Montana ....................... N ebraska....................... Nevada .......................... Note: Most benefit increases are based on the applicable jurisdiction's average weekly or monthly wage; and formerly on the national average weekly wage in the District of Columbia. However, nine States (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, and Tennessee) and Puerto Rico prescribe statutory amounts. Modifications have been made in the dol lar amounts and the number of weeks that compensation is payable for certain per manent partial disabilities. The provision which allowed compensation for the loss of two hands, two feet, or one hand and one foot for a maximum of 341 weeks has been repealed. A loss of one or more sched uled members is to be compensated weekly, based on a percentage loss of the whole person as defined in the American Medical Association Guides, subject to a 350-week limit. Scheduled awards are required to be compensated no later than 14 days after maximum medical improvement. The maximum benefit level for sole pro prietors and partnerships under special cov erage is changed from $300 to 150 percent of the State average weekly wage. The 400-week limit on benefits of a widow or widower without dependent children who does not remarry is removed. Burial allow ances are raised from $1,200 to $3,000. Civil penalties are increased for employ ers who fail to secure compensation pay ments from $10 to $100 per day. An additional $100 will be assessed for each day of noncompliance. Revisions have been made regarding as sessments to the Special Fund and to the Administration Fund. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ............. Pennsylvania Rhode Island .... .... ............... F o r m e r m a x im u m New m a x im u m $321 00 $212.00 $316 23 $306^00 $275.00, plus $9 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of worker’s average weekly wage $254.38 $238.00 $189.00 $300.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4 children, but not to exceed 100 percent of the State average weekly wage Five States (Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee) and Puerto Rico are not listed because no changes for temporary total disability were legislated durinq 1983. The new title of the statute is “ Workers’ Compensation Law” and all references to “ workmen’s” have been changed to “ workers’ ” throughout the act. New Jersey Awards to claimants under age 62 who are entitled to benefits for a permanent total disability or subsequent injury that occurred after December 31, 1979 (formerly June 1, 1965), are subject to reduction by social security benefit payments. New Mexico Coverage is extended to State mounted patrol members while they are serving at the request of law enforcement agencies. The statutory graduated limit on pay ments for disability or death due to asbestosis or silicosis is eliminated. A claimant may seek the services of an other health care provider when the services being rendered are unsatisfactory. New York All officers of a corporation may elect an exemption from coverage; formerly, only the officers holding a combination of offices could be excluded. Injury sustained in or caused by any vol untary participation in an off-duty athletic activity will not be covered unless the em ployer (1) requires the employee to be a participant; (2) compensates the employee for his or her participation; or (3) sponsors the activity. Maximum weekly benefit levels for dis ability and death are to be increased in steps between July 1, 1983, and July 1, 1985. Compensation for the permanent partial loss or loss of use of an eye will be awarded on the basis of an uncorrected loss of vision resulting from an injury. Licensed physical therapists have been authorized to provide medical treatment to an injured employee upon referral by a phy sician or podiatrist. All health care provid ers are prohibited from collecting medical fees directly from claimants. The Worker’s Compensation Board is authorized to direct one or more insurers to pay for medical services rendered by a physician, hospital, podiatrist, or chiropractor, pending a de termination of the liable party. The assessment paid by employers to the Uninsured Employers’ Fund is increased from $100 to $200. North Carolina Coverage is extended to include deputy sheriffs. The definition of “ injury and per sonal injury” is amended to include back 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Workers’ Compensation Laws, 1983 injury caused by a work-related accident. The law is amended to permit injured employees to use sick or other leave during the statutory waiting period prior to com mencement of compensation. Insurers are allowed to deviate from workers’ compensation and employer lia bility insurance rates; however, such de viations are only effective for 1year. Payment of dividends to members of self-insurance groups will not be contingent upon the maintenance or continuance of membership in the group. North Dakota The maximum weekly benefit level for death is raised from $105 to $210, and a lifetime maximum of $175,000 estab lished. The weekly compensation rate for permanent impairment and scheduled in jury is increased from $40 to $60. The burial allowance is raised from $2,000 to $2,500. Supplementary compensation for per manent total disability and death is based on 50 percent (formerly 25 percent) of the difference between the benefits the claimant was originally receiving and the maximum compensation rate, effective July 1, 1975. Claimants entitled to Federal coal work ers’ pneumoconiosis benefits may receive benefits under the North Dakota Work men’s Compensation Act, provided the dis ease was contracted or aggravated as the result of employment as a coal miner in the State. The distribution of compensation bene fits when there is no surviving spouse or dependent child has been redesignated. South Carolina Coverage of volunteer firefighters and rescue squad members is now mandatory. The average weekly wage used in deter mining compensation for national guard members, volunteer firefighters, and rescue squad members is changed from $84 to 15 percent of the State average weekly wage in the preceding year. The term “ widow” has been replaced with “ surviving spouse.” For compensation purposes, the average weekly wage of members of the National Guard is set at 75 percent of the State av erage weekly wage; and the wages of vol unteer firefighters and rescue squad members were reduced from 75 percent to 37'A per cent of the State average weekly wage. South Dakota Annual rates o f interest on lump sum paym ents equaling the total sum o f the probable future com pensation payments will be determ ined according to Departm ent o f Labor rules or regulations, in lieu o f the 5percent per annum rate. New reporting requirements concerning medical care of injured employees were es tablished for employers. Tennessee Injured employees are covered for emer gency medical care services up to $300 (formerly $100), and for prescription eye glasses or eyewear when necessary. The burial allowance is raised from $ 1,250 to $2,000. Oregon Texas Volunteer employees in the a c t i o n pro grams have been eliminated from coverage. Previously, volunteers receiving stipends or nominal reimbursements for time and travel were covered. Farm labor contractors in the business of forestation or reforestation of lands are re quired to cover each worker performing manual labor, regardless of any contractual relationship which may exist between the contractor and workers. Each worker must be provided with a written statement of his or her rights and remedies under the law. The denial of a claim for compensation for any condition or impairment to the health of a firefighter must be determined from clear and convincing medical evidence. Coverage is broadened for State em ployees who are injured while working out side the State. A subcontractor and prime contractor are permitted to enter into a writ ten contract which establishes that the prime contractor will provide coverage for the subcontractor and his or her employees. The offset of death benefits against com pensation the employee had been awarded prior to death will now be applicable only to legal beneficiaries, who are entitled to benefits for a maximum of 360 weeks. Ben efits of widows, widowers, and children are excluded. The funeral allowance is increased from $1,250 to $2,500. The claim filing period for compensation is increased from 6 months to 1 year. Within 20 days from receipt of notice of injury, the insurer or self-insurer must either ini tiate benefits or file with the Industrial Ac cident Board a statement of controversion, or in case of death, a statement of position. Lump sum attorney fees in death cases where the Texas Employers’ Insurance As- Rhode Island The term “ widow” has been changed to “ surviving spouse.” A legislative commission has been cre ated to study the feasibility of an exclusive State fund. The commission will expire on April 1, 1984. 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sociation controverts the claim may not ex ceed 25 percent of the recovery. Procedures have been established for handling disputes relating to medical ben efits under a compromise settlement agree ment approved by the Industrial Accident Board, or a judgment approved by the court. The penalty assessed against employers who fail to keep on file certain reports of em ployee injuries is decreased. Utah Workers' compensation will be the ex clusive remedy when an injury occurs to volunteers serving as State employees un der the “ Volunteer State Workers’ Act.” Agricultural employers of five or fewer per sons (other than immediate family mem bers) are no longer required to have coverage. Also exempted are agricultural employers of four or fewer persons, if the cash pay ments to employees amounted to less than $2,500 during the preceding calendar year. The minimum weekly benefit payment to permanently and totally disabled em ployees from the Second Injury Fund is increased from $10 to $110. The frequencies used in determining bin aural hearing loss are now at levels of 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 cycles per second. Previously, only frequencies of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 were used. The number of deci bels used in hearing loss cases is increased to 25 from 15. Virginia Coverage of certain public officials is permitted by the governing bodies of any county, city, or town. Hernia injuries are no longer covered under the law. The Industrial Commission is authorized to require that an employer furnish certain medical equipment for an injured employee if necessary, including remodeling of the employee’s principal home, not to exceed a cost of $10,000. A 2-year time limit is established within which claims for asbestosis must be filed. The title “ Virginia Workmen’s Com pensation Act” is changed to “ Virginia Workers’ Compensation Act,” and the term “ workmen’s” replaced with “ workers’ ” throughout the statute. New rules governing the reporting of in juries require that any change of address by an injured employee be reported immedi ately. Any unreasonable justification for noncompliance will result in suspension of compensation payments. An informative guide on the rights of injured workers under the State’s workers’ compensation law must be published by the Commission. Washington West Virginia Services performed by musicians or en tertainers under contract for a specific en gagement or engagements have been eliminated from mandatory coverage. A cost-of-living adjustment will begin in July 1984 for persons whose entitlement to compensation started on or after July 1, 1971. Workers are entitled to reimbursement for loss or damage to personal clothing, footwear, or protective equipment caused by industrial accidents or while receiving emergency medical treatment. The allowance for rehabilitation during a 52-week period is increased from $1,500 to $3,000. All injured workers are now en titled to rehabilitation or retraining ser vices, regardless of injury date, except for persons who reopen their cases solely for purposes of receiving rehabilitation. Claims for compensation can no longer be denied by an employer based on de fenses of willful self-exposure and failure to use protective or safety appliances. A new voluntary “ Employers’ Excess Liability Fund” insures employer liabilities in excess of amounts covered by workers’ compensation. The term “ workmen’s” is changed to “ workers’ ” wherever it appears in the act. Wyoming Coverage is broadened to include rec reational guides involved in hazardous out door service. Dependent children of permanently and totally disabled workers are entitled to $100 per month each (formerly $60), until the age of majority. The burial allowance is increased from $1,100 to $1,800. Permanent partial disability compensa tion for any one accident may not exceed compensation payable for permanent total disability. The statute of limitations for an injury occurring over a substantial period of time is broadened to allow a claim to be filed within 3 years from the date of last injurious exposure to the condition causing the in jury, or 1 year after diagnosis of injury is first communicated to the employee, whichever occurs last (formerly whichever occurs first). Attorney fees will be set by the district court; previously, 10 percent of the claim ant’s award was recoverable by the attorney. □ FOOTNOTE 'The legislatures of California, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, Penn sylvania, Vermont, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia convened in 1983 but workers’ compensation changes were relatively minor, and are https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis not discussed in the State-by-State summary of significant amendments to workers’ compensation laws. Kentucky was the only State in which the legislature did not meet in 1983. 61 M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in March is based on contracts on file in the Bureau's Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Industry Employer and location Labor organization 1 Number of workers Acme Boot Company, Inc. (Clarksville, T e n n .)............................. Allied Chemical Corp., Chesterfield Fibers Plant (Hopewell. Va.) Arizona Public Service Company (Phoenix, A riz .)........................ Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.: Connecticut C h a p te r.................................................................... Houston Chapter and 1 other, 2 agreements (Texas) ............ Jefferson County, Inc. Chapter (Texas) .................................. New Mexico Building B ra n c h ................................................... Leather . . . Chemicals . Utilities . . . Rubber Workers ............................................ Teamsters (Ind.) ............................................ Electrical Workers ( i b ew ) ............................. 2.750 Construction Construction Construction Construction 6.000 12.600 1,800 3.550 Association of Bituminous Contractors, Inc. (Interstate) . . . Automotive Parts Distributors Association, Inc. (New York) Mining ............ Wholesale trade L aborers........................................................... Laborers and Carpenters ............................. Carpenters ...................................................... Carpenters; Cement Masons and Plasterers: Laborers; and Teamsters (Ind.) Mine Workers ( I n d .) ..................................... Teamsters (Ind.) ............................................ Builders’ Association of Missouri, 2 agreements (Missouri) Construction Carpenters and Painters 7.900 Connecticut Construction Industries Association, Inc. (Connecticut) Continental Can Co., U S A. (Interstate) ......................................... Crouse-Hinds Company (Syracuse, N.Y.) . . . .................................. Construction ................... Fabricated metal products Electrical products .......... L aborers........................... Machinists ...................... Electrical Workers ( i b ew ) 3.500 Exxon Corporation, Exxon Company, U.S.A. and Exxon Chemical Americas Divisions (Baton Rouge, La.) Exxon Corporation, Exxon Research and Engineering Company and Exxon Chemical Company Divisions (New Jersey) Petroleum Oil. Chemical and Atomic Workers .......... 2.400 Services Independent Laboratory Employees' Union. Inc. (Ind.) 1.400 FMC Corp., Crane and Excavator Division (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) Machinery Auto Workers 1.850 General Mills, Inc., master agreement (Interstate) .......... Gulf Coast Constructors Association and 2 others (Texas) Food products Construction Grain Millers Plumbers . . 3.900 3.900 International Silver Company (Meriden and Wallingford, Conn.) . . . Miscellaneous manufacturing Steelworkers . . . . 1.200 Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (Southern California) H ospitals............................... Service Employees 8.000 Lever Brothers Company, master agreement (Interstate)...................... Chemicals Chemical Workers 2.000 Mechanical Contractors Association of New Mexico, Inc. (New Mexico) . . Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, sales representatives (Interstate) . . . . Milwaukee Transport Services, Inc. (Milwaukee, W i s . ) .................................. Mobil Oil Corporation producing areas (Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma) Construction ............................... Insurance ....................................... Transit ......................................... Crude petroleum and natural gas Plumbers ................................................. Insurance Workers ................................ Transit Union .......................................... Associated Petroleum Employees Union (Ind.) 1.500 3.000 1,300 1.700 New York News, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) . . . . New York Times Company (New York, N.Y.) Printing and publishing Printing and publishing Newspaper Guild Newspaper Guild 1,100 2,100 Outboard Marine Corporation, Machinery Steelworkers 1,100 Publishers Association of New York City (New York, N.Y.) Puget Sound Power & Light Company (W ashington)............ Printing and publishing U tilities........................ Graphic Communications Electrical Workers ( i be w ) 1,500 1,650 Rock Products and Ready Mixed Concrete Employers of Southern California Mining and quarrying Teamsters (Ind.) 5,000 o . m .c . See footnote at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Evenrude Division (Milwaukee, Wis.) 2.200 2.950 12.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 Continued—Major Agreements Expiring Next Month Employer and location Labor organization' Number of workers Petroleum ................................ Utility Workers and Chemical Workers . . . Central States Petroleum Union (Ind.) . . . . 1,200 6.550 1,000 Petroleum . . . . Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers .......... 1.150 Electrical Workers (ibew ) ............ Laundry and Dry C lean in g .................... Industry Samsonite Corporation (Denver, Colo.) ........................ Southern California Gas Company ........................... Standard Oil Company (Indiana) and Amoco Oil Company (Illinois and Indiana) Sun Refining and Marketing Company (Marcus Hook. Pa.) . Leather .................................. Tampa Electric Company (F lo rid a )................................ Textile Rental Services Association (Southern C alifornia).......... Textron Inc., cw c Castings Division (Muskegon, Mich.) . . Transport of New Jersey (Maplewood, N.J.) . . Primary m e ta ls............................. Transit .................................. 1,250 2,800 1,050 3,200 Union Carbide Corporation (Texas City, Tex.) .......... C h em ica ls................................ 2.150 Vought Corporation (Dallas, T e x . ) ................. Transportation equipment .......... Auto W o rk e rs............... 4,100 Weyerhaeuser Company (Oregon and Washington) .......... Wisconsin Electric Power Company (Milwaukee. Wis.) . U tilities....................................... Western Pulp and Paper Workers (In d .). . . Office. Sales and Technical Employes (Ind.) 1.950 1.550 'Affiliated with afl- cio except where noted as independent (Ind.). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Shiskin award nominations The Washington Statistical Society invites nominations for the fifth annual Julius Shiskin Award in recognition of outstanding achievement in the field of economic statistics. The award, in memory of the former Commissioner of Labor Statistics, is designed to honor an unusually original and important contribution in the development of economic statistics, or in the use of economic statistics in interpreting the economy. The contribution could be in statistical re search, in the development of statistical tools, in the application of com puters, in the use of economic statistics to analyze and interpret the economy, in the management of statistical programs, or in developing public un derstanding of measurement issues, to all of which Mr. Shiskin contributed. Either individuals or groups can be nominated. The prize will be presented, with an honorarium of $250, at the Wash ington Statistical Society’s annual dinner in June 1984. A nomination form may be obtained by writing to the Julius Shiskin Award Committee, Amer ican Statistical Association, 806 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Completed nomination forms must be received by April 1, 1984. 63 Developments in Industrial Relations Airline update Eastern Airlines, which has not shown a profit since 1979, moved near a cutoff of its line of credit, but the crisis was eased when members of three unions agreed to concessions which would reduce labor costs in exchange for company stock and a voice in management. Eastern Chairman Frank Borman announced that the company earlier had considered seeking protection from its creditors under Chapter 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Code, which could have resulted in abrogation of its labor contracts, but had decided that the best course would be for employees to agree to a pay cut and cost-saving changes in work rules. This proposal drew bitter responses from union leaders, but they agreed to ne gotiate after an independent examination of the company confirmed Eastern’s financial difficulties. The settlement provides that during 1984, 18 percent of earnings will be withheld from the 13,500 ground service employees represented by the International Association of Machinists, 6,000 flight attendants represented by the Trans port Workers, and 13,500 nonunion employees. The 4,000 cockpit crew members represented by the Air Line Pilots Association agreed to a 22-percent earnings cut. In exchange for the cuts, which were expected to total $292 million during the year, the employees will receive about 25 percent of Eastern’s common stock and 3 million shares of a new series of convertible junior preferred stock. The new pre ferred shares will carry dividends equal to 20 percent of any future company profit up to a maximum of $26.2 million a year. The new pay cut-investment plan superseded several types of company-aid plans that had called for withholding part of employee earnings. (Ste Monthly Labor Review, January 1984, pp. 36-37.) This settlement does not cancel the gen eral wage increases already scheduled for 1984 under earlier settlements with the unions. The changes in work rules remained to be worked out. An Eastern official said they could total $75 million during the year. One way of attaining the saving would be to have workers perform some related functions that are not part of their usual designated duties. An increased employee voice in management was in two “ Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis forms. Eastern agreed to increase its board of directors to 21 people, including one member from the Transport Work ers and one from the Machinists. The Air Line Pilots and the nonunion employees already had one member each on the previous 19-member board. The other move toward greater employee involvement in company operation was establishment of a union-management advisory committee to review past and future management decisions. A Ma chinists’ official said that one of the immediate issues was Eastern’s aircraft purchase program, which the unions viewed as too ambitious. Borman indicated that additional concessions by the unions might be necessary in the future, saying, “ We’d prefer to have gotten it all at once, but that’s just not realistic. This is a first step.” Elsewhere in the industry, the Air Line Pilots agreed on contract concessions expected to save Trans World Airlines more than $60 million over an 18-month period. The conces sions included a 10-percent pay cut effective November 1, 1983, through January 31, 1985; deferral to June 30, 1985, of a 4-percent pay increase that had been scheduled for December 1, 1983; a 20-percent reduction in paid vacation in 1985; and an increase in the monthly limit on flight hours. In return, the 2,300 pilots will be covered by a new profitsharing plan which will give them 100 percent of the air line’s first $10 million in pretax earnings, 20 percent of the next $50 million, 25 percent of the next $50 million, and 30 percent of any additional earnings. t w a , however, has been unprofitable for several years, reporting a $44.5 million pretax loss for 1982. The airline’s financial condition was also indicated by the fact that the parent Trans World Corp. recently “ spun off” t w a . C. E. Meyer, president of t w a , said the parent company’s direc tors feared that t w a ’ s large debts endangered Trans World Corp. t w a also was seeking concessions totaling $60 million from 9,400 ground service workers represented by the Ma chinists, and 6,800 workers represented by the Independent Federation of Flight Attendants. Also in the airline industry, the Department of Labor implemented requirements of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 by issuing rules requiring 38 air carriers to give hiring preference to workers laid off after the effective date of the Act. The laid-off employees are required to have at least 4 years of service with any of the nine airlines that existed prior to the Act. The layoff need not to have been caused by deregulation. The airlines are permitted to recall all of their own laid-off workers before hiring from the pool of “ protected” workers. The nine airlines have laid off 7.5 percent of their workers since the deregulation law was enacted. The new rules, expected to become effective early in 1984, could be followed by adoption of rules giving dis placed workers monthly payments for up to 72 months. This benefit will start only if the Civil Aeronautics Board deter mines that the job terminations resulted from deregulation. umw delegates accept some rule changes At the United Mine Workers triennial convention, Pres ident Richard Trumka pressed for changes in the union’s constitution and operating rules which would give him more control of the union and its collective bargaining procedure. The delegates rejected the package of changes, but subse quently considered the parts separately and approved certain items after making some revisions. One of the new approaches permits Trumka to call se lective strikes against coal operators, a major departure from the union’s tradition of striking all operators simultaneously under a “ no contract, no work” policy. However, Trumka’s decisions can be reversed by a two-thirds vote of the union’s 24-person international executive board. Trumka had been seeking a constitutional change requiring a two-thirds vote by the board to overturn any decisions he made regarding union affairs, replacing the current majority vote rule. Another resolution adopted by the 1,400 delegates estab lished a strike fund not to exceed $70 million, financed by an assessment of 2.5 percent of each miner’s pay. (Trumka had been seeking a 5-percent assessment to continue for periods of up to 2 years). This resolution also eliminated a 41-member bargaining council which approved collective bargaining settlements before they were submitted to work ing miners for a final decision. In recent years, u m w bar gainers had negotiated several contracts that were rejected by the council, leading to charges that some members’ votes were motivated by union political considerations. In another departure from past practice backed by Trumka, the delegates did not adopt specific goals for the coming bargaining session with the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association. Instead, they adopted a resolution saying sim ply, “ No backward steps. No takeaway contracts.” The union’s contract with the bcoa is scheduled to expire on September 30, 1984, but several small contracts in the west ern coal field will expire earlier. Workers aid production switch to radial tires In Tyler, Tex., employees of a Kelly-Springfield Tire Co. plant agreed to reductions in labor costs in return for com pany assurances to spend $250 million to convert the facility to production of radial tires. The plant has been operating at about 80 percent of capacity producing bias ply tires, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis which are declining in popularity. John Nash, president of Local 746 of the Rubber Workers, said he did not anticipate any layoffs of the 1,100 employees during the conversion process. The new contract calls for changes in work rules, health insurance, and other benefits; conversion to an hourly pay system, from a piecework system; and changes in work schedules to permit a 7-day-a-week operation at straighttime pay rates. The parties also established a savings plan under which Kelly-Springfield, a subsidiary of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., will contribute 25 cents for each $1 invested by employees, whose investment is limited to 6 percent of their pay. The major rubber companies generally operated at a profit in 1983, unlike in 1982, but profit levels were not as high as predicted at the beginning of the year. Despite a surge in sales of tires, the domestic companies encountered several events which held down price hikes, including hard bar gaining on prices by the auto manufacturers, price cutting on replacement tires, and increased low-cost imports from Korea, East Germany, Brazil, and other countries. Trucking companies still requesting concessions Although members of the Teamsters union earlier rejected changes in their national contract that would have cut com pensation for some workers recalled from layoff, there con tinued to be instances of employee agreements to aid individual trucking companies. In one instance, 85 percent of the 3,500 employees of Interstate Motor Freight System agreed to accept company stock in exchange for a 15-percent wage reduction lasting 5 years. An official of the Grand Rapids, Mich., firm said that acceptance of the plan will reduce annual operating costs by $14 million. At least 90 percent of the workers are expected to eventually participate in the voluntary plan. An Employee Stock Ownership Plan was initiated at Transcon Inc., the Nation’s 10th largest general trucking com pany. In return for a 12-percent cut in pay over a 5-year period, the 3,200 participating employees will receive shares of company stock giving them 49-percent ownership. A company official acknowledged that the concession would probably total more than twice the value of the stock, based on the current share price, but the impact would be eased somewhat by tax reductions. This action did not undermine or change the existing Teamsters contract because the pur chase plan was voluntary and strictly between the company and the employees. Meat processing developments ConAgra acquired 13 meatpacking plants from Armour and Co., dismissed 1,800 employees, and began hiring re placements at lower pay and benefit levels. In June 1983, when Armour announced plans to sell its plants, the United Food and Commercial Workers union was informed that the employees would be retained only if they agreed to com65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations pensation cuts needed to enable ConAgra to compete effec tively. (See Monthly Labor Review, September 1983, p. 40.) In the following months, Armour and the union ne gotiated on the demand without success— union members rejected a proposal that included a $2.44 cut in their $10.69 an hour typical pay rate. Wilson & Co. announced a settlement with the last units of workers it had been bargaining with on wage and benefit cuts. The final accords covered 20 members of the Teamsters union in Logansport, Ind., and 530 members of the United Food and Commercial Workers union at the Fischer Packing Co. unit in Louisville, Ky. Wilson lost $42.9 million in the fiscal year that ended July 30, 1983. According to a com pany official, these settlements mean that Wilson could emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings early in 1984. The bankruptcy proceedings had been initiated to shed costly labor contracts with the unions and gain protection from creditors while the company developed a reorganization plan. This action led to a strike which ended when the Food and Commercial Workers union agreed to compensation cuts at a number of plants. (See Monthly Labor Review, September 1983, p. 40.) ber 1983, pp. 37-38, for information on the dispute, and May 1983, pp. 47-48, for the March settlement.) Elsewhere in the industry, the Steelworkers’ executive board warned steel companies that it will reject further de mands for wage and benefit concessions. The union con tended that the companies were overstepping their contractual right to bargain locally on work rules by pressing for ad ditional concessions on top of those provided by the March national accord. The union also contended that the com panies were unduly pressuring the local unions by threat ening to move work to those plants where workers accept cuts. The executive board, which is composed of the union’s top 29 officers, moved to counter the alleged company tactic by setting up procedures for assuring that all locals are aware of bargaining developments at other locals. The board’s action apparently was triggered by U.S. Steel Corp.’s announcement that if the workers did not agree to concessions, it would eliminate as many as 4,700 jobs at five mills located in Cleveland, Ohio; Chicago, 111.; Trenton, N.J.; Birmingham, Ala.; and Johnstown, Pa. Sunshine Biscuit accord A federal district judge ordered the State of Washington to immediately raise the salaries of 15,000 workers in pre dominantly female categories of State workers. The ruling implemented an earlier oral decision in which it was found that the State had discriminated “ against women in em ployment” and “ that discrimination has been manifested, according to the evidence, by direct, overt and institution alized discrimination.” (See Monthly Labor Review, No vember 1983, p. 75.) The State, which indicated that it will appeal the decision, said that the decision could cost it nearly $1 billion, con sisting of pay adjustments retroactive to September 16, 1979, and increased costs for pensions and other benefits that vary with pay levels. If upheld, the ruling could set a precedent for cases underway in other States based on the principle of comparable worth, which holds that workers in different classes or types of jobs should be paid the same if their performance requires degrees of aptitude, training, and dil igence of comparable worth to society. In addition to these cases, several other States are reviewing their pay structures to determine if such pay inequities exist. Validation of this recent ruling would apparently open many private employers to charges of discrimination in employee compensation. The Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco Workers union and Sunshine Biscuit, Inc., negotiated their first “ national” agreement, covering 1,600 employees at facilities in New York City, Columbus, Ga., and Los Angeles and Oakland, Calif. The union valued the 2-year contract package at $2.16 an hour. Wages were increased by 70 cents an hour effective im mediately and by 60 cents in the second year. The parties also agreed to additional pay adjustments in some job clas sifications and to begin working toward standardization of pay rates among the facilities. Benefit changes included $25,000 lifetime major medical coverage for retirees (formerly $10,000); a new provision permitting workers to retire when their age plus years of service total 80; and improvements in the vacation plan that will provide the employees with annual paid leave ranging from 2 to 6 weeks, varying by length of service. Arbitrator says benefit reductions proper In a ruling that could save the seven Coordinating Com mittee Steel Companies as much as $80 million, arbitrator Benjamin Aaron held that the temporary pay cuts provided in the companies’ March settlement with the United Steel workers should trigger corresponding reductions in “ wagerelated” benefits. Aaron apparently agreed with the com panies’ position that under their contracts with the union, vacation pay and other benefits tied to wage scales are to be adjusted to reflect “ intervening general wage changes.” The union had contended that cuts in the wage-related ben efits were improper because the parties did not bargain on reducing the benefits. (Ste Monthly Labor Review, Septem66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Washington’s comparable worth case Briggs and Stratton walkout ends A 3-month strike against Briggs and Stratton Corp. plants in the Milwaukee area ended when members of Local 232 of the Allied Industrial Workers accepted a 3-year contract with several provisions intended to hold down labor costs. The company, which is the world’s largest manufacturer of four-cycle small engines, contended that moderation was necessary to improve its ability to compete with foreign competitors in the United States and overseas. The company is now permitted to contract out work with out consulting the union if such action could lead to the loss of fewer than 50 jobs. Discussions are required if more than 50 jobs are endangered, but the company would still make the final decision. Another change reduces pay rates as much as $2.50 an hour for new employees, who will now take 78 weeks (for merly 65 weeks) to progress to the same maximum pay grade as incumbents. In two heavily populated grades, start ing and maximum pay rates will be lower for new employees than for incumbents. Some medical benefits were cut and new employees will https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis attain eligibility for supplementary benefits such as paid vacations and insurance in stages over a 5-year period. Pre viously, new employees were eligible for full benefits after 60 days of service. Provisions favorable to the 7,500 employees included a 2-percent pay increase in November 1984 and a $200-amonth pension supplement to employees with 30 years of service who retire in July 1984 or June 1986. The supple ment ceases when the retiree becomes eligible for unreduced social security benefits. A new profit-sharing plan provides for each employee to receive at least $2,250 in distributions over the term, including an immediate $500. Negotiating through a crystal ball The uncertain character of the forces determining the cost of living makes it very difficult to predict with certainty its future trends. The difficulty inherent in using the cost of living as a determinant in wage negotiations is simply this: Wages are negotiated for a future period, whereas cost-ofliving data are historical in character. It is a comparatively simple task to adjust wages for historical trends in the cost of living if this is the desire of the negotiators. The criterion is of limited usefulness, however, in the attempt to orient wage rates to future trends in the Consumer Price Index. The capricious character of the index makes forecasting extremely haz ardous. In any event, for intelligent utilization of this wage determinant, it becomes necessary not only to have accurate information on historical trends, but also to make an assessment of the future trends of the factors that determine the Consumer Price Index. It cannot be emphasized too much that such predictions are fraught with difficulties and uncertainties. — A rthur A. S loane and F red W itney Labor Relations, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1981),*p. 292. 67 Book Reviews A guide for the perplexed Economic Effects of Social Security. By Henry J. Aaron. Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 1982. 107 pp. $12.95, cloth; $5.95, paper. To the average American, social security is a simple topic. The worker and employer jointly make contributions to a somewhat mysterious fund. These contributions (a nice eu phemism for taxes) entitle the worker and his or her de pendents to a set of cash benefits in the event of premature death, total disability, or retirement, and to medical care at age 65. The key word is “ entitle,” which explains why the system became so politically popular once it had been in operation long enough for a few generations of workers to have paid their share of the contribution, and, thus, to expect the benefits. Alas, the topic is not all that simple. Any reader of the Social Security Handbook will find that the mere institu tional details of eligibility determination and benefit com putation are arcane beyond belief. As for the economics of social security, this, too, has become complex and confus ing. Until the 1970’s, relatively few academic economists paid much attention to social security. Henry J. Aaron was an important exception! Research on social security soon became a growth industry with the resulting studies being both controversial and confusing. For policymakers, con troversy may be helpful; confusion is not. The confusion stems from the nature of the analytical framework chosen by researchefs who sought to estimate the effect of social security on saving and labor force par ticipation. Aaron leads the reader step-by-step through the three predominant models in use: the life-cycle model, the multigeneration model, and the short-horizon model. In the first of these, the planning horizons of individuals or house holds extend to their estimates of their lifespans. In the second, the planning horizons extend beyond death and encompass bequests to heirs. The third views individuals or households as having short-planning horizons. As can be expected, these approaches lead to differing conclusions. Empirical studies, as Aaron notes, have not been any clearer in their results. The most outstanding example of conflicting evidence is the controversy over whether social security reduces saving. The proposition that it does was adduced by Martin Feldstein (using the life-cycle model). This rapidly became an article of faith among opponents of 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis social security and thus achieved policy importance in the debates over social security reforms. The econometric debris (to use Aaron’s felicitous phrase) that came out of the spate of studies that followed leaves us where we were before Feldstein raised the issue: we still do not know the effect, if any, of social security on saving. With a clarity that is exceptional for an economist, Aaron leads us through other patches of the social security jungle, including studies of labor supply and income distribution. His main concern, throughout the book, is policy impli cations of the research. This has the desirable effect of forc ing the reader to confront his or her value judgments. For example, is it a good or a bad thing to encourage people to extend their work lives? If it is a good thing, are changes in socialsecurity the likeliest place to achieve the desired result? The value of Aaron’s book is its clear explanation of why the existing body of research has failed to provide policy makers with the information they need in order to make rational policy decisions. Whether or not policymakers would respond to clear evidence, if it were available, is another matter. However, I agree with Aaron that the difficult task of dealing with social security’s financing problems need not be encumbered with economic myth. The book is highly recommended as a guide for the per plexed, which should encompass anybody— both expert and layperson— who is not ideologically adept and who wishes to examine the social security program with a tolerable degree of objectivity. It is not recommended for converts to a cause or peddlers of panaceas, as it would only disturb them or give them second thoughts. — B runo S tein .Professor of Economics New York University Book notes The Measurement of Labor Cost. Edited by Jack E. Tri plett. Cambridge, Mass., The National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, 1983. 539 pp. $55, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. This volume contains the papers and discussion presented at the Conference on the Measurement of Labor Cost held in Williamsburg, Va., December 3-4, 1981. The work rep- resents the first efforts to join the theory of economic mea surement with empirical research on labor cost and worker compensation. In the introduction, Jack E. Triplett points out “ that neither the labor economists’ idea that the subject is too complex nor the theorists’ notion that it is too simple, justifies the neglect of labor market measurement issues.’’ What are the emerging research issues in the analysis of the employer’s behavior toward its workforce? And what data are needed to facilitate the research? The essays and accompanying commentary presented by the 26 contributors give new insights into models for analyzing employer and entrepreneurial behavior, accounting for the nonwage ele ments of labor compensation, the effect of pensions and other benefits, and the wage-measurement queries raised by income policies. Russell, Mark S., “ Veterans on the Move,” American Demo graphics, November 1983, pp. 36-38. Health and safety Crapnell, Stephen G., “ Meeting the Challenge of Changing Plant Processes,” Occupational Hazards, October 1983, pp. 6975. “ Occupational Disease: Elusive Target for Statisticians,” Occu pational Hazards, October 1983, pp. 103-06. Sheridan, Peter J., “ American Industry in Transition: Its Impli cations for Safety Management,” Occupational Hazards, Oc tober 1983, pp. 67-69. “ The Office Revolution: Health Hazards Coming into Focus,” Occupational Hazards, October 1983, pp. 79-83. Industrial relations American Working Class History: A Representative Bibli ography. By Maurice F. Neufeld, Daniel J. Leab, Dorothy Swanson. New York, R. R. Bowker Co., 1983, 356 pp. $29.95. This is the first major bibliography in the field of labor history and industrial relations in 20 years. More than 7,200 bibliographic entries covering labor activity from colonial times to the present are arranged by a system of more than 80 subject headings. An unprecedented range of materials are covered: popular and technical books, scholarly monographs, Ph.D. disser tations and M. A. theses, films, State and Federal legislation, union documents, and biographies. An extensive index covering all authors, agencies, or ganizations, and institutions cited under each classification is provided at the end of this bibliography. Publications received Economic growth and development Bird, Graham, “ Should Developing Countries Use Currency De preciation as a Tool of Balance of Payments Adjustment: A Review of the Theory and Evidence, and a Guide for the Policy Maker,” The Journal of Development Studies, July 1983, pp. 461-84. Canada, Economic Council, “ Highlights from the Council’s Re view of the Canadian Economy for 1983: Twentieth Annual Review,” Au Courant, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1983, pp. 2-10. Jennings, A., “ The Recurrent Cost Problem in the Least Devel oped Countries,” The Journal of Development Studies, July 1983, pp. 504-21. Kuhn, James W., David Lewin, Paul J. McNulty, “ Neil W. Cham berlain: A Retrospective Analysis of His Scholarly Work and Influence,” British Journal of Industrial Relations, July 1983, pp. 143-60. Economic and social statistics Prins, Rienk, “ Utilizing Labor Accident Statistics: A Comparative Approach,” International Social Security Review, Vol. 2, 1983, pp. 222-32. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Natural Gas Proposals. Washington, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1983, 6 6 pp. ( a e i Legislative Analysis, 34, 98th Cong., 1st sess.) $4.95, paper. ----- Reauthorization of the Clean Water Act. Washington, Amer ican Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Inc., 1983. 48 pp. ( a e i Legislative Analysis, 33, 98th Cong.. 1st sess.) $3.95, paper. Blau, Francine D. and Lawrence M. Kahn, “ Unionism, Seniority, and Turnover,” Industrial Relations, Fall 1983, pp. 362-73. Lawler, John J. and Greg Hundley, “ Determinants of Certification and Decertification Activity,” Industrial Relations, Fall 1983, pp. 335-48. McGoldrick, James, “ Industrial Relations and the Division of Labor in the Shipbuilding Industry Since the War,” British Journal of Industrial Relations, July 1983, pp. 197-220. Poole, Michael and others, “ Why Managers Join Unions: Evi dence from Britain,” Industrial Relations, Fall 1983, pp. 42644. Porter, Andrew A. and Kent F. Murman, “ A Survey of Employer Union Avoidance Practices,” Personnel Administrator, No vember 1983, beginning on p. 66. Rawson, D. W., “ British and Australian Labor Law: The Back ground to the 1982 Bills,” British Journal of Industrial Re lations, July 1983, pp. 161-80. Walsh, Kenneth, Strikes in Europe and the United States: Mea surement and Incidence. New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1983, 230 pp., bibliography. $25. Labor force “ Labor Supply and Spouse’s Health: The Effects of Illness, Dis ability, and Mortality,” Social Science Quarterly, September 1983, pp. 494-509. Briggs, Vernon M., Jr., “ Non-Immigrant Labor Policy in the United States,” Journal of Economic Issues,” September 1983, pp. 609-30. Coberly, Sally, “ Incentives for Hiring Older Workers—Are Em ployers Interested?” Aging and Work, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1983, pp. 37-48. Cooney, Rosemary Santana and Vilma Ortiz, “ Nativity, National Origin, and Hispanic Female Participation in the Labor Force,” Social Science Quarterly, September 1983, pp. 510-23. 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Book Reviews Gill, Stephen Joel, Larry C. Coppard, Malcolm A. Lowther, “ Mid life Career Development Theory and Research: Implications for Work and Education,” Aging and Work, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1983, pp. 15-29. Great Britain, Department of Employment, “ Equal Opportunities for Women in Employment,” by Michael Webb, Employment Gazette, September 1983, pp. 397-99. ----- “ Women—The Vulnerable Group: Microelectronics at Work in the Office,” Employment Gazette, September 1983, pp. 392-96. Leavitt, Roy L., ed., The Path to Employment: Implications of Recent Research on Placing Disadvantaged Youths in Private Sector Jobs (Proceedings of a Research Utilization Work shop, Nov. 5, 1982). New York, Community Council of Greater New York, 1983, 31 pp. Martin, Jack K. and Daniel T. Lichter, “ Geographic Mobility and Satisfaction with Life and Work,” Social Science Quarterly, September 1983, pp. 524-35. Morrison, Malcolm H., “ Aging and the Work Force: Focusing on the Realities,” Aging and Work, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1983, pp. 49-56. Mitchell, Olivia S. and Gary S. Fields, Rewards to Continued Work: The Economic Incentives for Postponing Retirement. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983,26 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1204.) $1.50. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, O E C D Employment Outlook. Paris, Organization for Economic Co operation and Development, 1983, 103 pp. Available in the United States from the o e c d Publications and Information Center, Washington 20006. Queen’s University, Termination of Employment: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Queen’s University, Oct 3-4, 1981. Kingston, Ontario, Queen’s University, Industrial Relations Center, 1983, 92 pp. $5, paper. Riche, Martha Farnsworth, “ The Blue-Collar Blues . . .Or Whiter than White,” American Demographics, November 1983, pp. 20-23. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Workers, Jobs, and Statistics: Questions and Answers on Labor Force Statistics. Prepared by Diane M. Nilsen. Washington, 1983, 39 pp., bibliography. (Report, 698.) Management and organization theory Abraham, Katharine G. and James L. Medoff, Years of Service and Probability of Promotion. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983, 29 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 1191.) $1.50. Great Britain, Department of Employment, “ Quality of Working Life—A Report for 1982,” Employment Gazette, August 1983, beginning on p. 338. Heisel, W. D., “ Alternatives to Traditional Civil Service,” Public Personnel Management Journal, Fall 1983, pp. 277-81. Human Resource Management and Computerization,” Personnel Administrator, September 1983, beginning on p. 21. Jackall, Robert, “ Moral Mazes: Bureaucracy and Managerial Work,” Harvard Business Review, September-October 1983 pp. 118-30. 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Koehn, Hank E., “ The Post-Industrial Worker,” Public Personnel Management Journal, Fall 1983, pp. 244-48. Manz, Charles C., The Art of Self-Leadership: Strategies for Per sonal Effectiveness in Your Life and Work. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983, 115 pp. $13.95, cloth; $5.95, paper. Rubin, Murray, Federal-State Relations in Unemployment Insur ance: A Balance of Power. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1983, 258 pp. Souder, William E. and Anna Mae Leksich, “ Assessment Centers are Evolving Toward a Bright Future,” Personnel Adminis trator, November 1983, pp. 80-87. Monetary and fiscal policy Auerbach, Alan J., “ Taxation, Corporate Financial Policy and the Cost of Capital,” The Journal of Economic Literature, Sep tember 1983, pp. 905-40. Duncan, Marvin, “ Government Lending: Some Insights from Ag riculture,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kan sas City, September-October 1983, pp. 3-6. Garrison, Charles B., “ The 1964Tax Cut: Supply-Side Economics or Demand Stimulus?” Journal of Economic Issues, Septem ber 1983, pp. 681-96. Mitchell, Karlyn, “ Taxation of Corporate Income,” EconomicReview, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, SeptemberOctober 1983, pp. 7-23. Urban affairs Baker, Carole, “ Tracking Washington’s Metro,’’ American Demographics, November 1983, pp. 30-35. Fulton, Philip N., “ Are We Solving the Commuting Problem?” American Demographics, November 1983, beginning on p. 16. Wages and compensation Abowd, John M. and Mark R. Killingsworth, “ Sex Discrimina tion, Atrophy, and the Male-Female Wage Differential,” In dustrial Relations, Fall 1983, pp. 387-402. Wisconsin, Department of Industry, Labor and Human Relations, Wages and Contributions Covered by Wisconsin U.C. Law, Table 211, 1982. Madison, Wisconsin Department of Indus try, Labor and Human Relations, 1983, 28 pp. (Issue, 45.) Welfare programs and social insurance Bane, Mary Jo and David T. Ellwood, Slipping Into and Out of Poverty: The Dynamics of Spells. Cambridge, Mass., Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983, 38 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 1199.) $1.50. Berlin, Sharon B. and Linda E. Jones, “ Life After Welfare: a f d c Termination Among Long-Term Recipients,” Social Service Review, September 1983, pp. 378-402. Canada, Department of Health and Welfare, “ Canadian Ap proaches to Social Security,” International Social Security Review, Vol. 2, 1983, pp. 233-56. Grana, John M., “ Disability Allowances for Long-Term Care in Western Europe and the United States,” International Social Security Review, Vol. 2, 1983, pp. 207-21. □ Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics .................................................................................................................................................... 72 Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series .......................................................................................... 72 Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes ........................................................................ 73 73 74 75 76 76 77 77 77 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 ................................ Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted . . . . Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted .................. Selected employment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ..................................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted................................................................................................................. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted .......................................................................................................... Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally ad ju sted........... ................................. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted.............................................................................................................................. Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes ... Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-82 ....................................................................................................................... Employment by State ............................................................................................................................................................................. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted .................................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-82 .......................................................................................... Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted .................................................. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .................................................................................... Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ................................................................................................................................... Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .................................................................................... Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment in creased ................................................................................................. 78 79 79 80 81 82 83 83 84 84 Unemployment insurance data. Definitions.............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................... 85 85 ....................................................................................................................................................... Consumer Price Index, 1967-82 ......................................................................................................................................................... Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected it e m s .................................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c l a s s ...................................................................... Consumer Price Index, selected areas ................................................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing .............................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings .......................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity grou p in gs............................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ............................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ............................................................................................... 86 87 87 93 94 95 96 98 98 99 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations Price data. Definitions and notes 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Productivity data. Definitions and notes 28. 29. 30. 31. ..................................................................................................................................... Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-82 ......................... Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-82 .................................................... Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted .............................. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation,unit costs, and p r ic e s................ Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes 100 100 101 101 102 ..................................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group ........................................................ Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group .................................................................. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size ....................................... Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to d a te ....................................................... Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date ........... 103 104 105 106 107 107 Work stoppage data. Definition ....................................................................................................... 108 108 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date ............................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group of tables provides definitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cover of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series are given below. quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average. All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These ad justments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index >r the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect o f such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea sonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the February 1984 issue o f the R eview , to reflect experience through 1983. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -11/ ARIMA, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X -l 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X - l l ARIMA Seasonal A djustm ent M eth od by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months o f the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 11, 13, and 15 were made in August 1981 using the X -l 1 ARIMA seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. More information from household and establishment surveys is provided in E m ploym en t an d Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume data b o o k -L a b o r F orce Statistics D e riv e d F rom the C urrent P opulation Su rvey, Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in two data books -E m p lo y m e n t an d E arnings, U nited States, and E m ploy m ent an d E arnings, States an d A reas, and their annual supplements. More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, C urrent W age D evelopm en ts. More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the C P I D e ta ile d R eport and P rodu cer P rices an d P rice Indexes. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre liminary figures are issued based on representative but in complete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series S e r ie s Employment situation ...................................... R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d M L R t a b le d a te c o v e re d d a te c o v e re d d a te c o v e re d num ber March 9 February April 6 March 1-11 February 3 January .... February 8 4th quarter ...................................... February 10 January March 16 February April 13 March 23-27 Consumer Price In d e x ...................................... February 24 January March 23 February April 24 March 19-22 Real e arn ings...................................................... February 24 January March 23 February April 24 March 12-16 February 28 4th quarter U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes Producer Price Index Productivity and costs: Nonfinancial corporations............................ 28-31 Nonfarm business and manufacturing ......................................... April 26 1st quarter 28-31 Major collective bargaining settlements .................................................. April 27 1st quarter 35-36 April 30 1st quarter 32-34 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S population 16 years of age and older. House holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Em plo ym ent d ata Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment 1. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these ad justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m ploym en t a n d E arnings. Data in tables 2 - 8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex perience through December 1983. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 [Numbers in thousands] L a b o r fo rc e E m p lo y e d U n e m p lo y e d N o n in s t i Year t u tio n a l p o p u la tio n Num ber p o p u la tio n N o t in C iv ilia n P e rc e n t of T o ta l P e rc e n t of p o p u la tio n R e s id e n t P e rc e n t ol N o n a g r i- A rm e d Fo rc e s T o ta l A g r ic u lt u r e N um ber c u ltu r a l la b o r fo rc e la b o r t o rc e in d u s tr ie s 1950 1955 1960 ................ ................ ................ 106,164 111,747 119,106 63,377 67,087 71,489 59.7 60.0 60.0 60,087 64,234 67,639 56.6 57.5 56.8 1,169 2,064 1,861 58,918 62,170 65,778 7,160 6,450 5,458 51,758 55,722 60,318 3,288 2,852 3,852 5.2 4.3 5.4 42,787 44,660 46,617 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 128,459 130,180 132,092 134,281 136,573 76,401 77,892 79,565 80,990 82,972 59.5 59.8 60.2 60.3 60.8 73,034 75,017 76,590 78,173 80,140 56.9 57.6 58.0 58.2 58.7 1,946 2,122 2,218 2,253 2,238 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 4,361 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 66,726 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,296 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 4.4 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 52,058 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 139,203 142,189 145,939 148,870 151,841 84,889 86,355 88,847 91,203 93,670 61.0 60.7 60.9 61.3 61.7 80,796 81,340 83,966 86,838 88,515 58.0 57.2 57.5 58.3 58.3 2,118 1,973 1,813 1,774 1,721 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,515 75,215 75,972 78,669 81,594 83,279 4,093 5,016 4,882 4,355 5,156 4.8 5.8 5.5 4.8 5.5 54,315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 154,831 157,818 160,689 153,541 166,460 95,453 97,826 100,665 103,882 106,559 61.6 62.0 62.6 63.5 64.0 87,524 90,420 93,673 97,679 100,421 56.5 57.3 58.3 59.7 60.3 1,678 1,668 1,656 1,631 1,597 85,845 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 3,408 3,331 3,283 3,387 3,347 82,438 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 8.3 7.6 6.9 6.0 5.8 59,377 59,991 60,025 59,659 59,900 1980 1981 1982 1983 ................ ................ ................ ................ 169,349 171,775 173,939 175,891 108,544 110,315 111,872 113,226 64.1 65.2 64.3 64.4 100,907 102,042 101,194 102,510 59.6 59.4 58.2 58.3 1,604 1,645 1,668 1,676 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 3,364 3,368 3,401 3,383 95,938 97,030 96,125 97,450 7,637 8,273 10,578 10,717 7.0 7.5 9.5 9.5 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted [Num bers in thousands] A n n u al a v e ra g e 1982 1982 D ec. 1983 E m p lo y m e n t s t a tu s a n d s e x 1983 Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. TO TAL N oninstitutional population1’ 2 ......................... Labor force2 .................................................. Participation rate3 ............................ Total employed2 Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 ...................... Civilian e m p lo y e d ................................... Agriculture ......................................... Nonagricultural in d u s trie s ................ U n e m p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate5 ......................... Not in labor force ......................................... 173,939 111,872 64.3 101,194 58.2 1,668 99,526 3,401 96,125 10,678 9.5 62,067 175,891 113,226 64.4 102,510 58.3 1,676 100,834 3,383 97,450 10,717 9.5 62,665 174,864 112,538 64.4 100,644 57.6 1,665 98,979 3,429 95,550 11,894 10.6 62,326 175,021 112,344 64.2 100,821 57.6 1,667 99,154 3,420 95,734 11,523 10.3 62,677 175,169 112,352 64.1 100,836 57.6 1,664 99,172 3,415 95,757 11,516 10.2 62,817 175,320 112,399 64.1 100,980 57.6 1,664 99,316 3,386 95,930 11,419 10.2 62,921 175,465 112,646 64.2 101,277 57.7 1,671 99,606 3,392 96,214 11,369 10.1 62,819 175,622 112,619 64:1 101,431 57.8 1,669 99,762 3,374 96,388 11,188 9.9 63,003 175,793 113,573 64.6 102,411 58.3 1,668 100,743 3,479 97,264 11,162 9.8 62,220 175,970 113,489 64.5 102,889 58.5 1,664 101,225 3,499 97,726 10,600 9.3 62,481 176,122 113,799 64.6 103,166 58.6 1,682 101,484 3,449 98,035 10,633 9.3 62,323 176,297 113,924 64.6 103,571 58.7 1,695 101,876 3,308 98,568 10,353 9.1 62,373 176,474 113,561 64.3 103,665 58.7 1,695 101,970 3,240 98,730 9,896 8.7 62,913 176,636 113,720 64.4 104,291 59 0 1,685 102,606 3,257 99,349 9,429 8.3 62,916 176,809 113,824 64.4 104,629 59.2 83,052 63,979 77.0 57,800 69.6 1,527 56,271 6,179 9.7 84,064 64,580 76.8 58,320 69.4 1,533 56,787 6,260 9.7 83,581 64,263 76.9 57,294 68.5 1,529 55,765 6,969 10.8 83,652 64,017 76.5 57,334 68.5 1,531 55,803 6,683 10.4 83,720 64,077 76.5 57,321 68.5 1,528 55,793 6,756 10.5 83,789 64,096 76.5 57,423 68.5 1,528 55,895 6,673 10.4 83,856 64,311 76.7 57,589 68.7 1,530 56,059 6,722 10.5 83,931 64,348 76.7 57,744 68.8 1,528 56,216 6,604 10.3 84,014 64,778 77.1 58,369 69.5 1,525 56,844 6,409 9.9 84,099 64,840 77.1 58,592 69.7 1,521 57,071 6,248 9.6 84,173 64,807 77.0 58,607 69.6 1.538 57,069 6,200 9.6 84,261 64,877 77.0 58,828 69.8 1,549 57,279 6,049 9.3 84,344 64,709 76.7 58,950 69.9 1,543 57,407 5,759 8.9 84,423 64,846 76.8 59,389 70.3 1,534 57,855 5,457 8.4 84,506 64,838 76.7 59,580 70.5 1,537 58,043 5,258 90,887 47,894 52.7 43,395 47.7 139 43,256 4,499 9.4 91,827 48,646 53.0 44,190 48.1 143 44,047 4,457. 9.2 91,283 48,275 52.9 43,350 47.5 136 43,214 4,925 10.2 91,369 48,327 52.9 43,487 47.6 136 43,351 4,840 10 0 91,449 48,275 52.8 43,515 47.6 136 43,379 4,760 9.9 91,532 48,303 52.8 43,557 47.6 136 43,421 4,746 9.8 91,609 48,335 52.8 43,688 47.7 141 43,547 4,647 9.6 91,691 48,271 52 6 43,687 47.6 141 43,546 4,584 9.5 91,779 48,795 53 2 44,042 48.0 143 43,899 4,753 9.7 91,871 48,649 53.0 44,297 48.2 143 44,154 4,352 8.9 91,949 48,992 53.3 44,559 48.5 144 44,415 4,433 9.0 92,036 49,047 53.3 44,743 48.6 146 44,597 4,304 8.8 92,129 48,852 53.0 44,715 48.5 152 44,563 4,137 8.5 92,214 48,874 53 0 44,902 48.7 151 44,751 3,972 8.1 92,302 48,986 53.1 45,049 48.8 151 44,898 3,937 1 ,6 8 8 102,941 3,356 99,585 9,195 8.1 62,985 M e n , 16 yea rs and o ver Noninstitutional population1-2 ......................... Labor force2 ................................................... Participation rate3 ............................ Total employed2 ......................................... Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 ...................... Civilian e m p lo ye d ................................... U nem p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate5 ......................... 8 .1 W o m e n , 16 yea rs an d o ver Noninstitutional population1' 2 ......................... Labor force2 ................................................... Participation rate3 ............................ Total employed2 ......................................... Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 ...................... Civilian e m p lo y e d ................................... U n e m p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate5 ......................... 'T h e population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. in c lu d e s members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. 3 Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Unem ploym ent as a percent of the labor force (including the resident Armed Forces). .. ... . , . . . . . . . . , „ , ____ NOTE: Monthly data have been revised based on the seasonal experience through December 1983. 8 .0 3. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A n n u al a verag e 1982 1983 D ec. 1983 E m p lo y m e n t s t a tu s 1982 Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. TO TAL Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor fo r c e ......................................... Participation r a t e ............................... Employed .................................................. Employment-population ratio2 . . . . U nem p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate ......................... Not In labor force ......................................... 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,034 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665 173,199 110,873 64.0 98,979 57.1 11,894 10.7 62,326 173,354 110,677 63.8 99,154 57.2 11,523 10.4 62,677 173,505 110,688 63.8 99,172 57.2 11,516 10.4 62,817 173,656 110,735 63.8 99,316 57.2 11,419 10.3 62,921 173,794 110,975 63.9 99,606 57.3 11,369 10.2 62,819 173,953 110,950 63.8 99,762 57.3 11,188 10.1 63,003 174,125 111,905 64.3 100,743 57.9 11,162 10.0 62,220 174,306 111,825 64.2 101,225 58.1 10,600 9.5 62,481 174,440 112,117 64.3 101,484 58.2 10,633 9.5 62,323 174,602 112,229 64.3 101,876 58.3 10,353 9.2 62,373 174,779 111,866 64.0 101,970 58.3 9.896 8.8 62,913 174.951 112,035 64.0 102,606 58.6 9,429 8.4 62,916 175,121 112,136 64.0 102,941 58.8 9,195 8.2 62,985 73,644 57,980 78.7 52,891 71.8 2,422 50,469 5,089 8.8 74,872 58,744 78.5 53,4897 71.4 2,429 51,058 5,257 8.9 74,236 58,319 78.6 52,483 70.7 2,419 50,064 5,836 10.0 74,339 58,131 78.2 52,508 70.6 2,436 50,072 5,623 9.7 74,434 58,225 78.2 52,508 70.5 2,402 50,106 5,717 9.8 74,528 58,268 78.2 52,673 70.7 2,425 50,248 5,595 9.6 74,611 58,512 78.4 52,830 70.8 2,421 50,409 5,682 9.7 74,712 58,546 78.4 52,963 70.9 2,440 50,523 5,583 9.5 74,814 58,844 78.7 53,492 71.5 2,497 50,995 5,352 9.1 74,927 58,982 78.7 53,765 71.8 2,521 51,244 5,217 8.8 75,012 58,954 78.6 53,804 71.7 2.475 51,329 5,150 8.7 75,115 59,012 78.6 53,947 71.8 2,431 51,516 5,065 8.6 75,216 58,949 78.4 54,140 72.0 2,376 51,764 4,809 8.2 75,327 59,053 78.4 54,457 72.3 2,336 52,121 4.596 7.8 75,433 59,050 78.3 54,658 72.5 2,374 52,284 4,392 7.4 82,864 43,699 52.7 40,086 48,4 601 39,485 3,613 8.3 84,069 44,636 53.1 41,004 48.8 620 40,384 3,632 8.1 83,383 44,188 53.0 40,162 48.2 610 39,552 4,026 9.1 83,490 44,234 53.0 40,255 48.2 617 39,638 3,979 9.0 83,593 44,248 52.9 40,315 48.2 640 39,675 3,933 8.9 83,699 44,259 52.9 40,368 48.2 632 39,736 3,891 8.8 83,794 44,311 52.9 40,531 48.4 621 39,910 3,780 8.5 83,899 44,331 52.8 40,583 48.4 605 39,978 3,748 8.5 84,008 44,684 53.2 40,847 48.6 634 40,213 3,837 8.6 84,122 44,647 53.1 41,123 48.9 613 40,510 3,524 7.9 84,224 44,896 53.3 41.298 49.0 627 40,671 3,598 8.0 84,333 45,062 53.4 41,550 49.3 581 40,969 3,512 7.8 84,443 44,936 53.2 41,570 49.2 597 40,973 3,366 7.5 84,553 44.953 53.2 41,738 49.4 638 41,100 3,215 7.2 84,666 45,024 53.2 41,843 49.4 653 41,190 3,183 7.1 15,763 8,526 54.1 6,549 41.5 378 6,171 1,977 23.2 15,274 8,171 53.5 6,342 41.5 334 6,008 1,829 22.4 15,580 8,366 53.7 6,334 40.7 400 5,934 2,032 24.3 15,525 8,312 53.5 6,391 41.2 367 6,024 1,921 23.1 15,478 8,215 53.1 6,349 41.0 373 5,976 1,866 22.7 15,429 8,208 53.2 6,275 40.7 329 5,946 1,933 23.6 15,389 8,152 53.0 6,245 40.6 350 5,895 1,907 23.4 15,342 8,073 52.6 6,216 40.5 329 5.887 1,857 23.0 15,303 8,377 54.7 6,404 41.8 348 6,056 1,973 23.6 15,257 8,196 53.7 6,337 41.5 365 5.972 1,859 22.7 15,204 8,267 54.4 6,382 42.0 347 6.035 1,885 22.8 15,154 8,155 53.8 6.379 42.1 296 6,083 1.776 21.8 15.120 7,981 52.8 6,260 41.4 267 5.993 1.721 21.6 15,072 8.029 53.3 6.411 42.5 283 6,128 1.618 20.2 15.022 8,062 53.7 6.440 42.9 329 6,111 1,622 20.1 149,441 96,143 64.3 87,903 58.8 8,241 8.6 150,805 97,021 64.3 88,893 58.9 8,128 8.4 150,056 96,613 64.4 87,292 58.2 9,321 9.6 150,129 96,287 64.1 87,481 58.3 8,806 9.1 150,187 96,238 64.1 87,367 58.2 8,871 9.2 150,382 96,265 64.0 87,530 58.2 8,735 9.1 150,518 96,450 64.1 87,854 58.4 8,596 8.9 150,671 96.472 64.0 88,004 58.4 8,468 8.8 150,810 97,235 64.5 88,836 58.9 8.399 8.6 150,959 97,255 64.4 89,260 59.1 7,995 8.2 151,003 97,498 64.6 89,503 59.3 7,995 8.2 151,021 97,507 64.6 89,693 59.4 7,814 8.0 151,175 97,339 64.4 89,851 59.4 7,488 7.7 151.324 97,559 64.5 90,430 59 8 7.129 7.3 151,484 97,724 64.5 90,779 59.9 6,945 7.1 18,584 11,331 61.0 9,189 49.4 2,142 18.9 18,925 11,647 61.5 9,375 49.5 2,272 19.5 18,740 11,547 61.6 9,128 48.7 2,419 20.0 18,768 11,544 61.5 9,158 48.8 2,386 20.7 18,796 11,561 61.5 9,272 49.3 2,289 19.8 18,823 11,573 61.5 9,249 49.1 2,324 20.1 18,851 11,651 61.8 9,245 49.0 2,406 20.7 18,880 11,645 61.7 9,277 49,1 2,368 20.3 18,911 11,718 62.0 9,339 49.4 2,379 20.3 18,942 11,741 62.0 9,443 49.9 2,298 19 6 18,966 11,724 61.8 9,408 49.6 2,316 19.8 18.994 11.720 61.7 9,504 50 0 2,216 18.9 19,026 11,565 60.8 9,449 49.7 2,116 18.3 19,057 11,623 61.0 9,563 50.2 2,060 17.7 19,086 11,650 .61.0 9,582 50.2 2,068 17.8 9,400 5,983 63.6 5,158 54.9 825 13.8 12,771 8,119 63.6 6,995 54.8 1,124 13.8 9,301 5,938 63.8 5,016 53.9 922 15.5 9,328 5,986 64.2 5,063 54.3 923 15.4 9,368 6,001 64.1 5,071 54.1 930 15.5 9,551 6,070 63.6 5,114 53.5 956 15.7 9,665 6,161 63.7 5,259 54.4 902 14.6 9,747 6,139 63.0 5,284 54.2 855 13.9 9,738 6,202 63.7 5,336 54.8 866 14.0 9,640 6,090 63 2 5,339 55.4 751 12.3 9,690 6,145 63.4 5,350 55.2 795 12.9 9,700 6,202 63.9 5,392 55.6 810 13.1 9,745 6,165 63.3 5,398 55.4 767 12.4 9,677 6,232 64.4 5,463 56.5 769 12.3 9,735 6,267 64.4 5,540 56.9 727 11.6 M e n , 2 0 y e a rs and o ver Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor fo r c e ......................................... Participation r a t e ............................... Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . A griculture............................................ Nonagricultural industries ................... U n e m p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate ......................... W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs and o ver Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor fo r c e ......................................... Participation r a t e ............................... Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . A griculture............................................... Nonagricultural industries ................... U n e m p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate ......................... B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor f o r c e ......................................... Participation r a t e ............................... Employed ............................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . A gricu lture............................................... Nonagricultural industries ................... U n e m ployed............................................... Unemployment rate ......................... W h it e Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor f o r c e ......................................... Participation r a te ................................ Employed ................................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . U n e m p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate ................ B la c k Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor f o r c e ......................................... Participation r a te ................................ Employed ................................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . U nem p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate ......................... H is p a n ic o r ig in Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor f o r c e ......................................... Participation r a te ................................ Employed .................................................. Employment-population ratio2 . . . . U n e m p lo ye d ............................................... Unemployment rate ......................... 1The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. ^Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hlspanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Monthly data have been revised based on the seasonal experience through December 1983. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] A nnu al a verag e 1982 1982 1983 D ec. 1983 99,526 56,271 43,256 38,074 24,053 5,099 100,834 56,787 44,047 37,967 24,603 5,091 98,979 55,765 43,214 37,492 24,129 4,985 99,154 55,803 43,351 37,498 24,182 5,029 99,172 55,793 43,379 37,491 24,129 5,016 99,316 55,895 43,421 37,545 24,220 5,093 99,606 56,059 43,547 37,602 24,361 4,969 Agriculture: Wage and salary w o r k e r s ................................... Self-employed workers ...................................... Unpaid family w o rk e rs ......................................... 1,505 1,636 261 1,579 1,565 240 1,567 1,609 224 1,616 1,589 231 1,617 1,562 230 1,558 1,584 265 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary w o r k e r s .................................. G overnm ent.................................................. Private in d u s trie s ......................................... Private households ............................ Other ..................................................... Self-employed workers ...................................... Unpaid family w o rk e rs ......................................... 88.462 15,562 72,945 1,207 71,738 7,262 401 89,500 15,537 73,963 1,247 72,716 7,575 376 87,827 15,486 72,341 1,181 71,160 7,355 373 87,865 15,428 72.437 1,180 71,257 7,440 374 87,916 15,510 72,406 1,222 71,184 7,403 354 90,552 72,245 5,852 2,169 3,683 12,455 92,038 73,624 5,997 1,826 4,171 12,417 90,064 71,470 6,367 2,103 4,264 12,227 90,726 71,764 6,678 2,138 4,540 12,284 90,276 71,703 6,362 2,059 4,303 12,211 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. 99,762 56,216 43,546 37,616 24,304 4,991 100,743 56,844 43,899 37,911 24,416 5,029 101,225 57,071 44,154 38,254 24,618 5,071 101,484 57,069 44,415 38,281 24,905 5,096 101,876 57,279 44,597 38,232 24,921 5,124 101,970 57,407 44,563 38,240 24,953 5,172 102,606 57,855 44,751 38,388 25,057 5,236 102,941 58,043 44,898 38,494 25,140 5,254 1,578 1,595 219 1,588 1,558 233 1,624 1,591 252 1,631 1,573 251 1,628 1,564 240 1,572 1,515 236 1.505 1,527 227 1,481 1,556 224 1,512 1,572 265 88,078 15,479 72,599 1,234 71.365 7,456 344 88,390 15,524 72,866 1,221 71,645 7,504 354 88,584 15,530 73,054 1,238 71,816 7,448 345 89,345 15,514 73,831 1,295 72,536 7,510 352 89,687 15,593 74,094 1,276 72,818 7,595 322 90,032 15,671 74,361 1,270 73,091 7,641 375 90,743 15,560 75,183 1,279 73,904 7,656 380 90,617 15,578 75,039 1,278 73,761 7,695 405 91,094 15,585 75,509 1,216 74,293 7,800 474 91,422 15,481 75,941 1,241 74,700 7,734 450 90.450 72.035 6,169 1,934 4,235 12,246 92,233 73,567 6,077 1,888 4,189 12,589 91,070 72,949 5,965 ■1,748 4,217 12,156 90,913 73,071 5,886 1,777 4,109 11,956 92,126 73,844 5,700 1,781 3,919 12,582 91,953 73,499 5,866 1,742 4,124 12,588 93,322 74,666 6,027 1,771 4,256 12,629 93,273 75,047 5,724 1.617 4,107 12,502 93.834 75,398 5,848 1,719 4,129 12,588 94,173 75,802 5,712 1,672 4,040 12,659 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Civilian employed, 16 years and over ...................... M e n ......................................................................... W o m e n .................................................................. Married men, spouse p re s e n t............................ Married women, spouse p re s e n t...................... Women who maintain families ......................... M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C U S S O F W O R K E R PERSONS AT W O R K 1 Nonagricultural in d u s trie s ............................................ Full-time schedules ............................................ Part time for economic reasons......................... Usually work full time ............................... Usually work part t im e ................................ Part time for noneconomic reasons................... 1 Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 5. NOTE: Monthly data have been revised based on the seasonal experience through December 1983. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted [Unem ploym ent rates] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1982 1982 D ec. 1983 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s 1983 Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Total, all civilian w o rk e rs ............................................ 9.7 9.6 10.7 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.5 9.5 9.2 88 8.4 8.2 Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a r s ............................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ...................................... Women, 20 years and o v e r ............................... 23.2 8.8 8.3 22.4 8.9 8.1 24.3 10.0 9.1 23.1 9.7 9.0 22 7 9.8 8.9 23.6 9.6 8.8 23.4 9.7 8.5 23 0 9.5 8.5 23 6 9.1 8.6 22.7 8.8 7.9 22.8 8.7 8.0 21.8 8.6 7.8 21.6 8.2 7.5 20 2 7.8 7.2 20.1 7.4 7.1 White, t o ta l............................................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ...................... Men, 16 to 19 years ......................... Women, 16 to 19 years ................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ............................ Women, 20 years and over ...................... 8.6 20.4 21.7 19.0 7.8 7.3 8.4 19.3 20.2 18.3 7.9 6.9 9.6 21.6 22.8 20.4 9.1 8.1 9.1 20.3 21.5 19.0 8.5 7.9 9.2 20.1 21.4 18.7 8.8 7.7 9.1 21.1 22 6 19.6 8.5 7.5 8.9 20.3 21.4 19.1 8.5 7.3 8.8 19.9 20.4 19.4 8.4 7.2 8.6 20.1 20.4 19.7 7.9 7.4 8.2 19.4 20.3 18.4 7.7 6.8 8.2 19.5 20.7 18.2 7.7 6.7 8.0 18.2 18.9 17.4 7.7 6.6 7.7 18.5 19.8 16.9 7.3 6.3 7.3 17.2 17.6 16.6 6.9 6.0 7.1 17.0 17.5 16.5 6.7 5.9 Black, t o t a l............................................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ...................... Men, 16 to 19 years ......................... Women, 16 to 19 years ................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ............................ Women, 20 years and over ...................... 18 9 48.0 48.9 47.1 17.8 15.4 19.5 48.5 48.8 48.2 18.1 16.5 20.9 49.1 52.1 45.8 20.7 16.7 20.7 47.0 48.0 45.7 19.9 17.4 19.8 46.5 47.2 45.7 18.8 16.9 20.1 45.1 46.5 43.5 19.1 17.4 20.7 49.1 48.6 49.6 20.0 16.9 20.3 48.4 52.1 44.1 19.5 17.0 20.3 49.8 50.7 48.7 18.9 16.9 19.6 48.4 48.3 48.4 18.6 16.2 19.8 51.4 53.7 48.8 18.2 16.4 18.9 51.1 52.7 49.2 16.9 16.1 18.3 48.7 45.6 52.2 16.3 15.9 17.7 47.3 44.9 50 0 15.6 15.6 17.8 49.0 46.4 51.9 15.1 15.9 Hispanic origin, total ............................................ 13.8 13.8 15.5 15.4 15.5 15.7 14.6 13.9 14.0 12.3 12.9 13.1 12.4 12.3 11.6 Married men, spouse p re s e n t............................ Married women, spouse present ...................... Women who maintain families ......................... 6.5 7.4 11.7 6.5 7.0 12.2 7.5 8.1 13.3 7.2 7.8 13.2 7.2 7.6 13.2 7.1 7.5 13.3 7.1 7.4 13.0 7.0 7.4 12.7 6.7 7.6 12.5 6.2 7.0 11.8 6.3 6.9 11.8 6.1 6.8 12.0 5.7 6.3 11.4 5.5 6.0 10.5 5.2 6.1 10 9 Full-time w o rke rs.................................................. Part-time workers ............................................... Unemployed 15 weeks and over ...................... Labor force time lost1 ......................................... 9.6 10.5 3.2 11.0 9.5 10.4 3.8 10.9 10.7 11.1 4.2 12.2 10.3 10.7 4.2 11.7 10.4 10.1 4.2 11.9 10.2 10.6 4.1 11.7 10.2 10.5 4.0 11.5 10.0 10 9 4.1 11.5 9.7 11.8 4.0 11.1 9.4 10.2 3.9 10.7 9.3 10.2 3.6 10.7 9.1 10.1 3.5 10.5 8.7 10 0 3.3 10.0 8.2 9.8 3.1 9.7 8.0 9.8 3.0 9.4 10.1 13.4 20.0 12.3 13.3 10.8 6.8 10.0 6.9 4.9 14.7 9.9 17.0 18.4 11.2 12.1 10.0 7.4 10.0 7.2 5.3 16.0 11.5 18.2 21.6 14.2 16.1 11.4 8.0 11.1 8.0 5.3 16.3 10.9 17.6 20.2 13.1 14.7 10.8 7.8 10.8 7.6 5.6 15.7 10.8 .19.1 19.9 13.1 14.5 11.0 8.0 10.9 7.4 5.8 16.3 10.7 19.2 20.2 12.8 14.3 10.8 7.6 10.9 7.3 5.7 15.9 10.5 20.3 20.0 12.5 13.7 10.8 7.7 10.4 7.3 5.8 16.8 10 4 20.8 20.0 12.3 13.5 10.6 7.3 10.2 7.5 5.6 16.8 10.1 17.9 18.4 11.6 12.5 10.2 7.8 10.2 7.2 5.1 16.5 9.7 16 6 18.0 10.7 11.4 9.7 7.3 9.8 7.3 5.4 15.0 9.8 14.9 17.9 11.2 11.7 10.5 7.7 9.8 7.2 5.1 15.1 9.4 16.9 18.1 10.2 10.9 9.3 7.4 9.5 7.0 5.0 16.5 9.0 12.1 15.8 9.6 10.2 8.7 7.2 9.8 6.9 5.1 16.2 8.6 12.8 15.6 8.9 9.0 8.7 6.7 9.1 6.7 4.9 15.7 8.3 12.4 16.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 6.5 8.8 6.6 5.0. 15.6 IN D U S T R Y Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers . . Mining .................................................................. Construction ........................................................ Manufacturing ..................................................... Durable goods ............................................ Nondurable goods ...................................... Transportation and public u tilitie s ...................... Wholesale and retail tra d e ................................... Finance and service industries ......................... Government workers .................................................. Agricultural wage and salary workers ...................... 1 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Monthly data have been revised based on the seasonal experience through December 1983. 6. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers) A nnu al a verag e 1982 1982 1983 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June 1983 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Total, 16 years and over ............................................ 16 to 24 years ......................................................... 16 to 19 y e a r s ...................................................... 16 to 17 y e a rs .................................................. 18 to 19 y e a rs ................................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................................... 25 years and over ................................................... 25 to 54 years ................................................... 55 years and over ............................................ 9.7 17.8 23.2 24.9 22.1 14.9 7.4 7.9 5.0 9.6 17.2 22.4 24.5 21.1 14.5 7.5 8.0 5.3 10.7 18.9 24.3 27.5 22.7 16.1 8.4 9.0 5.7 10.4 18.4 23.1 24.5 22.0 16.0 8.1 8.7 5.4 10.4 18.3 22.7 24.0 21.8 16.1 8.2 8.7 5.4 10.3 18.2 23.6 25.4 22.6 15.4 8.1 8.7 5.4 10 2 18.1 23.4 25.8 21.9 15.4 8.0 8.5 5.5 10.1 18.0 23.0 25.6 21.3 15.5 7.9 8.5 5.3 10.0 17.6 23 6 25 6 22.3 14.5 7.9 8.3 5.5 9.5 16.8 22.7 25.1 20.8 13.9 7.4 7.9 5.3 9.5 17.2 22.8 24.8 21.6 14.4 7.3 7.8 5.1 9.2 16.5 21.8 24.0 20.5 13.8 7.2 7.7 5.2 8.8 16.3 21.6 24.0 20.3 13.6 6.8 7.2 5.0 8.4 15.4 20.2 21.9 19.3 13.0 6.5 6.9 4.9 8.2 14.9 20.1 22 9 18.8 12.2 6.4 6.8 4.9 Men, 16 years and o v e r ...................................... 16 to 24 y e a rs ................................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................ 16 to 17 y e a r s ......................................... 18 to 19 y e a r s ......................................... 20 to 24 years ............................................ 25 years and over ............................................ 25 to 54 y e a r s ......................................... 55 years and over ................................... 9.9 19.1 24.4 26.4 23.1 16.4 7.5 8.0 5.1 9.9 18.4 23.3 25.2 22.2 15 9 7.8 8.2 5.6 11.1 20.5 25.7 28.7 24.2 17.9 8.7 9.2 6.2 10.7 19.8 24.3 24.8 23.7 17.6 8.3 8.8 5.8 10.8 19.8 24.0 24.4 23.5 17.6 8.5 9.0 5.8 10.7 19,4 25.1 26.3 24.4 16.6 8.4 9.0 5.8 10.7 19.5 24.4 26.9 22 9 17.0 8.4 8.9 6.1 10.5 19.5 23.9 26.7 22.3 17.3 8.2 8.8 5.8 10.1 18.6 24.0 26 0 22.8 15.9 7.9 8.4 5.5 9.9 18.4 23 8 27.3 21.2 15.8 7.6 8.1 5.5 9.8 18.6 24.3 26.0 23.2 15.7 7.5 8.0 5.4 9.6 17.6 22.8 23.9 22.2 15.0 7.5 8.0 5.6 9.1 17.3 22.5 24.3 21.6 14.7 7.0 7.4 5.4 8.6 15.9 20.2 22.0 19.6 13.8 6.8 7.1 5.4 8.3 15.6 20.4 23.3 18.9 13.3 6.5 6.7 5.4 Women, 16 years and o v e r ................................ 16 to 24 y e a rs ................................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................ 16 to 17 y e a r s ......................................... 18 to 19 y e a r s ......................................... 20 to 24 years ............................................ 25 years and over ............................................ 25 to 54 y e a r s ......................................... 55 years and over ................................... 9.4 16.2 21.9 23.2 21.0 13.2 7.3 7.7 4.8 9.2 15.8 21.3 23.7 19.9 12.9 7.2 7.7 4.7 10.2 17.1 22.8 26.1 21.2 14.1 8.1 8.8 5.1 10.0 16.8 21.8 24.1 20.1 14.2 8.0 8.6 4.9 9.9 16.7 21.3 23.6 19.9 14.3 7.8 8.3 4.9 9.9 16.8 21.9 24.4 20.6 14.1 7.7 8.3 4.8 9.6 16.6 22.3 24.7 20.7 13.6 7.5 8.0 4.6 9.5 16.3 22.0 24.4 20.2 13.4 7.5 8.1 4.7 9.8 16.4 23.1 25.2 21.7 12.9 7.8 8.1 5.5 9.0 15.0 21.5 22.6 20.5 11.7 7.1 7.6 5.1 9.1 15.7 21.1 23.4 19.9 12.8 7.0 7.5 4.7 8.8 15.2 20.6 24.0 18.5 12.5 6.9 7.3 4.5 8.5 15.1 20.5 23 6 18.8 12.3 6.5 7.0 4.4 8.2 14.7 20.1 21.8 19.0 12.0 6.2 6.6 4.1 8.1 14.0 19.8 22 5 18.7 11.0 6.3 6.8 4.3 S ex and age 7. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A n n u al a v e ra g e 1982 1982 1983 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec 6,258 2,127 4,141 840 2,384 1,185 6,258 1,780 4,478 830 2,412 1,216 7,114 2,335 4,779 826 2,684 1,282 6,810 2,151 4,659 826 2,557 1,199 6,864 2,084 4,780 830 2,505 1,188 6,848 2,005 4,843 888 2,460 1,182 6,767 1,979 4,788 816 2,491 1,251 6,753 1,958 4,795 808 2,404 1,246 6,525 1,841 4,684 799 2,436 1,412 6,235 1,735 4,500 752 2,415 1,229 6,133 1,660 4,473 799 2,479 1,214 5,938 1,562 4,376 858 2,362 1,234 5,601 1,392 4,209 866 2,322 1,127 5,226 1,321 3,905 868 2,250 1,154 5,017 1,283 3,734 855 2,246 1,150 100.0 58.7 19.9 38.8 7.9 22.3 11.1 100.0 58.4 16.6 41.8 7.7 22.5 11.3 100.0 59.8 19.6 40.1 6.9 22.5 10.8 100.0 59.8 18.9 40.9 7.3 22.4 10.5 100.0 60.3 18.3 42.0 7.3 22.0 10.4 100.0 60.2 17.6 42.6 7.8 21.6 10.4 100 0 59 8 17.5 42.3 7.2 22.0 11.0 100.0 60 2 17.5 42.8 7.2 21.4 11.1 100.0 58.4 16.5 41.9 7.2 21.8 12.6 100.0 58.6 16.3 42.3 7.1 22.7 11.6 100.0 57.7 15.6 42.1 7.5 23.3 11.4 100 0 57.1 15.0 42.1 8.3 22.7 11.9 100.0 56 5 14.0 42.4 8.7 23.4 11.4 100.0 55.0 13.9 41.1 9.1 23.7 12.1 100.0 54.1 13.8 40.3 9.2 24.2 12.4 5.7 8 2.2 1.1 5.6 .7 2.2 1.1 6.4 .7 2.4 1.2 6.2 .7 2.3 1.1 6.2 .7 2.3 1.1 6.2 .8 2.2 1.1 6.1 .7 2.2 1.1 6.1 .7 2.2 1.1 5.8 .7 2.2 1.3 5.6 .7 2.2 1.1 5.5 .7 2.2 1.1 5.3 .8 2.1 1.1 5.0 8 2.1 1.0 4.7 .8 2.0 1.0 4.5 .8 2.0 1.0 1983 R e a s o n l o r u n e m p lo y m e n t Job lo s e r s ..................................................................... On layoff ............................................................... Other job losers .................................................. Job leave rs..................................................................... R ee n tra n ts..................................................................... New en tra n ts.................................................................. P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N Total u n e m p lo ye d ......................................................... Job lo s e r s ..................................................................... On layoff ............................................................... Other job losers ................................................... Job leave rs..................................................................... R ee n tra n ts...................................................................... New en tra n ts .................................................................. PERCENT OF C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E Job losers ..................................................................... Job leave rs..................................................................... R ee n tra n ts..................................................................... New e n tra n ts.................................................................. 8. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A nnu al a verag e 1982 1982 1983 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. 3,883 3,311 3,485 1,708 1,776 15.6 8.7 3,570 2,937 4,210 1,652 2,559 20.0 10.1 3,898 3,419 4,660 2,077 2,583 18.4 10.4 3,600 3,331 4,623 1,954 2,669 19.4 11.3 3,732 3,169 4,613 1,928 2,685 19.1 9.8 3,535 3,173 4,587 1,861 2,726 19.2 10.4 3,595 3,139 4,396 1,691 2,705 19.2 10.8 3,568 3,012 4,510 1,774 2,736 20.2 11.9 3,630 2,950 4,486 1,593 2,893 21.4 10.8 3,529 2,841 4,398 1,794 2,604 21.3 10.1 3,633 2,951 4,078 1,597 2,481 19.9 9.4 3,740 2,784 3,889 1,383 2,506 20.2 9.4 3,504 2,725 3,655 1,372 2,283 20.1 9.5 3,328 2,616 3,527 1,337 2,190 20.2 3,382 2,504 3,369 1,284 2,085 19.6 9.0 1983 W e e k s o l u n e m p lo y m e n t Less than 5 w eeks......................................................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ............................................................... 15 weeks and over ...................................................... 15 to 26 w eeks...................................................... 27 weeks and over ............................................... Mean duration In w e e k s ............................................... Median duration in w e e k s ............................................ NOTE: 9 .4 Monthly data have been revised based on the seasonal experience through December 1983. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are com piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by 189,000 establishments representing all industries except ag riculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Selfemployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment sur veys. Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects o f changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May 1983 issue, represents the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employ ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an eco nomic indicator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called “ benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1983 data, published in the July 1983 issue of the R eview . Con sequently, data published in the R eview prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1981; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1978. Unadjusted data from April 1982 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1979 forward are subject to revision in future bench marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplem ent to E m ploym ent and E arnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1983 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1983) and in E m ploym ent an d Earnings, U n ited S tates, 1 909—78, BLS Bulletin 1312—11 (for prior periods). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthlv L a b o r R eview , December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also BLS H andbook o f M eth ods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 9. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-82 [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g G o o d s -p r o d u c in g T ra n s p o rT o ta l Year P r iv a te s e c to r T o ta l M in in g C o n s tr u c M a n u fa c tio n tu rin g W h o le s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e t a tio n T o ta l W h o le and p u b lic T o ta l s a le tra d e u t ilit ie s R e t a il G o v e rn m e n t F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l tra d e e s t a te S e r v ic e s T o ta l F e d e ra l S t a te a n d lo c a l 1950 ................................... 1955 ................................... I9 6 0 1 ............................... 1964 ................................... 1965 ................................... 45,197 50,641 54,189 58,283 60,765 39,170 43,727 45,836 48,686 50,589 18,506 20,513 20,434 21,005 21,926 901 792 712 634 632 2,364 2,839 2,926 3,097 3,232 15,241 16,882 16,796 17,274 18,062 26,691 30,128 33,755 37,278 38,839 4,034 4,141 4,004 3,951 4,036 9,386 10,535 11,391 12,160 12,716 2,635 2,926 3,143 3,337 3,466 6,751 7,610 8,248 8,823 9,250 1,888 2,298 2,629 2,911 2,977 5,357' 6,240 7,378 8,660 9,036 6,026 6,914 8,353 9,596 10,074 1,928 2,187 2,270 2,348 2,378 4,098 4,727 6,083 7,248 7,696 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 53,116 54,413 56,058 58,189 58,325 23,158 23,308 23,737 24,361 23,578 627 613 606 619 623 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 40,743 42,495 44,160 46,023 47,302 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 13,245 13,606 14,099 14,706 15,040 3,597 3,689 3,779 3,907 3,993 9,648 9,917 10,320 10,798 11,047 3,058 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 9,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 11,548 10,784 11,391 11,839 12,195 12,554 2,564 2,719 2,737 2,758 2,731 8,220 8,672 9,102 9,437 9,823 1 9 7 1 ................................... 1972 ................................... 1973 ................................... 1974 ................................... 1975 ................................... 71,214 73,675 76,790 78,265 76,945 58,331 60,341 63,058 64,095 62,259 22,935 23,668 24,893 24,794 22,600 609 628 642 697 752 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 48,278 50,007 51,897 53,471 54,345 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 15,352 15,949 16,607 16,987 17,060 4,001 4,113 4,277 4,433 4,415 11,351 11,836 12,329 12,554 12,645 3,772 3,908 4,045 4,148 4,165 11,797 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 12,881 13,334 13,732 14,170 14,686 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 10,185 10,649 11,068 11,446 11,937 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,823 90,406 64,511 67,344 71,026 73,876 74,166 • 23,352 24,346 25,585 26,461 25,658 779 813 851 958 1,027 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,463 4,346 18,997 19,582 20,505 21,040 20,285 56,030 58,125 61,113 63,363 64,748 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,146 17,755 18,516 19,542 20,192 20,310 4,546 4,708 4,969 5,204 5,275 13,209 13,808 14,573 14,989 15,035 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,180 14,551 15,303 16,252 17,112 17,890 14,871 15,127 15,672 15,947 16,241 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 12,138 12,399 12.919 13.147 13.375 1 9 8 1 ................................... 1982 ................................... 91,156 89,596 75,126 73,793 25,497 23,907 1,139 1,143 4,188 3,911 20,170 18,853 65,659 65,689 5,165 5,081 20,547 20,401 5,358 5,280 15,189 15,122 5,298 5,340 18,619 19.064 16,031 15,803 2,772 2,739 13.259 13,064 1 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 10. E m p lo y m e n t b y S ta te [N onagricultural payroll data, in thousands] S t a te N ovem ber 1982 O c to b e r 1 9 8 3 N o v. 1983P S ta te N ovem ber 1982 O c to b e r 1 9 8 3 N ov. 1983P A lab am a............................................................ A la s k a ............................................................... Ar.zona ............................................................ Arkansas ......................................................... California ......................................................... 1,312.3 198.2 1,039.5 720.8 9,801.8 1,322.5 216.5 1,067.6 752.4 10,047.8 1,323.4 209.7 1,076.9 752.2 10,066.0 M ontana........................................................... Nebraska ........................................................ Nevada ........................................................... New Ham pshire............................................... New J e r s e y ..................................................... 273.8 603.3 407.0 391.9 3,094.0 276.3 605.9 425.2 400.8 3.135.8 276.0 605.4 424.2 400.5 3.146.7 Colorado ......................................................... C o n n e cticu t...................................................... Delaware ......................................................... District of Columbia ...................................... F lo rid a ............................................................... 1,316.4 1,436.1 258.2 592.7 3,793.7 1,350.3 1,449.7 264.6 594.2 3,916.5 1,352.1 1,457.7 265.6 596.3 3,962.9 New M e x ic o ..................................................... New Y o r k ......................................................... North Carolina ............................................... North D a k o ta .................................................. O h io .................................................................. 475.3 7,263.6 2,351.8 254.1 4,121.4 485.5 7,271.0 2,411.4 258.9 4,179.8 485.1 7,309.5 2,413.8 257.0 4,187.6 G e o rg ia ............................................................ H a w a ii............................................................... Idaho ............................................................... Illin o is ............................................................... Indiana ............................................................ 2,217.1 401.4 314.2 4,548.2 1,987.0 2,278.7 396.5 326.7 4,513.7 2,023.6 2,289.2 400.5 325.5 4,549.2 2,021.2 O kla hom a......................................................... Oregon ............................................................ Pennsylvania .................................................. Rhode Island .................................................. South Carolina ............................................... 1,215.7 957.6 4,515.4 394.2 1,160.9 1,207.0 971.7 4,531.0 398.8 1,182.1 1,205.8 966 4 4,535.9 401.8 1.180.7 Io w a .................................................................. 1,028.6 910.8 1,170.5 1,609.2 411.0 1,030.5 919.4 1,182.0 1,597.1 422.3 1,030.3 917.9 1,181.6 1,597.4 415.6 South D a k o ta .................................................. 231.0 1 673 1 6,215.2 564.1 202.8 237.9 1 713 2 6,211.7 570.5 209.1 235.6 1 7?n n 6,230 6 571.7 206.1 1,680.4 2,635.9 3,167.3 1,702.7 793.5 1,918.7 1,692.2 2,650.8 3,258.5 1,744,3 799.3 1,940.3 1,701.8 2,665.9 3,268.6 1,742.2 798 8 1,935.4 Virginia ............................................................ W ash ington..................................................... West V ir g in ia .................................................. W isco nsin........................................................ 2,139.3 1,568.6 600.5 1,867.0 215 5 2,186.4 1,606.1 593.9 1,883.5 217.5 2,190.8 1,598.3 595.5 1,895.4 215.3 Virgin Is la n d s .................................................. 35.8 34.7 35.5 Kentucky ......................................................... Louisiana ......................................................... M a in e ............................................................... Maryland ......................................................... Massachusetts ............................................... Michigan ......................................................... M inn esota......................................................... M is s o u ri............................................................ Texas ............................................................... U ta h .................................................................. V e rm o n t............................................................ p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 79 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [N onagricultural payroll data, In thousands] 1983 A n n u al a v e ra g e 1982 1981 1982 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v .P D e c .P 91,156 89,596 88,665 88,885 88,746 88,814 89,101 89,421 89,844 90,152 89,735 90,851 91,087 91,413 91,644 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p TO TAL P R IV A T E S E C T O R G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G 75,126 73,793 72,907 73,132 73,004 73,090 73,377 73,677 74,123 74,472 74,074 74,990 75,312 75,628 75,849 25,497 23,907 23,061 23,186 23,049 23,030 23,159 23,347 23,518 23,724 23,830 23,935 24,168 24,322 24,434 M i n i n g ......................................................................................................... 1,139 1,143 1,053 1,037 1,014 1,006 997 994 1,003 1,017 1,023 1,026 1,044 1,044 1,053 C o n s t r u c tio n 4,188 3,911 3,815 3,905 3,790 3,757 3,786 3,860 3,933 3,974 4,014 4,038 4,060 4,096 4,110 20.170 14,020 18,853 12,790 18,193 12,241 18,244 12,291 18,245 12,303 18,267 12,323 18,376 12,435 18,493 12,531 18,582 12,615 18,733 12,756 18,793 12,803 18,871 12,859 19,064 13,043 19,182 13,150 19,271 13,229 Production w o rk e rs ...................................... 12,109 8,294 11,100 7,350 10,559 6,892 10,594 6,931 10,608 6,949 10,617 6,961 10,689 7,035 10,788 7,115 10,844 7,169 10,961 7,278 11,022 7,329 11,081 7,378 11,235 7,522 11,326 7,600 11,394 7,661 Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ............................... Furniture and fixtures ......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal ind u strie s...................................... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ................................... 666 464 638 1,122 1,590 603 433 578 922 1,435 614 429 554 816 1,359 625 430 557 817 1,364 631 427 557 810 1,364 638 433 559 816 1,362 651 440 565 820 1,369 662 446 570 828 1,379 679 450 573 830 1,384 688 459 577 839 1,391 699 457 582 840 1,410 703 459 585 849 1,411 712 465 590 867 1,430 715 470 591 876 1,438 712 472 594 881 1,448 Machinery, except e le c tric a l............................... Electric and electronic equip m e n t...................... Transportation e q u ip m e n t................................... Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ...................... Miscellaneous m a n u fa ctu rin g ............................ 2,498 2,094 1,898 730 408 2,267 2,016 1,744 716 386 2,066 1,957 1,696 695 373 2,048 1,974 1,710 695 374 2,042 1,981 1,729 693 374 2,030 1,988 1,723 691 377 2,031 1,999 1,743 690 381 2,064 2,010 1,757 689 383 2,066 2,030 1,762 687 383 2,094 2,047 1,794 687 385 2,109 2,043 1,807 692 383 2,115 2,082 1,801 696 380 2,131 2,107 1,848 699 386 2,160 2,129 1,856 702 389 2,169 2,146 1,873 705 394 Production w o rke rs...................................... 8,061 5,727 7,753 5,440 7,634 5,349 7,650 5,360 7,637 5,354 7,650 5,362 7,687 5,400 7,705 5,416 7,738 5,446 7,772 5,478 7,771 5,474 7,790 5,481 7,829 5,521 7,856 5,550 7,877 5,568 Food and kindred products ............................... Tobacco m anufactures......................................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................ Apparel and other textile products ................... Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ................................... 1,671 70 823 1,244 689 1,638 68 750 1,164 662 1,626 69 727 1,140 653 1,626 69 726 1,150 653 1,620 67 726 1,148 652 1,619 67 730 1,143 652 1,633 66 733 1,149 654 1,632 66 736 1,153 656 1,643 65 745 1,159 657 1,638 65 746 1,180 658 1,627 62 752 1,175 659 1,630 63 753 1,177 662 1,628 64 759 1,191 665 1,635 61 759 1,200 666 1,638 58 761 1,211 668 Printing and publishing ...................................... Chemicals and allied p rod ucts............................ Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts ............................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products ............................ 1,266 1,109 214 737 238 1,269 1,079 201 701 221 1,263 1,059 199 685 213 1,266 1,057 200 688 215 1,265 1,056 199 691 214 1,269 1,056 199 699 216 1,274 1,058 199 707 214 1,276 1,058 198 716 214 1,281 1,056 198 721 213 1,284 1,059 197 732 213 1,289 1,056 195 739 217 1,290 1,060 195 742 218 1,297 1,061 193 753 218 1,301 1,061 193 762 218 1.302 1,062 192 769 216 M a n u f a c t u r in g Production w o rk e rs ...................................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s 65,659 65,689 65,604 65,699 65,697 65,784 65,942 66,074 66,326 66,428 65,905 66,916 66,919 67,091 67,210 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ........................................ 5,165 5,081 5,008 4,979 4,966 4,963 4,988 4,993 4,992 4,984 4,341 5,031 5,019 5,027 5,024 W h o le s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ......................................................... 20,547 20,401 20,256 20,355 20,343 20,350 20,329 20,356 20,494 20,529 20,580 20,612 20,666 20,705 20,732 5,358 5,280 5,192 5,185 5,181 5,176 5,180 5,197 5,222 5,229 5,249 5,274 5,287 5,289 5,304 15,189 15,122 15,064 15,170 15,162 15,174 15,149 15,159 15,272 15,300 15,331 15,338 15,379 15,416 15,428 ............................... 5,298 5,340 5,367 5,374 5,384 5,391 5,423 5,435 5,451 5,465 5,488 5,499 5,503 5,523 5,537 S e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................... 18,619 19,064 19,215 19,238 19,262 19,356 19,478 19,546 19,668 19,770 19,835 19,913 19,956 20,051 20,122 G o v e rn m e n t 16,031 2,772 13,259 15,803 2,739 13,064 15,758 2,747 13,011 15,753 2,748 13,005 15,742 2,742 13,000 15,724 2,742 12,982 15,724 2,749 12,975 15,744 2,756 12,988 15,721 2,742 12,979 15,680 2,738 12,942 15,661 2,733 12,928 15,861 2,773 13,083 15,775 2,764 13,011 15,785 2,771 13,014 15,795 2,771 13,024 S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G W h o le s a l e t r a d e R e t a il t r a d e ............................................................................................ F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te Federal .................................................................. State and lo c a l...................................................... p = preliminary. 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 12. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-82 [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory w orkers on nonagricultural payrolls] Year A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s A v e ra g e P r iv a t e s e c t o r A v e ra g e A v e ra g e C o n s tr u c tio n M in in g A v e ra g e M a n u f a c t u r in g 1950 ...................... 1955 ...................... I9 6 0 1 ................... 1964 ...................... 1965 ...................... $53.13 67.72 80.67 91.33 95.45 39.8 39.6 38.6 38.7 38.8 $1.34 1.71 2.09 2.36 2.46 $67.16 89.54 105.04 117.74 123.52 37.9 40.7 40.4 41.9 42.3 $1.77 2.20 2.60 2.81 2.92 $69.68 90.90 112.57 132.06 138.38 37.4 37.1 36.7 37.2 37.4 $1.86 2.45 3.07 3.55 3.70 $58.32 75.30 89.72 102.97 107.53 40.5 40.7 39.7 40.7 41.2 $1.44 1.85 2.26 2.53 2.61 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 98.82 101.84 107.73 114.61 119.83 38 6 38 0 37.8 37.7 37.1 2.56 2.68 2.85 3.04 3.23 130.24 135.89 142.71 154.80 164.40 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.0 42.7 3.05 3.19 3.35 3 60 3.85 146.26 154.95 164.49 181.54 195.45 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9 37.3 3.89 4.11 4,41 4.79 5.24 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51 133.33 41.4 40.6 40.7 40.6 39.8 2.71 2.82 3.01 3.19 3.35 1 9 7 1 ...................... 1972 ...................... 1973 ...................... 1974 ...................... 1975 ...................... 127.31 136 90 145.39 154.76 163.53 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5 36.1 3.45 3.70 3.94 4.24 4.53 172.14 189.14 201.40 219.14 249.31 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9 41.9 4.06 4.44 4.75 5.23 5.95 211.67 221.19 235 89 249.25 266.08 37.2 36.5 36 8 36.6 36.4 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 39 9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.5 3.57 3.82 4.09 4.42 4.83 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 175.45 189.00 203.70 219.91 235.10 36.1 36.0 35.8 35.7 35.3 4.86 5.25 5 69 6.16 6.66 273.90 301.20 332.88 365.07 397.06 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.3 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49 9.17 283.73 295.65 318.69 342.99 367.78 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 7.71 8.10 8.66 9.27 9.94 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34 288.62 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.7 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70 7.27 1 9 8 1 ...................... 1982 ...................... 255.20 266 92 35.2 34.8 7.25 7.67 439.75 459.23 43.7 42.6 10.04 10.78 299.26 426.45 36 9 36.7 10.82 11.62 318.00 330.65 39.8 38.9 7.99 8.50 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic 1950 ...................... 1955 ...................... I9 6 0 1 ................... 1964 ...................... 1965 ...................... F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d W h o le s a le a n d r e t a il t r a d e u t ilit ie s S e r v ic e s r e a l e s t a te $118.78 125.14 41.1 41.3 $2.89 3.03 $44.55 55.16 66.01 74.66 76.91 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 128.13 130.82 138.85 147.74 155.93 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 3.11 3.23 3.42 3.63 3.85 79.39 82.35 87.00 91.39 96.02 37.1 36.6 36.1 35.7 35.3 2.14 2 25 2.41 2 56 2.72 92.13 95.72 101.75 108.70 112.67 37.3 37.1 37.0 37.1 36.7 2.47 2.58 2.75 2.93 3.07 77.04 80 38 83 97 90.57 96 66 35.5 35.1 34.7 34.7 34,4 2.17 2.29 2.42 2.61 2.81 1 9 7 1 ...................... 1972 ...................... 1973 ...................... 1974 ...................... 1975 ...................... 168.82 187.86 203.31 217.48 233.44 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2 39.7 4.21 4.65 5.02 5.41 5.88 101.09 106.45 111.76 119.02 126.45 35.1 34.9 34.6 34.2 33.9 2.88 3.05 3.23 3.48 3.73 117.85 122.98 129.20 137 61 148.19 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5 36.5 3 22 3.36 3.53 3.77 4 06 103.06 110.85 117.29 126.00 134 67 33 9 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 3.04 3.27 3.47 3.75 4.02 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 256.71 278.90 302.80 325.58 351.25 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9 39.6 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.16 8.87 133.79 142.52 153.64 164.96 176.46 33.7 33.3 32.9 32.6 32.2 3.97 4.28 4.67 5.06 5.48 155.43 165.26 178.00 190.77 209.60 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 36.2 4 27 4.54 4.89 5.27 5.79 143 52 153.45 163.67 175.27 190.71 33.3 33.0 32.8 32.7 32.6 4.31 4 65 4.99 5.36 5.85 1 9 8 1 ...................... 1982 ...................... 382.18 401.70 39.4 39.0 9.70 10.30 190.62 198.10 32.2 31.9 5.92 6.21 229.05 245.44 36.3 36.2 6.31 6.78 208.97 224.94 32 6 32.6 6.41 6.90 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 40.5 39.4 38.6 37.9 37.7 $1.10 1.40 1.71 1.97 2.04 $50.52 63.92 75.14 85.79 88.91 37.7 37 6 37.2 37.3 37.2 $1 34 1 70 2 02 2.30 2.39 $70.03 73.60 36.1 35 9 $1.94 2.05 1Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 13. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1982 1981 Dec. 1983 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p 1982 Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v .P D e c .P 35 2 34.8 34.8 35.1 34.5 34.8 34.9 35.1 35.1 35 0 35.0 35.2 35 3 35.2 35 2 39.8 2.8 38.9 2.3 39.0 2.3 39.7 2.4 39 2 2.4 39.5 2.6 40.1 2.9 40.0 2.7 40.1 2.9 40.2 3.0 40.3 3.1 40.8 3.3 40.6 3.3 40.6 3.3 40.5 3.4 Overtime h o u r s ............................................ 40.2 2.8 39.3 2.2 39.3 2.2 40.1 2.2 39.7 2.3 39.9 2.5 40.5 2.8 40.4 2.6 40.6 2.8 40.8 3.0 40.8 3.1 41.5 3.4 41.2 3.4 41.2 3.4 41.1 3.6 Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ............................... Furniture and fixtures ......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal indu stries...................................... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts .................................. 38.7 38.4 40.6 40.5 40.3 38.0 37.2 40.0 38.6 39.2 38.8 37.8 40.1 38.8 39.2 40.5 38.6 41.4 38.9 39.9 39.5 37.9 40.5 39.1 39.6 39.5 38.3 40.6 39.4 39.7 40.0 39.3 41.0 39.9 40.5 39.8 39.2 41.2 40.3 40.4 40.0 39.6 41.6 40.3 40.5 39.9 39.7 41.7 40.8 40.7 40.2 39.7 41.7 40.9 40.9 40.5 40.1 42.1 41.2 41.6 40.3 39.8 41.7 41.7 41.2 39.8 39.8 41.7 41.6 41.4 39 9 40.5 41.8 41.2 41.3 Machinery, except e le ctrica l............................... Electric and electronic equip m e n t...................... Transportation e q u ip m e n t.................................. Instruments and related p ro d u cts...................... 40.9 40.0 40.9 40.4 39.7 39.3 40.5 39.8 39.3 39.4 40.1 39.7 39.6 39.9 41.6 40.4 39.4 39.5 41.2 39.7 39.7 39.8 41.7 40.0 40.2 40.4 42.3 40.5 40.0 40.3 41.6 40.4 40.4 40.5 41.9 40.1 40.7 40.8 42.0 40.7 40.7 40.7 41.8 40.4 41.2 41.1 43.5 41.0 41.3 41.1 42.5 40.7 41.4 41.1 42 4 40.5 41.1 41.0 41.8 40.9 Overtime h o u r s ............................................ 39.1 2.8 38.4 2.5 38.6 2.5 39.1 2.6 38.5 2.6 39.0 2.7 39.5 3.0 39.4 2.9 39.6 3.0 39.5 3.0 39.5 3.1 39.9 3.1 39.7 3.1 39.7 3.1 39.7 3.2 Food and kindred products ............................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................ 39.7 39.6 39.4 37.5 39.1 38.9 39.3 39.7 39.0 39.0 39.2 39.6 39.6 40.6 39.4 40.4 39.8 40.7 39.4 40.7 39.6 40.9 39.9 41.3 39.7 40.7 39.6 40.7 39.4 41.0 Apparel and other textile products 35.7 34.7 35.1 36.6 35.2 35.6 36.2 36.1 36.1 35.8 36.2 36.8 36.5 36.4 36.5 P R IV A T E S E C T O R M A N U F A C T U R IN G Overtime h o u r s ............................................ D u r a b le g o o d s ............................................................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ................... Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ................................... 42.5 41.8 41.7 41.8 41.4 42.1 42.4 42.7 42.8 42.9 42.9 43.3 43.2 43.0 43 0 Printing and publishing ...................................... Chemicals and allied prod ucts............................ Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts ............................ Leather and leather products ............................ 37.3 41.6 43.2 36.7 37.1 40.9 43.9 35.6 37.1 40.9 44.4 35.8 37.5 41.0 44.5 36.3 37.1 41.0 44.4 34.9 37.4 41.2 44.9 36.0 37.7 41.5 43.5 37.0 37.4 41.6 43.6 36.8 37.6 41.9 43.8 36.8 37.7 41.8 43.7 37.4 37.5 41.6 43.5 37.2 37.8 41.7 43.2 37.7 38.0 41.7 43.5 37.5 38 0 41,9 43.7 37.1 37.7 42.0 45.6 37.2 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 39.4 39.0 38 9 38.6 38.6 38.8 38.8 38.9 38.9 38.9 39 3 39 4 39.4 39.2 39.6 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 32.2 31.9 32.1 31.9 31.4 31.7 31.7 31.9 32.0 31.9 31.8 31.8 32.1 32.0 32.1 W H O LE SA LE TR A D E 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.2 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.6 38 5 38.7 38 7 38.7 38 7 R E T A IL T R A D E 30.1 29.9 30.1 29.9 29.3 29.7 29.6 29 9 29.9 29 8 29.7 29.7 30 0 30.0 30.0 S E R V IC E S 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.9 32.5 32.7 32.7 32.9 32.7 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.7 32.7 p = preliminary. 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 14. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1983 A n n u al a verag e 1982 1981 1982 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. F D e c .P $7.25 (1) $7.67 (1) $7.82 7.82 $7.90 7.88 $7.92 7.91 $7.90 7.91 $7.94 7.95 $7.97 7.97 $7.97 8.00 $8.00 8.03 $7.94 7.98 $8.11 8.08 $8.15 8.13 $8.15 8.13 $8.16 8.17 M IN IN G 10.04 10.78 11.03 11.21 11.25 11.19 11.28 11.20 11.25 11.29 11.28 11.35 11.35 11.42 11.42 C O N S T R U C T IO N 10.82 11.62 11.96 11.95 12.00 11.95 11.90 11.80 11.74 11.78 11.84 12.03 12.04 11.88 12.02 7.99 8.50 8.68 8.71 8.75 8.74 8.77 8.78 8.81 8.86 8.79 8.90 8.92 8.98 9.05 Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ...................... Furniture and fix tu re s ................................... Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ................ Primary metal in d u s trie s ............................ Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ......................... 8.54 6.99 5.91 8.27 10.81 8.19 9.06 7.46 6.31 8.86 11.33 8.78 9.24 7.55 6.46 9.08 11.49 8.96 9.26 7.68 6.49 9.10 11.56 8.98 9.31 7.72 6.50 9.10 11.53 9.04 9.29 7.68 6.51 9.13 11.24 9.05 9.31 7.74 6.51 9.16 11.25 9.07 9.34 7.78 6.52 9 20 11.28 9.08 9.37 7 85 6.60 9.28 11.23 9.11 9.40 7.82 6.65 9.34 11.37 9.10 9.34 7.83 6.67 9.31 11.28 9.12 9 48 7.88 6.73 9.43 11.33 9.21 9.49 7.87 6.71 9.39 11.28 9.22 9.55 7.79 6.73 9.40 11.35 9.26 9.62 7.78 6.82 9.44 11.36 9.35 Machinery, except e le c tric a l...................... Electric and electronic e q u ip m e n t............ Transportation equipment ......................... Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ............ Miscellaneous manufacturing ................... 8.81 7.62 10.39 7.42 5.97 9.29 8.21 11.12 8.10 6.43 9 43 8.51 11.43 8.38 6.67 9.40 8.53 11.40 8.42 6.72 9.44 8.56 11.49 8.48 6.73 9.46 8.60 11.49 8.47 6.75 9.48 8.60 11.53 8.46 6.76 9.59 8.60 11.52 8.48 6.82 9.63 8.63 11.63 8.48 6.81 9.65 8.69 11.62 8.57 6.82 9.61 8.64 11.53 8.53 6.81 9.71 8.75 11.80 8.61 6.85 9.74 8.73 11.88 8.60 6.85 9.81 8.77 12.00 8 61 6.86 9.90 8.85 12.09 8.75 6.92 7.18 7.44 8.88 5.52 4.97 8.60 7.73 7.89 9.78 5.83 5.20 9.32 7.95 8.06 9.63 6.04 5.28 9.65 7.97 8 09 9.87 6.08 5.33 9 65 7.99 8.11 9.96 6.10 5.33 9.65 8.00 8.16 10.43 6.11 5.33 9.67 8.03 8.20 10.61 6.14 5.35 9.72 8.03 8.18 10.74 6.14 5.33 9.81 8.04 8.17 10.91 6.16 5.36 9.91 8.11 8.17 10.84 6.17 5.35 10.06 8.05 8.12 10.24 6.19 5.35 10.02 8.11 8.14 9.90 6 23 5.39 10.11 8.11 8.13 9.67 6.24 5.43 10.10 8.17 8.22 10.57 6.26 5.45 10.19 8 22 8.25 10.41 6.30 5.48 10.17 8.19 9.12 11.38 8.75 9.96 12.46 9.00 10.32 12.71 8.97 10.34 13.16 8.99 10.41 13.25 9.03 10.39 13.28 9.03 10.43 13.27 9.05 10.50 13.17 9.06 10.52 13.17 9.10 10.58 13.20 9.14 10.61 13.16 9.25 10.69 13.36 9.24 10.78 13 36 9.27 10.85 13.47 9.32 10.83 13.72 7.17 4.99 7.65 5.32 7.91 5.44 7.91 5.50 7.91 5.50 7.92 5.52 7.95 5.52 7.97 5.51 7.96 5.49 8 06 5.52 8.03 5.50 8.08 5.56 8.12 5.55 8 08 5.56 8.17 5.58 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 9.70 10.30 10.62 10 69 10.72 10.68 10 72 10.74 10.73 10.86 10.68 10.90 10.93 11.01 11.04 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 5.92 6.21 6.27 6.42 6.45 6 43 6.45 6.46 6.46 6.48 6.47 6.54 6.57 6.58 6.55 8.34 8.36 8.35 8.42 8.41 8.48 8.54 8.53 8.57 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p P R IV A T E S E C T O R Seasonally adju sted...................................... M A N U F A C T U R IN G D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products ...................... Tobacco m anufactures............................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ................................... Apparel and other textile p rod ucts............. Paper and allied products ......................... Printing and publishing............................... Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts ................... Petroleum and coal products ................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics pro d u cts...................................... Leather and leather products ................... W HO LESALE TRADE 7.56 8.02 8.20 8.31 8.28 8.27 R E T A IL T R A D E 5.25 5.47 5.54 5.65 5.69 5.68 5.69 5.71 5.71 5.72 5.71 5.77 5.78 5.81 5 78 7.23 7.31 7.26 7.30 7.25 7.33 7.45 7.39 7.42 7.20 7.23 7.20 7.18 7.18 7.31 7.39 7.40 7.43 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 6.31 6.78 7.01 7.19 7.22 7.19 S E R V IC E S 6.41 6.90 7.12 7.18 7.19 7.17 1 Not available. p = preliminary. 15. NOTE: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry [1977 = 100] ________________________________________________________________________________ S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d P e rc e n t P e rc e n t change change In d u s tr y D ec. O c t. Nov. D ec. f ro m : D ec. Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. tra m : 1982 1983 1983 F 1983F D ec. 1982 1982 1983 1983 1983 1983P 1983P Nov. 1983 to to D ec. 1983 D ec. 1983 152.0 156.9 157.0 157.6 3.7 151.9 155.0 155.9 156.8 156 8 157.6 0.5 Mining ............................................................ C o n s tru ctio n ................................................... M a nu facturing ............................................... Transportation and public utilities ............. Wholesale and retail trade ......................... Finance, insurance, and real esta te............. Services ......................................................... 163.0 144.5 156.2 153.9 147.4 153.0 152.0 168.7 147.0 158.9 158.9 153.7 162.1 158.2 169.8 144.8 159.6 159.9 153.8 161.1 158.2 170.0 146.0 160.3 160.4 153.8 161.8 159.1 4.3 1.0 2.7 4.3 4.4 5.8 4.7 (1) 144.0 155.8 153.1 148.1 (1) 152.0 (1) 144.1 158.1 155.4 152.3 (1) 155.9 (1) 145.5 158.3 157.2 153.1 (1) . 157.1 (1) 145.1 158.9 158.4 154.1 (1) 158.4 (1) 144.4 159.6 158.8 154.1 (1) 157.9 (1) 145.4 160.0 159.8 154.6 (1) 159.1 <1) .7 .2 .6 .4 (1) .7 P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c o n s t a n t d o l l a r s ) ................. 94.5 94.5 94.5 <2) (2) 94.1 94.0 94.2 94.4 94.3 <2) P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( In c u r r e n t d o l la r s ) 1This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trendcycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2) p = preliminary, NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 16. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A n n u al a v e ra g e 1982 1981 1982 Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v .P D e c .F $255.20 (1) 170.13 $266.92 (1) 167.87 $273.70 272.14 170.11 $273.34 276.59 169.88 $270.86 272.90 168.24 $274.13 275.27 169.85 $275.52 277.46 169.55 $278.15 279.75 170.33 $280.54 280.80 171.37 $283.20 281.05 172.37 $281.08 279.30 170.35 $286.28 284.42 172.77 $287.70 286.99 173.31 $286.07 286.18 172.23 $289.68 287.58 (1) M IN IN G 438.75 459.23 465.47 476.43 464.63 467.74 469.25 472.64 478.13 475.31 481.66 489.19 490.32 489.92 493 34 C O N S T R U C T IO N 399.26 426.45 440.13 440.96 424.80 434.98 436.73 441.32 444.95 450.00 449.92 455.94 449.09 430.06 444.74 318.00 212.00 330.65 207.96 344.60 214.17 341.43 212.20 339.50 210.87 346.10 214.44 349.05 214.80 350.32 214.53 355.04 216.88 354.40 215.70 353.36 214.16 363.12 219.14 363.04 218.70 366.38 220.58 372.86 (1) Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ............................... Furniture and fixtures ......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal indu stries...................................... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts .................................. 343.31 270.51 226.94 335.76 437.81 330.06 356 06 283.48 234.73 354.40 437.34 344.18 371.45 293.70 250.00 366.83 450.41 359.30 367.62 300.29 243.38 364.91 450.84 354.71 366.81 299.54 243.10 358.54 450.82 354.37 372.53 302.59 251.29 368.85 456.23 361.10 375.19 308.05 253.89 374.64 451.13 364.61 377.34 312.76 254.28 380.88 452.33 366.83 382.30 320.28 263.34 390.69 454.82 371.69 379.76 313.58 258.69 391.35 460.49 365.82 380.14 319.46 267.47 391.95 457.97 372.10 392.47 320 72 271 22 399.83 469.06 381.29 391.94 318.74 271.08 395.32 464.74 380.79 396.33 309.26 270.55 394.80 472.16 385.22 403.08 311.20 282.35 397.42 472.58 394 57 Machinery except electrical ............................... Electric and electronic equipm ent...................... Transportation e q u ip m e n t.................................. Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ...................... Miscellaneous m an u fa ctu rin g ............................ 360.33 304.80 424.95 299.77 231.64 368.81 322 65 450.36 322.38 247.56 380.97 342.95 474.35 338.55 260.13 372.24 338.64 468.54 337.64 260.06 371.94 336.41 469.94 335.81 253.72 377.40 344.00 480.28 340.49 263 25 379.20 344.86 484.26 339.25 263.64 382.64 345.72 482 69 341.74 264.62 388.09 350.38 491.95 340.90 264.91 386.97 350.21 484.55 344.51 264.62 387.28 349.92 475.04 343.76 266.27 399.08 358.75 505.04 353.01 270.58 400.31 358.80 506.09 350.02 272.63 409.08 363 08 513.60 352 15 272.34 417.78 370.82 522.29 364.00 278.88 280.74 295.37 344.54 218.59 177.43 365.50 296.83 310.87 369.68 218.63 180.44 389.58 310.85 319.18 364.98 236.77 186.38 410.13 307.64 315.51 360.26 237.12 188.68 402.41 305.22 312.24 339.64 236 07 185.48 396.62 311.20 316.61 378.61 242.57 190.28 406.14 313.97 318.98 395.75 246.83 192.07 410,18 315.58 321.47 401.68 248.67 192.41 415.94 319.19 325,17 420.04 253.18 196.18 425.14 319.53 322 72 398.91 248.03 193.14 429 56 319.59 324.80 386.05 254.41 195.81 428.86 325 21 328.86 380.16 257.92 198.35 439.79 323 59 323.57 370 36 256.46 199.82 436 32 326.80 327 98 412.23 256.66 200.02 440.21 330.44 329 18 377.88 260.19 201 12 445.45 305 49 379.39 491.62 324.63 407.36 546.99 341.10 427.25 563.05 332.79 421.87 572.46 330.83 425.77 573.73 338.63 428.07 584.32 337.72 432.85 581.23 337.57 435.75 575.73 338.84 440.79 579.48 341.25 440.13 584.76 344.58 439.25 572.46 351.50 447.91 591.85 351.12 449.53 585.17 354.11 457.87 592.68 358.82 460.28 624.26 288.95 183.13 302 94 189.39 319.56 196.38 317.19 196.90 314.03 190.30 321.55 197.06 326.75 201.48 327.57 204.42 328.75 207.52 329.65 207 00 330.84 206.25 338.55 208.50 340.23 206.46 339.36 206.83 347.23 209.25 1983 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p P R IV A T E S E C T O R Current d o lla rs ..................................................... Seasonally a d ju s te d ........................................ Constant (1977) d o lla r s ..................................... M A N U F A C T U R IN G Current d o lla rs ..................................................... Constant (1977) d o lla r s ...................................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products ............................... Tobacco m anufactures......................................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................ Apparel and other textile products ................... Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ................................... Printing and publishing ...................................... Chemicals and allied prod ucts............................ Petroleum and coal products ............................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ............................................ Leather and leather products ............................ T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 382.18 401.70 416.30 409.43 411 65 413.32 413.79 415.64 419.54 425.71 421.86 429.46 430.64 432 69 440.50 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 190 62 198.10 203.15 201.59 199.31 201.90 203 18 205.43 207.37 210.60 209.63 209.28 210.24 209.90 212.22 W H O LESA LE TRADE 291.06 307.97 317.34 318.27 313.81 316.74 319.42 321.86 323.15 326.70 325.47 328 18 331.35 330.96 334 23 R E T A IL T R A D E 158.03 163 55 168.97 164.98 163 30 166.42 167.29 169.59 171.87 175.03 174.16 172.52 172.82 173.14 175.71 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 229.05 245.44 254.46 262.44 260.64 258.84 261.00 265.35 262 09 264 99 261.73 263.88 270.44 266.04 267.12 S E R V IC E S 208.97 224.94 232.11 234.79 232 96 233.74 234.72 236.42 236.88 237.66 237.66 239.04 242 39 241.24 242.96 1Not available. p = preliminary. 17. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased [In percent] T im e Year span Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Over 1-month span 1981 1982 1983 57.8 28.5 56.5 52.4 45.4 45.7 52.2 36.0 62.4 65.6 39.0 69.1 60.2 47.6 71.0 58.9 32.8 64.5 62.6 38.4 68.5 49.5 37.1 68.0 42.2 34.1 60.8 33.3 29.3 70.7 29.3 32.0 P64.2 30.9 42.2 P62.9 Over 3-month span 1981 1982 1983 58.3 25.3 45.4 54.6 28.8 55.1 59.1 32.0 65.6 65.9 34.1 75.8 67.5 32.5 76.1 66.7 33.6 77.2 60.5 27.2 73.9 50.5 27.2 79.6 33.3 26.1 79.6 30.1 25.5 P75.0 24.5 24.7 P70.4 23.4 40.6 Over 6-month span 1981 1982 1983 68.5 50.5 65.3 23.7 63.2 63.7 25.3 73.4 69.4 29.8 76.3 64.2 26.1 79.3 58.6 26.1 83.6 45.7 23.4 82.5 34.4 19.1 P82.0 29.6 21.2 P80 6 24.2 26.1 25.0 26.6 22.0 35.8 Over 12-month span 1981 1982 1983 74.5 22.0 48.9 71.2 20.7 58.3 70.4 18.0 62.6 58.1 19.4 73.4 47.6 18.3 P76.3 41.4 20.7 P80.9 34.9 20.7 29.8 22.8 27.4 24.2 23.7 31.5 25.3 37.6 23.1 44.1 20.2 p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the spans. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes" on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De partment of Labor from monthly reports of unemployment insur ance activity prepared by State agencies. Railroad unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of in sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. Definitions Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure incorporated the X -l 1 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un employment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. ment program. An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week o f unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations [All item s except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 1983 1982 It e m Nov. All programs: Insured u nem ploym en t............................ State unemployment insurance program:1 Initial claims2 ............................................ Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Rate of insured unem ploym ent................ Weeks of unemployment compensated... Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment ...................... Total benefits paid ................................... State unemployment insurance program:1 (Seasonally adjusted data) Initial claims2 ............................................ Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Rate of insured unem ploym ent................ Unemployment compensation for exservicemen:3 Initial claims1 ............................................ Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Weeks of unemployment compensated... Total benefits paid ................................... Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:4 Initial c la im s ............................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Weeks of unemployment compensated.. Total benefits paid ................................... Railroad unemployment insurance: A p p lica tio n s ............................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Number of p a y m e n ts ................................ Average amount of benefit payment . . . Total benefits paid ................................... Employment service:5 New applications and renew als................ Nonfarm placements ............................... D ec. 4,635 Jan. M a r. Feb. 5,437 5,134 M ay 4,642 June 3,947 J u ly 3,481 S e p t. Aug. 3,275 2,917 O c t. 2,580 Nov. F 5,074 5,459 2,661 3,080 3,143 2,065 2,075 1,874 1,666 1,740 1,804 1,668 1,381 1,519 1,612 4,156 4.7 r15,136 4,581 5.2 17,873 4,923 5.6 18,307 4,759 5.5 16,895 4,401 5.0 19,529 3,906 4.5 14,986 3,361 3.9 13,133 3,063 3.5 12,819 3,049 3.5 10,959 2,766 3.2 11,305 2.449 2.8 r9,383 2,358 2.7 8,484 2,508 2.9 9.264 $123.44 $121.42 $123.42 $124.29 $124.47 $125.47 $124.85 $124.49 $121.59 r$121.36 $123.06 r$123.46 $1,820,019 $2,135,302 $2,205,551 $2,052,415 $2,367,752 $1,816,539 $1,587,888 $1,549,758 $1,298,189 $1,337,442 $1,104,362 $1,010,786 109.33 1.094,196 2,478 2.620 2,680 2,586 2,187 2,138 2,148 1,952 1,993 1,836 1,723 1,841 1,664 1,653 1,576 4,618 5.3 4,355 5.0 3,980 4.6 3,979 4.6 3,884 4.5 3,774 4.3 3,538 4.1 3,301 3.8 3,303 3.8 3,026 3.5 3,088 3.6 2,617 3.1 2,677 3.1 17 24 21 16 18 15 14 16 16 19 17 16 15 14 33 $4,006 26 90 $11,191 37 132 $16,807 37 143 $18,032 34 156 $19,588 30 117 $14,776 26 104 $13,111 25 107 $13,588 25 94 $12,118 26 108 $13,855 27 r106 $13,519 28 103 $13,876 28 115 15,144 14 15 16 10 11 10 9 13 12 11 11 15 13 31 126 r$14,043 33 146 $16,114 35 142 $16,045 33 131 $15,083 31 146 $16,871 26 109 $12,422 22 93 $10,603 21 90 $10,272 23 85 $9,640 22 94 $10,760 22 83 $9,522 25 87 10,157 27 109 12,390 17 17 20 7 8 94 4 30 55 14 9 7 8 81 162 $216.55 $35,061 83 172 $217.00 $39,500 102 219 $220.32 $44,514 72 158 $214.54 $33,100 65 169 $213.44 $36,243 79 172 $203.87 $27,783 90 183 $215.15 $29,411 49 123 $203.54 $14,984 49 92 $199.87 $17,551 46 107 $214.21 $21,789 41 103 $214.77 $20,239 48 92 $211.41 $19,531 40 92 $212.36 $19,536 4,527 642 11nitial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers^ Excludes transition claims under State programs. E xcludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. “•Excludes data or claims and payments made jointly with State programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A p r. 11,987 1,921 8,381 1,184 r15,595 r3,012 Cum ulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly. NOTE: Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands included. Dashes indicate data not available. P = preliminary. r = revised. 85 PRICE DATA P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and ser vices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience o f individual families and single persons with dif ferent buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “ Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets o f the United States by products of commodities in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage o f processing structure organizes products by degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim ilarity o f end-use or material composition. 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the Stan dard Industrial C lassification M anual 1972 (Washing ton, U .S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted by the U .S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in the May 1978 R eview . These indexes enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.) For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see The C onsum er P ric e Index: C on cepts an d C ontent O ver the Years, Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments. Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the C PI D e ta ile d R ep o rt and P rodu cer P rices a n d P rice Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS H andbook o f M eth ods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see BLS H andbook o f M eth ods f o r Su rveys an d Studies (1976), chapter 13. See also John F. Early, “ Improving the measurement of producer price change,” M onthly L a b o r R eview , April 1978. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “ Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” M onthly L abor R eview , August 1965. 19. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-82 [1967 = 100] A p p a re l and Food and A ll Ite m s H o u s in g Year P e rc e n t In d e x change P e rc e n t In d e x In d e x change M e d ic s I c a r e T r a n s p o r ta t io n O th e r g o o d s E n te r ta n m e n t a n d s e r v ic e s upkeep b e v e ra g e s P e rc e n t change P e rc e n t In d e x In d e x change P e rc e n t change P e rc e n t In d e x change In d e x P ercen t change P e rc e n t In d e x change 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................ ................... ............ ................... 100.0 104.2 109.8 116 3 4.2 5.4 5.9 100.0 103.6 108.8 114.7 3.6 5.0 5.4 100.0 104.0 110.4 118.2 4.0 6.2 7.1 100.0 105.4 111.5 116.1 5.4 5.8 4.1 100.0 103.2 107.2 112.7 3.2 3.9 5.1 100.0 106.1 113.4 120.6 6.1 6.9 6.3 100.0 105.7 111.0 116.7 5.7 5.0 5.1 100.0 105.2 110.4 115.8 5.2 4.9 5.8 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 121.3 125.3 133.1 147.7 161.2 4.3 3.3 6.2 11.0 9.1 118.3 123.2 139.5 158.7 172.1 3.1 4.1 13.2 13.8 8.4 123.4 128.1 133 7 148.8 164.5 4.4 3.8 4.4 11.3 10.6 119.8 122.3 126.8 136.2 142.3 3.3 2.1 3.7 7.4 4.5 118.6 119.9 123.8 137.7 150.6 5.2 1.1 3.3 11.2 9.4 128.4 132.5 137.7 150.5 168.6 6.5 3.2 3.9 9.3 12.0 122.9 126.5 130.0 139.8 152.2 5.3 2.9 2.8 7.5 8.9 122.4 127.5 132.5 142.0 153.9 4.8 4.2 3.9 7.2 8.4 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 170.5 181.5 195.3 217.7 247.0 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.5 13.5 177.4 188.0 206.2 228.7 248.7 3.1 8.0 9.7 10.9 8.7 174.6 186.5 202.6 227.5 263.2 6.1 6.8 8.6 12.3 15.7 147.6 154.2 159.5 166.4 177.4 3.7 4.5 3.4 4.3 6.6 165 5 177.2 185.8 212.8 250.5 9.9 7.1 4.9 14.5 17.7 184.7 202 4 219.4 240.1 287.2 9.5 9.6 8.4 9.4 11.3 159.8 167.7 176.2 187.6 203.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 6.5 8.5 162.7 172.2 183.2 196.3 213.6 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.2 8.8 1981 1982 ................... ................... 272.3 288.6 10.2 6.0 267.8 278.5 7.7 4.0 293.2 314.7 11.4 7.3 186.6 190.9 5.2 2.3 281 3 293.1 12.3 4.2 295.1 326.9 10.4 10.8 219.0 232.4 7.5 6.1 233 3 257.0 9.2 10.2 20. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s 1982 1983 1982 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 Nov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Nov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. A ll i t e m s .............................................................................................................................................................. 293.6 298.1 299.3 300.3 c301 8 c302.6 303.1 293.2 297.2 298.2 299 5 300.8 301.3 301 4 Food and beverages ............................................................................................... Housing ................................................................................................................. Apparel and u p k e e p .............................................................................................. Transportation........................................................................................................ Medical c a r e ........................................................................................................... Enterta nment ........................................................................................................ Other goods and se rvic e s..................................................................................... 279.1 319.0 195.4 295.8 342 2 239.9 273 8 284 7 323.1 195.6 298 3 355.4 245.4 284.5 284.7 324.5 195.0 300.4 357.7 246.0 287.5 284.9 324.8 197.3 302.4 360.0 246.6 289.0 285.3 326.4 200.4 303.7 361 2 247.5 294.4 285.7 326.8 200.7 305.0 362.9 249.1 296.8 285.3 327.0 200.7 306.3 364.9 249.5 298.1 279.4 319.6 194.4 297 3 339.8 236.1 270.9 285 0 322.3 194.7 299.6 353.3 241.9 282 8 285 0 323 1 194.0 301.9 355.6 242 5 286 4 285.1 324.3 196.3 304.1 357.9 243.1 288.0 285 6 325.3 199.3 305.5 359.2 244.1 292.0 285 9 325 2 199.8 306.9 360.9 245.4 294.1 285.6 324.5 199.7 308.2 362 9 245 7 295 5 Com m odities........................................................................................................... Commodities less food and be ve ra g e s ..................................................... Nondurables less food and beve rages.................................................. D u ra b e s ..................................................................................................... 267.8 258.2 271 4 246.6 271 6 260.9 272.3 251.2 272.5 262.3 273.5 252.9 273 4 263 6 274.7 254.3 274.5 265.1 275.8 256.4 275.0 265.8 275.2 258.7 275.2 266.3 274.5 261 0 268 2 258 9 273.3 246.2 273.3 263.7 274.4 253.7 274.2 264,9 275.7 254 8 275.1 266,1 276.9 256.0 275 9 267.2 277.9 257.0 276 1 267.3 277.4 257 7 276.2 267.5 276.6 258.7 Servces ................................................................................................................. Rent, residential ........................................................................................... Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100) ......................... Transportation services ............................................................................... Medical care s e rv ic e s '.................................................................................. Other services .............................................................................................. 338 6 230.2 344.0 235.9 104.2 301.4 384.6 275.6 345.6 237.1 104.8 302.3 387.2 276 3 346.8 238.2 104.8 304.0 389.8 276.9 349.0 239.5 105.1 305.4 391.0 282.5 350.2 240.4 104.8 307.8 392 9 285 2 351.0 241.3 104.2 310.1 395.0 286 5 339.3 229.7 341.4 235.3 342.8 236.5 344 8 237.6 346.9 238.9 348.1 239.8 348.2 240.7 297 5 367.7 266.8 297 5 381.7 273.5 298.4 384.4 274.2 300.2 387.0 274.8 301.4 388.3 279 6 303.9 390.2 282 2 306.0 392.3 283 6 297.8 101.9 299.3 102.3 300.5 102.7 302.3 103.2 303.2 103.5 303.9 103.6 293.5 297.2 298.5 300.0 301.5 302.1 302 3 278.1 256.7 267.9 307.5 277.4 283.5 261 6 269.3 309.9 280.8 285.3 262.7 270.6 312.1 281.4 286.3 263.9 271.7 312.7 282.1 287.5 264.9 272.8 312.8 282.8 288.1 265.1 272 3 311.9 282 7 288.3 265.3 271.5 310.9 282.1 334.0 264.4 273.2 423.7 431.8 282.5 280.2 236.2 333.7 334.9 268.7 279.8 428.1 421.7 286.5 283.8 242.9 333.2 336.1 268.5 277.2 430.9 424.5 287.4 284 9 243.8 334.5 338.1 268.0 271.6 430.7 424.9 288.8 286.6 245.1 336.8 340.2 268.1 268.9 430.2 423.4 290.3 288.3 246.4 339.0 341.3 267.4 266.7 425 8 419.6 291.3 289.5 247.1 340.8 341.3 266.7 266 4 420.8 415.8 291.8 290.3 247.8 341.6 $0,341 $0,336 $0,335 $0,334 $0,332 $0,332 $0,332 299.9 371.0 269.2 S p e c i a l in d e x e s : All items less fo o d .................................................................................................. All items less homeowners' costs ..................................................................... All items less mortgage interest c o s t s ............................................................... Commodities less food ........................................................................................ Nondurables less food ........................................................................................ Nondurables less food and app a re l..................................................................... N ond urables........................................................................................................... Services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100) ..................................................... Services less medical care .................................................................................. Domestically produced farm fo o d s ..................................................................... Selected beef c u t s .................................................................................................. Energy1 .................................................................................................................. Energy commodities1 ........................................................................................ All items less energy ........................................................................................... All items less food and e n e rg y........................................................................ Commodities less food and e n e r g y ............................................................ Services less e n e rg y ..................................................................................... Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 = $1 ................................... 293.6 332.9 265.3 271.9 422.6 431.6 283.6 281.2 236.6 333.1 258.9 267.3 308.4 279.7 102.7 337.4 269.6 278.5 427.3 420.7 288.2 285.5 241.5 336.4 260.2 268.4 310.4 280.3 103.1 338.9 269.6 275.8 430.1 423.4 289.2 286.8 242.7 337.9 261.4 269.6 310.9 281.0 103.5 339.9 269.2 270.5 429.8 423.7 290.3 288.2 244.2 339.3 262 9 270.6 311.0 281.8 104.2 342.2 269.2 267.5 429.3 422.1 292.1 290.2 246.2 341.6 263.6 270.2 310.2 281.7 104 5 343.3 268.5 265.6 425.1 418.2 293.4 291.8 247.6 343.3 264.1 269.5 309.3 281.1 104 7 344.1 267.7 265.3 419.9 414.4 294.4 293.2 248.9 344.9 SO.341 $0,335 $0,334 $0,333 $0,331 $0,330 $0,330 256.0 266.1 306.2 276.4 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1982 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1983 1982 1983 Nov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Nov. FOOD AN D BEVERAGES 279.1 284.7 284.7 284.9 285.3 285.7 285.3 279.4 285.0 Food 286.4 292.0 292.0 292.2 292.6 292 9 292.5 286.6 292.2 278.3 285.5 153.2 139.2 167.2 146.1 150.3 246.8 147.3 150.9 150.5 153.6 143.3 149.6 283.0 292.4 157.9 142.2 176.4 146.2 153.7 c253.1 149.8 151.7 154.6 155.7 149.5 153.7 282.8 293.7 158.3 142.8 176.7 146.5 154.4 254.3 149.5 153.2 155.4 157.0 150.3 154.1 282.5 294.0 158.6 143.9 177.2 145.6 154.5 253.1 150.1 153.4 154.9 157.6 151.4 155.3 282.5 293.7 158.5 142.9 177.5 146.0 154.4 252.9 149.8 152.6 155.2 157.6 148.3 155.9 282.3 294.0 158.1 141.4 177.6 145.5 154.8 254.4 149.8 154.4 156.2 156.0 147.7 155.8 281.4 295.7 157.9 140.8 177.3 146.1 156.0 257.0 151.9 155.7 157.9 157.6 147.8 156.8 277.4 284.1 154.1 139.5 169.4 147.3 149.1 242.6 149.4 146.9 148.8 154.5 144.6 152.3 282.1 291.0 158.7 142.7 178.5 147.3 152.4 248.8 151.8 148.0 152.9 156.4 151.0 156.6 281.8 292.3 159.2 143.3 178.8 147.7 153.2 249.9 151.6 149.6 153.6 157.9 151.8 156.9 155.8 158 8 159.4 159.4 161.3 161.9 160.6 148.6 152.0 152.5 152.5 154.3 154.9 154.0 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .................................................. Meats, poultry, and f i s h ...................................... Meats .................................................................. Beef and v e a l..................................................................... Ground beef other than cann ed ............................... Chuck roast ........................................................................ Round r o a s t ............................................... Round s te a k ............................................ Sirloin s t e a k ..................................................... Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ............................... P o r k ............................................................... Bacon ......................................................... Chops ........................................................................ Ham other than canned (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ Sausage ...................................................... Canned h a m ............................................................... Other pork (12/77 = 100) ............................... Other meats ............................................... Frankfurters ............................................ Bologna, llverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) . . . . Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ............................ Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) ................... P o u ltry ............................................................ Fresh whole chick e n ......................... Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 100) Other poultry (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Fish and seafood ............................ Canned fish and seafood ...................... Fresh and frozen fish and seafood ( 12/77 = 100) . . . E g g s ........................................................................................................ 263.6 270.8 273.6 272.0 263.0 281.7 241.4 257.1 259.8 164.1 274.2 298.7 249.0 127.3 337.7 270.5 149.6 271.6 274.4 156.6 141.3 135.4 192.0 189.3 125.3 125.4 366.6 139.0 140.0 175.0 261.5 268.7 270.2 278.6 264.5 277.4 245.6 262.1 286.1 170.5 254.1 267.4 234.3 110.3 326.5 260.9 141.7 267,4 265.8 155.6 136 6 139.3 193.6 192.1 126.3 125.3 371.2 138.6 143.0 173.8 260.4 267.2 267.8 275.8 261.4 277.6 240.7 257.8 285.2 168.8 251.2 267.3 232.9 108.3 318.9 256.8 140.0 266.9 265.9 154.0 137.1 138.4 198.1 198.7 129.6 126.0 368.9 135.7 143.3 177.9 258.8 265.0 264.2 270.7 256.5 272.4 232.4 250.3 280.9 166 6 249.6 264.7 232.4 109.6 313.9 254.0 138.4 264.6 266.7 153.2 136.4 133.8 200.5 202.1 131.7 125.7 372.7 135.9 145.5 183.7 258.7 264.2 262 6 268.0 254.3 269.5 230.3 247.4 277.3 164.8 250.2 269.5 229.6 111.0 311.3 252.8 139.0 262.6 259.8 153.0 136.1 133.9 204.4 209.6 135 9 122.9 372.6 133.9 146.7 193.3 257.1 261.9 260.4 266.2 250.9 265.8 234.4 251.5 268.4 164.0 246.4 262.5 227 2 111.6 307.4 251.9 134.4 262.2 260.8 152.8 135.2 133.7 199.6 199.1 132.2 126.0 374.1 133.5 147.8 200.1 256.6 260.8 258.6 265.7 251.6 266.2 235.3 250.0 265.3 163.2 241.1 253.7 222.3 109.1 305.0 248.0 131.5 262.6 259.7 152.8 135.8 134.6 201.7 207.6 134.1 120.6 374.9 132.6 148.8 208.2 263.5 270.6 273.2 272.5 264.2 290.3 244.3 255.1 260.6 162.4 273.4 304.0 247.0 124.2 338.5 275.0 148.6 271.5 273.8 156.4 139.1 138.5 190.0 187.4 123.5 124.6 365.3 138.4 139.6 176.2 261.3 268.3 269.7 279.2 265.7 285.7 249.1 260.5 287.5 169.1 253.9 271.9 232.5 107.5 327.3 266.4 141.1 266.9 264.9 155.6 134.6 142.3 191.8 190.4 124.7 124.7 369.8 138.1 142.5 174.8 260.1 266.8 267.3 276.5 262.7 286.3 243.8 256.5 287.5 167.4 250.8 271.6 231.1 105.5 320.0 262,6 139.3 266.6 264.9 154.1 135.2 141.6 196.1 196.6 127.7 125.3 367.3 135.2 142.8 178.7 258.4 264.4 263.7 271.1 258.0 280.6 235.0 248.5 281,8 165.1 249.3 268.8 230.5 106.8 315.3 259.8 137.8 264.4 265.9 153.3 134.5 136.6 198.5 200.0 129.9 125.1 370.8 135.4 144.8 184.6 258.4 263.8 262.2 268.7 255.9 277.4 232.8 245.7 280.1 163.7 249.7 273 6 227.9 108.1 312.2 258.8 138.2 262.4 258.6 152.9 134.2 136.9 202.6 207 2 134.2 122.7 370.7 133.4 146.0 194.3 256.6 261.4 260.0 266.7 252.1 273.1 237 2 250.9 270.1 162.6 246.0 266.4 225.6 108.8 308.4 257.7 133.9 262.0 259.7 152.8 133.3 136.8 197.6 196.7 130.5 125.5 372.0 132.9 147.1 201.0 256.1 260.2 258.1 266.1 252.5 274.0 238.1 248.6 266.9 161.8 240.7 256.8 220.3 106.4 305.9 254.3 131.1 262.4 258.8 152 8 133.9 137.8 199 7 205.1 132.1 120 3 373 4 132 1 148.5 209 3 Dairy p ro d u c ts ............................................................ Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) . . . . Fresh whole milk ......................................... Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) . . Processed dairy products ............................... Butter ................................... Cheese (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 100) Other dairy products (12/77 = 100) ............ 247.4 135.1 220.9 135 4 146.6 252.5 144.5 152.4 140.9 249.8 136.3 222.9 136.8 148.1 252.7 146.0 154.0 143.1 249.8 136.2 222.8 136.4 148.2 253.3 146.9 151.6 144.5 250.2 136.5 223.2 136.8 148.4 254.2 146 4 152.5 145.9 250.2 136.1 222.6 136.4 149.0 253.9 146.8 154.4 146.0 250.1 135.9 221.9 136.6 149 2 256.2 146.7 154.9 145.2 250.2 135.9 222.1 136.4 149.3 254.8 146.8 155.3 145.7 246.7 134.6 220.1 134.9 146.9 255.1 144.8 151.5 141.5 249.1 135 9 222.1 136.3 148.3 255.4 146.3 153.0 143.7 249.0 135.7 222.0 135 8 148.5 255.8 147.3 150.7 145.1 249.4 135.9 222,3 136 2 148.6 256.8 146.7 151.5 146.5 249.4 135.5 221.7 135.8 149.3 256.4 147.1 153 5 146.5 249 2 135.2 220 9 136 0 149.4 258.7 147 0 154 0 145.8 249 3 135 3 221 2 135 8 149.5 257 4 147 1 154 2 146.1 Fruits and vegetables ............................... Fresh fruits and vegetables ................... Fresh fruits ................................ Apples ............................................ Bananas ...................................... Oranges ............................ Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............ Fresh vegetables ............................... Potatoes ................................... L e ttu c e ............................... Tomatoes ............................ Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 100) . 276.1 268.3 288.9 239.4 243.7 399.6 143.3 249.1 240.8 259.2 242.9 137.6 298.2 310.9 310.5 281.9 318.1 309.1 166.3 311.3 304.7 363.5 262.3 169.4 298.7 310.6 326.5 287.5 325.2 347.9 173.3 295.8 320.7 280.5 243.1 167.6 299.4 310.7 328.9 310.0 291 0 359.8 173.2 293.8 342.2 293.9 200.5 163.6 297.6 306.6 316.7 320.2 278.6 337.0 164.1 297.2 336.1 337.0 212.2 158.0 296.7 304.9 304.4 271.8 272.8 299.0 171.1 c305.5 316.9 360.4 241.9 163.0 288.9 288.7 279.5 265.9 233.1 307.8 148.5 297.4 305.0 329.8 243.0 163.0 271.3 261.0 275.4 239.9 241.9 360.4 137.5 248.1 235.9 259.8 246.6 137.1 294.5 305.4 299.7 283.4 316.7 280.1 160.0 310.8 301.3 360.8 267.1 169.5 294.7 304.8 315.3 288.8 323.1 321.5 166.6 295.5 318.2 280.6 247.3 167.3 295.1 304.3 317.5 311.9 290.7 329.9 166.3 292.5 338.2 294.2 204.0 162.5 293.3 300.3 305.9 321.3 276.5 307.1 157.7 295.4 330.9 338.2 216.2 156.3 292 7 298.9 293.4 273.8 270.3 271 3 164.7 303.9 311.7 360.9 246 8 161.7 285 1 283 4 269.3 267.3 230.7 279 3 142 9 296 2 300 1 330 0 246 9 162.3 287.3 149.7 145.6 153.4 149.1 139.0 149.0 286.9 149.7 140.0 155.1 152.0 138.7 151.4 288.2 150.6 140.6 156.4 152.6 139.0 151.7 289.5 150.7 141.1 155.6 153.5 140.2 152.8 290.2 151.0 142.2 155.2 153.8 140.6 152.4 290.3 150.6 142.1 155.1 152.9 141.1 150.6 291.6 151.2 143.3 155.5 153.2 141.8 151.8 285.1 149.4 144.7 152.6 149.7 137.8 150.4 284.7 149.3 139.0 154.0 152.6 137.5 153.1 285.9 150.2 139.8 155.4 153.1 137.9 153.3 287.4 150.4 140.3 154.7 153.8 139.1 154.5 288 0 150.6 141 4 154 2 154 3 139 4 153.9 288 2 150 3 141 3 154 0 153 4 140 0 152.0 289 5 150 8 142 fi 154 fi 153 5 140 7 153.4 ................................................................................................................................... Food at home ........................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products ......................................................... Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) ................................... Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Cereal (12/77 = 100) ............................................ Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) ............................ Bakery products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................ White b r e a d ........................................................................... Other breads (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) ................ Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100) ............................ Cookies (12/77 = 100) ............................................ Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) . . . Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) . . Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................ Processed fruits and vegetables................... Processed fruits (12/77 = 100) . Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 100) Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 100) Processed vegetables (12/77 = 100) . . Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100) ............. 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. 285.0 285.1 285.6 285.9 285.6 292.1 292.2 292 6 292.9 292.6 281.5 292.5 159.5 144.6 179.5 146.8 153.3 248.7 152.2 149.6 153.3 158.5 152.8 158.0 281.5 292.3 159.3 143.4 179.7 147,1 153.1 248.5 151.9 148.7 153.5 158.6 149.5 158.6 281.3 292,6 158.8 141.9 179.8 146.6 153.5 250.0 151.8 150.6 154.5 156.8 149.1 158.5 280.5 294.3 158.6 141.3 179.4 147.2 154.8 252.7 154.1 151.7 156.2 158.4 149.2 159 6 Nov. 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1982 1983 1982 1983 N ov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Nov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Fruits and vegetables— Continued Processed vegetables— Continued Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77 = 100) Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77 = 100) . . . . Other foods at h o m e ..................................................................................... Sugar and sweets .............................................................................. Candy and chewing gum (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Other sweets (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... Fats and oils (12/77 = 100) ........................................................... Margarine ..................................................................................... Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77 = 100) . . . Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ Nonalcoholic beverages ..................................................................... Cola drinks, excluding diet cola ............................................... Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77 = 100) . . . . Roasted coffe e.............................................................................. Freeze dried and instant c o ffe e .................................................. Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77 = 100) ......................... Other prepared fo o d s ........................................................................... Canned and packaged soup (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................ Frozen prepared foods (12/77 = 100) .................................. Snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77 = 100) . . . Other condiments (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ...................... Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77 = 100) . 140.8 133.0 334.3 370.3 149.6 165.2 152.5 258.6 257.5 152.0 129.8 426.2 308.8 144.8 360.0 344.2 138.8 270.2 136.6 149.7 153.1 157.1 151.7 150.2 145.0 140.5 131.2 338 8 374.5 151.3 168.5 152.5 258.3 259.3 149.4 130.1 431.0 312.3 146.3 359.3 352.2 140.5 276.1 141.6 153.8 159.0 155.4 151.2 146.2 140.9 131.7 338.7 376.1 151.8 169.7 153.0 259.0 259.5 150.5 130.3 428.7 310.3 145.1 356.6 351.4 140.4 276.8 141.9 154.4 159.3 158.5 156.1 151.6 146.8 142.0 132.9 339.1 375.8 151.6 169.7 152.8 258.1 257.2 149.8 130.3 430.7 312.4 146.3 356.0 352.3 140.5 276.9 141.8 155.1 159.3 158.3 156.0 151.5 146.5 141.8 134.0 340.7 376.4 151.9 170.3 152.7 264.8 259.3 148.9 136.9 431.2 312.7 147.6 353.7 348.3 141.0 277.8 141.4 155.7 159.9 158.9 156.3 152.2 147.2 142.4 135.7 342.7 375.5 151.8 169.3 152.2 271.1 264.6 151.6 140.7 436.4 317.2 150.8 352.8 350.2 141.9 276.8 141.3 154.7 159.0 159.6 156.0 151.8 146.2 143.2 136.0 343.4 376.0 152.0 170.4 151.7 275.4 268.9 151.8 143.8 435.2 315.7 149.4 355.4 352.4 141.8 277.9 142.0 156.4 158.6 160.7 155.4 152.8 147.0 138.4 131.6 335.1 370.1 149.5 166.6 150.2 258.5 256.8 150.3 130.3 427.9 306.2 142.4 354.8 343.7 139.1 271.9 138.5 149.2 155.2 156.2 153.4 150.3 146.4 138.1 129.8 339.5 374.1 151.2 169.8 150.2 258.0 257.5 147.7 130.7 432.6 309.7 143.9 354.3 351.6 140.7 277.7 143.4 153.1 161.1 157.6 157.2 151.5 147.6 138.6 130.2 339.3 376.0 C151.8 171.0 150.8 258.7 257.6 148.8 130.9 430.3 307.8 142.6 351.7 350.7 140.7 278 4 143.7 153.5 161.3 157.5 157.9 151.8 148 0 139.5 131.5 339.9 375.7 151.8 171.0 150.6 257.8 255.1 148.1 130.9 432.5 309.9 144.1 350.8 351.5 140.8 278.5 143.7 154.2 161.4 157.4 157.9 151.8 147.7 139.3 132.6 341.5 376.2 151.6 171.6 150.5 264.7 257.3 147.2 137.5 433.1 310.2 145.3 348.4 347.5 141.3 279.4 143.3 154.9 162.0 158.1 158.2 152.5 148.4 140.0 134.2 343.5 375.3 151.6 170.8 150.1 271.2 262.6 149.8 141.5 438.4 314.7 148.7 347.6 349.3 142.2 278.2 143.2 153.7 160.8 158.7 157.9 152.0 147.4 140.8 134.5 344.2 375.7 151.8 171.7 149.5 275.5 267.1 150.1 144.5 437.3 313.2 147.5 350.2 351.6 142.1 279.4 143.9 155.7 160.7 159.9 157.2 153.0 148.2 Food away from home ........................................................................................ Lunch (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................. Dinner (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................. Other meals and snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. 311.4 151.6 149.7 152.7 319.3 154.9 153.1 158.2 319.8 154.9 153.4 158.6 321.0 155.4 153.9 159.5 322.2 155.9 154.9 159.4 323.9 156.7 155.5 160.7 324.8 157.1 156.2 160.8 314.6 153.2 151.4 153.3 322.5 156.5 154.8 158.7 323.0 156.5 155.1 159.1 324.3 157.1 155.6 160.0 325.4 157.5 156.6 159.9 327 2 158.3 157.2 161.2 328.0 158.7 157.9 161.2 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s 210.9 217.0 217.2 217.1 218.4 218.9 218.6 213.0 219.6 219.8 219.7 221.3 221.8 221 5 Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77 = 100) .................................................. Beer and a'e ................................................................................................. W hiskey........................................................................................................... Wine .............................................................................................................. Other alcoholic beverages (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77 = 100) .................................. 136.2 212.5 150.7 235.9 120.4 143.6 140.3 224.1 151.6 236.3 122.1 147.1 140.7 224.8 152.1 237.1 121.7 146.1 140.3 224.4 151.6 234.8 122.4 147.3 141.2 225.4 153.7 235.7 122.5 148.4 141.4 226.1 153.5 237.1 122.3 148.7 140.9 225.9 152.9 234.8 121.5 149.9 137.5 211.7 151.2 243.7 120.4 144.8 142.0 222 8 152.1 244.1 122.0 148.3 142.5 223 6 152.6 245.2 121.8 147.1 142.1 223.2 152.1 242.4 122.4 148.5 143.2 224.8 154.2 243.7 122.3 149.6 143.4 225.3 154.0 245.5 122.2 149.8 143.0 225.2 153.4 242.3 121.5 150.9 H O U S IN G 319.0 323.1 324.5 324.8 326.4 326.8 327.0 319.6 322.3 323.1 324.3 325.3 325.2 324.5 S h e lte r (C P I-U ) 340.7 343.6 345.3 346.6 348.5 349.8 351.1 230.2 337.8 102.5 235.9 347.9 102 2 103.1 237 1 352.3 102.7 103.7 238.2 355.8 103.0 104.4 239.5 361.3 103.5 104.8 240.4 362.0 103.9 105.0 241.3 359.8 104.3 102.2 102.7 103.0 103.5 103.8 104.2 102.4 345.1 381.6 262.3 102.7 346.1 383.3 262.6 103.5 347.9 388.6 261.2 104.0 346.6 387.6 259.9 105.5 351.1 397.2 259.5 106.1 353.4 398.5 262.3 343.0 343.3 344.1 346.4 347.5 347.6 347.1 F O O D A N D B E V E R A G E S — C o n t in u e d F o o d — C o n t in u e d Food at home— Continued Rent, residential ........................................................................................... Other renters’ costs ..................................................................................... Owners’ equivalent r e n t .............................................................................. Household insurance..................................................................................... Maintenance and repairs ..................................................................................... Maintenance and repair services ............................................................... Maintenance and repair com m odities........................................................ S h e l t e r ( C P I - W ) ........................................................................................................................................... 339.0 373.4 257.8 Rent, re sid e n tia l.................................................................................................... 229.7 235.3 236.5 237.6 238.9 239.8 240 7 Other renters' costs .............................................................................................. Lodging while out of to w n ........................................................................... Tenants' insurance (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... 335.6 349.3 149.1 345.8 363.5 153.5 350.4 370.7 153.8 354.0 375.7 155.4 358.6 374 8 156.2 359.3 374.2 158.6 357.3 370.9 159.4 H om eow nership.................................................................................................... Home purchase ........................................................................................... Financing, taxes, and insurance.................................................................. Property in s u ra n c e .............................................................................. Property taxes ..................................................................................... Contracted mortgage interest c o s t s .................................................. Mortgage interest r a te s ............................................................... Maintenance and re p a irs.............................................................................. Maintenance and repair services........................................................ Maintenance and repair com m odities........................................................ Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling supplies (12/77 = 100) ........................................................... Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ 383.7 290.4 514.6 409.7 227.5 663 4 226.6 334.9 374.0 251.6 381.9 303.5 490.0 430.6 234.6 620.8 203.0 341.0 380.0 257.5 382.5 303.3 491.3 430.8 235.1 622.5 203.8 342 0 381.4 258.0 385 2 304.1 496.6 430.8 237.1 629.8 205.5 344.3 385.1 257.5 386.1 303.4 500.0 434.9 238.5 634.2 207.2 343.7 385.5 255.2 385.9 301.3 500.6 437.4 239.1 634.7 208.8 348.1 392.5 254.7 384.9 300.0 499.2 438.0 239 6 632.2 208.6 349.1 393.3 255.9 145.9 120.8 149.4 124.2 149.2 125.8 147.6 126.8 145.8 125.3 145.7 124.2 147.3 123.8 135.3 141.6 138 8 144.1 138.7 143.3 139.5 143.3 140.7 142.2 141.3 141.9 139.1 144.0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s 1982 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1983 1982 Nov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. F u e l a n d o t h e r u t ilit ie s 362.2 373.6 375.5 375.1 376.4 F u e is ....................................................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s .................................................................... Fuel oil ................................................................................................. Other fuels (6/78 = 100) .................................................................. Gas (piped) and electricity........................................................................... E ectr-c t y .............................................................................................. Utility (piped) gas .............................................................................. 461.9 691.3 712.8 189.0 407.6 318.4 543.1 475.2 620.0 628.5 188.6 437.4 337.4 591.8 477.7 619.3 627.2 189.3 440.5 341.1 593.0 476.5 619.0 626.5 190.0 439.1 340.7 589.8 478.3 623 2 631.2 190.2 440.5 342.3 590.5 Other utilities and public services ..................................................................... Telephone services..................................................................... Local charges (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) .................................................. Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ............................................ Water and sewerage maintenance.............................................................. 205.1 166.6 135.4 119.7 111.1 335.1 213.2 173.4 141.8 121.8 117.4 348.9 214.2 173.8 141.8 121.9 118.2 353.5 214.8 173.9 142.1 121.9 118.3 355.9 H o u s e h o ld fu r n is h in g s a n d o p e r a t io n s 235.1 238.6 238.9 Housefurnishings .................................................................................... Textile housefurnishings........................................................................ Household linens (12/77 = 100) .................................................. Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) .............................................................. Furniture and b e d d in g ................................................................................. Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 100) .................................................. Sofas (12/77 = 100) ..................................................................... Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Other furniture (12/77 = 100) ......................................... Appliances including TV and sound equipment ............................ Television and sound equipment ............................................ Television .............................................................. Sound equipment (12/77 = 100) ......................................... Household appliances ............................................ Refrigerators and home fre e z e rs............................................... Laundry e q u ip m e n t.................................................................. Other household appliances (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing machines (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... Office machines, small electric appliances, and air conditioners (12/77 = 100) ................... Other household equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................... Floor and window coverings, infants’ , laundry, cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................... Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) ............................... 195.1 222.6 133.8 197.8 226.8 135.4 144.0 214.1 146.2 116.4 122.1 140.1 151.7 108.1 102.9 113.9 185.2 192,7 140.0 122.7 1983 Nov. Nov. June J u ly 374.4 371.3 363.6 375.5 474.4 624.7 632.6 191.0 435 6 339 2 582.4 468.1 623.9 631.5 191.4 428.2 331.8 576.3 461.7 693.7 714.7 190.3 406.9 317.3 541.6 475.6 622.4 630.7 189.5 437.4 337.9 588.8 215.4 174.4 142.6 121.9 118.6 356.8 215.8 174.1 142.2 121.5 119.0 361.7 217.3 175.4 143.8 121.5 119.8 363.6 205.9 167.0 135.9 120.2 110.9 338.2 238.0 238.9 239.4 239.9 198.1 227.3 134.4 196.7 226.1 133.4 197.6 231.2 138.1 198.0 228.8 136.0 147.7 220.0 152.3 118.0 124.2 143.8 151.4 105.9 100.8 111.6 188.4 194.0 144.6 124.7 149.3 220.5 156.5 117.7 123.9 141.1 150.9 105.2 100.1 110.8 188.6 192.7 143.0 125.6 149.0 217.2 151.3 117.3 123.5 139.8 150.6 105.1 100.1 110.6 188.0 191.4 142.0 125.4 150.5 217.9 152.5 117.6 124.2 139.4 151.0 105.1 99.6 111.1 189.2 192.4 142.7 126.2 149.6 219.8 152.9 118.8 125.4 141.2 151.2 104.9 99.1 111.0 190.3 194.0 142.7 127.0 120.7 123.9 124.0 123.7 125.4 125.9 125.8 119.2 122.8 122 6 122.1 123 6 124.1 124,6 124.7 139.1 125.7 141.2 127.3 142.0 127.2 141.2 127.3 141.0 128.3 141.3 126.2 142.1 122.4 137.1 123.7 139.0 124 8 139 7 124.8 138.9 124.9 138 8 126.4 138 9 124.6 139.7 142.6 131.3 142.2 133.0 145.1 133.6 144.4 132 3 144.2 132.9 146.5 134.0 147.3 135.5 134.5 126.8 134.3 128.8 137.3 129.3 136.4 128.3 136.0 128.4 138.2 129.3 138.8 131.0 144.6 149.2 149.1 148.7 147.7 145.6 146.2 141.0 145.0 144.9 144.4 143.6 141.7 142.4 134.2 135.0 135.5 134.2 134.7 135.9 136.6 139.5 139.9 140.4 139 3 140.2 141.2 141.8 Housekeeping supplies ................................ Soaps and detergents ............................................ Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100) . . . Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100) . Miscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100) Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 290.3 283.5 147.3 148.2 138.3 151.6 141.9 296.3 294.9 151.5 147.3 139.9 154.0 145.8 296 8 294 6 151.4 148.1 140.3 153.9 146.6 295.8 294.4 151.0 148.1 139.5 154.1 144.6 295.7 296.1 152.0 148.0 139.5 154.9 140.8 296 6 295 2 151.6 147.8 139.5 155.9 144.1 297.0 296.7 151.5 148.2 140.9 155.5 143.0 287.1 279.9 146.2 148.1 141.4 146.2 134.9 293 2 290 9 150.4 147.4 142.8 148.7 139.4 293 5 290.3 150.2 148.2 143.2 148.6 139.7 292 7 290.2 149.8 148.1 142.5 148.8 137.8 293 1 292.0 150 9 148.2 142 6 149.5 134.9 293.6 291.1 150 5 148.0 142 6 150 4 137.2 293.9 292 7 150 2 148 3 144 0 150 0 136.0 Housekeeping services ............................... P ostage.................................................. Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning services (12/77 = 100) . . . . Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 = 100) . . . . 314.3 337.5 318.5 337.5 318.7 337.5 319.3 337.5 320.9 337.5 321.6 337.5 322.3 337.5 313.7 337.5 318.0 337 5 318.3 337.5 319.1 337.5 320.8 337.5 321.7 337 5 322 3 337.5 157.7 139.5 162.3 143.3 162.2 144.0 162.8 144.9 165.9 145.4 167.1 145.8 168.1 146.2 157.8 137.9 162.3 141.6 162.3 142 2 163.1 143.1 166.0 143.6 167 3 144.0 168 2 144.3 APPAREL AND UPKEEP 195 4 195.6 195.0 197.3 200.4 200.7 200.7 194.4 194.7 194.0 196.3 199.3 199.8 199.7 A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s 184.3 183.6 182.8 185.3 188.5 188.7 188.6 183.8 183.2 182.4 184.7 188.0 188.4 188.2 180.6 189.0 119.3 111.5 103.4 142.4 125.8 112.6 121.6 113.7 132.6 123.4 162.2 107.3 169.5 161.4 179.7 189.1 118.8 111.2 100.7 144.3 122.6 113.0 123.7 116.3 135.8 124.7 159.7 106.1 164.7 164.3 179.3 188.2 118.3 110.7 98.2 145.3 120.9 112.8 123.0 114.9 134.9 124.6 158.8 105.5 164.8 161.4 181.9 188.3 118.5 111.4 99.5 144.8 121.6 112.3 122.6 115.4 134.2 123.5 164.2 109.5 171.6 171.4 185.3 190.8 120.1 112.3 104.4 145.4 125.6 112.4 124.1 119.0 135.1 123.7 168.8 112.8 176.6 176.7 185.4 192.1 120 8 113.7 105.7 145.7 125.1 113.1 125.4 120.9 136.2 124.7 168.6 112.3 175.9 173.8 185.2 193.0 121.6 114.8 105.5 147.3 125.2 113.9 125.2 119.9 137.6 124.4 167.0 110.9 173.3 171.9 179.8 188.9 119.7 104.2 105 4 139.1 128.7 118.1 119.7 114.6 128.5 120.5 163.8 108 8 173.2 147.7 179.2 189.0 119.2 103.9 103.3 140.3 125.8 118.6 121.6 116.6 131.2 121.9 161.5 107.4 171.8 148.8 178.7 188.1 118.7 103.3 100.7 141.3 124.2 118.4 120 9 115.5 130 4 121.6 160.8 107.0 169.4 147.2 181.2 188.3 118.9 104.4 101.7 140.8 124 7 118.1 120.7 116.2 129.9 120.7 165.8 111.1 175.3 158.7 184.6 191.1 120.7 105.5 107 5 141.6 128.6 118.2 122.4 120.5 130.7 120.8 170.2 114.3 181.6 162.6 185.0 192.5 121 4 106.9 108 9 141 9 127 8 119.1 123 9 122.7 131 9 121.8 170.4 114.0 181.2 158.9 184.5 193.4 122 2 107 7 108 8 143 6 127 8 120 1 123 8 122 1 133 3 121 6 168 6 112 4 177 4 158.0 Aug S e p t. Od. Nov. 377 3 376.8 378.1 375.7 372 8 477.9 621.7 629.5 190.2 440.3 341.6 589.5 476.6 621.5 628.9 190.8 438.7 341.2 585.8 478.3 625.6 633.7 191.0 440.0 342.6 586.4 474.0 627 2 635.1 191.9 434.5 338.8 578.3 467,8 626.4 633.9 192.4 427.5 330 8 574.0 214.1 173.9 142.2 122 2 117.4 352 6 215.3 174.3 143.8 122 3 118.2 357.7 215.9 174.5 142.6 122.4 118.3 360.2 216.4 175.0 143.1 122 3 118.7 361.0 216.9 174,7 142.8 121.9 119.1 366 2 218 4 176.0 144 4 121.9 119.8 367 8 231.8 235.5 235.8 234.8 235 8 236.2 236.7 198.4 229.6 135.7 193.0 225.8 135.0 195.9 230.5 136.4 196.1 231.1 135.6 194.7 229 6 134.5 195.6 234.6 139 0 196.0 232.0 137.0 196.4 233 0 136 4 151.1 220.1 152.6 119.8 125.6 141.4 151.0 105.0 98.8 111.6 189.2 193.0 144.1 125.9 147.5 210.3 142.1 117.0 122.5 135.3 151.5 107.3 101.7 113.1 185.6 198.4 140.3 120.7 152.1 216.5 148.9 118.3 124.9 139.0 151.9 105.0 99.6 110.5 189.5 200.2 145.2 123.2 154.0 217.6 153.0 118.0 125.0 137.1 151.2 104.3 99.0 109.8 189.0 199.2 143.5 123.6 153.3 214.3 148.2 117.6 124 5 135.6 150.8 104.3 99.0 109.7 188.0 197.2 142.8 123.4 154.8 215.1 148.9 118.1 125.2 135.8 151.2 104.2 98.3 110.2 189.1 198.0 143.6 124.2 153.6 216.6 149.0 119.2 126.5 137.2 151.7 103.9 97.8 110.0 190.5 200.0 144.1 125.2 155.6 217.1 149.5 120.0 126.6 137.1 151.6 104.1 97.4 110.7 190.1 198.9 145,2 124.6 H O U S IN G F u e l a n d o t h e r u t il it ie s Apparel commodities less footwear . . . . Men's and boys’ ...................................... Men's (12/77 = 100) .................................. Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) . . . . Coats and ja c k e ts ...................... Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 100) Shirts (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................... Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100) . . . . Boys' (12/77 = 100) ............................ Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 100) . Furnishings (12/77 = 100) ................... Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) Women's and girls' ...................... Women's (12/77 = 100) ................... Coats and ja c k e ts ......................... Dresses ......................................... 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . . 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 1982 1983 1982 Nov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Nov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. A P P A R E L A N D U P K E E P — C o n t in u e d A p p a r e l C o m m o d it ie s — C o n t in u e d Apparel commodities less footwear— Continued Women's— Continued Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ............................ Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100) ............ Suits (12/77 - 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. Girls' (12/77 - 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................ Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ............................ Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. Infants' and toddlers' ................................................................................. Other apparel commodities ........................................................................ Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) ............................... Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ............................................... 100.1 130.6 87.4 110.4 103.9 106.0 97.7 132.8 77.2 106.5 96.3 103.5 96.3 131.7 81.0 106.2 100.1 99.8 99.4 133.2 87.3 107.7 101.9 102.0 102 5 135.1 94.3 104.5 101.6 106.3 103.9 135.6 89.9 111.4 105.8 106.8 102.0 136.1 85.7 111.8 106.2 107.6 100.9 130.2 105.8 109.6 102.2 105.9 98.4 132.4 93.9 107 4 96.5 106.1 96.9 131.4 99.8 106.6 100.0 101.3 99.7 132.9 108.1 106.8 98.7 102.9 102.9 134.8 115.0 108.3 98.5 106.8 104.2 135.3 112.6 110.4 103.1 107.4 102.4 135.7 105.8 110.8 103.3 108.3 129.3 274.2 212.7 120.0 144.9 128.6 283.0 214.0 122 4 145.1 127.7 282.4 215 9 123.0 146.7 127.8 281.9 216.2 121.6 147.5 128.4 287.4 217.4 121.9 148.5 129.0 289.0 215.5 120.4 147.4 128.7 288.7 216.6 118.6 149.2 128.1 285.5 201.4 118.2 135.7 127.5 293.4 203.0 120.5 136.2 126.8 293.1 204.6 121.0 137.4 126.7 292.3 204.6 119.8 138.0 127.0 297 9 205.9 120.2 139.0 127.6 299.9 204.0 118.5 138 0 127.5 298.1 205.2 116.8 140.0 F ootw ear................................................................................................................. Men's (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................. Boys' and girls' (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................. Women’s (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 206.9 132.5 129.3 127.6 206.8 133.7 130.7 125.6 203.8 132.8 128.9 122 9 205.7 132.3 130.3 125.3 208.0 134.8 130.4 126.8 208.6 135.0 131.1 127.1 209.1 135.8 131.8 126.7 206.7 134.2 131.8 123.6 206.6 135.5 133.1 121.3 203.7 134.7 131.0 118.9 205.5 134.2 132.6 121.1 207.6 136.7 132.9 122.3 208.1 136.9 133.2 122.6 209.1 137.6 134.0 122.9 A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s 282.0 290.9 291.8 292 3 293.4 294.6 296.2 280.3 289.2 290.0 290.4 291.5 292.6 294.3 Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100) ............ Other apparel services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. 167.9 148.1 173.5 152.4 174,1 152.7 174.5 152.7 174.4 153.7 176.0 153.8 177.0 154.5 166.4 149.2 171.9 153.7 172.5 153.9 172.9 153.9 173.3 154.8 174.3 154.9 175.4 155.6 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N 295.8 298.3 300.4 302.4 303.7 305.7 306.3 297.3 299.6 301.9 304.1 305.5 306.9 308.2 P r i v a t e ................................................................................................................................................................. 291.4 293.8 296.0 298.0 299 2 300.4 301.7 294.1 296 3 298 6 300.8 302.2 303 6 304.9 New c a r s ................................................................................................................. Used cars .............................................................................................................. Gasoline ................................................................................................................. Automobile maintenance and repair .................................................................. Body work (12/77 = 100) ........................................................................ Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) ........................................................ Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) ........................................................... Other private transportation................................................................................. Other private transportation commodities ............................................... Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 = 100) ................ Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100) ......................... Tires .............................................................................................. Other parts and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Other private transportation s e rv ic e s ........................................................ Automobile insurance ........................................................................ Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) .................................. Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . . State registration ........................................................................ Drivers’ licenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... 199.0 310.5 388.1 322.3 161.0 201.6 322.7 386.1 329.5 166.4 201.4 329.6 389.3 329.8 166.6 202.1 336 8 389.5 331.0 167.1 202.7 343.9 387.1 332 3 167.7 204.3 350.4 382.4 333.5 169.0 206.2 356.1 378.1 335.2 169.5 198.7 310.5 389.5 323.1 159.8 201.2 322.7 387.4 330.2 165.3 201.0 329.6 390.6 330.4 165.6 201.7 336.8 391.0 331.7 166.0 202.3 343.9 388.8 333.0 166.5 203 8 350.4 384.3 334.1 167.8 205.7 356.1 380.1 335.6 168.2 153.7 149.3 154.4 260.7 215.1 153.3 137.0 190.4 135.1 275.3 286.9 178.9 139.2 183 8 132.8 128.5 155.5 157.7 152.2 157.0 258.1 210.4 156.0 133.2 184.3 132.7 273.3 301.1 152.2 144.7 192.3 150.3 131.2 159.0 158.3 152.0 157.3 258.6 209.6 155.3 132.7 183.5 132 3 274.1 302.4 151.7 145.6 194.8 152.9 139.0 157.9 158.9 152 8 157.5 260.0 208.9 153.5 132.4 183.4 131.6 276.0 302.9 155.4 146.0 194.6 153.0 139.0 158.8 160.7 152.6 158.4 260.8 208.3 154.2 131.9 181.7 132.9 277.3 303.8 156.4 146.9 195.3 153.0 139.8 160.5 161.9 152.5 159.1 263.3 208.1 152.7 131.9 181.7 133 0 280.5 309.4 157.2 147.1 195.4 154.0 139.8 160.2 163.4 152.7 160.2 265.6 209.2 152.9 132.7 183.1 133.0 283.1 312.8 159.1 147.3 195.4 154.5 139.8 160.5 157.8 148.6 153.9 262.9 217.7 152.3 139.0 194.0 135.4 277.5 286.1 178.1 140.0 183.4 133.1 129.8 162.9 161.7 151.5 156.4 258.9 212.9 154.8 135.0 187.9 132.5 273.6 300.5 151.4 146.0 192.1 150.6 132.5 167.0 162.2 151.3 156.6 259.4 212.1 154.1 134.5 187.2 132.1 274.5 302.0 151.1 146.9 194.7 153.4 139.8 165.5 162.8 152.2 156.9 261.1 211.2 152.6 134.1 186.9 131.3 276.8 302.5 155.0 147,2 194.5 153.4 139.8 166.3 164.5 151.9 157.8 261.8 210.9 153.2 133.8 185.4 132 8 277.8 303.4 155.8 147.9 195.2 153.4 140.5 167.8 165.7 151.7 158.5 264.4 210.7 152.2 133.8 185.4 132.8 281.1 308.8 156.8 148.2 195.2 154.4 140.5 167.6 167.2 151.9 159.5 266.6 211.7 151.7 134.6 187.0 132 9 283.7 312.1 158.7 148.3 195.2 154.8 140.5 167.7 ................................................................................................................................................................. 356.0 361.2 363.2 365.0 366.6 368.2 370.3 348.2 352.7 354.4 355.7 357.2 358.5 359.9 Airline f a r e .............................................................................................................. Intercity bus fare ................................................................................................. Intracity mass transit ........................................................................................... Taxi fare ................................................................................................................. Intercity train f a r e ................................................................................................. 411.6 373.8 316.1 300.5 348 3 415.4 403.9 321.7 301.0 353.2 418.8 404.2 322.6 301.0 361.3 420.7 412.8 323.7 302.4 364.5 423.3 415.1 324.6 303.5 364.8 426.6 417.7 324 8 303.1 365.4 431.6 416.0 324.3 304.7 364.8 408.8 375.7 315.7 310.1 349.3 410.9 405.2 320 6 311.0 353.6 415.9 404.1 320.7 311.0 362 3 417.1 412.7 321.6 311.8 365 2 419.5 415 3 322.5 312.7 365.4 422.5 417.6 323.0 312.2 366.1 427.2 416.9 322.5 313.5 365.6 M E D IC A L C A R E 342.2 355.4 357.7 360.0 361.2 362.9 364.9 339.8 353.3 355.6 357.9 359 2 360 9 362.9 M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s ................................................................................................................. 212.9 223.2 224.2 225.4 226.3 227.5 228.9 213.4 223.6 224.5 225.8 226 7 227.8 229.1 Prescription d ru g s ................................................................................................. Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100) ............................................ Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................... Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................. Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and respiratory agents (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................ 201.0 150.1 163.5 144.0 213.7 156.6 177.0 153.3 214.5 157.2 177.6 154.0 215.7 157.9 179.1 155.4 216.7 158.1 179.9 155.8 218.6 158.6 182.8 158.1 220.8 159.1 186.9 159.9 202.1 152.3 163.2 143.9 214.8 158.8 176.7 153.2 215.6 159.2 177.2 153.9 216.9 160.1 178.7 155.4 218.0 160.3 179.7 155.7 219 9 160.8 182.6 157.9 222.1 161.5 186.7 159.7 183.9 164.0 198.1 173.3 198.1 175.1 199.2 175.7 200.0 177.5 201.9 178.7 204.0 180.5 185.2 166.0 199.9 175.1 199.8 176.8 201.1 177.5 201.9 179.4 204.0 180.6 206.1 182.4 153.4 161.8 162.3 162.6 163.8 164.2 164.7 153.6 162.0 162.5 162.9 164.1 164 5 165.1 Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100) ........................................................................ Internal and respiratory over-the-counter d r u g s ..................................... Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 = 100) . . . 149.9 132.9 241.9 145.2 155.2 135.0 251.9 150.4 155.9 135.8 253.5 150.3 156.7 136.2 255 0 151.0 157.3 137.7 255.6 151.2 157.5 137.3 256.1 151.8 157.9 137.8 256.4 152.7 150.5 131.6 243.0 146.2 156.0 133.9 253.3 151.4 156.7 134.6 254 9 151.3 157.5 135.1 256.3 152.4 159.1 136.7 256.9 152.3 158.3 136.2 257.4 153.0 158.8 136.6 257.7 154.1 P u b lic https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20 . Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s 1982 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry Nov. U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1983 June 1982 1983 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Nov. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s 371.0 384.6 387.2 389.8 391.0 392.9 395.0 367.7 381.7 384.4 387.0 388.3 390.2 392 3 P rofessional services ........................................................................................... Physicians' s e rv ic e s .................................................................................... Dental se rvic e s........................................................................................... Other professional services (12/77 = 100) ............................................ 308.3 335.3 289.2 147.2 322.0 351.7 301.2 152.3 324.2 353.9 303.8 153.0 326.0 354.9 306.5 154.0 327.6 356.5 308.3 154.3 329.7 358.5 310.7 155.4 331.7 360.5 312.9 155.9 308.4 338.6 287.0 143.9 322 2 355.3 298.9 148.7 324.6 357.6 301.6 149.6 326.5 358.8 304.3 150.5 328.0 360.5 306.1 150.8 330.1 362.3 308.5 151.8 332.0 364.3 310.7 152.5 Other medical care services................................................................................. Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................... Hospital r o o m ..................................................................................... Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100) ................ 446.8 182.6 586.6 178.1 460.4 191.5 609.6 188.3 463.3 193.8 619.1 189.9 466.9 196.7 627.6 193.0 467.8 197.8 633.8 193.3 469.3 199.4 638.0 195/1 471.5 201.0 641.9 197.1 442.3 180.7 578.7 176.7 456.4 189.6 602.2 186.8 459.4 191.9 611.2 188.4 462.9 194.6 619.5 191.2 463 9 195.7 626.1 191.4 465.6 197.3 630.2 193.3 467.9 199.0 633.9 195.4 E N T E R T A IN M E N T 239 9 245.4 246.0 246.6 247.5 249.1 249.5 236.1 241.9 242.5 243.1 244.1 245.4 245.7 E n t e r t a in m e n t c o m m o d it ie s 241.4 246.3 246.7 248.0 248.0 249.3 249.0 235.4 240.7 241.4 242.5 242.6 243.7 243.4 Reading materials (12/77 = 100) .................................................................... Newspapers .............................................................................. Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 100).................................. 153.4 290.9 159.6 158.5 302.0 164.2 158.5 302.7 163.6 160.9 303.5 168.4 161.2 304.0 168.6 163.4 306.9 171.7 162.9 307.7 170.2 152.7 290.5 159.6 158.0 302.0 164.2 158.0 302.7 163.6 160.2 303.4 168.5 160.5 303.9 168.8 162.8 307.0 172.0 162.3 307.8 170.4 Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Sport vehicles (12/77 = 100) ........................................................ Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................... B c y c ie s ........................................................................................ Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... 132.1 133.8 119.9 198.3 131.5 134.0 136.7 119.9 199.2 132.2 134.2 137.1 118.6 199.8 132.8 134.1 136.4 118.5 199.9 133.1 134.6 137.4 118.6 200.1 134.6 134.5 137.3 118.6 199.9 134.0 134.7 137.8 118.1 198.6 134.5 124.7 122.2 117.6 199.5 131.3 127.7 126.8 117.6 200.2 132.2 128.3 127.8 116.4 200.7 132.7 128.3 127.8 116.6 200.7 132.9 128.9 128.5 116.3 200.9 134.5 128.6 128.2 116.4 200.7 133.8 128.7 128.5 116.0 199 3 134 4 Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100) ......................... Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... 136.4 135.5 129.0 143.4 138.6 137.4 131.4 145.9 139.0 137.7 131.6 146.6 139.3 137.7 131.6 147.5 138.8 136.7 131.0 148.5 139.3 137.3 131.9 148.5 139.1 136.7 131,7 148.8 135.2 131.8 130.1 144.5 137.3 133.6 132.4 146.9 137.7 134.0 132.7 147.6 138.0 133.9 132.8 148.6 137.7 133.0 132.1 149.6 138.1 133.5 133.0 149.6 137.8 132.8 132.7 149 9 E n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v ic e s 238.2 244.7 245.4 245.0 247.2 249.2 250.5 238.4 245.1 245.8 245.4 247.8 249.7 251.0 Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................. Admissions (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Other entertainment services (12/77 = 100) ............................ 149.0 136.9 129.8 151.3 144.7 131.8 151.8 146.4 130.6 152.2 145.4 129.8 154.4 145.2 131.0 155.6 145.8 132.6 156.4 146.6 133 3 150.1 135.9 130.7 152.5 143.7 132.6 152.8 145.4 131.4 153.2 144.5 130.7 155.5 144.2 132.3 156.9 144.8 133.6 157.7 145.6 134 4 282.8 286.4 288.0 292 0 294.1 295.5 O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S 273.8 284.5 287.5 289.0 294.4 296.8 298.1 270.9 T o b a c c o p r o d u c ts 264.0 285.9 294.6 297.7 298.0 299.0 299.9 263.4 285.4 294.3 297.5 297 8 298 8 299.7 C garettes ........................................................................................ Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 100) 269.8 142.8 293.1 149.9 302.8 150.5 306.1 150.9 306.4 151.2 307.4 151.4 308.2 152.7 268.8 143.0 292.0 149.8 301.7 150.5 305.2 150.9 305.5 151.2 306.5 151.4 307.3 152.7 P e rs o n a l c a re 254.2 260.9 261 3 262.1 263.0 263.3 265.6 252.1 259.0 259 4 260.1 260.9 261.5 263 7 Toilet goods and personal care appliances............................... Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 = 100) . . . Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100) ................... Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and eye makeup Implements (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................... Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) . . . 253.5 148.3 157.2 261.4 151.7 162.5 262.3 152.5 162.6 261.9 152.8 160.0 262.4 153.0 160.8 263.0 152.7 163.1 265.7 154.5 166.7 254.1 147.3 155.4 262.1 150.9 160.8 263.0 151.7 160.8 262 6 151.9 158.5 263.0 152.0 159.1 263 9 151 9 161.2 266 6 153 6 165.1 141.7 144.7 148.5 147.1 148.8 147.9 148.6 148.9 148.3 149.9 147.7 150.5 148.9 150.5 142.3 148.4 149.2 150.7 149,5 151.6 149.2 152.4 148.9 153 4 148 9 154.1 150 1 154.1 Personal care services ............................................... Beauty parlor services for women ...................... Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 255.8 258.9 141.4 261.6 265.0 144.4 261.5 264.3 145.1 263.3 266.5 145.6 264.6 268.1 146.0 264.6 267.5 146.8 266.6 269.8 147.5 250.6 252.1 140.3 256.3 258.0 143.2 256 4 257.5 143.9 258 1 259.7 144.4 259 3 261.1 144.8 259 6 260.7 145.6 261.4 262 9 146.3 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l e x p e n s e s 320.0 326.0 327.2 328.1 344.6 350 9 351 3 321.3 328.1 329.4 330.5 345.6 352.4 352.9 Schoolbooks and supplies ............................ Personal and educational services ............................ Tuition and other school f e e s ...................... College tuition (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................ Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 100) Personal expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................... 283.1 328.6 167.2 166.8 168.7 174.1 293.6 333.8 167.6 167.3 168.9 186.1 294.2 335.1 168.0 167.8 168.9 187.9 294 6 336 2 168.2 168.0 169.2 189.8 306.6 353.5 178.6 180.7 170.9 192.6 308.5 360.6 182.9 182.7 183.9 193.4 308.8 361.0 182.9 182.7 183.9 194 6 286.8 329.8 167.7 166.9 169.7 174.0 297.6 335.8 168.2 167.4 169.9 186.2 298.3 337.3 168.5 167.9 169 9 188.3 298.8 338.6 168.8 168.0 170.3 190 4 310 8 354.3 178.4 180.5 172.7 193.0 312 9 362.0 183.3 182.6 184.9 193.9 313.0 352 9 183 3 182 6 184 9 195.2 383.5 381.2 384 3 384.5 382.3 377.8 373.7 324 1 354.8 341.5 358.6 343.6 358.9 343.6 360.1 344.7 361.6 343.0 363.4 340.7 364.2 384.8 427.2 323.2 355.4 382.4 410.2 341.1 360.8 385.4 411.4 343.1 361.7 385.9 415.6 342.9 364.2 383.9 418.2 343.8 365.2 379 5 419.7 341 8 369.7 375 5 419 8 339 4 370.4 = 100) . . . . S p e c ia l in d e x e s : Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other products . , . Insurance and fin a n c e ............................... Utilities and public transportation............ Housekeeping and home maintenance services Excludes motor oil, coolant, and other products as of January 1983. 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c = corrected. 21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure category and commodity and service group [December 1977 = 100] S iz e c la s s A S iz e c la s s B S iz e c la s s C S iz e c la s s D ( 1 . 2 5 m illio n o r m o r e ) ( 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 2 5 0 m il li o n ) ( 7 5 ,0 0 0 - 3 8 5 ,0 0 0 ) ( 7 5 , 0 0 0 o r le s s ) C a te g o ry an d g ro u p 1983 1983 June Aug. O c t. June Aug. 1983 O c t. June 1983 Aug. O c t. June Aug. O c t. N o rth e a s t E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items .......................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages .............................................................................................................. H o u s in g .................................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................................................. Transportation ....................................................................................................................... Medical care .......................................................................................................................... E ntertainm ent.......................................................................................................................... Other goods and services .................................................................................................... 153.9 147.4 158.9 122.6 161.7 160.9 144.1 156.7 155.0 147.5 159.6 123.2 164.2 164.4 144.3 160.3 156.5 148.2 160.5 125.5 165.8 166.5 145.8 166.9 160.8 146.8 170.7 124,4 169.2 163.5 138.8 159.8 161.5 147.4 169.7 125.8 171.4 167.1 139.6 162.8 163.1 147.3 171.4 130.0 173.4 167.3 142.8 167.1 164.2 150.6 176.7 128.9 166.6 166.7 142.1 163.1 165.5 151.6 176.7 128.6 169.5 171.2 143.8 165.9 167.1 150.7 178.4 132.3 172.0 171.4 146.2 170.5 158.5 146.3 163.9 129.5 166.7 168.5 148.1 162.2 160.0 147.7 164.2 128.8 169.7 171.9 149.3 166.7 161.6 146.6 166.3 131.9 171.9 172.6 153.0 171.3 149.1 150.0 160.0 150.1 141.6 161.3 151.2 153.0 163.2 154.8 158.3 169.8 156.0 159.8 169.8 157.4 162.1 171,8 154.3 155.8 180.1 155.4 156.8 181.7 156.4 158.9 184.2 152.3 154.8 167.9 153.9 156.3 169.2 154.7 158.3 171.9 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P C om m odities.................................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .............................................................................. Services............................................................................................................................................. N o rth C e n t r a l R e g io n E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items .......................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages .............................................................................................................. H o u s in g .................................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................................................. Transportation ....................................................................................................................... Med.cal care .......................................................................................................................... E ntertainm ent.......................................................................................................................... Other goods and services .................................................................................................... 165.2 145.0 185.3 116.8 164.2 166.1 141.9 156.7 166.6 144.5 186.3 119.5 167.4 168.4 143.3 158.1 167.3 144.6 185.6 122.3 168.8 169.8 144.3 162.9 162.0 143.8 172.2 129.2 167.1 168.5 136.9 168.5 162,2 143.6 171.7 128.9 168.6 172.4 131.8 170.4 162.6 142.8 170.3 131.8 170.1 173.1 134.7 175.8 158.3 145.0 165.2 127.0 167.1 166.3 147.3 153.8 159.6 145.0 165.7 129.9 169.8 167.5 148.4 158 3 161.1 144.8 167.8 131.6 171.8 167.6 149.9 161.1 159.3 151.7 163.9 122.2 165.7 173.1 137.1 166.3 160.7 151.9 165.2 125.4 167.8 175.4 136.6 169.3 162.1 153.2 165.9 129.2 169.4 175.5 138.9 172.4 153.5 157.5 182.4 154.7 159.7 184.3 155.6 161.2 184.6 152.8 156.8 176.8 153.1 157.1 176.8 153.7 158.4 176.9 150.0 152.2 171.7 151.5 154.5 172.8 152.7 156.5 174.7 149.9 149.0 174.1 151.3 151.0 175.6 153.0 153.0 176.5 C O M M O D IT Y A N O S E R V IC E G R O U P C om m odities.................................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .............................................................................. Services............................................................................................................................................. S o u th E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items .......................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages .............................................................................................................. HouS'O g.................................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................................................. Transportation ....................................................................................................................... Med'cal care .......................................................................................................................... Enterta n m e n t.......................................................................................................................... Other goods and services .................................................................................................... 161.2 150.9 168.5 129.8 166 8 169 0 139.4 159.3 162.4 150.9 169.7 131.8 168.7 170.0 140.7 162.1 163.3 151.4 169.6 130.7 171.1 171.7 143.4 166.2 161.7 148.9 167.9 124.6 170.3 167.5 153.0 162.9 162.9 149.9 168.4 126.2 172.2 169.0 154.4 164.9 164.9 150.5 171.0 129.0 174.2 172.4 153.7 168.5 161.2 147.3 168.7 123.0 168.5 178.5 146.1 160.0 162.3 147.8 169.5 124.1 170.3 180.0 146.2 161.6 163.5 148.3 169.6 126.5 172.4 182.3 148.1 166.2 162.0 150.7 170.3 113.9 166.0 184.4 145.5 161.0 162.8 150.7 171.9 111.3 167.3 184.2 146.4 162 9 165.1 151.4 173.9 116.3 170.4 187.8 148.6 164.0 153.7 154.8 171.5 155.0 156.8 172.7 155.5 157.3 174.1 154.5 156.8 172.6 155.6 157.9 173.9 157.2 160.1 176.6 152.0 154.1 175.3 153.7 156.4 175.6 154.8 157 9 177.1 153.0 153.8 175.7 153.2 154.2 177.1 155.4 157.1 179.6 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P C om m odities.................................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .............................................................................. Services............................................................................................................................................. W est E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items .......................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages .............................................................................................................. H o u s in g .................................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................................................. Transportation ....................................................................................................................... Med ca: care .......................................................................................................................... E ntertainm ent.......................................................................................................................... Other goods and services .................................................................................................... 161.4 151.2 166.2 121.8 171.3 176.7 139.6 155.5 162.7 150.9 168.3 123.3 173.0 177.3 139.8 165.0 163.5 151.9 170.0 122.8 172.0 177.3 141.3 168.0 161.8 153.7 165.1 128.4 171.6 172.6 145.9 163.4 162.5 152.8 165.4 126.9 174.4 175.8 146.7 165.5 163.8 153.6 168.1 127.6 174.3 175.6 146.8 168 4 153.5 148.6 151.2 123.3 167.7 176.4 144.8 158.0 155.2 148.3 152.9 122.8 170.6 180.0 148.7 161.2 155.9 149.4 154.2 125.0 169.9 180.0 147.4 164.6 160.0 154.4 159.1 142.9 165.6 177.5 157.3 169.2 162.2 154.1 163.2 142.4 167 8 179.2 158.5 173.4 163.9 154.9 164 9 146.2 169 8 179.0 160.6 175.3 152.4 148.6 171.6 152.6 153.6 175.9 152.4 152.7 177.8 154.6 150.7 170.2 155 2 156.4 172.6 155.7 156.8 174.9 152.1 149 6 155.3 153.3 155 4 157.6 153.4 155.0 159.1 151.2 147.0 168.8 152.4 151.7 176.6 153.8 153.4 178.6 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P C om m odities.................................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .............................................................................. Services............................................................................................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 93 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 22. Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s A re a 1 1982 Nov. U.S. city average2 ........................................................................... Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 = 100) ............................................... Atlanta. Ga............................................................................................ Sait more. Md...................................................................................... Boston. Mass....................................................................................... Buffalo, N.Y.......................................................................................... J u ly Aug. S e p t. 298.1 299.3 300.3 301.8 257.2 265.8 302.3 284.3 326.2 Detroit, Mich........................................................................................ 296.0 296.6 Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif........................................ 288.5 271.4 321 3 297 5 293.6 Miami, Fla. (11/77 = 100) ............................................................ Milwaukee, W is.................................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-W is...................................................... New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.................................................... Northeast, Pa. (Scranton) ............................................................... 156.8 303.1 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.......................................................................... Pittsburgh, Pa...................................................................................... Portland, Oreg.-Wash......................................................................... St. Louis, M o.-Ill................................................................................. San Diego, Calif................................................................................... 282.9 285.6 290.0 321.7 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif............................................................. Seattle-Everett, Wash.......................................................................... Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va................................................................. 297.5 286.3 298.6 325.5 314.1 283.6 279.4 301.6 298.8 294.5 273.5 324 0 301 3 295.2 160.8 310.1 312.6 288.1 286.1 305.4 289.1 283.4 288.3 316.2 289.5 289.9 310.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 298.2 296.4 276.4 324 3 303 3 297.0 292.1 297.2 291.4 316.8 292.9 291.2 313.7 293.3 302.0 340.4 306.0 306.3 296.8 1The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated Area is 94 299.2 J u ly Aug. S e p t. 297.2 298.2 299.5 300.8 270.4 254.4 289.7 284.4 303.9 316.8 293.1 307.1 339.8 332.5 299.9 292.1 300.7 296.5 291.6 273.4 319 7 298 3 292.1 164.0 312.5 158.1 306.9 293.9 288.5 281.9 280.6 291.7 282.0 293.9 299.6 342.3 283.5 288.9 318.2 309.5 298.6 294.1 291.6 257.5 302.0 295.8 316.8 306.3 303.8 303.7 ?QQ 3 293.7 162.8 325.0 311.8 285.9 288.7 299 5 286.1 286.5 291.1 308.5 288.4 293.3 304.2 295.7 316.0 317.6 314.7 338.4 304.6 298.9 301.8 285.9 296.7 299.0 164.3 329.1 286.4 296.7 320.0 288.1 290.0 294.2 297.8 164.9 328.9 312.7 288.7 294.2 304.7 288.2 299.1 323.8 301.6 294.2 300.0 294.5 337.3 278.2 293.2 264.0 302.4 292.5 296.8 299.1 311.2 317.6 309.0 331.7 298.6 used for New York and Chicago. Average of 85 cities. 297.4 Nov. 306.3 299.5 288.6 285.1 296.4 308.0 O c t. 260.8 304.3 297.4 288.0 283.3 305.7 308.8 297.0 1983 June 304.7 294.0 332.5 318.5 162.9 313.9 291.5 299.3 335.2 303.0 343.4 339.4 298.4 Nov. 288.5 303.0 314.6 327.3 315.9 335.8 Nov. 304.4 302.9 290.6 285.9 299.6 312.4 O c t. 276.9 303.9 300.4 289.1 Chicago, III.-Northwestern Ind.......................................................... Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind..................................................................... Cleveland. O h io .................................................................................. Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.......................................................................... Denver-Bou der, Colo.......................................................................... Honolulu, H a w a ii.............................................................................. 1982 June 290.1 285.0 294.3 304.2 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s ( r e v is e d ) 1983 287 3 290 9 294.8 289.6 299.3 323.7 301.4 297.7 300.9 299.0 302.7 23. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1967 = 100] Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1982 1983 a verag e 1982 Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g .1 S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. F IN IS H E D G O O D S Finished g o o d s .................................................................................. 280.6 285.5 283.9 284.1 283.4 283 1 284.2 285.0 285.7 r286.1 285 1 287.9 286 8 287.1 Finished consumer goods ..................................................... Finished consumer foods .................................................. C ru d e .................................................................................. Processed ......................................................................... Nondurable goods less f o o d s ............................................ Durable goods ..................................................................... Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy . . . Capital e q u ip m e n t..................................................................... 281.0 259.3 252.7 257.7 333.6 226.7 223.8 279.4 285.6 258.3 247.6 257.1 342.2 232.0 229.2 284.9 283.5 258.4 232.9 258.5 336.6 231.7 228 3 285.2 283.7 261.0 240.8 260.7 333.7 232.9 228.9 285.6 282.7 261.1 247.9 260.1 332.0 231 9 229.4 285 6 282.3 262 9 265.8 260.5 328.7 232.2 230.1 286.2 283.6 262.6 267.2 260.1 332.0 232 9 230 3 286.5 284.6 261.2 251.2 260.0 335.7 233.1 230.7 286.7 285 2 260.7 247.1 259.8 337.7 233.4 232.0 287.2 r285.7 r260 7 r259.9 258 7 r338.6 r233.8 r232.7 r287.7 285.1 263 3 269.8 260.5 338.6 228 9 232.8 285.4 287 1 264.3 289.8 259.9 337 9 235.4 233.3 290 9 285.8 261.8 272.8 258.7 336.6 235.3 233.7 290.3 286.1 264.0 269.1 261.5 335.3 235.7 233 7 290.5 310.4 310.1 309.2 309.9 309.5 308.7 309.7 311.3 312.8 r314.0 315.7 316.0 315.7 315.8 IN T E R M E D IA T E M A T E R IA L S Intermediate materials, supplies, and com ponents...................... Materials and components for m anufacturing...................... 289.8 288.3 288.6 291.1 290 2 291 0 291 9 292.4 294.1 r294.7 296 3 296.4 296 1 297.0 Materials for food m a n u fa ctu rin g ...................................... Materials for nondurable manufacturing ......................... Materials for durable manufacturing ............................... Components for m a n u fa ctu rin g ......................................... 255.1 284.4 310.1 273.9 249.8 278.0 309.4 277.3 250.9 277.0 312.0 276.8 254.1 277.0 319 2 277 6 252.8 276.6 315.7 278.3 255.1 277.3 316.6 278.9 257.0 277.7 318.4 279.4 257.0 277.7 319.0 280.3 257.4 279.7 320 9 281.6 r260 5 r281.1 r320.9 r281.5 269.3 281.9 322.8 281 8 264.0 283.5 322.2 282.2 260.4 284.1 321.1 282.5 262.5 284.7 322 6 283.1 Materials and components for c o n s tru ctio n ......................... 293.7 294.7 296.5 298.8 299.6 300.9 301.2 302.4 302.9 r303.7 302.8 303.5 304.0 304.6 Processed fuels and lubric a n ts............................................... Manufacturing indu stries...................................................... Nonmanufacturing industries ............................................ 591.7 497.8 674.3 595.0 502.2 676.4 577.9 485.2 659.4 565.4 475.5 644.6 564.2 480.6 637.2 543.3 460.4 615.9 547.8 462.9 622.2 562.0 475.9 637 5 567.9 480.9 644.1 r572.0 r485.1 r648.0 579.2 495.4 652 1 579.9 498.7 650.4 574.0 493.4 643.9 568.5 488.8 637.6 C ontainers.................................................................................. 285.6 285.0 285.0 285.3 285.2 284.8 285.8 285.9 286.1 r286.3 287.3 288 3 289.3 289 5 S u p p lie s ..................................................................................... Manufacturing indu stries...................................................... Nonmanufacturing industries ............................................ Feeds .................................................................................. Other s u p p lie s .................................................................. 272.1 265.8 275.7 207.0 289.8 273.0 267.2 276.3 204.7 291.1 273.1 267.4 276.4 206.5 290.9 273.5 267.8 276.8 207.4 291.2 273.9 268.1 277.1 207.7 291.6 275.5 268.6 279.3 219.8 291.9 275.6 268.9 279.3 218.1 292.2 275.6 269.8 278.8 213.4 292.5 276 2 270.1 279.6 216.2 291 9 r277.9 r270.5 r282.0 r230.7 r293.0 280.1 271.2 285.0 247.1 293.5 280.4 271.8 285.1 245.6 293 9 281.0 271 9 296.0 249.6 294.2 281.0 272.6 285.6 244.0 294.8 C R U D E M A T E R IA L S Crude materials for further processing ......................................... 319.5 312.7 313.9 320.2 321.6 325.8 325.8 323.3 320 6 r327.1 328 3 324.5 324.1 327.8 Foodstuffs and fe e d s tu ffs ......................................................... 247.8 237.1 239.6 249.3 249.1 256.8 256.5 252.1 248.4 r256.4 257.4 253.9 252.0 256 2 Nonfood m aterials..................................................................... 473.9 475.3 473.6 473.0 477.7 474.6 475.4 476.8 476.2 r479.6 481.1 476.7 479.5 482 1 Nonfood materials except f u e l ............................................ Manufacturing industries ............................................... C ons truction...................................................................... 376.8 387.2 270.3 365.8 375.0 268.1 368.0 377 6 267.5 366.0 375.1 269.1 366.8 375.9 269 3 367.0 376.1 270.0 369.0 378.3 270.3 370.5 379.9 271.3 371.6 381.6 270.9 r375.6 r385.7 r271.0 376.6 386 5 273.1 375.3 385.1 272.6 377.7 387.8 272.9 379.6 389.7 274.6 Crude fu e l............................................................................... Manufacturing industries ............................................... Nonmanufacturing in d u s trie s ......................................... 886.1 1,034.8 782.2 952.2 1,121.4 832.2 930.7 1,093.8 815.5 937.7 1,103.9 820.0 961.8 1,134.3 839.2 941.6 1,107.6 824.0 935.9 1,100.9 819.1 936.7 1,102.3 819.4 927.8 r926 9 1,090.4 r1,088.9 813.0 r812.5 931.2 1.094.7 815.7 911.2 1,067.9 800.9 915.2 1,072.4 804.6 921.4 1,079.9 810.0 Finished goods excluding f o o d s ...................................................... Finished consumer goods excluding foods ......................... Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y .................................. 285 8 287.8 244.1 292.5 295.0 247.6 290.3 291.4 247.1 289.6 290.3 248.7 288.7 288 9 248 6 287.7 287.3 249.5 289.3 289.4 249.7 290.8 291.6 249.4 291.8 292.6 249.9 r292.5 r293.5 r250.2 290.3 291.3 249 6 293.7 293.8 252.2 293.0 293 0 251.4 292.6 292.5 252 4 Intermediate materials less foods and feeds ............................... Intermediate materials less e n e rg y......................................... 315.7 290.4 315.7 290.0 314.6 290.5 315.2 292.4 314.8 292.1 313.6 293.2 314.6 293.9 316.4 294.4 318.0 295.6 r318.7 r296.5 319.8 297.8 320.4 298.1 320.1 298.2 320 3 298 8 Intermediate foods and feeds ......................................................... 239.4 235.1 236.4 238.8 238.0 243.6 244.4 242 8 244.0 r250.9 262.2 258.2 257.1 256.6 Crude materials less agricultural products ................................... Crude materials less energy .................................................. 536.3 240.4 537.4 229.9 536.0 232.5 535.1 241.4 539.7 242.7 536.1 248.6 536.2 249 0 537 5 246.2 536.8 243.9 r540.0 r251.2 541.7 252.2 537.4 249.1 540.4 248.5 543.8 252.3 S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S 1Data for August 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Annual Code C o m m o d it y g ro u p a n d s u b g ro u p A ll c o m m o d it ie s A ll c o m m o d it ie s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 = 100) F a r m p r o d u c t s a n d p r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d fe e d s 1982 1983 a verag e ....................................... In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d it ie s 1982 Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g .1 299.3 317.6 300.7 319.0 299.9 318.2 300.9 319.3 300.6 318.9 300.6 318.9 301.5 319.9 302.4 320.8 303.2 321.7 r304.7 r323.3 248.9 312.3 244.8 315.2 245.8 313.9 250.4 313.9 250.6 313.5 254.7 312.4 254.7 313.6 252.5 315.3 251.5 316.5 232.6 248.8 262.3 237.2 177.8 200.6 285.5 170.0 209.0 280.1 233.2 227.6 206.3 242.3 177.1 201.7 284.5 170.0 212.4 279.9 240.7 227.8 222.4 251.1 200.1 206.4 284.3 170.0 217.9 281.2 241.5 234.9 227.4 251.4 177.8 217.0 282.9 170.0 217.8 280.3 250.5 266.6 243.8 260.6 170.8 213.6 280.8 170.0 226.3 279.2 250.4 260.1 242.2 258.0 186.9 223.8 279.8 185.1 227.3 281.0 247.4 264.4 241.5 251.7 199.3 229 7 278.6 169.3 213.3 284.4 S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. 305.3 323.9 306.3 325.0 305.6 324.2 306.0 324.7 '255 5 r317.3 259.2 317 2 257.9 318 7 256.0 318.3 257 8 318.4 244.3 258.2 236.7 240.7 214.5 230.4 278.7 177.2 227.3 282.5 253.5 270.4 251.8 242 2 221.4 240.7 281.7 189.5 262.8 285.7 256.3 275.5 258.0 231.5 242.2 238 7 284.4 200.1 297.8 287.3 255.2 307.6 253.7 229.4 208 5 234.5 284.1 (2) 288 8 283.7 251.0 274.7 257.5 220.5 238.5 243.6 283.2 (2) 287 6 283.5 254.0 273.0 243.6 238.2 241.2 244.1 281.4 <2) 282.2 276.9 FA R M P R O D U C TS A N D PRO CESSED FO ODS A N D FEEDS 01 01-1 01-2 01-3 01-4 01-5 01-6 01-7 01-8 01-9 Farm pro d u cts........................................................................................ Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables............................................ G ra in s .................................................................................................. Livestock ........................................................................................... Live p o u ltry ........................................................................................ Plant and animal fibers .................................................................. Fluid m i l k ........................................................................................... Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ........................................................ Other farm p ro d u c ts ........................................................................ 242.4 253.7 210.9 257.8 191.9 202.9 282.5 178.7 212.8 274.5 02 02-1 02-2 02-3 02-4 02-5 02-6 02-7 02-8 02-9 Processed foods and feeds .................................................................. Cereal and bakery products ............................................................ Meats, poultry, and f i s h .................................................................. Dairy products .................................................................................. Processed fruits and vegetables..................................................... Sugar and confectionery.................................................................. Beverages and beverage materials ............................................... Fats and oils ..................................................................................... Miscellaneous processed f o o d s ..................................................... Prepared animal fe e d s ..................................................................... 251.5 253.8 257.6 248.9 274.5 269.7 256.9 215.1 248.6 211.3 250.5 256.2 249.9 250.8 275.7 280.1 258.8 203.0 248.6 210.1 251.7 257.3 252.3 250.7 274.8 282.1 260.1 201.7 248.8 211.6 254.7 256.8 261.0 250.9 274.3 286.4 261.3 205.3 249.3 212.3 254.5 256.9 260.7 250.7 274.9 283.7 262.0 206.0 248.5 212.4 256.0 258.8 259.1 251.0 273.7 287.4 263.0 214.6 249.9 222.8 256.1 259.1 257.8 250.9 275.3 289.9 263.6 220.0 249.9 221.3 254.3 260.3 250.2 250.4 277.1 296.0 263.0 219.3 251.5 217.1 254.4 261.4 247.3 250.4 277.1 296.4 263.7 222.2 255.0 220.0 r255.5 '262.8 r243 2 250.4 r278.3 298 9 r263.9 '245.6 r252.7 r233.0 259 7 263.2 244.3 250.5 278.1 300.1 264.5 303.7 257.5 247.2 258.3 264.6 239.6 251.0 280.0 297.7 265.1 287.4 259.7 247.7 257.6 264 7 235.7 251.2 279.8 297.6 266 1 277 6 264.0 250.9 258.8 264.9 242.1 249.2 281.5 297 4 266.5 271.7 265.8 245.7 03 03-1 03-2 03-3 03-4 03-81 03-82 Textile products and a p p a re l............................................................... Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ............................ Gray fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ Finished fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Apparel .............................................................................................. Textile housefurnishings.................................................................. 204.6 162.1 138.3 145.3 124.6 194.4 238.5 202.6 159.7 136.7 143.3 122.8 193.0 236.2 202.7 156.7 134.7 144.4 122.2 194.4 236.5 202.6 153.1 135.0 144.3 122.3 195.0 234.3 203.4 153.9 135.8 145.1 122.4 196.1 234.2 203.5 153.8 136.0 145.8 123.1 195.8 234.2 204.3 155.6 137.4 146.2 122.8 196.5 237.6 204.7 155.9 137.6 145.8 122.5 197.9 235.2 205.3 158.3 138.5 146.1 122.4 198.4 234.8 r206 0 r157.5 140.2 r146.7 r123.6 r198.7 r234 5 205.8 158.6 140.5 147.1 123.3 197.4 238 6 206.4 160.4 140.7 148.9 123.8 197.3 238.5 207.0 159.5 141.3 150.2 123.9 198 7 233 9 207.2 158.2 142.4 151.7 124.3 198.4 234.7 04 04-2 04-3 04-4 Hides, skins, leather, and related p ro d u c ts ...................................... Leather .............................................................................................. Footwear .............................................................................. Other leather and related products ............................... 262.6 311.4 245.0 247.4 264.1 314.4 247.7 249.1 266.7 314.4 251.5 250.8 264.3 312.8 247,7 251.0 264.9 316.2 248.1 250.9 267.4 320.5 250.0 251.0 269.4 326.6 248.7 251.7 271.2 335.9 249.9 251.7 272.3 337.9 249.9 253.5 r274.7 r343.4 '250.9 r253.7 275.3 341.8 250.9 257.0 274.7 337.1 251.2 256.9 277.3 340.2 251.4 257.6 278.3 342.6 251.3 258.1 05 05-1 05-2 05-3 05-4 05-61 05-7 Fuels and related products and p o w e r............................................... Coa ........................................................................................ C o ke ............................................................................ Gas fuels3 ............................................................................ Electric power .................................................. Crude petroleum4 ......................................... Petroleum products, refined5 ............................................ 693.2 534.7 461,7 1,060.8 406.5 733.4 761.2 06 06-1 06-21 06-22 06-3 06-4 06-5 06-6 06-7 Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts ............................................... Industrial chemicals6 ......................................... Prepared paint Paint m a te ria ls ............................................ Drugs and pharmaceuticals ................................... Fats and oils, in e d ib le ................................... Agricultural chemicals and chemical p ro d u c ts ............. Plastic resins and m a te ria ls ................................... Other chemicals and allied products . . . . 292.3 352.6 262.8 304.6 210.1 267.1 292.4 283.4 270.1 289.6 342 4 264.7 301.7 216.0 240.8 285.2 282.5 272.0 289.3 339.3 264.7 301.5 218.6 242.0 283.2 283.8 272.8 290.5 340.1 264.7 299.5 222.2 253.4 283.3 283.1 274.4 289 8 338.8 264.7 298.4 222.9 262.2 284.2 282.1 272.0 291.3 338.7 264.7 299.8 225.1 278.3 282.8 285.4 274.7 291.1 338 8 264.7 300.2 225.2 287.1 282.4 288.0 272.0 290.8 338.5 264.7 299.5 225.2 276.9 280.6 289.1 272 4 293.7 347.0 265.2 300.5 227 6 260.9 278.1 291.3 274.2 '294 4 '347.6 '265.4 '305.7 r227.3 r278.1 r277.1 '293.7 r274.2 294.8 346.3 264.5 316.0 228.0 305.5 276.0 293.1 274.5 296.4 348.6 264.1 316.6 229.7 319.5 276.8 297.5 273.9 296.4 346 3 264.4 314.5 230.6 320.9 281.1 296.6 274.4 296 6 345.1 264.9 315.5 231.4 319.0 282.5 298 3 274.5 07 07-1 07-11 07-12 07-13 07-2 Rubber plastic products ................................... Rubber and rubber prod ucts......................... Crude rubber ................................... Tires and tu b e s ............................................... Miscellaneous rubber products ............................ Plastic products (6/78 = 100) ................... 241.4 267.8 278.9 255.2 276.9 132.3 242.2 268.2 271.1 256.0 279.7 133.0 242.9 269.6 271.1 259.1 284.5 133.0 242.3 268.3 274.3 250.5 289.6 133.1 241.8 267.1 281.2 246.6 285.8 133.2 243.0 267.0 281.3 246.5 285.7 134.6 243.2 267.0 280 6 246.3 286.0 134.8 243.1 265.6 280.2 243.7 285.9 135.5 243.4 265.2 283.2 242.4 285.7 136.0 '243.7 r265.1 '284.6 '242.8 '284.5 r136.4 244.5 266.8 284.3 242.5 289.3 136 4 245.1 267.1 284.3 242.7 289.9 137.0 243.8 264.8 282.8 242.7 284 2 136.8 244 1 265.1 282.4 243.0 284 8 136.9 08 08-1 0 8 -2 08-3 08-4 Lumber and wood products ................... L u m b e r...................................................... M illw o rk ............................................ P lyw o od............................ Other wood p rod ucts...................................... 284.7 310.8 279.4 232.1 236.2 285.6 312.6 286.5 231.2 231.2 293.3 326.8 293.7 235.3 232.0 303.1 344.7 300.5 239.5 233.2 305.8 349.3 304.0 238.9 231.6 307.2 354.2 302.8 239.4 230.8 308.0 358.6 299.0 241.1 231.1 314.8 372.8 294.9 255.5 229.6 314.6 373.1 296.3 252.5 229.7 313.9 366.6 '306.6 '246.2 229.3 306.0 348.2 305.7 242.4 229.6 306.1 345.8 307.1 246.5 229.6 306.0 346.0 308.2 244.7 229.7 308.8 351.5 308.5 247 1 230.4 Eggs............................................................................................. IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S See footnotes at end of table. 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 703.4 683.6 538.7 535.6 452.3 450.9 1,181.2 1,147.3 409.9 410.8 720.0 719.7 754.2 720.6 668.6 658.0 644.8 651.9 665.5 668.7 r671.7 675.7 672.7 533.4 538.6 538.0 534.1 535.2 534.8 '536.6 536.1 536.7 450.9 447.3 438.4 447.3 438.4 431.6 r453 9 453 9 453.5 1,154.7 1,180.0 1,156.1 1,156.7 1,155.1 1,148.9 r1,145.9 1,149.3 1,130.7 410.8 411.4 409.2 412.2 419.4 426.4 '427.2 428.2 423.9 692.9 678.0 678.0 678.0 677.9 675.7 '675.1 676.1 676.1 692.8 666.6 645.9 659.3 684.2 688.7 '694.9 701.8 702.4 667.1 662.1 539.8 542.4 453.5 453.5 1,124.2 1,125.6 419.0 417.6 676.0 674.8 694.7 684.8 24. Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p Code 1983 1982 a v e ra g e 1982 Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g .1 S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S — C o n tin u e d 09 09-1 09-11 09-12 09-13 09-14 09-15 09-2 Pulp, paper, and allied p ro d u c ts ........................................................ Pulp, paper,and products,excluding building paper and board W ood p u lp ........................................................................................... W astepaper........................................................................................ Paper .................................................................................................. Paperboard ........................................................................................ Converted paper and paperboard p ro d u c ts ................................... Building paper and board ............................................................... 288.7 273.2 379.0 (2> 286.3 254.9 264.4 239.5 290.5 268.8 347.2 (2) 279.2 244.1 264.8 242.0 293.6 269.8 346.6 (2) 279.3 243.3 265.0 241.1 294.2 268.7 345.7 (2) 278.8 244.1 265 1 241.4 294.8 268.7 343.0 (2) 278.4 246.3 265 1 244.2 295.4 268.5 342.5 <2> 278.5 248.1 264.2 247.0 296.0 268.7 343.2 <2> 279.0 248.7 264.1 249.3 297.0 269.2 344.9 (2) 279.5 249.4 264.5 255.7 297.8 270.2 345.8 183 3 279.2 249.7 264.1 256.2 r298 8 r271.1 r346.4 (2) r280.9 r250.1 r264.7 252.1 299 1 271.7 348.4 (2) 285.3 252.8 265.3 252.8 300.4 273.0 348.6 (2) 286.6 255.5 266.5 254.7 302.0 276.3 352.6 210.2 287.9 257 9 267.8 254.7 302.7 276 8 351.3 211.5 288.9 259.5 268.0 250.5 10 10-1 10-17 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Metals and metal p ro d u c ts .................................................................. iron and s t e e ..................................................................................... Steel mill p ro d u c ts ........................................................................... Nonferrous m e ta ls ............................................................................ Metal containers ............................................................................... H a rd w a re ........................................................................................... Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings ............................................ Heating e q u ip m e n t........................................................................... Fabricated structural metal products ............................................ Miscellaneous metal p ro d u c ts ........................................................ 301.6 339.0 349.5 263.6 328.5 280.3 278.7 237.2 304.8 282.3 299.9 332.8 344.7 263.2 328.3 285.8 279.2 239.3 304.7 283.2 300.3 333.3 343.7 267.0 327.9 287.2 280.6 240.7 303.6 279.1 304.7 339.9 351.1 275.8 331.1 287.9 283.5 240.7 302.8 279.0 304.4 341.6 349.8 270.6 331.4 288.2 285.6 241.1 303.7 280.4 304.6 341.5 349.7 271.8 331.9 288.6 287.7 242.3 302.5 280.7 306.1 340.9 349.8 277.7 337.1 288.5 289.1 242.7 302.1 280.8 306.3 341.3 350.1 275.7 337.4 291.5 290.8 243.0 302.0 283.4 307.3 342 1 350.8 278.4 336.5 292.1 290.4 244.9 302 2 283.7 r308.2 r343 2 r351.7 r279.8 r336.6 r292.2 r290 2 r245.1 r303.0 r284.0 310.9 347.6 357.7 282 1 338.3 289.8 291.5 244.7 303.8 287.7 310.7 348.2 358.1 279.8 338 3 290.0 292 7 245.0 304.4 288.2 310.3 349.2 359 1 275.6 338 2 291.5 293.7 245 2 305.0 289.1 311.4 350.6 359.5 278.0 338 2 291.9 293.6 245.6 304.9 289 3 11 11-1 11-2 11-3 11 4 11-6 11-7 11-9 Machinery and equipment .................................................................. Agricultural machinery and equipment ......................................... Construction machinery and equipm ent......................................... Metalworking machinery and e q u ip m e n t...................................... General purpose machinery and equipment ............................... Special Industry machinery and equipm ent................................... Electrical machinery and equipm ent............................................... Miscellaneous machinery ............................................................... 278.8 311.1 343.9 320.9 304.0 325.1 231.6 268.4 282.4 320.7 348.1 323.6 307.0 329.9 234.2 272.3 283.3 322.4 348.3 324.1 307.4 331.8 235.2 272.9 284.3 323.3 349.3 325.2 307.9 332.6 237.2 272.7 284.7 323.5 349.6 325.5 307.5 333.6 237.5 273.7 285.4 323.9 350.9 326.2 308.2 334.5 238.4 274.2 286.0 326.4 352.3 326.7 308.4 335.8 238.5 275.3 286.2 326 4 352 5 327.0 308.4 336.7 238.8 275.0 287.4 327.1 352.8 326.6 308.5 338.0 241.7 275.2 r287.4 r327 3 r352 9 r326.5 r307.9 r339 0 r241.7 r275.3 287.5 328.0 353 4 326 3 308.1 339.7 242.1 274.5 287.8 327.9 353.5 326.5 308.3 340.5 242.5 274.9 288.1 329.7 353.7 326.6 308.4 340.9 242.7 275.0 288.8 329 8 353.7 327.7 309.3 341.7 243.7 275.2 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 Furniture and household d u ra b le s ..................................................... Household furniture ........................................................................ Commercial fu rn itu re ........................................................................ Floor c o ve rin g s.................................................................................. Household appliances ..................................................................... Home electronic equipment ............................................................ Other household durable g o o d s ..................................................... 206.9 229.8 275.5 181.2 199.1 88.1 289.3 209.2 232.0 278.5 181.5 201.8 87.1 298.1 210.7 231.9 281.1 182.2 203.9 87.3 302.8 212.5 232.6 282.2 182.1 204.9 87.0 314.8 212 3 231.1 285.1 182.0 205.0 87.0 312 9 212.8 231.8 286.2 182.2 206.3 86.6 312.0 213.6 234.4 285.9 182.1 207.5 86.4 312.7 214.0 235.0 286.9 181.4 207.5 86.5 314.3 214.8 235.4 287.5 186.6 207.8 85.9 314.8 r214.9 r236.3 r286.5 r188.9 r207 7 r85 5 r313.9 214.9 236.3 287.7 188.2 207.6 85.8 313.0 215.1 237.1 287.9 188.1 207 6 85.8 313.1 215.4 237.1 290.3 187.9 207.7 85.8 312.9 215.3 237.3 290.5 187.8 208.1 84.6 313.1 13 13-11 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 Nonmetallic mineral products ............................................................ Flat g la s s ........................................................................................... Concrete in g re d ie n ts ........................................................................ Concrete products ........................................................................... Structural clay products, excluding refractories ......................... Refractories........................................................................................ Asphalt ro o fin g .................................................................................. Gypsum products ........................................................................... Glass containers ............................................................................... Other nonmetallic minerals ............................................................ 320.2 221.5 310.0 297.8 260.8 337.1 298.4 256.1 355.5 471.8 320.5 225.3 306.7 298.5 264.8 337.2 397.0 253.9 357.6 471.0 321.5 229 7 307.2 299.4 264.9 337.7 393 7 263.1 356.6 471.5 322.3 229.7 310.0 300.1 264.3 337.7 380.4 267.4 355.8 476.1 322.0 229.7 308.5 300.4 270.7 337.7 374.7 265.9 354.1 476.4 324.1 229.7 312.8 301.0 275.7 338.2 384.0 271.9 353.5 478.7 324.1 229.7 313.7 301.1 277.6 338.2 380.0 275.7 351.8 478.5 324.5 229.7 314.2 301.6 281.5 336.8 379.6 273.8 351.8 479.5 325.1 229 8 314.0 302.3 282.4 338.2 385.3 276.0 351.6 479.7 r326.3 r229.7 r316.4 r302.7 r282.4 r339.4 383.4 r289 3 351.3 r481.9 327.2 229.6 318.9 302.8 281.7 340.7 385.7 295.7 351 2 482 4 327 9 229 5 318.8 303.3 282.8 345.6 385.0 304.3 351.1 482.7 328.9 230.1 316.7 303.6 283.4 354.3 384.2 313 9 351.1 486.9 329.2 230 0 317.0 303.7 283.5 354.3 380.6 321.4 351 0 487.4 14 14-1 14-4 Transportation equipment (12/68 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Motor vehicles and equipm ent........................................................ Railroad equipm ent........................................................................... 249.7 251 3 346.5 257.5 258.1 350.8 256.3 257.0 350.8 255.8 256.3 350.5 255.2 255.4 350.3 255.6 255.9 350.0 255.8 256.2 350.4 256.1 256.7 350.1 256.2 256.6 351.3 r256.8 r256.8 r351.0 250.3 248.9 357.5 261 2 261.1 355.4 260.6 260.3 355 4 260.7 260.4 357.3 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-9 Miscellaneous p ro d u cts........................................................................ Toys, sporting goods, small arms, a m m u n itio n ......................... Tobacco products ........................................................................... N o tio n s .............................................................................................. Photographic equipment and supplies ......................................... Mobile homes (12/74 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................ Other miscellaneous p ro d u c ts ........................................................ 276.4 221.5 323.1 277.0 210.4 161.9 338.3 290.4 223.7 382.9 279.8 210.0 161.7 351.6 285.7 222.7 356.2 280.5 210.0 161.8 350.8 288.8 225.3 356.4 280.6 211.8 161.7 359.8 287.4 225.7 353.8 280.6 216.6 162.9 350.5 287.4 226.3 354.1 280.3 216.6 162.3 350.3 287.1 226.0 353.8 280.3 216.6 162.4 349.2 288.0 225.9 352.1 280 3 216.5 163.1 353.4 291.5 224.3 373.4 280.3 216.5 163.5 353.7 r292 0 r224.5 r376.7 r279.7 r216.6 r163.7 r352.9 291.3 225.3 376.5 c279.7 216.9 164.0 349.0 291.2 225 3 376.7 279.7 217.1 164.2 347.9 291 4 225 7 376.7 279.6 217.1 164 3 348.4 292.5 225.8 377.0 280.1 217.1 164.7 352.3 1 Data for August 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 2 Not available. 5 Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month, 6Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month. 3 Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month. r = revised. 4 lncludes only domestic production. c = corrected. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 97 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 25. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A nnual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g A ll c o m m o d it ie s — le s s f a r m p r o d u c t s ......................................................... A ll f o o d s ............................................................................................................................... P r o c e s s e d f o o d s ............................................................................................................. Industrial commodities less fuels .................................................. Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Hosery ............................................................................................... Underwear and nightwear ............................................................... Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber and fibers and y a rn s ..................................................................... 1983 1982 a verag e 1982 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g .1 S e p t. 303.0 254.4 256.0 272.8 138.2 138.3 217.6 305.4 252.7 254.7 274.9 136.8 139.7 219.7 304.4 252.4 255.8 275.4 136.7 141.7 223.3 304.9 255.7 259.3 277.0 136.8 144.5 222.6 304.5 255.8 258.9 276.9 137.2 144,5 223.8 303.8 258.2 259.5 277.6 137.4 144.5 223.4 304.8 258.2 259.6 278.2 137.7 144.5 223.5 306.0 256.6 257.9 278.7 137.4 144.5 222.7 307.1 256.2 257.7 279.8 143.0 144.5 223.3 r308.0 r257.1 r257.6 280.4 r139.0 145.6 223.5 308.4 261.0 261.3 279.8 138.7 145.6 224.4 283.8 281.4 280.8 281.4 280.7 281.8 281.6 281.5 284.6 '285.0 206.0 288.8 349.4 212.8 289.6 344.8 215.8 300.7 343.1 219.4 314.3 349.9 220.3 317.2 348.4 223.3 320.8 348.4 223 5 324.3 348.5 223.6 338.8 348.7 226 3 338.1 349.3 '226.0 '331.5 '350.1 O c t. Nov. D ec. 309 5 261.1 259.3 281.8 139.2 145.6 224 2 309.1 258.0 258.1 281.9 139.2 145.6 224.5 309.4 260.0 260.1 282.5 139.5 145.6 224.8 285.0 286.4 286 3 286 4 227.2 317.6 355.4 229 5 317.4 355.8 230.5 316.9 356.9 231 8 321.5 357 4 Pharmaceutical preparations............................................................ Lumber and wood products, excluding m illw o rk ......................... Steel mill products, Including fabricated wire products ............ Finished steel mill products, excluding fabricated wire products ........................................................................................ Finished steel mill products, including fabricated wire products ........................................................................................ 348.4 344.0 342.1 349.8 348.3 348.4 348.5 348.8 349.4 r350.3 356.7 357.2 358.2 358.7 348.1 343.3 341.6 348.5 347.0 347.0 347.1 347.4 347.9 r348.7 354.4 354.8 355 9 356.4 Special metals and metal products ............................................... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ............................................................... Copper and copper p rod ucts............................................................ Machinery and motive p ro d u c ts ...................................................... Machinery and equipment, except electrical ............................... 286.6 291.6 185.5 272.1 306.4 288.7 292.5 181.8 277.9 310.6 288.6 291.1 190.7 277.8 311.3 290.9 291.3 201.5 278.2 311.9 290 3 292 3 198.9 278.1 312.2 290.7 292 2 200.9 278.7 312.9 291.7 292.6 206.7 279.2 313.8 292.0 294.0 201.3 279.4 313.9 292.6 294.2 201.6 280.1 314.2 '293 5 '294.7 201.2 r280.4 r314.2 291.5 296.2 198.0 277.5 314.2 296.5 296.7 190.5 282.6 314.5 296.0 297.5 183.0 282.5 314 8 296.6 297.6 184.9 283.0 315.3 Agricultural machinery, including tractors .................................. Metalworking m a ch in e ry.................................................................. Total tr a c to r s ..................................................................................... Agricultural machinery and equipment less p a rts ......................... 323.1 350.4 355.0 313.8 335.1 354.1 364.2 324.3 337.0 354.6 365.6 325.9 337.7 355.7 365.6 326.6 337.8 355.6 365.7 326.8 338.2 356.3 366.1 327.1 341.7 358.0 370.5 330.1 341.8 357.8 370.6 330.2 342.7 357.8 370.7 331.0 '342.8 '357.5 '370.0 '331 2 343.5 357.3 372 5 332.0 343.2 357.2 372.6 331.9 346.0 357.3 375.2 333.9 346.0 360.0 373 8 333.8 Farm and garden tractors less parts ............................................ Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts ................ Construction m a te ria ls ..................................................................... 327.8 319.6 288.0 340.3 331.1 287.9 342.2 333.1 290.3 342.2 334.4 294.6 342.2 334.5 295.0 342.2 335.2 296,1 348.8 336.2 296.8 348.8 336.4 298.6 348.8 338.0 310.6 '347.5 '339 2 299.8 350.6 337.9 299.8 350.7 337.3 300.4 354.7 339.2 300.6 351.9 341.4 301.4 Nov. D ec. 1 Data for August 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 26. r = revised. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1967 = 100] Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1982 1983 a verag e 1982 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g .1 S e p t. O c t. Total durable goods ........................................................................ Total nondurable goods .................................................................. 279.0 315.3 282.0 315.3 282 6 313.3 284.8 313.4 284.6 313.0 285 3 312.4 286.0 313.5 286.7 314.5 287.4 315.4 287.8 '317.8 286.7 319.9 289.2 319.5 289 2 318 3 289.9 318.5 Total m anufactures............................................................................ Durable ..................................................................................... Nondurable ............................................................................... 292.7 279.8 306.4 294.3 283.2 305.9 293.5 283.7 303.8 293.9 285 7 302.5 293.2 285.3 301.4 292.7 286.0 299.7 293.7 286.7 301.0 295.0 287.3 303.1 296.1 288.0 304.5 '296.9 288.3 '305.9 297.3 287.1 308.1 298.8 289.7 308.3 298 4 289.6 307.5 298.7 290.3 307.5 Total raw or slightly processed goods ......................................... Durable ..................................................................................... Nondurable ............................................................................... 331.2 233.8 337.3 331.6 217.4 339 0 330.4 224.2 337.2 335.2 235.4 341.5 337.3 243.3 343 2 340.4 244.1 346.5 340.9 246.1 346.8 339.0 249.4 344.6 338.3 249.9 343 7 '343.8 '256.8 '349.1 346.0 261.5 351.1 343.6 260.6 348.6 341.0 259.4 346.0 342 5 264.1 347.1 'Data for August 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 27. Producer Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 Annual In d u s tr y d e s c r ip tio n S IC code 1982 1983 a v e ra g e 1982 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g .1 S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. 175.2 312.2 925.8 151.2 177.1 312.5 958.4 151.7 177.1 306.2 945.2 153.6 177.1 289.5 931.2 156.3 177.1 285.4 934.4 158.4 177.1 272.9 922.1 164.3 177.1 268.7 921.8 164.3 177.1 254.1 924.2 164.3 177.1 237.5 916.6 164.3 177.1 231.2 r915.8 164.3 177.1 243.3 920.8 164.3 177.1 283 3 908.0 171.7 177.1 287.5 910.2 172.9 177.1 277.0 910.2 172.9 M IN IN G 1011 1092 1311 1455 Iron ores (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Mercury ores (12/75 = 100) ...................................... Crude petroleum and natural gas ............................... Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... 2021 2044 2067 Creamery b u tte r ............................................................... Rice milling ..................................................................... Chewing g u m .................................................................. 276.0 185.1 304.1 277.8 196.1 306.1 275.5 191.3 326.0 275.6 183.0 326.0 275.6 183.0 326.1 275.6 188.9 826.1 275.6 191.3 326 1 275.6 194.5 327.2 275.6 193.7 327.2 276.1 198.1 327.3 278.4 201.1 327.3 278 1 196.7 327.3 278.2 199.6 327 4 269.5 199.6 327.5 2074 2083 2091 2098 Cottonseed oil m ills ........................................................ Malt .................................................................................. Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) ............. Macaroni and sp a g h e tti.................................................. 168.3 256.9 187.0 258.5 169.4 240.6 186.6 255.5 157.5 232.6 182.8 255.5 173.4 232.6 179.2 255.5 167.1 232.6 177.9 255.5 186.8 232.6 177.7 255.5 186.2 232.6 175.7 255.5 179.2 232.6 173.4 255.5 192.4 232.6 173.7 255.5 220.6 232.6 169.4 255.5 265.6 232.6 169.8 255.5 256.5 232 6 170.2 258.6 233.2 241.6 169.2 261.9 223 3 241.6 169.6 261 9 2251 2261 2262 2284 2298 Women's hosiery, except socks (12/75 = 100) . . . Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 = 100) ...................... Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 = 100) . . . . Thread mills (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100) ............................ 116.8 139.5 128.2 157.2 141.5 118.3 136.1 127.3 157.8 142.6 118.5 135.3 125.7 157.9 142.6 122.6 136.0 126.7 161.9 142.7 122.7 136.1 126.2 165.6 142.8 122 7 139.8 127.2 165.7 137.6 122.7 138.0 126.9 165.7 137.6 122.7 132.9 125.9 165.7 137.6 122.7 132.8 125.1 165.7 137.6 r122.9 133.8 127.2 165.7 137.6 123.0 133.5 125.8 166.1 139.0 123.0 134.2 127.2 166.1 139.0 123.0 134.0 127.3 166.1 139.0 123.0 137.1 127.4 166.1 139.0 2323 2361 2381 Men's and boys' neckwear (12/75 = 100) ............ Children's dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100) . . . . Fabric dress and work gloves ...................................... 119.5 120.6 292.1 121.3 117.0 287.4 121.3 117.0 288.8 121.3 117.0 288.8 121.3 115.5 288.8 121.3 115.5 291.0 121.3 115.5 291.7 121.3 117.0 291.7 121.3 117.0 296 3 121.3 117.0 296.3 123.5 117.0 296.3 123.5 117.0 296.3 123.5 117.0 296 3 123.5 117.0 297.6 2394 2396 2448 2521 Canvas and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ Automotive and apparel trimmings (12/77 = 100) Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Wood office fu rn itu r e ..................................................... 145.4 131.0 145.6 270.3 147.3 131.0 144.6 271.4 148.7 131.0 144.6 271.4 148.7 131.0 145.2 273.4 146.2 131.0 145.7 279.6 146.2 131.0 146.9 282.5 146.2 131.0 148.5 282.5 146.2 131.0 149.5 282.5 146.2 131.0 150.9 283 5 r146.2 131.0 r151.3 r283 6 146.8 131.0 150.9 284.7 148.5 131.0 151.4 284.7 148.5 131.0 151.9 284.7 148.5 131.0 153.6 284.7 2654 2655 2911 2952 Sanitary food containers ............................................... Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) ............................... Asphalt felts and coating (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ................... 259.7 177.8 278.3 173.5 261.7 183.8 278.3 172.9 261.7 183.8 267.2 171.4 261.7 183.8 257.4 165.8 265.1 183.8 250.4 163.2 265.2 185.6 240.6 166.9 265.2 185.6 246.0 165.1 265.2 185.9 254.0 164.9 267.1 187.7 255.4 167.4 r267.1 187.7 r257.2 r166.4 269.3 187.7 257.8 167.4 270.6 187.8 258.0 167.1 270.6 189.5 254.5 167.0 270.6 189.5 251.0 165.5 3251 3253 3255 3259 Brick and structural clay t i l e ......................................... Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ............... Clay refractories............................................................... Structural clay products, n.e.c........................................ 307.4 140.6 352.8 219.7 315.5 140.7 350.3 219.0 315.7 140.7 351.1 219.0 315.6 140.7 351.1 215.7 328.3 140.7 351.2 215.7 332.2 140.7 352.2 232.7 333.8 142.4 352.2 234.7 334.6 149.6 349.4 234.7 336.4 149.6 352.1 234.8 r336.4 r149.6 r354.4 r234 9 337.5 146.8 356.8 235.5 339 5 146.8 366.0 235.7 340.8 146.8 368.6 235.7 341.0 146.8 368 6 235.7 3261 3262 3263 3269 3274 Vitreous plumbing fix tu r e s ............................................ Vitreous china food utensils ......................................... Fine earthenware food u te n s ils ...................................... Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ................... Lime (12/75 = 100) ..................................................... 265.0 357.8 318.2 167.3 186.3 269.7 377.7 326.0 173.7 185.7 272.1 380.1 365.7 186.5 187.3 273.3 380.1 365.7 186.6 185.5 275.1 380.1 365.7 186.6 185.1 275.3 380.1 365.7 186.6 187.8 276.1 380.1 365.9 186.6 185.2 276.9 369.2 366.5 186.6 186.2 277.0 380.1 366.5 186.6 187.1 r277.0 r380.1 r366.5 r186.6 r187.6 281.3 369.2 364.3 183.8 186.6 283.7 369.2 364.3 183.8 186.2 284.5 382.3 366.2 187.0 182.6 285.4 382 3 366.2 187.0 182.8 3297 3482 3623 Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 1 0 0 )...................... Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 201.8 164.2 239.6 203.6 174.1 243.3 203.7 175.1 243.6 203.6 175.1 244.0 203.6 181.6 243.4 203 8 181.6 243.3 203 6 181.6 243.1 203.6 181.6 242.3 203 7 181.6 243.5 203.8 M81.6 r243.5 203.8 187.6 238.5 204 0 187.6 238.7 212.9 187.6 239.0 212.9 187.6 239.7 3636 3641 3648 3671 3942 Sewing machines (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ Electric la m p s .................................................................. Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ................ Electron tubes, receiving type ...................................... Dolls (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 154.6 294.0 170.0 382.1 136.7 154.2 303.4 171.4 414.1 136.5 154.2 306.0 171.4 431.6 137.1 154.2 311.5 171.5 432.0 136.8 154.4 311.4 171.6 431.9 136.8 155.0 313.8 172 6 432.1 137.7 156.8 313.8 172.6 432.1 137.7 156.8 316.7 173.1 432.2 137.7 156.8 319.4 173.4 432.5 137.7 r156.8 319.8 173,4 r432 5 r137.7 156.1 332 4 173.6 432.6 137.3 156.1 332 7 173.7 432.9 137.3 156.1 333.0 173.9 432.8 137.3 156.1 336.9 172.6 469 8 137.3 3944 3955 3995 3996 Games, toys, and children’s v e h ic le s ......................... Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100) . . . Burial caskets (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............ 234.0 140.0 148.4 155.9 235.5 139.4 150.8 156.8 235.3 139.2 147.0 159.2 243 4 139.2 152.1 159.2 241.8 139.2 152.1 159.2 242.2 139.2 152.1 159.7 242.2 139.2 152.1 159.6 242.2 139.2 152.1 159.6 236.1 139.2 155.4 162.2 r236.2 139.2 155 4 •163 4 232.1 139.2 155.4 163.5 232.1 139.3 156.0 163.5 231.9 139.3 156.0 163.5 232.0 139.3 156 0 163 5 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 1Data for August 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 99 PRODUCTIVITY DATA P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of compensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits Definitions estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the include corporate profits and inventory valuation adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported. Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a given period. Indexes o f output per hour of labor input, or labor productivity, Hours of all persons describes the labor input of payroll workers, self- measure the value o f goods and services produced per hour of labor. employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. are no self-employed. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in Notes on the data which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to pro duce one unit o f output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in direct taxes per unit o f output. They are computed by subtracting com pensation o f all persons from the current dollar gross domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit nonlabor costs contain all 28. In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis for the output measure employed in the computation of output per hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm proprietor hours. Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly man ufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-82 [1977 = 100] Ite m Business sector: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................ Compensation per h o u r ......................................... Real compensation per hour ............................... Unit labor c o s t s ..................................................... Unit nonlabor paym ents......................................... Im plicit price d e fla to r ............................................ Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................ Compensation per h o u r ......................................... Real compensation per hour ............................... Unit labor c o s t s ..................................................... Unit nonlabor paym ents......................................... Im plicit price d e fla to r ............................................ Nonfinance corporations: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................ Compensation per h o u r ......................................... Real compensation per hour ............................... Unit labor c o s t s ..................................................... Unit nonlabor paym ents......................................... Im plicit price d e fla to r ............................................ Manufacturing: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................ Compensation per h o u r ......................................... Real compensation per hour ............................... Unit labor c o s t s ..................................................... Unit nonlabor paym ents......................................... Im plicit price d e fla to r ............................................ 1Not available. 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 50.4 20.0 50.5 39.8 43.4 41.0 58.3 26.4 59.6 45.2 47.6 46.0 65.2 33 9 69.5 52.1 50.6 51.6 78.3 41.7 80.1 53.3 57.6 54.7 86.2 58.2 90.8 67.5 63.2 66.0 94.5 85.5 96.3 90.5 90.4 90.4 97.6 92.9 98.9 95.1 94.0 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 108.6 100.9 108.0 106.7 107.5 99.4 118.7 99.1 119.5 112.8 117.2 98.9 131.2 96.5 132.7 119.0 128.1 101.3 143.9 95.9 142.1 136.2 140.1 101.2 155.1 97.4 153.3 136.9 147.7 56.3 21.8 55.0 38.8 42.7 40.1 62.7 28.3 64.0 45.1 47.8 46.0 68.3 35.7 73.0 52.3 50.4 51.6 80.5 42.8 82.2 53.2 58.0 54.8 86.8 58.7 91.5 67.6 63.8 66.3 94.7 86.0 96.8 90.8 88.5 90.0 97.8 93.0 99.0 95.1 93.5 94.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 108.6 100.9 108.0 105.3 107.1 99.1 118.4 98.9 119.5 110.4 116.5 98.4 130.7 96.1 132.8 118.5 128.1 100.3 143.5 95.6 143.0 135.0 140.4 100.2 154.7 97.1 154.4 137.0 148.6 (1> (1) (1) (1) (1> (1) <1) (1) <1) <1) <1) <1) 68.0 37.0 75.8 54.4 54.6 54.5 81.9 43.9 84.3 53.5 60.8 56.1 87.4 59.4 92.7 68.0 63.1 66.3 95.5 86.1 96.9 90.2 90.8 90.4 98 2 92.9 98.9 94.6 95.0 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 108.5 100.7 107.5 104.2 106.4 100.7 118.7 99.1 117.8 106.9 114.1 99.8 130.9 96 3 131.2 117.4 126.4 102 3 143.6 95.7 140.3 134.4 138.3 102.8 154.8 97 2 150.6 137.6 146.1 49.4 21.5 54.0 43.4 54.3 46.6 56.4 28.8 65.1 50.0 58.5 53.2 60.0 36.7 75.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 74.5 42.8 82.3 57.5 69.3 61.0 79.1 57.6 89.8 72.7 65.0 70.5 93.4 85.4 96.2 91.5 87.3 90 3 97.5 92.3 98.3 94.6 93.7 94.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 108.3 100.6 107.4 102.5 106.0 101.5 118.8 99.2 117.0 99 9 112.0 101.7 132.7 97.6 130.5 97.7 120.9 105.3 145.8 97.2 138.5 110.2 130.2 106.5 158.2 99 3 148.5 109.2 137.0 29. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-82 A n n u a l r a te Year Ite m of change 1972 Business sector: Output per hour of all persons ................ Compensation per h o u r ............................ Real compensation per hour ................... Unit labor costs ......................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................ Implicit price deflator ............................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ................ Compensation per h o u r ............................ Real compensation per hour ................... Unit labor costs ......................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................ Implicit price deflator ............................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all em ployees............. Compensation per h o u r ............................ Real compensation per hour ................... Unit labor costs ......................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................ Im plicit price deflator ................................ Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ................ Compensation per h o u r ............................ Real compensation per hour ................... Unit labor costs ......................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................ Implicit price deflator ................................ 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1 9 5 0 -8 2 1 9 7 2 -8 2 3.5 6.5 3.1 2.9 4.5 3.4 2.6 8.0 1.6 5.3 5.9 5.5 - 2 .4 9.4 - 1 .4 12.1 4.4 9.5 2.2 9.6 0.5 7.3 15.1 9.8 3.3 8.6 2.6 5.1 4.0 4.7 2.4 7.7 1.2 5.1 6.4 5.6 0.6 8.6 0.9 8.0 6.7 7.5 - 1 .2 9.4 - 1 .7 10.7 5.8 9.0 - 0 .5 10.5 - 2 .6 11.1 5.5 9.2 2.4 9.7 - 0 .6 7.1 14.4 9.4 - 0 .1 7.7 1.5 7.9 0.5 5.4 2.2 6.6 2.1 4.3 3.7 4.1 0.9 8.9 0.2 7.9 6.8 7.6 3.7 5.7 3.3 2.8 3.2 3.0 2.4 7.6 1.3 5.0 1.3 3.8 - 2 .5 9.4 - 1 .4 12.2 5.9 10.2 2.0 9.6 0.4 7.5 16.7 10.3 3.2 8.1 2.2 4.8 5.7 5.1 2.2 7.5 1.0 5.2 6.9' 5.7 0.6 8.6 0.9 8.0 5.3 7.1 - 1 .5 9.0 - 2 .0 10.7 4.8 8.8 - 0 .7 10.4 - 2 .8 11.1 7.4 10.0 1.9 9.8 - 0 .6 7.7 13.9 9.6 -0 .1 7.8 1.6 7.9 1.4 5.8 1.8 6.3 1.8 4.4 3.7 4.2 0.8 8.8 0.1 8.0 6.8 7.6 2.9 5.7 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.4 7.5 1.2 4.9 1.5 3.8 - 3 .7 9.4 - 1 .5 13.6 7.1 11.4 2.9 9.6 0.4 6.5 20.1 10.9 2.9 7.9 2.0 4.9 4.6 4.8 1.8 7.6 1.1 5.7 5.3 5.6 0.9 8.5 0.7 7.5 4.2 6.4 - 0 .2 9.4 - 1 .7 9.6 2.6 7.2 - 0 .9 10.3 - 2 .8 11.3 9.8 10.8 2.5 9.7 -0 .6 7.0 14.5 9.4 0.5 7.8 1.6 7.3 2.4 5.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) I1) (1) 0.9 8.8 0.0 7.8 7.1 7.6 5.0 5.4 2.0 0.3 0.8 0.5 5.4 7.2 0.9 1.7 - 3 .3 0.3 - 2 .4 10.6 - 0 .3 13.3 - 1 .8 9.0 2.0 11.9 2.5 8.8 25.9 13.1 4.4 8.0 2.1 3.4 7.4 4.6 2.5 8.3 1.8 5.7 6.7 6.0 0.8 8.3 0.6 7.4 2.5 6.0 0.7 9.7 - 1 .4 9.0 - 2 .6 5.7 0.2 11.7 - 1 .6 11.5 - 2 .2 7.9 3.5 9.9 - 0 .4 6.1 12.8 7.7 1.2 8.5 2.2 7.2 - 0 .9 5.2 2.4 6.4 1.9 3.9 2.2 3.4 1.9 9.4 0.6 7.4 4.1 6.5 1 Not available. 30. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1977 = 100] Business sector: Output per hour of all persons ......................... Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per h o u r ............................... Unit labor c o s ts ...................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ...................................... Implicit price d e fla to r............................................ Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ......................... Compensation per hour ................................... Real compensation per h o u r ......................... Unit labor c o s ts .................................................. Unit nonlabor payments ............................ Implicit price d e fla to r......................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all e m p lo ye e s................... Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per h o u r ............................... Total unit c o s ts ......................................... Unit labor c o s ts ............................................ Unit nonlabor c o s ts ...................................... Unit profits ......................................................... Im plicit price d e fla to r...................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ......................... Compensation per hour ................................... Real compensation per h o u r ............................ Unit labor c o s ts ............................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Q u a r t e r ly in d e x e s Annual ave age It e m 1981 1 1982 1 1983 1 1981 1982 101.3 143.9 95.9 142.1 136.2 140.1 101.2 155.1 97.4 153.3 136 9 147.7 100.5 139.7 96.3 139.0 131.2 136.3 101.1 142.2 96.1 140.7 133.4 138 2 102.3 145.5 95.6 142.3 139.9 141.5 101.2 148.2 95.6 146,4 140.2 144.3 101.1 151.6 97.1 149.9 137.0 145.5 100.7 153.9 97.4 152.9 137.0 147.5 101.1 156 5 97.1 154.7 136.3 148.5 101.9 158.7 98.0 155.6 137.4 149.4 102.5 160.7 99.4 156.9 140.8 151.5 103 8 162.1 99.2 156 2 145.8 152 7 104 7 164 2 99.4 156 9 :147.3 153 6 100.3 143.5 95.6 143.0 135.0 140.4 100.2 154.7 97.1 154.4 137.0 148.6 100.1 139.3 96.0 139.2 130.3 136.2 100.1 141.8 95 8 141.6 132.2 138.4 101.1 145.1 95.3 143.5 138.3 141.8 99.9 147.7 95.4 147.8 139.5 145.0 100.0 151.3 96 9 151.3 136.4 146.4 99.9 153.5 97.1 153.6 137.7 148.3 100 4 156.1 96 9 155.4 136.5 149.1 100 8 158.3 97.8 157.1 137.2 150.5 101.7 161.0 99 5 158.3 140.7 152.4 103.3 162.7 99 6 157.4 145.9 153 6 104 164 99 157 147 154 102.3 143.6 95.7 142.7 140.3 149.4 104.1 138.3 102.8 154.8 97.2 153.5 150.6 161.8 88.9 146.1 101.8 139.5 96.2 138.4 137.0 142.3 103.0 134.3 102.1 142.0 95.9 141.1 139.0 147.0 100.3 136.4 103.0 145.0 95.2 143.6 140.7 151.9 108.6 139.6 102.2 147.8 95.4 147.7 144.6 156.6 104.2 142.7 102.4 151.7 97.2 150 9 148.1 158.9 90.8 144.0 102.3 153.7 97.2 153.1 150.2 161.2 90.3 145.9 103.2 156.1 96 9 153.8 151.1 161.3 91.2 146.6 103.4 158.1 97.7 156.3 152.9 165.9 83.0 147 9 104.3 160.4 99.2 156.7 153.9 164.7 96.1 149.7 105.9 161 6 98 9 155.3 152.5 163.1 115.0 150.7 107 3 163 1 98 7 154 4 152 1 161.0 131 4 151 7 105.3 145.8 97.2 138.5 106.5 158.2 99.3 148.5 105.1 141.6 97 6 134.8 105.4 144.3 97.5 136.9 106.1 147.0 96.5 138.5 104.4 150.5 97.1 144.1 105.1 155.1 99.4 147.6 105.3 157.1 99.4 149.1 107.8 159.6 99.1 148.1 108.1 161.4 99.7 149.3 110.2 165.5 102.3 150.2 112.6 166 4 101.8 147.8 115 7 167 4 101 3 144.7 II I II IV II I II IV II III 1 4 4 9 9 6 101 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 31. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate P e rc e n t c h a n g e fro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r ag o Q u a r t e r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l r a te Ite m I II 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 1 1983 II 1 9 8 3 I 1 1981 III 1 9 8 1 IV 1 9 8 1 1 1982 II 1 9 8 2 I II 1 9 8 2 1 1982 II 1 9 8 2 to to to to to to to to to to to to II 1 9 8 2 III 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 1 1983 II 1 9 8 3 I II 1 9 8 3 II 1 9 8 2 I II 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 I 1983 II 1 9 8 3 I II 1 9 8 3 - 1 .6 6.4 1.1 8.1 - 0 .1 5.5 1.7 6.7 - 1 .0 5.0 - 2 .0 2.7 3.3 5.7 3.7 2.3 3.2 2.6 2.0 5.4 5.8 3.3 10.5 5.5 5.4 3.5 - 0 .7 - 1 .8 15.0 3.3 3.5 5.3 0.5 1.8 3.9 2.5 - 0 .4 8.2 1.3 8.7 2.7 6.7 - 1 .1 7.5 1.6 8.7 - 2 .6 4.9 0.7 7.1 2.5 6.3 - 2 .0 3.5 1.3 6.1 2.4 4.7 2.8 4.1 3.1 5.3 1.9 2.2 6.5 3.5 ;3.5 5.0 2.3 1.4 8.1 3.5 - 0 .4 5.8 0.5 6.2 3.7 5.4 2.3 7.2 - 0 .6 4.7 - 3 .4 2.2 1.3 5.8 3.7 4.4 2.0 3.7 3.7 6.8 7.2 3.0 10.6 5.3 6.6 4.3 0.1 - 2 .1 15.7 3.2 3.1 4.2 - 0 .5 1.1 5.6 2.5 - 0 .3 8.2 1.3 8.5 4.2 7.1 - 0 .6 7.6 1.7 8.3 - 1 .3 5.2 0.8 7.2 2.6 6.3 -1 .6 3.7 1.7 6.4 2.7 4.6 3.1 4.1 3.4 6.0 2.6 2.5 6.0 3.6 3.6 5.3 2.6 1.6 8.4 3.7 - 0 .5 5.4 0.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 - 2 .1 5.4 3.8 6.4 - 1 .3 1.8 2.4 0.1 3.8 1.9 0.6 5.4 3.4 6.7 4.8 11.9 -3 1 .4 3.6 3.4 6.0 6.4 1.0 2.5 - 2 .8 79.9 5.1 6.5 2.9 -1 .2 - 3 .5 - 3 .4 - 3 .8 104.7 2.5 5.2 3.9 - 0 .8 - 2 .4 - 1 .3 - 5 .2 70.7 2.9 0.1 8.2 1.3 8.5 8.1 9.7 - 9 .9 7.0 0.2 7.6 1.7 7.1 7.4 6.2 -1 6 .1 5.0 1.2 7.0 2.4 5.8 5.7 6.0 -2 0 .3 3.6 1.8 5.8 2.1 3.8 3.9 3.7 5.8 4.0 3.6 5.2 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.2 27.3 3.3 3.9 4.5 19 0.4 0.6 - 0 .2 44.1 3.5 0.8 5.1 - 0 .2 4.3 9.6 6.5 - 1 .2 - 2 .8 1.2 4.5 2.5 3.3 8.0 10.7 11.1 2.5 9.0 2.1 c -2 .1 - 6 .4 11.6 r - 2 .1 2.1 - 8 .1 - 0 .1 8.8 1.9 8.9 1.6 c8.6 2.6 6.9 3.5 7.3 2.7 - 3 .6 4.8 6.7 3.0 18 6.9 5.9 2.5 -0 .9 7.4 4.9 2.2 - 2 .3 Business sector: O utput per hou r o f all p e rso n s................... Compensation per h o u r ............................... Real compensation per h o u r ...................... Unit labor c o s ts ............................................ Unit nonlabor payments ............................ Im plicit price d e fla to r................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all p e rso n s................... Compensation per h o u r ............................... Real compensation per h o u r ...................... Unit labor c o s ts ............................................ Unit nonlabor payments ............................ Im plicit price d e fla to r................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees ............ Compensation per h o u r................................ Real compensation per h o u r ...................... Total units costs ......................................... Unit labor costs ...................................... Unit nonlabor costs ............................... Unit profits .................................................. Im plicit price d e fla to r................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ................... Compensation per h o u r ............................... Real compensation per h o u r ...................... Unit labor c o s ts ............................................ 'N o t available. r = revised. 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c = corrected. W AGE AND C O M PENSA TIO N DATA D a t a f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t i n d e x are reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private nonfarm estab lishments and 750 State and local government units selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and secondary sources. Definitions The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average change in the cost o f employing labor. The rate of total compensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months o f March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. Benefits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits. Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. F irst-yea r wage or compensation changes refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date of the agreement. C hanges o ver the life o f the agreem ent refer to all adjustments specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. W age-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn ings; com pensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and benefits. Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers' cost for employees' total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981. providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy. Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and salaries component. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes presented in the ECI are also available. For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11. ‘’The Em ployment Cost Index,” of the BLS H andbook o f M eth ods (Bulletin 2134— 1), and the M onthly L abor R eview articles: “ Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,” ' July 1975; “ How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index," January 1978; and “ The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion," May 1982. Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen sation changes appear in C urrent W age D evelopm en ts, a monthly publi cation o f the Bureau. 103 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 32. Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P e rc e n t c h a n g e C i v ilia n w o r k e r s ' ............................................................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group White-collar w o rk e rs ............................................................................... Blue-collar workers ............................................................................... Service workers ..................................................................................... Workers, by industry division Manufacturing ........................................................................................ N onm anufacturing.................................................................................. Services .............................................................................................. Public administration2 ..................................................................... P r iv a t e in d u s tr y w o r k e r s ......................................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ........................................................................ Blue-collar workers ........................................................................... Service w o rk e rs .................................................................................. Workers, by industry division M anu facturing..................................................................................... Nonm anufacturing............................................................................... S t a te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ........................................................................ Blue-collar workers ........................................................................... Workers, by industry division Services .............................................................................................. S c h o o ls ........................................................................................... Elementary and secondary ..................................................... Hospitals and other services3 ..................................................... Public administration2 ..................................................................... 'Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers. C o n s ists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 104 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1983 1982 1981 S e r ie s S e p t. S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June 102.6 104.5 106.3 107.5 110.1 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended M a rc h June S e p t. 111.4 113.2 114.5 116.5 1.7 5.8 111.9 110.5 112.4 113.7 112.3 114.3 114.9 113.6 115.1 117.6 114.8 116.7 2.3 1.1 1.4 6.2 5.1 5.3 D ec. S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 3 102.7 102.3 102.8 104.9 104.1 104.2 106.5 105.7 107.2 107.7 107.1 108.3 110.7 109.2 110.8 102.1 102.8 104.4 104.3 104.0 104.8 107.1 106.0 106.0 106.4 108.2 108.1 107.2 107.7 109.2 109.1 109.3 110.5 113.5 112.8 110.4 111.8 115.0 113.6 112.5 113.5 116.6 116.2 113.5 114.9 117.1 117.0 115.0 117.2 121.1 119.8 1.3 2.0 3.4 2.4 5.2 6.1 6.7 6.2 102.0 104.0 105.8 107.2 109.3 110.7 112.6 113.9 115.6 1.5 5.8 101.8 102.2 101.9 104.0 104.0 103.1 105.8 105.6 106.7 107.2 107.0 107.9 109.5 109.0 109.6 110.8 110.3 111.8 112.8 112.1 113.8 114.2 113.5 114,6 116.5 114.6 115.1 2.0 1.0 .4 6.4 5.1 5.0 102.1 102.0 104.0 103.9 106.0 105.7 107.2 107.1 109.3 109.3 110.4 110.8 112.5 112.6 113.5 114.2 115.0 116.0 1.3 1.6 5.2 6.1 105.3 107.4 108.8 109.3 114.3 115.1 116.5 117.1 120.8 3.2 5.7 105.7 104.2 107.8 105.9 109.1 108.2 109.5 108.9 114.9 112.7 115.8 113.0 117.0 114.9 117.5 115.8 121.5 118.0 3.4 1.9 5.7 4.7 105.8 106.0 106.3 105.0 104.3 107.9 107.9 108.3 107.8 106.0 109.0 108.9 109.3 109.5 108.1 109.4 109.1 109.5 110.3 109.1 114.9 114.8 115.6 115.3 112.8 115.9 115.8 116.6 116.0 113.6 116.8 116.6 117.2 117.5 116.2 117.4 116.9 117.4 118.8 117.0 121.7 121.9 123.3 121.1 119.8 3.7 4.3 5.0 19 2.4 5.9 6.2 6.7 5.0 6.2 3 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 33. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P e rc e n t c h a n g e 1981 S e r ie s 1982 1983 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. Dec. M a rc h June S e p t. ............................................................................................................................... 102.5 104.4 106.3 107.3 109.7 110.9 112.2 113.4 115.3 1.7 5.1 Workers, by occupational group White-collar w o rk e rs ............................................................................... Blue-collar workers ............................................................................... Service workers ..................................................................................... 102.6 102.4 102.5 104.7 104.0 103.6 106.7 105.5 106.8 107.6 106.7 107.9 110.4 108.6 110.1 111.4 109.8 111.8 113.0 110.8 113.2 114.2 112.0 113.9 116.7 113.1 115.1 2.2 1.0 1.1 5.7 4.1 4.5 Workers, by industry division Manufacturing ........................................................................................ N onm anufacturing.................................................................................. Services ............................................................................................... Public administration2 ..................................................................... 102.1 102.7 104.4 103.8 104.0 104.5 106.6 105.5 105.9 106.5 108.6 107.5 107.0 107.5 109.5 108.4 108.8 110.1 113.2 111.9 109.8 111.3 114.4 112.6 111.0 112.7 115.8 114.6 112.0 114.0 116.3 115,4 113.3 116.1 120.1 118.2 1.2 1.8 3.3 2.4 4.1 5.4 6.1 5.6 P r iv a t e in d u s tr y w o r k e r s 102.0 103.8 105.9 107.1 109.0 110.3 111.6 112.9 114.5 1.4 5.0 101.8 103.3 101.6 98.0 102.7 102.3 102.9 102.1 101.0 101.5 101.8 103.9 105.5 102.8 101.9 104.2 103.9 104.3 104.1 102.7 103.3 102.7 106.2 108.0 105.8 102.2 107.0 105.4 106.2 105.4 103.2 104.1 106.7 107.3 109.4 107.2 101.8 108.3 106.6 107.6 106.6 104.1 105.1 107.9 109.4 111.8 108.5 104.5 110.3 108.5 109.6 108.3 106.0 106.5 109.3 110.6 112.9 109.3 106.2 111.6 109.7 111.2 109.3 106.9 107.8 111.4 112.2 114.8 112.0 105.7 113.4 110.7 112.2 110.0 108.0 109.0 112.9 113.6 115.9 114.0 107.1 114.6 1119 113.4 111.1 110.3 109.8 113.5 115.9 119.9 114.8 108.4 116.7 112.9 114.3 112.3 110.7 110.8 113.7 2.0 3.5 .7 1.2 1.8 .9 8 1.1 .4 .9 .2 5.9 7.2 5.8 3.7 5.8 4.1 4.3 3.7 4.4 4.0 4.0 102.1 102.1 102.0 102.0 103.0 102.0 101.3 102.0 101.0 98 3 103.6 . 104.0 104.5 103.1 103.8 104.3 103.6 102.3 103.4 101.9 102.3 105.8 105.9 106.3 105.3 105.9 105.9 105.7 103.9 106.3 103.0 103.7 108.8 107.0 107.4 106.3 107.1 107.3 106.9 105.8 108.9 104.5 102.4 110.0 108.8 109.0 108.5 109.1 109.1 109.5 106.5 109.0 105.5 106.1 112.5 109.8 110.3 109.1 110.5 109.7 111.1 107.2 109.8 106.1 109.0 114.3 111.0 111.1 110.9 112.0 110.4 112.9 108.5 111.8 107.2 110.6 116.0 112.0 111.8 112.3 113.4 112.1 114.7 110.8 114.1 109.4 111.1 116.6 113.3 112.9 113.9 115.2 112.2 115.7 111.5 115.7 109.9 113.5 120.4 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.6 .1 .9 .6 1.4 .5 2.2 3.3 4.1 3.6 5.0 5.6 2.8 5.7 4.7 6.1 4.2 7.0 7.0 105.0 107.0 108.2 108.7 113.5 114.0 115.1 115.7 119.2 3.0 5.0 105.4 103.9 107.5 105.5 108.5 107.5 108.9 107.9 114.2 111.5 114.6 112.0 115.6 113.3 116.1 114.3 119.8 116.4 3.2 1.8 4.9 4.4 105.5 105.7 106.0 104.6 103.8 107.6 107.7 107.9 107.3 105.5 108.4 108.3 108.7 108.8 107.5 108.8 108.5 108.8 109.5 108.4 114.2 114.2 114.9 114.3 111.9 114.6 114.5 115.1 114.9 112.6 115.5 115.2 115.6 116.5 114.6 115.9 115.4 115.8 117.7 115.4 119.8 119.9 121.1 119 7 118.2 3.4 3.9 4.6 17 2.4 4.9 50 5.4 47 5.6 C i v il ia n w o r k e r s ' Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ........................................................................ Professional and technical w o r k e r s ............................................ Managers and administrators ..................................................... S a le sw o rke rs............................................................................ Clerical w o rke rs............................................................................... Blue-collar workers ........................................................................... Craft and kindred w o r k e r s ...................................................... Operatives, except tra n s p o rt........................................................ Transport equipment op e ra tive s.................................................. Nonfarm la b o re rs ............................................................................ Service w o rk e rs ..................................................................... Workers, by industry division M anu facturing.................................................................. D urables.................................................................................. Nondurables ........................................................................ N onm anufacturing............................................................... Construction ............................................................................... Transportation and public u tilitie s ............................................... Wholesale and retail t r a d e ............................................................ Wholesale trade ............................................................ Retail tr a d e ............................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ............................................ S ervic es......................................................................... S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers .................................................. Blue-collar w o rk e r s .................................................................. Workers, by industry division S e rv ic e s ............................................................................... S c h o o ls ..................................................................... Elementary and secondary ...................................... Hospitals and other services3 ...................................... Public administration2 ............................................... 'Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers. C onsists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 3 in clu des, for example, library, social and health services. 105 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 34. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1981 = 100] P ercen t ch an g e 1983 1982 1981 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 3 Workers, by bargaining status1 Union ........................................................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................................ N onm anufacturing.................................................................................. 102.5 102.3 102.7 104.8 104.6 105.0 106.5 106.3 106.8 108.4 108.0 108.7 110.6 110.3 111.0 112.3 111.8 112.8 114.5 114.0 114.9 116.0 114.8 117.1 117.8 116.3 119.2 16 1.3 1.8 6.5 5.4 7.4 Nonunion ..................................................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................................ N onm anufacturing.................................................................................. 101.7 101.8 101.7 103.5 103.5 103.5 105.3 105.7 105.2 106.5 106.6 106.4 108 5 108.4 108 6 109.7 109 2 109 9 111.5 111.2 111.6 112.8 112.3 113.0 114.4 113.8 114.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 5.4 5.0 56 Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas ..................................................................................... Other areas ................................................................................................. 102.1 101.8 104.1 103.2 105.7 106.2 107.2 107.0 109.4 108.6 110.9 109.1 112.9 110.8 114.2 112.3 116.0 113.4 1.6 10 6.0 4.4 Workers, by bargaining status1 Union ........................................................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................................ N onm anufacturing.................................................................................. 102.7 102.6 102.8 105.0 104.7 105.2 106.5 105.9 107.0 108.1 107.3 108.8 110.3 109.5 111.1 111.8 110.8 112.7 112.9 111.4 114.3 114.2 112.3 116.0 116.0 113.7 118.3 1.6 1.2 2.0 52 3.8 6.5 Nonunion ..................................................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................................ N onm anufacturing.................................................................................. 101.6 101.7 101.6 103.2 103.3 103.2 105.6 105.9 105.5 106.5 106.7 106.4 108 3 108 2 108.3 109.5 109.1 109.6 110.9 110.7 111.0 112.2 111.8 112.4 113.7 113.0 114.0 1.3 1.1 1.4 5.0 4.4 5.3 Workers, by region1 Northeast ..................................................................................................... South ........................................................................................................... North Central .............................................................................................. W e s t.............................................................................................................. 101.7 101.9 101.6 103.2 104.4 102.8 103.3 105.1 106.1 105.7 104.7 107.9 106.7 107.4 106.1 108.6 109 7 108.8 107.6 110.7 111.5 109.8 108.6 112.0 112.0 111.4 110.1 114.1 113.6 112.5 111.5 114.9 115.3 114.3 112.8 116.5 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.4 5.1 5.1 4.8 5.2 Workers by area size1 Metropolitan areas ..................................................................................... Other areas .................................................................................................. 102.1 101.8 104.0 103.1 105.9 106.0 107.1 106.8 109.1 108.3 110.5 108.8 111.9 110.1 113.2 111.4 114.9 112.3 1.5 .8 5.3 3.7 C O M P E N S A T IO N W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S 1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS Handbook o f M ethods, Bulletin 1910. 106 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to date [In percent] Q u a r t e r ly a v e r a g e M e a s u re 1981 1978 1979 1980 8.3 6.3 9.0 6.6 10.4 7.1 10.2 8.3 3.2 2.8 First year of c o n tra c t......................... Annual rate over life of contract . . . 7.6 6.4 7.4 6.0 9.5 7.1 9.8 7.9 Manufacturing: First year of c o n tra c t......................... Annual rate over life of contract . . . 8.3 6.6 6.9 5.4 7.4 5.4 Nonmanufacturing (excluding construction): First year of c o n tra c t......................... Annual rate over life of contract . . . 8.0 6.5 7.6 6.2 Construction: First year of c o n tra c t......................... Annual rate over life of contract . . . 6.5 6.2 8.8 8.3 1981 1982 1982 IV 1983P 1 II III IV 11.0 5.8 1.9 1.2 2.6 2.1 6.2 4,7 3.3 4.8 3.8 3.6 9.0 5.7 3.0 2.8 3.4 3.2 5.4 4.5 7.2 6.1 2.8 2.6 6.6 5.4 2.5 2.7 1.8 1.7 9.5 6.6 9.8 7.3 4.3 4.1 9.6 5.6 2.7 2.1 13.6 11.5 13.5 11.3 6.5 6.3 11.4 11.7 8.6 8.2 1 II III - 1 .6 1.4 4.6 3.8 4.5 4.1 3.8 4.8 - 1 .2 2.2 2.7 2.8 3.6 3.6 5.1 3.9 4.1 4.5 - 3 .4 9 1.3 1.6 3.8 4.1 6.6 6.1 5.5 4.8 3.6 5.2 3.5 5.4 6.4 5.7 5.6 3.9 6.2 6.3 6.3 5.9 3.4 2.9 .7 2.4 1.7 2.1 .4 2.4 Total compensation changes, covering 5,000 workers or more, all industries: First year of c o n tra c t......................... Annual rate over life of contract . . . Wage rate changes covering at least 1,000 workers, all industries: p = preliminary. 36. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date Year Y e a r a n d q u a r te r 1981 M e a s u re 1978 1979 1980 1981 From settlements reached in p e rio d ............................... Deferred from settlements reached In earlier period . . . From cost-of-living c la u s e s .................................................. Total number of workers receiving wage change (in thousands)1 ............................................................... From settlements reached In p e r io d .................................................................. Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period ................................... From cost-of-living clauses ............................... Number of workers receiving no adjustments (in th o u s a n d s ).................................................................. 1 II I II IV 1 II I II 8.2 8.6 7.9 9.1 9.6 8.8 9.9 10.2 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.5 6.8 5.2 7.9 1.5 1.9 1.1 1.0 .9 1.1 2.0 1.0 2.7 2.4 1.7 2.9 1.3 1.5 1.2 0.3 -.4 9 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.0 3.7 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.5 3.8 3.2 1.7 3.6 1.4 .4 .4 .6 2 .6 3 4 1.4 2 .5 1.3 .6 .6 .4 3 - 2 .4 .1 2 1.0 .1 2 8 .2 — — 8,648 7,852 3,225 2,878 3,423 3,760 3,441 2,998 3,139 2.883 — — _ 2,270 1,907 604 204 511 620 825 444 542 444 — — — 6,267 4,593 4,846 3,830 882 2,179 1,001 1,920 1,594 1,568 2,400 2,251 860 1,970 828 2,050 1,413 1,376 1.328 1,216 145 483 5,568 5,457 4,912 4,575 4,895 5,047 4,906 5,163 — — - — — — 1 The total number ef werkers whc received adjustments does not equal the sum of workers that received each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment during the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1983P 1982 IV Average percent adjustment (including no change): All in d u s trie s ............................................................................ M anu facturing.................................................................................. N onm anufacturing...................................................... 1982 period, p = preliminary. 107 W ORK STO PPA G E DATA Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working time measure only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers or more). Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the impact of virtually all strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection of data on strikes involving fewer than 1,000 workers was discontinued with the December 1981 data. include all known strikes or lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or service shortages. W o r k stoppages 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s M o n th a n d y e a r W o r k e r s in v o lv e d B e g in n in g in In e ffe c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n th B e g in n in g in D a y s id le In e ffe c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n th ( in t h o u s a n d s ) ( in th o u s a n d s ) N um ber ( in t h o u s a n d s ) P e rc e n t of e s t im a t e d w o r k in g t im e 1947 ........................................................................................................ 1948 .................................................................................. 1949 1950 ........................................................................ 270 245 262 424 1,629 1,435 2,537 1,698 25,720 26,127 43,420 30,390 22 38 .26 1 9 5 1 ........................................................................................................ 1952 ..................................................................................................... 1953 ..................................................................................................... 1954 ........................................................................................ 1955 415 470 437 265 363 1,462 2,746 1,623 1,075 2,055 15,070 48,820 18,130 16,630 21,180 12 .38 14 13 16 1956 1957 1958 1959 I960 ..................................................... .............................................................................................. ........................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... .............................................................................................. 287 279 332 245 222 1,370 887 1,587 1,381 896 26,840 10,340 17,900 60,850 13,260 20 07 13 43 09 1 9 6 1 ........................................................................................................ 1962 ..................................................................................................... 1963 . . 1964 . 1965 . . 195 211 181 246 268 1,031 793 512 1,183 999 10,140 11,760 10,020 16,220 15,140 07 08 07 11 10 1966 ........................................................................................................ 1967 . 1968 .............................................................................................. 1969 .................................................................................. 1970 ........................................................................................................ 321 381 392 412 381 1,300 2,192 1,855 1,576 2,468 16 000 31 320 35,567 29,397 52 761 10 18 20 16 29 1 9 7 1 ........................................................................................................ 1972 ..................................................................................................... 1973 ........................................................................................................ 1974 ........................................................................................................ 1975 ........................................................................................................ 298 250 317 424 235 2,516 975 1,400 1 796 965 35,538 16 764 16 260 31 809 17 563 19 09 08 16 09 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 231 298 219 235 187 1 519 1,212 1 006 1 021 795 23 21 23 20 20 12 10 1 9 8 1 ........................................................................................................ 1982 ........................................................................................................ 145 96 729 656 962 258 774 409 844 09 09 16 908 9 061 07 1982 January ........................................................................ February ........................................................................ March ........................................................................... Apr.l .............................................................................. May .............................................................................. June .............................................................................. J u ly .................................................................................. A u g u s t........................................................................... S eptem ber..................................................................... October ........................................................................ November ..................................................................... December ..................................................................... 2 3 4 14 15 18 13 9 14 3 1 — 4 7 9 21 23 27 25 23 27 13 6 2 6.1 3.9 13.3 59.5 42.7 42.8 38.4 18.8 390.0 38.1 22 — 11.4 15.3 26.1 79.1 66.1 66.9 65.9 58.0 427.0 67.6 43.7 36.4 202.8 241.1 357 0 533.1 657.6 907 2 844.7 754.3 2,088.8 904.8 805.4 764.4 .01 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 04 04 .11 .05 .04 .04 1983P January ........................................................................ February ........................................................................ March ........................................................................... April .............................................................................. May .............................................................................. June .............................................................................. J u ly ................................................................................. A u g u s t........................................................................... S eptem ber..................................................................... October ........................................................................ November ..................................................................... December ..................................................................... 1 5 5 2 11 15 10 7 7 10 r4 3 7 10 9 16 24 23 19 19 17 r12 8 1.6 14.0 10.5 2.8 23.6 59.8 49.9 675.8 21.7 62.9 r24.8 — 38.0 50.4 54.9 52.4 32.9 79.7 85.1 730.4 50.8 79.6 r44.4 32.0 794.8 844.4 1,131.5 789.5 493.9 689.0 1,198.1 10,655.7 574.6 1,152.2 r655.4 512.1 .04 .05 .05 .04 .03 .03 .07 .51 .03 .06 .04 .03 p = preliminary. 108 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — r = revised. Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 2176 The Bureau of Labor S tatistics issues its 1982 bulletin on em ployee benefits in m edium and large firm s. This survey is the fourth in an an nual series. Data available • Incidence and detailed ch a ra cte ristics of 11 private sector em ployee benefits paid for at least in part by the em ployer: Lunch and rest periods, holidays, vacations, and personal and sick leave; sickness and accident, long-term disability, health, and life insurance; and p r i vate retirem ent pension plans. • Incidence data on 18 other em ployee bene fits, including stock, savings and thrift, and profit sharing plans; em ployee discounts; and educational assistance. • Data presented separately for three o ccu p a tional groups— professional-adm inistrative, te ch n ica l-cle rical, and production workers. • M inim um em ploym ent in establishm ents covered is generally 100 to 250 employees, depending on the industry. Source of data • Sample of about 1,500 establishm ents in a cross-section of the N ation’s private indus tries; prim arily by personal interview. Uses • Benefit adm inistration in public and private em ploym ent. • Union co n tra ct negotiations. Coverage • C onciliation and arbitration in public and private sectors. • M ajor benefits in medium and large firm s, nationwide. • Developm ent of legislation affecting the w elfare of workers. 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Please send your order to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Office nearest you: 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400 New York, N.Y. 10036 1371 Peachtree, NE Atlanta, Ga. 30367 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, III. 60604 3535 Market Street P. O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Order form 2nd Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, Mo. 64106 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Please send_________ copies of E m p l o y e e B e n e f i t s i n M e d i u m a n d L a r g e Stock No. 029-001-02761-3 at $4.50 each for a total o f_____________ . □ □ □ Enclosed is a check or money order payable to Superintendent of Documents. Charge to GPO Deposit Account No._____________________________ Order No. ___ Credit Card Orders— MasterCard or Visa, on orders to Superintendent of Documents only. Credit Card No. ^ Expiration Date Month/Year __ Total charges $ ------------ Name Address City, State, Zip Code https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F i r m s , 19 8 2 , You may also send your order directly to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Bulletin 2176, U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington D.C. 20212 Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor Lab-441 Official Business SECOND CLASS MAIL Penalty for private use, $300 RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HLK LIBRA4A2L l^SÜuëol LIBRAR* i - t u KÊ bE RV t PO DÜÄ HHC 5 ä I m | LUUiS Ba n k MU Oh ¿>1 6^166
@FedFRASER