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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau ot Labor Statistics
February 1983
nas
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In this issue:
Em ploym ent and unem ploym ent in 1982
*•
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
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ISSN 0098-1818
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February cover:
“ Lumber Mill Interior,”
a tempera painting on fiberboard
by Jerry Bywaters, courtesy National Museum
of American Art (transfer from Works Progress
Administration), Washington, D.C.
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■+
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
FEBRUARY 1983
VOLUME 106, NUMBER 2
l ib r a r y
MAk 8
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
1983
M. A. Urquhart, M. A. Hewson
3
Unemployment continued to rise in 1982 as recession deepened
By the end of the year, the unemployment rate had reached a double-digit level;
all sectors and all worker groups were affected, with men age 20 and over the hardest hit
Shirley J. Smith
13
Estimating annual hours of labor force activity
Two new measures show wide variations in labor among population subgroups;
patterns relate to occupation, race, sex, age, family status, and the business cycle
Constance Sorrentino
23
International comparisons of labor force participation, 1960-81
Of nine industrial nations, rates of labor force activity have risen since 1960
in the U.S. and three other countries, remained stable in one, and declined in four
REPORTS
J. A. Bunn, J. E. Triplett
37
Reconciling the CPI-U and the PCE Deflator: 3rd quarter
Anne McDougall Young
39
Recent trends in higher education and labor force activity
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D EPARTM ENTS
2
37
39
44
46
51
57
Labor month in review
Anatomy of price change
Research summaries
Major agreements expiring next month
Developments in industrial relations
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
Labor M onth
In Review
ROLL CALL. With release this month
of data on the January employment
situation, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
began publishing a new unemployment
rate and other labor force series in which
members of the Armed Forces stationed
in the United States are included in the
employment count. Implications of this
important change were discussed in an
article in the November issue of the
Monthly Labor Review. Here are some
specific questions and answers about the
new data.
Why are persons in the resident Arm
ed Forces being included in the
unemployment rate?
The National Commission on Em
ployment and Unemployment Statistics,
established in 1978 to review our
Nation’s labor force data system, deter
mined that with the change to a vol
unteer system, military employment is
not substantively different from civilian
employment. The Commission, there
fore, recommended in its final report,
Counting the Labor Force, that military
personnel stationed in the United States
be counted in employment and labor
force totals and thus be reflected in the
overall unemployment rate.
How will the addition o f persons in
the resident Armed Forces affect the
measurement o f employment and
unemployment?
Addition of the resident Armed
Forces to the number employed will add
about 1.7 million to the civilian level.
Because those in the Armed Forces are
employed, the count of the unemployed
will not be affected. The new unemploy
ment rate that includes the resident
Armed Forces in the labor force base
will be one- or two-tenths of a percen
tage point below the civilian unemploy
ment rate. For men, the new jobless rate
will be two- or three-tenths of a point
below the civilian rate, while for women,
the two rates will generally be identical.
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Will this new unemployment rate be
seasonally adjusted? How will its
month-to-month movements differ from
those o f the civilian rate?
The new unemployment rate will be
available on both a seasonally adjusted
and an unadjusted basis. While there
will be no seasonal adjustment of the
level of the resident Armed Forces, the
other components of this unemployment
rate—that is, the civilian labor force and
the unemployed—will be seasonally ad
justed to yield an adjusted jobless rate.
The month-to-month movements in the
two unemployment rates will be quite
similar and normally will vary by onetenth of a percentage point or less.
Who is counted in the resident Armed
Forces?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics will
use information on Armed Forces
members stationed in the United States
provided by the Department of Defense.
Included will be those persons on active
military duty stationed in any of the 50
States; persons on active duty with the
Coast Guard; Army, Air Force, and
Marine reserve forces on active duty
training or tours for extended periods;
and National Guard personnel on initial
active duty training. Navy personnel on
ships are counted in the resident Armed
Forces if their ship’s home port is in the
United States and the ship is not
deployed to the Mediterranean, the
Mideast, the Far East, or the Indian
Ocean.
How much does the size o f the resi
dent Armed Forces fluctuate, and what
would happen if the military draft were
resumed?
The resident Armed Forces has ranged
from 1.2 million at the inception of the
data series in 1950 to 2.3 million in 1968.
However, the year-to-year change in the
annual average size of the resident
military over the past 10 years has not
exceeded 60,000 and has averaged only
30,000. Fluctuations as small as these
have virtually no impact on the
unemployment rate. If the military draft
were resumed, b l s would examine the
effect it would have on the data. The
National Commission suggested that
“ the size of the military draft and the
degree to which it would change the pre
sent composition under a voluntary
system would largely determine whether
the military forces should be separated
from the civilian labor force.”
Why is the count o f the Armed Forces
limited to those residing in the United
States?
Just as civilian employment includes
only persons residing in the United
States, the count of the Armed Forces is
similarly defined. The size of the entire
Armed Forces, including military per
sonnel stationed overseas, is about 2.2
million, and has ranged from 1.6 million
in 1950 to 3.5 million in 1968 and 1969.
How will this change affect the
measurement o f unemployment fo r
States and local areas?
State and local labor force estimates
will continue to be based on the civilian
labor force. Because the Armed Forces
are isolated from the local labor
market—they do not contribute employ
ment opportunities or in general provide
a source of workers for civilian jobs in
the community—the National Commis
sion recommended that the military not
be included in State and local area
statistics. Therefore, when comparing
jobless rates for the Nation as a whole
with those for States or specific areas,
the civilian-based rate should be used.
BOTH THE NEW s e r ie s including the resi
dent Armed Forces and the civilian
unemployment rate will appear in the
Current Labor Statistics section of the
March Review. Further information on
the change appears in the February issue
of Employment and Earnings.
□
Unemployment continued to rise
in 1982 as recession deepened
By yearend, the overall unemployment rate
had reached a double-digit level;
all sectors and all worker groups were affected,
with men age 20 and over the hardest hit
M
ic h a e l
A. U
rquhart and
M
a r il l y n
A . H ew so n
The economy entered 1982 in a severe recession and
labor market conditions deteriorated throughout the
year. The unemployment rate, already high by historical
standards at the onset of the recession in m id-1981,
reached 10.8 percent at the end of 1982, higher than at
any time in post-World War II history.
The current recession followed on the heels of the
brief 1980 recession, from which several key goods in
dustries had experienced only limited recovery. Hous
ing, automobiles, and steel, plus many of the industries
that supply these basic industries, were in a prolonged
downturn spanning 3 years or more, and bore the brunt
of the 1981-82 job cutbacks.
Unemployment rose throughout 1982 and, by Sep
tember, the overall rate had reached double digits for
the first time since 1941. A total of 12 million persons
were jobless by yearend— an increase of 4.2 million per
sons since the prerecession low of July 1981.1 Unem
ployment rates for every major worker group reached
postwar highs, with men age 20 and over particularly
hard hit.2
Chart 1 shows the increase in the unemployment rate
from peak to trough of the business cycle of all eight
postwar recessions.3 The severity of each recession is
measured by the actual magnitude at the recession
Michael A. Urquhart is an economist in the Division of Employment
and Unemployment Analysis, and Marillyn A. Hewson is an econo
mist formerly in the Division of Monthly Industry Employment Sta
tistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
trough and the extent of the change from peak to
trough. The current recession is similar to the 1973-75
recession in terms of length and severity. The 3.6-percentage-point increase in the jobless rate was considera
bly above the 2.9 average for all previous recessions,
but is about the same as the rise of 3.8 points in
1973-75, when the recession lasted 16 months. Howev
er, because the current cycle began with the highest un
employment rate for any business cycle peak, the sub
sequent increase easily pushed it higher than that of
any other recession.
The chart also illustrates an uptrend in the unem
ployment rate since 1969. Numerous factors— including
changes in the demographic composition of the labor
force, and in unemployment insurance and welfare
laws— have been suggested as partly responsible for
this trend.4 But the biggest contributor has been the
poor performance of the economy in recent years. For
example, since 1969, recoveries have generally been
weaker and shorter in duration than their predecessors.
Indeed, the recovery from the 1980 recession lasted only
12 months and reduced the overall unemployment rate
by only 0.6 percentage point, compared with an average
decline of 2.7 points in all previous recoveries.
Some analysts have pointed to the weakness of the
1980-81 recovery as evidence that there was really only
one long recession spanning from the beginning of 1980
to the present.5 Such a view is not inconsistent with the
general upward movement of the overall unemployment
rate during this period. The 7.4-percent unemployment
3
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Unemployment Continued to Rise
Chart 1. Unemployment rates during the eight postwar recessions (seasonally adjusted)
Percent
1948-49
1953-54
1957-58
1960-61
1969-70
1973-75
1980
1981-821
'Includ es data through D ecem ber 1982.
Most industries cut jobs
Virtually all sectors of the economy were affected ad
versely by the economic contraction, including the gen
erally more stable services sector. The widespread
nature of the 1982 job curtailments was clearly evident
in the BLS diffusion index of private nonagricultural
payroll employment.6 In the fourth quarter, only 24 per
cent of the 186 industries included in the index reported
job gains.
The pattern of job losses during 1982 was an exten
sion of the deterioration that characterized the Nation’s
economy in late 1981. In the first quarter of 1982, non
farm payroll employment (as measured by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics’ survey of establishments) declined
more than half a million. The rate of decline moderated
slightly in the second quarter, followed by a sharp de
cline in the job count in the third quarter. (See table 1.)
This stemmed partly from the fact that some companies
stepped up production to meet the boost in consumer
spending that was expected with the midyear tax cut,
and when spending did not rise as expected, production
cutbacks and additional layoffs occurred. Declines con
tinued into the fourth quarter, and by December, the
number of payroll jobs lost since the onset of the reces
sion had reached 2.9 million, exceeding the postwar re
cord drop of 2.3 million during the severe 1973-75
recession.
Goods-producing industries. Although the impact of the
downturn was pervasive, the sharpest job cutbacks took
place in the goods-producing sector. While this sector
represented less than 30 percent of total nonfarm pay
roll employment, it accounted for 9 of every 10 jobs
lost during 1982.
After 8 years of almost continuous employment
growth, the mining industry suffered sizable declines in
1982. The number of mining jobs dropped more than
150,000 from its fourth-quarter 1981 level. The reduc
tion stemmed largely from cutbacks in oil and gas ex
traction as improvements in energy efficiency, the global
recession, and high prices reduced demand for oil and
natural gas. Mortgage rates remained high throughout
most of the year, and the resulting contraction in resi
dential construction activity coupled with the impact of
the recessionary environment on nonresidential con-
rate that prevailed in the first 3 quarters of 1981 was
only two-tenths below the high reached in the third
quarter of 1980. Some worker groups— particularly
blacks and teenagers— experienced no significant de
cline in their jobless rate over the late 1980-early 1981
recovery period.
4
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180,000, respectively, between the fourth quarters of
1981 and 1982. The nonelectrical machinery industry
underwent an even more precipitous decline, falling
nearly 400,000 by yearend. Together, these three indus
tries accounted for more than three-fifths of the durable
goods cutbacks in 1982.
As indicated above, significant employment declines
in the automotive industry had already taken place be
fore 1982.7These continued and were joined by job cur
tailments in aircraft, shipbuilding, and railroad equip
ment. As a consequence employment declines in overall
transportation equipment totaled almost 180,000 from
its fourth-quarter 1981 level to its lowest level since
1962.
The recession took its toll on the electric and elec
tronic equipment industry, as cutbacks totaled more
than 100,000. Other durable goods industries which are
closely tied to the construction industry were hard hit
by the more than 3-year deterioration in the housing
market. Lumber and wood products; stone, clay and
glass; and furniture and fixtures all had sharp employ
ment declines in 1982.
struction demand gave rise to a 225,000 decline in con
struction employment in 1982, following a 160,000
decline in the last 2 quarters of 1981.
Even with severe job curtailments in construction and
mining, three-fourths of the employment declines in the
goods sector occurred in manufacturing, as every major
manufacturing industry registered some decrease in
1982. It should be emphasized that many of the Na
tion’s basic manufacturing industries were confronted
with serious structural problems prior to the onset of
the economic downturn in 1980— particularly autos,
steel, machinery, and textiles. Deficiencies in investment
emphasized the need to modernize plants in some indus
tries, but the persistently high interest rates and slug
gish demand of the last 3 years exacerbated the
problems of these sagging industries.
The largest job reductions within manufacturing dur
ing 1982 occurred in the major metals and nonelectrical
machinery industries, reflecting the slump in the auto
industry, mounting import competition, and a retrench
ment in capital spending plans. Employment declines in
primary and fabricated metals totaled 260,000 and
Table 1. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
quarterly averages, 1981-82
[In thousands]
1982
1981
Industry division and group
T o ta l.....................................................
I
II
III
IV p
I
II
III
IV
90,945
91,172
91,360
90,954
90,408
90,029
89,371
88,687
24,588
1,200
3,958
19,430
24,179
1,153
3,955
19,071
23,676
1,087
3,903
18,686
23,103
1,048
3,841
18,214
Goods-producing......................................
Mining ..................................................................
Construction..........................................................
Manufacturing .....................................................
25,559
1,113
4,274
20,172
25,577
1,033
4,230
20,314
25,646
1,179
4,148
20,319
25,159
1,201
4,066
19,892
Durable goods .................................................
Lumber and wood products ........................
Furniture and fixtures...................................
Stone, clay, and glass products ..................
Primary metal Industries...............................
Fabricated metal products ...........................
Machinery, except electrical........................
Electric and electronic equipm ent...............
Transportation equipment.............................
Instruments and related products ...............
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries . . . .
12,120
685
461
646
1,136
1,596
2,481
2,080
1,906
721
408
12,228
690
472
645
1,138
1,611
2,504
2,100
1,933
725
410
12,226
672
475
642
1,130
1,610
2,533
2,114
1,903
733
415
11,895
629
463
620
1,080
1,553
2,510
2,076
1,827
728
411
11,562
608
449
594
1,023
1,505
2,441
2,047
1,776
718
400
11,303
616
443
583
949
1,468
2,363
2,031
1,749
711
390
11,009
615
440
575
887
1,429
2,237
2,008
1,729
704
385
10,585
617
434
558
817
1,371
2,115
1,957
1,652
689
3/5
Nondurable goods............................................
Food and kindred products...........................
Tobacco manufactures ...............................
Textile mill products......................................
Apparel and other textile products .............
Paper and allied products ...........................
Printing and publishing.................................
Chemicals and allied products ....................
Petroleum and coal products ......................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products .
Leather and leather products ......................
8,052
1,688
70
827
1,241
689
1,255
1,108
215
727
232
8,086
1,683
71
829
1,248
690
1,262
1,109
217
743
234
8,093
1,665
70
830
1,254
692
1,271
1,109
216
749
236
7,997
1,662
69
804
1,233
681
1,276
1,103
215
725
229
7,868
1,659
68
772
1,196
671
1,276
1,092
208
708
217
7,768
1,644
67
758
1,164
661
1,272
1,078
206
706
212
7,677
1,633
64
738
1,138
656
1,268
1,068
206
698
208
7,629
1,639
62
727
1,135
651
1,266
1,058
207
680
204
Service-producing ...................................
65,386
65,595
65,714
65,795
65,819
65,850
65,696
65,584
Transportation and public utilities........................
Wholesale and retail trad e...................................
Wholesale trade ...............................................
Retail trade .....................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ....................
Services ..............................................................
Government..........................................................
Federal ............................................................
State . . .............................................................
5,146
20,413
5,327
15,087
5,262
18,383
16,183
2,789
13,394
5,161
20,547
5,359
15,188
5,294
18,518
16,075
2,776
13,300
5,172
20,643
5,382
15,262
5,319
18,659
15,921
2,769
13,151
5,147
20,600
5,371
15,230
5,327
18,807
15,914
2,754
13,160
5,113
20,652
5,342
15,310
5,329
18,867
15,858
2,738
13,120
5,091
20,610
5,320
15,290
5,343
18,960
15,846
2,732
13,113
5,033
20,552
5,283
15,269
5,362
19,058
15,690
2,737
12,953
4,993
20,376
5,229
15,147
5,365
19,114
15,736
2,726
13,010
p= preliminary.
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5
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Unemployment Continued to Rise
The nondurable goods sector also suffered steep cut
backs during the year, losing more than 365,000 jobs.
A positive note in this sector was that the magnitude of
the declines lessened in each successive quarter of 1982.
Although all of the nondurable industry groups experi
enced job declines, the largest number of losses was in
apparel. Textiles and rubber and plastic products also
were hard hit, as the pervasive weakness in the auto in
dustry was reflected in these supplier industries. The
number of jobs in textiles and apparel has trended
downward for years, primarily because of stiff competi
tion from foreign imports, but 1982 job losses were ex
acerbated by the general economic contraction.
The 1973-75 recession is generally regarded as the
most severe of prior postwar recessions and, as such,
provides a useful benchmark for assessing the magni
tude of the current downturn in manufacturing. Chart 2
depicts the relative employment changes in total manu
facturing, durable goods, and nondurable goods manu
facturing by indexing the respective series to its peak
level during each recession. To provide a broader per
spective, each plot begins 1 year prior to the peak of
the employment series.
By November 1982, the 1981-82 relative employment
decline in manufacturing was not as great as that for
1973-75 at the same number of months (16) from the
peak; however, employment had dropped much more
rapidly than it did in 1973-75, and if the decline con
tinues into 1983, it will exceed the relative decline expe
rienced in 1973-75. For durable goods, however,
employment not only had fallen much more rapidly in
1981-82 than in the 1973-75 downturn, but also had
already experienced a greater relative decline. Employ
ment in the nondurable goods sector, while declining
steeper in the first 12 months of the current recession
than in 1973-75, actually fared better in the next 4
months of the cycle as the rate of decline slowed.
Table 2 shows th e . manufacturing industry employ
ment declines in the current recession and in 1973-75,
revealing the varied impact of the two recessions. It also
shows the relative decline over the 1979-82 period:
demonstrating the point made earlier that several indus
tries never fully recovered from the brief but sharp 1980
recession before plunging further in the current down
turn.
Employment in six industries (primary metals, fabri
cated metal products, nonelectrical machinery, transpor
tation equipment, tobacco, and petroleum and coal
products), while still falling at the end of 1982, had al
ready dropped by an equal or greater percentage than
during the 1973-75 period. Because only a few indus
tries had recovered sufficiently from the 1980 recession
to surpass their prior employment peaks, the 1980 and
1981-82 recessions together constituted a deep and
prolonged deterioration that has extended for more
6
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Chart 2. Relative changes in manufacturing
employment during 1973-75 and 1981-82
recessions
(Seasonally adjusted data)
Peak month =100
Manufacturing
0
Peak month
NOTE: Data for O ctober and November 1982 are preliminary.
than 3 years for all but three manufacturing industries.
Moreover, two key industries, primary metals and
transportation equipment, when viewed over the longer
period (1979-82), show employment declines about
twice those of the 1973-75 downturn. Some industries,
such as food, textiles, apparel, and leather, have been
trending downward for many years and may not have
returned to their 1979 levels during the 1980-81 re
covery.
These job cutbacks, of course, resulted in large in
creases in unemployment rates in the goods-producing
industries. The residential construction and auto manu
facturing industries historically have been key indicators
of the health of the economy, and their jobless rates of
more than 20 percent signaled economic weakness in
1982. The unemployment rate for construction workers
had risen steadily since late 1980, and was 22 percent
by the end of 1982, while the rate for auto workers,
which had been as low as 3.8 percent in early 1978,
ended the year at 24 percent.
Job curtailments in both the automobile manufactur
ing and housing construction industries brought about
job cutbacks and higher unemployment rates in a host
of supplier industries. Clearly, these supplier industries
have been hard hit. Jobless rates among workers in the
primary metals industry rose the most, posting a more
than fourfold increase since late 1979. The following
tabulation shows fourth-quarter seasonally adjusted un
employment rates in selected manufacturing industries
that are closely tied to the construction and automobile
manufacturing industries:
1979
1980
1981
1982
Housing-related:
Lumber and wood products .
Stone, clay, and glass .........
Furniture and fixtures .........
7.0
6.1
4.2
12.1
10.1
9.5
18.6
9.8
11.3
18.7
15.8
16.1
Auto-related:
Primary m etals.....................
Fabricated m etals................
Rubber and plastics ............
5.3
6.4
8.5
8.9
10.5
10.5
11.3
12.1
11.1
26.0
18.4
14.5
Service-producing industries. Underscoring the widespread impact of the current economic downturn, the
service-producing sector, although not as severely affect
ed as the goods sector, declined somewhat during 1982.
While this sector had shown some strength earlier in
the recession, employment declined by nearly 400,000
from May to yearend.
Only two major industry groups managed job gains
for the year— the services industry and finance, insur
ance, and real estate— but at a much reduced pace than
in more normal times. The number of jobs in services—
which includes activities ranging from lodging and
recreation to medical, legal, educational, business, repair,
and personal services— increased by 300,000 between
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Table 2. Employment declines in manufacturing indus
tries, selected periods, 1973-82 ___________________
Percent decline1
Industry
1973-75
1981-82
1979-82
Durable goods:
Lumber and wood products ....................
Furniture and fixtures...............................
Stone, clay, and glass products .............
Primary metal Industries...........................
Fabricated metal products ......................
Machinery, except electrical....................
Electric and electronic equipm ent...........
Transportation equipment........................
Instruments and related products ...........
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...............
22.7
21.3
15.3
15.5
15.2
10.3
17.9
13.2
9.8
13.7
12.5
9.0
14.7
29.4
15.6
17.5
8.4
15.7
6.7
11.0
21.6
14.1
22.8
36.8
21.3
17.6
9.8
23.0
6.7
17.1
Nondurable goods:
Food and kindred products......................
Tobacco manufactures ..........................
Textile mill products.................................
Apparel and other textile products .........
Paper and allied products ......................
Printing and publishing.............................
Chemicals and allied products ...............
Petroleum and coal products ..................
Rubber and misc. plastic products .........
Leather and leather products..................
5.2
7.6
19.3
18.1
12.4
3.9
6.3
5.1
16.7
17.8
3.5
14.1
13.8
10.3
6.5
1.0
5.0
5.1
10.0
15.1
6.3
15.3
19.7
16.0
8.6
1.0
5.6
5.1
15.2
19.8
1The months in which the high and the low occurred in each industry varied considerably
and are available upon request from the Bureau.
the fourth quarters of 1981 and 1982. Finance, insur
ance, and real estate were up 35,000 over the same peri
od. Sharp declines occurred in transportation and
public utilities, where job losses totaled more than
150.000 in 1982. Most of the cutbacks were in transpor
tation where employment turned downward in the sec
ond half of 1981, paralleling the slowdown in the goods
sector. Jobs in wholesale and retail trade decreased by
225.000 during 1982, with most of the cutbacks in the
fourth quarter.
Employment in the public sector failed to provide the
stability it has historically shown during periods of eco
nomic downturn. Government employment dropped by
more than 175,000 in 1982, continuing the declines that
began in m id-1980. The decrease was primarily in State
and local government, stemming largely from severe
budgetary problems and smaller school enrollments.
Unemployment widespread
Age and sex. Unemployment developments in 1982 dif
fered widely by age and sex, with adult men (those age
20 and over) being hardest hit. (See table 3.) The sub
stantial increase in joblessness for men pushed their rate
above that for women for all of 1982. Since July 1981,
the rate for men rose almost 4.5 percentage points to
10.1 percent in December, while the rate for women
went up about 2.5 points to 9.2 percent. This contrasts
sharply with the 1973-75 recession, when increases were
about the same for men and women (4.4 and 4.0 points)
and the rate for men remained well below that for
women, reaching a high of 7.3 percent, compared to 8.5
percent for women.
7
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Unemployment Continued to Rise
The employment situation for teenagers continued to
worsen in 1982; their unemployment rate has shown a
step-like pattern of deterioration since m id-1979. The
teenage jobless rate leveled off in the final months of
1982, but was still a record 24.5 percent in December,
more than 3 points above the rate reached during the
1973-75 recession.
The disproportionate impact of the recession on adult
males is clearly illustrated below. The following tabula
tion provides the seasonally adjusted quarterly unem
ployment rates for men and women by age since the
onset of the current downturn:
1981
1982
III quarter____ IV quarter
Age
All workers, age 16 and
over................................
Teenagers.......................
Adults, age 20 and over .
Age 20-24 ...................
Age 25-54 ...................
Age 55 and over .........
Men
7.1
19.5
6.1
12.6
5.3
3.5
Women Men
7.9
18.7
6.8
11.3
6.2
3.9
11.1
25.7
10.0
17.7
9.2
6.2
Women
10.1
22.7
9.0
14.1
8.5
4.9
About 70 percent of the increase in unemployment
between the third quarter of 1981 and the fourth quar
ter of 1982 occurred among men, with all age groups
registering sharp increases. In fact, by the end of 1982,
the rates for men had surpassed those for women of
corresponding age groups by a substantial margin.
women in 1982. But, the reverse was true when the ma
jor groups within each sector were examined: while the
year-to-year increase in joblessness was greater for men
than for women, the industry/occupational jobless rates
for women were still generally higher. This means that
the lower overall rate for women is explained by their
greater concentration in the service-producing sector,
which, on average, has a much lower jobless rate than
the goods sector; nearly 80 percent of all women are
employed in the service sector.
Family and household relationship. During 1982, an av
erage of 8.0 million families had at least one member
unemployed. This represents 13 percent of all families,
up from about 10.5 percent in 1981. There was a corre
sponding decline (from 63.5 to 59.5 percent) in the pro
portion of families experiencing unemployment that still
had at least one member working full time.
In families where the husband was unemployed in
1982, only 40 percent had at least one member working
full time, compared with 71 percent when the wife was
unemployed. Only 10 percent of families maintained by
Table 3. Unemployment rates by selected demographic
characteristic and occupation, seasonally adjusted quar
terly averages, 1981-82
1981
Item
1982
1
II
III
IV
I
II
7.4
7.4
7.4
8.3
8.8
6.1
6.0
6.1
7.1
7.8
III
IV
9.4
10.0
10.7
8.4
9.1
10.0
9.0
Characteristic
Occupations. Much of the greater impact of the econom
ic decline on men can be attributed to their con
centration in the more cyclical blue-collar occupations:
men accounted for 81 percent of employment in these
occupations, compared with only 46 percent of whitecollar jobs. Unemployment among blue-collar workers
increased 6.3 points, to 16.1 percent, between the third
quarter of 1981 and the fourth quarter of 1982. (See ta
ble 3.) The increase was sharpest for factory operatives,
whose 20.7-percent rate in the fourth quarter was up al
most 10 points. In contrast, the rise for white-collar
workers was only about 1.5 percentage points, reaching
a high of 5.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 1982. Ser
vice workers unemployment rose moderately in 1982,
finishing the year at 11.4 percent.
For all major occupations, increases in the unemploy
ment rates between 1981 and 1982 were greater in the
goods-producing sector than in service-producing. Over
all joblessness in the goods sector increased about 4
points to 13.4 percent, compared with a rise of about 1
point in the services sector to 7.4 percent.8(See table 4.)
The comparison of male and female unemployment
rates by occupational groups within the goods- and ser
vice-producing sectors was particularly noteworthy. The
overall unemployment rate was higher for men than for
8
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Total (all civilian workers)
Men, 20 years and
o v e r ..........................
Women, 20 years and
o v e r ..........................
Teenagers, 16-19
years ........................
6.6
6.6
6.8
7.2
7.6
8.2
8.4
19.1
19.1
19.1
21.2
21.9
22.7
23.9
24.3
W hite.............................
B la c k .............................
Hispanic........................
6.5
14.7
11.0
6.5
15.1
9.8
6.4
15.8
9.8
7.3
16.9
11.1
7.7
17.4
12.4
8.3
18.6
13.3
8.8
19.3
14.4
9.5
20.4
15.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
5.1
5.4
6.2
6.9
7.6
Married men, spouse
present ......................
Married women, spouse
present ......................
Women who maintain
families......................
5.9
5.7
5.8
6.4
6.7
7.3
7.4
8.1
10.0
10.3
10.7
10.6
10.6
11.8
12.0
12.3
Full-time workers .........
Part-time w o rk e rs.........
7.1
9.1
7.0
9.3
7.1
9.5
8.0
9.6
8.6
10.0
9.3
10.4
9.8
10.7
10.6
10.9
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.8
4.9
5.4
Occupation
White-collar workers . ..
Professional and
technical...............
Managers and admin
istrators, except farm
Salesworkers...........
Clerical workers.........
Blue-collar workers . . . .
Craft and kindred
workers..................
Operatives, except
transport...............
Transport equipment
operatives.............
Nonfarm laborers . . .
Service workers ...........
Farm w orkers...............
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.6
2.6
4.2
5.5
10.1
2.6
4.3
5.5
9.8
2.7
4.9
5.8
9.8
2.9
4.9
6.1
11.7
3.0
5.1
6.5
12.7
3.5
5.5
6.9
13.7
3.7
5.5
6.9
14.8
3.9
6.2
7.7
16.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
8.5
8.9
9.8
11.0
11.6
12.0
11.5
11.5
14.0
15.5
16.6
18.5
20.7
9.0
14.6
8.5
5.1
8.1
14.0
8.8
5.0
8.1
14.2
8.6
4.8
9.4
16.2
9.5
6.1
10.4
17.5
9.8
5.8
11.8
18.4
10.6
6.9
12.0
18.5
10.6
6.2
13.1
19.8
11.4
7.2
Table 4. Unemployment rates by selected occupations in
the goods- and service-producing sectors, 1981-82
1982
1981
Characteristic
Total .............................
M e n ...........................
Women ....................
Goods-producing .........
M e n ...........................
Women ....................
Service-producing.........
M e n ..........................
Women ....................
Total
7.2
7.2
7.2
9.4
9.0
10.5
6.2
5.9
6.4
White- Blue- Service Total White- Blue- Service
collar collar
collar collar
4.3
3.0
5.3
3.7
2.5
5.6
4.4
3.2
5.2
10.8
10.2
13.1
11.9
11.2
14.0
9.0
8.7
10.6
9.3
9.6
9.2
10.7
10.9
11.8
9.3
9.5
9.1
9.2
9.8
8.6
13.5
13.4
13.8
7.4
7.4
7.4
5.2
4.1
6.1
5.2
4.3
6.8
5.2
4.0
6.0
14.9
14.4
17.0
17.3
16.9
18.8
10.9
10.8
11.9
11.1
11.7
10.8
15.6
14.9
19.8
10.9
11.4
10.7
an unemployed woman had a member employed full
time.
Race-ethnic differences. The unemployment pattern
among the major race-ethnic groups was similar to the
overall pattern— minimal recovery from the 1980 reces
sion and steadily increasing rates since m id-1981 to re
cord highs in 1982. The recovery from the previous
recession was weaker for blacks, and their unemploy
ment rate began rising earlier than that for whites or
Hispanics.
As a result, blacks have had record jobless rates vir
tually since the beginning of the recession, exceeding 20
percent during the last 3 months of 1982. The situation
for black teenagers was especially severe, with an unem
ployment rate hovering around 50 percent during most
of the year.
Jobless rates for whites and Hispanics also rose
sharply in 1982. Since the third quarter of 1981, unem
ployment among white workers was up about 3 points
to 9.3 percent by the fourth quarter of 1982, while the
rate for Hispanics was up about 5.5 points to 15.2 per
cent.
Reasons fo r unemployment. One characteristic of all eco
nomic declines is the very pronounced increases in the
number of persons losing jobs when firms cut back pro
duction and, thus, reduce their work forces through
temporary or permanent layoffs. As a result, the jobloser share of total unemployment tends to increase
markedly over the course of a recession. In contrast,
employees are less likely to quit in search of other jobs,
and inactive persons are less likely to enter the labor
force during downturns, so the share of unemployment
represented by job leavers and labor force entrants
tends to decline.
The current recession has been marked by an unusu
ally high proportion of job losers. (See table 5.) Their
share of total unemployment remained at recession lev
els, that is, above 50 percent, after the first quarter of
1980. It began to rise steadily in m id-1981 and, by late
1982, had surpassed 60 percent for the first time since
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the data were first collected in 1967. Perhaps of more
significance, job losers overall have accounted for an ex
traordinarily high proportion of the increase in unem
ployment. There were 7.3 million job losers in the
fourth quarter of 1982, an increase of 3.2 million since
the third quarter of 1981. They accounted for about 85
percent of the total increase in unemployment, com
pared with only about 75 percent of the increase during
the 1973-75 recession.
Duration o f unemployment. Another important consider
ation in the evaluation of overall unemployment is the
duration of joblessness. Short spells of unemployment
are often considered to be the result of frictions in the
labor market, as workers move from job to job and la
bor supply adjusts to changes in demand. The longer a
period of unemployment, the greater the economic
hardship that is normally associated with it.
Both measures of average duration— the mean and
the median— generally reflect overall economic perfor
mance and move in the same direction as the unemploy
ment rate, albeit with a lagged response at economic
turning points. While duration declines during an eco
nomic expansion, it can also continue to decline at the
beginning of a downturn as the newly unemployed enter
the jobless stream. Thus, both measures of average du
ration declined in the fourth quarter of 1981 when un
employment rose sharply. (See table 5.) With worsening
joblessness in 1982, both measures of duration rose as
the proportion of those unemployed 15 weeks or longer
increased substantially, from about 26 percent in the
fourth quarter of 1981 to 37 percent at the end of 1982.
In the peak jobless quarter of the 1973-75 recession, 32
Table 5. Unemployed persons by duration of and
reasons for unemployment, seasonally adjusted quarterly
averages, 1981-82
_________________________
1982
1981
Characteristic
1
II
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
3,280
2,381
2,336
1,092
1,244
3,297
2,471
2,242
1,101
1,141
3,391
2,469
2,205
1,093
1,112
3,852
2,851
2,352
1,204
1,149
3,823
3,082
2,705
1,431
1,274
3,802
3,311
3,288
1,633
1,655
3,965
3,381
3,687
1,806
1,881
3,971
3,507
4,474
2,089
2,385
14.1
13.8
14.0
13.2
13.8
15.2
16.1
17.5
7.2
7.1
6.9
6.8
7.5
8.9
8.7
9.9
Total unemployed
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Job losers ....................
On layoff ..................
Other job losers . . . .
Job leavers ..................
Reentrants....................
New entrants ...............
50.5
16.6
33.9
11.4
25.8
12.3
50.5
16.6
33.9
11.6
25.7
12.2
51.6
16.5
35.1
11.4
25.3
11.7
53.6
19.5
34.1
10.3
24.9
11.2
56.2
19.1
37.1
9.3
23.3
11.2
58.0
19.4
38.6
8.3
22.9
10.8
59.2
20.9
38.3
7.3
22.0
11.5
61.5
21.0
40.5
6.8
21.0
10.7
Duration (numbers in
thousands)
Less than 5 weeks . . . .
5 to 14 weeks................
15 weeks and over . . . .
15 to 26 w e e k s .........
27 weeks and over ..
Average duration, in
weeks ......................
Median duration, in
weeks ......................
Reasons (percent
distribution)
9
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Unemployment Continued to Rise
Table 6. Discouraged workers, by selected character
istics, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-82
[In thousands]
1981
Characteristic
1982
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
Total ...............................
Job market factors . . .
Personal fa c to rs .........
1,094
825
269
1,042
725
317
1,108
812
296
1,191
890
301
1,331
1,045
286
1,487
1,082
405
1,638
1,222
416
1,849
1,391
458
M e n .............................
Women ......................
373
722
412
630
389
718
439
751
509
822
577
911
595
1,043
690
1,159
W h ite ...........................
Black and other .........
750
357
705
335
747
354
800
388
875
478
995
482
1,072
549
1,247
595
percent of the total were long-term jobless. By the
fourth quarter of 1982, mean duration had reached 17.5
weeks, and the median duration, 9.9 weeks. Because of
their lagging characteristic, both measures can be
expected to continue rising into 1983, even if an im
provement in the labor market begins soon.
Shortened workweeks and discouragement. Just as the
health of the economy influences unemployment, it
similarly influences the number of people who report
that they want a job but are not looking for one be
cause they believe no work is available— so-called “dis
couraged workers.” In addition, as the Nation enters a
recession, employers frequently reduce hours where pos
sible before laying off employees. Persons on such
shortened workweeks are termed involuntary part-time
workers. They, along with discouraged workers, are not
reflected in the official count of unemployment, al
though information on both groups is im portant in
achieving a full appreciation of the nature and magni
tude of the underutilization of human resources.
Historically, the number of discouraged workers
tends to move in tandem with overall unemployment.9
As a result of the general sluggishness of the economy
during the last 3 years, the number of discouraged
workers has risen almost continuously since m id-1979.
The weak recovery of 1980-81 had almost no impact in
reducing their numbers, and the current recession added
800,000 to their ranks. (See table 6.) There were 1.8
million discouraged workers in the final quarter of
1982, three-fourths of whom cited job market factors
(as opposed to personal factors) as the reason for not
looking for work.
Although the recession-induced rise in discourage
ment was pervasive, women and blacks (including other
racial minorities) accounted for a disproportionate share
of the increase. Their respective shares of the discour
aged total were 63 and 32 percent in the fourth quarter
of 1982; in contrast, they accounted for 43 and 13 per
cent of the working-age population.
The number of workers involuntarily on part-time
schedules continued to increase throughout 1982 and,
10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
by the fourth quarter, totaled about 6.7 million or 7.2
percent of the “at-work” population; both figures are
the highest recorded since collection of the data began
in 1955. Slack work, the most cyclical component of in
voluntary part-time work, accounted for more than half
this total. The following tabulation shows the number
of involuntary part-time workers and their percentage
of the “at-work” population (seasonally adjusted quar
terly averages):10
Number
(in
thousands)
Involuntary part time due to:
Could find
All
Slack
only
reasons
work
part time
1981:
I
II
Ill
IV
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4,579
4,435
4,746
5,341
4.8
4.7
5.0
5.7
2.5
2.3
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.3
1982:
I
II
Ill
IV
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5,646
6,009
6,334
6,722
6.0
6.4
6.7
7.2
3.1
3.4
3.6
3.8
2.5
2.6
2.8
3.1
Besides a reduction in scheduled hours, the current
high number of workers on shortened workweeks also
reflects a growing tendency among employers to keep
workers on short workweeks for longer periods.11 At the
other end of the spectrum, it is clear that there are a
growing number of would-be full-time workers who
must accept part-time jobs if they want to work at all.
Employment moves lower
Total employment, as measured by the household
survey, dropped by more than 1.1 million between the
second quarter of 1981 and first quarter of 1982. De
clines leveled off in the spring and summer months,
with the employment total actually rising a bit, but the
moderate rebound was erased in the fourth quarter.12
All three major age-sex groups registered declines, as
total employment dropped more than 450,000 in the fi
nal quarter, to 99.1 million. (See table 7.)
The employment-population ratio provides an indica
tion of the economy’s ability to generate enough jobs
for a growing population, as the ratio is affected by
changes in both the number of jobholders and in the
working-age population.13 (See chart 3.) At 56.5 percent
in December, the overall ratio was at its lowest level in
more than 5 years. The 2.0-percentage-point decline in
the current economic contraction was similar to the
drop during the 1973-75 recession. However, if the de
terioration is measured from its high of 59.4 percent in
late 1979, the decline in the employment-population ra
tio exceeded the mid-1970’s experience.
Quarterly seasonally adjusted employment-population
ratios for the major age-sex groups illustrate the heavy
Labor force expands
Table 7. Employed persons by selected categories, sea
sonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1980-81
[In thousands]
1982
1981
Characteristic
Total, 16 years and
o v e r ......................
1
II
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
100,204 100,789 100,520 100,087 99,660 99,720 99,605 99,135
6,905
6,733
6,619
6,445
6,394
Teenagers.........
Men, 20 years and
o v e r .............
Women, 20 years
and over . . . .
7,476
7,347
7,180
53,478
53,760
53,739
53,351 53,085 53,052 52,838 52,591
39,250
39,682
39,601
39,831 39,842 40,048 40,322 40,150
White ...............
Black ...............
Hispanic origin ..
88,455
9,385
5,273
89,021
9,425
5,352
88,889
9,297
5,346
88,471 88,064 88,150 87,957 87,452
9,314 9,255 9,172 9,201 9,129
5,421 5,292 5,183 5,132 5,028
impact of the current recession on men. The teenage ra
tio also fell sharply during the year, in the face of em
ployment cutbacks amounting to almost 800,000. Adult
women were not as adversely affected by the slump in
economic activity, because of their concentration in the
service-producing sector. The following tabulation
shows the employment-population ratios from the third
quarter of 1981 through the fourth quarter of 1982:
1981________________ 1982______
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
T o ta l........... 58.2 57.8 57.4 57.2 57.0 56.6
Teenagers........... 43.6 42.2 41.5 41.1 40.3 40.3
Adult men . . . .
72.4 71.5 70.9 70.5 70.0 69.3
Adult women . . 48.4 48.5 48.3 48.3 48.5 48.1
The different employment pattern of men and women
in 1982 was symptomatic of the pattern displayed by
full-time and part-time workers. The number of persons
at work on full-time schedules (35 hours or more per
week) in nonagricultural industries declined by 3.1 mil
lion from the third-quarter 1981 level to 71.4 million in
the fourth quarter of 1982. As employers cut back pro
duction, reduced hours, and laid off workers, the num
ber of full-time workers declined throughout 1982,
reaching its lowest level since 1978 by yearend. Changes
in the number of nonagricultural workers voluntarily on
part-time schedules are generally much more volatile
than those for full-time workers. After declining steadily
from the onset of the recession in m id-1981 through the
first quarter of 1982, the number of voluntary part-tim
ers rose in both the second and third quarter, largely
accounting for the small midyear pickup in total em
ployment. As with the total, the voluntary part-timers
fell again in the fourth quarter, to 12.4 million.
Blacks and Hispanics suffered proportionally greater
employment declines than whites in 1982. At 9.1 mil
lion in the fourth quarter, black employment was
185,000 below a year earlier, while losses among His
panics numbered 400,000 for the year. Employment
among white workers was off more than 1 million over
the year.
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The civilian labor force grew about 1.9 million be
tween the fourth quarters of 1981 and 1982, slightly
more than in the previous 2 years, but considerably be
low the pace of the late 1970’s. Whereas the two reces
sions obviously contributed to the slowdown, there has
also been a reduction in the number of persons reaching
labor force age, as the baby-boom generation, nearly all
of which has moved into adulthood, has been followed
by a baby-bust generation. Thus, the number of teenag
ers in the population has actually been declining since
early 1978, and by 1982, had declined by 1.2 million.
The teenage labor force was down 300,000 in 1982 from
the fourth quarter of 1981, following a 500,000 drop in
1981. On the other hand, men and women each added
about 1 million persons to the labor force in 1982; in
1981, the female labor force increase was twice that for
men. (See table 8.)
The percentage of the working-age population in the
labor force— the labor force participation rate— was up
slightly over the year, to 64.1 percent in the fourth
quarter of 1982. This was solely the result of a contin
ued increase in female labor force participation, which
more than offset a decline in the teenage rate; male par
ticipation was unchanged. The decrease in teenage par
ticipation continued a trend which began in 1979.
The participation rate for adult males, which has
been on a downtrend throughout the postwar years,
showed a further drop at the beginning of 1982. How
ever, male participation did increase somewhat in the
second quarter, to 78.8 percent and held there the rest
of the year. Female participation, at 52.9 percent in the
fourth quarter of 1982, increased through most of the
recession to maintain its upward secular pattern of the
past several decades. There were 43.9 million women in
the labor force in the final quarter, 40 percent of the to
tal number of persons in the work force.
Table 8. Civilian labor force and participation rates, by
major age-sex group, seasonally adjusted quarterly
averages, 1981-82
[In thousands]
1982
1981
Characteristic
1
II
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
Civilian labor force,
to ta l............... 108,219 108,802 108,580 109,116 109,292 110,088 110,629 110,974
Men, 20 years
and over .........
56,951 57,222 57,211 57,421 57,558 57,920 58,158 58,420
Women, 20
42,030 42,494 42,491 42,938 43,107 43,602 44,006 44,111
years and over
8,443
8,566
8,466
8,757
8,626
9,087
8,878
9,239
Teenagers .........
Participation rates,
total ...............
Men, 20 years
and over .........
Women, 20
years and over
Teenagers .........
63.9
64.1
63.7
63.8
63.7
64.0
64.1
64.1
79.2
79.2
78.8
78.8
78.6
78.8
78.8
78.8
51.9
56.4
52.3
55.8
52.0
54.9
52.3
54.6
52.3
54.2
52.7
54.1
53.0
53.9
52.9
54.1
11
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Unemployment Continued to Rise
Chart 3. Employment-population ratio, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1972-82
Percent
60.0
59.0
58.0
57.0
56.0
55.0
54.0
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
NOTE: Shaded areas denote a recession. Fourth quarter 1982 datum is an O ctober-Novem ber average.
1982, industry job cutbacks in the cur
rent recession had exceeded those experienced in the se
vere 1973-75 recession, and unemployment was still
rising. The prolonged slack in economic activity that be
gan in 1980 had severely affected the labor market, grad
AT THE END OF
ually spreading from a few major industries to virtually
every industry and every worker group. By yearend,
there were few signs that the labor market had begun to
make the transition from recession to recovery.
Q
FOOTNOTES
1National Bureau of Economic Research business cycle peak.
2Data on labor force, total employment, and unemployment are de
rived from the Current Population Survey ( c p s ), a sample survey of
households conducted and tabulated by the Bureau of the Census for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Statistics on nonagricultural payroll
employment and hours from the Current Employment Statistics Pro
gram ( c e s ) are collected by State agencies from employer reports of
payroll records and are tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A
description of the two surveys appears in the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics monthly publication, E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s.
1Peak-to-trough dates for the eight post-World War II recessions
have been designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research
as follows: November 1948 to October 1949, July 1953 to May 1954,
August 1957 to April 1958, April 1960 to February 1961, December
1969 to November 1970, November 1973 to March 1975, January
1980 to July 1980, July 1981 to a trough not yet identified.
4 For more on this topic, see the series of articles in the March 1979
issue of the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , pp. 13-53.
See Stephen H. Wildstrom, “One Recession or Two,” D a ta R e
October 1982, pp. 1.12-1.14.
6See John F. Early, “Introduction of Diffusion Indexes,” E m p lo y
m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, December 1974, pp. 7-11.
7See Douglas R. Fox, “Motor Vehicles, Model Year 1982,” S u r v e y
o f C u r r e n t B u sin ess, October 1982, pp. 20-24.
so u rces U.S. R ev ie w ,
12
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8
Annual averages were used as a basis for comparison when sea
sonally adjusted data were not available.
’ See Carol M. Ondeck, “Discouraged workers’ link to jobless rate
reaffirmed,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1978, pp. 40-42.
10The data were seasonally adjusted especially for this study. In
cluded in the total, but not shown separately, are the small number of
workers on shortened workweeks because of material shortages and
those who began or ended a job during the survey week.
" See Robert W. Bednarzik, “Worksharing in the U.S.: its preva
lence and duration,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , July 1980, pp. 3-12.
12The movements of total employment derived from the household
survey and of nonfarm payroll jobs from the establishment survey
were not always in tandem during the current recession, nor did the
magnitude of change equate. Given the conceptual and sampling dif
ferences between the two surveys, this was not unusual, although the
change over the full cycle as reflected in the two series differed some
what more than in past recessions. For a discussion of the differences
in the estimates of employment derived from these two surveys, see
Gloria P. Green and John Stinson, Jr., “Comparison of Nonagri
cultural Employment Estimates from Two Surveys,” E m p lo y m e n t a n d
E a rn in g s, March 1982, pp. 9-12.
13See Carol Boyd Leon, “The employment-population ratio: its val
ue in labor force analysis,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , February 1981, pp.
36-45.
Estimating annual hours
of labor force activity
Two new measures show wide variations
in the amount of labor supplied by population
subgroups; patterns relate to the occupation,
race, sex, age, and fam ily status of individuals,
and to phases of the business cycle
S h ir l e y
J.
S m it h
Today’s labor force is characterized by high turnover,
and a diversity of work schedules tailored to the needs
and opportunities of employers and available workers.
The dynamic composition of the work force makes it
diffcult to assess the true extent of labor force involve
ment or job attachment within various groups of the
population. An intergroup comparison of labor force
participation rates for a given year yields one set of dif
ferentials; a comparison of the proportions of persons
economically active during the year gives an entirely
different perspective; and, analysis of work schedules (as
between full year, full time; part year, part time; and so
forth) gives a third view of each group’s relative contri
bution. Every statistic addresses a different aspect of the
group’s labor force involvement, but none successfully
summarizes time input on a single, meaningful scale.
We know that different groups make varying portions
of their year available for labor force activities. It is also
clear that the economy uses some of these potential
contributions more fully than it does others. But the di
versity of work patterns within and between groups
confounds our understanding of their respective work
roles. For instance, annual earnings reports summarize
the outcome of a group’s job market involvement dur
ing a full year. But because individual time input varies
so widely, it is hard to interpret the meaning of earn
ings differentials or changes over time, even when we
limit our analysis to so-called year-round, full-time
workers.
This article reports on experimentation with two new
annual estimates, focusing on time in the labor force
Shirley J. Smith is a demographic statistician in the Office of Employ
ment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and time in employment (expressed in hours per year).
These estimates are based on data drawn from the
“work experience” supplement to the Current Popula
tion Survey ( c p s ), which is administered each March.
Methodology and applications
For each person 16 years of age and over, the CPS
March supplement includes a battery of questions on
labor force activities during the previous calendar year.
Survey respondents are asked about weeks worked, usu
al hours worked per week, weeks worked part time,
time spent in unemployment (including layoff), and a
variety of other issues. By assembling the various ele
ments of each person’s work profile, this study attempts
to estimate average annual hours of labor force involve
ment, and of job attachment, for various subgroups of
the population during 1977, 1979, 1980, and 1981.
The annual hours estimates. The work profile of the in
dividual is translated into an estimate of his or her an
nual hours of labor force attachment, as follows:
(1)
A HLF = [(Ww - W 0) X H J +
(Wo X H po) + (W, X H u)
where:
AHLF = Annual hours of labor force partici
pation during the previous year;
Ww = Weeks worked during the year, including
both full and part time;
13
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Estimating Annual Hours o f Labor Force Activity
Wo = Weeks worked in other status (that is,
part time for those who normally
worked full time, or full time for those
who normally worked part time);
Hu = Usual hours worked per week by the in
dividual when on his or her normal
schedule;
= Usual weekly hours in other status, a
proxy value drawn from the usual hours
of persons of the same age, sex, and race
who normally worked on the other
schedule (not controled for voluntary
versus involuntary part time); and,
W, = Weeks of unemployment (including lay
off) reported by the individual.
There are three terms in this equation. The first
identifies the individual’s reported time at work on his
or her normal schedule. The second quantifies time
spent on an alternate schedule, and the third estimates
hours of availability for work while unemployed (in
cluding periods of layoff). Explicit in the last term is the
assumption that the respondent would have worked his
or her usual schedule during the period, if work had
been available.
By dropping the last term of the expression, we esti
mate a second variable, annual hours of employment.
This is computed as:
(2)
AHE = [(Ww - W o) x H J + ( W o X H p
No attempt has been made to discount this employ
ment figure for time spent with a job but not at work.
The resulting AHE estimate is simply based on the as
sumption that workers are paid for holidays and vaca
tions.1
Because the estimates rest on this assumption, and on
broad questions about time allocation— rather than em
ployees’ diaries or employers’ records— they are, of
course, approximate. Figures are most likely to be accu
rate for persons with continuous work patterns. They
are least satisfactory for those having variable terms of
employment during the year.
Although certain response biases are likely to occur
in the CPS data, it will be seen that averages for most
groups behave in a plausible and predictable manner.
Although still experimental, the new statistics offer sev
eral interesting new perspectives on labor force behav
ior.
Applications fo r the annual hours data. The estimates
presented below have been developed in connection
14
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with the BLS worklife project, which attempts to esti
mate the average duration of labor force involvement
and of employment during a typical person’s lifetime.2
There are, however, a number of other equally interest
ing uses for these data.
Examined in cross-section, average AHLF figures indi
cate the amount of labor supply normally offered by
members of each group during a given year. Average
AHE values show the degree to which their supply has
actually been used. And, a ratio of total employment
hours to civilian noninstitutionalized persons in the
group indicates the availability of paid employment for
that segment of the population.
The average annual hours data suppress certain de
tails of time allocation which confound group compari
sons.3 At the same time, they emphasize others which
are normally overlooked. The reference period for the
estimates is a full year. Everyone who works (or looks
for work) during that period is identified, and the re
ported amount of his or her contribution is counted to
ward aggregate labor time. For instance, equal weights
are given to a woman who works 26 weeks at 40 hours
per week and to one who works 52 weeks of 20 hours
each. But the year-round worker who normally spends
45 hours per week on the job counts more heavily than
one who normally averages only 40.
These estimates distill each work pattern into a single
scalar variable— time. They permit us to focus more
sharply on the distinctions between groups, such as men
and women; the young, prime age, and elderly workers;
blacks and whites; persons of various educational back
grounds; marital and parental groupings; and persons in
different occupations and industries. Temporal compari
sons show the extent of convergence or divergence
among these groups and illustrate the effects of the
business cycle on employment in specific sectors of the
economy.
Longitudinal analysis of annual work patterns
The data presented below cover the period 1977
through 1981. The economic recovery following the
1973-75 recession is captured at two points: 1977 (mid
way through) and 1979 (at its conclusion). Figures for
1979 portray the job market at near peak conditions;
the year ended just as the economy was about to head
into another downturn (January to July 1980). Both
1980 and 1981 were periods of reversal and decline. A
modest recovery following the July 1980 trough ended
in a minor peak 1 year later; thereafter, the economic
picture darkened once more. Being annual estimates,
these figures do not follow all of the ups and downs of
these cycles, yet they appear to have been sufficiently
sensitive to these developments to tally the extent of im
pact felt by various demographic groups.
Unless otherwise specified, the estimates which follow
relate hours to persons economically active during the
year. Those not working or looking for work have been
excluded from the base.
Levels o f participation and employment. As a point of
reference, a person holding a job for 52 weeks at 40
hours per week, if paid for holidays and vacation time,
would spend 2,080 hours in paid employment during
the year. In reality, few demographic groups claim to be
active in the labor force for an average of 2,080 hours
annually. Even fewer are consistently able to maintain
such a high level of employment. To do so, nearly all
workers in the group must hold full-year full-time jobs;
the group rate of labor force entry and exit must be in
significant; and the worktime lost for reasons other than
holidays and vacation must be nil. Only white men be
tween the ages of 25 and 59 normally approach such a
schedule. (See table 1.)
In 1981, actively employed men averaged 1,850 hours
of employment as against 1,445 for active women. Add
Table 1.
ing in periods of unemployment, their annual hours of
labor force participation were 1,974 and 1,524, respec
tively.
The lower panel of table 1 shows a secular rise in the
labor supply of women. Between 1977 and 1981, the
annual average period of availability for work increased
from 1,471 to 1,524 hours, or about 53 hours per active
woman. (The simultaneous increase in numbers of wom
en active had no bearing on this change.) White men
showed a marginal decline in availability during the in
terval, from 2,002 to 1,986 hours per year.4
Estimates of hours of employment are far more sensi
tive to business conditions than are those for par
ticipation as a whole. They reveal the cyclical
vulnerability of certain groups, particularly those
employed in the goods-producing sector. Production
workers bear the brunt of a recession,5and because men
more often than women hold these jobs, their hours re
ports trace the clearer picture of business cycle impact.
The average hours of employment per active man were
Annual hours of paid employment and of labor force participation by sex, race, and age, selected years, 1977-81
Annual hours of employment
Age in March of reference year
Total
Black and other
White
1977
1979
1980
1981
1977
1979
1980
1981
1977
1979
1980
1981
Men, total ..........................................................
16 to 1 7 ..........................................................
18 to 1 9 ..........................................................
20 to 2 4 ..........................................................
25 to 3 4 ..........................................................
35 to 44 .........................................................
45 to 54 .........................................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................................
60 to 6 4 ..........................................................
65 and over ...................................................
1,886
754
1,257
1,661
2,069
2,170
2,136
2,074
1,783
1,095
1,902
783
1,325
1,754
2,096
2,155
2,147
2,093
1,861
1,222
1,865
765
1,264
1,687
2,034
2,142
2,107
2,056
1,843
1,223
1,850
715
1,209
1,634
2,016
2,126
2,108
2,037
1,839
1,241
1,912
787
1,310
1,685
2,095
2,203
2,157
2,089
1,805
1,102
1,925
816
1,363
1,782
2,122
2,195
2,169
2,106
1,876
1,227
1,893
802
1,293
1,726
2,064
2,167
2,130
2,064
1,860
1,232
1,875
747
1,250
1,667
2,044
2,150
2,129
2,054
1,844
1,254
1,660
467
872
1,474
1,859
1,912
1,947
1,904
1,573
1,028
1,707
500
1,050
1,549
1,891
2,005
1,961
1,953
1,695
1,176
1,644
504
1,074
1,426
1,811
1,945
1,910
1,965
1,638
1,148
1,656
461
903
1,407
1,810
1,944
1,936
1,861
1,782
1,104
Women, total .....................................................
16 to 1 7 ..........................................................
18 to 1 9 ..........................................................
20 to 2 4 ..........................................................
25 to 3 4 ..........................................................
35 to 4 4 .........................................................
45 to 5 4 ..........................................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................................
60 to 6 4 ..........................................................
65 and over ...................................................
1,392
613
1,068
1,385
1,445
1,499
1,579
1,612
1,366
963
1,431
665
1,152
1,443
1,514
1,556
1,613
1,635
1,466
983
1,443
665
1,127
1,443
1,524
1,566
1,617
1,613
1,476
1,043
1,445
644
1,074
1,417
1,531
1,577
1,621
1,600
1,470
1,030
1,397
638
1,108
1,416
1,445
1,489
1,577
1,623
1,383
980
1,433
698
1,183
1,464
1,507
1,538
1,610
1,642
1,477
1,008
1,444
685
1,166
1,468
1,519
1,544
1,615
1,620
1,481
1,084
1,449
669
1,122
1,440
1,531
1,564
1,615
1,617
1,477
1,048
1,356
394
746
1,193
1,512
1,553
1,591
1,504
1,216
831
1,420
437
910
1,306
1,555
1,662
1,637
1,576
1,374
774
1,433
501
845
1,298
1,552
1,698
1,629
1,551
1,430
703
1,419
462
747
1,277
1,523
1,650
1,661
1,475
1,415
877
Annual hours of labor force participation
Men, total ..........................................................
16 to 1 7 ..........................................................
'8 to 1 9 ..........................................................
20 to 2 4 ..........................................................
25 to 3 4 ..........................................................
35 to 4 4 ..........................................................
45 to 5 4 ..........................................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................................
60 to 6 4 ..........................................................
65 and over ...................................................
1,985
854
1,435
1,836
2,169
2,242
2,197
2,135
1,860
1,152
1,982
883
1,467
1,884
2,185
2,233
2,207
2,141
1,908
1,250
1,981
878
1,466
1,880
2,170
2,235
2,181
2,119
1,910
1,257
1,974
832
1,422
1,848
2,162
2,225
2,182
2,113
1,894
1,274
2,002
881
1,468
1,848
2,187
2,267
2,214
2,147
1,878
1,157
1,998
914
1,493
1,901
2,201
2,248
2,224
2,151
1,920
1,252
1,997
906
1,491
1,902
2,185
2,249
2,196
2,126
1,919
1,253
1,986
857
1,444
1,862
2,174
2,239
2,197
2,125
1,894
1,276
1,838
692
1,240
1,752
2,030
2,053
2,053
2,010
1,694
1,108
1,845
615
1,269
1,754
2,054
2,109
2,058
2,034
1,777
1,233
1,854
683
1,306
1,732
2,058
2,128
2,051
2,038
1,811
1,295
1,879
630
1,263
1,754
2,074
2,115
2,055
1,983
1,892
1,259
Women, total .....................................................
16 to 1 7 ..........................................................
18 to 1 9 ..........................................................
20 to 2 4 ..........................................................
25 to 34 ..........................................................
35 to 4 4 ..........................................................
45 to 5 4 ..........................................................
55 to 5 9 ..........................................................
60 to 6 4 ..........................................................
65 and over ...................................................
1,471
685
1,182
1,498
1,538
1,572
1,634
1,663
1,421
986
1,490
740
1,241
1,524
1,576
1,609
1,652
1,674
1,513
1,010
1,518
732
1,235
1,543
1,602
1,636
1,680
1,671
1,525
1,071
1,524
728
1,192
1,524
1,614
1,648
1,682
1,659
1,526
1,057
1,466
705
1,206
1,507
1,518
1,554
1,629
1,673
1,440
998
1,485
761
1,263
1,531
1,559
1,587
1,646
1,678
1,522
1,034
1,512
743
1,254
1,556
1,587
1,610
1,675
1,674
1,526
1,114
1,518
738
1,217
1,534
1,603
1,627
1,673
1,671
1,531
1,072
1,510
664
1,041
1,450
1,663
1,687
1,671
1,574
1,245
871
1,529
591
1,065
1,476
1,672
1,744
1,705
1,640
1,431
802
1,558
639
1,094
1,462
1,684
1,791
1,711
1,646
1,514
712
1,559
656
1,016
1,464
1,677
1,771
1,743
1,566
1,485
924
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15
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Estimating Annual Hours o f Labor Force Activity
1,886 during 1977, an expansionary year, and reached
1,902 in 1979, when demand for labor was even higher.
By 1981, however, they had dropped to 1,850 hours.
Women also experienced a cyclical boost during 1979.
But because of their increased commitment to the labor
force and their heavier involvement in the service indus
tries— which are less cyclically sensitive— they were
able to maintain, and even to increase, their gains dur
ing the slack years which followed.
Racial differentials. During the period 1977-81, white
men averaged about 140 more hours of labor force in
volvement annually than did “black and other” men.
Yet, perhaps because of differentials in job opportuni
ties, whites were estimated to have worked about 235
more hours per year than did their minority counter
parts.
Active minority women reported more hours of avail
ability than did whites— about 44 more per year. But
because of higher rates of unemployment, they averaged
about 24 fewer hours of work.
The effects of recession were felt most heavily by mi
nority workers. The total decline in hours worked from
1979 to 1981 was almost identical for white and black
men, but the initial impact of recession in 1980 was felt
most strongly among blacks and others. Both groups of
women registered modest gains during 1980, but by
1981, only whites retained their average net gain over
1979 levels.
Sexual disparity. During the 1977-81 period, the aver
age active white woman worked about three-fourths as
many hours as did her male counterpart. (See table 2.)
The sex differential was widest between the ages of 25
and 44, when a high proportion of adults were raising
families. There is evidence, reported below, that in the
white community part of the economic burden carried
by women temporarily passes to their husbands during
this phase of the life cycle.
Among blacks, the sex differential in hours worked
was less pronounced. Although black women’s annual
hours of work were very similar to those of white wom
en, the relatively short work year reported by black
men brought their hours more in line with those of
black women. The ratio of female to male hours for this
group was closer to 85 percent. Among minority
groups, more so than among whites, there was a ten
dency for both men and women to increase their
workload during the prime ages; thus, the male-female
differential in hours worked was more uniform across
the life cycle.
Reflecting both secular trends and cyclical swings,
the male-female gap in annual hours of work narrowed
considerably for both blacks and whites after 1977. The
bulk of the convergence noted in 1979 was due to im
16
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provements in the employment situation (including, per
haps, occupational shifts) of women. Most of the nar
rowing registered in 1980 was associated with a
deterioration in the job market for men.
Age differentials. Because most are still in school, per
sons age 16 to 17 report fairly short periods of labor
force involvement during the year— an average of 832
hours for men and just 728 for women in 1981. (See ta
ble 1.) This availability function increases sharply with
age, peaking for men between the ages of 35 and 44,
and for women, between the ages of 45 and 54. At their
highest levels in 1981, men reported being available for
2,225 hours of work, compared with 1,682 hours for
women.
As might be expected, those 16 to 24 registered the
greatest employment setbacks during the slack years
1980 and 1981. Persons still working at age 65 regis
tered slight increases in paid employment during this
period, a rational response to an uncertain future on
fixed income.
Worktime lost through unemployment. Probably the
least reliable set of estimates in the annual hours profile
is that pertaining to unemployment (the last term in
equation 1 above). It has been demonstrated that retro
spective reports understate the length of bouts of unem
ployment, particularly if the jobless spells took place
several months prior to the CPS interview.6 This “recall
bias” is especially detrimental to the unemployment es-
Table 2. Ratio of women’s to men’s hours of work, total
and by race and age, selected years, 1977-81
1977
1979
1980
1981
Total, all persons ...................................
16 to 17 ..............................................
18 to 19 ..............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 to 59 ..............................................
60 to 64 ..............................................
65 and over ........................................
73.8
81.3
85.0
83.4
70.3
69.1
73.9
77.7
76.6
87.9
75.2
84.9
86.9
82.3
72.2
71.5
75.1
78.1
78.8
80.4
77.4
86.9
89.2
85.5
74.9
73.1
76.7
78.5
80.1
85.3
78.1
90.1
88.8
86.7
75.9
74.2
76.9
78.5
79.9
83.0
Total, w hite..............................................
16 to 17 ..............................................
18 to 19 ..............................................
20 to 24 ..............................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 to 59 ..............................................
60 to 64 ..............................................
65 and over ........................................
73.1
81.1
84.6
84.0
69.0
67.6
73.1
77.7
76.6
88.9
74.4
85.5
86.8
82.2
71.0
70.1
74.2
78.0
78.7
82.2
76.3
85.4
90.2
85.1
73.6
71.3
75.8
78.5
79.6
88.0
77.3
89.6
89.8
86.4
74.9
72.7
75.9
78.7
80.1
83.6
Total, black and o th e r .............................
16 to 17 ..............................................
18 to 19 ..............................................
20 10 24 ..............................................
25 to 34 ..............................................
35 to 44 ..............................................
45 to 54 ..............................................
55 to 59 ..............................................
60 to 64 ..............................................
65 and over ........................................
81.7
82.8
85.6
81.0
81.3
81.2
81.7
79.0
77.3
80.8
83.2
87.4
86.7
84.3
82.2
82.9
83.5
80.7
81.1
65.8
87.2
99.4
78.6
90.4
85.7
87.3
85.3
78.9
87.3
61.2
85.7
100.2
82.7
90.8
84.6
84.9
85.8
79.3
79.4
79.4
Race and age
Table 3. Estimated proportion of available worktime lost
through unemployment by age and sex, selected years,
1977-81
Sex and age in March
of reference year
1977
1979
1980
1981
Men, total ......................
16 to 1 7 ....................
18 to 1 9 ....................
20 to 2 4 ....................
25 to 3 4 ....................
35 to 4 4 ....................
45 to 5 4 ....................
55 to 5 9 ....................
60 to 6 4 ....................
65 and over .............
5.0
11.7
12.4
9.5
4.6
3.2
2.8
2.9
4.1
4.9
4.0
11.3
9.7
6.9
4.1
2.6
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.2
5.9
12.9
13.8
10.3
6.3
4.2
3.4
3.0
3.5
2.7
6.3
14.1
15.0
11.6
6.8
4.4
3.4
3.6
2.9
2.6
Women, total ...............
16 to 1 7 ....................
18 to 1 9 ....................
20 to 2 4 ....................
25 to 3 4 ....................
35 to 4 4 ....................
45 to 5 4 ....................
55 to 5 9 ....................
60 to 6 4 ....................
65 and over .............
5.4
10.5
9.6
7.5
5.4
4.6
3.4
3.1
3.9
2.3
4.0
10.1
7.2
5.3
3.9
3.3
2.4
2.3
3.1
2.7
4.9
9.2
8.7
6.5
4.9
4.3
3.7
3.5
3.2
2.6
5.2
11.5
9.8
7.0
5.1
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.7
2.6
timates (and, thus, the AHLF statistics) for youth and
women.7
Despite this probable bias, the annual hours data
show an age profile which resembles (without actually
matching) that of the annual average unemployment
rates for the year, developed from the regular monthly
Current Population Survey. (See table 3.) In 1981, men
and women reported peak annual average unemploy
ment rates of 22.0 and 20.7 percent at ages 16 to 17.
However, the retrospective reports on annual hours lost
to unemployment, as determined by the March 1982
CPS supplement, showed a conservative average of 14.1
percent for men and just 11.5 percent for women— fi
gures which almost certainly understate the severity of
the problem.
Hours o f work per capita. The estimates mentioned so
far relate hours to workers. They hold in abeyance
group differentials in the proportion active during the
year, spotlighting contrasts in the workload carried by
those who do work. Firms commonly respond to reces
sionary pressure by shortening the hours of employment
offered to their workers; the hours-per-worker ratio
helps measure the extent of this hours effect.
But to study the economy’s success at providing em
ployment for various groups, we must look at a differ
ent ratio— hours of work per person.8 (See table 4.)
When total hours are distributed across all persons in
the population subgroup studied, only one group—
white men age 35 to 44— consistently registers nearly
“full employment,” or a potential schedule of 2,080
hours per person. Estimates for 1981 show that, during
that year, the economy used just 1,783 hours of labor
supply per minority man and only 1,249 per minority
woman in the same age range. In the ages of peak activ
ity for white women, 20 to 24, the group average was
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only 1,170 hours. In terms of a 40-hour week, these fig
ures represent 52, 44, 31, and 29 weeks per capita,
respectively. The economy made use of only about 500
hours’ time per capita for white teenagers 16 to 17, and
just 200 hours per capita for blacks and others in the
same age group— the equivalent of 12.5 and 5 full
weeks of work per person during 1981.
Viewed in temporal series, these population averages
show the pace of tightening labor demand during an
economic recovery, and the outcome of combined hours
and employment effects in times of job shortage. They
indicate that the contraction of labor demand between
1979 and 1981 resulted in a drop in adult male employ
ment equivalent to about 63 hours of work per capita
annually. Substantial gains for some groups of women
were offset by losses for others. The net gain for all
women over the period was only 2 hours per person.
Educational differentials. The annual hours tables show
th at— beyond age 24, when most persons have complet
ed their schooling— there is a positive relationship be
tween years of schooling and hours worked per year.
Workers with graduate training average substantially
longer hours of employment than do their less educated
peers. (See table 5.) Part of this differential is due to
better employment opportunities, part to occupational
selection. (Some of the professions made accessible by
higher education, such as medicine and law, demand
unusually long hours of work.)
It is interesting to note that among persons active in
the labor force, men without high school diplomas re
port somewhat longer hours of work than do women of
the same age with graduate training. Part of this dif
ference is due to childbearing, which often entails short
Table 4. Reported hours of employment per person1 by
race, sex, and age, 1979-81
Men, total .
16 to 17
18 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 and
over .
Black and other
White
Total
Sex and age
1979
1980
1981
1979
1980
1981
1979
1980
1981
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1,554
583
1,178
1,646
2,032
2,098
1,980
1,735
1,194
1,509
537
1,103
1,574
1,963
2,048
1,937
1,706
1,140
1,491
504
1,044
1,515
1,940
2,039
1,941
1,705
1,098
1,591
647
1,236
1,696
2,070
2,132
2,016
1,779
1,220
1,551
598
1,159
1,634
2,015
2,092
1,977
1,746
1,173
1,531
564
1,112
1,577
1,985
2,075
1,975
1,747
1,124
1,272
244
810
1,308
1,751
1,823
1,698
1,339
947
1,212
250
801
1,211
1,613
1,728
1,620
1,348
839
1,210
213
642
1,143
1,639
1,783
1,668
1,334
865
..
288
281
280
289
282
286
283
270
228
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
838
442
923
1,157
1,116
1,120
1,023
839
533
842
420
875
1,160
1,125
1,121
1,057
845
526
840
393
814
1,125
1,145
1,152
1,054
822
520
838
491
996
1,203
1,104
1,101
1,026
839
534
841
463
953
1,206
1,117
1,100
1,055
847
530
841
436
891
1,170
1,145
1,135
1,050
823
516
835
209
529
903
1,185
1,242
1,002
838
520
845
207
481
915
1,173
1,244
1,074
' 824
494
835
191
425
884
1,149
1,249
1,084
776
553
.
99
104
95
100
106
96
86
81
90
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Women, total
16 to 17 .
18 to 19 .
20 to 24 .
25 to 34 .
35 to 44 .
45 to 54 .
55 to 59 .
60 to 64 .
65 and
over ..
1Base consists of all persons In the cohort, regardless of labor force status.
17
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Estimating Annual Hours o f Labor Force Activity
Table 5. Average hours of work by educational
attainment, sex, and age, 1981
Educational attainment
Total
Not high
school
graduate
High school
graduate
only
Men:
16 to 17 ..................
18 to 19 ..................
20 to 24 ..................
25 to 34 ..................
35 to 44 ..................
45 to 54 ..................
55 to 59 ..................
60 to 64 ..................
65 and over .............
715
1,209
1,634
2,016
2,126
2,108
2,037
1,839
1,241
626
1,257
1,553
1,817
1,936
1,979
1,907
1,738
1,099
1,105
1,501
1,805
1,972
2,098
2,101
2,059
1,848
1,275
781
916
1,531
2,075
2,172
2,178
2,105
1,828
1,358
( 2)
( 2)
1,228
2,130
2,336
2,276
2,200
1,993
1,509
Women:
16 to 17 ..................
18 to 19 ..................
20 to 24 ..................
25 to 34 ..................
35 to 44 ..................
45 to 54 ..................
55 to 59 ..................
60 to 64 ..................
65 and o v e r.............
644
1,075
1,417
1,531
1,577
1,621
1,600
1,470
1,030
548
908
1,108
1,237
1,471
1,530
1,485
1,386
982
990
1,349
1,471
1,502
1,586
1,622
1,612
1,468
1,045
716
883
1,443
1,577
1,569
1,658
1,672
1,539
1,066
( 2)
( 2)
1,323
1,759
1,741
1,818
1,791
1,800
1,174
Sex and age
Attended
Attended
graduate
college'
school'
1Nongraduates included.
2 Data not published because cell contained fewer than 35,000 observations.
periods of economic inactivity for normally active wom
en. The hours index penalizes labor force entrants (or
reentrants) for such periods of inactivity during the
year, negatively biasing female estimates. A second im
portant factor, of course, is differences in the occupa
tional mix of these two groups.
Table 6 displays hours of work for all persons age 16
and over by educational attainment, race, and sex. The
clear hours progression noted in table 5 is less apparent
here, because the data reflect large numbers of persons
still in high school or college. However, it is evident
that in both racial groups, persons with higher educa
tion work more hours per year. The table also shows
that persons with higher education suffered less from
employment cutbacks during the economic slump fol
lowing 1979. In addition, it indicates that a dispropor
tionate share of the hours gain for women (cited in
table 1) occurred among the better-educated groups.
Participation and fam ily roles. The fact that marital and
parental responsibilities affect female labor supply is not
news. Yet it is interesting to note the degree to which
working women vary their length of labor force activity
in accord with marital and parental roles.
Among teenagers, for instance, the propensity to
work is strongest for single women. (See table 7.) Yet of
those who actually work, the newly m arried— who are
setting up households— report the most hours of labor
force involvement. From age 20 onward, women living
with their husbands report a lower incidence of labor
force involvement, and shorter periods of availability for
work per active woman annually than do most other
groups. The existence of an additional income in the
18
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family apparently enables many of them to divide their
time between market and home activities. At the oppo
site extreme, the participation levels and reported hours
of availability for single women resemble those of single
men. Divorcees, most of whom have been independent
for some time, also report fairly intense average work
schedules suggestive of a high degree of self- (and fami
ly-) support. The hours of women in the transitional
state of separation fall somewhere between those of the
currently married and the divorced groups. Widows
who choose to work put in longer hours than do wom
en of the same age who are living with husbands.
The most striking feature of table 7 is the clarity with
which marital roles of men are evident in their hours re
ports. At most ages, the never-married report a relative
ly light schedule. The work year of men separated or
divorced— many of whom continue to support children
— is somewhat longer. But those living with their wives
show the strongest propensity to work overtime or car
ry additional jobs. Their average availability figure in
1981 was 2,140 hours, or about 41 hours per week yearround.
Parental labor force behavior is affected by both the
number and the age of children in the home. (See table
8.) For example, among persons age 25 to 34 in 1981,
the average man in a dual-earner household reported
2,176 hours of labor force activity if he was childless,
but 2,259 if he had four to five children. The incentives
for fathers of large families to work longer are twofold.
Not only do additional children entail greater direct ex
penses, but wives in such families average fewer hours
of work (and consequently less income) with each addi
tional child. In households where the wife did not work,
Table 6. Average annual hours of work for all persons
age 16 and over by educational attainment, sex, and race,
1979-81
Sex and
educational
attainment
Total
White
Black and other
1979
1980
1981
1979
1980
1981
1979
1980
1981
1,902
1,865
1,850
1,925
1,893
1,875
1,707
1,644
1,656
1,615
1,572
1,549
1,632
1,590
1,564
1,526
1,472
1,463
2,013
1,946
1,953
1,921
1,929 2,035
1,900 1,962
1,979
1,946
1,955
1,921
1,828
1,768
1,735
1,694
1,716
1,717
2,181
2,147
2,137
2,191
2,159
2,144
2,024
1,977 2,054
1,431
1,443
1,445
1,433
1,444
1,449
1,420
1,433
1,419
1,155
1,154
1,159
1,157
1,152
1,158
1,146
1,161
1,162
1,519
1,463
1,512
1,486
1,514
1,475
1,516
1,457
1,511
1,477
1,515
1,469
1,543
1,509
1,518
1,555
1,507
1,516
1,667
1,714
1,716
1,648
1,714
1,716
1,847
1,714
1,716
Men
T o ta l...............
Not high school
graduate.............
High school graduate
only ....................
Attended college . . .
Attended graduate
school ...............
Women
T o ta l...........
Not high school
graduate.............
High school graduate
only ....................
Attended college . . .
Attended graduate
school ...............
Table 7. Proportions of persons economically active during the year, and annual hours of labor force participation per
worker by marital status, sex, and age, 1981
Annual hours of participation per worker
Proportion of population economically active1
Sex
and
age
Never
married
Married,
spouse
present
Men, total . . . .
16 to 17 . . . .
18 to 19 . . . .
20 to 24 . . . .
25 to 34 . . . .
35 to 44 . . . .
45 to 54 . . . .
55 to 59 . . . .
60 to 64 . . . .
65 and over .
75.2
63.7
79.0
84.9
88.4
81.0
72.7
62.1
47.5
20.9
81.1
81.5
93.2
95.3
96.4
95.6
92.8
84.7
61.7
23.9
Women, total ..
16 to 17 . . . .
18 to 19 . . . .
20 to 24 . . . .
25 to 34 . . . .
35 to 44 . . . .
45 to 54 . . . .
55 to 59 . . . .
60 to 64 . . . .
65 and over .
66.6
55.5
70.7
80.5
84.1
78.1
73.8
68.7
44.2
14.3
56.6
51.6
66.3
71.5
68.4
68.4
60.6
45.1
30.2
8.7
Divorced
Separated
81.0
79.9
( 2)
( 2)
93.7
89.6
92.3
81.7
69.1
46.6
19.9
( 2)
( 2)
89.4
89.4
93.2
82.3
68.6
50.0
23.8
77.0
( 2)
70.2
83.2
84.3
85.3
79.8
76.8
59.6
19.7
Married,
spouse
absent
Widowed
Divorced
Separated
74.4
( 2)
( 2)
85.2
89.2
91.0
90.8
84.1
52.2
22.0
31.3
1,559
811
1,351
1,689
2,052
2,110
2,018
2,153
1,777
1,665
2,140
1,715
2,019
2,123
2,204
2,242
2,205
2,125
1,908
1,267
2,116
2,092
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
85.2
78.7
71.1
40.1
14.6
( 2)
( 2)
2,034
2,149
2,198
2,086
2,026
1,815
1,302
( 2)
( 2)
2,077
2,138
2,161
2,043
2,011
2,144
( 2)
63.9
53.6
( 2)
58.5
68.0
70.5
68.5
68.4
41.3
47.8
18.3
( 2)
62.4
59.7
67.4
74.2
67.9
39.3
43.6
4.8
23.5
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
61.4
67.6
65.6
58.8
38.4
8.2
1,383
714
1,140
1,541
1,902
1,934
1,943
1,863
1,705
1,244
1,520
1 877
1,389
1,491
1,484
1,564
1,615
1,561
1,470
996
1,853
( 2)
( 2)
1,655
1,867
1,922
1,901
1,914
1,748
1,119
1,611
( 2)
933
1,515
1,619
1,678
1,737
1,710
1,504
1Data refer to persons who were economically active at any time during 1981.
the husband averaged up to 2,303 hours of labor force
activity during the year— the equivalent of 44 hours per
week, year-round.
Parents who support and raise their children alone
may find both roles compromised. Women maintaining
households report having worked longer hours than
those living with husbands. Yet within this group, those
with the largest families work the fewest hours outside
the home. Men in this situation report fewer hours of
availability than do those in two-parent homes, and—
like their female counterparts— put in still fewer hours
if they have large families.
In dual-earner households, a first birth appears to
substantially reduce the wife’s labor force involvement,
while at the same time boosting that of her husband.
Both parents’ hours remain at altered levels as long as
there are pre-school children in the home. Thereafter,
working mothers begin to put in more hours on the job,
yet their overall contribution remains well below that of
childless women of the same age.
Variations in full-year workloads. Time spent on the job
is a continuous variable. Tabulations which force the
data into discrete categories— such as full-year, full
time work— give the impression that behavior within
these cells is more or less homogeneous. In fact, there
are great variations from group to group and year to
year. The annual hours estimates enable us to study
some of these within-cell variations. (See table 9.)
For instance, full-year, full-time work is defined as 35
or more hours of employment during 50 or more weeks
of the year. The minimum time input is therefore 1,750
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Never
married
Married,
spouse
present
Married,
spouse
absent
1,962
( 2)
( 2)
1,949
2,040
2,062
2,053
1,829
( 2)
( 2)
1,469
( 2)
( 2)
1,312
1,560
1,528
1,494
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
Widowed
1,703
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
2,253
2,058
1,971
1,688
1,119
1,536
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
1,661
1,723
1,762
1,736
1,502
1,063
2 Data not published because cell contained fewer than 35,000 observations.
hours, even though the most frequently reported pattern
— 52 weeks at 40 hours per week— implies a
2,080-hour year. Annual hours estimates indicate that
the full-year, full-time concept has a different operation
al meaning for men than it does for women. In 1981,
men so classified averaged 163 more hours of paid em
ployment than did women— the equivalent of 4 addi
tional weeks at 40 hours per week. The expected racial
differentials are also evident in these data: blacks work
ing full time, year-round, report fewer hours on average
than do their white counterparts.
The estimates in the first section of table 9 identify all
year-round workers, whether full or part time. They
Table 8. Annual hours of labor force participation for
selected groups age 25 to 34 by marital role, number of
children, and age of youngest child, 1981
Male household
heads,
spouse present
Item
Number of children:1
None...............................
1 ...................................
2 or 3 .............................
4 or 5 .............................
Age of youngest child:3
None present..................
First to be born within
the next y e a r .............
Youngest under age 2 ..
Youngest under age 5 ..
Youngest age 5 to 16 . . .
Economically
active women
Male
household
heads, no
Wives of No spouse spouse
household
present
present
heads
Wife
not in
labor
force
Wife
in labor
force
2,173
2,223
2,255
2,303
2,176
2,179
2,194
2,259
1,861
1,533
1,296
1,099
1,966
1,775
1,663
1,171
2,018
2,082
2,026
( 2)
2,169
2,175
1,862
1,989
2,111
2,224
2,235
2,249
2,261
2,205
2,189
2,190
2,184
1,401
1,203
1,296
1,503
( 2)
1,682
1,648
1,756
( 2)
2,136
2,055
2,048
1Number of own children under age 18 living in the home in March 1982.
2 Data not published because cell contained fewer than 35,000 observations.
3 Age of youngest child in the home in March 1981.
19
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Estimating Annual Hours o f Labor Force Activity
hours data penalize entrants and retirees for periods of
inactivity, accessible jobs tend to be rated as having the
lowest average hours of employment per worker during
the year. (See table 10.) For instance, those in private
household services report an average of only about 800
hours of paid employment per annum. (Because of the
dearth of prime-age men in this industry, it is the only
one in which women’s hours exceed those of men.)
Workers in entertainment and recreation, which are of
ten seasonal activities, register an average of less than
1,300 hours per year. Those in retail sales average about
1,500 hours. In each of these industries, a higher labor
force accession rate of women contributes to their lower
average work duration.
Given the cyclical sensitivity of the construction in
dustry, its workers report surprisingly stable hours of
employment during the period in question. The normal
workload for men appears to have been about 1,690
hours per year, or about 42 “full” weeks of employment
— a level consistent with the seasonal nature of these
jobs. Men in wholesale trade and in transportation,
communications, and utilities also register highly consis
tent work patterns over time. The longest work year is
reported for the mining industry, which in 1977 aver
aged 2,066 hours per worker. Men in the industry regis
tered a high of 2,130 hours.
Broken out by occupation, the data show that several
groups of men spend greater portions of the year in
paid employment than are consistent with a 40-hour
week, 52-week year. (See table 11.) Medical practition
ers, such as doctors and dentists, report an average of
more than 2,400 hours per year— the equivalent of a
year-round schedule of 46 hours per week. Managers,
both farm and nonfarm, normally report well over
2,200 hours of work per year. The most extreme exam-
Table 9. Annual hours of work reported by full-year
workers and by full-year, full-time workers by sex and
race, selected years, 1977-81
Full-year workers1
Full-year, full-time workers2
Sex and race
1977
1979
1980
1981
1977
1979
1980
1981
Men, total .........
W hite.............
Black and other
2,231
2,242
2,121
2,227
2,238
2,130
2,211
2,219
2,134
2,199
2,209
2,114
2,295
2,306
2,186
2,291
2,302
2,185
2,277
2,286
2,195
2,270
2,280
2,185
Women, total . . .
W h ite .............
Black and other
1,899
1,898
1,909
1,929
1,927
1,947
1,915
1,911
1,938
1,916
1,911
1,947
2,101
2,107
2,062
2,115
2,119
2,088
2,110
2,113
2,090
2,107
2,111
2,084
1Persons working 50 or more weeks during the year.
2 Persons working 35 or more hours per week during 50 or more weeks of the year.
show that, among persons who work continuously, the
average man spends nearly 300 more hours per year on
the job than does the average woman— the equivalent
of 8 additional 40-hour weeks.
Hours by industry and occupation. The CPS work experi
ence profiles identify the industry and occupation in
which each respondent was employed for the greatest
length of time during the year. Given present rates of
job and occupational mobility, it would be unrealistic
to assume that all worktime reported by an individual
was spent on the same job. Nonetheless, because a dis
proportionate share of all transfers occur between relat
ed positions, the data probably convey quite a bit of
information about persons normally found in each in
dustrial and occupational cluster.9
People who enter and leave the job market repeated
ly, or who enter for the first time, are often attracted to
jobs with minimal entry requirements. Thus, the most
accessible jobs tend to .be held by those with the
weakest labor force attachments. Because the average
Table 10.
Annual hours of work by industry of longest employment during the year and sex, selected years, 1977-81
Total
Industry
Men
Women
1977
1979
1980
1981
1977
1979
1980
1981
1977
1979
1980
1981
T o ta l.........................................................................
1,671
1,693
1,677
1,669
1,886
1,902
1,865
1,850
1,392
1,431
1,443
1,445
Agriculture...........................................................................
Nonagricultural industries:
Mining .........................................................................
Construction................................................................
Manufacturing:
Durable goods..........................................................
Nondurable g o o d s ...................................................
Transportation, communications, and
public utilities............................................................
Trade and finance:
Wholesale trade .....................................................
Retail tra d e ..............................................................
Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ........................
Services:
Business and repair services .................................
Personal services:
Private household services .................................
Other personal services ......................................
Entertainment and recreation .................................
Professional and related services ..........................
Public administration ...................................................
1,728
1,768
1,762
1,727
1,863
1,957
1,932
1,882
1,063
1,126
1,140
1,156
1,972
1,673
2,066
1,720
2,045
1,675
1,956
1,674
1,996
1,689
2,130
1,745
2,078
1,692
1,987
1,696
1,772
1,300
1,624
1,433
1,814
1,474
1,784
1,434
1,914
1,797
1,923
1,821
1,890
1,801
1,900
1,788
1,986
1,954
1,997
1,981
1,955
1,954
1,954
1,933
1,688
1,551
1,720
1,601
1,704
1,600
1,748
1,598
1,926
1,941
1,923
1,935
1,999
2,007
2,004
2,012
1,651
1,740
1,705
1,725
1,938
1,532
1,803
1,942
1,513
1,820
1,954
1,508
1,836
1,926
1,499
1,818
2,071
1,775
1,984
2,077
1,797
2,000
2,066
1,773
1,971
2,060
1,747
1,958
1,558
1,240
1,647
1,606
1,268
1,699
1,630
1,284
1,742
1,596
1,286
1,717
1,644
1,700
1,713
1,691
1,816
1,905
1,879
1,862
1,260
1,334
1,395
1,378
823
1,487
1,299
1,653
1,829
796
1,475
1,260
1,661
1,850
801
1,535
1,298
1,672
1,810
798
1,486
1,262
1,676
1,858
526
1,762
1,444
1,934
1,972
639
1,810
1,435
1,952
2,006
508
1,834
1,459
1,940
1,957
591
1,799
1,422
1,925
1,994
783
1,327
978
1,492
1,535
817
1,308
1,018
1,514
1,588
843
1,383
1,063
1,540
1,577
834
1,323
1,036
1,550
1,645
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 11.
Annual hours of work by occupation of longest employment during the year and sex, selected years, 1977-81
Women
Men
Total
Occupation
1977
1979
1980
1981
1977
1979
1980
1981
1977
1979
1980
Total .......................................................................
1,671
1,693
1,677
1,669
1,863
1,957
1,932
1,882
1,392
1,431
1,443
1,445
Professional, technical, and kindred workers:
Engineers.....................................................................
Physicians, dentists, related practitioners ..................
Health workers, except practitioners...........................
Teachers, except college ..........................................
Engineering, science technicians ...............................
Other professional workers, salaried ........................
Other professional workers, self-employed...............
2,101
2,383
1,656
1,749
1,888
1,860
1,875
2,087
2,445
1,664
1,720
1,881
1,900
1,804
2,064
2,329
1,693
1,735
1,890
1,869
1,878
2,064
2,353
1,745
1,737
1,931
1,880
1,838
2,109
2,413
1,982
2,086
1,937
1,996
2,080
2,098
2,481
1,953
2,096
1,933
2,045
2,039
2,071
2,404
1,908
2,052
1,938
2,012
2,034
2,085
2,398
2,067
2,036
1,944
2,010
2,033
1,900
2,121
1,602
1,603
1,630
1,621
1,194
1,752
2,188
1,622
1,579
1,657
1,661
1,097
1,889
1,800
1,661
1,617
1,706
1,640
1,399
1,736
2,081
1,689
1,613
1,862
1,679
1,391
Managers and administrators, except farm:
Salaried workers in manufacturing.............................
Salaried workers in other industries ...........................
Self-employed workers in retail tra d e ........................
Self-employed workers, except retail ........................
2,295
2,141
2,460
2,124
2,245
2,157
2,314
2,270
2,206
2,126
2,326
2,158
2,218
2,122
2,324
2,132
2,348
2,275
2,664
2,200
2,303
2,272
2,583
2,337
2,264
2,240
2,564
2,200
2,263
2,233
2,565
2,216
1,894
1,793
1,999
1,594
1,896
1,911
1,860
1,893
1,891
1,884
1,902
1,818
1,933
1,886
1,888
1,672
Salesworkers:
Retail trade ................................................................
Other salesworkers ...................................................
1,277
1,964
1,296
1,945
1,308
1,935
1,321
1,941
1,720
2,113
1,753
2,071
1,760
2,091
1,752
2,067
1,053
1,450
1,042
1,597
1,085
1,531
1,104
1,628
Clerical and kindred workers:
Bookkeepers ..............................................................
Office machine operators ..........................................
Stenographers, typists, secretaries.............................
Other clerical and kindred workers.............................
1,546
1,751
1,602
1,552
1,604
1,803
1,604
1,553
1,627
1,775
1,630
1,550
1,578
1,768
1,627
1,557
1,766
1,896
1,827
1,817
1,764
2,015
1,808
1,793
1,743
1,923
1,762
1,741
1,646
1,853
1,759
1,764
1,527
1,706
1,600
1,441
1,588
1,731
1,601
1,457
1,617
1,726
1,627
1,474
1,572
1,738
1,626
1,475
1,655
1,695
2,163
2,056
1,680
1,748
2,173
2,030
1,591
1,721
2,124
2,002
1,590
1,730
2,101
1,966
1,661
1,708
2,181
2,073
1,685
1,758
2,199
2,042
1,593
1,733
2,143
2,026
1,594
1,737
2,133
1,985
( 1)
1,138
1,970
( 1)
1,047
1,988
1,317
1,906
2,025
2,053
1,985
1,837
2,027
2,039
2,038
1,921
1,934
1,992
1,985
1,884
1,902
1,975
1,984
1,835
2,023
2,058
1,989
1,910
2,038
2,042
2,047
1,997
1,950
1,993
1,987
1,970
1,908
1,978
1,986
1,911
( 1)
1,687
1,489
1,554
1,677
( 1)
1,894
1,482
1,471
Operatives, except transport:
Mine w o rkers..............................................................
Motor vehicle and equipment manufacturing.............
Other durable goods...................................................
Nondurable goods .....................................................
O ther...........................................................................
1,911
1,930
1,755
1,642
1,540
2,020
1,880
1,810
1,676
1,581
1,935
1,651
1,771
1,673
1,559
1,812
1,761
1,794
1,641
1,557
1,910
1,999
1,827
1,872
1,625
2,022
1,923
1,900
1,879
1,699
1,943
1,682
1,839
1,843
1,664
1,826
1,815
1,849
1,810
1,647
1,650
1,635
1,498
1,337
1,704
1,663
1,546
1,303
( 1)
1,532
1,656
1,560
1,330
1,568
1,702
1,537
1,363
Transport equipment operatives:
Drivers and delivery w o rkers......................................
All other.......................................................................
1,884
1,890
1,918
1,933
1,852
1,859
1,892
1,867
1,941
1,896
1,988
1,946
1,918
1,861
1,962
1,877
1,144
1,225
1,208
Laborers, except farm:
Construction................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................
Other industries .........................................................
1,298
1,636
1,391
1,351
1,614
1,309
1,335
1,677
1,314
1,306
1,695
1,338
1,306
1,655
1,424
1,371
1,607
1,338
1,344
1,666
1,333
1,309
1,700
1,355
971
1,521
1,109
766
1,650
1,119
1,738
1,190
828
803
824
805
( 1)
(’)
( 1)
849
833
806
820
803
Craft and kindred workers:
Carpenters..................................................................
Other construction craftworkers.................................
Blue-collar work supervisors, n .e .c .............................
Machinists and job setters..........................................
Metal craftworkers, except mechanics, machinists,
and job s e tte rs .......................................................
Automobile mechanics ...............................................
Mechanics, except automobile...................................
Other craftworkers.....................................................
(')
909
1,982
( 1)
(’)
(')
(')
(’)
n
n
1,712
(’)
(')
( 1)
(')
n
1981
(')
(')
(’)
(’)
1,855
(’)
1,191
1,750
1,221
1,667
1,232
Services:
Private household workers ........................................
Services, except private household:
Cleaning se rvice .....................................................
Food service............................................................
Health service .......................................................
Personal service .....................................................
Protective se rv ic e ...................................................
1,458
1,167
1,480
1,302
1,985
1,420
1,161
1,504
1,315
1,987
1,411
1,184
1,526
1,357
1,969
1,419
1,186
1,538
1,236
1,907
1,572
1,313
1,669
1,544
2,023
1,535
1,247
1,761
1,531
2,074
1,504
1,317
1,692
1,543
2,039
1,505
1,248
1,720
1,464
1,959
1,244
1,105
1,462
1,222
1,507
1,220
1,121
1,472
1,248
1,177
1,267
1,123
1,508
1,297
1,326
1,286
1,155
1,518
1,169
1,481
Farmers and farm managers ............................................
2,350
2,351
2,348
2,321
2,393
2,427
2,439
2,411
1,749
1,642
1,521
1,571
Farm laborers and supervisors:
Paid workers ..............................................................
Unpaid family workers.................................................
1,373
1,259
1,390
1,260
1,395
1,364
1,317
1,337
1,574
1,579
1,626
1,386
1,552
1,579
1,458
1,448
775
1,188
689
1,191
769
1,241
760
1,274
1 Data not published because cell contained fewer than 35,000 observations.
pie is self-employed managers in retail trade. During the
period of observation, their shortest recorded work year
was 2,564 hours in length (1980), their longest, 2,664
(1977). In year-round equivalents, these figures repre
sent 49 and 51 hours per week.
Women reported their longest average work years in
the fields of medicine (about 2,050 hours), management
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n.e.c.=not elsewhere classified.
(1,800 to 2,000 hours), and blue-collar crafts supervi
sion (about 1,960 hours). The peak reported workload
— 2,188 hours for medical practitioners in 1979— was
equivalent to a year-round schedule of 42 hours per
week.
Apart from private household workers, men regis
tered their shortest average work years in the food ser21
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Estimating Annual Hours o f Labor Force Activity
vices (about 1,275 hours) and general nonfarm labor
(about 1,360 hours). The lowest average for women was
reported in paid farm labor— 770 hours, or fewer than
20 “full” weeks of paid employment.
The work schedule of employees in certain occupa
tions, such as farm management, teaching, nonretail
sales, typing and other clerical work, and private house
hold and food services, appeared impervious to cyclical
pressure. During the 1977-81 period, average annual
schedules for these jobs varied by 30 hours or less. Oth
er occupations were highly sensitive to economic
change. Managers in nonmanufacturing enterprises,
workers in a number of craft occupations, operatives
producing and delivering goods, and self-employed
managers in businesses other than retail trade (such as
consulting) all found 1979 a particularly good year.
Physicians and dentists were also unusually busy during
1979, perhaps because the public had more discretion
ary income to spend for their services at that time.
A few occupations registered consistent declines in
annual hours of employment throughout the 1977-81
period. These included engineers ( —37 hours), machin
ists ( —90 hours), metal crafts workers ( —123 hours),
auto mechanics ( —78 hours), and operatives producing
motor vehicles and equipment. The last group suffered
most, realizing an average loss of 279 hours per worker
between 1977 and 1980— the equivalent of almost 7
40-hour weeks of work per person. Modest but consis
tent increases were registered among health and health
service workers (89 and 58 hours, respectively), and in
retail sales (44 hours). From 1979 onward, gains were
also apparent among working teachers (17 hours), engi
neering and science technicians (50 hours), laborers in
manufacturing (81 hours) and in other industries (29
hours), and food service workers (25 hours).
T he a n n u a l HOURS d a t a from the March CPS work
experience supplement offer an interesting new window
on labor force behavior for various groups. They enable
us to condense information on work schedules, propor
tions of persons active, and weeks of paid employment
into a single scalar variable, one which can be used di
rectly in multivariate analysis or can be translated into
standard units of time for easy comprehension. While
the data are still experimental, it is hoped that in time
they will become a functional part of our profile of the
labor force.
□
FOOTNOTES
' This is likely to bias hours estimates more seriously for blacks and
women than it does for white males. The March CPS supplement
does not contain sufficient information to control for this factor.
See Shirley J. Smith, T a b le s o f W o rk in g L ife : T h e I n c r e m e n t-D e c r e
m e n t M o d e l, Bulletin 2135 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), ap
pendix B.
An example is the difference between persons active during a given
month and those active at any time during the calendar year.
4 Declines in stated availability may have been induced by deterio
rating employment conditions for men during this period.
5For further discussion of group vulnerabilities, see Norman Bow
ers, “Have employment patterns in recessions changed?” M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v ie w , February 1981, pp. 15-28.
22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 See Francis W. Horvath, “Forgotten unemployment: recall bias in
retrospective data,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , March 1982, pp. 40-43.
7Horvath estimates that between 1967 and 1979 “the degree of un
derstatement ranged from 9 to 25 percent and averaged 19.1 percent. . .
The understatement appeared to be smaller during periods of increas
ing unemployment, such as 1974—75.” See Horvath, “Forgotten
umemployment,” p. 42.
8The base of this ratio is the civilian noninstitutionalized popula
tion.
9 Because these figures are not discounted for unpaid vacations or
holidays, estimates of compensated time may be overstated for certain
occupations.
International comparisons of
labor force participation, 1960-81
Since 1960, rates of labor force activity
have risen in four industrial nations,
remained stable in one, and declined
in four others; overall national
participation estimates mask significant
variations in trends by age and sex
Constance Sorrentino
A nine-country comparison of labor force participation
rates reveals wide international differences in the pro
portion of the population offering their services in the
labor market. For example, in 1981, when the U.S. la
bor force participation rate was 64 percent, 67 percent
of all Swedes but only 48 percent of all Italians of
working age were in the labor force. Participation rates
have risen in the United States, Canada, Australia, and
Sweden over the past two decades but have declined in
France, Germany,1 Italy, and Japan. British rates have
remained virtually unchanged.
Large international differences in participation rate
levels and trends are especially apparent for women and
young people. The differences for youth reflect varia
tions in their propensity to continue in school or enter
the labor market, or to combine work with school. The
differences for women stem from their decision to work
in the home or outside the home, to which the availabil
ity of part-time jobs and attitudes toward the role of
women are contributing factors.
Data on participation rates help to explain the large
Constance Sorrentino is an economist in the Division of Foreign La
bor Statistics and Trade, Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
long-term differences in labor force trends among the
industrial nations. For instance, the United States and
Japan have had similar rates of population growth over
the past two decades, yet the U.S. labor force has
grown much faster than Japan’s because participation
rates for women and youth have risen in the United
States while they have been falling in Japan. Short-term
deviations in the trend of participation rates are an indi
cator of a dimension of labor slack— withdrawals from
the labor force— which is not covered by the unemploy
ment rate.2
This article presents internationally comparable data
on civilian labor force participation rates3 for nine in
dustrial nations over the past two decades. Participation
rates are also presented separately by sex and for
youths and adults, because overall rates mask marked
differences in the trends and levels for men, women,
young persons, and the elderly. The technical appendix
gives a short description of data sources and adjustment
methods.
General levels and trends
Labor force participation rates, also known as activi
ty rates, were over 60 percent in 1980 in the United
23
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • International Comparisons o f Labor Force Participation
States and five other nations— Canada, Australia, Ja
pan, Great Britain, and Sweden. Sweden had the
highest activity rate at 67 percent; in the other
countries, the rates were 62 to 64 percent. Italy, with
only 48 percent of the working-age population ecdnomically active, had the lowest rate among the countries
studied.4 Germany and France also had relatively low
rates, at 52 and 56 percent.
Participation rates have risen significantly in the
United States and Canada, and moderately in Australia
and Sweden over the past two decades. In contrast,
sharp declines in labor force activity have occurred in
Germany, Italy, and Japan, and a more modest decline
was posted in France. (In 1960, Japan had the highest
participation rate at 68 percent and Canada the lowest,
at 56 percent.) British participation rates have remained
relatively stable over the 20 years. (See table 1.)
In Canada and Sweden, the most rapid increases oc
curred after 1970, and in the United States, after 1975.
(Activity rates in Sweden had fallen slightly between
1960 and 1970.) In Australia and Great Britain, partici
pation rates have declined slightly in recent years from
m id-1970 peaks; whereas in the four countries with
overall 20-year declines (France, Germany, Italy, and
Japan), activity rates have stabilized in recent years.
The overall activity rate is the net result of divergent
movements for men and women in most countries.
(Chart 1 shows these trends for six countries. The
trends for Australia and Canada are similar to those for
the United States. French trends are similar to those for
Germany.) Moreover, the aggregate participation rate
masks major differences in labor force behavior of
young people and older persons.
The United States, Canada, Australia, and Sweden
showed aggregate participation rate growth from 1960
to 1980 because sharp increases in women’s activity
more than offset declining rates for men. Further, these
four countries were the only ones with higher youth
participation rates in 1980 than in 1960.
On the other hand, in the four countries with signifi
cant declines in aggregate participation rates— France,
Germany, Italy, and Japan— male rates fell more steep
ly and female participation showed overall drops or
only small increases. In addition, substantial declines in
youth participation occurred in all of these countries.
The relatively stable British participation rate over
the past 20 years was the result of a sharp drop in male
activity and an almost equally large increase in female
activity. Youth participation declined moderately.
A falloff in participation rates for older persons (age
55 and over) occurred in all countries studied. Partici
pation rates for older men fell everywhere, but activity
rose among 55- to 64-year-old women in all countries
except Italy and Japan. For women age 65 and over,
participation rates declined in all countries.
24
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Participation by men declines everywhere
Participation rates for men declined in all countries
throughout most of the post-1960 period. The largest
drop occurred in Italy, where the rate fell from 85 to 68
percent over the past two decades. French and German
men also had above average declines, while the smallest
decreases occurred in Canada, Japan, and the United
States. (See table 1.)
The downward trend in male participation rates ob
served in all the countries is largely attributable to long
er years of schooling and earlier retirement. Changes in
the age structure of the population also have some ef
fect. For example, the movement of a greater propor
tion of the male population into the retirement age
group exerts a downward pressure on participation
rates, even if ages at retirement do not change. Italy
had the largest increase in the proportion of men age 65
and over in the population, from 10.9 percent in 1960
to 14.8 percent in 1980. Canada and the United States
had very slight declines in their proportions of older
men in the population.
Male activity rates in 1980 ranged from a high of al
most 80 percent in Japan and Australia to a low of 68
percent in Italy. With 77 percent of men economically
active, the United States appeared in the middle of the
ranking. Only three countries— France and Germany,
in addition tc Italy— had fewer than three-fourths of
their working-age men in the labor force.
The comparative picture was different in 1960, when
British men had the highest rate— 88 percent— and
French men had the lowest— 81 percent. Japanese men,
who had the highest level of activity in 1980, were in
the middle of the array in 1960. Italian men ranked
much higher in 1960, with their rate surpassing those in
five other countries, including the United States.
Participation by women increases
Labor force participation rates of women have shown
a strong, sustained rise since 1960 in North America,
Australia, Sweden, and Great Britain. In Japan and the
remaining European countries studied, female activity
rates dropped until the 1970’s, then began to rise. For
French and Italian women, the rise began in the early
1970’s; for Japanese and German women, it began in
the latter part of the decade.
The international gap between the highest and lowest
activity rates was much wider for women than for men.
In 1980, Sweden had, by far, the highest female rate—
almost 60 percent— while that for Italian women was
30 percent— half the Swedish level. Only the United
States, Sweden, and Canada had more than half of their
female populations in the labor force. (See table 1.)
Swedish women also had a comparatively high activi
ty rate in 1960, but their rate was surpassed at that
Table 1.
Labor force participation rates by sex, nine countries, 1960-81
Year
Great
Britain
United
States
Canada
Australia
Japan
France
( 2)
359.7
( 2)
359.4
58.4
358.3
57.7
3 57.8
57.0
56.6
56.3
60.0
59.9
59.6
59.4
59.0
58.7
58.2
57.0
56.9
57.0
62.4
62.5
62.5
62.6
62.5
62.5
62.6
62.3
61.9
61.7
58.0
57.4
56.3
54.7
53.9
52.8
51.2
51.2
50.5
50.1
( 2)
64.5
65.2
65.8
64.3
64.0
64.2
63.3
63.8
63.5
Germany
Italy
Sweden
Both sexes
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
59.4
59.3
58.8
58.7
58.7
58.9
59.2
59.6
59.6
60.1
156.2
’ 56.2
156.0
155.9
'56.2
’ 56.5
57.3
57.6
57.6
57.9
( 2)
59.4
59.9
60.6
61.2
61.2
61.4
67.9
67.8
66.9
65.7
64.8
64.4
64.6
64.8
64.9
64.6
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
60.4
60.2
60.4
60.8
61.3
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
57.8
58.1
58.6
59.7
60.5
61.1
61.1
61.5
62.6
63.3
62.1
62.2
62.3
62.6
63.0
63.2
62.7
62.7
62.0
61.7
64.5
64.2
63.8
64.0
63.0
62.4
62.3
62.5
62.8
62.7
56.4
56.1
56.3
56.2
56.3
57.0
57.0
57.3
56.7
57.2
56.9
56.4
55.7
55.3
54.4
53.4
52.8
52.4
52.3
452.3
61.3
60.8
61.2
62.8
62.6
63.2
63.4
63.4
63.4
62.8
49.5
49.2
48.0
47.9
47.9
47.9
48.2
48.0
47.7
47.8
64.0
64.2
64.1
64.1
64.9
65.9
66.0
65.9
66.1
66.6
1980 ...........................
1981 ...........................
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.7
62.2
62.0
62.6
62.6
56.0
55.8
4 52.5
4 52.4
62.0
461.4
48.0
448.0
4 67.1
4 67.1
n
n
Men
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
83.3
83.2
82.0
81.4
81.0
80.7
80.4
80.4
80.1
79.8
'82.8
’ 81.8
’ 81.1
’ 80.5
’ 80.1
'79.9
79.8
79.3
78.6
78.3
n
H
( 2)
( 2)
85.3
85.1
85.4
84.9
84.5
84.2
84.2
84.3
80.5
82.5
81.5
81.1
81.1
81.0
81.7
81.5
381.4
( 2)
380.9
80.6
3 79.6
78.8
3 78.5
77.1
75.6
74.9
82.7
82.7
82.2
81.8
81.4
80.8
80.5
79.3
79.0
79.0
87.9
87.4
86.8
86.7
85.9
85.3
84.8
84.6
83.4
82.5
84.7
83.8
82.4
80.9
80.3
79.2
77.5
77.5
76.3
75.5
( 2)
84.9
84.6
84.3
82.8
82.0
81.5
80.3
80.2
78.8
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
79.7
79.1
78.9
78.8
78.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
77.8
77.3
77.5
78.2
78.7
78.4
77.6
77.6
77.9
78.4
84.1
83.8
83.6
83.2
82.7
82.2
81.5
81.0
79.8
79.5
81.5
81.9
81.8
81.8
81.5
81.0
80.9
80.3
80.1
79.9
74.9
74.4
74.1
73.3
73.0
73.2
72.6
71.6
71.4
71.6
78.7
77.6
76.4
75.2
73.5
72.0
71.0
70.1
69.9
4 69.4
81.4
81.3
81.3
82.5
80.9
81.3
81.3
80.8
80.2
79.1
74.5
74.1
72.6
71.7
71.3
71.0
70.9
69.2
68.6
68.2
78.5
78.0
77.3
76.8
76.9
77.0
76.5
75.6
75.1
75.2
1980 ...........................
1981 ...........................
77.4
77.0
78.3
78.3
79.2
78.9
79.6
79.6
70.6
69.9
469.4
469.3
78.1
477.7
67.8
( 2)
4 75.0
4 74.0
Women
2
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
37.7
38.1
37.9
38.3
38.7
39.3
40.3
41.1
41.6
42.7
’ 30.1
’ 31.0
’ 31.3
’ 31.9
’ 32.9
’ 33.8
35.4
36.5
37.1
38.0
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
33.8
34.8
36.3
37.8
38.3
39.0
52.7
52.4
51.3
50.0
49.3
48.8
49.2
49.6
49.2
48.8
3 41.6
<2)
341.3
39.5
340.1
39.3
3 40.0
39.5
39.8
39.9
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.7
40.3
40.0
39.4
38.4
38.5
38.5
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.7
41.0
41.6
42.0
41.8
41.7
41.8
33.8
33.8
33.0
31.2
30.1
28.9
27.4
27.4
27.2
27.1
44.5
46.5
48.0
46.7
46.6
47.5
46.8
47.9
48.6
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
43.3
43.4
43.9
44.7
45.7
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
38.3
39.4
40.2
41.9
43.0
44.4
45.2
46.0
47.8
48.9
40.4
41.0
41.2
42.4
43.5
44.5
44.3
44.8
44.5
44.3
49.3
47.7
46.8
47.3
45.7
44.8
44.8
45.7
46.4
46.6
40.1
39.8
40.5
41.0
41.6
42.5
42.9
44.2
43.3
44.3
38.4
38.3
38.0
38.2
37.9
37.4
37.2
37.1
37.2
4 37.6
42.0
42.4
43.2
45.0
46.2
46.8
47.2
47.7
48.2
48.0
26.8
26.6
25.7
26.1
26.6
26.9
27.6
28.6
28.6
29.2
50.0
50.9
51.5
51.7
53.3
55.2
55.8
56.7
57.5
58.5
1980
....................
1981 ...........................
51.5
52.1
50.3
51.6
45.5
45.5
46.6
46.7
42.7
43.1
4 37.8
4 38.5
47.7
4 46.6
29.9
( 2)
459.5
4 60.5
1Estimates by BLS based on new survey definitions. Statistics Canada revised the data for
1966 onward on the new survey basis.
2 Not available.
3 Data for October of 1960,1962,1964, and 1966. Data for all other years are for March.
4 Preliminary estimate.
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N ote : Data relate to the civilian labor force approximating U.S. concepts as a percent of
the civilian noninstitutionalized working age population. Working age is defined as 16-year-olds
and over in the United States, France, and Sweden; 15-year-olds and over in Australia, Cana
da, Germany, and Japan; and 14-year-olds and over in Italy. For Great Britain, the lower age
limit was raised from 15 to 16 in 1973. The institutionalized population is included in Japan and
Germany.
25
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • International Comparisons o f Labor Force Participation
Chart 1. Trends in labor force participation rates, for all
persons and by sex, selected countries, 1960-81
United States
^_
Japan
percent
95
85
95
75
- - __
—
65
—
—
85
75
____
65
55
55
45
45
35
35
25
—
---- -----_
................... ..............................
25
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981
»»i i i ‘ i i i i i »i i i »i i i i i i
1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981
Great Britain
Sweden
Percent
Percent
95
95
85
85
75
75
65
55 —
4-S
65
55
A R
35
35
25
—
•••#####*
25
■ ................. .. i i i i i i i i i i i i i
I960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981
i i i »i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
I960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981
Germany
Percent
95
Italy
Percent
—
95
85
85
75
75
65
55
: ------------------------------- ----
35
35
25
25
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
^
55
45
26
____
65
45
I960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981
—
----------------
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
I960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981
time by Japanese women. Furthermore, in 1960, the
U.S. female rate was surpassed by three other European
countries— France, Germany, and Great Britain— while
Canada had the lowest rate— 30 percent.
The varied trends in female activity rates reflect, in
part, changes in the industrial structure of the economy.
First, female participation rates generally fall along with
the decline in the importance of agriculture, because
women who were economically active as unpaid family
workers on the farm generally withdraw from the labor
force after a family moves from farm to city. This
accounted for the sharp decline in female activity rates
in Japan and Italy during the 1960’s. Both countries be
gan that decade with about 30 percent of total employ
ment in the agricultural sector; by 1980, the pro
portions had fallen to 10 percent in Japan and 14
percent in Italy. Furthermore, as with men, higher edu
cational requirements in industry may raise the average
age for leaving school, and improved pensions may en
courage earlier retirement.
Eventually, however, female labor force participation
enters a second stage during which activity rates begin
to rise again. By 1960, women in the United States,
Canada, Australia, Sweden, and Great Britain were al
ready well into this second stage. Women in Japan,
Germany, Italy, and France, however, entered into the
second stage only during the 1970’s.
Underlying recent increases in female participation
rates in many countries are the following factors: expan
sion of the service sector; declines in fertility rates; in
creased availability of part-time work; extension of
higher education for women; abating job discrimination
against women; and changing attitudes towards wom
en’s role in society. A review of trends in two dissimilar
societies— Sweden and Japan— serves to illustrate the
pervasive effect of these factors.
Service sector expansion. In all countries studied, the ser
vice sector has expanded rapidly over the past two de
cades. By 1980, two-thirds of all civilian workers in the
United States and Canada were engaged in services.
Over 60 percent of employment in Australia, Sweden,
and Great Britain was in the service sector. Italy had
the lowest proportion of employment in services, at 48
percent.
Female employment is heavily concentrated in the
service sector. In the United States, Australia, Canada,
and Sweden, about four-fifths of all working women are
in service jobs. The other country with rising female
participation since 1960, Great Britain, has three-quar
ters of total female employment in services. In the
countries with overall declines in participation by wom
en, the proportions of total female employment in ser
vices were much lower— for example, 56 percent in
Italy and 58 percent in Japan. However, even these low
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figures represent large increases over the 1970 propor
tions, which were under 40 percent.
Declining fertility rates. In all periods, the major reason
women have had lower activity rates than men is that
women bear the chief responsibility of rearing children.
Married women with children have the lowest activity
rates, and the younger their children, the lower their ac
tivity rates. However, during the 1960’s and 1970’s, de
clining fertility rates tended to reduce the home
responsibilities of women, facilitating their rising labor
force activity rates in many countries.
Comparative fertility rates over the past two decades
are shown in table 2. The number of live births per 100
women age 15 to 44 shows a marked downturn between
1960 and 1980 in all countries except Japan and Swe
den. However, the Japanese and Swedish fertility rates
were already comparatively low in 1960. The Swedish
rate rose marginally by 1970, then declined to below
the 1960 level by 1980. Only Japan had a higher fertili
ty rate in 1980 than in 1960. Table 2 also shows the ra
tio of young children (ages 0-4) to adult females. These
are the ages at which children are the heaviest responsi
bility, and the current ratios are substantially below
previous levels except in Japan, Italy, and Sweden,
where the levels were already very low in 1960.
Part-time jobs. Part-time work for women is most perva
sive in Sweden, where 55 percent of all employed wom
en worked less than 35 hours a week in 1980. In the
United States and Canada, 29 and 24 percent of all
employed women were working part time.5 The 1979
European Community household labor force survey in
dicates lower proportions of part-time employment for
women in most member countries. For example, about
one-fifth of all employed British, French, and German
women held part-time jobs.
Factors in Japan. For Japan, a number of reasons have
Table 2. Fertility rates and ratios of young children to
adult women, nine countries, 1960, 1970, and 1980
Number of young children
per 100 adult women2
Fertility rates1
Country
United States . . . .
Canada ...............
Australia .............
Japan ..................
France ...............
Germany.............
Great Britain . . . .
Italy ....................
Sweden...............
1960
1970
1980
1960
1970
11.9
13.1
11.2
7.1
9.5
8.2
8.8
8.2
6.8
8.8
8.1
9.9
7.3
8.3
6.7
8.5
8.0
7.0
7.0
6.7
6.9
7.4
6.7
4.3
5.7
7.1
6.5
56
61
53
35
47
37
40
37
34
40
41
46
33
41
39
43
40
37
1980
31
32
35
38
33
22
28
35
33
1Live births per 100 women age 15 to 44.
2 Number of children under age 5 per 100 women age 15 to 44.
S ource : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, D em ographic Trends
1950-1990 (Paris, oecd , 1979), pp. 10, 22.
27
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • International Comparisons o f Labor Force Participation
been cited for the recent rise in female activity rates: (1)
economic recovery revived demand for labor after a se
rious decline during the post-oil crisis recession of 1974—
75; (2) expansion in the service sector has created addi
tional demand for women workers, and more part-time
jobs; (3) since 1955, when the number of working wom
en began increasing, more women have solidly
established themselves in their workplaces, shifting from
temporary and irregular work to more permanent occu
pations; (4) the extension of higher education has
prompted women to take jobs outside the home; (5)
new equal employment opportunity legislation has pro
moted advancement of women into occupations which
had long been exclusively for men; and, (6) the leveling
off in head of household’s wage increases and the surge
in housing and educational costs have induced a num
ber of women to join the labor force to supplement
family income.6
As in other countries, life cycle changes are also oc
curring among Japanese women, who formerly worked
only a few years before getting married, and thereafter
retired permanently from the labor market. Today, Jap
anese women are reentering the labor force in their
mid-30’s, after spending some years at home because of
marriage, childbirth, and childcare. (See section on age
structure of participation rates.)
The Swedish situation. Sweden’s recent very high level of
female labor force participation indicates an increasingly
more active involvement of married women in economic
life compared with other nations. In Sweden, two-thirds
of all married women are labor force participants, com
pared with 50 percent in the United States and Japan,
and just 40 percent in Germany.
Several factors are responsible for the high Swedish
rate. Many married women have no children or only
one child. Furthermore, government-financed day care
centers provide for infant care, beginning when children
are 6 months of age, at which point maternity leave ex
pires. The introduction of separate taxation for married
women in 1971, parenthood insurance in 1974, and
greater flexibility in working time have also provided
incentives for Swedish women to seek employment. Par
enthood insurance provides that either mother or father
may stay home up to 3 months after a child’s birth and
be reimbursed for 90 percent of his or her pay. If the
mother decides to use the parenthood insurance, these 3
months are added to the 6 months of her maternity
leave. Furthermore, when caring for a sick child under
the age of 10, either parent is eligible for cash sickness
benefits.
Youth activity changes greatly
Aggregate participation rates mask substantial chang
es in participation rates for young people since 1960.
28
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Participation rates for youth, broken down into teenag
ers and young adults (age 20 to 24), are presented in
table 3. Activity rates for adults (25 and over) are also
shown for comparison.
For the United States, Canada, Japan, Italy, and
Sweden, the data in table 3 are annual averages. The
only available data for the other countries relate to one
month of each year, and this introduces an element of
noncomparability across countries for which no adjust
ment can be made. The data for France, Germany, and
Australia relate to a month when young people are still
in school. Because summer vacation labor force partici
pation is not covered, the activity rates for teenagers in
these three countries are understated in comparison
with the annual data for other countries. The British
statistics are for the end of June of each year, when stu
dents may be out of school (beginning in 1976).7
Teenagers and young adults in North America have
had sharply increasing participation rates over the past
two decades, a much faster rise than that recorded for
all ages combined. The change in the United States was
almost 12 percentage points for persons under 25—
from 56.4 in 1960 to 68.1 in 1980; over the same peri
od, Canadian youth gained 10 percentage points. Aus
tralia and Sweden were the only other countries with
higher youth participation rates in 1980 than during the
early 1960’s. Australian youth rates held steady in the
1960’s, dipped in the early 1970’s, then began a slow
rise. In Sweden, youth activity fell during the 1960’s
and rose gradually in the 1970’s.
Substantial declines in youth participation in the la
bor force occurred in all the other countries except
Great Britain, where the decrease was moderate. The
decline was most evident in Japan, where the participa
tion rate for all young persons was 63 percent in 1960,
but only 43 percent by 1980. The drop for Japanese
teenagers was even more dramatic— more than half
were in the labor force in 1960, compared with fewer
than 20 percent by 1980. The rate of decline has ta
pered off, however. Japanese teenage participation rates
dropped from 50 percent in 1960 to 32 percent in 1970
and about 20 percent in 1975, but then fell only to 17.5
percent by 1981.
Even with the rapid upward trend in North Ameri
can youth activity rates, youth in three other countries
still had higher rates than their North American coun
terparts in 1980. In Australia, Sweden, and Great Brit
ain, 70 percent or more of all youth were in the labor
force, compared with about two-thirds of U.S. and Ca
nadian youth. Activity rates for French and German
youth were 50 and 58 percent; Japanese and Italian
youth had much lower rates. Among the last four
countries, Germany had a relatively high teenage partic
ipation rate, and Japan, a low teenage rate. Italy’s low
overall youth participation rate reflects, in large part, a
very low rate for persons aged 20 to 24, particularly for
young women.
The declining trends (or slower increases) in youth la
bor force activity outside North America reflect the rap
id expansion of school attendance. In the United States
and Canada, school attendance has also increased, but
many youngsters in these two countries combine school
with work, so that the expansion of educational enroll
ments has not lowered labor force activity. In the other
countries, where few students also work, increases in
Table 3.
school enrollment rates caused youth participation rates
to decline.
Foreign school enrollment rates were well below U.S.
rates in 1960, when about 64 percent of U.S. teenagers
were in school. Only about half of all teens in Canada
were enrolled and much smaller proportions in Europe—
around 35 percent in France and Germany, and fewer
than 20 percent in Italy and Great Britain. About 45
percent of Japanese teenagers were in school. Between
1960 and 1975, enrollment rates rose rapidly abroad,
Labor force participation rates for youth and adults, nine countries, selected years, 1960-81
Youth
Youth
Country and date
United States:
1960 .............................
1970 .............................
1974 .............................
1975 .............................
1976 .............................
Adults
Total
Teenagers'
Age 20 to 24
56.4
59.8
64.9
64.6
65.3
47.5
49.9
54.8
54.0
54.5
65.2
69.2
74.0
73.9
74.8
60.0
60.5
60.2
60.2
60.5
Country and date
Adults
Total
Teenagers'
Age 20 to 24
France— Continued:
March 1977 ..................
March 1978 ..................
March 1979 ..................
March 1980 ..................
March 1981 ..................
53.7
52.2
52.7
51.4
50.3
29.3
27.0
27.9
26.0
24.7
74.3
73.5
73.7
73.3
71.7
58.1
58.1
58.6
59.0
58.9
Germany:
April 1963
April 1970
April 1974
May 1975
May 1976
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
80.8
70.9
63.4
61.9
60.1
79.0
64.7
54.3
52.8
49.4
82.7
78.4
73.6
72.7
73.1
56.6
55.5
54.2
53.3
53.0
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
66.7
68.2
68.6
68.1
67.7
56.0
57.8
57.9
56.7
55.4
75.7
76.8
77.5
77.2
77.3
61.0
61.7
62.2
62.5
62.8
Canada:
1960
1970
1974
1975
1976
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
2 57.8
56.0
62.5
62.9
62.4
247.5
42.2
51.0
51.1
49.8
269.4
71.6
75.4
75.9
76.2
2 55.7
58.4
59.8
60.5
60.6
April
April
April
April
May
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
58.9
58.5
59.5
58.0
57.1
46.9
46.1
47.9
44.0
42.3
73.8
74.1
73.9
75.5
75.0
53.2
53.0
53.0
53.4
53.7
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
63.2
64.4
66.2
67.3
67.9
50.4
51.5
54.1
55.2
55.7
77.0
78.1
78.9
79.6
79.7
61.0
62.0
62.3
62.9
63.6
Great Britain:3
April 1961
June 1971
June 1974
June 1975
June 1976
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
75.0
71.0
68.6
69.6
73.4
72.5
65.8
59.4
61.9
4 69.1
77.9
74.8
76.2
76.1
77.0
57.1
59.5
60.6
60.5
60.6
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
268.9
68.5
66.9
68.3
68.0
267.1
59.4
56.8
59.0
57.8
2 75.5
77.8
77.3
78.1
78.8
2 58.6
59.8
60.7
60.7
60.2
June
June
June
June
June
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
73.1
72.9
72.9
73.0
73.2
68.0
67.5
67.3
67.2
67.1
77.5
77.8
77.8
78.2
78.6
60.6
60.2
59.5
58.9
58.3
1977 ..................
1978 ..................
1979 ..................
1980 ..................
1981..................
69.9
68.9
69.1
71.1
70.6
60.3
59.6
58.7
61.2
59.8
80.3
78.8
80.3
81.3
81.4
60.3
59.3
58.6
59.1
58.8
Italy:3
1960
1970
1974
1975
1976
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
2 60.5
245.1
39.9
39.2
38.8
257.6
234.5
27.4
26.2
25.6
263.9
2 57.4
56.5
56.8
56.9
2 53.7
2 48.1
47.5
47.7
48.1
Japan:
1960
1970
1974
1975
1976
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
62.8
55.1
49.5
47.4
45.7
50.1
32.1
23.4
20.6
18.6
77.7
75.0
71.4
70.7
70.4
69.0
67.8
66.7
66.2
66.3
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
39.8
39.6
40.5
41.5
541.5
27.0
26.3
27.1
27.5
5 26.9
57.7
58.3
59.8
61.2
5 61.9
48.0
48.2
48.4
48.3
5 48.4
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
44.6
44,2
43.5
42.9
43.2
18.4
18.8
18.0
17.6
17.5
69.6
69.4
69.3
69.3
69.9
66.7
66.9
67.0
66.9
66.8
Sweden:
1963
1970
1974
1975
1976
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
69.1
64.8
68.4
70.8
71.6
62.8
52.2
56.1
58.2
59.3
75.6
73.6
77.8
80.3
81.3
65.1
63.9
64.1
65.0
65.0
1963
1970
1974
1975
1976
68.7
57.1
54.4
54.6
54.3
53.1
39.4
32.6
32.2
30.1
89.4
72.1
74.1
73.7
75.0
57.5
56.7
57.4
57.9
57.9
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
71.3
70.8
72.2
72.1
68.9
57.3
56.1
57.3
56.4
50.3
81.9
82.0
83.8
84.8
84.8
65.0
65.2
65.7
66.2
66.7
Australia:
August
August
August
August
August
August
August
August
August
August
France:
March
March
March
March
March
1964
1970
1974
1975
1976
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
116- to 19-year-olds in United States, France, Great Britain (1974 onward), and Sweden; 15to 19-year-olds in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, and Great Britain (prior to 1974); and
14- to 19-year-olds in Italy.
2 BLS estimates adjusted for comparability with other years shown.
3 Data are not fully adjusted to U.S. concepts.
4The sharp increase in teenage participation rates between 1975 and 1976 is mainly due to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
a change in school-leaving regulations, allowing students who formerly left school in July to
leave before that month (see appendix).
5Preliminary.
N ote : Participation rates are based on the civilian noninstitutional population, except for Ja
pan, Germany, and Great Britain, where the institutional population is included.
29
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • International Comparisons o f Labor Force Participation
but grew more slowly in the United States, where rates
were already high in 1960. By 1975, Japan had the
highest proportion of teenagers enrolled in school— 76
percent. During the same year, about 72 percent of U.S.
teenagers were enrolled in school compared with 53
percent in France, and about 45 percent in Italy and
Great Britain.8 Since 1975, the foreign enrollment rates
have been rising more slowly, and this has been a factor
in the recent upward trends in youth participation.
Also, some European students have begun to adopt the
North American pattern of seeking part-time jobs while
in school.
In the United States, more than half of the teenagers in
the labor force are also in school. The rise of student par
ticipation in the U.S. labor force has been attributed to
several factors, including need for (or preference for)
earnings to supplement family income, greater participa
tion in work-study programs, and increases in the pro
portion of college students in 2-year colleges, who have
higher activity rates than those in 4-year colleges. By
comparison, few European and Japanese students work
while in school, for a variety of academic and other rea
sons.9
Reversals in youth participation rate movements have
occurred recently in several countries. After many years
of increase, both teenage and young adult participation
rates declined in the United States in 1980, and the
teenage decline continued in 1981. In Italy, a very sharp
drop in youth activity rates persisted until 1977, when a
gradual upward trend emerged. As noted earlier, Aus
tralian and Swedish youth participation rates also began
to rise in the 1970’s. However, in 1981, teenage partici
pation rates dropped in both countries. The decline in
Sweden was very large— a falloff of 6 percentage points
to 50 percent, the lowest level recorded in the last two
decades. The sharp decline was related to a large in
crease in the number of young persons in full-time
school. This rise in school attendance was partly related
to the deteriorating labor market for Swedish teenagers.
The teenage jobless rate in 1981 was 9.6 percent, the
highest ever recorded by the Swedish labor force survey.
Table 4.
Activity by older persons declines
The tendency to shorten working lifetimes is reflected
in falling participation rates for older workers over the
past two decades. This trend, reinforced by the aging of
the population, has increased the burden of the non
participating elderly population upon the working pop
ulation, putting a strain on pension funding in many
countries.
Table 4 shows participation rates for two older
groups— those 55 to 64, and 65 and over— in the early
1960’s and in 1980. For 55- to 64-year-olds, participa
tion rates declined in all countries except Great Britain
and Sweden, where strong increases for women over
rode declines for men. Among those 65 and over, par
ticipation rates declined in all countries for both men
and women. Greater coverage of pension schemes and
the increased size of pensions were major factors in the
decline. Institutional factors tending to lower the com
pulsory retirement age or to encourage workers to retire
early were also im portant.10Since 1973, many of the Eu
ropean countries have adopted provisions to guarantee
financial resources for older workers who leave the la
bor force before pensionable age, thus making room for
younger workers.
Japan had relatively small declines in older worker
participation, and Japanese workers over 65 had, by far,
the highest participation rate among the countries stud
ied. In 1980, their activity rate of about 25 percent was
twice as high as the comparable U.S. rate, and three to
five times as high as the rates for older workers else
where.
About 2 out of 5 Japanese men 65 years old and over
are still in the labor force. In the United States, only 1
in 5 older men are economically active, and in France,
Germany, Great Britain, and Italy, fewer than 1 in 10.
A relatively high proportion of older Japanese women
are also working or seeking work. About 1 in 7 Japa
nese women 65 or over are in the work force. This com
pares with around 1 in 12 in the United States, down to
1 in 40 in Sweden and 1 in 55 in Italy. The relatively
Labor force participation rates of older workers, nine countries, early 1960’s and 1980
Age 55 to 64
Country
United States . . . .
Canada ...............
Australia .............
Japan ..................
France ..................
G erm any.............
Great Britain.........
Ita ly ......................
Sw eden...............
Both sexes
Early
1960’s'
60.9
54.7
53.8
65.1
55.4
51.7
59.7
45.6
65.1
Age 65 and over
Men
1980
Early
1960’s'
55.7
53.9
44.9
61.9
253.3
44.7
60.0
34.9
67.1
86.8
86.7
85.8
85.6
76.2
81.8
94.4
73.5
91.1
Women
1980
Early
1960's'
72.1
76.2
68.9
85.2
2 69.9
67.8
83.0
57.7
79.2
37.2
22.0
21.0
44.4
36.9
27.2
29.3
20.2
40.5
1Data are for a year or month (France, Germany, and Great Britain) in the 1960-63 period, except for Australian data which are for August 1966.
Data relate to March 1979.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Both sexes
1980
Early
1960’s ’
41.3
33.7
21.8
43.6
2 38.3
28.5
39.0
14.4
55.6
20.8
17.5
12.5
38.8
14.5
13.9
13.2
15.0
20.7
Men
1980
Early
1960’s 1
12.5
8.9
6.3
25.8
26.2
5.2
5.6
4.7
6.5
33.1
30.0
23.3
56.5
24.0
24.9
23.4
25.2
34.8
Women
1980
Early
1960’s '
1980
19.0
14.7
11.2
40.8
29.0
7.5
8.9
8.4
11.6
10.8
5.6
4.4
24.4
9.0
7.7
5.7
7.0
8.6
8.1
4.3
2.8
149
24.3
30
2.9
18
2.5
N ote : French, German, British, and Italian data are not adjusted to U.S. concepts. Participation rates are based on the civilian noninstitutional population, except for Japan,
Germany, and Great Britain, where the institutional population is included.
Table 5.
Age structure of labor force participation rates by sex and age, nine countries, 1980
United
States
Canada
Men
Teenagers4 ......................
Age 20 to 24 ....................
Age 25 to 34 ....................
Age 35 to 44 ....................
Age 45 to 54 ....................
Age 55 to 64 ....................
Age 65 and over ...............
60.5
85.9
95.2
95.5
91.2
72.1
19.0
58.0
86.2
95.4
96.0
92.6
76.2
14.7
65.4
91.5
95.9
95.6
91.2
68.9
11.2
17.0
69.0
96.8
97.5
96.3
85.2
40.8
Women
Teenagers4 ......................
Age 20 to 24 ....................
Age 25 to 34 ....................
Age 35 to 44 ....................
Age 45 to 54 ....................
Age 55 to 64 ....................
Age 65 and over ...............
52.9
68.9
65.5
65.5
59.9
41.3
8.1
52.2
73.0
62.7
61.6
54.1
33.7
4.3
61.5
71.1
52.5
58.2
47.8
21.8
2.8
18.5
69.7
47.9
59.5
60.5
43.6
14.9
Sex and age
Australia
Japan
1Data relate to March 1979.
2 Data relate to April 1980.
3 Data relate to the end of June 1980.
“ Data are for 16- to 19-year-olds in the United States, France, Great Britain, and Sweden;
low participation rate for older Swedish women is in
sharp contrast with the very high rates in all other age
groups.
The prevalence of the work ethic in Japan partly ac
counts for the high participation rates for older work
ers. Also, social security and pension benefits are
relatively small. Moreover, social security payments be
gin at age 60 (55 for women), but the compulsory re
tirement age is 55 to 58 for 60 percent of Japanese men
and sometimes lower for women, and lump-sum retire
ment payments are not enough to allow for self-suffi
ciency. As a result, most workers who are retired from
their regular jobs continue at lower paid jobs or be
come self-employed out of financial necessity.
Age structure patterns
Table 5 presents a comparison of the detailed age
structure of participation rates for one year, 1980. The
data for France, Germany, Great Britain, and Italy
have not been adjusted to U.S. concepts because infor
mation was not available to make adjustments by such
detailed age groups. However, some conclusions may be
drawn concerning the pattern of the age structures and
large différences in levels of activity. Except for the
British and Italian data, the unadjusted figures are
closely comparable to U.S. concepts, although differ
ences of 1 or 2 percentage points should be discounted.
The age structure of participation rates differs greatly
between the sexes. (See chart 2.) Male participation
rates plotted by age group display a bell shape in all
countries, while the female rates show a more irregular
shape which resembles a skewed M in some countries,
such as Japan. Great Britain and Australia (not shown)
also have distinctly M-shaped curves for women.
Curves for French and German women closely resemble
the shape of the Italian curve. The Canadian curve is
closer to the U.S. curve, but with a much sharper drop
in activity for 25- to 34-year-old women.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Germany2
Great
Britain3
Italy
Sweden
31.0
80.1
96.8
97.8
94.6
69.9
9.0
48.5
82.0
93.6
98.2
95.1
67.8
7.5
70.7
88.4
96.9
97.5
96.1
83.0
8.9
29.3
67.6
94.5
97.4
92.3
57.7
8.4
56.9
88.0
95.6
96.9
95.0
79.2
11.6
24.8
68.5
67.7
61.4
55.8
38.3
4.3
41.4
71.1
59.5
55.1
49.6
28.5
3.0
64.5
68.5
56.3
68.3
67.8
39.0
2.9
24.2
51.5
47.1
38.6
31.1
14.4
1.8
56.0
81.6
81.4
84.8
83.3
55.6
2.5
France1
15- to 19-year-olds In Canada, Australia, Japan, and Germany; and 14- to 19-year-olds In Italy.
N ote : French, German, British, and Italian data are not adjusted to U.S. concepts. Participation rates are based on the civilian noninstltutional population, except for Japan, Germany, and
Great Britain, where the institutional population Is included.
Men. For men, high rates during the prime working
ages, peaking in the 35-to-44 age group, contrast with
lower rates at both ends of the age spectrum. In the
teenage years and the early 20’s, school attendance
keeps many young men out of the work force. Retire
ment brings a downturn at the other ënd of the spec
trum. There are only small international differences in
participation rates for men in the prime working ages
(25 to 54). Larger differences occur for youth and for
older men.
Women. For women, the labor force participation rates
are affected not only by the same factors affecting male
activity rates, but also by conditions relating to wom
en’s domestic role. Generally speaking, after a peak be
tween ages 20 and 24, a fall in economic activity rates
occurs which is attributable to marriage and the birth
and rearing of children. Subsequently, a number of
women return to work and the female activity rate may
begin to rise again sometime in the 30’s, reaching a sec
ond peak in the 40’s, which is generally lower than the
first maximum. In some countries, however, activity
rates continue to fall.
By 1980, however, the traditional pattern of female
participation rates had changed in some countries. In
the United States and France, the decline in activity for
women 25 to 34 was small. In France, however, a more
significant decline occurred after age 35. In Sweden,
there was virtually no drop in activity rates for 25- to
34-year-olds, and participation rates peaked at their
highest— almost 85 percent— in the 35-to-44 age brack
et. This indicates that working life for Swedish women
is approaching the continuity of that for men.
In Japan, a still more traditional society, there is a
sharp drop in economic activity connected with m ar
riage and the birth and rearing of children. Participa
tion rates increase again after 35. A similar pattern
occurs in Australia and Great Britain. In Great Britain,
31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • International Comparisons o f Labor Force Participation
Chart 2. Age structure of labor force participation rates by sex, selected countries, 1980
Percent
Women
Men
1001
Sweden
Teens 20
to
24
Sweden
25
to
34
35
to
44
45
to
54
55
to
64
65
and
over
however, the drop in activity is less sharp and later ac
tivity in the 35-to-44 age bracket is virtually as high as
in the early 20’s.
In Germany and Italy, the pattern is different. Activi
ty rates for women decline about 5 to 10 percent for 25to 34-year-olds as in Britain, but then continue to de
cline in later age brackets. In France, while the initial
decline is small, participation rates likewise continue to
decline in later life. Canadian women age 25 to 34 have
a drop in activity comparable with that of German
women, but subsequent decreases are much smaller.
In all countries except Sweden, the maximum rate of
female labor force activity still occurs in the 20-to-24
age group— at 69 to 73 percent (52 percent in Italy).
This compares with maximum male participation rates
of 96 to 98 percent in the 35-to-44 age bracket.
Historical patterns. Although the levels have changed
slightly, the characteristic bell shape of the male age
structure curve has remained unchanged throughout the
past two decades. In contrast, there have been major
changes in the pattern of the female age structure
curves. Chart 3 depicts the changing shapes and levels
of the age structure of participation rates for women
over the past two decades. Six of the countries are
32
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Teens
20
to
24
25
to
34
35
to
44
45
to
54
55
to
64
65
and
over
shown, three with overall increases in working activity
by women— the United States, Sweden, and Great Brit
ain— and three with aggregate declines— Japan, Ger
many, and Italy.
The chart shows that participation rates have risen
for women in the primary working ages of 25 to 54 in
all of the countries. In the United States, Sweden, and
Great Britain, the increases for these age groups have
been large and continuous. In contrast, Japan, Germa
ny, and Italy show declines in one or more of the age
groups from 25 to 54 between 1960 and 1970, followed
by increases from 1970 to 1980. The latter increases
were only marginal in Japan, but more significant in
Germany and Italy.
In the United States, the distinctly M-shaped curve
noted in 1960 and 1970 had flattened out by 1980. Pri
or to 1976, participation rates for women 25 to 34 were
lower than for those 35 to 44. By 1976, the rates were
about the same for both age groups, and this relation
ship continued in 1980.
In Sweden, an already less distinct M-shaped curve in
1960 and 1970 had all but disappeared in 1980. Chart 3
shows that labor force activity by Swedish women
peaked at ages 20 to 24 in 1960, but by 1970 a new
peak occurred in the 35-to-44 age bracket. By 1980,
Chart 3. Age structure of labor force participation rates for women, six countries, selected years
Percent
Percent
100
mm
Teens
24
34
44
54
64
over
20
to
24
25
to
34
35
to
44
45
to
54
55
to
64
65
and
over
to
64
and
over
64
over
Percent
Percent
100 H
Great Britain
80
1980
60
40
20
Teens
20
to
24
25
to
34
35
to
44
45
to
54
55
to
64
65
and
over
0
to
24
to
34
to
44
24
34
44
to
54
Percent
Percent
Teens
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20
to
24
25
to
34
35
to
44
45
to
54
55
to
64
65
and
over
54
33
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • International Comparisons o f Labor Force Participation
participation rates were much higher tor all adult age
brackets, except for women 65 and over, and the rate de
cline in the 25-to-34 group had virtually disappeared.
In contrast to the significant changes in level and
shape of the age structure curves in the United States
and Sweden, the Japanese curves were practically identi
cal in 1970 and 1980. The 1960 curve also had a similar
shape, although the increase in participation after ages
25 to 34 was not nearly as great as in the later years.
Germany’s curves for 1963 and 1970 were very close
in shape and level, except for teenage girls. In 1963, fe
male labor force activity declined after a peak in the
teenage years; by 1970, peak participation occurred in
the 20-to-24 age group. By 1980, participation rates had
increased significantly for women between the ages of
25 to 54, but the highest rate remained in the 20-to-24
age bracket, with activity lower for each older group.
Like Germany, British female participation rates also
were highest in the teenage years in 1960. But in Great
Britain, this was also true in 1970. In both countries,
the very high levels of teenage labor force participation
were related to the widespread apprenticeship programs
for youth. Unlike the case for Germany, labor force ac
tivity by British women increased again after the sharp
decline in the 25-to-34 age bracket. By 1980, the British
peak had moved to the 20-to-24 age group, with a simi
lar peak again at ages 35 to 44.
The Italian curves for 1962 and 1970 were almost
identical in shape, but the 1970 curve was lower in lev
el. Italy was the only country studied which had a drop
in female participation throughout the age spectrum be
tween 1960 and 1970. By 1980, participation rates were
higher for women age 20 to 54. The Italian curves were
similar in shape to those for Germany— both having
peaks at ages 20 to 24, and then subsequent continuous
declines. While the M-shape characteristic for other
countries shown in the charts did not occur in Germany
and Italy, both of these countries have had substantial
increases in the level of participation rates for women
age 20 to 54 over the past decade.
□
FOOTNOTES
' The Federal Republic, plus West Berlin.
2International cyclical trends in participation will be analyzed in a
future article.
3Elsewhere, two types of labor force participation rates are
published for the United States: the total labor force participation
rate, which is the ratio of the total labor force to the total noninstitutional population, and the civilian participation rate, which is
the ratio of the civilian labor force to the civilian noninstitutional
population. The only difference is that the armed forces are included
in the total participation rate and excluded from the civilian rate. In
1981, the total rate for the United States was 64.4; the civilian rate
was 63.9. Discussion in this article is limited to civilian labor force
participation rates for the United States and the eight other countries
covered.
4 In all societies, there is some degree of illegal or unrecorded labor
force activity. This hidden economy includes people working in legal
jobs which are not reported so that taxes or other kinds of regula
tions can be avoided. Italy has a particularly large sector of un
reported employment known as i l la v o ro nero, or the labor black mar
ket. No attempt has been made here to determine the effect of the
labor black market on the Italian participation rates. It is likely that
most illegally employed workers will not report their off-the-books
jobs in the labor force survey. However, many illegal jobs are second
jobs for persons who would be recorded as economically active in
their primary, legal employment. To the extent that primary work ac
tivity is undeclared, the Italian activity rate will appear lower than it
actually is.
5For the United States, Canada, and Sweden, data are available on
both voluntary and involuntary part-time work. In Sweden, 51 per
cent of the employed women were voluntarily working at part-time
jobs. The remaining 4 percent were on part time for economic reasons
and would have preferred more work. The U.S. and Canadian figures
for voluntary part time were 23 and 20 percent of total female em
ployment. Data on voluntary part time were not separately available
for the European Community countries.
‘ Japan Institute of Labor, P r o b le m s o f W o rk in g
Industrial Relations Series 8 (Tokyo, 1981), p. 6.
W o m en ,
Japanese
7From June 1976 onward, the participation figures for teenagers are
overstated in relation to those countries with annual average data and
also in relation to the British data for prior years. The large increase
in teenage participation rates between 1975 and 1976 should be dis
counted because new school regulations were introduced in 1976
which allowed a greater proportion of 16-year-olds to leave school be
fore the end of June. Estimates based on other sources indicate that
the teenage participation rates for 1976 onward would be about 5 per
centage points lower on an annual average basis. For the other age
groups, the midyear estimates are closely comparable to annual aver
ages (see appendix).
8See Beatrice G. Reubens and others, T h e Y o u th L a b o r F o rce 1 9 4 5 C ro s s-N a tio n a l A n a ly s is (New Jersey, Allanheld, Osmun,
1981), p. 70.
1995: A
9See Y o u th U n e m p lo y m e n t: A n I n te r n a tio n a l P ersp e c tiv e, BLS Bulle
tin 2098 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1981), pp. 18-22.
10Martin B. Tracy, “Trends in Retirement,”
Number 2, 1979, pp. 131-59.
I n te r n a tio n a l S o c ia l S e
c u r ity R e v ie w ,
APPENDIX: Data sources and adjustments
Data used in the calculation of participation rates
relate to the civilian labor force, adjusted to U.S. con
cepts. The methods used to make the adjustments are
described in International Comparisons o f Unemploy
ment, BLS Bulletin 1979 (August 1978), appendixes C
and D; and in “Supplement to Bulletin 1979,“ un
34
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published (January 1982), which is available from the
Bureau upon request.
The population base for the participation rates is de
fined as the civilian noninstitutional population of
working age. For most countries, the armed forces had
to be excluded from the regularly published population
figures. Lower age limits for the population were adapt
ed to conform to the age at which compulsory school
ing ends in each country. This age varied from 14 in
Italy to 16 in the United States, France, and Sweden
(see note to table 1).
The regularly published population data for the Unit
ed States, Canada, and Italy refer to the noninstitutional population. In the United States, there were
2.4 million persons age 16 and over residing in institu
tions— prisons, nursing homes, mental institutions, and
so forth— in 1978; this amounted to 1.5 percent of the
total population age 16 and over.
Published data for Australia, France, Great Britain,
and Sweden include the institutional population. Ad
justments have been made to exclude such persons
based on published or, in some cases, unpublished esti
mates obtained from these countries. (The British data
by age in tables 3, 4, and 5 could not be adjusted to a
noninstitutional basis.) Participation rates for Japan and
Germany, however, are still based on data including the
institutionalized population, because data on the size of
this population group were not available.
In cases where adjustment was possible, the effect of
the exclusion of the institutional population was to raise
the labor force participation rate by about 1 percentage
point, except for the French participation rates. The
French rates were raised by only two-tenths of a per
centage point, because a majority of the institutional
ized population is already excluded from the scope of
the labor force survey. There was no significant differ
ence in the impact on participation rates by sex. In all
of the countries, the number of men and women resid
ing in institutions is roughly equal.
Participation rates by age. Participation rates by age,
shown in tables 3, 4, and 5, are based on data on la
bor force and population by age, adjusted to U.S. con
cepts where possible. However, the French, German,
British, and Italian data in tables 4 and 5 and the
British and Italian data in table 3 could not be adjust
ed to U.S. concepts. Data for France and Germany in
tables 4 and 5 are closely comparable with U.S. con
cepts. The British and Italian data diverge from U.S.
concepts to a greater extent. Adjustments were made
for the other countries mainly to exclude the institu
tional population (where possible), military personnel,
and unpaid family workers who worked less than 15
hours per week. For most countries, the relevant popu
lation and labor force data by age were obtained di
rectly from labor force surveys.
The age distribution of the German labor force prior
to 1975 is based upon estimates made by the Institut
Fur Arbeitsmarkt-und Berufsforschung ( i a b ). The IAB
has adjusted the German labor force survey results so
that they constitute a consistent time series. This was
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necessary because the survey used a different method of
determining the respondent’s age beginning in 1975.
Previous data were based on the “birth year method,”
whereby age was determined by subtracting the birth
year from the survey year. From 1975 onward, the sur
vey used the “age year method” — that is, the respon
dent’s actual age at the time of the survey was
recorded. Use of these two different methods had a
large effect on the participation rates for teenagers, 20to 24-year-olds, and 60- to 64-year-olds, but hardly any
effect on other age groups. The large effect on the afore
mentioned age groups was due to the fact that data for
these groups represent the sum of very different partici
pation rates by single years of age— that is, the partici
pation rate for 15-year-olds is much lower than that for
16-year-olds, and so on. Whether someone’s age was re
corded as 14 or 15 or as 19 or 20 had a large impact on
the data for 15- to 19-year-olds. The IAB used data col
lected on the basis of both age measurement methods
for several years in order to estimate a consistent time
series of labor force data by age. The following example
indicates the extent of the adjustment: from 1974 to
1975, the unadjusted data indicate an increase in teen
age participation rates of almost 8 percentage points;
the adjusted data show a decline of 1.5 percentage
points.
For Great Britain, the data on labor force by.age are
obtained from estimates through 1979 and projections
for 1980 and 1981 made by the British Department of
Employment. The department derives these estimates
and projections from household survey and census data,
supplemented by other information. The agency has ad
justed the labor force data to include the unregistered
unemployed. However, the figures still differ from U.S.
concepts because (1) they exclude all full-time students
who are economically active, and (2) they include the
armed forces, b l s has made an adjustment to exclude
the armed forces. However, no adjustment could be
made with regard to working students. The British esti
mate that the activity rates for teenagers would be
raised by about 3 percentage points if working students
were included as economically active. The effect on ac
tivity rates of young adults age 20 to 24 would be an
increase of about 1 percentage point.
The British statistics by age relate to the end of June
of each year. This introduces a further element of non
comparability with other countries where data are either
annual averages (United States, Canada, Japan, Italy,
and Sweden) or relate to periods when students are in
school (France, Germany, and Australia). Until 1976,
most British students graduated from school in July;
therefore, their labor force participation was not cov
ered in the pre-1976 figures. In 1976, new school-leav
ing regulations were introduced which allowed a greater
proportion of 16-year-olds to leave school before the
35
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • International Comparisons o f Labor Force Participation
end of June. This resulted in a large increase in teenage
participation rates between 1975 and 1976 which would
not have occurred otherwise; the teenage activity rates
are overstated in relation to prior years and also in rela
tion to the data for other countries.
The June 1977 data for Great Britain can be com
pared with a European Community ( e c ) survey taken in
April 1977, a time when most students were still in
school. Definitions used in the two sources are very
similar, except that the EC survey counts full-time stu
dents as economically active. (However, it should be
noted that the EC survey still underestimates the true
numbers of working students to an unknown degree be
cause it is limited to households, and therefore does not
cover students in boarding schools.) The following table
shows the participation rates by age according to these
two sources.
Under age 2 5 ..............
16 to 19 years.........
20 to 24 years.........
25 years or over.........
E C su rvey,
A p r il 1 9 7 7
D e p a r tm e n t o f
E m p lo y m e n t,
June 1977
71.0
61.1
79.5
61.0
73.1
68.0
77.5
60.6
Assuming that the April figures are representative of
participation rates for teenagers over 9 months of the
year (school term), and that the June figures are repre
sentative of the 3 vacation months, an annual average
participation rate for teenagers in 1977 would be rough
ly 63 percent. Therefore, the midyear figures shown in
table 3 for 1976 onward are overstated by about 5 per
centage points, in terms of an annual average rate. The
teenage participation rates for the years before 1976 are
somewhat understated in relation to annual averages be
cause they do not include the summer influx of young
people into the labor market. For the other age groups,
the midyear figures closely approximate the annual av
erage.
For Italy, the participation rates by age could not be
fully adjusted to U.S. concepts because age breakdowns
were not available for all the required data. In table 1,
the data are fully adjusted to U.S. concepts, and they
show an overall participation rate of 48.0 in 1980. In
table 3, which shows participation rates for youth and
adults, the overall participation rate (not shown) would
be 46.9 percent, indicating that the participation rates
by age are slightly understated in relation to U.S. con
cepts.
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supple
ment, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be
considered for publication, communications should be factual and an
alytical, not polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed
to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212.
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The A natom y of
Price C hange
Reconciling the CPI-U and the
PCE Deflator: 3rd quarter
Julie A. Bu n n
and
Jack E. T riplett
This article, sixth in a series, reconciles two of the Fed
eral Government’s major inflation measures— the
Consumer Price Index (cpi- u ), published by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, and the Implicit Price Deflator for
Personal Consumption Expenditures (pce Deflator),
produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.1 The
purpose of these articles is to help clarify discussion of
issues concerning the sources of divergence between the
two measures— “weighting” and
“treatment of
homeownership costs” issues, and, to a lesser degree,
the issue of computational and compilation differences.
This is accomplished by measuring the empirical signifi
cance of each of these factors.
As in earlier articles, two reconciliations are present
ed, one dealing with period-to-period changes (annual
and quarterly) in the price measures, and the other with
total movement of the two indexes over the decade
from 1972 to date. In both reconciliations, the effect of
one factor or group of factors, holding all other factors
constant, can be extracted from the overall divergence
by taking the difference between alternative versions of
the measures which differ only in one or a small num
ber of respects.
Reconciling period-to-period changes. In the third quarter
of 1982, the CPI-U continued to rise more rapidly than
the “ PCE: Chain-Weight” index.2 (See table 1). The per
centage-point difference (0.9) was the same as for the
second quarter. The composition of that difference did,
however, shift quite dramatically.
The third-quarter housing treatment effect of 0.6 per
centage points is the third negative housing effect of the
past year. This negative effect is the result of rental
Julie A. Bunn is an economist in and Jack E. Triplett is assistant
commissioner of the Office of Research and Evaluation, Bureau of La
bor Statistics.
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irz
LL
charges increasing at a faster rate than homeownership
costs. For each of the 3 months, rents rose faster than
CPI-U homeownership costs. (In July, rents increased
1.0 percent and homeownership costs, 0.4 percent, and
in August, 0.5 and 0.4 percent; in September, rents in
creased 0.4 percent, and homeownership costs decreased
0.7 percent.) Although it has generally been true in the
recent past that CPI-U homeownership costs have risen
more rapidly than rental costs, this effect can change
direction as economic conditions affect house prices, in
terest rates, other components of homeownership costs,
and rental charges.
The weighting effect measures the impact on the price
measure of using weights for recent periods, compared
with the decade-old weighting structure of the CPI-U.
The weighting effect turned positive in the third quarter
after 4 negative quarters, but continued to be quite
small relative to the overall quarterly increase (only 0.2
percentage points relative to a quarterly change of ap
proximately 7 percent).
The “all other” effect, measured as the difference be
tween C P I-X l, a rental equivalency measure, and the PCE:
1972-Weight index, increased substantially in the third
quarter. This effect measures the influence of all dif
ferences between the CPI and PCE: Chain-Weight index
other than those which result from choice of weights
and housing treatment. Although a full explanation of
this source of price measure difference remains unclear,
depending as it does on a very large number of separate
factors, the influence of seasonal adjustment procedures
more than likely plays an important role. The fact that
over a period of several years quarterly effects for any
one year have shown a pattern of being low at the out
set of the year and then rising in the latter quarters
lends support to this view.
Reconciling cumulative changes. Table 2 updates the cu
mulative reconciliation of the CPI and PCE Deflator. The
general results, consistent with those of previous recon
ciliations, can be summarized as follows: (1) different
approaches to the measurement of housing costs have
accounted for approximately two-thirds of the cumula
tive difference between the two measures over the 197237
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • A natom y o f Price Change
Table 1. Reconciliation of annual and quarterly percent changes in the CPI-U and the Personal Consumption Expenditure
price measures, 1980 to 1982-111
19822
1981 ^
Difference
19801
19811
CPI-U3 ..........................................................
PCE: Chain-Weight4 ......................................
13.5
10.7
Total difference5 ..........................................
(CPI-U minus PCE: Chain-Weight)
Housing treatment®...............................
Weighting effect7 .................................
"All other” effect8 .................................
I
II
III
IV
1
II
III
10.4
9.1
11.0
10.3
7.8
7.4
11.8
8.0
7.7
7.2
3.2
5.2
4.6
3.7
7.6
6.7
2.8
1.3
0.7
0.4
3.8
0.5
-2 .0
0.9
0.9
2.3
0.5
0.0
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
-0 .3
0.5
0.3
-0 .4
2.7
-0 .4
1.5
-0.5
-0.1
1.1
-1.3
-0.4
-0.3
1.6
-0.4
-0.3
-0 .6
0.2
1.3
5 CPI-U minus “ PCE: Chain-Weight” equals the sum of “ housing treatment,” “ weighting" and
“ all other" effects.
6 Change in CPI-U minus change in CPI-X1. See September 1981 M onthly Labor Review, p.
21, for fuller explanation. Source of CPI-X1 data is same as footnote 3.
7 Change in “ PCE: 1972-Weight” minus change in “ PCE: Chain-Weight.” See September
1981 M onthly Labor Review, pp. 8-9, for fuller explanation. Data source for “ PCE:
1972-Weight” changes is same as for footnote 4.
8 Change in CPI-X1 minus change in “ PCE: 1972-Weight.” See September 1981 M onthly La
b o r Review, p.6, for fuller explanation.
1Owing to the July 1982 revision of data produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis,
U.S, Department of Commerce, the annual and quarterly figures may differ slightly from
those which appeared in earlier articles in this series.
2 Seasonally adjusted annual rates.
3Annual and quarterly changes in the CPI-U are taken from tables provided by the Office
of Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. The changes are compiled from
1967-based indexes.
4 Data for the "PCE: Chain-Weight” were obtained from the Bureau of Economic Analysis,
U.S. Department of Commerce.
Table 2. Reconciliation of the CPI-U and the Personal Consumption Expenditure price measures cumulative change from
1972 to the date shown
1982
19811
1980
1981
CPI-U (1972-100)2 ....................
PCE Deflator (1972=100)3 . . . .
(Current-Weight)
197.0
179.2
Total difference4 ........................
(CPI-U minus PCE Deflator)
Housing treatment5 .............
Weighting effect® ...............
“ All other" effect7 ...............
Difference
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
217.4
194.5
210.3
189.2
214.3
192.6
220.4
196.4
224.6
199.8
226.3
202.2
228.9
204.0
234.2
207.5
17.8
22.9
21.1
21.7
24.0
24.8
24.1
24.9
26.7
11.7
5.6
0.5
14.5
7.6
13.3
7.4
0.4
13.7
7.6
0.4
15.4
7.5
1.1
15.5
7.7
1.6
15.3
7.7
1.1
16.0
7.7
1.2
17.0
7.7
2.0
as
' Owing to changes in seasonal adjustment factors and to the July 1982 revision of data
produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, annual and
quarterly figures may differ slightly from those which appeared in earlier articles in this se
ries.
2Annual data for the CPI-U are annual averages, 1972=100. The quarterly data for 1981
and 1982 were computed by the Office of Research and Evaluation, employing seasonally
adjusted monthly data provided by the Office of Prices and Living Conditions.
3 Data for the Implicit PCE Deflator, or “ PCE: Current-Weight” index, were provided by the
Bureau of Economic Analysis. The data incorporate revisons released in August 1982.
1982 period; (2) as expected, the impact of choosing
weights from different periods has increased as intervals
lengthen, yet the total effect of weighting differences
over a 10-year period is only 7.7 index points over an
interval during which the price level doubled; and (3)
despite significant differences between procedures for
compiling and computing the two measures, all other
factors have made only a very small contribution to the
overall divergence.
Result (1) stands out as having particular significance
at this time. Last month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
changed the procedures used to compile the
homeownership component of the CPI. The new ap
proach— rental equivalence (a derivation of C P I-X l)— is
in concept akin to that followed by the Bureau of
38
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4 CPI-U minus PCE Deflator equals the sum of “ housing treatment", “ weighting” and “ all oth
er” effects.
5 CPI-U minus CPI-X1. See September 1981 M onthly Lab or Review, p. 5, for fuller explana
tion. Data source for the CPI-X1 is the same as footnote 2.
6 "PCE: 1972-Weight” minus “ PCE: Current-Weight.” See September 1981 M onthly Labor
Review, p. 6, for fuller explanation. Data source for the “ PCE: 1972-Weight” is same as foot
note 3.
7 CPI-X1 minus “ PCE: 1972-Weight.” See September 1981 M onthly Labor Review, p. 6, for
fuller explanation.
Economic Analysis in its compilation of the PCE De
flator. Hence, future reconciliations beginning with the
first quarter should show less disparity in movements of
the two measures.
□
--------- F O O T N O T E S ---------1The initial reconciliation and technical basis for the analysis are
contained in Jack E. Triplett, “ Reconciling the cpi and pc e Deflator,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , September 1981, pp. 3-15. Subsequent recon
ciliations appeared in the January, May, July and October 1982 issues
of the M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w .
2As discussed in Triplett, pp.7, 13-14, the PCE Deflator, a Paascheformula index, cannot be used for this reconciliation because Paasche
formulas lend themselves to statistical interpretation only when refer
ring to the base year (in this case, 1972).
Research
Summaries
Recent trends in higher education
and labor force activity
a
Table 1. Labor force status of persons 25 to 64 years
old, by sex, and years of school completed, March 1982
[Numbers in thousands]
Both
sexes
Men
Women
Population, total .........................................................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ...................................
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ........................................
4 years o n ly ........................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs ........................................
4 years or m o re .................................
109,680
11,411
13,829
44,595
18,290
21,555
52,840
5,828
6,326
19,127
8,969
12,587
56,842
5,582
7,504
25,468
9,321
8,968
Labor force, total .......................................................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ...................................
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs .......................................
4 years o n ly ........................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs ........................................
4 years or m o re .................................
82,016
6,365
8,987
33,235
14,616
18,812
47,144
4,273
5,279
17,347
8,235
12,012
34,870
2,092
3,708
15,890
6,382
6,799
Labor force participation r a te ......................................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ...................................
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ........................................
4 years o n ly ........................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs ........................................
4 years or m o re .................................
74.8
55.8
65.0
74.5
79.9
87.3
89.2
73.3
83.4
90.7
91.8
95.4
61.3
37.5
49.4
62.4
68.5
75.8
Unemployment ra te .....................................................
Elementary: 8 years or le s s ...................................
High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ........................................
4 years o n ly ........................................
College:
1 to 3 y e a rs ........................................
4 years or m o re .................................
7.6
13.2
12.1
8.5
7.9
12.8
12.7
9.3
6 .2
6 .8
3.0
2.9
7.2
14.0
11.2
7.8
5.3
3.2
Labor force status and
years of school completed
A nne M cD ougall Y oung
Education traditionally has provided a path to the most
desirable jobs and career advancement. Even in a slug
gish economy, higher education provides considerable
advantages in the job market, as demonstrated by the
consistently lower-than-average unemployment rates of
college graduates. Recent statistics on the employment
status of workers as it relates to their educational at
tainment, show that the premium associated with higher
education still holds.1
About 1 of 4 persons age 25 to 64 in the work force
had completed 4 years or more of college in March
1982 (table 1), compared with 1 of 7 persons in March
1970. The increase reflects, in large part, the growth of
the population 25 to 34 years old— the baby-boom gen
eration born in the decade following World War II.
One-third of the 25- to 64-year-old work force were in
this age group in 1982, and 26 percent of them had
graduated from college.
In 1982, as in other years, the highest labor force
participation rates and lowest unemployment rates were
recorded by college graduates— whether men or women
or black, white, or Hispanic (table 2). For example, at
87 percent, the labor force participation rate for all col
lege graduates topped the rate for high school graduates
(75 percent) by a wide margin. Unemployment rates
were 3.0 percent for college graduates and 8.5 percent
for high school graduates. More specifically, 94 percent
of the black male college graduates were in the work
force, and their unemployment rate was 8.9 percent.
Comparable rates for black men with only a high
school diploma were 86 percent and 17.3 percent.
Male college graduates had roughly the same labor
force participation rates regardless of their race or eth
nic group. Among female college graduates, the partici-
Anne McDougall Young is an economist in the Division of Labor
Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N
ote
:
Because of rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal totals.
pation rate for blacks has been substantially higher than
for whites. In recent years, however, white women in
the college graduate group have increased their rate of
labor force participation, while the rate for black wom
en has remained about the same. As a result, the gap
between their rates has narrowed substantially, as
shown below:
1982
1970
W h ite B la c k
C h an ge
W h ite B la c k
C hange
Total, 25-64
years . . .
48
59
11
61
65
4
High school:
Less than 4
years . . .
4 years only
42
50
51
66
9
16
43
62
49
70
6
8
49
76
27
67
81
14
59
92
33
75
89
14
College:
1 to 3 years.
4 years or
more . . .
39
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Research Summaries
Table 2. Labor force status of persons 25 to 64 years old by race, Hispanic origin, and years of school completed,
March 1982
[Numbers in thousands]
Men
Labor force status and
years of school completed
White
Blaek
Population, to ta l...............................................................................................
Elementary: 8 years or less .......................................................................
High school: 1 to 3 years ...........................................................................
4 years o n ly ...........................................................................
College:
1 to 3 years ...........................................................................
4 years or more .....................................................................
46,452
4,728
5,222
16,974
7,921
11,607
5,076
960
996
1,791
818
512
Labor force, to ta l.............................................................................................
Elementary: 8 years or less .......................................................................
High school: 1 to 3 years ...........................................................................
4 years o n ly ...........................................................................
College:
1 to 3 years ...........................................................................
4 years or more .....................................................................
41,810
3,538
4,394
15,492
7,294
11,092
Labor force participation rate .........................................................................
Elementary: 8 years or less .......................................................................
High school: 1 to 3 years ...........................................................................
4 years o n ly ...........................................................................
College:
1 to 3 years ...........................................................................
4 years or more .....................................................................
Unemployment r a te .........................................................................................
Elementary: 8 years or less .......................................................................
High school: 1 to 3 years ...........................................................................
4 years o n ly ...........................................................................
College:
1 to 3 years ...........................................................................
4 years or more ..................................................................
N ote :
Women
Hispanic
White
Black
Hispanic
2,815
1,036
371
758
374
277
49,027
4,339
5,891
22,632
8,183
7,983
6,353
999
1,460
2,363
934
597
3,243
1,238
484
970
333
217
4,196
543
797
1,538
733
483
2,564
895
328
727
359
255
29,822
1,581
2,850
13,941
5,474
5,975
4,122
413
783
1,643
753
533
1,708
462
234
616
233
162
90.0
74.8
84.1
91.3
92.1
95.6
82.7
67.0
80.0
85.9
89.6
94.3
91.1
86.4
88.4
95.9
96.0
92.1
60.8
36.4
48.4
61.6
66.9
75.8
64.9
41.3
53.6
69.5
80.6
89.3
52.7
37.3
48.3
63.5
70.0
74.7
7.2
12.0
12.6
8.3
6.0
2.6
15.0
17.3
12.9
17.3
14.6
8.9
10.5
13.4
14.3
8.8
7.8
4.7
6.4
14.5
10.4
6.8
4.6
3.1
12.8
11.4
15.1
15.6
10.6
5.4
11.1
18.0
18.4
7.0
5.6
4.9
.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Like women college graduates, the difference between
white and black participation rates decreased in other
education groups. Most of the change was accounted
for by women in the 25 to 34 age group.
A disaggregation of the college graduate labor force
by marital status explains more of the differential in la
bor force rates between these white and black women.
In March 1982, the rate for black married women with
a college education was 20 percentage points higher
than that for whites, as shown below:
W h ite
B la c k
S in gle............................ ..............
93
96
Married, spouse present . ..............
68
88
Separated or divorced . . ..............
91
89
Even though relatively fewer black than white college
graduates were married (54 compared to 62 percent),
the considerably higher level of labor force activity
among black wives was enough to raise the overall level
substantially.
Occupations
The kinds of jobs held by college graduates have be
come more diverse since 1970, with a much smaller pro
portion in the professional and technical fields (table 3).
The sluggish business conditions of March 1982 might
have accounted for some of the change, but the long
term trend reflects both shifts in the demand for certain
occupations and the impact of the baby-boom genera
tion as it matured and entered the labor force.2
40
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In 1970, 65 percent of all 25- to 64-year-old college
graduates were professional and technical workers.^
From 1970 to 1982, a combination of factors such as
population growth, increased labor force participation
by women, financial support from parents, and large
scale aid to higher education by all levels of govern
ment, helped to more than double the number of work
ers who were college graduates— from 8.6 to 18.9
million. By 1982, only 54 percent of these graduates
were professional and technical workers.
Table 3. Occupation of the total experienced labor force
and of college graduates, age 25 to 64
Total
Occupation
College graduates
1970
census
March
1982
1970
census
March
1982
Number (thousands) .........
Percent .............................
60,916
100.0
82,096
100.0
8,616
100.0
18,943
100.0
White-collar workers...............................
Professional and technical..................
Managers ..........................................
S ales...................................................
Clerical ..............................................
47.9
15.6
9.5
6.8
15.9
54.6
18.5
13.0
6.1
17.0
94.1
64.6
16.2
6.6
6.6
89.6
53.9
20.1
7.7
7.8
Blue-collar workers ...............................
Crafts .................................................
Operatives, except transport.............
Transport equipment operatives.........
Nonfarm la borers...............................
37.5
15.4
14.2
4.1
3.8
31.7
13.9
10.6
3.6
3.6
3.9
2.4
.8
.3
.3
6.0
3.6
1.2
.5
.7
Service w orkers......................................
11.7
11.5
1.4
3.5
Farmers and farmworkers......................
3.0
2.1
.7
9
Total:
N ote : Data for 1970 are from the Decennial Census. Data for 1982 are from special
tabulations of the March 1982 Current Population Survey. The experienced labor force in
cludes both employed and unemployed workers by occupation of most recent employment.
Table 4. Unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years
old, by occupation of last job, years of school completed,
and sex, March 1982
______________
Sex and occupation
Less than
4 years
high school
High school,
4 years
only
College, College,
1 to 3 4 years
years or more
Men
Total ...............................................
Professional and technical
workers .................................
Managers and administrators . . .
Salesworkers.............................
Clerical workers ........................
Craftworkers .............................
Operatives, except transport . . .
Transport equipment operatives .
Nonfarm laborers ......................
Service workers ........................
Farmers and farm workers.........
12.6
9.0
6.6
2.8
5.9
4.6
9.1
6.8
14.3
14.7
12.4
18.6
8.6
7.5
4.5
2.8
4.3
6.0
9.8
14.5
11.1
18.2
8.7
4.0
4.2
3.8
5.3
5.6
6.8
12.0
15.9
13.5
9.1
3.2
1.7
1.7
3.0
3.2
8.6
18.3
16.6
19.3
6.5
11.9
7.7
5.3
3.2
7.4
5.5
5.8
9.5
9.6
16.5
8.9
14.0
8.7
32.0
4.1
3.1
7.3
6.3
7.3
16.6
6.4
12.2
7.8
3.6
2.7
4.7
4.9
5.2
9.8
12.9
(’ )
7.0
2.3
4.3
3.6
4.7
7.4
(’ )
4.6
-
“
Women
Total ...............................................
Professional and technical
workers .................................
Managers and administrators . . .
Salesworkers.............................
Clerical workers ........................
Craftworkers .............................
Operatives, except transport . . .
Transport equipment operatives .
Nonfarm laborers ......................
Farmers and farm workers.........
1Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Dashes indicate fewer than 1,000 persons unemployed.
The decline in the proportion of college graduates in
professional and technical occupations reflects, in part,
a slowdown in employment growth in the teaching pro
fessions as the number of children age 6 to 17 declined
considerably.4 Some of the shift out of professional and
technical occupations represents an increase in the de
mand for other skills which require more than a high
school education. For instance, college graduates have
benefited from the growth of business enterprises which
needed an increasing number of technically sophisticat
ed managers. Also, many sales jobs now require exten
sive technical knowledge in order to make an effective
presentation of the product. Some college graduates
also have shifted into clerical, craft, and service jobs
because of their location, work schedules, or because of
a preference for manual work. However, the increase in
the proportion of college graduates in these three occu
pations, from 10 percent in 1970 to 15 percent in 1982
would seem to represent some “underemployment” as
defined by Clifford Clogg and others.5 Certainly, the 16
years or more of school they had completed, compared
with the median of slightly more than 12 years for all
persons in these occupations, indicates substantially
more formal education than needed. The “mismatch”
of education to occupation seems clear, even though
the requirements for entering or advancing in some
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specific jobs within these occupations may have in
creased.
For the 1980’s, BLS has projected a surplus of be
tween 2 and 3 million college graduates who will enter
the labor force.6 Based on past records, relatively few of
these graduates are likely to be unemployed. As shown
in table 4, the advantage of more education apparently
was sufficient enough for college graduates to have a
lower unemployment rate in most occupations. For ex
ample, in March 1982, the unemployment rate for male
salesworkers with a college degree was 3.0 percent,
compared with 9.1 percent for salesworkers with less
than 4 years of high school.
The main exceptions were among men in operative
and laborers jobs, where a college education is obvious
ly of little advantage. For the relatively small group of
college graduates in the operative field, the relatively
high unemployment rate may mean that recent gradu
ates had to settle for some of these jobs and were then
laid oflf during the 1981-82 downturn in business condi
tions.
Among women, unemployment rates for college grad
uates were about half those for workers with less than a
high school diploma, and also much lower than for
high school graduates in most occupational groups.
This indicates that, rather than raising their unemploy
ment, the “oversupply”7 of college graduates may sim
ply steer more and more of them toward jobs which
have not traditionally required a college education.
□
--------- F O O T N O T E S ---------' Data for this report are based primarily on special annual tabula
tions of information obtained through the Current Population Survey
(CPS), conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
Bureau of the Census. The data relate to the civilian noninstitutional
population 16 years and over (unless otherwise specified) in the week
ending March 13, 1982. Because the estimates are based on a sample,
they may differ from the figures that would have been obtained from
a complete census. Sampling variability may be relatively large in
cases where the numbers are small. Small estimates, or small differ
ences between estimates, should be interpreted with caution. This re
port is the latest in a series on this subject. The most recent was
Anne McDougall Young, “Educational attainment of workers, 1981,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April 1982, pp. 52-55. Data on the education
al attainment of the population are published by the Bureau of the
Census in C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts , Series P-20.
2 O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k f o r C o lle g e G r a d u a te s, 1 9 7 8 - 7 9 E d itio n , Bul
letin 1956 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978).
3 1 9 7 0 C en su s o f th e P o p u la tio n , O c c u p a tio n a l C h a r a c te r istic s , PC(2)7A, table 8 (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census).
4 Bureau of Labor Statistics, S p e c ia l L a b o r F o rce R e p o r t 1 3 4 , and
U.S. Department of Labor News Release 82-276.
’ Clifford C. Clogg, M e a s u r in g U n d e r e m p lo y m e n t (New York, Aca
demic Press, 1979), p. 223.
6Jon Sargent, “The Job Outlook for College Graduates,” O c c u p a
tio n a l O u tlo o k Q u a r te rly , Summer 1982, p. 7.
7 Richard Freeman, T h e O v e r e d u c a te d A m e r ic a n (Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University Press, 1976).
41
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Research Summaries
Pay in petroleum refineries
outpaces manufacturing rise
Wage levels of production and related workers in petro
leum refineries rose 57 percent (9.4 percent a year) from
April 1976 to May 1981, according to the latest occu
pational wage survey of this industry.1For all manufac
turing industries, wage levels increased an average of
8.5 percent annually, according to the wage and salary
component of the Employment Cost Index. The larger
pay gains in the petroleum industry reflect increases
specified in collective bargaining agreements, typically
renegotiated every 2 years. The contracts, chiefly with
the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers International
Union ( o c a w , AFL-Cio), covered nearly seven-eighths of
the workers surveyed in May 1981.
Since the survey, wage rates rose by 9 percent in Jan
uary 1982 and by an additional 90 cents per hour (ap
proximately 7.1 percent) in January 1983 in agreements
between the OCAW and the major oil producers. Provi
sions for automatic cost-of-living wage adjustments
( c o l a ) are rare in oil refineries; none, in fact, was found
in facilities under o c a w agreements.
Slightly more than nine-tenths of the 65,500 produc
tion workers covered by the May 1981 study had
straight-time hourly earnings within the narrow $10$13 range; the average for all production workers was
$11.58. This narrow earnings distribution reflects the
relatively large proportion of skilled workers in the in
dustry, the high degree of collective bargaining with a
single union, the predominance of pattern bargaining,
and the prevalence of single-rate pay plans (covering
three-fourths of the workers). Among the eight geo
graphic regions studied, average pay levels ranged from
$10.32 in the Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas
region (and $10.34 in Western Pennsylvania-West Vir
ginia) to $11.87 on the East Coast. The Texas-Louisiana
Gulf Coast, employing two-fifths of the work force, av
eraged $11.73. Pay levels also were tabulated by size of
community and size of establishment. (See table 1.)
The industry’s overall pay level is strongly influenced
by the relatively large number of skilled workers. For
example, one-fourth of all production workers surveyed
were either chief operators or assistant operators— two
highly skilled positions which involve monitoring the
separation of crude oil into its various components; and
one-fifth were skilled maintenance workers. By contrast,
janitors, maintenance trades helpers, and laborers to
gether made up fewer than one-tenth of the work force.
Nevertheless, wage rates paid to lower skilled workers
were considerably higher than the pay levels for work
ers in the same occupations in industries with less
unionization and which were less capital-intensive.2
Among the individual occupations,3 average hourly
42
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earnings ranged from $9.81 for janitors to $12.55 for
chief operators. (See table 1.) This 28-percent earnings
spread contrasts with a 37-percent differential recorded
in April 1976. Uniform cents-per-hour pay adjustments
often stipulated in the industry’s collective bargaining
agreements contributed to the narrowed differential.
Assistant operators, the largest occupational group
studied separately, averaged $11.87 per hour. Other nu
merically im portant processing jobs and their averages
included pumpers, $12; chief operators’ helpers, $11.40;
and laborers, $9.83.
The industry’s tight clustering of rates is even more
evident within individual occupations. For the occupa
tions surveyed separately, the spread of earnings for the
middle 50 percent of workers was typically less than $1
an hour. For each of the nine skilled maintenance
trades, the middle range covered less than 35 cents. The
industry’s overall index of dispersion (computed by di
viding the middle range of the earnings distribution by
the median) was 11— among the lowest of the indus
tries regularly studied by the Bureau. The dispersion in
dex was less than 3 percent for each of the nine
journeyman maintenance jobs, while other production
occupations generally registered from 3 to 10 percent.
Nearly all refinery workers were provided paid holi
days, vacations, and at least part of the cost of life, hos
pitalization, surgical, basic medical, and major medical
insurance, as well as retirement plans. Typically, workers
received 10 paid holidays annually, and vacation pay
ments of 2 weeks after 1 year of service, 3 weeks after 5
years, 4 weeks after 10 years, 5 weeks after 20 years, and
6 weeks after 30 years. Health plans were usually fi
nanced jointly by the employers and employees.
A comprehensive report on the survey findings, Indus
try Wage Survey: Petroleum Refining, May 1981 (Bulletin
2143), is available from the Government Printing Office,
or from any of the Bureau’s regional offices.
--------- F O O T N O T E S ---------1The surveys included refineries employing 100 workers or more at
the time of reference of the universe data, and engaged primarily in
producing gasoline, lubricants, and other products from crude petro
leum and its fractionation products (industry 2911 as defined in the
1 9 7 2 S t a n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M a n u a l, prepared by the U.S.
Office of Management and Budget.) Earnings data exclude premium
pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
For summary findings of the June 1976 study, see Carl Barsky, “Oc
cupational wage levels cluster in petroleum refineries,” M o n th ly L a b o r
R e v ie w , June 1977, 54-56. For full details, see I n d u s tr y W a g e S u rv e y:
P e tr o le u m R efin in g , A p r il 1 9 7 6 , Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin
1948.
2For example, the average pay level for janitors in refineries was
$9.81 an hour, 37 percent above the $7.16 all-manufacturing average
reported for janitors in the Nation’s metropolitan areas in July 1981.
See O c c u p a tio n a l E a rn in g s in A l l M e tr o p o lita n A re a s, J u ly 1 9 8 1 , Sum
mary 82-7 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1982).
3The occupations studied separately accounted for 73 percent of the
production workers covered by the survey and represent the range of
skills and pay levels found in the industry.
Table 1. Average straight-time hourly earnings and number of production workers in petroleum refineries by selected
characteristics, United States and regions, May 1981_________________________ ____________________ __________ ____
United States
Characteristic
All production workers1 ...............
Size of community:
Metropolitan areas2 .............
Nonmetropolitan areas.........
Size of establishment:
100-999 workers..................
1000 workers or m o re .........
East Coast
Western
Pennsylvania West Virginia
Midwest I
Midwest II
TexasLouisiana
Gulf Coast
Texas InlandNorth
LouisianaArkansas
Rocky
Mountain
West Coast
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Aver
Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age
of
of
of
of
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
65,566
$11.58
7,056
$11.87
1,863
$10.34
9,657
$11.74
6,125
$11.25
25,839
$11.73
4,019
$10.32
2,095
$11.61
8,912
$11.77
52,167
13,399
11.66
11.25
6,990
—
11.92
—
591
1,272
10.66
10.18
8,279
1,378
11.72
11.88
2,700
3,425
11.28
11.22
21,583
4,256
11.75
11.67
1,550
2,469
9.50
10.83
1,562
533
11.64
11.52
8,912
11.77
6,503
11.88
—
36,865
28,701
11.38
11.83
2,980
4,076
11.75
11.96
1,863
—
10.34
—
6,474
3,183
11.73
11.76
6,125
—
11.25
—
6,806
19,033
11.38
11.86
4,019
10.32
2,095
11.61
836
595
1,307
1,388
1,574
1,675
2,785
12.16
12.10
12.14
10.46
12.17
12.19
12.04
133
60
148
—
12.29
12.33
12.37
—
12.33
12.37
12.48
—
10
26
69
21
11
34
—
10.07
10.64
9.07
10.75
10.85
10.69
106
47
174
170
215
222
803
12.04
12.18
12.16
10.78
12.20
12.12
11.97
—
24
91
105
109
44
346
—
11.68
11.84
10.94
11.83
11.74
11.92
376
295
571
492
708
650
965
12.16
12.16
12.29
10.69
12.29
12.21
12.09
10
25
76
263
65
26
—
11.01
11.35
11.03
9.81
11.08
11.51
—
—
18
43
—
42
44
191
—
12.09
12.12
—
12.18
12.12
11.97
168
116
178
128
255
392
12.29
12.20
12.27
10.46
12.27
12.20
1,154
2,448
1,156
12.02
12.10
12.07
—
—
305
186
—
12.29
12.34
52
44
—
10.51
10.35
—
404
139
—
12.14
12.18
185
163
79
11.76
11.87
11.77
652
1,070
444
12.21
12.18
12.18
108
—
69
10.90
—
11.40
20
77
36
12.24
12.16
12.10
46
307
159
12.39
12.20
12.22
Processing
Assistant operators......................
Chief operators ...........................
Chief operators' helpers .............
Compounders .............................
Laborers ......................................
Loaders, tank cars or trucks . . . .
Package fillers, m achine.............
Pumpers ......................................
Pumpers’ helpers........................
Treaters, oils ...............................
Treaters' helpers, o ils ..................
10,240
7,041
3,151
235
3,014
990
395
1,406
611
526
75
11.87
12.55
11.40
11.82
9.83
10.59
10.81
12.00
11.41
11.05
11.37
997
449
274
34
140
37
78
214
52
28
14
12.30
13.08
11.87
12.41
10.74
10.34
10.82
12.61
11.66
12.48
11.52
54
165
60
27
112
17
51
47
—
55
10.62
11.14
10.38
10.67
10.00
10.36
10.67
10.47
—
10.26
1,803
986
389
—
472
226
1,060
562
219
20
524
155
68
181
38
63
11.58
12.19
11.04
11.73
9.72
10.80
11.06
11.47
10.76
11.11
3,872
3,169
1,575
52
1,064
96
163
421
359
—
11.84
12.69
11.40
12.47
9.72
11.01
10.77
12.34
11.55
—
533
520
217
38
372
286
—
122
21
32
10.89
11.50
10.37
10.89
9.29
9.25
—
10.31
10.29
9.22
363
223
74
—
166
41
253
38
31
12.11
12.70
12.02
—
10.44
11.31
—
12.42
11.54
12.32
65
22
—
11.90
12.58
11.79
—
9.13
11.42
—
12.27
11.92
—
1,558
967
343
22
164
132
—
103
73
40
11.92
12.67
11.31
11.98
10.13
11.51
—
11.77
11.18
11.99
Inspecting and testing
Routine testers, laboratory .........
2,650
11.49
193
12.06
90
10.50
381
11.61
279
11.25
1,134
11.80
225
10.01
81
11.49
267
11.44
Recording and control
Stock cle rks .................................
604
11.26
65
11.31
11
10.26
85
11.20
37
10.94
324
11.42
28
10.28
10
11.52
44
11.23
Material movement
Truckdrivers.................................
Power-truck operators ...............
Forklift .................................
Other than forklift ................
836
311
242
69
9.99
11.00
10.88
11.44
84
—
10.86
—
29
41
10.09
10.64
—
53
10.76
193
10.96
56
9.44
21
10
11.48
11.30
58
11.04
Custodial
Guards ........................................
Janito rs........................................
469
232
10.43
9.81
76
16
10.81
3.38
10.37
10.09
34
50
10.42
10.11
236
30
10.54
10.38
—
14
8.92
Selected occupations
Maintenance
Boilermakers, maintenance.........
Carpenters, maintenance ...........
Electricians, maintenance ...........
Helpers, maintenance trades . . . .
Instrument repairers ....................
Machinists, maintenance.............
Mechanics, general......................
Mechanics, maintenance
(machinery) .............................
Pipefitters, maintenance .............
Welders, hand, maintenance . . . .
159
286
299
—
8
—
9.19
—
60
68
1Virtually all workers were men.
2 Standard metropolitan statistical areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and
Budget through February 1974.
N ote : Earnings exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
The regions used in this survey are defined as follows: East Coast — Connecticut, Delaware, Dis
trict of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jer
sey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and the
following counties in Pennsylvania: Bradford, Columbia, Dauphin, Montour, Northumberland, Sulli
van, York, and all counties east thereof; Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia— West Virginia and
those counties in Pennsylvania not included in the East Coast region; Midwest I — Illinois, Indiana,
Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee; Midwest II — Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missou
ri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; Texas-Louisiana
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
19
—
8.76
—
—
—
30
27
10.57
10.14
Gulf Coast— the following counties in Texas: Aransas, Brazoria, Calhoun, Cameron, Chambers,
Fort Bend, Galveston, Hardin, Harris, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Kenedy, Kleberg, Liberty,
Matagorda, Montgomery, Newton, Nueces, Orange, Polk, Refugio, San Jacinto, San Patricio, Ty
ler, Victoria, Waller, Wharton, and Willacy; the following parishes in Louisiana: Avoyelles, East
Feliciana, Pointe Coupee, St. Helena, Tangipahoa, Vernon, Rapides, Washington, and West
Feliciana, and all parishes south thereof; the following counties in Mississippi: George, Hancock,
Harrison, Jackson, Pearl River, and Stone; and the following counties in Alabama: Baldwin and
Mobile; Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas — Arkansas and New Mexico and those parts of
the States of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas not included in the Texas-Louisiana
Gulf Coast; Rocky Mountain — Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming; and West Coast
— Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Alaska and Hawaii were excluded from
the survey.
Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria.
43
M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth
This list of collective bargaining agreements expiring in March is based on contracts on file in the
Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000
workers or more.
Employer and location
Industry
Labor organization'
Number of
workers
American Airlines, Inc., Flight Attendants (Interstate)2
Air transportation.................
Anchor Hocking Corp. (Interstate).............................
Stone, clay, and glass products
Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.:
Connecticut Chapter, 2 agreements.................
San Antonio Chapter (T exas)...........................
Construction
Construction
Carpenters
Carpenters
2,300
Borg-Wamer Corp., Warner Gear Division (Muncie, I n d .) .........................
Brockway Glass Co., Inc. (Interstate) ...........................................................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Stone, clay, and glass products
2,000
7,150
Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corp. (Louisville, K y .) ..............................
Tobacco.....................................
Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corp. (Interstate) .....................................
Tobacco.....................................
Builders Association of Missouri, 2 agreements (Kansas and Missouri) . . .
Construction.............................
Auto W orkers............................. ..
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
Laborers and Teamsters (Ind.) . . .
California Metal Trades Association (California)..........................................
Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., and Subsidiaries (O h io )...........................
Connecticut Construction Industries Association, Inc. (Connecticut)
Connecticut Construction Industries Association, Inc., 5 divisions
(Connecticut and New York)
Construction Industries Association of Western Massachusetts, Inc.
(Massachusetts)
Fabricated metal products . . .
Utilities .....................................
Construction.............................
Construction..............................
Machinists .........................
Independent Utilities Union
Carpenters .........................
Operating Engineers..........
2,000
Construction
Operating Engineers
1.500
Association of Professional Flight
Attendants (Ind.)
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
6,200
4,200
1,000
2,400
2,150
3,350
1,200
6.500
2,800
Dairy Employers Labor Council (Washington)
Food products
Teamsters (Ind.)
1,000
Food Market Agreement (Minneapolis, Minn.)3
Retail trade
Food and Commercial Workers
7,000
General Telephone Company of California (California)
Glass Containers Corp. (Interstate).............................
Communication......................
Stone, clay, and glass products
20,500
4,000
Glass Containers Corp. (California)..............................
Stone, clay, and glass products
H.J. Heinz, Heinz U.S.A. Division (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Food products ......................
Communications W orkers..........
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
Food and Commercial Workers .
Indian Head, Inc. (Interstate)
Stone, glass, and clay products
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
2,050
Master Food and Liquor Agreement (Sacramento, Calif.)3
Meat Market Agreement (Minneapolis, Minn.)3 ...............
Metal Trades Independent Companies (California)3 ..........
Metropak Containers Corp. (Interstate)..............................
Retail trade ...........................
Retail trade ...........................
Fabricated metal products . .
Stone, clay, and glass products
4,600
Michigan Distribution Contractors Association (Michigan)
Moving and Storage Industry of New York (New York)3 .
Construction...........................
Trucking ................................
Food and Commercial Workers .
Food and Commercial Workers .
Machinists ..................................
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
Laborers.......................................
Teamsters (Ind.) .........................
National Broadcasting Co., Inc. (Interstate)............................................
National Can Co., Foster-Forbes Glass Co. Division (Interstate)..........
Communication......................
Stone, clay, and glass products
1,600
2,000
National Electrical Contractors Association, Rocky Mountain Chapter,
Inside Wiring (Colorado)
North American Rayon Corp. (Elizabethton, Tenn.) ..............................
Construction...........................
Broadcast Employees and Technicians .
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
Electrical Workers (IBEW) .................
Chemicals
Textile Workers
1,450
Owens-Illinois, Inc., Forming Department (Interstate)..........
Stone, clay, and glass products
Stone, clay, and glass products
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
1,950
Owens-Illinois, Inc., Production and Maintenance (Interstate)
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,000
1,800
1,000
2,450
1,700
2,000
2,200
2,000
12,400
Continued—Major Agreements Expiring Next Month
Employer and location
Industry
Pet, Inc., Whitman Chocolates Division (Philadelphia, P a .).........................
Food products ........................
Philadelphia Food Stores (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware)3 . . . .
Printing Industries of Metropolitan New York, Inc. (New York and
New Jersey)
Retail trade .............................
Printing and Publishing ..........
Restaurant-Hotel Employers’ Council of Southern California, Inc.
(California)
Rockwell International Corp. (Richland, W ash.)...................................... .
Restaurants .............................
Labor organization1
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
Food and Commercial W orkers..........
Printing and Graphic Communications
Union
Number of
workers
1,000
5,000
2,000
10,000
Chemicals..................................
Hotel Employees and Restaurant
Employees
Directly Affiliated U n io n s....................
St. Paul Food Retailers Association (Minnesota)..........................................
Retail trade .............................
Food and Commercial W orkers..........
3,100
Thatcher Glass Manufacturing Co. (Interstate)............................................
Stone, clay, and glass products
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied
Workers
4,100
United Airlines, Inc., Flight Attendants (Interstate)2 ..................................
USAIR, Flight Attendants (Interstate)2 .........................................................
Air transportation....................
Air transportation....................
Association of Flight Attendants . . . .
Association of Flight Attendants . . . .
9,300
1,660
Wyman-Gordon Co., Inc. (Worcester and Grafton, M a ss.).........................
Primary m e ta ls.........................
Steelworkers ..........................................
1,400
Xerox Corp. (Rochester, N .Y .).......................................................................
Instruments .............................
Clothing and Textile Workers ............
5,000
Yosemite Park and Curry Co. (California)..................................... ..............
H o te ls.......................................
Service Employees ................................
1,700
1Affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent (Ind.).
information is from newspaper reports.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,400
industry area (group of companies signing the same contract),
45
Developments in
Industrial Relations
Chrysler-UAW settlement
The round of bargaining in the automobile industry
was concluded in early December when Chrysler Corp.
and the United Auto Workers (uaw ) agreed on a
13-month contract that included an immediate specified
wage increase, a major UAW demand in the negotiations
that began 5 months earlier. The 44,000 workers have
not had a wage increase since 1979 because of Chrysler’s precarious financial condition, and had over
whelmingly rejected a September accord because it did
not provide for an “up front” guaranteed pay increase.
Despite the rejection, the workers did not strike and ne
gotiations continued, with Chrysler sticking to its asser
tion that it could not afford an increase. In early
November, the negotiations reached an impasse and
were broken off, but the workers still did not strike,
opting to remain on the job until early January, when
negotiations were expected to resume. Actually, negotia
tions resumed later in November, resulting in the De
cember 9 settlement.
In a development that complicated the negotiations,
Chrysler’s 10,000 Canadian employees walked out in
early November. Shortly afterward, nearly 5,000 of the
U.S. workers were laid off because of the cessation of
the flow of parts between Chrysler plants in the two na
tions. The stoppage also raised the possibility of a gen
eral shutdown of Chrysler operations when parts
stockpiles were depleted. In their separate negotiations
with Chrysler, the Canadian UAW members contended
that they should receive a larger wage increase than the
American workers because Canada had a higher rate of
inflation and because the Canadian dollar was equal to
only about 80 percent of a U.S. dollar, which meant
that Canadian workers were penalized because they
were being paid the same nominal amount in their cur
rency as their American counterparts were paid in their
“Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben
of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from
secondary sources.
46
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
currency. This commonality of pay rates had developed
during the years when Chrysler workers in both nations
were covered by a single set of negotiations. The change
to separate negotiations occurred in 1980, when the Ca
nadian employees refused to accept the wage-and-benefit concessions the Americans accepted to aid Chrysler.
The immediate wage increase for Chrysler’s American
employees averaged 75 cents an hour. It consisted of a
3-percent increase in base rates and a 47-cent increase
in the cost-of-living allowance, including a 15-cent ad
justment retroactive to December 6 that resulted from
resumption of the quarterly adjustments that had been
suspended in 1981. (See Monthly Labor Review, March
1981, p. 73.)
For Chrysler’s Canadian workers, the immediate in
crease averaged $1.15 an hour or about 87 cents an
hour in U.S. currency. To some extent, the difference in
the increase for employees in the two nations was offset
by the fact that American workers retained provisions
for “Sunday bonus holidays” (two fall during the agree
ment term) and a stock purchase plan.
The 75-cent increase for Chrysler’s U.S. employees
narrowed the pay differential— estimated at $2.50 an
hour by UAW President Douglas Fraser— that had de
veloped between Chrysler and Ford-General Motors
workers as a result of the three concessionary settle
ments at Chrysler in 1979, 1980, and 1981. The Chrysler
accord provides for possible quarterly cost-of-living ad
justments in March, June, September, and December of
1983. The UAW valued these adjustments at 16 cents
each, based on its assumption that the price index used
in the formula will rise about 6 percent during the con
tract term. At Ford, workers received the 15-cent costof-living adjustment in December, but their 1982 settle
ment had deferred for 18 months each of the adjust
ments that normally would have been effective in
March, June, and September 1982. The same provisions
applied at General Motors, except that the December
adjustment was held to 5 cents (the other 10 cents was
deferred for 18 months) to equalize the total cost-of-liv
ing allowance with Ford’s allowance. (See Monthly La
bor Review, May 1982, pp. 59-60 for the GM terms and
April 1982, pp. 62-64 for the Ford terms.)
Under the Employee Stock Ownership Plan, which
was required under the Chrysler Corp. Loan Guarantee
Act of 1979, Chrysler’s U.S. employees will receive
more shares of company stock than originally planned
because they will now receive the shares that had been
destined for Canadian workers.
Other terms for the U.S. workers included:
• Modification of the absence control program. One
change in the plan clears all absenteeism records from
employee files as of February 1, 1983, giving all
workers a “clean slate” when the program starts.
Worker concern over the first version of the plan had
reportedly been one of the major reasons that led to
rejection of the September settlement.
• Termination of the profit-sharing plan in exchange for
the up-front pay gains provided by the new contract.
• Establishment of “Lifetime Job Security” projects
similar to those at GM and Ford. One difference at
Chrysler was the establishment of the “ Roundtable—
an Alliance for Progress” which will explore broad
companywide initiatives to save jobs and improve
worker participation in decisionmaking. One of the
Roundtable’s major functions will be to investigate
ways of returning “outsourced” (contracted out)
work to Chrysler workers under competitive condi
tions.
The new contract will expire on January 14, 1984, 8
months earlier than the Ford and GM contracts.
NFL strike ends
The longest strike in the history of professional athletics
in the United States ended on November 16, when the
National Football League Players’ Association and the
26-team league agreed on a 5-year contract. The 57-day
walkout meant that each team would play only 9 regu
lar games in the 1982 season, instead of 16. (Two games
were played before the start of the walkout.) The post
season playoff system also was temporarily revamped to
provide for the top eight teams in each of the two con
ferences to participate.
The settlement package, valued at about $1.28 billion
over 5 years, plus $60 million for one-time bonuses, in
cluded: bonuses, payable immediately, ranging from
$10,000 for rookies to $60,000 for veterans with at least
4 years of service; a minimum season salary scale rang
ing from $30,000 for rookies to $200,000 for 18-year
players for the 1982 season, $40,000 to $200,000 for the
1983 season, and $50,000 to $200,000 for the 1985 sea
son; establishment of severance pay of $40,000 for play
ers dropped after 4 seasons (longer-service players who
are cut from a team receive $10,000 more for each addi
tional year of play); $1 million major medical coverage
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(formerly $250,000); allowing rookie players to have
agents negotiate their individual salaries above the mini
mum (veterans also can continue to use agents, as long
as the agents are approved by the union, or the players
can authorize the union to negotiate their salaries); ex
tension of the period in which a team retains exclusive
rights to players who choose to start their careers in an
other league to 4 years (from 2), and the team retains
the right of first refusal.
The union did not win its demand that a stated per
centage of each team’s revenue be allocated for player
salaries. Initially, the union sought 55 percent of gross
revenue, then 50 percent of television revenue.
The only other times the union struck the league
were in 1974 and 1975, and neither strike lasted into
the regular season.
RCA settles with two electrical unions
Nearly 16,000 employees were covered by a settle
ment between two unions and RCA Corp. that was com
parable to the unions’ earlier pattern-setting accord
with the General Electric Co. (See Monthly Labor Re
view, September 1982, pp. 44-45.) The 3-year RCA ac
cord negotiated by the International Union of Electrical
Workers ( i u e ) and the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers ( i b e w ) provided for a 5-percent pay
increase on December 1, followed by 3-percent increases
on December 1 of 1983 and 1984. The employees also
will continue to receive automatic semiannual cost-ofliving adjustments of 1 cent an hour for each 0.2-per
cent rise in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage
Earners and Clerical Workers.
The employees’ concern over job cutbacks was eased
by an improvement in income extension aid assuring
half pay to age 55 for 30-year employees terminated be
cause of plant closings or product discontinuance.
Thereafter, they will receive pensions computed at full
benefit rates. Pension benefits were increased— in
March 1983, the new minimum rate will be $12 a
month for each year of credited service, increasing to
$14 in March 1984; the maximum rate was raised to
$16 plus one-twelfth of 1.6 percent of all preretirement
average annual earnings in excess of $15,600. As before,
employees have the option of a lump-sum payment at
retirement instead of regular monthly benefits.
The IUE now represents 5,200 workers at RCA plants
in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, compared with 8,000
in 1979, and an earlier peak of 24,000. The IBEW now
represents 10,500 workers, down from 14,000 in 1979.
Duffy elected to head Air Line Pilots
Delegates to the Air Line Pilot Association’s biennial
board of directors meeting elected Henry A. Duffy to
47
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Developments in Industrial Relations
head the union. The weighted vote tally by the 300 del
egates was 13,753 for Duffy, a Delta Air Lines pilot;
10,284 for John J. O’Donnell, the incumbent president;
and 3,209 for John Gratz, a Trans World Airlines pilot.
The delegates also elected Thomas M. Ashwood of TWA
as executive vice president, succeeding Gerry Pryde who
did not seek reelection; Charles J. Pierce of United Air
lines will succeed Ashwood as secretary.
Discussion at the meeting focused on the condition of
the industry. Duffy called for formation of a government-industry-labor committee to seek corrective mea
sures. The delegates also approved resolutions on a
number of pilot concerns, including job security, air
safety, and forced early retirements.
Logging workers’ pay based on production
In a major innovation in the forest products industry,
Crown Zellerbach Corp. and the Woodworkers’ union
negotiated a 5-year contract that replaced traditional
hourly wage scales with a system under which 500 log
ging employees will be treated more or less as contrac
tors, that is, they will be paid according to their output.
In return, the employees at the six Washington and Or
egon operations were given a voice in corporate
decisionmaking. This will be accomplished through
joint committees at each location.
Wilson J. Hubbell, first vice president of the union’s
Western Regional Council, indicated that one purpose
of the change in pay method was to stem the compa
ny’s increasing use of nonunion contract loggers. An
official of Crown Zellerbach said the agreement “gives
us the flexibility to involve them [employees] to the
maximum.”
According to the company, Joint Operations Com
mittees will be involved in activities such as resolving
pricing and pay issues; promoting worker productivity;
identifying and meeting training needs; reviewing peri
odic operating, financial, quality, and safety reports;
and setting and implementing affirmative action goals.
Under the “pay for production” system, crews of
workers will be paid strictly according to output. Also,
job classification will be abolished for the crew mem
bers, meaning that all members will receive the same
pay and will engage in all types of work within the
crew. In another change, the Joint Operations Commit
tees will plan time off according to the interests and
needs of individuals or groups, rather than adhering to
the previous rigid holiday and vacation schedules. Crown
Zellerbach will continue to provide insurance and pen
sion benefits, as well as equipment for the workers.
The new contract will become effective June 1, 1983,
the expiration date of the current agreement. At that
time, contracts between the Western Council and a
number of forest products concerns will expire for
25,000 workers in eight Western States.
48
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Truck workers trade wages for share of profits
Members of the Auto Workers union at Mack
Trucks, Inc., agreed to a 2-year contract that did not
provide for any specified wage increases. In return for
these and other provisions intended to improve Mack’s
competitive position, the company agreed to a new pro
fit-sharing plan and additional job security for the em
ployees. The accord affected 8,500 active and laid-off
workers at plants in Hagerstown, Md., Bridgewater,
N.J., and Allentown and Macungie, Pa.
UAW Vice President Stephen Yokich pointed out that
the new profit-sharing plan provides for Mack employ
ees to share in all company profits, unlike some con
tracts the union negotiated in the automobile industry,
where workers only begin to share after profits attain
specified levels.
Other provisions included elimination of eight paid
days off (workers will receive 14 paid holidays each
year); seniority and recall rights on a companywide ba
sis; plant closing protections for workers; additional re
strictions on “outsourcing” (subcontracting); restoration
of all contract concessions at the end of the term; a
provision for reopening bargaining if Mack’s pretax in
come exceeds $75 million for two successive quarters;
union access to the company’s board of directors; and
an equality of sacrifice provision requiring Mack to im
pose similar wage-and-benefit restrictions on its non
union employees. The new agreement will expire in
October 1984.
Steel workers accept cuts to save company
The way was cleared for the purchase of the finan
cially beleaguered McLouth Steel Corp. when members
of two Steelworkers’ locals in Detroit agreed to a num
ber of wage-and-benefit concessions. Tang Industries
Inc. had indicated that it would buy the plant only if
the workers accepted the cuts. In January 1982, the
McLouth employees had agreed to concessions in an ef
fort to keep the company in business. (See Monthly La
bor Review, March 1982, p. 48.) McLouth had earlier
filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy
Code, which allows a company to continue operating
under court protection from creditors.
The second round of worker concessions included a
$1.56 cut in hourly pay; suspension of automatic quar
terly cost-of-living pay adjustments until February
1985; termination of optical and dental care plans and
three annual paid holidays; loss of a week’s paid vaca
tion and the Extended Vacation Program; a 25-percent
reduction in sickness and accident benefits; elimination
of 168 specific jobs; a pledge not to strike for 6 years;
and removal of restrictions on the contracting out of
work. In exchange, the 1,500 workers each gained about
$375 in McLouth stock. There is a provision for re-
opening bargaining in 1986, subject to arbitration of
any deadlocked issues.
Wage cuts at Kroger will save jobs
Employees of 40 Kroger Co. grocery stores in West
ern Pennsylvania agreed to $1.10 an hour in wage-andbenefit cuts in exchange for a company promise to com
plete and open five stores under construction in the
Pittsburgh area. The stores are expected to employ
about 500 members of Local 590 of the United Food
and Commercial Workers. The company also agreed to
end its plan to sell seven existing stores, which would
have eliminated about 365 jobs.
The company had begun pressing the United Food
and Commercial Workers for concessions about 3
months earlier, after the union agreed to concessions
with financially troubled Giant Eagle Markets, a com
petitor.
The Kroger terms included a waiver of a recent
16-cent-an-hour automatic cost-of-living pay adjust
ment; a 3-month extension of the current agreement, to
January 8, 1984, and a wage freeze extending to that
date; 7 annual paid holidays, instead of 12; and time
and one-half pay for work on Sundays and holidays, in
stead of double time.
In a separate vote, members of Local 590 agreed to
remove 12 Ohio and West Virginia stores from the
bargaining unit. These stores were generally more prof
itable than the Pennsylvania stores and their employees
were not asked to accept the concessions.
In general, the local committees’ aims will be to
assure the availability of skilled union trades workers,
increase productivity, increase competitiveness in gain
ing more work, eliminate nonessential work rules, use
the latest tools and methods, and to publicize their ef
forts to become more productive.
‘Equal benefits for equal contributions,’ says court
Monsanto Co. announced that a larger than expected
number of its salaried employees had accepted an in
ducement to retire early as part of a plan to reduce and
reorganize operations. The company said that 60 per
cent of nearly 2,000 eligible employees had opted to re
tire November 1. Under the offer, which was limited to
workers over age 55 whose age plus years of service to
taled at least 80, participants received one-time
incentive payments ranging from 50 to 140 percent of a
year’s salary.
In a decision with implications for many retirement
plans, a Federal appeals court ordered two retirement
plans to pay men and women equal benefits for equal
contributions. The decision applied to Teachers Insur
ance and Annuity Association and College Retirement
Equities, the principal retirement plans for 3,400 col
leges and universities.
The case arose in 1974, when a female professor at
Long Island University challenged the funds’ practice of
paying smaller monthly benefits to women than to men,
contending that it violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The funds maintained that the practice was warranted
because actuarial studies showed that women usually
live longer than men.
In its ruling, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals
found that the practice was, in fact, a violation of Title
VII (the equal pay provision) of the Civil Rights Act.
The court rejected the plans’ contention that they were
not covered by Federal law because they were in the in
surance business, which is exempt from Federal regula
tion. This reversed the finding of a lower court, which
had ruled that Teachers Insurance and Annuity Associ
ation was exempt from Title VII.
The appeals court said that its decision, which was
limited to people who retire after May 1, 1980, would
not require “the wholesale removal of money” from the
funds’ reserves, declaring that equal benefit payments
could be determined without changing the total expected
obligations of the funds. The court also said that its de
cision to limit recovery to teachers retiring after May 1,
1980, “postponed full conversion to gender-neutral (ac
tuarial) tables for as much as 30 to 40 years.”
An official of one of the funds said that the decision
would be appealed because the issue of equal benefits
involves the “entire pension and insurance industries.”
Recovery program for union construction
Postal Service to pay $400 million in back wages
The organized construction industry’s efforts to
counter the inroads of nonunion firms was bolstered by
a new joint plan of the AFL-ClO’s Building and Con
struction Trades Department and the National Con
struction Employers Council. The major provision of
the new “Market Recovery Program for Union Con
struction” calls for the establishment of local joint com
mittees to cooperate in mutually beneficial efforts to
increase the share of work performed by union workers.
The U.S. Postal Service agreed to pay as much as
$400 million in back wages to 800,000 current and for
mer employees to settle 1978 lawsuits in which the De
partment of Labor and groups of employees alleged
violations of Federal wage law. Postal officials said the
settlement, the largest in the history of the Fair Labor
Standards Act, will not affect postal rates because the
agency had been building a contingency fund since the
beginning of the action.
‘Early out’ program popular at Monsanto
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
49
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Developments in Industrial Relations
The distribution of money will apply to work
performed from May 1974, when the Postal Service was
brought under the act, to May 1978, when it adopted
procedures to ensure proper payment for the disputed
work time.
In general, the suits contended that the agency did
not include some wage premiums, such as night shift
differentials, in pay calculations; did not pay employees
for some work in excess of 40 hours a week; and did
not pay employees for required after-hours training.
Under the consent degree, affected employees will re
ceive a maximum of $736.
Con Ed to pay $3.7 million in age bias suit
In New York State, Consolidated Edison Co. settled
an age discrimination suit by agreeing to pay $3.7 mil
lion in back wages and extra pension benefits, according
to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
The utility did not admit any guilt, saying it had settled
only to avoid “substantial legal expenses.” The award
will be paid to the 136 persons remaining in the suit.
The case originated in 1980 when the commission
charged the company with age discrimination for termi
nating workers as part of a reduction of its management
work force. According to the commission, the firings
were improper because the employees’ annual perfor
mance ratings had generally been satisfactory or better.
The commission had initiated the case under provisions
of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, which
covers employees between 40 and 65 years.
also charged that they were (1) required to double up in
hotel rooms while men had single rooms; (2) denied
uniform cleaning allowances paid to the men; and (3)
required to meet rigid weight restrictions that did not
apply to men. (After the 1973 decision, the airline
raised female flight attendants’ pay to match that of
male flight attendants, eliminated weight requirements,
and extended single hotel rooms and uniform cleaning
allowances to women attendants.)
The outcome of the case was still not final, as N orth
west announced plans to appeal. According to the com
pany’s attorney, Northwest will continue to press its ar
gument that there was no discrimination and that the
male attendants— who were called pursers when the
suit was filed— performed different tasks than the fe
male attendants.
Port, union ordered to register women
Women seeking employment as longshore workers at
the Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif., port settled a classaction suit against stevedoring companies and the Inter
national Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union.
The plaintiffs had charged that the union and the com
panies had discriminated against them in registering
new longshore workers and marine clerks. Lawyers for
the plaintiffs said that the settlement eventually will re
sult in the hiring of 700 women at the port. When the
suit was filed in 1980, only about 6 of more than 2,500
registered longshore workers at the port were women
and only one of 350 marine clerks was a woman.
□
‘Right-to-work* error in BLS Bulletin 1425-21
Airline found guilty of sex bias
In Washington, D.C., a Federal judge ordered N orth
west Airlines to pay $52.5 million in backpay and inter
est to a group of female flight attendants who had sued
the company 12 years earlier for employment discrimi
nation. According to lawyers involved in the case, the
award was the largest ever in such a suit. Northwest
Airlines had been found guilty in 1973, but the final
judgment had been delayed by appeals by the company
and by negotiations on the size of the award.
In the suit, originated by 40 employees and then
broadened to include an additional 3,324, the female at
tendants charged that, from 1967 to 1976, they were
paid $2,000 to $3,000 less a year than male attendants
for performing essentially identical duties. The women
50
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State ‘right-to-work’ laws prohibit labor-manage
ment agreements that make union membership a condi
tion of employment. Such laws or court interpretations
of them also bar agency shop agreements under which
payments in lieu of union dues are required. A state
ment to the effect that the agency shop is permitted un
der some ‘right-to-work’ laws, on page 3 of BLS Bulletin
1425-21, published in May 1982, is in error.
Bulletin 1425-21, Major Collective Bargaining Agree
ments: Union Security and Dues Checkoff Provisions, is
the last in a series of BLS studies of collective bargaining
agreements. Copies of Bulletin 1425-21, $4.75, and oth
er bulletins in the collective bargaining agreement series,
are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.
Book Reviews
Measuring economic hardship
Hardship— The Welfare Consequences o f Labor Market
Problems: A Policy Discussion Paper. By Robert
Taggart. Kalamazoo, Mich., The W. E. Upjohn In
stitute for Employment Research, 1982. 440 pp.
$13.95.
During the past 20 years, a number of economists
have developed hardship indexes showing the extent of
economic hardship caused by unemployment, low
wages, job market discouragement, and other labor
market problems. None of these indexes has gained
wide acceptance as an economic indicator. In this book,
Robert Taggart presents a new set of hardship indexes
that he characterizes as a “measurement and assessment
system” for analyzing the effect of labor market prob
lems on economic well-being.
Taggart’s indexes are based on the work experience,
earnings, and income data collected in the March 1982
supplement to the Current Population Survey (cps). Ba
sically, he constructs a matrix of workers with inade
quate individual earnings, inadequate family earnings,
and inadequate family income cross-classified by their
annual work experience patterns. The Federal Govern
ment’s poverty lines and minimum wage are used as in
come and earnings standards. From his matrix spring a
myriad of primary indicators, interpretive indexes, and
supplementary measures relating to hardship.
According to Taggart’s primary indicators, hardship
declined between the 1974-75 recession and 1979 but
then rose in 1980 when the economy slumped again. A
major point of this book is that hardship is not only a
cyclical problem but a structural one. He shows that
even in 1979 when the Nation’s jobless rate averaged
only 5.8 percent, there were 28.3 million workers with
inadequate earnings. Moreover, there were 13.3 million
workers living in families with inadequate family earn
ings. And lastly, when other income (interest, unem
ployment compensation, welfare, and so forth) is added
to earnings, the number of workers in families with in
adequate incomes totaled 7.1 million.
Taggart’s measurement and evaluation system is a
mammoth statistical compilation that has been intri
cately designed. He has virtually ransacked the March
CPS files for relevant hardship data. To make the system
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
operate, however, he has had to include many decision
rules and assumptions.
Putting aside the usual criticisms of the minimum
wage and poverty lines as standards of inadequacy, my
major concern is whether Taggart pushes the CPS too
far. The March CPS is a rich data base, but it cannot do
everything. For example, it is well known that employ
ment in low-wage jobs is common among the poor and
a cause of economic hardship, but the March CPS does
not contain any wage data. It reports annual earnings
for the previous year. Taggart gets around this by com
paring a worker’s annual earnings with an “earnings
standard” obtained by multiplying the minimum wage
times the estimated hours the worker was available fo r
work (not the hours actually worked) during the year.
That is, if a worker in 1981 was employed for 40 hours
a week for 40 weeks and was also unemployed for 10
weeks, the worker’s earnings standard would be $6,700,
or $3.35 (the minimum wage) times 2,000 hours of
work availability. If the worker’s earnings were below
$6,700, Taggart would call them inadequate.
There are two problems with this. First, unless the
worker was employed all year at a full-time job, it is
not possible to tell whether the worker’s earnings were
inadequate because of a low wage, insufficient working
hours, or a combination of both. As mentioned earlier,
wage data are not available from the March CPS; fur
thermore, accurate estimates of the hours available for
work are not possible because of the lack of precise
weekly hours information. Second, Taggart’s estimate of
workers with inadequate earnings includes many who
would not take a minimum wage job because their res
ervation wage is above that wage level. Should their
earnings be labeled as inadequate as his system does?
Or should we recognize that either the inability to find
a job, or labor market choices determine annual earn
ings?
Another area in which the CPS data is weak is labor
market discouragement. Much has been written about
those workers who have withdrawn from the labor force
because of the lack of job opportunities. In the March
CPS supplement, it is not possible to identify part-year
workers who may have experienced labor market
discouragement sometime during the year. Taggart only
counts as discouraged those persons who did not work
51
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Book Reviews
at all in the previous year because they indicated they
could not find work and spent at least 4 weeks looking.
Obviously, he has missed a significant group of persons
with a labor market problem.
Lastly, the vast number of decision rules and assump
tions which he uses in his system is disquieting and also
a reflection, I believe, of the data gaps in the March CPS.
Taggart’s estimates of annual hours of work availability
are based on some tenuous assumptions, which, if off
base, would alter his hardship indexes. For example, an
nual hours of work availability for his discouraged
workers who did not work in the previous year were as
sumed to be 2,000. That seems high. Given assumptions
of this type, the precision with which Taggart calculates
his hardship indexes may be unwarranted.
I also have some minor problems with Taggart’s style
of presentation. The book is loaded with tables and
numbers, and, in some places, the reading becomes te
dious. In addition, some tables are difficult to under
stand. In table B-l, which shows the full matrix, it is
not clear that some of the columns are components of
other columns. This is because Taggart’s work experi
ence typology is unorthodox. Furthermore, in reading
the book, I looked for a summary table that presents
the number of workers with different labor market
problems and their economic hardship status. I did not
find it; a book of this type needs such a table.
Despite these criticisms, anyone interested in labor
market economic hardship should read this book. Com
pared to previous work in this area, Taggart’s book rep
resents an enormous effort. He has built upon past
research and demonstrated that not only does he know
the issues involved in measuring hardship, he also
knows the ins and outs of the March CPS.
— Paul M. R yscavage
Division of Labor Force Studies
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Labor market problems
Workers, Jobs, and Inflation. Edited by Martin Neil
Baily. Washington, The Brookings Institution,
1982. 365 pp. $31.95, cloth; $12.95, paper.
The eight papers in this volume, presented at a
Brookings conference on November 7-8, 1980, focus on
three major issues: the relatively high unemployment of
the 1970’s, measurement of labor market tightness, and
the relationship between unemployment and variables
such as wage rates and unemployment insurance. The
papers are all empirical; one uses Canadian data, the
others use U.S. data. The first six use macroeconomic
data, the last two rely on individual observations.
Martin Baily argues that the unusually high unem
ployment of the 1970’s reflects structural factors and
52
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
that other contemporaneous indexes of tightness, such
as help-wanted ads and labor turnover (for the manu
facturing sector), reflect labor markets generally no less
slack than those of earlier periods. James Medoff and
Katharine Abraham reinforce the use of alternative
measures of labor market tightness by finding a strong
er relationship between wage inflation and the manufac
turing quit rate and a help-wanted index than between
wage inflation and the official or prime age male unem
ployment rate. Pierre Fortin and Keith Newton incor
porate several measures of labor market tightness—
unemployment adjusted to hold constant the age-sex
composition of the labor force, the adult male unem
ployment rate, and the vacancy rate— in their overall
study of recent Canadian unemployment and inflation.
Robert Gordon includes factors in his Phillips curve
analysis, such as food and energy prices and the dollar
foreign exchange rate, that are not often found in labor
economics research. He also presents simulation results
under alternative policy scenarios. John Geweke, in the
most econometrically sophisticated paper in this vol
ume, finds a much different inflation-labor market activ
ity relationship in 1955-71 than in 1971-78.
Daniel Mitchell and Larry Kimbell provide a good
introduction to the history and recent theory of wage
determination in the union and nonunion sectors. Using
a simple four-equation model and the UCLA macroeconometric model, they also study the effects of long
term contracts and cost-of-living escalators on inflation.
Kim Clark and Lawrence Summers and Nicholas Kiefer
and George Neumann analyze movements of individuals
between employment, unemployment, and nonparticipa
tion in the labor force. The Clark-Summers paper high
lights the effect of unemployment insurance on labor
market transition probabilities.
Most of this book can be easily read by economists
who are not specialists in this subject area. Yet, active
researchers should find some of the details of the empir
ical analyses and comments of the discussants to be
useful.
— F arrell Bloch
U.S. Department of Justice
Publications received
Economic and social statistics
Funatsu, Y.,
A M e th o d o f D e riv in g V a lid A p p r o x im a te E x p re s
sion s f o r B ia s in R a tio E stim a tio n . Reprinted from the
J o u r n a l o f S ta tis tic a l P la n n in g a n d In feren ce (North Hol
land Publishing Co.), June 1982, pp. 215-25.
Mairesse, Jacques and Alan K. Siu, A n E x te n d e d
A c ce le ra to r
Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1982, 37 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 968.) $1.50.
M odel
of R&D
and
P h y sica l In ve stm en t.
Prucha, Ingmar R., and M. Ishaq Nadiri,
F o rm u la tio n a n d
E stim a tio n o f D y n a m ic F a c to r D e m a n d E q u a tio n s U n d er
N o n -S ta tic E x p e cta tio n s: A F in ite H o rizo n M o d e l. Cam
bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., 1982, 43 pp. (Technical Paper, 26.) $1.50.
Russell, Cheryl, “Coming Alive Down South,” A m eric a n D e
m o g ra p h ics, October 1982, pp. 18-23.
Smith, Vernon L., “Microeconomic Systems as an Experimen
tal Science,” T he A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R eview , December
1982, pp. 923-55.
Trajtenberg, Manuel and Shlomo Yitzhaki, T he D iffu sion o f
In n o va tio n s: A M e th o d o lo g ic a l R e a p p ra isa l. Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1982, 45 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 1008.)
Walsh, Doris, “Cluster Demographics,” A m eric a n D e m o g ra p h
ics, November 1982, pp. 20-23.
Industrial relations
Bogue, Bonnie G., “Labor Relations in Transit: A State or
Federal Question?” C a lifo rn ia P u b lic E m p lo y e e R ela tio n s,
September 1982, pp. 22-24.
Bohlander, George W., “How the Rank and File Views Local
Union Administration—A Survey,” E m p lo y e e R e la tio n s
L a w J o u rn a l, Autumn 1982, pp. 217-35.
Clark, Kim B., U n ion ization a n d F irm P erfo rm a n ce: T he I m
p a c t o f P rofits, G row th a n d P ro d u c tiv ity . Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1982, 56 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 998.) $1.50.
Coens, Thomas A., “Child Labor Laws: A Viable Legacy for
the 1980s,” L a b o r L a w Jou rn a l, October 1982, pp. 66883.
Ehrenberg, Ronald G., Leif Danziger, Gee San, C o st-o f-L ivin g
A d ju s tm e n t C la u ses in U nion C on tracts. Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1982, 91 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 998.) $1.50.
Freeman, Richard B., “Union Wage Practices and Wage Dis
persion Within Establishments,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e
la tio n s R e view , October 1982, pp. 3-21.
Friedman, Samuel R., T e a m ste r R a n k a n d File: P ow er,
B u rea u cra cy, a n d R e b ellio n a t W ork a n d in a Union. New
York, Columbia University Press, 1982, 302 pp., bibliog
raphy. $24.
Geroski, P. A., A. P. Hamlin, K. G. Knight, “Wages, Strikes
and Market Structure,” O x fo r d E c o n o m ic P apers, July
1982, pp. 276-91.
Gies, Thomas P., “Employer Remedies for Work Stoppages
that Violate No-Strike Provisions,” E m p lo y e e R e la tio n s
L a w J o u rn a l, Autumn 1982, pp. 178-97.
Hirsch, Barry T., “The Interindustry Structure of Unionism,
Earnings, and Earnings Dispersion,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a
b o r R e la tio n s R eview , October 1982, pp. 32-39.
Hollon, Charles J. and Thomas L. Bright, “National Origin
Harassment in the Work Place: Recent Guideline Devel
opment from the EEOC,” E m p lo y e e R e la tio n s L a w J o u r
nal, Autumn 1982, pp. 282-93.
Jacobs, Roger B., “Employment Discrimination and Continu
ing Violations: An Update of R ic k s and Recent
Decisions,” L a b o r L a w Jou rn a l, October 1982, pp. 68489.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Kelley, Maryellen R., “Discrimination in Seniority Systems: A
Case Study,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R eview , Oc
tober 1982, pp. 40-55.
Stern, James L. and Barbara D. Dennis, eds., T ra d e U n ion ism
in th e U n ite d S ta tes: A S y m p o siu m in H o n o r o f J a c k
B arbash , H e ld A pr. 2 4 - 2 6 , 1981. Madison, Wis., Univer
sity of Wisconsin, Industrial Relations Research Institute,
1982, 221 pp., bibliography. $10, paper.
Takezawa, S. and others, Im p ro v e m e n ts in th e Q u a lity o f
W o rk in g L ife in T h ree J a p a n ese In d u stries. Washington,
International Labour Organization, 1982, 175 pp.
The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., T he E m p lo y e e -A t-W ill
Issu e: A B N A S p e c ia l R ep o rt. Rockville, Md., The Bureau
of National Affairs, Inc., Labor Special Projects Unit,
1982, 96 pp., ( d l r 225.) $20, paper.
U.S. Department of Labor, R e so u rce G u id e to L a b o r M a n a g e
m e n t C ooperation . Prepared by Lisa Ternullo and others.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Labor Manage
ment Services Administration, 1982, 198 pp. $7, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington 20402.
— S ta r tin g L a b o r-M a n a g e m e n t Q u a lity o f W ork L ife P ro g ra m s.
Prepared by Michael Brower. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Labor-Management Services Administra
tion, 1982, 21 pp. $3.25, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 20402.
Van de Water, John R., “New Trends in NLRB Law,” L a b o r
L a w J o u rn al, October 1982, pp. 635-44.
Wisniewski, Stanley C., “Achieving Equal Pay for Compara
ble Worth Through Arbitration,” E m p lo y e e R e la tio n s
L a w J o u rn al, Autumn 1982, pp. 236-55.
Industry and government organization
Bailey, Elizabeth E. and Ann F. Friedlaender, “Market Struc
ture and Multiproduct Industries,” J o u r n a l o f E co n o m ic
L ite ra tu re , September 1982, pp. 1024-48.
Scobel, Donald N., “Business and Labor—from Adversaries
to Allies,” H a r v a r d B u sin ess R eview , November-December 1982, pp. 129-36.
International economics
Backhouse, Roger E., “Price Flexibility and Keynesian Unem
ployment in a Macroeconomic Model with Quantity
Rationing,” O x fo r d E c o n o m ic P apers, July 1982, pp. 292304.
Donovan, Donal J., “Macroeconomic Performance and Ad
justment Under Fund-Supported Programs: The Experi
ence of the Seventies,” In te r n a tio n a l M o n e ta r y F u n d S t a f f
P apers, June 1982, pp. 171-203.
Dooley, Michael, “An Analysis of Exchange Market Interven
tion of Industrial and Developing Countries,” I n te rn a
tio n a l M o n e ta r y F u n d S t a f f P apers, June 1982, pp. 23369.
Katz, Menachem, “The Cost of Borrowing, the Terms of
Trade, and the Determination of External Debt,” O x fo r d
E c o n o m ic P apers, July 1982, pp. 332-45.
Makin, John H., “Effects of Inflation Control Programs on
Expected Real Interest Rates,” I n te rn a tio n a l M o n e ta r y
F u n d S t a f f P apers, June 1982, pp. 204-32.
Svensson, Lars E. O., F a c to r T ra d e a n d G oods T ra d e. Cam
bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research,
53
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 •
B o o k R e v ie w s
Inc., 1982, 41 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 999.)
$1.50.
Tanzi, Vito, “Inflationary Expectations, Taxes, and the De
mand for Money in the United States,” I n te rn a tio n a l
M o n e ta r y F u n d S t a f f P apers, June 1982, pp. 155-70.
U.S. Department of State, U n ite d S ta te s C o n trib u tio n s to I n te r
n a tio n a l O rg a n iza tio n s: 3 0 th A n n u a l R e p o r t to th e C o n
g ress f o r F isca l Y ea r 1981. Washington, U.S. Department
of State, Bureau of International Organization Affairs,
1982, 127 pp. (Department of State Publication, 9276; In
ternational Organization and Conference Series, 157.)
Wellons, Philip, “International Bankers: Size Up Your Com
petitors,” H a r v a r d B u sin ess R eview , November-December
1982, pp. 95-105.
“World Economic Outlook: Why the Recovery’s Pace Will Be
So Feeble,” B u sin ess W eek, Nov. 1, 1982, beginning on p.
112.
Labor and economic history
Achenbaum, W. Andrew,
S h a d e s o f G ray: O ld A ge, A m eric a n
Values, a n d F e d e r a l P o licies S in ce 1920. Boston, Little,
Brown and Co., 1983, 216 pp.
Noble, Robert, S te e l B ib lio g ra p h y. Philadelphia, Pa. (5431
North 12th Street), 1981, 40 pp. $6, United Steelworkers
of America members; $10, nonmembers.
“The Soviet Union, 1982,” C u r re n t H isto ry, October 1982, pp.
305-34.
Labor force
Brown, Charles, D e a d -e n d J o b s a n d Y ou th U n em p lo ym e n t. Re
printed from T h e Y ou th L a b o r M a r k e t P ro b lem : I ts N a
ture, Causes, a n d C onsequ en ces, edited by Richard B.
Freeman and David A. Wise, pp. 427-51. Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1982. ( n b e r Reprint Series, 295.) $1.50.
Carter, Keith A., “Inadequacies of the Traditional Labor
Force Framework for Rural Areas: A Labor Utilization
Framework Applied to Survey Data,” R u r a l S ociology,
Fall 1982, pp. 459-74.
Freeman, Richard B.,
B la c k E c o n o m ic P rogress A f te r 1964:
W ho H a s G a in e d a n d W h y? R e p r in te d f r o m S tu d ie s in L a
b o r M a r k e ts, edited by Sherwin Rosen, pp. 247-94. Cam
bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Reprint, 305.) $1.50.
Gronau, Reuben,
I n te r r u p te d
S e x -R e la te d W age D iffe re n tia ls a n d W o m e n ’s
L a b o r C a re e rs — T he C h ick en o r th e Egg.
Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Re
search, Inc., 1982, 65 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series,
1002.) $1.50.
Magun, Sunder,
T h e R ise o f S ervice E m p lo y m e n t in th e C a n a
d ia n E c o n o m y. Reprinted from R e la tio n In d u strie lle s, Vol.
37, No. 3, 1982, pp. 528-56. Ottawa, Hull, Canada, De
partment of Employment and Immigration.
Martin, Philip, L a b o r D isp la c e m e n t a n d P u b lic P olicy. Lexing
ton, Mass., D.C. Heath and Co., Lexington Books, 1982,
125 pp. $18.95.
Meyer, Robert H. and David A. Wise,
T h e T ran sition f r o m
S c h o o l to W ork: T he E x p e rien ce s o f B la c k s a n d W hites.
Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Re
54
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
search, Inc., 1982, 75 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series,
1007.) $1.50.
Mincer, Jacob and Boyan Jovanovic, L a b o r M o b ility a n d
W ages. Reprinted from S tu d ie s in L a b o r M a rk ets, edited
by Sherwin Rosen, pp. 21-63. Cambridge, Mass., Nation
al Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Re
print Series, 304.) $1.50.
Paine, Whiton Stewart, ed.,
J o b S tress a n d B u rn ou t: R esearch ,
Theory, a n d In te rv e n tio n P erspectives. Beverly Hills, Calif.,
Sage Publications, Inc., 1982, 296 pp. $25, cloth; $12.50,
paper.
Parnes, Herbert S., U n e m p lo y m e n t E x p erien ce o f I n d iv id u a ls
O v er a D eca d e: V ariation s b y Sex, R ace, a n d A ge. Kala
mazoo, Mich., The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employ
ment Research, 1982, 99 pp. $5.95, paper.
Rank, Mark R. and Paul R. Voss, “Occupational Mobility
and Attainment Among Migrants Entering the Upper
Great Lakes Region,” R u r a l S ociology, Fall 1982, pp. 512—
28.
Reid, Frank and Douglas A. Smith,
T he I m p a c t o f D e m o
g ra p h ic C h an ges on U n em p lo ym e n t. Reprinted from C a
n a d ia n P u b lic P olicy, Spring 1981, pp. 248-51. $1.50,
University of Toronto, Center for Industrial Relations,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Shaw, Lois Banfill, ed., U n p la n n e d C areers: T he W o rk in g L iv es
o f M id d le -A g e d W om en. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath
and Co., 1982, 147 pp., bibliography. $19.95.
Sumner, Daniel A., “The Off-Farm Labor Supply of Farm
ers,” A m e ric a n J o u r n a l o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E con om ics, August
1982, pp. 499-509.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, U n e m p lo y m e n t a n d U n d er
e m p lo y m e n t
A m ong
B lacks,
H ispan ics,
and
W om en.
Washington, 1982, 98 pp. (Clearinghouse Publication 74.)
Management and organization theory
Blomquist, Ceil, “Study Shows Relocation Resistance Revers
ing,” P erso n n el A d m in is tra to r, December 1982, pp. 55-56.
Brown, Charles, E s tim a tin g th e D e te r m in a n ts o f E m p lo y e e P er
fo rm a n c e . Reprinted from T h e J o u r n a l o f H u m a n
R esou rces, Spring 1982, pp. 178-94. Cambridge, Mass.,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1982.
( n b e r Reprint, 299.) $1.50.
Blumberg, Melvin and Charles D. Pringle, “The Missing Op
portunity in Organizational Research: Some Implications
for a Theory of Work Performance,” A c a d e m y o f M a n
a g e m e n t R eview , October 1982, pp. 560-69.
Brush, Donald H. and Lyle F. Schoenfeldt, “Performance Ap
praisal for the ’80s,” P erso n n el A d m in is tra to r, December
1982, pp. 76-83.
Chusmir, Leonard H., “Job Commitment and the Organiza
tional Woman,” A c a d e m y o f M a n a g e m e n t R eview , Octo
ber 1982, pp. 595-602.
Curley, Kathleen Foley and Philip J. Pyburn, “‘Intellectual’
Technologies: The Key to Improving White-Collar Pro
ductivity,” S lo a n M a n a g e m e n t R eview , Fall 1982, pp. 3139.
Daniels, Diane and Ann Barron, T h e P ro fe ssio n a l S ecreta ry:
S k ills a n d T ech n iqu es f o r R eco g n itio n a n d Su ccess. New
York, a m a c o m , A division of American Management
Associations, 1982, 198 pp. $15.95.
Driessnack, Carl H., “Spouse Relocation: A Creative Ap
proach to Recruitment and Employee Transfer,” P erson
n e l A d m in is tra to r, December 1982, beginning on p. 59.
Evans, Alastair J., “Britain and the United States: A
Comparison of Human Resources Strategies,” P erso n n el
J o u rn a l, September 1982, pp. 656-62.
Gullotta, Thomas P. and Kevin C. Donohue, “Preventing
Family Distress During Relocation: Initiatives for Hu
man Resource Managers,” P erso n n el A d m in is tra to r, De
cember 1982, pp. 37-43.
Hoover, John J., “Negotiating the Initial Union Contract,”
P erso n n el Jou rn a l, September 1982, pp. 692-98.
Klinger, Donald E., “Personnel, Politics and Productivity,”
P u b lic P erso n n el M a n g e m e n t Jou rn al, Fall 1982, pp. 27781.
Marks, Mitchell Lee, “Conducting an Employee Attitude Sur
vey,” P erso n n el J o u rn a l, September 1982, pp. 684-91.
Maruyama, Magoroh, “Mindscapes, Management, Business
Policy, and Public Policy,” A c a d e m y o f M a n a g e m e n t R e
view, October 1982, pp. 612-19.
McIntyre, Douglas I. and James C. Renick, “Protecting Pub
lic Employees and Employers from Sexual Harassment,”
P u b lic P erso n n el M a n a g e m e n t Jou rn a l, Fall 1982, pp.
282-92.
Miner, John B., T h eories o f O rg a n iza tio n a l S tru c tu re a n d P ro
cess. New York, C B S College Publishing, 1982, 479 pp.
Moore, John M., “The Role Relocation Plays in Management
Planning,” P erso n n el A d m in is tra to r, December 1982, pp.
31-34.
Nowlin, William A., “Factors That Motivate Public and Pri
vate Sector Managers: A Comparison,” P u b lic P erso n n el
M a n a g e m e n t J o u rn a l, Fall 1982, pp. 224-27.
Siegel, Irving H. and Edgar Weinberg, L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t C o
operation-. T he A m e r ic a n E x p erien ce. Kalamazoo, Mich.,
W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1982,
316 pp. $13.95, cloth; $9.95, paper.
Tyler, Charlie B., “Employee Performance Appraisal in Amer
ican State Governments,” P u b lic P erso n n el M a n a g e m e n t
J o u rn a l, Fall 1982, pp. 199-212.
Winchell, Tim E., Sr., “Federal Position Control Programs in
an Era of Cutback Management,” P u b lic P erso n n el M a n
a g e m e n t J ou rn a l, Fall 1982, pp. 185-91.
“Quality: The U.S. Drives to Catch Up,” B u sin ess W eek, Nov.
1, 1982, beginning on p. 66.
Monetary and fiscal policy
Humphrey, Thomas M., “The Real Bills Doctrine,” E co n o m ic
R e view , Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, SeptemberOctober 1982, pp. 3-13.
Judd, John P. and John L. Scadding, “The Search for a Stable
Money Demand Function: A Survey of the Post-1973
Literature,” J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic L ite ra tu re , September
1982, pp. 993-1023.
Peek, Joe, “Interest Rates, Income Taxes, and Anticipated In
flation,” T he A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R eview , December
1982, pp. 980-91.
Prices and living conditions
Parys, Wilfried, “The Deviation of Prices from Labor Values,”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E c o n o m ic R eview , December 1982, pp.
1208-12.
Sonnenschein, Hugo, “Price Dynamics Based on the Adjust
ment of Firms,” T he A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R eview , Decem
ber 1982, pp. 1088-96.
T h e A m e r ic a n
Productivity and technological change
Gold, Bela, “Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Sets
New Rules for Production,” H a r v a r d B u sin ess R eview ,
November-December 1982, pp. 88-94.
Great Britain, Department of Employment, “The Japanese
Way of Robot Life,” by Yasuo Kuwahara, E m p lo y m e n t
G a zette, August 1982, pp. 346-50.
Great Britain, National Institute of Economics and Social Re
search, “Special Issue on Britain’s Comparative Produc
tivity: International Industrial Productivity: A Com
parison of Britain, America and Germany,” by A. D.
Smith, D. M. W. N. Hitchens, S. W. Davies; “Labour Pro
ductivity in 1980: An International Comparison,” by A. D.
Roy; “Labour-Skills, R and D and Capital Requirements
in the International Trade and Investment of the United
Kingdom, 1968-78,” by H. Katrak; “The Contribution
of Education to Economic Growth in Britain: A Note on
the Evidence,” by A. Daly; “Factors Influencing Recent
Productivity Growth—Report on a Survey of Compa
nies,” by G. C. Wenban-Smith, N a tio n a l In s titu te E co
n o m ic R eview , August 1982, pp. 13-66.
Jarrett, J. Peter and Jack G. Selody, “The ProductivityInflation Nexus in Canada, 1963-1979,” T h e R e v ie w o f
E c o n o m ic s a n d S ta tistics, August 1982, pp. 361-67.
Judson, Arnold S., “The Awkward Truth About Pro
ductivity,” H a r v a r d B u sin ess R eview , September-October
1982, pp. 93-97.
Lehrer, Robert N., ed., W h ite C o lla r P ro d u c tiv ity . New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1983, 363 pp. $24.95.
Norman, Henry R. and Patricia Blair, “The Coming Growth
in ‘Appropriate’ Technology,” H a r v a r d B u sin ess R eview ,
November-December 1982, beginning on p. 62.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, b l s P u b lic a tio n s on P ro d u c tiv i
ty a n d T echn ology. Washington, 1982, 25 pp., bibliogra
phy. (Report 671.)
Social institutions and social change
Maggied, Hal S.,
T ra n sp o rta tio n f o r th e Poor: R esea rch in
R u r a l M o b ility . Hingham, Mass., Kluwer Boston, Inc.,
1982, 178 pp.
Naisbitt, John, M e g a tre n d s: Ten N e w D ire c tio n s T ra n sfo rm in g
O u r L ives. New York, Warner Books, Inc., 1982, 290 pp.
$15.50.
Russell, Louise B„ T he B a b y B o o m G en eration a n d th e E co n o
m y. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1982, 183 pp.
$19.95, cloth; $7.95, paper.
Walsh, Doris, “About Those New Women Consumers,”
A m e r ic a n D em o g ra p h ics, October 1982, pp. 26-29.
“Young Children and Social Policy,” T h e A n n a ls, The Ameri
can Academy of Political and Social Science, May 1982,
pp. 9-144.
Urban affairs
“Rethinking Housing Policy: I, Housing Programs and the
Forgotten Taxpayer,” by Edgar O. Olsen; “II, Improving
55
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Book Reviews
Housing Allowances,” by Irving Welfeld, T he P u b lic I n
terest, Winter 1982, pp. 97-118.
Sternlieb, George and James W. Hughes, “The Coming Hous
ing Bust,” A m e r ic a n D em o g ra p h ics, November 1982, pp.
32-33.
— U nion W ages a n d B en efits: P rin tin g T rades, Sept. 2, 1980.
Prepared by Carl Barsky and Jonathan W. Kelinson.
Washington, 1982, 152 pp. (Bulletin 2135.) $6.50, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington 20402.
Wages and compensation
Welfare programs and social insurance
Bartel, Ann P. and George J. Borjas,
Aldrich, Jonathan, “The Earnings Replacement Rate of OldAge Benefits in 12 Countries, 1969-80,” S o c ia l S e c u rity
B u lletin , November 1982, pp. 3-11.
Coudroglou, Aliki, W ork, W om en a n d th e S tru g g le f o r S elfS u fficien cy. Washington, University Press of America,
Inc., 1982, 214 pp., bibliography. $22.25, cloth; $10.75,
paper.
Laurent, André, “European Community Law and Equal
Treatment for Men and Women in Social Security,” I n
te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r R eview , July-August 1982, pp. 373-85.
O’Rand, Angela M. and John C. Henretta, “Delayed Career
Entry, Industrial Pension Structure, and Early Retire
ment in a Cohort of Unmarried Women,” A m e r ic a n S o
cio lo g ica l R eview , June 1982, pp. 365-73.
Packard, Michael D., “Retirement Options Under the Swedish
National Pension System,” S o c ia l S e c u r ity . B u lletin , No
vember 1982, pp. 12-22.
Rein, Mildred, D ile m m a s o f W elfare P olicy: W h y W o rk S tr a te
g ies H a v e n 't W o rk ed . New York, Praeger Publishers,
1982, 178 pp., bibliography. $19.95.
Sommers, Paul M., ed., W elfare R e fo rm in A m eric a : P ersp ec
tives a n d P rospects. Hingham, Mass., Kluwer Boston,
Inc., 1982, 254 pp. $29.
W age G row th a n d Job
T u rn over: A n E m p ir ic a l A n a lysis. Reprinted from S tu d ie s
in L a b o r M a r k e ts, edited by Sherwin Rosen, pp. 65-90.
Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Re
search, Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Reprint, 321.) $1.50.
Bergmann, Thomas J. and Frederick S. Hills, “International
Labor Markets and Indirect Pay Discrimination,” C o m
p e n sa tio n R eview , Vol. 14, No. 4, Fourth Quarter 1982,
pp. 41-50.
Blaustein, Saul J., U n e m p lo y m e n t In su ra n c e F u n d In so lven cy
a n d D e b t in M ich ig a n . Kalamazoo, Mich., The W. E. Up
john Institute for Employment Research, 1982, 82 pp.
$5.95, paper.
Ehrenberg, Ronald G. and Paul L. Schumann, C o m p lia n c e
w ith th e O v ertim e P a y P rovision s o f th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n
d a r d s A ct. Reprinted from the J o u r n a l o f L a w a n d E c o
n om ics, April 1982, pp. 159-81. Cambridge, Mass.,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1982.
Reprint Series, 326.) $1.50.
Grossman, Herschel I. and Warren T. Trepeta, R is k S h iftin g,
(n b e r
S ta tis tic a l D isc rim in a tio n , a n d th e S ta b ility o f E arn in gs.
Reprinted from S tu d ie s in L a b o r M a r k e ts, edited by
Sherwin Rosen, pp. 295-317. Cambridge, Mass., Nation
al Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Re
print, 302.) $1.50.
Gunderson, Morley, P u b lic S e c to r C o m p en sa tio n in C a n a d a
a n d th e U.S. Reprinted from I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s, Fall
1980, pp. 257-71. $1, University of Toronto, Center for
Industrial Relations, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier, P a r tia l R e tir e
m e n t a n d W age P rofiles o f O ld e r W orkers. Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1982, 31 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 1000.) $1.50.
Hamermesh, Daniel S., M in im u m W ages a n d th e D e m a n d f o r
L a b o r. Reprinted from E c o n o m ic In q u iry, July 1982, pp.
365-80. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic
Research, Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Reprint Series, 325.) $1.50.
Kopelman, Richard E. and Leon Reinharth, “Research Re
sults: The Effect of Merit Pay Practices on White Collar
Performance,” C o m p en sa tio n R e view , Vol. 14, No. 4,
Fourth Quarter 1982, pp. 30-40.
Reid, Frank and Gerald S. Swartz, P ro ra tin g F rin ge B en efits
f o r P a r t-T im e E m p lo y e e s in C a n a d a . Toronto, Ontario,
Canada, University of Toronto, Center for Industrial Re
lations, 1982, 86 pp.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, T he F e m a le -M a le E a rn in g s
G ap: R e v ie w o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s Issues. By
Janet L. Norwood. Washington, 1982, 10 pp. (Report
673.)
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Worker training and development
Great Britain, Department of Employment, “The Training
and Experience Dividend,” by Christine A. Greenhalgh
and Mark B. Stewart, E m p lo y m e n t G azette, August 1982,
beginning on p. 329.
Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier, “Labor Mar
kets and Evaluations of Vocational Training Programs in
the Public High Schools—Toward a Framework for
Analysis,” S o u th ern E c o n o m ic J o u rn al, July 1982, pp.
185-200.
Hashimoto, Masanori, “Minimum Wage Effects on Training
on the Job,” T h e A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R eview , December
1982, pp. 1070-87.
Rosen, Harvey S., “Taxation and On-The Job Training Deci
sions,” The R e v ie w o f E co n o m ics a n d S ta tistic s, August
1982, pp. 442-49.
Stolzenberg, Ross M„ O c cu p a tio n a l D ifferen ces B etw een H isp a n ic s a n d N o n -H isp a n ics. Santa Monica, Calif., The
Rand Corp., 1982, 107 pp. $10.
Taylor, Robert E., Howard Rosen, Frank C. Pratzner, eds.,
J o b T ra in in g f o r Y outh. Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State
University, The National Center for Research in Voca
tional Education, 1982, 453 pp.
Current
Labor Statistics
N o te s o n C u rren t L a b o r S ta tis tic s
.......................................................................................................................................
S c h e d u le o f r e le a s e d a te s fo r m a jo r B L S s t a t is t ic a l s e r ie s
58
.............................................................................
58
E m p lo y m e n t d a ta fr o m h o u s e h o ld s u r v e y . D e fin itio n s a n d n o te s
.............................................................
1. Employment status of noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-81 ..................................................................
2. Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................
3. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted ..........................................................................................................
4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted .....................................................................................................
5. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................
6. Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................
7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................................
59
59
60
61
62
63
63
63
E m p lo y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a ta fr o m e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r v e y s . D e f in it io n s a n d n o t e s .
8. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81 ..................................................
9. Employment by State .............................
10. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ...........................................
11. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81 ..................................................................................
12. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ........................................
13. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................
14. Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division . .....................................................................................................................
15. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .......................................................................
64
65
65
66
67
68
69
69
70
U n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e d a ta . D e f in it io n s
..................................................................................................................
16. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations ..........................................................................................
71
P r ic e d a ta . D e f in it io n s a n d n o te s
..........................................................................................................................................
17. Consumer Price Index, 1967-81 ...............................................................................................................................................
18. Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected items ...........................................................
19. Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size class .............................................................
20. Consumer Price Index, selected areas . ...................................................................................................................................
21. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ..........................................
22. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ................................................................................................................
23. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings ................................................................................................
24. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................................................................................................................
25. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries .....................................................................................
12
P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a . D e f i n i t i o n s a n d n o t e s ..........................................................................................................................
26. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-81
27. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81 .............................................
28. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted .....................
29. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices . .
87
87
88
88
89
W a g e a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n d a t a . D e f i n i t i o n s a n d n o t e s .............................................................................................
30. Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry g r o u p ........................................................
31. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry grou p ...........................................................
32. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region,and area s i z e ..................................
33. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to d a t e .............................................
34. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workersor more, 1977 to d a te ..................
90
91
92
93
94
94
W o r k s t o p p a g e d a t a . D e f i n i t i o n ...............................................................................................................................................
35. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date .....................................................................................
95
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71
73
73
79
80
81
82
84
84
84
95
57
NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
This section of the R e v ie w presents the principal statistical se
ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi
nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually
found in footnotes.
Readers who need additional information are invited to
consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov
er of this issue of the R eview . Some general notes applicable to
several series are given below.
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted
to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry
production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying
periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short
term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data
are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated
on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are com
puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev
eral preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 2-7, revised in the
February 1983 issue of the R e v ie w , to reflect experience through 1982.
Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifi
cations in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data.
First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure
called X -ll/A R IM A , which was developed at Statistics Canada as an
extension of the standard X -11 method. A detailed description of the
procedure appears in T h e X - l l A R I M A S e a s o n a l A d ju s tm e n t M e th o d
by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, Feb
ruary 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being
calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for
the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only
at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in
tables 10, 12, and 14 were made in August 1981 using the X -ll
ARIMA seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for
productivity data in tables 28 and 29 are usually introduced
in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent
changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are
published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series.
However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S.
average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are
available for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing
current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate
component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given
a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of
150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is
$2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as
“real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.
Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this
section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of
sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information
published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published
according to the schedule given below. More information from house
hold and establishment surveys is provided in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n
ings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Comparable household in
formation from 1970 is published in a two-volume data book- L a b o r
F o rce S ta tis tic s D e r iv e d F ro m th e C u r re n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y , Bulletin
2096. Comparable establishment information appears in two data
b o o k s - E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, U n ite d S ta te s , and E m p lo y m e n t a n d
E a rn in g s, S ta te s a n d A re a s, and their annual supplements. More de
tailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining
appears in the monthly periodical, C u r re n t W a g e D e v e lo p m e n ts . More
detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals,
the C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P ric e s a n d P r ic e In d e x es.
Symbols
p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued based on representative
but incomplete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability
of later data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series
Series
Productivity and costs:
Nonfinancial corporations ...............
Nonfarm business and manufacturing ..
Employment situation ....................
Producer Price Index..........................
Consumer Price Index........................
Major collective bargaining settlements ..
Employment cost index.................
58
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Release
date
Period
covered
March 1
4th quarter 1982
March 4
March 18
March 23
March 23
February
February
February
February
Release
date
January 28
January 7
January 14
January 21
January 21
January 3 1
Period
covered
4th quarter 1982
December
December
December
December
4th quarter 1982
Release
date
February 4
February 11
February 25
February 25
February 3
Period
covered
MLR table
number
26-29
26-29
1-10
January
4th Quarter 1982
17-20
11-15
33-34
30-32
EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
d a t a in this section are obtained from the
Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews
conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000
households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years
of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating
basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2
consecutive months.
E m ploym ent
Definitions
Employed persons are (1) those who worked for pay any time
during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who
worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise
and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs
because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A
person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at
which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and
had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did
not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new
jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed.
The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed
persons in the civilian noninstitutional population; the total labor
force includes military personnel. Persons not in the labor force are
1.
those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes
persons retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not
working while attending school, those unable to work because of
long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of
personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle.
The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age
and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions,
sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy.
Full-time workers are those employed at least 35 hours a week;
part-time workers are those who work fewer hours. Workers on parttime schedules for economic reasons (such as slack work, terminating
or starting a job during the week, material shortages, or inability to
find full-time work) are among those counted as being on full-time
status, under the assumption that they would be working full time if
conditions permitted. The survey classifies unemployed persons in
full-time or part-time status by their reported preferences for full-time
or part-time work.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census,
adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to
correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These
adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in
table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the
various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m p lo y m e n t
a n d E a rn in g s.
Monthly data in tables 2-7 are seasonally adjusted, based on
experience through December 1982.
Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-81
[Numbers in thousands]
Civilian labor force
Total labor force
Year
Total noninstitutional
population
Unemployed
Employed
Number
Percent of
population
Total
Total
Percent
of
population
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent of
labor
force
Notin
labor force
1950 ....................................
1955 ....................................
1960 ....................................
106,645
112,732
119,759
63,858
68,072
72,142
59.9
60.4
60.2
62,208
65,023
69,628
58,918
62,170
65,778
55.2
55.1
54.9
7,160
6,450
5,458
51,758
55,722
60,318
3,288
2,852
3,852
5.3
4.4
5.5
42,787
44,660
47,617
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
129,236
131,180
133,319
135,562
137,841
77,178
78,893
80,793
82,272
84,240
59.7
60.1
60.6
60.7
61.1
74,455
75,770
77,347
78,737
80,734
71,088
72,895
74,372
75,920
77,902
55.0
55.6
55.8
56.0
56.5
4,361
3,979
3,844
3,817
3,606
66,726
68,915
70,527
72,103
74,296
3,366
2,875
2,975
2,817
2,832
4.5
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.5
52,058
52,288
52,527
53,291
53,602
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
140,272
143,033
146,574
149,423
152,349
85,959
87,198
89,484
91,756
94,179
61.3
61.0
61.1
61.4
61.8
82,771
84,382
87,034
89,429
91,949
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
56.1
55.5
56.0
56.9
57.0
3,463
3,394
3,484
3,470
3,515
75,215
75,972
78,669
81,594
83,279
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
155,333
158,294
161,166
164,027
166,951
95,955
98,302
101,142
104,368
107,050
61.8
62.1
628
63.6
64.1
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
55.3
56.1
57.1
58.6
59.2
3,408
3,331
3,283
3,387
3,347
82,438
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980 ....................................
1981 ....................................
1982 ......................................
169,848
172,272
174,451
109,042
110,812
112,384
64.2
64.3
64.4
106,940
108,670
110,204
99,303
100,397
99,526
58.5
58.3
57.1
3,364
3,368
3,401
95,938
97,030
96,125
7,637
8,273
10,678
7.1
7.6
9.7
60,806
61,460
62,067
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
2.
Employment status by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
1981
1981
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov.
Déc.
172,272
2,142
170,130
108,670
63.9
100,397
58.3
3,368
97,030
8,273
7.6
61,460
174,451
2,179
172,271
110,204
64.0
99,526
57.1
3,401
96,125
10,678
9.7
62,067
173,330
2,164
171,166
109,066
63.7
99,677
57.5
3,219
96,458
9,389
8.6
62,100
173,495
2,159
171,335
109,034
63.6
99,688
57.5
3,379
96,309
9,346
8.6
62,301
173,657
2,168
171,489
109,364
63.8
99,695
57.4
3,367
96,328
9,669
8.8
62,125
173,843
2,175
171,667
109,478
63.8
99,597
57.3
3,367
96,230
9,881
9.0
62,189
174,020
2,176
171,844
109,740
63.9
99,484
57.2
3,356
96,128
10,256
9.3
62,104
174,201
2,175
172,026
110,378
64.2
99,994
57.4
3,446
96,548
10,384
9.4
61,648
174,364
2,173
172,190
110,147
64.0
99,681
57.2
3,371
96,310
10,466
9.5
62,043
174,544
2,180
172,364
110,416
64.1
99,588
57.1
3,445
96,143
10,828
9.8
61,948
174,707
2,196
172,511
110,614
64.1
99,683
57.1
3,429
96,254
10,931
9.9
61,897
174,889
2,198
172,690
110,858
64.2
99,543
56.9
3,363
96,180
11,315
10.2
61,832
175,069
2,188
172,881
110,752
64.1
99,176
56.6
3,413
95,763
11,576
10.5
62,129
175,238
2,180
173,058
111,042
64.2
99,136
56.6
3,466
95,670
11,906
10.7
62,016
175,380
2,182
173,199
111,129
64.2
99,093
56.5
3,411
95,682
12,036
10.8
62,070
72,419
57,197
79.0
53,582
2,384
51,199
3,615
6.3
73,644
57,980
78.7
52,891
2,422
50,469
5,089
8.8
73,020
57,535
78.8
53,168
2,330
50,838
4,367
7.6
73,120
57,461
78.6
53,099
2,386
50,713
4,362
7.6
73,209
57,581
78.7
53,130
2,388
50,742
4,451
7.7
73,287
57,633
78.6
53,026
2,392
50,634
4,607
8.0
73,392
57,794
78.7
53,024
2,417
50,607
4,770
8.3
73,499
58,008
78.9
53,190
2,446
50,744
4,818
8.3
73,585
57,959
78.8
52,943
2,424
50,519
5,016
8.7
73,685
58,055
78.8
52,905
2,462
50,443
5,150
8.9
73,774
58,064
78.7
52,832
2,433
50,399
5,232
9.0
73,867
58,354
79.0
52,776
2,436
50,340
5,578
9.6
73,984
58,363
78.9
52,649
2,444
50,205
5,714
9.8
74,094
58,454
78.9
52,589
2,434
50,155
5,865
10.0
74,236
58,443
78.7
52,534
2,389
50,145
5,909
10.1
81,497
42,485
52.1
39,590
604
38,986
2,895
6.8
82,864
43,699
52.7
40,086
601
39,485
3,613
8.3
82,151
42,911
52.2
39,737
565
39,172
3,174
7.4
82,260
42,926
52.2
39,817
626
39,191
3,109
7.2
82,367
43,111
52.3
39,825
620
39,205
3,286
7.6
82,478
43,285
52.5
39,883
625
39,258
3,402
7.9
82,591
43,355
52.5
39,827
600
39,227
3,528
8.1
82,707
43,632
52.8
40,064
614
39,450
3,568
8.2
82,811
43,819
52.9
40,254
586
39,668
3,565
8.1
82,926
43,983
53.0
40,311
598
39,713
3,672
8.3
83,035
44,039
53.0
40,368
590
39,778
3,671
8.3
83,152
43,996
52.9
40,286
588
39,698
3,710
8.4
83,271
43,936
52.8
40,112
578
39,534
3,824
8.7
83,385
44,112
52.9
40,123
590
39,533
3,989
9.0
83,383
44,286
53.1
40,215
628
39,587
4,071
9.2
16,214
8,988
55.4
7,225
380
6,845
1,763
19.6
15,763
8,526
54.1
6,549
378
6,171
1,977
23.2
15,995
8,620
53.9
6,772
324
6,448
1,848
21.4
15,955
8,647
54.2
6,772
367
6,405
1,875
21.7
15,913
8,672
54.5
6,740
359
6,381
1,932
22.3
15,902
8,560
53.8
6,688
350
6,338
1,872
21.9
15,861
8,591
54.2
6,633
339
6,294
1,958
22.8
15,820
8,738
55.2
6,740
386
6,354
1,998
22.9
15,794
8,369
53.0
6,484
361
6,123
1,885
22.5
15,753
8,378
53.2
6,372
385
5,987
2,006
23.9
15,702
8,511
54.2
6,483
406
6,077
2,028
23.8
15,671
8,508
54.3
6,481
339
6,142
2,027
23.8
15,625
8,453
54.1
6,415
391
6,024
2,038
24.1
15,579
8,476
54.4
6,424
442
5,982
2,052
24.2
15,580
8,400
53.9
6,344
394
5,950
2,056
24.5
147,§08
95,052
64.3
88,709
6,343
6.7
149,441
96,143
64.3
87,903
8,241
8.6
148,755
95,448
64.2
88,153
7,295
7.6
148,842
95,289
64.0
88,078
7,211
7.6
148,855
95,459
64.1
88,080
7,379
7.7
149,132
95,602
64.1
88,033
7,569
7.9
149,249
95,941
64.3
88,011
7,930
8.3
149,250
96,405
64.6
88,350
8,055
8.4
149,429
96,165
64.4
88,089
8,076
8.4
149,569
96,385
64.4
88,021
8,364
8.7
149,536
96,375
64.4
87,979
8,396
8.7
149,652
96,640
64.6
87,872
8,768
9.1
149,838
96,453
64.4
87,477
8,976
9.3
149,887
96,719
64.5
87,435
9,284
9.6
150,056
96,864
64.6
87,443
9,421
9.7
18,219
11,086
60.8
9,355
1,731
15.6
18,584
11,331
61.0
9,189
2,142
18.9
18,392
11,205
60.9
9,281
1,924
17.2
18,423
11,184
60.7
9,295
1,889
16.9
18,450
11,219
60.8
9,260
1,959
17.5
18,480
11,228
60.8
9,209
2,019
18.0
18,511
11,201
60.5
9,135
2,066
18.4
18,542
11,318
61.0
9,209
2,109
18.6
18,570
11,267
60.7
9,171
2,096
18.6
18,600
11,341
61.0
9,211
2,130
18.8
18,626
11,400
61.2
9,220
2,180
19.1
18,659
11,443
61.3
9,172
2,271
19.8
18,692
11,398
61.0
9,102
2,296
20.1
18,723
11,475
61.3
9,159
2,316
20.2
18,740
11,522
61.5
9,127
2,395
20.8
9,310
5,972
64.1
5,348
624
10.4
9,400
5,983
63.6
5,158
825
13.8
9,519
6,075
63.8
5,393
682
11.2
9,400
6,048
64.3
5,325
723
12.0
9,341
6,051
64.8
5,297
754
12.5
9,297
6,015
64.7
5,253
762
12.7
9,235
5,966
64.6
5,211
755
12.7
9,297
6,004
64.6
5,182
822
13.7
9,428
5,965
63.3
5,155
810
13.6
9,521
5,972
62.7
5,136
836
14.0
9,689
6,045
62.4
5,162
883
14.6
9,464
5,961
63.0
5,097
864
14.5
9,474
5,973
63.0
5,075
898
15.0
9,355
5,923
63.3
5,012
911
15.4
9,301
5,898
63.4
4,998
900
15.3
1982
Employment status
TOTAL
Total noninstitutional population1 ..........................
Armed Forces1 ..............................................
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor fo rce ......................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Employment-population ratio2 ..........
Agriculture..........................................
Nonagricultural industries ....................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
Not in labor force........................................
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor force ....................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Agriculture..........................................
Nonagricultural industries ....................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor force ....................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Agriculture..........................................
Nonagricultural industries ....................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor fo rce ......................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Agriculture..........................................
Nonagricultural industries ....................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
White
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor force ....................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
Black
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor force ....................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Unemployed ..............................
Unemployment rate ........................
Hispanic origin
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor fo rce ......................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
j
1The population and Armed Forces figures are not seasonally adjusted.
2 Civilian employment as a percent of the total noninstitutional population (including Armed
Forces).
60
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Note : Monthly data have been revised based on seasonal experience through December 1982.
Detail for racial and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented, and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
3.
Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
1981
1981
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
100,397
57,397
43,000
38,882
23,915
4,998
99,526
56,271
43,256
38,074
24,053
5,099
99,677
56,746
42,931
38,410
23,723
5,081
99,688
56,667
43,021
38,306
23,803
5,095
99,695
56,670
43,025
38,326
23,807
5,157
99,597
56,499
43,098
38,227
23,933
5,094
99,484
56,444
43,040
38,212
23,891
5,093
99,994
56,724
43,270
38,274
24,112
4,991
99,681
56,249
43,432
38,254
24,331
5,120
99,588
56,127
43,461
38,177
24,173
5,200
99,683
56,159
43,524
38,121
24,235
5,208
99,543
56,073
43,471
37,998
24,159
5,118
99,176
55,932
43,244
37,852
24,081
5,107
99,136
55,892
43,244
37,641
23,985
5,025
99,093
55,809
43,284
37,507
24,155
4,985
52,949
16,420
11,540
6,425
18,564
31,261
12,662
10,540
3,476
4,587
13,438
2,749
53,470
16,951
11,493
6,580
18,446
29,597
12,272
9,429
3,377
4,518
13,736
2,723
53,022
16,744
11,362
6,476
18,440
30,394
12,497
10,114
3,382
4,401
13,665
2,612
52,825
16,767
11,112
6,513
18,433
30,303
12,424
9,990
3,424
4,465
13,696
2,775
52,933
16,662
11,292
6,538
18,441
30,356
12,460
9,948
3,502
4,446
13,614
2,768
52,876
16,715
11,352
6,602
18,207
30,335
12,483
9,830
3,406
4,616
13,557
2,717
53,213
16,854
11,470
6,582
18,307
29,966
12,459
9,701
3,401
4,405
13,595
2,672
53,658
16,867
11,512
6,581
18,698
29,886
12,314
9,593
3,411
4,568
13,727
2,732
53,552
17,010
11,516
6,563
18,463
29,706
12,232
9,611
3,404
4,459
13,771
2,680
53,710
17,262
11,416
6,571
18,461
29,569
12,220
9,416
3,424
4,509
13,678
2,740
53,660
17,014
11,575
6,643
18,428
29,364
12,267
9,259
3,271
4,567
13,876
2,717
53,875
16,961
11,625
6,534
18,755
29,143
12,230
9,001
3,361
4,551
13,998
2,716
53,687
17,061
11,616
6,604
18,406
29,148
12,152
9,003
3,335
4,658
13,750
2,711
53,759
17,095
11,651
6,632
18,381
28,769
12,136
8,856
3,293
4,484
13,839
2,745
53,909
17,150
11,780
6,605
18,374
28,668
11,909
8,990
3,275
4,474
13,741
2,726
1,464
1,638
266
1,505
1,636
261
1,375
1,613
229
1,402
1,662
348
1,430
1,613
334
1,428
1,645
270
1,442
1,656
266
1,530
1,679
251
1,457
1,661
254
1,523
1,655
254
1,548
1,620
255
1,537
1,569
254
1,576
1,621
229
1,584
1,628
241
1,547
1,627
224
89,543
15,689
73,853
1,208
72,645
7,097
390
88,462
15,516
72,945
1,207
71,738
7,262
401
89,016
15,592
73,424
1,318
72,106
7,072
408
88,825
15,546
73,279
1,239
72,040
7,004
416
88,702
15,515
73,187
1,181
72,006
7,097
410
88,620
15,491
73,129
1,218
71,911
7,150
431
88,454
15,464
72,990
1,196
71,794
7,246
410
88,872
15,454
73,418
1,204
72,214
7,262
392
88,548
15,614
72,934
1,205
71,729
7,301
398
88,491
15,471
73,020
1,200
71,820
7,286
393
88,576
15,562
73,014
1,227
71,787
7,338
408
88,562
15,681
72,881
1,220
71,661
•7,422
378
88,064
15,436
72,628
1,216
71,412
7,332
403
87,936
15,514
72,422
1,221
71,201
7,349
382
87,976
15,477
72,499
1,163
71,336
7,335
383
91,377
74,339
4,499
1,738
2,761
12,539
90,552
72,245
5,852
2,169
3,683
12,455
91,010
73,360
5,325
2,169
3,156
12,325
90,301
72,916
5,066
1,808
3,258
12,319
90,087
73,026
5,489
2,155
3,334
12,352
90,579
72,699
5,611
2,187
3,424
12,269
90,755
72,562
5,750
2,197
3,553
12,443
91,082
72,869
5,731
2,195
3,536
12,482
90,917
72,545
5,561
2,126
3,435
12,811
90,414
72,288
5,577
2,047
3,530
12,549
90,486
72,045
5,820
2,100
3,720
12,621
90,884
71,723
6,495
2,519
3,976
12,666
90,232
71,394
6,903
2,381
4,022
12,435
90,238
71,442
6,411
2,228
4,183
12,385
90,219
71,499
6,425
2,153
4,272
12,295
1982
Selected categories
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over ......................
Men ............................................................
Women........................................................
Married men, spouse present ........................
Married women, spouse present ....................
Women who maintain families........................
OCCUPATION
White-collar workers............................................
Professional and technical ............................
Managers and administrators, except farm . . . .
Salesworkers................................................
Clerical workers............................................
Blue-collar workers..............................................
Craft and kindred workers ............................
Operatives, except transport..........................
Transport equipment operatives ....................
Nonfarm laborers..........................................
Service workers..................................................
Farmworkers ......................................................
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS
OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers..............................
Self-employed workers..................................
Unpaid family workers ..................................
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers..............................
Government ..........................................
Private industries....................................
Households ....................................
Other ..............................................
Self-employed workers..................................
Unpaid family workers ..................................
PERSONS AT WORK'
Nonagricultural industries ....................................
Full-time schedules ......................................
Part time for economic reasons......................
Usually work full time..............................
Usually work part tim e............................
Part time for noneconomic reasons................
'Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation,
illness, or industrial disputes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote :
Monthly data have been revised based on the seasonal experience through December 1982.
61
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labo*• Statistics: Household Data
4.
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
Annual average
1981
1981
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April
May
June
June
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
Total, 16 years and over......................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ..........................
Men, 20 years and over................................
Women, 20 years and over ..........................
7.6
19.6
6.3
6.8
9.7
23.2
8.8
8.3
8.6
21.4
7.6
7.4
8.6
21.7
7.6
7.2
8.8
22.3
7.7
7.6
9.0
21.9
8.0
7.9
9.3
22.8
8.3
8.1
9.4
22.9
8.3
8.2
9.5
22.5
8.7
8.1
9.8
23.9
8.9
8.3
9.9
23.8
9.0
8.3
10.2
23.8
9.6
8.4
10.4
24.1
9.8
8.7
10.7
24.2
10.0
9.0
10.8
24.5
10.1
9.2
White, to ta l..................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ....................
Men, 16 to 19 years........................
Women, 16 to 19 years ..................
Men, 20 years and over ........................
Women, 20 years and o v e r....................
6.7
173
17.9
16.6
5.6
5.9
8.6
20.4
21.7
19.0
7.8
7.3
7.6
19.0
20.2
17.7
6.8
6.4
7.6
19.4
20.6
18.1
6.6
6.4
7.7
19.7
20.4
19.0
6.7
6.6
7.9
19.2
20.4
17.9
7.0
6.8
8.3
20.4
21.9
18.8
7.3
7.1
8.4
19.9
20.9
18.7
7.5
7.2
8.4
19.7
21.2
18.0
7.7
7.1
8.7
20.9
22.5
19.1
7.9
7.3
8.7
20.8
22.5
18.9
8.0
7.2
9.1
20.7
22.2
19.1
8.6
7.5
9.3
21.5
23.0
19.9
8.8
7.6
9.6
21.2
22.6
19.8
9.1
8.0
9.7
21.6
22.8
20.4
9.2
8.1
Black, total ..................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ....................
Men, 16 to 19 years........................
Women, 16 to 19 years ..................
Men, 20 years and over ........................
Women, 20 years and o v e r....................
15.6
41.4
40.7
42.2
13.5
13.4
18.9
48.0
48.9
47.1
17.8
15.4
17.2
42.7
40.4
45.5
16.1
14.1
16.9
42.1
38.2
46.3
16.0
13.7
17.5
43.5
42.2
45.0
16.2
14.5
18.0
46.3
47.6
44.9
16.3
15.1
18.4
48.0
48.4
47.7
17.0
15.4
18.6
49.4
49.7
49.1
17.1
15.3
18.6
51.2
55.7
46.0
17.3
15.1
18.8
49.3
48.9
49.7
17.4
15.5
19.1
51.2
50.5
52.1
17.6
15.4
19.8
48.6
51.0
45.9
19.2
15.7
20.1
47.7
49.2
45.9
19.6
16.2
20.2
49.8
53.0
46.2
19.2
16.5
20.8
49.5
52.5
46.2
20.5
16.5
Hispanic origin, total ....................................
10.4
13.8
11.2
12.0
12.5
12.7
12.7
13.7
13.6
14.0
14.6
14.5
15.0
15.4
15.3
Married men, spouse present........................
Married women, spouse present....................
Women who maintain families........................
Full-time workers..........................................
Part-time workers ........................................
Unemployed 15 weeks and over....................
Labor force time lost’ ..................................
4.3
6.0
10.4
7.3
9.4
2.1
8.5
6.5
7.4
11.7
9.6
10.5
3.2
11.0
5.6
6.6
10.3
6.5
9.1
2.2
10.1
5.3
6.3
10.4
8.4
9.7
2.2
9.9
5.4
6.9
10.4
8.5
10.4
2.5
9.9
5.6
7.0
10.8
8.9
10.0
2.7
10.3
6.0
7.6
11.5
9.1
10.8
2.8
10.4
6.1
7.3
11.9
9.2
10.5
3.0
10.7
6.4
7.1
12.1
9.4
10.0
3.2
10.4
6.6
7.4
12.0
9.6
11.2
3.2
10.7
6.8
7.3
11.7
9.7
10.4
3.3
10.9
7.2
7.6
12.4
10.2
10.6
3.5
11.7
7.5
7.9
11.3
10.5
10.3
3.8
12.0
7.6
8.2
12.5
10.6
11.3
4.1
12.4
7.8
8.2
13.2
10.8
11.1
4.3
12.7
4.0
2.8
2.7
4.6
5.7
10.3
7.5
12.2
8.7
14.7
8.9
5.3
4.9
3.3
3.5
5.6
7.0
14.2
10.2
17.7
11.7
18.5
10.6
6.5
4.5
3.3
3.0
4.9
6.2
12.6
9.2
15.5
10.3
16.8
9.5
6.2
4.3
2.9
2.9
4.7
6.3
12.4
8.9
15.2
10.2
17.0
9.4
6.6
4.6
3.1
3.1
4.9
6.6
12.5
8.7
15.4
10.3
17.7
9.8
5.2
4.7
3.2
3.0
5.5
6.7
13.0
9.2
16.0
10.6
17.7
10.2
5.6
4.8
3.2
3.3
5.5
7.0
13.5
9.6
16.7
10.8
18.7
11.0
6.0
4.8
3.3
3.4
5.3
6.7
13.6
9.7
16.5
11.8
18.3
10.8
8.1
4.9
3.3
3.7
5.7
6.9
14.0
10.3
16.8
12.9
18.3
10.0
6.6
4.9
3.3
3.6
5.4
6.9
14.4
10.8
17.5
11.7
18.6
10.5
6.3
4.9
3.2
3.7
5.6
6.9
14.4
10.8
17.8
12.5
17.8
10.6
6.7
4.9
3.3
3.6
6.1
7.2
15.8
11.1
20.7
12.7
19.6
10.7
6.6
5.2
3.5
3.6
6.1
7.2
15.8
11.1
20.7
12.7
19.6
10.7
6.6
5.5
3.7
3.9
6.3
7.8
16.2
11.9
20.9
13.3
19.5
11.2
7.4
5.6
3.7
4.0
6.4
8.0
16.3
11.9
20.5
13.4
20.4
12.2
7.7
7.7
15.6
8.3
8.2
8.4
5.2
8.1
5.9
4.7
12.1
10.1
20.0
12.3
13.3
10.8
6.8
10.0
6.9
4.9
14.7
9.0
18.0
10.8
11.6
9.6
6.0
8.9
6.3
4.9
14.2
8.8
18.5
10.3
10.9
9.5
6.2
8.8
6.0
4.8
15.3
9.0
18.3
10.6
11.2
9.6
5.9
9.1
6.5
5.1
13.4
9.4
18.2
10.7
10.8
10.6
5.7
10.1
6.8
4.8
14.0
9.8
19.3
11.3
11.9
10.6
6.7
9.9
7.0
5.2
14.6
9.8
18.9
11.5
12.2
10.4
6.4
10.2
6.8
4.9
18.1
10.0
19.5
12.2
13.1
11.1
6.8
9.7
6.9
4.7
15.0
10.2
20.3
12.1
12.8
11.0
6.6
10.3
7.0
4.7
14.1
10.2
20.4
12.4
13.3
11.0
7.1
10.0
7.0
4.7
14.2
11.0
22.3
14.1
16.0
11.2
7.9
10.4
7.1
4.9
13.3
11.0
22.3
14.1
16.0
11.2
7.9
10.4
7.1
4.9
13.3
11.4
21.8
14.8
17.0
11.4
8.3
10.6
7.7
5.1
15.6
11.6
22.0
14.8
17.1
11.4
8.0
11.0
7.9
5.1
16.5
1982
Selected categories
CHARACTERISTIC
OCCUPATION
White-collar workers ..........................................
Professional and technical ............................
Managers and administrators, except farm . . .
Salesworkers ..............................................
Clerical workers ..........................................
Blue-collar workers ............................................
Craft and kindred workers ............................
Operatives, except transport ........................
Transport equipment operatives ....................
Nonfarm laborers ........................................
Service workers..................................................
Farmworkers......................................................
INDUSTRY
Nonagrlcultural private wage and salary workers2 .
Construction ................................................
Manufacturing..............................................
Durable goods ......................................
Nondurable goods..................................
Transportation and public utilities ..................
Wholesale and retail trad e............................
Finance and service industries ......................
Government workers ..........................................
Agricultural wage and salary workers ..................
1Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a
percent of potentially available labor force hours.
62
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 deludes mining, not shown separately,
N ote : Month|y data
\
have ^
revjSe(j based on seasonal experience through December 1982.
5.
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Sex and age
Annual average
1981
1982
1981
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
Total, 16 years and over......................................
16 to 19 years..............................................
16 to 17 years........................................
18 to 19 years........................................
20 to 24 years..............................................
25 years and over ........................................
25 to 54 years........................................
55 years and over..................................
7.6
19.6
21.4
18.4
12.3
5.4
5.8
3.6
9.7
23.2
24.9
22.1
14.9
7.4
7.9
5.0
8.6
21.4
21.7
21.2
13.4
6.4
6.8
4.2
8.6
21.7
22.3
21.1
13.6
6.3
6.8
4.2
8.8
22.3
22.9
21.8
14.1
6.5
6.9
4.3
9.0
21.9
23.2
21.3
14.1
6.8
7.2
4.6
9.3
22.8
24.4
21.8
14.5
7.0
7.4
4.9
9.4
22.9
25.1
21.4
14.5
7.1
7.6
4.9
9.5
22.5
23.6
22.0
14.5
7.3
7.7
5.1
9.8
23.9
25.8
22.6
14.7
7.5
8.0
5.3
9.9
23.8
25.8
22.5
15.3
7.5
8.0
5.2
10.2
23.8
26.5
22.0
15.3
7.9
8.6
5.2
10.5
24.1
26.1
22.9
15.8
8.1
8.7
5.5
10.7
24.2
26.3
22.8
16.3
8.3
8.9
5.7
10.8
24.5
27.4
22.7
16.0
8.6
9.1
5.8
Men, 16 years and over ................................
16 to 19 years........................................
16 to 17 years ................................
18 to 19 years ................................
20 to 24 years........................................
25 years and over..................................
25 to 54 years ................................
55 years and over............................
7.4
20.1
22.0
18.8
13.2
5.1
5.5
3.5
9.9
24.4
26.4
23.1
16.4
7.5
8.0
5.1
8.7
22.3
22.6
22.3
14.6
6.3
6.8
4.4
8.7
22.2
23.2
21.5
14.9
6.3
6.7
4.3
8.8
22.6
23.3
22.1
15.3
6.4
6.8
4.3
9.1
23.3
24.5
22.6
15.6
6.7
7.1
4.7
9.4
24.1
24.8
23.7
15.9
6.9
7.3
5.0
9.5
23.8
26.3
22.2
15.8
7.0
7.5
4.7
9.7
24.3
25.4
23.7
15.9
7.4
7.9
4.9
10.0
25.2
27.7
23.4
16.2
7.5
8.1
4.9
10.2
25.1
27.4
23.4
16.6
7.7
8.2
5.5
10.7
25.4
29.0
23.0
17.3
8.2
9.0
5.5
10.9
25.6
28.8
23.4
17.4
8.5
9.1
6.0
11.1
25.7
28.2
24.1
18.0
8.6
9.2
6.2
11.2
25.8
29.0
24.0
17.8
8.8
9.4
6.3
Women, 16 years and over............................
16 to 19 years........................................
16 to 17 years ................................
18 to 19 years ................................
20 to 24 years........................................
25 years and over..................................
25 to 54 years ................................
55 years and over............................
7.9
19.0
20.7
17.9
11.2
5.9
6.3
3.8
9.4
21.9
23.2
21.0
13.2
7.3
7.7
4.8
8.5
20.4
20.7
20.0
12.1
6.4
6.9
3.9
8.4
21.1
21.2
20.7
12.0
6.3
6.8
4.1
8.9
21.9
22.4
21.6
12.6
6.6
7.0
4.3
8.9
20.3
21.7
19.9
12.5
6.9
7.4
4.7
9.3
21.3
24.0
19.8
13.0
7.1
7.5
4.7
9.3
21.8
23.6
20.6
12.9
7.3
7.8
5.0
9.2
20.6
21.6
20.2
13.0
7.2
7.5
5.4
9.6
22.6
23.8
21.9
13.1
7.4
7.7
5.8
9.5
22.5
23.9
21.5
13.7
7.1
7.7
4.8
9.6
22.1
23.8
20.9
13.1
7.5
8.0
4.8
9.9
22.5
22.9
22.3
14.0
7.6
8.2
4.8
10.2
22.6
24.2
21.4
14.4
7.9
8.5
4.9
10.3
23.0
25.6
21.3
14.0
8.2
8.8
5.1
6.
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Reason for unemployment
Annual average
1981
1981
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
1982
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
4,267
1,430
2,837
923
2,102
981
6,268
2,127
4,141
840
2,384
1,185
5,315
2,004
3,311
904
2,188
1,036
5,243
1,852
3,391
842
2,133
1,055
5,246
1,777
3,469
942
2,272
1,096
5,628
1,858
3,770
885
2,261
1,061
5,889
1,967
3,922
901
2,342
1,096
5,938
1,956
3,982
864
2,393
1,159
6,181
2,097
4,084
826
2,378
1,091
6,323
2,126
4,197
819
2,478
1,230
6,446
2,218
4,228
814
2,440
1,304
6,979
2,625
4,354
786
2,437
1,303
7,325
2,519
4,806
803
2,322
1,296
7,369
2,531
4,838
794
2,546
1,244
7,295
2,468
4,827
826
2,629
1,288
100.0
51.6
17.3
34.3
11.2
25.4
11.9
100.0
58.7
19.9
38.8
7.9
22.3
11.1
100.0
56.3
21.2
35.1
9.6
23.2
11.0
100.0
56.5
20.0
36.6
9.1
23.0
11.4
100.0
54.9
18.6
36.3
9.9
23.8
11.5
100.0
57.2
18.9
38.3
9.0
23.0
10.8
100.0
57.6
19.2
38.3
8.8
22.9
10.7
100.0
57.3
18.9
38.5
8.3
23.1
11.2
100.0
59.0
20.0
39.0
7.9
22.7
10.4
100.0
58.3
19.6
38.7
7.5
22.8
11.3
100.0
58.6
20.2
38.4
7.4
22.2
11.9
100.0
60.7
22.8
37.8
6.8
21.2
11.3
100.0
62.4
21.4
40.9
6.8
19.8
11.0
100.0
61.6
21.2
40.5
6.6
21.3
10.4
100.0
60.6
20.5
40.1
6.9
21.8
10.7
3.9
.8
1.9
.9
5.7
.8
2.2
1.1
4.9
.8
2.0
.9
4.8
.8
2.0
1.0
4.8
.9
2.1
1.0
5.1
.8
2.1
1.0
5.4
.8
2.1
1.0
5.4
.8
2.2
1.1
5.6
.7
2.2
1.0
5.7
.7
2.2
1.1
5.8
.7
2.2
1.2
6.3
.7
2.2
1.2
6.6
.7
2.1
1.2
6.6
.7
2.3
1.1
6.6
.7
2.4
1.2
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Lost last jo b ........................................................
On layoff......................................................
Other job losers............................................
Left last job ........................................................
Reentered labor force..........................................
Seeking first jo b ..................................................
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed................................................
Job losers ..........................................................
On layoff......................................................
Other job losers............................................
Job leavers ........................................................
Reentrants..........................................................
New entrants •......................................................
PERCENT OF
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers ..........................................................
Job leavers ........................................................
Reentrants..........................................................
New entrants ......................................................
7.
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Weeks of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks ..............................................
5 to 14 weeks ....................................................
15 weeks and over..............................................
15 to 26 weeks ............................................
27 weeks and over........................................
Mean duration, in weeks ......................................
Median duration, in weeks....................................
N ote :
Annual average
1981
1981
1982
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
1982
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
3,449
2,539
2,285
1,122
1,162
13.7
6.9
3,883
3,311
3,485
1,708
1,776
15.6
8.7
4,040
3,028
2,407
1,224
1,183
12.9
6.8
3,830
3,079
2,402
1,209
1,193
13.4
7.3
3,807
3,068
2,750
1,479
1,271
14.0
7.4
3,831
3,098
2,962
1,605
1,357
13.9
7.7
3,930
3,255
3,080
1,582
1,498
14.3
8.3
3,871
3,281
3,267
1,633
1,634
14.9
8.6
3,605
3,398
3,517
1,683
1,834
16.3
9.8
3,959
3,249
3,569
1,780
1,789
15.6
8.3
3,933
3,346
3,637
1,808
1,829
16.1
8.3
4,004
3,549
3,856
1,830
2,026
16.6
9.4
3,930
3,511
4,167
1,951
2,216
17.T
9.6
3,963
3,549
4,524
2,191
2,333
17.3
10.0
4,019
3,460
4,732
2,125
2,607
18.0
10.1
Monthly data have been revised based on seasonal experience though December 1982.
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63
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS
h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are
compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun
tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat
ing State agencies by 177,000 establishments representing all
industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling
probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab
lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant,
for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others
not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the
survey because they are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures
between the household and establishment surveys.
E m ploym ent,
payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of
changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived
from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from av
erage hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types
of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments:
fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector
for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and
seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries.
Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or
nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different
from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por
tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular
hours and for which overtime premiums were paid.
Definitions
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi
day and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the
12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per
cent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establish
ment which reports them.
Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker
supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with
production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 11-15 in
clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction
workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta
tion and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, in
surance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups
account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private
nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers
receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime
or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
64
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are
periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called
“benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re
lease of May 1982 data, published in the July 1982 issue of the R ev ie w .
Consequently, data published in the R e v ie w prior to that issue are not
necessarily comparable to current data. Earlier comparable unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to E m
p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s (unadjusted data from April 1977 through Feb
ruary 1982 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through
February 1982) and in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, U n ite d S ta tes , 1 9 0 9 78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household
and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green,
“Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur
veys,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , December 1969, pp. 9-20. See also B L S
H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1976).
8.
Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
Goods-producing
Year
Total
Private
sector
Total
Mining
Service-producing
Construc Manufac
tion
turing
Transportation
and
public
utilities
Total
Government
Wholesale and retail trade
Total
Whole
sale
trade
Retail
trade
insurance,
Services
and real
estate
Total
Federal
State
and
local
1950 ..............................
1955 ..............................
I9601 ............................
1964 ..............................
1965 ..............................
45,197
50,641
54,189
58,283
60,765
39,170
43,727
45,836
48,686
50,689
18,506
20,513
20,434
21,005
21,926
901
792
712
634
632
2,364
2,839
2,926
3,097
3,232
15,241
16,882
16,796
17,274
18,062
26,691
30,128
33,755
37,278
38,839
4,034
4,141
4,004
3,951
4,036
9,386
10,535
11,391
12,160
12,716
2,635
2,926
3,143
3,337
3,466
6,751
7,610
8,248
8,823
9,250
1,888
2,298
2,629
2,911
2,977
5,357
6,240
7,378
8,660
9,036
6,026
6,914
8,353
9,596
10,074
1,928
2,187
2,270
2,348
2,378
4,098
4,727
6,083
7,248
7,696
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
63,901
65,803
67,897
70,384
70,880
53,116
54,413
56,058
58,189
58,325
23,158
23,308
23,737
24,361
23,578
627
613
606
619
623
3,317
3,248
3,350
3,575
3,588
19,214
19,447
19,781
20,167
19,367
40,743
42,495
44,160
46,023
47,302
4,158
4,268
4,318
4,442
4,515
13,245
13,606
14,099
14,705
15,040
3,597
3,689
3,779
3,907
3,993
9,648
9,917
10,320
10,798
11,047
3,058
3,185
3,337
3,512
3,645
9,498
10,045
10,567
11,169
11,548
10,784
11,391
11,839
12,195
12,554
2,564
2,719
2,737
2,758
2,731
8,220
8,672
9,102
9,437
9,823
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
71,214
73,675
76,790
78,265
76,945
58,331
60,341
63,058
64,095
62,259
22,935
23,668
24,893
24,794
22,600
609
628
642
697
752
3,704
3,889
4,097
4,020
3,525
18,623
19,151
20,154
20,077
18,323
48,278
50,007
51,897
53,471
54,345
4,476
4,541
4,656
4,725
4,542
15,352
15,949
16,607
16,987
17,060
4,001
4,113
4,277
4,433
4,415
11,351
11,836
12,329
12,554
12,645
3,772
3,908
4,046
4,148
4,165
11,797
12,276
12,857
13,441
13,892
12,881
13,334
13,732
14,170
14,686
2,696
2,684
2,663
2,724
2,748
10,185
10,649
11,068
11,446
11,937
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
79,382
82,471
86,697
89,823
90,406
64,511
67,344
71,026
73,876
74,166
23,352
24,346
25,585
26,461
25,658
779
813
851
958
1,027
3,576
3,851
4,229
4,463
4,346
18,997
19,682
20,505
21,040
20,285
56,030
58,125
61,113
63,363
64,748
4,582
4,713
4,923
5,136
5,146
17,755
18,516
19,542
20,192
20,310
4,546
4,708
4,969
5,204
5,275
13,209
13,808
14,573
14,989
15,035
4,271
4,467
4,724
4,975
5,160
14,551
15,303
16,252
17,112
17,890
14,871
15,127
15,672
15,947
16,241
2,733
2,727
2,753
2,773
2,866
12,138
12,399
12,919
13,147
13,375
1981 ..............................
91,105
75,081
25,481
1,132
4,176
20,173
65,625
5,157
20,551
5,359
15,192
5,301
18,592
16,024
2,772
13,253
’ Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
9.
Employment by State
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
State
November 1981
October 1982
Nov. 1982 p
State
November 1981
October 1982
Nov. 1982 p
Alabama ................................................
Alaska ....................................................
Arizona ..................................................
Arkansas ................................................
California................................................
1 ,353.4
179.0
1,055.5
739.3
10 , 147.2
1 ,315.9
191.7
1 ,033.2
732.8
9 ,955.6
1 ,319.9
188.6
1 ,039.6
725.7
9 ,944.8
Montana ................................................
Nebraska ..............................................
Nevada ..................................................
New Hampshire......................................
New Jersey........................................
291.4
630.9
420.9
397.2
3 , 107.7
282.7
611.3
416.9
392.5
3 ,065.3
281.7
610.3
412.7
390.2
3 ,062.9
Colorado ................................................
Connecticut ............................................
Delaware................................................
District of Columbia..................................
Florida....................................................
1 ,297.6
1 ,446.0
257.4
606.1
3 ,776.3
1 ,284.1
1 ,416.5
258.7
602.0
3 ,755.1
1 ,283.7
1 ,419.0
255.4
604.5
3 ,811.8
New Mexico............................................
New York ..............................................
North Carolina........................................
North Dakota..........................................
Ohio ......................................................
476.6
7 ,354.9
2 ,405.3
255.0
4 ,342.7
477.2
7 ,283.3
2 ,351.3
254.2
4 ,204.0
475.8
7 ,286.1
2 ,348.0
252.8
4 , 190.2
Georgia ..................................................
Hawaii....................................................
Idaho......................................................
Illinois ....................................................
Indiana....................................................
2 , 190.7
403.3
325.4
4 ,775.7
2 , 106.6
2 , 157.4
397.5
317.1
4 ,577.7
2 ,010.5
2 , 156.5
401.0
313.4
4 ,568.0
1 ,993.6
Oklahoma ..............................................
Oregon ..................................................
Pennsylvania..........................................
Rhode Island ..........................................
South Carolina........................................
1,217.0
1 ,008.9
4 ,735.5
404.9
1 , 197.7
1 , 195.9
973.4
4 ,479.2
394.6
1 , 178.8
1 , 190.3
964.2
4 ,473.8
394.3
1 , 178.9
Iowa ......................................................
Kansas ..................................................
Kentucky ................................................
Louisiana................................................
Maine ....................................................
1,093.5
954.9
1 ,201.6
1 ,650.5
413.9
1,050.2
918.9
1 , 149.2
1 ,613.7
413.3
1 ,044.4
917.9
1 , 149.5
1 ,613.6
409.4
South Dakota..........................................
Tennessee ..............................................
Texas ....................................................
Utah ......................................................
Vermont ................................................
237.1
1 ,748.0
6 ,274.9
569.3
202.2
233.0
1 ,705.8
6 ,201.2
564.4
204.5
230.5
1 ,700.1
6 ,203.3
565.1
201.4
Maryland ................................................
Massachusetts........................................
Michigan ................................................
Minnesota ..............................................
Mississippi ..............................................
Missouri..................................................
1,709.0
2 ,676.6
3 ,381.1
1 ,769.5
821.9
1 ,986.5
1 ,680.3
2 ,621.8
3 ,215.3
1 ,710.1
796.2
1 ,962.4
1 ,688.5
2 ,626.5
3 ,208.1
1 ,700.0
794.6
1 ,957.9
Virginia ..................................................
Washington ............................................
West Virginia..........................................
Wisconsin ..............................................
Wyoming................................................
2 , 174.7
1 ,588.2
633.5
1,931.8
216.2
2 , 168.4
1,568.1
597.4
1,878.2
215.2
2 , 172.2
1 ,559.9
597.0
1 ,867.9
210.5
Virgin Islands..........................................
36.6
34.6
35.0
p= preliminary.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
65
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
10.
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
Annual average
1981
1980
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
1982
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov. p
Dec.p
TOTAL ..........................................................
90,406
91,105
90,642
90,460
90,459
90,304
90,083
90,166
89,839
89,535
89,312
89,267
88,860
88,684
88,518
PRIVATE SECTOR ..............................
74,166
75,081
74,725
74,596
74,609
74,445
74,231
74,313
74,007
73,900
73,640
73,504
73,118
72,953
72,783
25,658
25,481
24,908
24,684
24,631
24,450
24,289
24,255
23,994
23,840
23,657
23,530
23,239
23,082
22,988
Industry division and group
GOODS-PRODUCING
Mining ................................................................
1,027
1,132
1,206
1,201
1,203
1,197
1,182
1,152
1,124
1,100
1,086
1,075
1,058
1,051
1,036
Construction ......................................................
4,346
4,176
4,026
3,966
3,974
3,934
3,938
3,988
3,940
3,927
3,899
3,883
3,856
3,848
3,818
Manufacturing ....................................................
Production workers..................................
20,285
14,214
20,173
14,021
19,676
13,488
19,517
13,431
19,454
13,290
19,319
13,179
19,169
13,042
19,115
13,008
18,930
12,852
18,813
12,760
18,672
12,647
18,572
12,566
18,325
12,335
18,183
12,206
18,134
12,173
Durable goods ................................................
Production workers..................................
12,187
8,442
12,117
8,301
11,724
7,885
11,622
7,793
11,575
7,759
11,490
7.685
11,375
7,576
11,332
7,553
11,203
7,443
11,133
7,388
10,993
7,272
10,900
7,191
10,666
6,979
10,555
6,877
10,533
6,853
Lumber and wood products ............................
Furniture and fixtures......................................
Stone, clay, and glass products ......................
Primary metal industries..................................
Fabricated metal products ..............................
690.5
465.8
662.1
1,142.2
1,613.1
668.7
467.3
638.2
1,121.1
1,592.4
615
457
610
1,053
1,529
607
452
596
1,038
1,515
611
449
596
1,024
1,505
607
446
590
1,007
1,496
615
443
584
976
1,481
617
443
586
945
1,472
615
442
580
926
1,452
614
439
579
906
1,446
614
443
574
889
1,427
616
439
571
865
1,414
614
434
565
831
1,381
618
433
556
815
1,367
619
435
553
806
1,364
Machinery, except electrical............................
Electric and electronic equipment....................
Transportation equipment................................
Instruments and related products ....................
Miscellaneous manufacturing ..........................
2,494.0
2,090.6
1,899.7
711.3
418.0
2,507.0
2,092.2
1,892.6
726.8
410.7
2,486
2,049
1,791
725
409
2,459
2,055
1,777
720
403
2,446
2,048
1,778
718
400
2,419
2,038
1,774
716
397
2,389
2,034
1,748
713
392
2,377
2,034
1,755
713
390
2,322
2,026
1,745
708
387
2,274
2,018
1,759
708
390
2,230
2,011
1,719
702
384
2,208
1,995
1,709
701
382
2,142
1,969
1,658
694
378
2,109
1,962
1,633
688
374
2,095
1,939
1,664
685
373
Nondurable goods ..........................................
Production workers..................................
8,098
5,772
8,056
5,721
7,952
5,603
7,895
5,548
7,879
5,531
7,829
5,494
7,794
5,466
7,783
5,455
7,727
5,409
7,680
5,372
7,679
5,375
7,672
5,375
7,659
5,356
7,628
5,329
7,601
5,320
Food and kindred products..............................
Tobacco manufactures ..................................
Textile mill products........................................
Apparel and other textile products ..................
Paper and allied products ..............................
1,708.0
68.9
847.7
1,263.5
692.8
1,674.3
69.8
822.5
1,244.0
687.3
1,661
68
794
1,222
677
1,657
69
780
1,201
674
1,663
68
777
1,201
670
1,658
68
760
1,186
668
1,643
67
773
1,165
664
1,652
67
759
1,165
661
1,637
67
741
1,161
658
1,643
65
741
1,126
657
1,628
65
737
1,145
653
1,629
63
735
1,143
657
1,644
63
735
1,141
650
1,642
61
725
1,136
652
1,632
63
720
1,128
650
Printing and publishing....................................
Chemicals and allied products ........................
Petroleum and coal products ..........................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . . .
Leather and leather products ..........................
1,252.1
1,107.4
197.9
726.8
232.9
1,265.8
1,107.3
215.6
736.1
233.0
1,276
1,100
214
716
224
1,275
1,095
210
712
222
1,276
1,093
208
708
215
1,278
1,088
207
703
213
1,274
1,082
206
706
214
1,274
1,079
207
708
211
1,269
1,073
205
704
212
1,267
1,068
205
700
208
1,269
1,070
205
699
208
1,269
1,066
209
694
207
1,268
1,061
208
684
205
1,266
1,058
206
677
205
1,265
1,055
206
679
203
65,776
65,828
65,854
65,794
65,911
65,845
65,695
65,655
65,737
65,621
65,602
65,530
SERVICE-PRODUCING........................................
64,748
65,625
65,734
Transportation and public utilities ......................
5,146
5,157
5,128
5,125
5,115
5,100
5,094
5,101
5,078
5,044
5,025
5,031
5,007
4,994
4,979
Wholesale and retail trade..................................
20,310
20,551
20,524
20,630
20,670
20,655
20,584
20,652
20,595
20,615
20,550
20,492
20,441
20,390
20,297
Wholesale trade..................................................
5,275
5,359
5,357
5,346
5,343
5,336
5,323
5,331
5,307
5,299
5,278
5,272
5,254
5,230
5,203
Retail trade ........................................................
15,035
15,192
15,167
15,284
15,327
15,319
15,261
15,321
15,288
15,316
15,272
15,220
15,187
15,160
15,094
Finance, insurance, and real estate ....................
5,160
5,301
5,331
5,326
5,326
5,336
5,335
5,342
5,352
5,359
5,360
5,367
5,357
5,362
5,376
Services..............................................................
17,890
18,592
18,834
18,831
18,867
18,904
18,929
18,963
18,988
19,042
19,048
19,084
19,074
19,125
19,143
Government........................................................
Federal..........................................................
State and local ..............................................
16,241
2,866
13,375
16,024
2,772
13,253
15,917
2,756
13,161
15,864
2,741
13,123
15,850
2,737
13,113
15,859
2,736
13,123
15,852
2,730
13,122
15,853
2,728
13,125
15,832
2,739
13,093
15,635
2,737
12,898
15,672
2,739
12,933
15,763
2,734
13,029
15,742
2,723
13,019
15,731
2,726
13,005
15,735
2,728
13,007
p=preliminary.
66
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls]
Year
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Manufacturing
Construction
Mining
Private sector
Average
weekly
hours
1950 ..................
1955 ..................
I9601 ................
1964 ..................
1965 ..................
$53.13
67.72
80.67
91.33
95.45
39.8
39.6
38.6
38.7
38.8
$1.335
1.71
2.09
2.36
2.46
$67.16
89.54
105.04
117.74
123.52
37.9
40.7
40.4
41.9
42.3
$1.772
2.20
2.60
2.81
2.92
$69.68
90.90
112.67
132.06
138.38
37.4
37.1
36.7
37.2
37.4
$1.863
2.45
3.07
3.55
3.70
$58.32
75.30
89.72
102.97
107.53
40.5
40.7
39.7
40.7
41.2
$1.440
1.85
2.26
2.53
2.61
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
98.82
101.84
107.73
114.61
119.83
38.6
38.0
37.8
37.7
37.1
2.56
2.68
2.85
3.04
3.23
130.24
135.89
142.71
154.80
164.40
42.7
42.6
42.6
43.0
42.7
3.05
3.19
3.35
3.60
3.85
146.26
154.95
164.49
181.54
195.45
37.6
37.7
37.3
37.9
37.3
3.89
4.11
4.41
4.79
5.24
112.19
114.49
122.51
129.51
133.33
41.4
40.6
40.7
40.6
39.8
2.71
2.82
3.01
3.19
3.35
1971..................
1972 ..................
1973 ..................
1974 ..................
1975 ..................
127.31
136.90
145.39
154.76
163.53
36.9
37.0
36.9
36.5
36.1
3.45
3.70
3.94
4.24
4.53
172.14
189.14
201.40
219.14
249.31
42.4
42.6
42.4
41.9
41.9
4.06
4.44
4.75
5.23
5.95
211.67
221.19
235.89
249.25
266.08
37.2
36.5
36.8
36.6
36.4
5.69
6.06
6.41
6.81
7.31
142.44
154.71
166.46
176.80
190.79
39.9
40.5
40.7
40.0
39.5
3.57
3.82
4.09
4.42
4.83
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
175.45
189.00
203.70
219.91
235.10
36.1
36.0
35.8
35.7
35.3
4.86
5.25
5.69
6.16
6.66
273.90
301.20
332.88
365.07
397.06
42.4
43.4
43.4
43.0
43.3
6.46
6.94
7.67
8.49
9.17
283.73
295.65
318.69
342.99
367.78
36.8
36.5
36.8
37.0
37.0
7.71
8.10
8.66
9.27
9.94
209.32
228.90
249.27
269.34
288.62
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.7
5.22
5.68
6.17
6.70
7.27
1981 ..................
255.20
35.2
7.25
439.19
43.7
10.05
398.52
36.9
10.80
318.00
39.8
7.99
Transportation and public
utilities
1950 ................
1955
..............
I9601
1964 ..................
1965 ..................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate
Wholesale and retail trade
Services
40.5
39.4
38.6
37.9
37.7
$1.100
1.40
1.71
1.97
2.04
$50.52
63.92
75.14
85.79
88.91
37.7
37.6
37.2
37.3
37.2
$1.340
1.70
2.02
2.30
2.39
$70.03
73.60
36.1
35.9
$1.94
2.05
$118.78
125.14
41.1
41.3
$2.89
3.03
$44.55
55.16
66.01
74.66
76.91
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
128.13
130.82
138.85
147.74
155.93
41.2
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.5
3.11
3.23
3.42
3.63
3.85
79.39
82.35
87.00
91.39
96.02
37.1
36.6
36.1
35.7
35.3
2.14
2.25
2.41
2.56
2.72
92.13
95.72
101.75
108.70
112.67
37.3
37.1
37.0
37.1
36.7
2.47
2.58
2.75
2.93
3.07
77.04
80.38
83.97
90.57
96.66
35.5
35.1
34.7
34.7
34.4
2.17
2.29
2.42
2.61
2.81
1971..................
1972 ..................
1973 ..................
1974 ..................
1975 ..................
168.82
187.86
203.31
217.48
233.44
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.7
4.21
4.65
5.02
5.41
5.88
101.09
106.45
111.76
119.02
126.45
35.1
34.9
34.6
34.2
33.9
2.88
3.05
3.23
3.48
3.73
117.85
122.98
129.20
137.61
148.19
36.6
36.6
36.6
36.5
36.5
3.22
3.36
3.53
3.77
4.06
103.06
110.85
117.29
126.00
134.67
33.9
33.9
33.8
33.6
33.5
3.04
3.27
3.47
3.75
4.02
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
256.71
278.90
302.80
325.58
351.25
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.6
6.45
6.99
7.57
8.16
8.87
133.79
142.52
153.64
164.96
176.46
33.7
33.3
32.9
32.6
32.2
3.97
4.28
4.67
5.06
5.48
155.43
165.26
178.00
190.77
209.60
36.4
36.4
36.4
36.2
36.2
4.27
4.54
4.89
5.27
5.79
143.52
153.45
163.67
175.27
190.71
33.3
33.0
32.8
32.7
32.6
4.31
4.65
4.99
5.36
5.85
1981 ..................
382.18
39.4
9.70
190.95
32.2
5.93
229.05
36.3
6.31
208.97
32.6
6.41
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1Data Include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
67
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
12.
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
Annual average
1981
1980
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
1982
Industry division and group
PRIVATE SECTOR
1981
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.p
Dec.p
35.3
35.2
35.0
34.4
35.0
34.9
34.9
35.0
34.9
34.9
34.8
34.8
34.7
34.7
34.6
MANUFACTURING ............................................
Overtime hours......................................
39.7
2.8
39.8
2.8
39.1
2.4
37.6
2.3
39.4
2.4
39.0
2.3
39.0
2.4
39.1
2.3
39.2
2.4
39.2
2.4
39.0
2.4
38.8
2.3
38.8
2.3
38.9
2.3
38.9
2.3
Durable goods................................................
Overtime hours ......................................
40.1
2.8
40.2
2.8
39.5
2.3
38.2
2.2
39.8
2.2
39.5
2.2
39.5
2.2
39.6
2.2
39.7
2.3
39.7
2.2
39.4
2.2
38.9
2.1
39.0
2.0
39.2
2.1
39.2
2.1
Lumber and wood products ..........................
Furniture and fixtures ....................................
Stone, clay, and glass products......................
Primary metal industries................................
Fabricated metal products ............................
38.5
38.1
40.8
40.1
40.4
38.7
38.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
37.7
37.9
39.7
39.2
39.5
35.0
33.6
38.6
38.3
38.1
37.9
37.7
40.1
39.4
39.7
37.6
37.3
40.0
38.8
39.5
37.6
37.4
40.0
38.5
39.4
38.5
37.5
40.2
38.5
39.5
38.7
37.8
40.4
38.9
39.4
38.6
37.6
40.6
38.9
39.5
38.2
37.9
40.3
38.8
39.2
38.5
37.4
40.2
37.8
38.8
38.0
37.5
40.2
38.0
38.9
38.7
37.6
40.2
38.2
38.9
38.5
37.4
39.6
38.0
39.0
Machinery, except electrical ..........................
Electric and electronic equipment ..................
Transportation equipment ..............................
Instruments and related products ..................
Miscellaneous manufacturing ........................
41.0
39.8
40.6
40.5
38.7
40.9
39.9
40.9
40.4
38.8
40.4
39.5
39.7
39.9
38.5
39.3
38.3
39.0
39.0
37.3
40.7
39.8
40.5
39.9
38.6
40.2
39.4
40.4
39.9
38.6
40.1
39.3
41.1
39.9
38.5
39.8
39.4
41.1
40.2
38.7
39.6
39.5
41.6
40.2
38.6
39.8
39.8
41.0
40.1
38.7
39.5
39.3
40.5
40.1
38.6
39.0
38.8
39.8
39.8
38.3
39.2
39.0
40.1
39.4
38.6
39.2
39.2
40.8
39.3
38.6
39.3
39.3
40.2
40.1
38.4
Nondurable goods ........................................
Overtime hours......................................
39.0
2.8
39.1
2.8
38.6
2.6
36.8
2.5
38.9
2.6
38.5
2.5
38.4
2.6
38.5
2.5
38.6
2.5
38.6
2.6
38.5
2.6
38.6
2.6
38.5
2.6
38.5
2.5
38.5
2.5
Food and kindred products............................
Textile mill products......................................
Apparel and other textile products..................
Paper and allied products..............................
39.7
40.1
35.4
42.2
39.7
39.6
35.7
42.5
39.8
37.8
35.1
41.8
39.1
32.3
31.4
41.3
40.2
38.3
35.5
42.3
39.5
37.6
35.0
41.8
39.4
37.7
34.7
42.1
39.4
37.9
34.8
41.8
39.5
37.8
35.1
42.0
39.5
37.7
35.2
41.9
39.1
38.2
35.0
41.7
39.4
38.1
35.2
41.5
39.7
38.2
35.0
41.7
39.5
38.5
35.0
41.7
39.2
38.5
35.0
41.4
Printing aid publishing ..................................
Chemicals and allied products........................
Petroleum and coal products ........................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ..
Leather and leather products ........................
37.1
41.5
41.8
40.0
36.7
37.3
41.6
43.2
40.3
36.8
37.1
41.3
42.7
39.4
36.1
36.9
41.0
44.3
37.9
34.1
37.4
41.2
43.5
40.0
35.6
37.1
40.7
43.5
39.6
35.8
37.1
40.7
44.0
39.8
35.6
36.8
41.0
44.1
39.9
35.6
37.1
41.0
44.1
40.1
35.7
37.0
40.9
43.3
40.2
36.1
36.8
40.9
43.9
39.7
36.0
37.0
41.2
44.0
39.6
35.7
36.9
40.8
43.3
39.0
35.2
37.1
40.6
44.2
39.2
36.0
37.2
40.8
45.4
39.3
35.6
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ....................
32.2
32.2
32.0
31.7
32.0
31.9
31.8
32.0
31.9
31.9
31.9
32.1
31.9
31.8
31.8
WHOLESALE TRADE..........................................
38.5
38.6
38.4
38.1
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.4
38.2
RETAIL TRADE ..................................................
30.2
30.1
29.9
29.7
29.9
29.8
29.8
30.0
29.8
29.9
29.9
30.1
29.9
29.8
29.8
SERVICES..........................................................
32.6
32.6
32.6
32.5
32.6
32.6
32.7
32.7
32.7
32.6
32.6
32.8
32.6
32.6
32.4
Note : The industry divisions of mining; construction; tobacco manufactures (a major
manufacturing group, nondurable goods); transportation and public utilities; and finance, insurance,
and real estate are no longer shown. This is because the seasonal component in these is small
68
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
relative to the trend-cycle, or Irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be precisely
separated,
p=preliminary.
13.
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
1982
Annual average
1981
1980
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov.p
Dec.p
PRIVATE SECTOR ......................................
Seasonally adjusted ..............................
$6.66
<1)
$7.25
(’ )
$7.45
7.46
$7.55
7.52
$7.54
7.53
$7.55
7.54
$7.58
7.59
$7.63
7.65
$7.64
7.67
$7.67
7.71
$7.70
7.74
$7.76
7.72
$7.79
7.77
$7.80
7.78
$7.82
7.83
10.05
10.41
10.65
10.62
10.62
10.65
10.66
10.82
10.91
10.93
11.04
11.02
11.07
11.09
11.32
11.46
11.41
11.53
11.60
11.68
11.82
11.65
11.87
Industry division and group
MINING..............................................................
9.17
CONSTRUCTION................................................
9.94
10,80
11.26
11.59
11.32
11.33
MANUFACTURING ............................................
7.27
7.99
8.27
8.42
8.34
8.37
8.42
8.45
8.50
8.55
8.51
8.59
8.56
8.61
8.69
Durable goods............................................
Lumber and wood products ....................
Furniture and fixtures..............................
Stone, clay, and glass products ..............
Primary metal industries..........................
Fabricated metal products ......................
7.75
6.55
5.49
7.50
9.77
7.45
8.53
7.00
5.91
8.27
10.81
8.20
8.83
7.16
6.12
8.56
11.08
8.53
8.92
7.38
6.28
8.70
11.23
8.55
8.89
7.27
6.19
8.62
11.20
8.57
8.91
7.28
6.21
8.65
11.15
8.64
8.94
7.24
6.21
8.72
11.24
8.69
9.01
7.41
6.23
8.80
11.23
8.79
9.06
7.59
6.30
8.86
11.31
8.83
9.11
7.64
6.34
8.93
11.37
8.85
9.09
7.61
6.39
8.93
11.49
8.85
9.16
7.70
6.41
9.03
11.54
8.90
9.13
7.61
6.41
9.04
11.42
8.85
9.17
7.64
6.44
9.04
11.51
8.90
9.24
7.57
6.51
9.06
11.50
8.97
Machinery, except electrical....................
Electric and electronic equipment............
Transportation equipment........................
Instruments and related products ............
Miscellaneous manufacturing ..................
8.00
6.94
9.35
6.80
5.46
8.81
7.62
10.39
7.43
5.96
9.18
7.90
10.76
7.81
6.19
9.19
7.98
10.79
7.93
6.27
9.20
7.96
10.82
7.94
6.29
9.18
8.01
10.89
8.00
6.32
9.24
8.03
10.89
8.07
6.35
9.26
8.05
11.08
8.16
6.38
9.27
8.09
11.21
8.23
6.41
9.30
8.18
11.25
8.31
6.40
9.33
8.24
11.18
8.40
6.39
9.40
8.31
11.24
8.44
6.49
9.34
8.34
11.30
8.48
6.50
9.35
8.38
11.33
8.57
6.53
9.41
8.46
11.51
8.63
6.63
Nondurable goods......................................
Food and kindred products......................
Tobacco manufactures............................
Textile mill products................................
Apparel and other textile products ..........
Paper and allied products........................
6.55
6.85
7.74
5.07
4.56
7.84
7.18
7.43
8.88
5.52
4.96
8.60
7.44
7.67
8.96
5.72
5.04
8.96
7.67
7.82
9.21
5.76
5.18
9.06
7.54
7.74
9.56
5.76
5.13
8.99
7.57
7.79
9.72
5.76
5.15
9.03
7.65
7.90
10.05
5.79
5.18
9.11
7.66
7.92
9.93
5.79
5.16
9.14
7.70
7.90
10.35
5.79
5.18
9.28
7.77
7.88
10.42
5.81
5.17
9.41
7.74
7.85
9.53
5.82
5.18
9.45
7.84
7.91
9.57
5.86
5.20
9.63
7.81
7.88
9.50
5.87
5.19
9.54
7.88
7.99
10.16
5.92
5.23
9.59
7.95
8.05
10.05
5.99
5.26
9.61
7.53
8.30
10.10
6.52
4.58
8.18
9.12
11.38
7.16
4.99
8.48
9.53
11.59
7.38
5.15
8.58
9.68
11.91
7.51
5.19
8.56
9.68
12.29
7.49
5.22
8.59
9.71
12.32
7.45
5.24
8.59
9.81
12.50
7.52
5.32
8.61
9.83
12.52
7.56
5.32
8.66
9.95
12.53
7.64
5.36
8.74
10.02
12.42
7.65
5.30
8.79
10.03
12.42
7.64
5.33
8.90
10.20
12.62
7.76
5.41
8.87
10.24
12.57
7.72
5.39
8.91
10.26
12.71
7.79
5.41
8.97
10.36
12.71
7.86
5.45
.
8.87
9.70
10.06
10.10
10.13
10.0?
10.14
10.17
10.20
10.29
10.43
10.46
10.48
10.55
10.60
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ....................
5.48
5.93
6.02
6.17
6.16
6.16
6.18
6.20
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.26
6.30
6.32
6.28
Printing and publishing............................
Chemicals and allied products ................
Petroleum and coal products ..................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Leather and leather products..................
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
WHOLESALE TRADE..........................................
6.96
7.57
7.81
7.94
7.94
7.93
7.97
8.03
8.01
8.07
8.11
8.14
8.17
8.18
8.23
RETAIL TRADE..................................................
4.88
5.25
5.31
5.43
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.47
5.47
5.48
5.48
5.52
5.54
5.58
5.54
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE . .
5.79
6.31
6.47
6.56
6.62
6.59
6.64
6.77
6.71
6.78
6.87
6.90
6.97
7.01
7.08
SERVICES..........................................................
5.85
6.41
6.66
6.79
6.79
6.77
6.81
6.85
6.84
6.87
6.90
6.99
7.05
7.08
7.10
1 Not available.
14.
p=preliminary.
Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry
[1977=100]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry
PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars)
Mining..................................................
Construction ........................................
Manufacturing ......................................
Transportation and public utilities............
Wholesale and retail trade ....................
Finance, insurance, and real estate........
Services ..............................................
PRIVATE SECTOR (in constant dollars)
Oct
1982
Nov.
1982 p
Dec.
1982 p
Percent
change
from:
Nov. 1982
to
Dec. 1982
150.1
150.8
151.1
151.9
0.6
( 1)
140.7
154.2
150.3
146.5
150.6
149.7
(’ )
140.4
154.7
149.9
146.8
151.3
149.7
( 1)
142.3
154.6
151.1
147.6
152.9
150.8
( ')
140.9
155.3
151.5
148.0
152.7
150.8
<1)
143.6
155.6
152.8
148.3
154.5
151.9
( 1)
1.9
.2
.8
.2
1.2
.7
93.2
93.2
93.2
93.3
(2)
(2)
Dec.
1981
Aug.
1982
Sept.
1982
Dec.
1981
Oct
1982
Nov.
1982 p
143.5
150.9
151.2
151.9
5.9
143.5
149.9
153.4
136.7
147.4
145.0
140.9
141.5
142.3
162.6
144.0
154.7
151.9
147.1
152.1
150.5
163.3
141.6
155.3
152.8
147.5
152.7
151.0
163.7
143.7
156.2
153.5
147.4
153.9
151.6
6.7
5.1
6.0
5.9
4.6
8.8
6.5
(’ )
136.6
146.9
144.3
141.7
142.0
142.6
92.6
93.3
93.6
( 2)
<2)
92.3
Dec.
1982 p
1This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to
the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with
sufficient precision.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Seasonally adjusted
Percent
change
from;
Dec. 1981
to
Dec. 1982
2 Not available,
p = preliminary,
69
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
15.
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
Annual average
1981
1980
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
PRIVATE SECTOR
Current dollars..........................................
Seasonally adjusted................................
Constant (1977) dollars..............................
$235.10
( ')
172.74
$255.20
( 1)
170.13
$262.24
261.10
169.30
$255.95
258.69
164.70
$262.39
263.55
168.31
$261.99
263.15
168.37
$262.27
264.89
167.80
$265.52
267.75
168.16
$267.40
267.68
167.33
$269.98
269.08
167.90
$271.04
269.35
168.24
$270.05
268.66
167.42
$270.31
269.62
167.06
MINING ........................................................
397.06
439.19
466.37
456.89
463.03
465.16
454.76
454.12
463.10
463.68
463.43
462.58
461.74
CONSTRUCTION ..........................................
367.78
398.52
417.75
385.95
406.39
419.21
415.44
429.75
427.88
438.14
436.16
430.99
438.52
420.57
434.44
MANUFACTURING
Current dollars..........................................
Constant (1977) dollars..............................
288.62
212.06
318.00
212.00
329.97
213.02
312.38
201.02
326.93
209.70
327.27
210.33
325.85
208.48
329.55
208.71
334.05
209.04
332.60
206.84
331.89
206.40
334.15
207.16
333.84
206.33
338.37
209.52
344.99
Durable goods..............................................
Lumber and wood products........................
Furniture and fixtures ................................
Stone, clay, and glass products..................
Primary metal industries ............................
Fabricated metai products..........................
310.78
252.18
209.17
306.00
391.78
300.98
342.91
270.90
226.94
335.76
437.81
330.46
356.73
272.80
238.07
343.26
438.77
345.47
336.28
248.71
204.10
325.38
431.23
323.19
352.93
272.63
231.51
337.90
443.52
337.66
352.84
273.73
233.50
344.27
434.85
342.14
350.45
270.05
230.39
347.93
434.99
338.91
355.90
285.29
231.76
355.52
430.11
346.33
360.59
297.53
238.77
361.49
439.96
349.67
357.11
294.90
233.31
362.56
437.75
344.27
356.33
295.27
243.46
362.56
440.07
346.04
357.24
298.76
241.66
365.72
438.52
346.21
357.90
292.22
244.22
367.02
431.68
346.04
Machinery except electrical........................
Electric and electronic equipment................
Transportation equipment ..........................
Instruments and related products................
Miscellaneous manufacturing......................
328.00
276.21
379.61
275.40
211.30
360.33
304.04
424.95
300.17
231.25
381.89
319.16
445.46
317.87
242.03
360.25
304.04
414.34
306.10
229.48
374.44
316.81
437.13
317.60
241.54
370.87
316.40
439.96
320.80
244.58
367.75
313.17
441.05
318.77
242.57
367.62
315.56
455.39
327.22
245.63
367.09
319.56
466.34
330.85
247.43
363.63
319.84
456.75
328.25
244.48
364.80
322.18
447.20
335.16
246.65
367.54
322.43
443.98
335.91
250.51
365.19
326.09
457.65
334.96
253.50
370.26
331.85
466.80
341.94
255.32
Nondurable goods........................................
Food and kindred products ........................
Tobacco manufactures ..............................
Textile mill products ..................................
Apparel and other textile products..............
Paper and allied products ..........................
255.45
271.95
294.89
203.31
161.42
330.85
280.74
294.97
344.54
218.59
177.07
365.50
291.65
309.87
341.38
220.79
178.92
382.59
277.65
302.63
332.48
179.71
155.40
374.18
291.04
307.28
366.15
219.46
180.58
377.58
289.93
303.81
362.56
217.15
180.77
376.55
291.47
306.52
367.83
215.39
178.19
380.80
294.14
312.05
369.40
219.44
180.08
379.31
297.99
312.05
397.44
220.60
183.89
389.76
299.15
312.05
383.46
216.13
183.02
391.46
299.54
310.86
363.09
222.91
183.37
393.12
304.19
315.61
379.93
223.85
182.52
401.57
302.25
312.84
370.50
227.17
183.21
397.82
306.53 310.85
318.00 319.59
386.08 376.88
230.88 235.41
184.62 186.20
402.78 406.50
Printing and publishing................................
Chemicals and allied products....................
Petroleum and coal products......................
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products....................................
Leather and leather products......................
279.36
344.45
422.18
305.11
379.39
491.62
321.39
398.35
493.73
312.31
394.94
514.51
317.58
397.85
518.64
318.69
395.20
522.37
316.11
399.27
550.00
315.99
401.06
549.63
319.55
406.96
553.83
322.51
407.81
546.48
326.11
408.22
546.48
331.08
420.24
572.95
328.19
417.79
555.59
332.34
420.66
569.41
340.86
427.87
575.76
260.80
168.09
288.55
183.63
295.94
187.46
283.88
172.83
298.85
184.27
295.77
186.54
297.04
187.26
300.13
191.52
306.36
196.71
302.94
191.33
303.31
192.95
307.30
192.06
303.40
190.27
307.71
195.30
314.40
195.66
351.25
382.18
395.36
388.85
397.10
392.73
393.43
394.60
399.84
403.37
409.90
405.85
406.62
409.34
411.28
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
.
1982
No
v
.
p
$270.66
269.97
167.59
Dec.p
$272.14
270.92
$460.51 $466.89
$363.13 $370.52
295.67 294.47
245.36 249.98
367.02 362.40
440.83 440.45
349.77 358.80
380.16
340.09
481.12
352.97
258.57
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ..................
176.46
190.95
194.45
191.89
194.66
194.66
195.91
197.78
199.02
202.45
202.77
200.95
200.97
200.98
201.59
WHOLESALE TRADE
267.96
292.20
302.25
300.13
303.31
303.72
304.45
308.35
309.19
312.31
313.05
312.58
314.55
314.93
316.86
RETAIL TRADE................................................
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE
SERVICES........................................................
1Not available.
70
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.
147.38
158.03
160.89
157.47
159.35
159.64
161.02
163.01
164.65
168.24
168.24
166.70
165.09
165.73
167.31
209.60
229.05
234.21
237.47
239.64
239.22
240.37
245.75
242.23
245.44
249.38
249.09
252.31
253.76
254.88
190.71
208.97
217.12
219.32
220.68
220.03
221.33
222.63
224.35
227.40
227.70
228.57
229.13
230.10
230.04
p = preliminary.
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA
ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10
percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet
earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini
tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance
programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv
ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a
full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The
rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem
ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a
12-month period.
N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled
monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of
the U.S. Department of Labor from monthly reports of unem
ployment insurance activity prepared by State agencies. Rail
road unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S.
Railroad Retirement Board.
Definitions
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be
ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap
plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num
ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods.
The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com
pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set
tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been
adjusted.
Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured
unemployment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation
for Ex-Servicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal
Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act.
Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs
for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of
at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem
16.
Unemployment insurance and employment service operations
[All Items except average benefits amounts are In thousands]
1982
1981
Item
All programs:
Insured unemployment........................
State unemployment insurance program:1
Initial claims2 ......................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) ..............................
Rate of insured unemployment ............
Weeks of unemployment compensated
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment....................
Total benefits paid ..............................
State unemployment insurance program:1
(Seasonally adjusted data)
Initial claims 2 ......................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) ..............................
Rate of insured unemployment ............
Unemployment compensation for exservicemen: 3
Initial claims1 ........................ ..............
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) ..............................
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Total benefits paid ..............................
Unemployment compensation for
Federal civilian employees:4
Initial claims........................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) ..............................
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Total benefits paid ..............................
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications........................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) ..............................
Number of payments ..........................
Average amount of benefit payment . . .
Total benefits paid ..............................
Employment service:5
New applications and renewals............
Nonfarm placements ..........................
3,228
3,935
4,681
4,723
4,892
4,760
4,388
14,327
4,495
4,398
4,283
4,391
4,635
2,286
3,272
3,328
2,272
2,418
2,347
1,989
2,399
2,655
2,358
'2,342
2,443
2,641
3,061
3.5
10,052
3,778
4.3
14,592
4,470
5.1
15,962
4,376
5.0
15,631
4,282
4.9
18,144
4,067
4.6
16,158
3,729
4.3
13,679
3,707
4.3
14,648
'3,912
4.6
14,655
3,831
4.4
15,015
'3,712
4.2
'14,547
3,828
4.4
13,786
4,156
4.7
15,108
$123.22
$122.75
'$120.78
'$118.97
$117.28
$118.64
$118.08
$117.10
$117.61
$116.95
$114.83
$112.83
$110.52
$1,080,810 $1,592,546 $1,764,206 $1,781,830 $2,072,642 $1,849,881 $1,573,444 r $1,692,150 $1,679,378 $1,746,195 '$1,710,573 $1,646,554 $1,810,302
2233
2,106
2,304
2,354
2,521
2,442
2,379
2,528
2,317
2,814
'2,902
2,688
3,403
3.9
.3,593
4.1
3,604
4.1
3,644
4.2
3,777
4.3
3,939
4.5
3,925
4.5
3,995
4.6
3,959
4.5
4,137
4.7
'4,446
5.1
4,680
5.3
9
11
8
8
10
9
8
10
10
11
22
91
$10,043
19
93
$10,155
16
65
$7,098
13
49
$5,304
11
48
$5,141
10
37
$4,013
9
31
$3,395
8
29
$3,314
7
25
$2,821
7
24
$2,793
16
17
17
12
13
13
11
14
13
12
10
17
8
25
$2,900
9
28
$3,378
14
33
$3,970
13
16
14
h
36
127
$13,491
39
174
$18,891
40
162
$18,040
40
154
$17,517
38
172
$19,677
33
146
$16,806
29
120
$13,526
28
123
$13,922
29
120
$13,445
27
118
$13,140
26
111
$12,303
28
109
$12,119
31
125
$13,894
13
19
22
11
9
5
5
36
68
68
14
20
17
44
83
$207.08
$16,377
54
117
$212.33
$25,292
75
153
$213.39
$30,544
67
140
$214.07
$28,011
65
154
$215.71
$33,853
57
130
$209.48
$26,262
44
95
$200.75
$19,110
44
93
$199.15
$18,574
55
100
$202.54
$17,998
55
100
$202.54
$17,998
61
137
$216.14
$31,123
82
159
$212.35
$31,638
81
162
$216.55
$35,061
4,081
731
1Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican
sugarcane workers.
2 Excludes transition claims under State programs.
3 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
4 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nov.p
Oct
Sept
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
7,439
1,232
10,965
1,902
p 13,346
p2,629
5 Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly,
N ote : Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands Included. Dashes indicate data not available.
p= preliminary.
r= revised.
71
PRICE DATA
d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price
indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100,
unless otherwise noted).
P r ic e
Definitions
The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the
average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser
vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. One
index, a new CPI for All Urban Consumers, covers 80 percent of the
total noninstitutional population; and the other index, a revised CPI
for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covers about half the
new index population. The All Urban Consumers index includes, in
addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, manageri
al, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the
unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctor’s and dentist’s fees, and other goods and
services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali
ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revi
sions so that only price changes will be measured. Prices are collected
from over 18,000 tenants, 24,000 retail establishments, and 18,000
housing units for property taxes in 85 urban areas across the country.
All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are
included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the expendi
tures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately
reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with
different buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it meas
ures only price change, which is just one of several important factors
affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the
level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in
prices for each area since the base period.
Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received
in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities
in all’stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in
dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations
per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com
modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing,
mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe
includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial
transactions in primary markets in the United States.
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or
by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products
by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or
semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure
organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition.
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In
dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit
ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data
are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire.
72
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol
untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the
Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari
ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights
representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com
modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in
dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura
bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite
groupings.
Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries,
as defined in the S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M a n u a l 1 9 7 2
(Washington, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These
indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the
economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value
of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in
dustrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the May 1978 issue of the R ev ie w , regional CPI’s
cross classified by population size, were introduced. These indexes will
enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a
better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropri
ate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified
indexes will be published bimonthly. (See table 19.)
For further details about the new and the revised indexes and a
comparison of various aspects of these indexes with the old unrevised
CPI, see F a c ts A b o u t th e R e v is e d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x , a pamphlet in
the Consumer Price Index Revision 1978 series. See also T h e
C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x : C o n c ep ts a n d C o n te n t O v e r th e Years, Report
517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978).
For interarea comparisons of living costs at three hypothetical stand
ards of living, see the family budget data published in the H a n d b o o k
o f L a b o r S ta tistic s, 1 9 7 7 , Bulletin 1966 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1977), tables 122-133. Additional data and analysis on price changes
are provided in the C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P rices a n d P ric e
I n d e x e s , both monthly publications of the Bureau.
As of January 1976, the Wholesale Price Index (as it was then
called) incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 val
ues of shipments. From January 1967 through December 1975, 1963
values of shipments were used as weights.
For a discussion of the general method of computing consumer,
producer, and industry price indexes, see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s
f o r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1976), chapters 13-15. See also John F. Early, “Improving the meas
urement of producer price change,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , April
1978, pp. 7-15. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “In
dustry and Sector Price Indexes,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , August
1965, pp. 974-82.
17.
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-81
[1967 = 100]
Food and
beverages
All Items
Year
Index
Percent
change
Index
Apparel and
upkeep
Housing
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
Index
Transportation
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
Medical care
Percent
change
Index
Other goods
and services
Entertainment
Index
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
1967
1968
1969
1970
..................
..................
..................
..................
100.0
104.2
109.8
116.3
4.2
5.4
5.9
100.0
103.6
108.8
114.7
3.6
5.0
5.4
100.0
104 0
110.4
118.2
4.0
6.2
7.1
100.0
105.4
111.5
116.1
5.4
5.8
4.1
100.0
103.2
107.2
112.7
3.2
3.9
5.1
100.0
106.1
113.4
120.6
6.1
6.9
6.3
100.0
105.7
111.0
116.7
5.7
5.0
5.1
100.0
105.2
110.4
116.8
5.2
4.9
5.8
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
121.3
125.3
133.1
147.7
161.2
4.3
3.3
6.2
11.0
9.1
118.3
123.2
139.5
158.7
172.1
3.1
4.1
13.2
13.8
8.4
123.4
128.1
133.7
148.8
164.5
4.4
3.8
4.4
11.3
10.6
119.8
122.3
126.8
136.2
142.3
3.2
2.1
3.7
7.4
4.5
118.6
119.9
123.8
137.7
150.6
5.2
1.1
3.3
11.2
9.4
128.4
132.5
137.7
150.5
168.6
6.5
3.2
3.9
9.3
12.0
122.9
126.5
130.0
139.8
152.2
5.3
2.9
2.8
7.5
8.9
122.4
127.5
132.5
142.0
153.9
4.8
4.2
3.9
7.2
8.4
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
170.5
181.5
195.3
217.7
247.0
5.8
6.5
7.6
11.5
13.5
177.4
188.0
206.2
228.7
248.7
3.1
6.0
9.7
10.9
8.7
174.6
186.5
202.6
227.5
263.2
6.1
6.8
8.6
12.3
15.7
147.6
154.2
159.5
166.4
177.4
3.7
4.5
3.4
4.3
6.6
165.5
177.2
185.8
212.8
250.5
9.9
7.1
4.9
14.5
17.7
184.7
202.4
219.4
240.1
267.2
9.5
9.6
8.4
9.4
11.3
159.8
167.7
176.2
187.6
203.7
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.5
8.5
162.7
172.2
183.2
196.3
213.6
5.7
5.8
6.4
7.2
8.8
1981 ..................
272.3
10.2
267.8
7.7
293.2
11.4
186.6
5.2
281.3
12.3
295.1
10.4
219.0
7.5
233.3
9.2
18. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected Items
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1982
1981
1982
1981
Nov.
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
All items......................................................................................
280.7
290.6
292.2
292.8
293.3
294.1
293.6
280.4
290.1
291.8
292.4
292.8
293.6
293.2
Food and beverages ....................................................................
Housing........................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep......................................................................
Transportation..............................................................................
Medical care ................................................................................
Entertainment ..............................................................................
Other goods and services..............................................................
269.9
304.2
191.3
289.1
308.2
226.8
245.9
280.2
317.5
190.8
292.8
326.4
235.6
255.8
280.8
319:2
189.7
296.1
330.0
236.6
257.2
279.9
320.1
191.8
296.2
333.3
237.4
258.3
280.1
319.7
194.9
295.3
336.0
238.3
266.6
279.6
320.7
195.5
295.5
338.7
240.3
271.2
279.1
319.0
194.4
295.8
342.2
239.9
273.8
270.3
303.8
190.5
290.8
307.1
224.3
233.1
280.5
317.5
189.6
294.5
324.8
232.3
253.1
281.2
319.3
188.7
297.9
328.1
233.5
254.5
280.2
320.5
190.7
298.0
331.3
233.9
255.7
280.4
320.0
194.1
296.9
333.9
234.8
262.8
279.9
321.2
194.6
297.0
336.5
236.5
267.8
279.4
319.6
194.4
297.3
339.8
236.1
270.9
Commodities................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ....................................
Nondurables less food and beverages..................................
Durables............................................................................
258.0
248.3
266.7
233.2
265.1
254.0
266.3
243.2
266.5
255.7
268.2
244.7
266.4
255.9
268.8
244.6
266.6
256.1
269.9
244.1
267.5
257.6
271.0
246.0
267.8
258.2
271.4
246.6
258.5
249.1
269.0
232.3
265.4
254.5
268.2
242.3
266.9
256.3
270.3
243.9
266.8
256.5
270.7
244.0
267.0
256.8
271.8
243.6
267.9
258.3
272.9
245.4
268.2
258.9
273.3
246.2
Services ......................................................................................
Rent, residential..................................................................
Household services less rent ..............................................
Transportation services........................................................
Medical care services..........................................................
Other services....................................................................
320.6
215.0
389.2
283.2
333.7
248.7
334.9
222.6
407.7
294.7
353.0
257.0
337.0
224.8
409.4
297.2
357.3
258.0
338.9
226.0
411.7
297.8
361.0
259.7
339.7
226.9
410.4
298.7
364.0
266.3
340.3
228.9
409.2
300.5
366.9
268.4
338.6
230.2
404.1
299.9
371.0
269.2
321.1
214.5
393.6
282.3
332.0
247.2
335.7
222.1
413.3
293.2
350.7
255.5
337.9
224.3
415.3
295.7
354.7
256.6
340.0
225.5
418.1
296.5
358.3
258.4
340.5
226.4
416.5
296.9
361.1
264.0
341.2
228.4
415.6
298.4
363.9
266.1
339.3
229.7
410.4
297.5
367.7
266.8
All items less food ........................................................................
All items less mortgage interest costs ............................................
Commodities less food ..................................................................
Nondurables less food ..................................................................
Nondurables less food and apparel................................................
Nondurables ................................................................................
Services less rent ........................................................................
Services less medical c a re ............................................................
Domestically produced farm foods ................................................
Selected beef cuts........................................................................
Energy ........................................................................................
All items less energy ....................................................................
All items less food and energy ............................................
Commodities less food and energy....................................
Energy commodities ........................................................
Services less energy........................................................
280.1
264.2
246.2
261.1
300.1
269.5
340.8
316.9
258.3
271.9
414.1
270.4
267.2
223.8
448.2
317.7
289.7
273.6
251.9
261.2
301.0
274.4
356.5
330.7
270.3
289.1
418.6
280.7
277.3
232.1
430.8
329.9
291.5
275.1
253.5
263.0
304.3
275.7
358.5
332.5
270.7
287.4
424.5
282.0
278.7
233.1
438.2
331.8
292.5
275.6
253.8
263.6
304.2
275.5
360.5
334.1
268.4
280.8
424.5
282.7
279.8
233.6
436.6
333.6
292.9
276.7
253.9
264.6
304.2
276.2
361.3
334.8
268.0
279.3
424.2
283.1
280.4
234.1
433.3
334.2
294.0
278.0
255.4
265.7
305.5
276.5
361.6
335.1
266.6
272.0
425.0
284.0
281.5
236.0
431.9
334.4
293.6
278.2
256.0
266.1
306.2
276.4
359.3
332.9
265.3
271.9
422.6
283.6
281.2
236.6
431.6
333.1
280.1
264.6
247.0
263.4
302.0
270.7
341.6
317.5
257.8
273.2
417.3
269.2
265.9
223.0
449.0
318.2
289.4
273.7
252.4
263.0
302.4
275.4
357.7
331.7
269.2
290.6
420.4
279.4
276.0
231.3
431.6
330.6
291.4
275.3
254.1
265.0
305.8
276.8
359.9
333.6
269.7
288.8
426.5
280.8
277.6
232.4
439.0
332.6
292.4
275.8
254.4
265.4
305.5
276.5
362.2
335.6
267.4
281.9
426.1
281.5
278.7
232.8
437.3
334.7
292.8
276.7
254.7
266.5
305.6
277.2
362.5
335.8
267.0
280.7
425.6
281.9
279.2
233.6
433.8
334.8
293.9
277.9
256.1
267.5
306.9
277.4
362.9
336.3
265.5
273.2
426.0
282.8
280.4
235.4
432.3
335.2
293.5
278.1
256.7
267.9
307.5
277.4
360.4
334.0
264.4
273.2
423.7
282.5
280.2
236.2
431.8
333.7
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 - $1 ....................
$0,356
$0,344
$0,342
$0,342
$0,341
$0,340
$0,341
$0,357
$0,345
$0,343
$0,342
$0,342
$0,341
$0,341
Special indexes:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Nov.
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
1981
Oct
Nov.
Nov.
1982
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
FOOD AND BEVERAGES ............................................................
269.9
280.2
280.8
279.9
280.1
279.6
279.1
270.3
280.5
281.2
280.2
280.4
279.9
279.4
Food....................................................................................................
277.1
287.8
288.5
287.4
287.6
287.0
286.4
277.4
288.0
288.6
287.5
287.7
287.2
286.6
Food at home......................................................................................
Cereals and bakery products ..........................................................
Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) ..............................
Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 100)....................
Cereal (12/77 = 100)........................................................
Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) ..........................
Bakery products (12/77 = 100)................................................
White oread ......................................................................
Other breads (12/77 = 100)..............................................
Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) ..................
Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100)..........................
Cookies (12/77 = 100)......................................................
Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) ........
Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) . . .
Frozen and refrigerated bakery products
and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 100) ..........
271.0
276.3
149.9
138.4
157.4
149.6
144.9
241.3
142.8
145.2
145.0
146.3
133.1
144.8
282.6
283.6
154.5
142.1
166.1
149.4
148 6
242.4
145.6
149.9
149.2
150.7
140.9
148.9
282.8
284.3
154.8
143.5
166.3
148.9
149.0
246.1
145.1
148.9
148.9
150.0
141.8
148.5
280.8
284.8
154.5
141.6
166.5
149.3
149.4
246.6
146.2
150.5
149.5
149.6
141.3
148.9
280.6
284.6
154.3
141.4
166.9
148.2
149.4
246.1
147.1
149.5
150.3
150.9
140.8
149.2
279.4
285.0
154.0
139.9
167.5
147.6
149.7
246.7
146.5
151.0
150.1
152.2
141.9
148.7
278.3
285.5
153.2
139.2
167.2
146.1
150.3
246.8
147.3
150.9
150.5
153.6
143.3
149.6
270.4
275.5
152.1
140.2
158.9
153.9
143.7
237.6
144.9
141.9
143.2
146.8
133.4
145.8
281.6
282.3
155.5
142.5
168.2
150.6
147.4
238.3
147.5
146.2
147.5
151.5
142.3
151.5
281.9
283.0
155.8
144.0
168.5
150.0
147.8
241.9
147.0
145.4
147.2
150.9
143.2
151.1
279.8
283.4
155.5
142.1
168.6
150.5
148.1
242.5
148.2
146.6
147.6
150.6
142.6
151.5
279.7
283.4
155.2
141.8
169.0
149.4
148.2
241.9
149.0
145.6
148.7
152.1
142.3
151.8
278.5
283.7
154.9
140.3
169.7
148.7
148.6
242.6
148.4
147.1
148.5
153.2
143.3
151.4
277.4
284.1
154.1
139.5
169.4
147.3
149.1
242.6
149.4
146.9
148.8
154.5
144.6
152.3
149.2
156.3
156.2
156.6
154.7
154.4
155.8
143.1
149.4
149.2
149.5
148.1
147.6
148.6
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ..........................................................
Meats, poultry, and fish ............................................................
Meats ..............................................................................
Beef and veal ................................................................
Ground beef other than canned....................................
Chuck roast................................................................
Round roast................................................................
Round steak ..............................................................
Sirloin steak................................................................
Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ............................
P ork..............................................................................
Bacon ........................................................................
Chops........................................................................
Ham other than canned (12/77 = 100)........................
Sausage ....................................................................
Canned ham ..............................................................
Other pork (12/77 = 100) ..........................................
Other meats ..................................................................
Frankfurters................................................................
Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) ............
Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ................................
Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) ........................
Poultry..............................................................................
Fresh whole chicken....................................................
Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 100) ............
Other poultry (12/77 = 100) ......................................
Fish and seafood ..............................................................
Canned fish and seafood (12/77 = 100)......................
Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) ........
Eggs ......................................................................................
254.2
259.2
259.6
271.5
266.1
282.6
245.0
256.7
262.0
161.1
235.6
238.1
217.0
108.9
298.1
243.1
131.1
260.5
259.9
146.7
132.1
141.7
192.3
190.9
127.3
122.2
358.9
141.5
133.9
194.7
266.0
274.3
277.2
288.2
274.6
295.4
257.0
278.8
294.1
173.3
259.5
280.7
241.2
112.6
326.3
253.2
145.4
268.5
268.8
154.6
135.5
143.1
197.5
199.1
129.3
124.6
365.2
139.9
138.6
162.5
268.5
276.2
278.8
286.7
272.5
296.2
251.8
271.2
295.6
173.3
265.4
283.9
248.9
115.3
331.9
255.3
150.3
272.0
274.2
156.5
137.3
143.9
199.6
201.2
129.4
127.3
370.2
140.5
141.3
173.6
265.4
273.7
276.5
280.5
268.1
289.7
245.0
263.4
285.5
169.7
268.2
295.6
248.0
116.8
332.2
257.6
150.8
272.8
275.6
157.5
138.3
142.3
196.2
193.8
128.2
127.7
367.6
139.4
140.4
161.2
267.8
275.3
278.4
279.1
265.4
286.9
245.4
262.0
285.2
169.3
277.1
315.5
252.5
122.1
341.2
259.7
153.8
272.1
275.3
156.6
138.9
140.5
196.2
194.8
127.1
127.9
369.4
139.3
141.5
175.2
265.1
272.4
274.9
272.2
262.4
281.9
237.9
253.4
266.3
164.9
277.9
312.4
252.3
126.5
342.1
267.2
151.3
272.2
274.8
158.5
140.1
137.0
195.4
192.6
126.8
128.5
367.1
138.6
140.5
175.8
263.6
270.8
273.6
272.0
263.0
281.7
241.4
257.1
259.8
164.1
274.2
298.7
249.0
127.3
337.7
270.5
149.6
271.6
274.4
156.6
141.3
135.4
192.0
189.3
125.3
125.4
366.6
139.0
140.0
175.0
254.0
258.8
259.3
272.2
268.0
292.6
248.2
254.8
260.7
159.2
235.9
242.9
216.2
106.6
299.2
247.0
130.9
259.9
260.9
145.9
130.6
144.6
190.6
188.5
126.5
121.5
356.6
141.0
132.7
196.7
265.8
273.9
276.5
289.0
275.9
304.9
260.1
277.2
295.5
171.9
258.9
285.3
239.6
109.6
327.2
256.4
144.7
267.8
268.3
154.6
133.4
146.5
195.8
197.0
127.5
124.3
364.2
139.4
138.3
163.4
268.3
275.8
278.2
287.4
273.9
305.3
254.7
269.4
298.0
171.7
264.9
288.7
247.3
112.4
332.9
258.7
149.5
271.3
273.4
156.6
135.1
147.3
197.8
198.8
127.9
126.9
368.7
139.9
140.8
174.7
265.1
273.3
275.8
280.8
269.0
298.9
247.9
261.1
286.8
168.0
267.6
300.4
246.3
113.8
333.5
261.1
150.0
272.3
274.9
157.6
136.1
145.6
194.4
191.8
126.5
127.4
365.8
138.8
139.7
162.3
267.7
275.1
277.9
279.8
267.0
295.9
249.2
260.6
286.7
167.6
276.3
320.7
250.6
119.1
342.5
263.5
153.0
271.7
274.7
156.6
136.7
143.6
194.2
192.5
125.4
127.4
368.4
138.7
141.3
176.1
265.0
272.1
274.6
272.7
263.7
290.4
240.5
251.0
268.0
163.4
277.0
317.7
250.0
123.4
343.2
271.4
150.5
272.2
274.0
158.5
137.9
140.6
193.2
190.3
124.9
128.0
366.0
138.1
140.2
176.7
263.5
270.6
273.2
272.5
264.2
290.3
244.3
255.1
260.6
162.4
273.4
304.0
247.0
124.2
338.5
275.0
148.6
271.5
273.8
156.4
139.1
138.5
190.0
187.4
123.5
124.6
365.3
138.4
139.6
176.2
Dairy products..........................................................................
Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) ................................
Fresh whole m ilk............................................................
Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100)......................
Processed dairy products (12/77 = 100)............................
Butter............................................................................
Cheese (12/77 = 100) ..................................................
Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 100)................
Other dairy products (12/77 = 100)................................
245.0
134.9
220.8
134.9
143.5
248.0
141.1
149.3
138.7
246.3
135.2
221.3
135.4
144.9
250.9
143.2
149.6
138.7
247.5
135.6
221.6
136.2
145.9
251.1
144.2
150.4
141.3
247.5
135.4
221.2
136.0
146.3
252.1
144.8
150.6
140.7
247.0
135.1
220.8
135.6
146.1
252.2
144.9
149.3
141.1
247.1
135.0
220.8
135.3
146.2
252.6
144.7
150.4
141.0
247.4
135.1
220.9
135.4
146.6
252.5
144.5
152.4
140.9
244.7
134.6
220.1
134.9
144.0
250.2
141.1
149.4
140.2
245.7
134.7
220.4
134.9
145.2
253.4
143.6
148.7
139.4
246.8
135.1
220.7
135.7
146.2
253.7
144.5
149.6
142.0
246.8
134.8
220.3
135.5
146.6
254.6
145.1
149.6
141.6
246.3
134.5
219.9
135.0
146.3
254.7
145.2
148.4
141.8
246.4
134.5
220.0
134.7
146.5
255.1
145.0
149.6
141.7
246.7
134.6
220.1
134.9
146.9
255.1
144.8
151.5
141.5
Fruits and vegetables ..............................................................
Fresh fruits and vegetables ................................................
Fresh fruits ....................................................................
Apples........................................................................
Bananas ....................................................................
Oranges ....................................................................
Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 100)..................................
Fresh vegetables............................................................
Potatoes ....................................................................
Lettuce ......................................................................
Tomatoes ..................................................................
Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 100) ........................
272.0
267.8
276.1
248.7
249.4
314.0
144.7
260.1
286.3
257.1
206.9
145.0
305.6
325.9
340.8
321.4
267.9
406.8
177.1
311.9
344.9
269.1
275.6
177.5
299.7
313.8
332.4
331.8
245.4
438.2
161.6
296.4
370.9
254.5
270.2
155.6
291.4
296.9
336.1
314.5
233.7
473.0
163.9
260.2
328.1
246.3
194.3
138.3
284.1
283.5
329.0
285.5
240.7
516.3
152.1
241.0
272.4
236.1
184.9
134.0
280.7
277.4
317.1
250.7
227.8
520.8
148.0
240.2
243.8
259.2
210.5
131.5
276.1
268.3
288.9
239.4
243.7
399.6
143.3
249.1
240.8
259.2
242.9
137.6
268.1
261.9
266.0
249.1
248.3
286.0
139.7
258.2
281.5
247.4
209.7
145.8
301.0
318.6
327.0
321.9
265.5
367.5
170.3
311.1
339.7
270.0
279,9
177.0
295.3
307.1
320.5
333.3
243.6
399.9
156.1
295.0
366.0
253.0
274.9
154.8
286.7
289.7
323.2
316.7
231.3
433.5
158.1
259.6
323.4
247.5
198.2
137.8
278.8
275.2
313.6
286.6
238.5
466.8
146.4
240.6
269.6
237.9
187.9
133.5
275.0
268.4
300.4
251.9
226.7
465.7
142.4
239.7
240.5
260.9
213.7
131.0
271.3
261.0
275.4
239.9
241.9
360.4
137.5
248.1
235.9
259.8
246.6
137.1
Processed fruits and vegetables ........................................
Processed fruits (12/77 = 100) ......................................
Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 100)....................
Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) ................
Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 100) ........................
Processed vegetables (12/77 = 100)..............................
Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100)................................
279.2
145.1
144.9
148.6
141.6
135.4
137.4
285.9
148.0
144.4
151.7
147.0
139.3
145.6
c 286.8
148.5
143.5
152.2
148.8
139.7
146.7
288.0
148.7
142.8
153.0
148.9
140.7
147.7
287.4
149.0
144.1
152.0
149.8
139.8
148.1 |
286.8
149.2
144.8
152.5
149.2
139.1
147.7
287.3
149.7
145.6
153.4
149.1
139.0
149.0
277.3
144.6
144.1
147.4
141.8
134.7
139.2
283.9
147.6
143.4
150.7
147.6
138.2
146.9
284.8
148.1
142.6
151.0
149.4
138.6
148.0
285.9
148.2
141.7
151.9
149.6
139.6
149.0
285.3
148.6
143.2
151.0
150.4
138.6
149.5
284.6
148.8
144.0
151.4
149.8
137.9
148.8
285.1
149.4
144.7
152.6
149.7
137.8
150.4
74
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
Nov.
June
1982
1981
1982
1981
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Nov.
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
FOOD AND BEVERAGES-Continued
Food—Continued
Food at home— Continued
Fruits and vegetables — Continued
Cut com and canned beans except lima (12/77=100) . . . .
Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77-100)..............
Other foods at hom e........................................................................
Sugar and sweets......................................................................
Candy and chewing gum (12/77-100) ................................
Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77-100)........................
Other sweets (12/77-100) ................................................
Fats and oils (12/77-100) ........................................................
Margarine ..........................................................................
Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77-100) ............
Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77-100) ................
Nonalcoholic beverages ............................................................
Cola drinks, excluding diet c o la ............................................
Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77-100)..............
Roasted co^ee ..................................................................
Freeze dried and instant coffee............................................
Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77-100)............................
Other prepared foods ................................................................
Canned and packaged soup (12/77-100)............................
Frozen prepared foods (12/77-100)....................................
Snacks (12/77-100)..........................................................
Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77-100)..............
Other condiments (12/77-100) ..........................................
Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77-100) ........................
Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77=100) . . .
138.3
133.1
326.0
359.1
149.3
155.2
144.9
262.2
255.2
163.0
129.8
413.4
298.8
141.4
341.0
330.8
136.4
262.7
133.4
146.5
152.5
148.9
145.0
144.8
141.8
141.1
135.2
332.6
366.8
150.4
161.4
148.9
260.7
261.2
156.5
129.1
424.8
305.9
143.1
365.1
344.3
140.0
267.8
136.3
147.3
153.2
153.3
150.6
148.3
144.5
141.0
135.4
332.2
369.5
150.5
164.6
149.8
259.3
258.4
154.9
129.2
422.8
302.9
143.3
364.3
344.9
139.2
268.0
136.9
146.7
152.7
152.7
151.4
149.3
144.6
143.6
135.6
333.3
370.1
150.0
166.7
149.6
258.3
257.9
154.2
128.5
423.8
304.3
144.8
365.5
344.9
137.7
269.9
137.9
149.1
153.1
154.1
151.9
150.2
145.4
141.3
134.8
333.6
371.2
149.7
167.5
151.1
258.4
259.3
151.2
129.4
424.2
305.0
144.6
362.9
343.1
138.8
269.9
137.4
148.9
153.0
155.3
152.2
149.7
145.9
140.8
133.9
334.8
370.6
149.4
167.3
151.0
258.4
258.4
151.2
129.7
427.5
308.9
146.2
362.0
343.6
139.1
270.5
136.8
148.5
153.3
156.5
152.1
151.4
145.8
140.8
133.0
334.3
370.3
149.6
165.2
152.5
258.6
257.5
152.0
129.8
426.2
308.8
144.8
360.0
344.2
138.8
270.2
136.6
149.7
153.1
157.1
151.7
150.2
145.0
136.0
131.8
327.0
359.0
148.9
157.0
143.1
263.1
254.9
163.0
130.4
415.2
296.1
139.3
337.3
333.2
136.4
264.5
136.1
145.1
155.6
147.4
146.5
145.2
143.0
138.8
133.8
333.5
366.9
150.5
162.8
146.9
260.7
260.8
154.9
129.7
426.6
303.3
141.2
360.1
343.8
140.2
269.5
138.3
146.8
155.2
152.4
152.4
148.5
145.8
138.6
134.1
333.1
369.7
150.6
166.1
147.9
259.3
258.0
153.1
129.7
424.4
300.4
141.1
359.3
344.4
139.5
269.8
138.9
146.0
154.8
152.1
153.2
149.5
145.9
141.2
134.2
334.0
370.3
150.1
168.2
147.5
258.2
257.3
152.4
129.0
425.3
301.7
142.6
360.4
344.4
137.8
271.5
140.0
148.5
155.1
153.2
153.6
150.3
146.8
138.8
133.3
334.5
371.3
149.8
169.0
148.9
258.3
258.5
149.5
130.0
425.9
302.8
142.3
357.9
342.5
139.0
271.7
139.5
148.4
155.0
154.4
154.0
149.9
147.3
138.4
132.4
335.7
370.6
149.3
168.8
148.9
258.4
257.8
149.5
130.2
429.2
306.2
144.0
357.2
343.2
139.3
272.2
138.7
147.9
155.4
155.6
153.9
151.6
147.2
138.4
131.6
335.1
370.1
149.5
166.6
150.2
258.5
256.8
150.3
130.3
427.9
306.2
142.4
354.8
343.7
139.1
271.9
138.5
149.2
155.2
156.2
153.4
150.3
146.4
Food away from hom e............................................................................
Lunch (12/77-100) ........................................................................
Dinner (12/77-100) ........................................................................
Other meals and snacks (12/77-100)..............................................
297.2
144.4
143.6
144.6
305.9
148.9
147.4
149.2
307.6
149.6
148.1
150.5
308.7
150.3
148.6
150.7
309.8
150.7
149.2
151.5
310.7
151.2
149.5
152.1
311.4
151.6
149.7
152.7
299.6
145.6
145.1
145.1
309.0
150.5
149.1
149.9
310.7
151.2
149.8
151.1
311.8
152.0
150.3
151.3
312.9
152.3
150.9
152.1
313.8
152.8
151.2
152.7
314.6
153.2
151.4
153.3
Alcoholic beverages ............................................................................
202.3
208.4
209.2
210.1
210.1
210.6
210.9
204.6
210.4
211.3
212.1
212.2
212.8
213.0
Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77-100)..............................................
Beer and a le ....................................................................................
Whiskey..........................................................................................
Wine................................................................................................
Other alcoholic beverages (12/77-100)..........................................
Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77-100)..................................
131.2
204.0
144.8
227.5
117.3
135.7
135.0
210.6
148.3
235.3
119.7
140.3
135.5
211.4
148.9
236.5
119.6
140.8
136.1
211.9
149.6
238.9
120.3
141.2
135.9
211.4
149.8
237.5
120.3
142.5
136.2
212.7
150.0
236.4
120.3
142.7
136.2
212.5
150.7
235.9
120.4
143.6
132.8
203.6
146.2
237.4
116.8
136.6
136.3
209.6
149.1
242.7
119.6
141.6
136.9
210.5
149.8
245.0
119.6
142.1
137.4
210.9
150.4
247.1
120.5
142.4
137.2
210.5
150.5
246.2
120.4
143.9
137.6
211.8
150.7
244.8
120.3
144.0
137.5
211.7
151.2
243.7
120.4
144.8
HOUSING..............................................................................................
304.2
317.5
319.2
320.1
319.7
320.7
319.0
303.8
317.5
319.3
320.5
320.0
321.2
319.6
346.5
344.7
345.2
343.0
Shelter..................................................................................................
327.2
340.9
342.8
344.2
342.6
342.8
340.7
328.5
342.6
344.6
Rent, residential......................................................................................
215.0
222.6
224.8
226.0
226.9
228.9
230.2
214.5
222.1
224.3
225.5
226.4
228.4
229.7
326.3
349.4
144.8
329.4
354.2
144.8
333.3
359.5
146.6
341.1
360.7
146.3
339.5
355.6
148.3
335.6
349.3
149.1
Other rental costs ..................................................................................
Lodging while out of town..................................................................
Tenants’ insurance (12/77-100) ......................................................
305.3
318.6
140.4
327.3
352.2
145.5
330.0
356.5
145.6
333.9
362.0
147.5
343.0
363.1
147.3
341.6
358.0
149.3
337.8
351.6
150.1
305.0
317.9
140.3
Homeownership......................................................................................
Home purchase................................................................................
Financing, taxes, and insurance ........................................................
Property insurance ....................................................................
Property taxes ..........................................................................
Contracted mortgage interest co s t..............................................
Mortgage interest rates........................................................
Maintenance and repairs ..................................................................
Maintenance and repair services ................................................
Maintenance and repair commodities ..........................................
Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and
equipment (12/77-100) ..................................................
Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77-100)..............
Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling
supplies (12/77=100)......................................................
Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77-100) ............
367.2
270.2
505.6
393.3
208.0
666.8
244.1
322.8
353.8
249.7
382.8
285.6
521.8
400.6
218.8
686.7
238.3
336.1
369.1
258.3
384.5
287.7
524.3
401.5
219.3
690.4
237.3
334.7
366.9
258.7
385.9
287.9
527.3
402.5
221.8
694.0
238.8
335.9
368.5
258.8
383.0
286.8
519.9
404.8
223.7
681.2
235.3
338.4
372.5
257.7
382.8
289.9
514.3
405.8
224.5
672.0
230.0
339.4
374.1
257.3
379.5
290.4
504.8
406.9
225.5
656.4
224.3
339.0
373.4
257.8
369.8
268.6
511.9
395.5
210.0
667.7
245.3
319.8
354.9
244.5
386.0
284.4
529.7
402.7
220.7
690.0
240.2
332.4
370.0
252.1
388.0
286.8
532.4
403.7
221.1
694.0
239.2
331.5
368.1
252.9
390.1
287.3
536.8
404.6
223.7
699.6
241.2
332.5
369.6
253.0
387.0
286.4
528.9
407.4
225.6
686.3
237.5
334.6
373.4
251.8
387.1
289.7
524.3
408.5
226.4
678.8
232.4
335.4
374.9
251.2
383.7
290.4
514.6
409.7
227.5
663.4
226.6
334.9
374.0
251.6
146.5
124.1
153.3
124.7
153.4
125.0
154.2
124.1
153.0
123.6
152.8
122.8
153.1
123.3
140.0
121.8
146.0
122.1
146.5
122.5
147.3
121.7
145.9
121.3
145.7
120.4
145.9
120.8
133.1
131.6
136.2
138.4
137.1
138.3
136.3
138.8
136.1
139.0
135.4
139.4
135.8
139.4
132.4
134.2
136.0
140.6
136.6
140.5
135.6
140.9
135.3
141.2
134.6
141.8
135.3
141.6
329.8
352.2
354.7
356.3
359.5
363.4
362.2
330.9
353.6
356.2
357.7
361.0
364.7
363.6
417.6
676.1
706.8
167.7
358.3
298.6
437.0
448.4
656.6
684.8
165.6
398.9
327.5
497.2
452.0
659.9
688.6
166.0
402.1
330.5
500.2
454.0
659.9
686.8
169.2
404.4
333.7
500.6
458.5
662.8
685.9
176.8
409.2
332.5
517.6
464.5
677.2
699.1
183.7
413.4
327.0
542.0
461.9
691.3
712.8
189.0
407.6
318.4
543.1
417.4
679.3
709.6
169.1
357.5
297.7
436.0
448.3
659.7
687.5
166.9
398.2
327.7
493.8
451.9
662.9
691.1
167.4
401.5
330.8
496.9
453.8
662.7
689.1
170.5
403.7
333.7
497.5
458.4
665.4
688.1
178.0
408.6
332.5
514.5
464.0
679.7
c 701.2
184.8
412.4
326.3
538.8
461.7
693.7
714.7
190.3
406.9
317.3
541.6
Fuel and other utilities..........................................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g as............................................................
Other fuels (6/78 - 100) ..........................................................
Gas (piped) and electricity ................................................................
Electricity..................................................................................
Utility (piped) gas ......................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Ail Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
1981
1982
Nov.
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Other utilities and public services..............................
Telephone services ..............................
Local charges (12/77 = 100) ..........................
Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ................
Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ..........................
Water and sewerage maintenance ......................
190.7
155.6
123.5
116.7
105.3
306.1
200.4
163.2
131.2
119.6
109.8
324.9
201.4
163.8
131.9
119.7
110.0
327.7
202.4
164.2
132.5
119.7
110.0
331.9
203.6
165.5
134.3
119.7
110.1
332.4
204.5
166.2
135.2
119.7
110.4
334.1
205.1
166.6
135.4
119.7
111.1
335.1
191.0
155.8
123.8
116.8
105.0
307.9
201.1
163.5
131.6
120.1
109.4
328.0
202.1
164.2
132.3
120.1
109.6
330.8
203.1
164.6
132.9
120.1
109.6
334.8
204.3
165.9
134.8
120.1
109.7
335.4
205.3
166.6
135.7
120.2
110.1
337.1
205.9
167.0
135.9
120.2
110.9
338.2
HOUSING-Continued
Fuel and other utilities — Continued
Household furnishings and operations .
227.2
233.7
234.1
233.4
234.2
235.4
235.1
223.6
230.4
230.9
230.0
231.0
232.3
231.8
Housefurnishings ..................................
Textile housefurnishings ..................
Household linens (12/77 = 100) ..
Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) .
Furniture and bedding................
Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 100)................
Sofas (12/77 = 100)........................................
Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 100) ..........................
Other furniture (12/77 = 100) ............................
Appliances including TV and sound equipment................
Television and sound equipment (12/77 = 100) . . . .
Television......................................................
Sound equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................
Household appliances ......................................
Refrigerators and home freezers ..........................
Laundry equipment (12/77 = 100)......................
Other household appliances (12/77 = 100) ................
Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing
machines (12/77 = 100) ..........................
Office machines, small electric appliances,
and air conditioners (12/77 = 100)..................
Other household equipment (12/77 = 100)........
Floor and window coverings, infants’, laundry,
cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 = 100) ............
Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 100)..........
Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric
kitchenware (12/77 = 100) ....................
Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) .
189.4
211.7
130.8
133.1
209.2
139.6
118.7
118.8
137.1
148.2
109.0
104.8
113.9
176.1
178.7
130.7
119.4
194.7
220.2
134.6
140.1
214.4
143.0
117.5
123.2
142.3
151.4
108.6
104.4
113.5
183.8
187.7
136.7
123.9
194.7
218.6
131.9
140.8
214.2
144.8
117.7
121.9
140.9
151.6
108.7
104.0
114.0
184.2
187.4
137.3
124.4
193.3
220.4
132.9
142.2
210.3
141.4
117.0
121.1
137.1
151.3
108.3
103.9
113.3
184.1
187.4
137.3
124.3
194.3
222.1
135.4
141.6
213.3
145.5
117.2
123.1
137.8
151.5
108.2
103.7
113.2
184.7
190.2
137.6
124.0
195.9
223.2
136.4
142.0
215.8
146.7
119.4
122.6
140.6
152.0
108.5
103.5
114.1
185.4
191.1
140.0
123.5
195.1
222.6
133.8
144.0
214.1
146.2
116.4
122.1
140.1
151.7
108.1
102.9
113.9
185.2
192.7
140.0
122.7
187.3
214.7
131.9
136.1
205.3
135.2
118.8
118.9
133.1
147.7
108.3
103.6
113.4
175.9
182.7
130.8
117.4
192.6
223.3
135.9
143.0
210.9
139.7
118.2
123.3
137.7
151.2
107.7
103.1
112.7
184.2
193.2
136.9
122.3
192.7
221.1
133.3
143.2
210.5
141.2
118.1
122.0
136.3
151.5
107.8
102.7
113.2
184.8
192.9
137.5
123.0
191.3
222.9
134.1
144.7
206.9
137.3
117.5
121.4
133.3
151.2
107.5
102.7
112.6
184.6
192.9
137.5
122.7
192.4
225.0
136.4
144.8
210.3
142.1
117.7
123.4
134.1
151.4
107.4
102.6
112.5
185.1
196.1
137.9
122.0
193.9
226.4
137.6
145.3
212.3
143.5
119.6
122.9
136.0
151.9
107.6
102.1
113.3
185.9
196.9
140.4
121.7
193 0
225.8
135.0
147.5
210 3
142.1
117.0
122.5
135.3
151 5
107.3
101.7
113.1
185.6
198.4
140.3
120.7
118.7
123.1
123.3
122.7
123.4
122.9
120.7
116.8
121.6
122.2
121.4
121.5
121.4
119.2
120.1
134.4
124.8
139.0
125.6
139.6
126.0
138.2
124.6
137.8
124.0
139.6
124.7
139.1
118.1
132.4
123.0
136.9
123.9
137.5
124.2
136.0
122.5
135.6
122.0
137.6
122.4
137.1
136.1
129.5
142.3
132.2
142.7
132.3
142.9
129.8
143.3
129.7
143.4
131.3
142.6
131.3
129.7
125.2
134.9
128.2
135.4
128.3
135.4
125.1
135.9
124.9
136.0
126.4
134.5
126.8
141.2
126.9
145.6
131.9
145.9
133.2
143.8
132.3
141.6
133.4
145.1
134.8
144.6
134.2
137.5
131.6
141.4
137.1
141.9
138.5
140.0
137.2
137.6
138.8
141.3
140.1
141.0
139.5
Housekeeping supplies ................................
Soaps and detergents ........................................
Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100)
Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) ..
Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100)
Miscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100)
Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 100)..........
275.4
269.7
137.3
143.6
128.5
143.0
136.8
286.5
280.8
143.8
146.5
132.5
150.2
144.0
288.4
281.4
145.3
147.7
134.3
150.3
145.3
288.7
279.4
144.6
148.5
135.4
150.7
145.7
289.2
282.8
145.6
148.0
136.8
150.2
143.8
290.1
283.5
146.8
148.9
137.6
150.9
142.3
290.3
283.5
147.3
148.2
138.3
151.6
141.9
271.9
265.2
137.0
143.9
131.3
137.4
129.6
283.1
277.0
142.7
146.1
136.0
144,9
136.7
285.0
277.6
144.2
147.4
137.8
145.1
138.1
284.9
275.4
143.6
148.3
138.6
145.5
138.1
285.7
278.9
144.5
147.9
140.0
145.0
136.4
286.7
279.7
145.7
148.9
140.7
145.6
135.1
287.1
279.9
146.2
148.1
141.4
146.2
134.9
Housekeeping services................................
Postage........................................
Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and
drycleaning services (12/77 = 100)........................
Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 = 100)....................
305.2
337.5
311.7
337.5
312.5
337.5
312.9
337.5
313.4
337.5
313.8
337.5
314.3
337.5
303.9
337.5
310.9
337.5
311.6
337.5
312.2
337.5
312.7
337.5
313.2
337.5
313.7
337.5
147.0
132.3
154.2
137.0
155.3
137.5
156.1
137.7
156.6
138.3
157.0
139.0
157.7
139.5
146.7
131.2
154.5
135.5
155.4
136.0
156.4
136.1
156.8
136.7
157.2
137.4
157 8
137.9
APPAREL AND UPKEEP................
191.3
190.8
189.7
191.8
194.9
195.5
195.4
190.5
189.6
188.7
190.7
194.1
194.6
194.4
Apparel commodities..........
181.8
180.0
178.6
180.8
184.1
184.6
184.3
181.5
179.4
178.2
180.3
183.8
184.1
183.8
177.9
183.6
115.9
109.9
102.8
133.6
123.0
109.8
118.0
111.6
127.0
119.3
160.6
106.3
164.0
165.0
101.1
124.1
89.5
109.2
100.3
111.3
175.6
183.1
115.4
107.3
99.5
138.0
121.5
109.7
118.5
110.7
131.9
119.4
157.3
104.4
156.4
160.1
100.2
127.9
78.6
105.8
95.1
106.0
174.0
182.4
114.9
105.5
98.2
138.7
121.6
109.5
118.6
109.0
132.1
120.7
154.6
102.1
154.9
152.8
96.7
127.7
77.6
106.3
98.8
103.6
176.9
183.7
115.9
108.0
99.1
138.4
121.9
110.5
118.4
110.5
131.1
119.5
159.2
105.4
163.0
158.5
98.3
129.3
85.6
108.2
101.4
105.8
180.4
186.5
117.7
110.6
103.7
138.6
123.8
111.4
120.2
113.7
132.6
120.3
163.6
108.7
169.7
165.1
101.4
129.7
92.7
109.6
102.5
107.8
180.9
188.6
119.0
111.6
103.7
141.0
125.2
112.4
121.7
114.5
133.6
122.7
163.0
108.1
170.5
162.6
102.0
129.9
88.6
109.9
104.5
106.0
180.6
189.0
119.3
111.5
103.4
142.4
125.8
112.6
121.6
113.7
132.6
123.4
162.2
107.3
169.5
161.4
100.1
130.6
87.4
110.4
103.9
106.0
177.3
183.2
115.9
102.0
105.1
129.8
125.4
115.5
116.5
112.8
123.3
116.9
162.1
107.6
166.3
151.9
101.9,
124.0
108.5
108.4
99.9
110.2
174.7
183.2
115.8
100.6
101.1
134.7
123.8
115.2
116.9
111.5
128.0
117.1
158.4
105.4
162.9
145.4
101.0
127.6
92.7
105.2
92.4
107.7
173.4
182.6
115.4
99.2
99.8
135.3
123.6
115.0
116.9
109.7
128.2
118.3
156.2
103.5
161.8
138.4
97.6
127.4
93.1
105.4
96.0
104.1
176.2
183.5
116.2
101.2
100.3
134.9
123.9
116.0
116.7
111.3
127.2
117.1
160.9
106.9
171.0
145.9
99.1
129.0
99.8
107.4
99.4
105.9
179.9
186.6
118.2
103.5
106.4
135.8
126.2
116.9
118.3
114.6
128.6
117.3
165.7
110.5
176.9
151.2
102.6
129.4
111.9
108.9
100.5
108.5
180.2
188.6
119.4
104.3
106.4
137.7
128.1
118.0
119.8
115.3
129.5
119.7
164.7
109.8
176.8
149.2
102.9
129.6
106.7
108.7
102.3
105.2
179.8
188.9
119.7
104 2
105 4
139.1
128 7
118.1
1197
114.6
128.5
120 5
163 8
108.8
173.2
147 7
1009
130.2
105.8
1096
102.2
105.9
120.0
122.9
123.8
124.0
124.4
126.0
129.3
119.0
121.9
122.7
123.0
123.5
125.1
128.1
Apparel commodities less footwear............................
Men’s and boys’ ................................
Men’s (12/77 = 100) ................
Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) ..........
Coats and jackets (12/77 = 100) ........................
Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 100)
Shirts (12/77 = 100) ....................
Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100)..........
Boys’ (12/77 = 100)............................
Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 100)
Furnishings (12/77 = 100) . . . . . .
Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) ..
Women’s and girls’ ........................
Women's (12/77 = 100)..........................
Coats and jackets......................................
Dresses ......................................
Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ............
Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100) . . .
Suits (12/77 = 100)................
Girls’ (12/77 = 100) ..........
Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 100)..........
Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ..........
Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and
accessories (12/77 = 100) ................
76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
1982
1981
1982
Nov,
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov.
Nov.
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Apparel commodities less footwear— Continued
Infants' and toddlers’ ......................................................................
Other apparel commodities ............................................................
Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) ............................
Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ........................................
264.9
214.8
118.6
147.5
268.7
209.9
119.2
142.8
268.8
209.7
120.0
142.2
272.4
210.8
121.5
142.6
276.8
212.6
121.9
144.1
275.8
213.1
119.3
145.6
274.2
212.7
120.0
144.9
274.1
206.1
116.4
141.0
278.2
198.9
117.6
133.6
277.8
198.7
118.5
133.1
283.0
199.5
119.6
133.3
288.1
201.2
120.0
134.7
286.8
201.7
117.7
136.2
285.5
201.4
118.2
135.7
Footwear..............................................................................................
Men’s (12/77 = 100) ....................................................................
Boys’ and girls’ (12/77 = 100) ......................................................
Women’s (12/77 = 100)................................................................
205.4
130.3
132.1
125.2
206.6
132.1
132.1
125.8
206.4
132.3
131.7
125.6
204.4
130.9
128.7
125.4
206.2
132.4
129.4
126.5
206.8
133.2
129.5
126.9
206.9
132.5
129.3
127.6
206.2
132.3
134.0
122.9
206.7
134.1
134.8
121.6
206.7
134.3
134.4
121.5
204.1
132.7
131.3
121.1
205.9
134.1
131.9
122.4
206.7
135.0
132.1
122.8
206.7
134.2
131.8
123.6
Apparel services ................................................................................
264.6
275.3
276.6
277.4
279.2
281.3
282.0
262.3
273.0
274.3
275.2
277.2
279.7
280.3
Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100)............
Other apparel services (12/77 - 100) ..................................................
158.2
137.9
164.8
143.1
165.4
144.1
165.6
145.0
166.7
145.9
167.2
148.2
167.9
148.1
156.3
138.6
163.3
143.4
163.8
144.6
164.1
145.5
165.2
146.6
165.8
149.3
166.4
149.2
APPAREL AND UPKEEP
Continued
Apparel commodities — Continued
TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................
289.1
292.8
296.1
296.2
295.3
295.5
295.8
290.8
294.5
297.9
298.0
296.9
297.0
297.3
Private ................................................................................................
285.8
288.9
292.3
292.4
291.1
291.1
291.4
288.3
291.6
295.1
295.2
293.8
293.8
294.1
New cars ............................................................................................
Used cars ............................................................................................
Gasoiine ..............................................................................................
Automobile maintenance and repair........................................................
Body work (12/77 = 100)..............................................................
Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous
mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) ................................................
Maintenance and servicing (12/77 - 100) ......................................
Power plant repair (12/77 - 100) ..................................................
Other private transportation ..................................................................
Other private transportation commodities ........................................
Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 - 100) ................
Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100)........................
Tires ................................................................................
Other parts and equipment (12/77 - 100) ........................
Other private transportation services................................................
Automobile insurance ..............................................................
Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) ..............................
Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . . .
State registration ..............................................................
Drivers’ licenses (12/77 - 100) ........................................
Vehicle inspection (12/77 - 100) ......................................
Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 - 100) ..........................
195.3
281.4
409.5
302.8
149.9
198.1
298.2
392.3
316.0
156.3
198.6
302.4
400.3
318.0
157.5
198.7
304.4
398.4
319.2
158.2
197.7
304.6
394.2
320.6
159.4
197.7
306.7
390.6
321.9
160.4
199.0
310.5
388.1
322.3
161.0
195.2
281.4
410.9
303.4
148.3
197.9
298.2
393.8
316.8
154.7
198.5
302.4
401.6
318.7
156.0
198.6
304.4
399.7
320.0
156.8
197.5
304.6
395.5
321.3
158.1
197.4
306.7
391.9
322.6
159.4
198.7
310.5
389.5
323.1
159.8
144.2
140.9
144.9
249.5
213.4
148.5
136.4
189.7
134.1
261.5
265.4
188.7
120.7
149.0
110.4
128.4
141.3
151.6
146.8
150.8
258.7
217.5
150.7
139.2
192.8
138.3
272.2
274.0
192.0
133.3
174.3
127.7
126.7
149.3
151.9
147.9
151.7
260.8
216.3
151.5
138.2
191.8
136.6
275.1
275.4
193.6
137.4
183.6
132.8
128.5
151.0
152.5
148.5
152.4
260.8
214.8
153.2
136.8
189.5
135.8
275.5
275.8
193.5
138.0
183.8
132.8
128.5
151.9
153.1
148.9
153.3
260.0
213.9
152.5
136.3
188.5
135.8
274.7
276.9
189.6
138.9
183.7
132.8
128.5
154.5
153.2
149.3
154.3
261.4
214.4
151.9
136.7
189.6
135.4
276.4
283.9
185.2
138.8
183.7
132.8
128.5
154.2
153.7
149.3
154.4
260.7
215.1
153.3
137.0
190.4
135.1
275.3
286.9
178.9
139.2
183.8
132.8
128.5
155.0
147.3
140.5
144.7
253.0
216.8
146.7
139.2
195.1
134.1
265.1
265.0
187.6
121.1
149.0
110.3
129.0
148.6
155.7
146.2
150.3
261.8
220.0
149.0
141.2
196.4
138.6
275.5
273.5
191.2
133.8
173.9
127.9
128.3
156.3
156.1
147.3
151.2
264.0
218.8
150.3
140.1
195.5
136.8
278.5
274.9
192.6
138.4
183.2
133.1
129.9
158.7
156.6
147.8
151.9
263.9
217.1
151.8
138.6
193.0
136.0
278.9
275.2
192.9
138.8
183.4
133.1
129.9
159.4
157.1
148.2
152.8
263.0
216.3
151.2
138.1
192.1
135.8
277.9
276.3
188.9
140.0
183.3
133.1
129.9
163.0
157.2
148.6
153.8
264.1
216.9
151.0
138.6
193.2
135.4
279.1
283.2
184.6
139.8
183.2
133.1
129.9
162.7
157.8
148.6
153.9
262.9
217.7
152.3
139.0
194.0
135.4
277.5
286.1
178.1
140.0
183.4
133.1
129.8
162.9
Public..................................................................................................
333.2
345.6
347.2
348.1
353.3
356.3
356.0
328.2
337.9
339.8
341.0
345.4
348.2
348.2
411.1
372.5
314.7
309.9
338.4
408.8
375.7
315.7
310.1
349.3
Airline fare............................................................................................
Intercity bus fare ..................................................................................
Intracity mass transit ............................................................................
Taxi fare ..............................................................................................
intercity train fare..................................................................................
374.5
362.2
304.4
291.3
319.2
396.0
363.7
309.2
298.0
338.2
397.4
368.3
311.0
299.3
338.4
397.5
370.5
312.8
299.7
338.6
409.5
368.9
312.6
299.8
338.4
413.7
370.6
315.2
300.2
338.4
411.6
373.8
316.1
300.5
348.3
373.1
362.9
303.6
300.4
318.9
392.4
365.4
307.9
307.6
338.2
393.2
370.6
310.3
308.7
338.4
393.5
372.3
312.3
309.3
338.6
407.0
371.0
312.1
309.3
338.4
MEDICAL CARE ..................................................................................
308.2
326.4
330.0
333.3
336.0
338.7
342.2
307.1
324.8
328.1
331.3
333.9
336.5
339.8
Medical care commodities..................................................................
193.1
205.6
206.5
208.2
209.9
211.6
212.9
193.8
206.3
207.1
208.8
210.5
212.1
213.4
Prescription drugs ................................................................................
Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 100)..................................................
Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100)......................................
Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 100)........................................
Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and
prescription medical supplies (12/77 - 100) ................................
Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 = 100) ..............................
Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and
respiratory agents (12/77 = 100)................................................
179.6
136.3
143.6
130.4
191.8
143.3
154.9
138.4
193.4
144.2
156.1
139.3
195.6
146.0
157.6
140.7
197.2
147.5
158.8
141.5
199.4
149.1
161.5
143.0
201.0
150.1
163.5
144.0
180.3
138.9
143.3
131.0
192.7
145.1
154.7
138.2
194.4
146.0
155.8
139.1
196.6
147.5
157.4
140.6
198.2
149.2
158.6
141.3
200.5
151.2
161.1
142.8
202.1
152.3
163.2
143.9
163.3
144.9
177.2
154.6
179.6
155.4
181.6
157.6
182.3
159.5
183.5
161.7
183.9
164.0
164.1
145.4
178.6
156.0
181.1
157.1
183.1
159.3
183.8
161.4
185.1
163.6
185.2
166.0
Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 100) ....................
Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100) ............................................................
Internal and respiratory over-the-counter drugs ................................
Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 = 100)........
137.5
146.3
147.9
149.6
150.8
152.3
153.4
136.8
146.4
148.1
149.8
150.9
152.4
153.6
137.8
127.8
218.6
133.7
146.3
131.6
235.2
141.1
146.4
131.6
234.9
142.2
147.2
131.6
236.6
142.9
148.4
131.9
239.3
143.5
149.2
132.6
240.7
144.1
149.9
132.9
241.9
145.2
138.5
126.7
220.2
134.7
147.1
130.4
236.8
142.0
147.1
130.4
236.2
143.2
147.9
130.3
237.9
144.2
149.1
130.5
240.6
144.8
149.8
131.4
241.9
145.1
150.5
131.6
243.0
146.2
Medical care services ........................................................................
333.7
353.0
357.3
361.0
364.0
366.9
371.0
332.0
350.7
354.7
358.3
361.1
363.9
367.7
Professional services ............................................................................
Physicians’ services........................................................................
Dental services..............................................................................
Other professional services (12/77 = 100)......................................
288.4
311.3
272.3
139.5
301.2
326.4
283.9
143.8
302.8
328.7
284.8
144.8
304.4
330.4
286.4
145.6
305.9
332.3
287.7
145.9
306.6
334.2
287.0
146.1
308.3
335.3
289.2
147.2
288.2
314.1
270.1
136.2
301.3
329.4
282.1
140.7
302.9
331.6
282.9
141.5
304.6
333.5
284.4
142.5
306.1
335.4
285.7
142.7
306.9
337.4
285.0
143.0
308.4
338.6
287.0
143.9
Other medical care services..................................................................
Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 100)..........................
Hospital room..........................................................................
Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100)............
388.4
161.9
515.4
159.2
415.7
171.6
546.8
168.5
423.2
174.7
557.8
171.2
429.4
177.1
565.5
173.6
434.1
178.3
570.1
174.7
439.8
180.0
576.8
176.0
446.8
182.6
586.6
178.1
386.2
160.6
509.6
158.3
412.1
170.0
539.4
167.5
419.4
172.9
549.7
170.0
425.4
175.2
557.6
172.2
429.9
176.5
562.1
173.3
435.6
178.3
569.1
174.7
442.3
180.7
578.7
176.7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
—
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Nov.
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
1981
Oct
Nov.
Nov.
1982
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct
Nov.
ENTERTAINMENT..................................................................................
226.8
235.6
236.6
237.4
238.3
240.3
239.9
224.3
232.3
233.5
233.9
234.8
236.5
236.1
Entertainment commodities..................................................................
230.3
239.6
241.1
240.5
240.8
242.9
241.4
225.5
233.8
235.5
234.4
235.0
236.6
235.4
Reading materials (12/77 = 100)............................................................
Newspapers ....................................................................................
Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 100)..............................
139.8
267.6
143.9
149.4
283.9
155.0
150.4
285.9
156.1
149.4
286.3
153.8
150.1
288.5
153.9
153.1
290.4
159.2
153.4
290.9
159.6
139.3
267.5
143.7
148.6
283.4
154.8
149.7
285.6
156.0
148.9
286.0
153.6
149.6
288.2
153.8
152.4
290.1
159.2
152.7
290.5
159.6
Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100)..........................................
Sport vehicles (12/77 = 100) ..........................................................
Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 = 100)..................
Bicycles ..........................................................................................
Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100) ..........................
130.2
132.4
119.6
194.3
126.7
132.7
135.7
119.6
197.6
127.9
132.8
135.4
120.3
198.3
129.4
133.2
135.7
119.7
199.4
130.3
132.9
135.3
120.5
199.0
129.4
134.3
137.1
120.6
198.7
131.9
132.1
133.8
119.9
198.3
131.5
122.8
120.4
118.2
196.3
126.9
125.3
123.9
117.1
198.8
128.3
125.7
124.1
118.0
199.4
129.8
124.9
122.4
117.5
200.4
130.9
125.0
122.8
118.1
200.0
129.8
125.8
123.6
118.3
199.9
132.1
124.7
122.2
117.6
199.5
131.3
Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 100)..............................
Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 100) ..........................
Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100)..........................
Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 100) ........................................
131.3
129.7
125.5
138.3
136.1
135.9
130.3
140.6
137.3
137.2
130.8
142.0
136.9
136.4
130.2
142.5
137.1
136.4
130.1
143.4
137.1
136.4
129.6
143.9
136.4
135.5
129.0
143.4
130.8
126.7
127.5
140.1
134.9
132.4
131.5
141.5
136.1
133.7
131.9
143.0
135.7
132.8
131.4
143.6
136.0
132.9
131.3
144.6
136.1
133.0
130.6
145.0
135.2
131.8
130.1
144.5
Entertainment services ........................................................................
222.3
230.5
230.8
233.5
235.2
237.2
238.2
223.4
230.9
231.3
234.2
235.8
237.6
238.4
Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 100)................................................
Admissions (12/77 = 100)......................................................................
Other entertainment services (12/77 = 100)............................................
137.3
128.9
123.4
142.5
133.5
127.9
141.8
135.5
127.8
143.4
137.4
128.3
146.0
136.4
128.8
148.0
136.6
129.6
149.0
136.9
129.8
139.1
128.3
124.1
143.8
132.6
128.7
143.0
134.6
128.8
144.8
136.5
129.2
147.4
135.5
129.6
149.4
135.6
130.5
150.1
135.9
130.7
OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES............................................................
245.9
255.8
257.2
258.3
266.6
271.2
273.8
242.5
253.1
254.5
255.7
262.8
267.8
270.9
Tobacco products ................................................................................
226.2
237.8
239.2
240.1
246.8
257.3
264.0
225.4
237.0
238.3
239.3
246.1
256.6
263.4
Cigarettes..............................................................................................
Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 100)..............
228.9
134.7
240.7
141.8
242.2
142.1
243.1
142.4
250.6
142.6
262.3
142.9
269.8
142.8
228.1
135.0
239.9
142.0
241.3
142.2
242.3
142.5
249.8
142.8
261.4
143.1
268.8
143.0
Personal care ......................................................................................
237.7
247.8
249.4
250.6
251.1
252.9
254.2
235.5
246.0
247.5
248.8
249.3
250.9
252.1
Toilet goods and personal care appliances................................................
Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 = 100) ..................
Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100)......................................
Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure
and eye makeup implements (12/77 = 100) ..................................
Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100)
232.5
135.4
140.5
246.3
143.2
150.5
247.7
145.0
150.9
249.5
145.0
153.1
249.1
144.6
153.3
251.5
147.8
155.2
253.5
148.3
157.2
233.1
133.3
139.3
247.0
142.6
148.9
248.6
144.2
149.5
250.5
144.4
151.6
250.0
144.0
151.8
252.1
146.9
153.5
254.1
147.3
155.4
131.8
134.3
139.6
140.8
139.9
141.8
141.3
142.5
140.7
142.4
141.4
142.2
141.7
144.7
132.2
139.1
140.1
144.4
140.5
145.4
142.0
146.2
141.4
146.2
142.1
145.8
142.3
148.4
Personal care services............................................................................
Beauty parlor services for women......................................................
Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 = 100) ........
243.1
244.8
135.9
250.1
252.3
139.4
251.8
254.4
139.8
252.5
255.0
140.2
253.8
256.3
141.1
255.1
258.3
141.0
255.8
258.9
141.4
238.1
237.8
134.9
245.4
245.9
138.2
246.9
247.9
138.5
247.6
248.7
139.0
248.9
249.8
139.9
250.0
251.6
139.8
250.6
252.1
140.3
Personal and educational expenses ....................................................
284.9
293.3
294.5
295.8
316.1
319.3
320.0
285.6
295.2
296.4
297.9
317.4
320.4
321.3
Schoolbooks and supplies ......................................................................
Personal and educational services............................................................
Tuition and other school fees ............................................................
College tuition (12/77 = 100) ....................................................
Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 100) ......................
Personal expenses (12/77 = 100)....................................................
254.6
292.1
149.1
148.3
152.0
152.8
264.6
300.3
151.5
151.2
152.2
164.5
264.8
301.7
152.0
151.8
152.2
166.0
265.3
303.1
152.6
151.9
154.6
167.4
280.5
324.4
165.6
164.9
168.7
169.4
283.0
327.7
167.2
166.8
168.6
171.9
283.1
328.6
167.2
166.8
168.7
174.1
258.3
292.5
149.4
148.1
152.7
152.1
268.8
302.0
152.1
151.4
152.9
164.6
269.0
303.4
152.5
152.0
152.9
166.1
269.6
305.1
153.2
152.0
155.6
167.6
284.3
325.6
166.2
165.0
169.6
169.6
286.8
328.7
167.7
166.9
169.6
171.7
286.8
329.8
167.7
166.9
169.7
174.0
403.9
422.2
292.6
339.6
387.3
436.5
316.6
351.2
395.0
439.1
318.7
350.3
393.2
441.3
320.3
351.4
389.2
436.0
323.8
353.8
385.7
432.9
326.5
355.0
383.5
426.2
324.1
354.8
405.1
420.9
291.5
339.9
388.6
436.0
315.6
351.8
396.2
438.8
317.8
351.0
394.4
441.7
319.4
352.2
390.3
436.3
322.8
354.6
386.9
433.9
325.4
355.7
384.8
427.2
323.2
355.4
Special indexes:
Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other products........................................
Insurance and finance ............................................................................
Utilities and public transportation..............................................................
Housekeeping and home maintenance services ........................................
78
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure
category and commodity and service group
[December 1977 = 100]
Size class A
(1.25 million or more)
Category and group
Aug.
Oct
June
Aug.
1982
1982
1982
1982
June
Size class D
(75,000 or less)
Size class C
(75,000-385,000)
Size class B
(385,000-1.250 million)
June
Oct
Aug.
Oct
June
Aug.
Oct
Northeast
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
Other goods and services ............................................................................
147.7
145.9
151.6
118.6
157.2
147.5
136.5
139.8
149.0
144.9
153.3
119.6
159.4
150.0
139.7
141.7
151.8
145.1
157.7
122.2
160.7
151.4
140.6
150.0
155.5
144.1
165.2
122.8
164.6
150.2
137.5
142.1
155.8
143.4
164.5
122.4
166.5
156.1
137.4
143.2
156.6
142.4
164.9
127.0166.6
158.1
139.9
151.4
163.5
148.8
182.1
128.3
162.2
152.7
136.4
146.7
161.2
148.9
174.5
128.4
164.7
157.2
136.8
148.1
160.7
147.0
172.9
128.5
165.2
161.5
138.1
154.3
156.9
142.9
169.3
123.4
161.2
155.4
141.1
144.0
155.3
142.9
163.7
124.8
163.7
156.1
143.8
144.6
155.8
141.9
163.0
'131.4
164.6
157.0
144.8
153.4
144.6
143.8
151.8
145.3
145.5
153.8
147.7
149.3
157.1
151.5
155.1
161.9
151.6
155.6
162.4
152.4
157.2
163.3
153.8
156.2
179.1
152.3
153.9
175.6
152.0
154.3
175.0
150.6
154.3
166.8
149.8
153.1
163.8
150.9
155.2
163.5
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities less food and beverages ..........................................................
Services ............................................................................................................
North Central Region
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items ............................................................................................................
Food and beverages ....................................................................................
Housing ......................................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ....................................................................................
Transportation..............................................................................................
Medical care................................................................................................
Entertainment ..............................................................................................
Other goods and services ............................................................................
159.6
144.1
175.1
114.0
165.1
153.0
137.1
141.4
162.2
143.7
179.8
117.0
166.1
155.8
138.8
142.3
163.1
143.5
181.2
118.8
164.5
157.9
140.7
150.5
155.3
142.8
163.3
123.0
163.2
155.2
129.5
152.5
157.0
142.7
165.6
124.1
165.0
161.2
131.7
153.3
158.9
142.6
168.5
128.7
164.1
162.7
133.5
161.4
155.2
145.0
162.1
124.7
165.7
155.6
139.2
141.2
158.9
144.9
169.4
126.7
166.7
157.7
139.9
142.8
155.9
143.8
162.6
127.8
165.0
160.9
142.5
148.1
156.4
148.7
164.0
120.5
163.1
158.3
131.5
148.3
160.2
149.2
171.4
120.1
164.1
161.0
131.4
150.2
159.0
149.2
167.8
121.9
163.1
163.7
133.3
157.3
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities......................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ..........................................................
Services ............................................................................................................
149.4
151.9
174.8
150.9
154.2
179.0
151.9
155.8
179.7
148.5
150.9
166.2
148.8
151.3
170.3
149.7
152.6
173.7
148.8
150.5
165.6
150.8
153.4
172.0
148.2
150.1
168.6
147.9
147.6
169.8
149.1
149.0
177.8
147.6
147.0
177.0
South
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items ............................................................................................................
Food and beverages ....................................................................................
Housing ......................................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ....................................................................................
Transportation..............................................................................................
Medical care................................................................................................
Entertainment ..............................................................................................
Other goods and services ............................................................................
156.3
146.7
165.2
124.9
163.4
152.8
132.0
144.1
156.9
147.2
165.0
124.0
165.3
156.2
131.7
145.6
158.1
146.8
166.1
127.5
164.7
160.9
135.5
152.9
158.4
146.9
167.2
123.6
167.0
154.5
143.1
143.3
159.1
146.5
167.9
122.6
168.6
157.3
145.0
143.6
159.6
146.4
167.5
125.3
167.7
161.3
147.3
152.5
157.6
146.0
167.0
118.6
165.1
162.5
142.7
144.5
158.6
146.0
167.8
121.0
166.4
166.2
142.1
145.2
159.1
145.6
167.3
123.7
166.0
169.4
144.5
153.3
156.5
147.7
164.6
109.4
163.3
166.6
145.2
150.4
158.8
147.5
168.4
107.9
165.6
169.3
148.1
152.3
159.8
147.5
169.7
112.4
164.5
173.9
149.7
153.2
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities......................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ..........................................................
Services ............................................................................................................
149.1
150.1
166.5
149.7
150.8
166.9
150.1
151.6
169.2
150.9
152.6
169.8
150.9
152.8
171.5
151.7
154.0
171.5
149.2
150.6
170.6
149.6
151.2
172.4
149.9
151.8
173.2
149.7
150.5
166.8
149.6
150.5
172.6
150.6
152.0
173.6
West
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items ............................................................................................................
Food and beverages ....................................................................................
Housing ......................................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ....................................................................................
Transportation..............................................................................................
Medical care................................................................................................
Entertainment ..............................................................................................
Other goods and services ............................................................................
160.8
146.4
170.1
120.0
167.7
164.4
138.5
147.0
160.3
147.5
167.7
119.8
169.9
167.1
135.8
149.3
160.3
148.3
166.9
120.7
169.4
168.9
136.6
155.4
158.6
148.9
165.6
125.2
165.9
159.5
139.4
149.1
159.9
148.6
166.6
124.9
169.7
163.3
141.0
149.8
160.1
148.6
166.0
126.5
169.8
165.1
142.4
155.0
149.7
145.1
150.3
122.3
163.5
159.6
134.2
139.9
153.3
144.9
155.6
122.8
167.0
167.0
135.7
141.7'
152.6
145.7
153.4
123.8
166.0
168.8
136.2
148.0
159.9
149.9
165.5
140.5
162.8
166.2
150.6
153.3
158.5
150.6
160.5
138.5
166.2
168.5
153.1
154.4
158.1
150.8
158.7
138.6
165.7
169.6
154.9
164.2
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities......................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ..........................................................
Services ............................................................................................................
147.8
148.4
178.1
148.8
149.4
175.5
149.4
149.9
174.8
149.5
149.7
171.1
151.0
152.1
172.1
151.6
152.9
171.8
147.5
148.5
152.8
149.9
152.0
158.1
150.6
152.6
155.4
151.3
152.0
172.5
149.2
148.7
172.1
147.7
146.4
173.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
Area1
U.S. city average2 ..............................................................
Anchorage, Alaska (10/67=100) ........................................
Atlanta, Ga...........................................................................
Baltimore, Md.......................................................................
Boston, Mass................. ..................................................
Buffalo, N.Y..........................................................................
Chicago, lll.-Northwestern Ind................................................
Cincinnati, Ohlo-Ky.-Ind.........................................................
Cleveland, O hio..................................................................
Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex............................................................
Denver-Boulder, Colo............................................................
1981
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.
280.7
290.6
292.2
292.8
293.3
294.1
293.6
280.4
290.1
291.8
292.4
292.8
293.6
293.2
253.7
263.6
291.1
280.7
274.2
291.8
153.6
287.5
267.8
272.2
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.............................................................
Pittsburgh, Pa.......................................................................
Portland, Oreg.-Wash............................................................
St. Louis, Mo.-lll....................................................................
San Diego, Calif....................................................................
278.7
273.8
321.3
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif................................................
Seattle-Everett, Wash...........................................................
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.......................................................
289.2
275.5
281.6
274.1
293.2
289.1
269.0
313.9
281.6
290.1
292.4
289.3
155.1
296.5
304.1
276.7
279.7
285.1
277.3
275.1
281.1
313.8
278.5
281.3
291.4
294.9
288.2
295.2
275.2
317.6
289.3
289.5
280.7
276.0
283.0
307.7
284.5
281.8
300.7
288.2
294.1
325.6
304.3
296.6
281.3
'The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated
294.3
304.2
277.3
279.0
326.2
302.8
296.0
276.4
288.5
285.3
156.8
303.1
154.7
291.5
283.6
279.4
266.9
275.2
291.5
282.9
274.5
276.3
273.0
315.1
297.5
286.3
285.7
279.3
289.3
293.0
279.1
285.9
276.1
277.3
280.9
289.3
269.5
315.3
283.6
292.8
313.3
277.1
280.7
291.8
293.1
307.1
314.1
302.5
291.2
291.7
332.5
291.2
274.7
314.9
287.3
292.8
157.5
306.3
290.6
289.2
329.4
278.9
277.1
282.1
292.1
291.6
158.6
306.9
307.6
282.7
281.2
300.3
285.8
293.1
321.1
302.8
292.9
286.3
293.2
331.3
156.9
299.6
303.8
275.3
289.7
284.4
274.3
292.9
302.8
310.6
300.2
303.4
Area is used for New York and Chicago.
2 Average of 85 cities.
292.5
326.3
286.0
268.9
310.9
280.1
293.9
254.4
298.7
288.8
282.7
265.5
292.7
295.9
297.0
300.5
285.6
290.0
321.7
258.9
297.1
287.0
278.7
264.1
302.4
302.2
286.5
259.1
282.9
316.6
306.7
156.1
302.4
292.5
290.2
334.8
304.6
294.4
324.5
292.7
269.4
318.6
285.0
289.1
249.3
280.9
274.3
277.1
294.0
300.2
312.2
304.3
319.9
257.2
290.1
285.0
297.8
289.2
282.9
267.7
293.1
293.3
297.8
304.8
297.8
Miami, Fla. (11/77=100) ....................................................
Milwaukee, Wis.....................................................................
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wls..............................................
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J...........................................
Northeast, Pa. (Scranton)....................................................
263.4
295.6
286.1
279.2
265.8
277.0
276.6
279.6
80
1982
Nov.
Detroit, Mich.........................................................................
Honolulu, Hawaii ................................................................
Houston, Tex........................................................................
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas ....................................................
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1981
1982
281.9
280.6
282.0
283.5
288.9
318.2
301.3
298.3
291.9
294.1
291.6
21.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1967 = 100]
Commodity grouping
1982
Annual
average
1981
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
269.8
275.4
277.9
277.9
277.3
277.3
Aug.1
Sept.
281.7
r 282.3
281.4
284.1
284.9
285.1
282.1
260.6
241.0
260.2
335.3
226.7
223.7
280.2
'282.8
'259.7
'239.2
'259.4
'337.2
'227.5
'224.3
'280.7
282.0
259.9
227.8
260.6
338.4
223.2
225.4
279.5
284.2
257.8
232.0
258.0
339.7
231.1
227.4
283.8
285.2
257.6
235.6
257.4
342.4
230.8
228.1
284.0
285.1
258.2
247.2
257.1
341.4
231.5
228.3
285.1
June
July
277.8
279.9
277.3
260.0
266.6
257.3
325.7
224.1
222.3
277.2
277.7
262.3
259.9
260.3
324.3
225.0
223.1
278.1
280.1
263.4
254.7
262.0
328.7
225.9
223.5
279.2
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
FINISHED GOODS
Finished goods
................................................................
271.3
253.6
263.8
250.6
319.6
218.6
208.8
264.3
275.8
252.9
273.9
249.0
326.3
225.4
213.9
274.1
278.3
256.4
280.6
252.1
329.3
226.2
217.4
276.2
278.6
258.2
282.5
254.0
330.3
224.0
219.6
275.0
277.7
257.1
263.3
254.5
328.8
223.9
220.5
275.8
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components...........
306.0
309.4
311.0
311.1
310.6
309.9
309.8
309.9
311.1
'310.8
310.7
310.0
310.1
310.2
Materials and components for manufacturing...........
Materials for food manufacturing ...........................
Materials for nondurable manufacturing ...............
Materials for durable manufacturing ......................
Components for manufacturing .............................
286.1
260.4
285.8
312.1
259.3
289.3
245.6
288.8
314.0
267.8
290.4
250.7
289.0
313.6
269.8
290.9
252.8
289.3
313.1
270.9
290.4
252.0
288.8
310.9
271.8
290.6
254.4
287.6
311.0
272.6
291.4
260.0
287.6
311.0
273.6
289.8
260.7
285.4
307.5
273.6
289.2
259.7
283.1
308.0
273.9
' 288.7
' 258.0
'282.6
'306.5
'274.3
290.2
257.6
282.4
310.2
276.1
289.5
254.7
280.3
310.0
276.9
288.9
251.4
279.5
309.8
277.0
288.7
250.1
278.2
309.8
277.7
Materials and components for construction
.............
287.6
291.1
292.0
293.0
293.3
294.0
293.7
294.5
294.3
'293.5
293.4
293.2
293.0
294.5
Processed fuels and lubricants .................................
Manufacturing industries ........................................
Nonmanufacturing industries .................................
595.4
498.6
680.8
598.1
499.0
685.6
604.4
505.9
691.3
596.8
497.8
684.2
593.0
496.1
678.3
579.9
487.5
661.1
570.9
481.4
649.5
581.1
491.7
659.5
600.7
506.9
683.0
603.8
'510.7
'685.5
593.2
497.4
677.5
590.2
496.9
672.1
594.3
502.5
674.9
593.6
500.4
675.5
Containers..................................................................
276.1
280.2
282.5
285.5
286.3
287.0
287.0
286.5
286.3
-285.4
285.5
285.1
284.7
284.6
Supplies .....................................................................
Manufacturing industries ........................................
Nonmanufacturing industries .................................
Feeds ..................................................................
Other supplies.....................................................
263.8
253.1
269.6
230.4
276.4
268.3
261.0
272.4
214.6
284.1
269.8
262.6
273.8
214.8
285.7
270.4
263.3
274.4
212.0
287.3
270.6
264.5
274.1
208.1
287.9
272.1
265.3
276.0
213.1
288.9
273.4
266.7
277.2
214.2
290.1
273.4
266.7
277.1
213.1
290.4
273.1
266.8
276.7
210.3
290.5
'272.6
' 266.5
'276.0
'203.1
'291.1
272.5
267.3
275.5
198.4
291.5
272.3
267.4
275.1
193.3
292.1
273.0
267.2
276.3
199.5
292.2
273.2
267.4
276.5
204.9
291.3
Crude materials for further processing.............................
329.0
311.5
318.4
321.6
320.0
322.6
328.3
325.6
323.4
'319.8
316.3
312.2
313.4
312.6
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs..........................................
257.4
233.7
242.6
248.3
247.9
254.4
262.6
259.9
255.5
'249.6
242.9
236.3
236.3
237.0
Nonfood materials .....................................................
482.3
478.6
481.5
479.3
475.2
469.9
470.2
467.7
469.8
'471.0
474.3
475.4
479.0
475.0
378.8
3890
273.3
376.6
386.3
274.5
370.0
378.9
274.2
369.2
378.4
271.4
'369.5
378.9
'270.3
369.6
379.1
269.1
372.2
382.4
267.1
369.5
379.3
267.3
366.0
375.0
269.4
901.3
883.9
1,032.0 1,053.9
780.5
794.5
906.9
'1,061.1
798.9
926.3
1,086.1
813.9
919.4
1,077.5
808.3
955.3
1,124.8
835.2
949.5
1,117.0
830.9
Finished consumer g o o d s..........................................
Finished consumer fo o d s ........................................
C ru d e ..................................................................
Processed ............................................................
Nondurable goods less fo o d s.................................
Durable goods .......................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy
Capital equipment .....................................................
INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS
CRUDE MATERIALS
Nonfood materials except fuel ...............................
Manufacturing industries......................................
Construction .......................................................
413.7
429.4
261.8
396.2
409.8
265.2
399.5
413.2
267.6
394.8
407.5
270.5
387.1
398.4
273.2
Crude fuel ..............................................................
Manufacturing industries......................................
Nonmanufacturing industries...............................
751.2
864.9
674.0
813.0
942.5
724.0
812.9
940.3
725.6
824.5
954.4
735.4
839.7
974.7
746.6
851.2
989.1
755.8
864.8
1006.7
766.4
Finished goods excluding fo o d s ........................................
Finished consumer goods excluding fo o d s ...............
Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y ......................
273.3
276.5
233.6
280.9
283.2
237.6
283.0
285.2
240.5
282.4
284.9
241.3
281.9
284.0
241.3
281.1
282.3
243.0
281.0
281.8
244.3
283.4
284.8
245.1
286.7
288.8
244.5
287.9
' 290.2
'252.0
286.6
289.1
243.8
290.8
293.3
246.4
291.9
294.6
246.5
292.0
294.3
254.7
Intermediate materials less foods and feeds....................
Intermediate materials less energy ...........................
310.1
285.2
314.9
288.7
316.4
289.9
316.4
290.7
316.0
290.5
315.1
291.0
314.6
291.6
314.7
290.8
316.1
290.4
'316.0
'289.7
316.0
290.6
315.5
290.1
315.7
289.9
315.7
290.2
Intermediate foods and feeds ..........................................
250.3
235.2
238.8
239.4
237.7
240.9
245.0
245.1
243.6
'240.2
238.4
234.8
234.6
235.4
Crude materials less agricultural products ......................
Crude materials less e ne rgy......................................
545.6
254.0
543.5
231.6
546.1
239.1
543.9
243.4
538.4
242.8
531.6
247.3
531.5
252.8
529.1
248.7
531.5
245.1
'532.0
'240.7
536.2
235.6
537.9
230.0
542.3
229.3
537.0
229.9
SPECIAL GROUPINGS
1Data for August 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and
corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r=revised,
81
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
22.
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Annual
average
1981
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
All commodities ..................................................................
All commodities (1957-59 = 100)..........................................
293.4
311.3
295.8
313.8
298.3
316.5
298.6
316.8
298.0
316.2
298.0
316.2
298.6
316.8
299.3
317.6
300.4
318.7
Farm products and processed foods and feeds........................
Industrial commodities..........................................................
251.5
304.1
241.0
310.0
246.0
311.8
248.4
311.6
247.5
311.0
251.6
309.9
255.8
309.6
255.3
310.6
01
01-1
01-2
01-3
01-4
01-5
01-6
01-7
01-8
01-9
FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS
AND FEEDS
Farm products ............................................................................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables ........................................
Grains......................................................................................
Livestock ................................................................................
Live poultry..............................................................................
Plant and animal fibers..............................................................
Fluid milk ................................................................................
Eggs........................................................................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ....................................................
Other farm products ................................................................
254.9
267.3
248.4
248.0
201.2
242.0
287.4
187.1
274.1
273.8
234.6
280.5
213.6
225.0
171.4
188.4
286.7
195.5
218.8
280.2
242.2
289.2
225.2
236.8
186.8
198.2
287.6
187.0
218.4
280.1
247.1
290.1
223.2
251.2
197.3
193.5
285.8
200.6
217.6
273.7
244.7
257.3
220.9
255.6
197.7
199.5
282.5
204.0
213.7
273.0
250.6
267.6
226.0
267.6
186.2
207.4
280.3
192.1
222.8
274.2
256.5
271.5
228.2
282.9
192.7
214.1
278.8
164.3
227.3
273.9
02
02-1
02-2
02-3
02-4
02-5
02-6
02-7
02-8
02-9
Processed foods and feeds..........................................................
Cereal and bakery products......................................................
Meats, poultry, and fish ............................................................
Dairy products..........................................................................
Processed fruits and vegetables................................................
Sugar and confectionery ..........................................................
Beverages and beverage materials............................................
Fats and o ils ............................................................................
Miscellaneous processed foods ................................................
Prepared animal feeds..............................................................
248.7
255.5
246.2
245.6
261.2
275.9
248.0
227.4
250.1
230.2
243.6
255.1
236.1
247.2
271.8
247.6
251.9
219.1
250.1
217.2
247.1
256.6
243.7
247.7
273.2
256.8
253.9
216.6
251.0
217.4
248.1
253.3
247.9
248.0
276.3
257.2
255.1
216.8
250.9
214.9
248.1
253.3
250.0
248.0
275.9
255.0
256.4
213.7
249.5
211.4
251.1
253.5
258.2
248.4
275.2
256.0
256.6
218.1
249.6
216.3
03
03-1
03-2
03-3
03-4
03-81
03-82
Textile products and apparel ........................................................
Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 100)..................................................
Processed yams and threads (12/75 = 100) ............................
Gray fabrics (12/75 = 100)......................................................
Finished fabrics (12/75 = 100) ................................................
Apparel....................................................................................
Textile housefurnishings............................................................
199.7
156.3
138.0
146.8
125.2
186.0
226.7
203.4
161.5
139.6
147.2
125.6
191.0
233.6
205.0
162.9
139.2
148.2
126.8
192.7
237.6
205.6
163.2
140.7
147.3
127.1
193.2
240.8
205.0
161.3
140.5
146.6
125.6
193.4
241.4
04
04-2
04-3
04-4
Hides, skins, leather, and related products ....................................
Leather....................................................................................
Footwear ................................................................................
Other leather and related products............................................
260.9
319.8
240.9
241.8
260.7
312.3
240.1
245.4
261.8
319.0
238.9
247.5
261.6
317.7
238.6
248.1
05
05-1
05-2
05-3
05-4
05-61
05-7
Fuels and related products and power ..........................................
C oal........................................................................................
Coke ......................................................................................
Gas fuels2 ..............................................................................
Electric power .......................................................................
Crude petroleum3 ................................................................
Petroleum products, refined4 .................................................
694.5
497.2
456.4
939.4
367.2
803.5
805.9
702.5
515.2
469.7
1,003.7
384.2
787.2
798.6
705.1
525.3
469.7
987.9
392.8
787.2
801.9
06
06-1
06-21
06-22
06-3
06-4
06-5
06-6
06-7
Chemicals and allied products .................................................
Industrial chemicals5 ..............................................................
Prepared p a in t.......................................................................
Paint m aterials.......................................................................
Drugs and pharmaceuticals...................................................
Fats and oils, inedible............................................................
Agricultural chemicals and chemical products......................
Plastic resins and m aterials...................................................
Other chemicals and allied products ....................................
287.6
363.3
249.8
300.1
193.5
295.6
285.0
289.2
254.2
291.8
362.8
256.4
305.8
198.9
280.4
294.9
294.2
260.0
07
07-1
07-11
07-12
07-13
07-2
Rubber and plastic products.....................................................
Rubber and rubber products .................................................
Crude ru b b e r.........................................................................
Tires and tubes ...................................................................
Miscellaneous rubber products ............................................
Plastic products (6/78 = 100) ..............................................
232.6
256.2
281.8
250.6
251.4
128.5
08
08-1
08-2
08-3
08-4
Lumber and wood products..........................................................
Lumber..................................................................................
Mil ¡work ........................................................................
Plywood ................................................................................
Other wood products................................................................
292.8
325.1
273.4
245.7
239.1
Code
Commodity group and subgroup
1982
June
July
Aug.1
Sept.
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
'300.2
'318.5
299.5
317.8
299.9
318.2
300.4
318.7
300.6
318.9
252.4
312.8
'249.6
'313.2
247.5
312.9
243.9
314.4
244.0
315.1
244.8
315.0
252.7
264.5
225.7
277.5
207.2
203.1
278.9
159.3
219.3
271.8
246.6
239.1
212.8
270.3
212.5
220.8
279.0
171.7
220.0
265.5
'240.8
' 238.6
197.2
268.4
189.3
207.5
278.8
171.7
'204.5
274.4
234.4
220.3
187.3
259.0
196.5
196.8
281.9
173.3
201.8
276.8
229.1
222.3
183.2
248.5
177.1
198.1
285.0
177.9
194.3
274.0
230.6
232.5
198.6
239.1
181.6
195.3
285.9
172.5
204.8
276.3
232.5
248.1
202.3
237.2
177.8
200.6
285.5
170.0
209.0
280.1
254.4
252.8
267.6
248.5
273.8
265.3
256.5
222.3
248.0
217.4
255.8
252.7
271.2
248.7
275.8
269.1
256.7
221.8
248.6
216.4
254.6
253.0
266.0
248.6
274.4
275.7
256.9
221.3
248.1
213.9
'253.5
'252.7
'262.2
'248.8
'274.1
'285.5
'258.0
'215.6
245.9
'207.5
253.6
254.1
265.7
249.3
273.2
279.1
256.8
211.6
246.9
204.5
251.0
253.2
256.9
250.0
273.7
276.7
258.4
214.9
247.7
200.1
250.4
254.6
251.5
250.2
273.1
281.1
258.9
209.0
247.9
205.7
250.6
256.6
249.9
250.8
273.0
280.8
259.0
204.3
248.6
210.5
205.4
163.0
140.4
146.3
125.4
194.1
241.8
205.4
163.4
141.0
145.9
125.2
194.5
239.5
205.0
162.8
139.4
146.0
124.0
195.0
239.7
204.1
161.5
135.9
144.9
123.8
194.8
238.2
'204.2
'162.2
135.9
'144.6
'124.3
'195.1
'236.4
203.8
163.4
136.6
143.5
123.8
193.5
242.5
202.6
162.0
129.5
143.6
123.4
193.5
240.5
203.5
162.1
136.7
143.0
123.1
193.8
240.5
202.4
160.6
136.7
143.3
122.9
191.7
240.5
260.6
313.3
239.8
248.1
263.4
310.6
244.8
248.1
263.2
309.8
244.5
248.1
261.8
307.7
244.2
245.6
263.1
307.4
247.3
246.9
'262.0
'304.9
'247.7
'244.9
264.8
309.2
248.2
252.9
264.7
309.5
249.2
252.4
264.3
312.8
249.1
250.9
265.2
314.3
248.2
253.1
697.8
529.9
469.7
987.6
392.9
770.3
789.7
689.7
529.6
467.5
990.5
403.7
744.8
770.6
670.6
532.6
467.5
992.7
406.3
717.9
733.5
292.9
362.9
258.9
306.6
202.2
272.8
296.8
286.1
263.8
293.6
362.2
258.9
306.4
204.4
274.2
298.0
287.3
264.9
294.6
361.4
258.9
306.8
205.9
290.1
297.1
285.5
268.5
294.3
357.8
258.9
306.7
208.9
282.6
295.8
286.0
270.0
295.0
357.1
264.7
306.9
209.9
288.4
294.8
283.2
272.7
293.3
351.2
264.7
304.9
209.7
287.5
294.1
282.1
273.8
291.6
349.1
264.7
304.5
210.0
278.2
291.5
280.9
271.1
291.6
'349.1
'264.7
'302.5
'211.2
254.2
'290.8
'282.2
'272.3
291.4
349.3
265.1
303.0
212.6
254.1
290.1
281.5
270.7
290.4
347.6
265.1
303.0
214.7
242.3
289.4
281.6
268.1
290.5
345.8
265.1
302.3
215.4
239.6
287.3
281.4
271.7
289.3
342.9
265.1
301.5
216.0
240.8
286.2
281.4
270.2
238.3
264.6
280.8
255.4
267.2
130.6
237.3
262.5
281.8
253.6
263.8
130.5
239.3
266.0
282.1
256.7
268.8
131.0
240.8
266.7
283.5
253.7
274.3
132.3
241.1
266.6
283.3
253.4
274.7
132.6
242.1
269.0
283.7
254.9
278.8
132.5
242.5
269.3
282.5
255.3
279.5
132.8
242.0
268.8
280.3
255.0
279.4
132.5
'242.6
'270.1
'278.7
'257.8
'279.7
'132.5
243.3
271.7
276.5
255.7
287.5
132.5
243.0
271.1
272.4
255.8
287.1
132.4
242.6
270.2
270.8
254.8
286.5
132.4
243.0
270.5
271.0
256.2
285.5
132.8
285.4
309.9
273.7
239.7
239.4
285.5
310.0
277.1
237.4
238.2
285.2
308.1
278.6
235.1
238.7
285.3
308.2
276.5
236.5
238.6
286.5
312.4
276.6
234.0
237.7
284.6
310.5
276.3
230.5
237.4
289.0
315.8
280.5
239.2
236.0
288.6
319.2
282.3
232.4
236.0
'284.2
'311.6
280.2
'229.0
235.6
283.0
311.3
279.5
228.4
235.6
279.6
306.8
278.6
224.0
235.8
279.9
305.1
280.3
227.8
233.1
284.8
311.0
286.1
231.2
231.3
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
See footnotes at end of table.
82
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
662.2
677.3
701.1 '705.6 701.8
699.6
707.3
702.6
534.0
533.6
538.0 '539.0 541.4
539.7
540.3
540.3
467.5
462.0
460.3 '459.1
460.7
453.0
452.3
452.3
1,001.2 1,027.5 1,054.3 '1,074.6 1,116.6 1,133.6 1,190.9 1,177.4
407.1
405.7
416.0 '414.9 415.4
409.1
405.2
410.3
717.8
718.4 '718.4 718.8
718.2
735.8
734.1
720.4
713.2
739.4
776.5 '781.7 763.1
754.9
759.9
753.0
22.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Code
Annual
1981
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.1
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
1982
Commodity group and subgroup
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES-Continued
09
09-1
09-11
09-12
09-13
09-14
09-15
09-2
Pulp, paper, and allied products....................................................
Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper and board . . .
Woodpulp................................................................................
Wastepaper ............................................................................
Paper ......................................................................................
Paperboard..............................................................................
Converted paper and paperboard products................................
Eluilding paper and board..........................................................
273.8
270.8
397.1
175.7
279.8
258.1
258.8
231.7
281.0
275.6
413.7
143.4
287.2
260.0
263.2
230.3
285.5
276.1
410.3
135.2
289.2
259.7
263.9
233.8
286.3
276.8
410.3
128.8
289.8
261.4
264.7
231.4
287.4
276.6
411.6
129.2
289.6
261.1
264.5
239.6
288.5
275.3
389.9
128.1
289.4
261.2
264.3
236.3
289.6
274.8
393.3
121.5
288.2
258.8
264.3
240.2
289.5
274.1
388.0
115.2
287.8
255.9
264.5
240.0
289.1
272.6
368.3
115.6
286.3
255.0
264.4
239.8
r 289.3
'272.2
'367.0
116.0
' 285.3
'255.4
'264.3
'244.4
289.2
271.8
367.2
116.0
286.0
250.7
264.2
242.8
289.2
270.4
352.5
116.0
285.6
248.0
263.9
241.5
289.6
269.9
349.4
116.0
281.7
247.6
265.0
240.4
289.5
269.1
349.3
116.0
280.0
244.5
264.9
241.4
10
10-1
10-17
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
Metals and metal products ..........................................................
Iron anc steel ..........................................................................
Steel mill products....................................................................
Nonferrous metals....................................................................
Metal containers ......................................................................
Hardware ................................................................................
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings............................................
Heating equipment....................................................................
Fabricated structural metal products..........................................
Miscellaneous metal products....................................................
300.4
333.8
337.6
285.8
315.6
263.2
267.5
224.2
295.5
270.5
303.3
339.9
348.9
277.1
316.8
272.0
274.0
229.9
303.0
278.3
304.7
343.1
350.6
274.4
324.3
274.1
274.6
233.4
303.4
281.2
304.2
342.9
350.3
273.6
326.2
274.8
276.4
233.1
304.0
278.7
302.9
342.5
350.5
267.2
327.2
278.2
279.1
235.4
304.5
279.0
303.1
342.8
352.2
266.1
330.0
278.5
280.3
236.0
305.2
279.7
302.8
341.3
352.1
263.6
330.2
278.9
281.0
237.2
304.9
284.5
299.3
338.3
349.9
253.4
329.9
280.3
282.6
238.5
305.3
283.9
299.5
337.5
349.0
256.4
330.0
281.2
283.3
238.9
303.9
283.2
' 299.2
'337.1
'348.6
'255.7
328.8
'282.6
'274.6
'238.4
'304.3
'283.3
301.8
336.6
348.4
263.4
328.7
280.4
277.0
239.3
304.2
289.3
302.1
337.6
349.8
263.2
328.7
280.8
277.8
238.7
303.7
289.7
301.0
336.3
349.3
262.0
327.0
280.8
278.2
238.9
302.8
288.5
300.9
333.3
345.5
264.0
325.7
283.5
279.1
239.3
304.6
288.7
11
11-1
11-2
11-3
11-4
11-6
11-7
11-9
Machinery and equipment ............................................................
Agricultural machinery and equipment........................................
Construction machinery and equipment......................................
Metalworking machinery and equipment ....................................
General purpose machinery and equipment................................
Special industry machinery and equipment ................................
Ellectrical machinery and equipment ..........................................
Miscellaneous machinery..........................................................
263.3
288.3
320.8
301.3
288.7
307.9
220.2
252.6
272.0
302.8
332.0
312.9
297.9
316.4
227.0
260.4
274.1
303.1
337.0
315.9
300.0
320.4
228.7
261.4
275.4
304.6
337.9
317.2
301.3
320.7
229.5
264.0
276.2
306.4
339.2
317.8
302.0
321.3
230.3
264.9
277.6
306.8
341.5
319.6
303.4
322.9
231.7
266.1
278.2
308.2
343.5
320.7
303.8
323.9
231.3
267.9
278.6
309.7
343.9
321.2
303.5
325.0
231.5
268.5
279.6
311.0
346.1
322.5
304.8
327.1
231.6
269.5
'279.9
'312.2
'346.5
'322.8
'304.9
'326.7
'231.8
'270.9
280.3
313.6
347.5
322.6
304.5
327.0
232.5
271.1
280.9
317.0
346.6
322.4
305.5
327.9
233.0
270.9
281.3
318.1
347.8
323.0
306.0
329.1
233.0
271.7
281.8
319.9
347.9
323.1
306.6
330.1
233.3
272.0
12
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
12-6
Furniture and household durables ................................................
Household furniture..................................................................
Commercial furniture................................................................
Floor coverings ........................................................................
Household appliances ..............................................................
Home electronic equipment ......................................................
Other household durable goods ................................................
198.5
219.7
257.5
178.7
187.3
89.2
281.0
202.9
226.6
263.9
181.4
191.3
89.6
286.2
203.5
227.5
266.7
180.3
193.4
89.3
283.4
204.6
227.4
271.2
180.6
195.3
89.6
283.7
205.5
227.6
273.6
180.6
197.3
89.1
285.0
206.0
229.7
274.2
181.1
197.8
87.9
285.9
206.5
230.0
275.2
181.3
198.9
88.0
285.4
207.0
230.2
276.0
181.9
199.6
88.4
286.1
206.8
230.0
277.4
181.2
200.2
87.2
285.1
'208.1
'230.4
'278.1
'181.0
'201.0
88.0
'291.8
207.7
231.6
278.6
180.3
200.4
87.7
288.1
208.4
231.3
278.8
180.3
200.5
88.0
293.8
208.3
231.6
279.1
180.2
200.3
87.3
294.5
208.6
231.8
279.0
180.1
200.7
87.2
295.4
13
13-11
13-2
13-3
13-4
13-5
13-6
13-7
13-8
13-9
Nonmetallic mineral products........................................................
Flat glass ................................................................................
Concrete ingredients ................................................................
Concrete products....................................................................
Structural clay products, excluding refractories ..........................
Flefractories ............................................................................
Asphalt roofing ........................................................................
Gypsum products ....................................................................
Glass containers ......................................................................
Other nonmetallic minerals........................................................
309.5
212.6
296.3
291.2
249.8
302.4
407.5
256.2
328.7
463.8
313.5
216.1
298.7
293.6
257.5
311.3
405.6
249.7
335.5
474.7
315.6
216.2
306.2
295.5
257.5
316.8
401.3
250.4
335.4
474.7
319.0
216.2
308.4
295.9
257.7
335.1
400.4
255.0
352.2
478.7
319.9
216.2
309.8
296.3
257.7
337.4
394.4
260.7
356.0
479.6
320.2
216.2
309.5
297.7
258.1
338.7
386.7
263.2
358.1
479.1
321.2
226.4
312.5
298.2
258.6
339.5
385.5
259.4
358.1
471.3
320.9
226.4
312.7
298.5
258.9
340.4
396.4
256.4
358.1
465.2
321.1
226.1
311.8
298.8
259.3
340.4
399.8
255.8
358.1
466.6
'320.5
'221.1
'311.2
'299.0
'263.9
'340.7
'400.1
253.9
'358.0
'466.0
320.2
221.1
311.2
298.6
259.5
341.3
400.2
253.9
357.9
466.2
321.2
221.1
311.9
298.7
259.5
341.3
405.1
255.1
358.4
470.4
321.5
225.3
311.7
298.1
264.3
337.7
397.5
254.9
358.5
471.3
320.9
225.3
309.3
298.5
264.3
337.7
395.4
253.9
358.5
470.6
14
14-1
14-4
Transportation equipment (12/68 = 100)......................................
Motor vehicles and equipment ..................................................
Ftailroad equipment ..................................................................
235.4
237.6
336.1
246.8
249.5
340.1
248.6
250.8
345.8
245.2
246.8
345.8
245.2
246.8
346.3
245.8
247.2
343.5
247.5
249.2
342.8
249.1
251.1
342.8
249.8 '250.6
252.0 '252.8
342.6 '347.7
245.0
245.0
354.7
256.4
258.1
357.5
256.1
257.5
357.5
257.5
257.9
357.5
15
15-1
15-2
15-3
15-4
15-5
15-9
Miscellaneous products................................................................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition............................
Tobacco products ....................................................................
Notions....................................................................................
Photographic equipment and supplies ........................................
Mobile homes (12/74 = 100)....................................................
Other miscellaneous products ..................................................
265.7
211.9
268.3
259.8
210.0
156.8
347.4
267.6
213.3
278.2
269.7
209.1
159.3
344.6
268.3
218.4
278.2
270.3
209.9
159.5
342.2
273.5
220.1
306.6
270.4
210.5
159.6
341.1
272.7
220.7
306.6
271.5
212.1
161.9
334.5
273.2
221.0
306.7
271.5
214.2
162.2
334.1
272.2
221.8
307.0
280.1
210.6
162.5
331.3
271.5
221.9
307.0
280.1
210.4
162.4
328.6
273.4
222.0
311.5
280.1
208.9
162.6
333.7
280.3
224.7
328.8
280.3
211.6
162.8
344.7
285.9
223.7
366.0
280.3
210.2
161.5
344.7
285.7
223.7
365.1
280.1
210.2
161.4
344.6
290.3
223.2
383.5
280.1
210.3
161.5
351.0
1Data for August 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
2 Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month.
3 Includes only domestic production.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
'272.0
'223.5
'311.5
'280.1
'208.9
'162.8
'327.0
4 Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month,
5 Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month.
r=revised.
83
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
23.
Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Annual
average
1981
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug. '
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
All commodities— less farm products
All fo o d s............................................................................
Processed foods ..............................................................
Industrial commodities less fuels ..........................................
Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 100) ..................
Hosiery ..............................................................................
Underwear and nightwear ....................................................
Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber
and fibers and yarns ........................................................
295.7
251.8
252.1
263.7
135.8
134.3
203.4
300.0
247.6
246.5
269.4
137.9
136.7
206.3
302.0
251.6
250.5
271.1
139.3
136.9
213.9
301.9
253.2
251.9
271,5
139.7
136.9
215.6
301.4
251.6
252.1
271.7
139.0
137,5
215.9
300.9
254.7
255.1
272.3
139.0
138.0
215.9
301.2
257.9
259.0
272.8
138.7
138.5
215.9
302.2
259.0
260.8
272.4
138.2
138.5
217.4
303.9
256.6
259.5
272,5
137,6
138.5
218.6
'304.1
'255.8
'258.7
'272.6
'137.8
138.5
'218.6
303.9
255.4
259.3
272.6
137.7
138.7
219.0
304.7
252.9
256.5
274.4
137.3
138.7
219.2
305.2
252.1
255.0
274.4
137.1
139.7
219.4
305.2
252.7
254.8
274.8
136.6
139.7
219.5
278.4
283.1
284.3
285.1
285.6
285.6
286.1
284.5
282.9
'283.3
283.2
282.3
282.4
281.2
Pharmaceutical preparations ................................................
Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork......................
Steel mill products, including fabricated wire products............
Finished steel mill products, excluding fabricated wire
products ..........................................................................
Finished steel mill products, including fabricated wire
products..........................................................................
186.9
303.0
337.6
193.3
290.7
348.9
196.8
289.9
350.6
199.3
287.9
350.3
201.1
288,5
350.5
204.5
290.5
352.2
205.8
288.1
352.1
205.4
294.5
349.9
205.9
294.6
348.4
'207.4
'288.3
' 348.1
209.3
287,9
348.1
211.5
283.4
349.4
212.3
283.5
348.5
213.0
288.6
344.8
336.2
347.5
349.3
348.9
349.2
351.0
350.9
348.6
347.7
347.3
347.0
348.6
348.0
344.0
336.2
347.5
349.3
348.9
349.2
351.0
350.9
348.6
347.0
' 346.7
346,7
348.2
347.2
343.3
Special metals and metal products ......................................
Fabricated metal products....................................................
Copper and copper products................................................
Machinery and motive products............................................
Machinery and equipment, except electrical ..........................
279.4
280.0
203.8
256,7
288.5
286,6
287.1
195.4
266.9
298.4
287.9
289.4
194.5
268.9
300.7
286.0
289.0
194.1
268.1
302.3
285.3
289.9
190.8
268.5
303.1
285.6
290.8
191.6
269.6
304.6
286.3
292.6
193.0
270.7
305,7
285.2
292.8
179.7
271.7
306.2
285.7
292.0
179.2
272.8
307.6
'285.8
'291.9
' 179.8
273.3
'308.1
284.2
294.1
181.4
270.8
308.3
289.9
294.1
179.2
276.3
308.9
289.0
293.1
181.8
276.7
309.6
289.2
294,0
182.1
277.6
310.3
Agricultural machinery, including tractors ..............................
Metalworking machinery ......................................................
Numerically controlled machine tools (Dec. 1971 = 100) . . . .
Total tractors ......................................................................
Agricultural machinery and equipment less parts....................
297.3
329.7
239.3
324.7
289.8
314.7
341.2
242.0
342.3
305.8
315.1
343.8
240.1
346.9
306.5
316.0
344.9
239.8
346.9
307.4
318.4
346.4
239.9
349.1
309.7
319.0
348.8
239.9
352.4
310.3
319.9
349.3
239.9
353.6
311.0
321.3
350.1
240.0
354.1
312.2
321.8
352.6
239.2
354.8
312.8
'322.8
'353.1
'239.2
'355.5
'313.6
324.6
353.6
239.8
358.9
315.1
329.8
354.2
239.8
360.8
319.5
331.3
354.3
239.8
360.7
320,8
333.7
354.2
239.8
363.2
323.1
Farm and garden tractors less parts ....................................
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts ..............
Industrial valves ..................................................................
Industrial fittings ..................................................................
Construction materials..........................................................
300.1
295.2
315.9
302.1
283.0
319.7
310.9
325.3
304.1
285.2
319.7
311.6
328.6
304.1
286.6
319.7
313.2
330.2
304.1
286.9
323.5
314.6
330.5
304.1
287.5
323.5
315.6
331.1
309.1
288.2
325.0
316.1
331.2
309.1
288.2
325.8
317.9,
330.6
309.1
289.5
325.4
319.1
332.7
310.2
289.2
'326.0
'320.4
'332.7
310.2
'288.3
331.8
319.1
329.4
309.2
287.9
334.9
325.9
329.3
307.3
287.7
334.9
328.6
329.6
307.3
287.6
339.1
329.6
330.6
307.3
288.3
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Commodity grouping
1982
1Data for August 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
24.
r=revised,
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product
[1967 = 100]
Annual
average
1981
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.1
Total durable goods ..........................................................
Total nondurable goods......................................................
269.8
312.4
276.0
311.4
277.6
314.7
277.4
315.4
277.4
314.2
278.1
313.6
278.5
314.5
278.3
316.0
278.9
317,6
'278.8
'317.1
278.7
315.9
281.4
314.3
281.2
315.5
282.0
315.1
Total manufactures ............................................................
Durable ......................................................................
Nondurable ................................................................
286.0
269.7
303.6
289.9
276.5
304.3
291.9
278.0
306.8
292.0
277.8
307.2
291.4
277.8
305.9
291.1
278.7
304.1
291.3
279.2
304.0
292.4
279.3
306.3
293.7
279.9
308.5
'293.8
'279.8
308.6
293.1
279.7
307.3
293.9
282.4
305.9
294.0
282.4
306.3
294.1
283.2
305.6
Total raw or slightly processed goods..................................
Durable ......................................................................
Nondurable ................................................................
330.7
271.2
334.0
323.6
247.8
328.2
328.9
253.8
333.4
330.6
253.7
335.2
329.7
250.1
334.5
331.9
245.3
337.2
335.1
239.7
341.1
333.4
225.4
340.3
333.2
225.3
340.1
' 331.1
'225.0
'337.9
330.3
227.0
336.9
328.2
225.1
334.8
331.1
220.0
338.2
331.5
218.2
338.8
Commodity grouping
1982
1Data for August July 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
25.
r=revised,
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
1972
SIC
code
Industry description
Annual
average
1981
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.1
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
167.6
346.0
493.7
898.6
277.4
138.7
171.3
343.7
510.3
921.7
280.7
143.4
171.3
347.9
520.9
919.7
287.4
149.6
171.3
313.7
525.8
913.9
289.9
149.6
171.3
325.0
524.9
905.4
293.1
149.6
171.3
327.0
527.9
893.3
292.6
151.7
177.1
308.3
529.9
901.2
295.0
151.7
177.1
307.5
530.0
914.3
295.8
151.7
177.1
306.2
533.5
924.3
296.0
151.7
177.1
287.5
'535.0
926.7
'297.1
151.7
177.1
289.4
536.3
938.4
296.0
151.7
177.1
312.5
536.0
946.7
297.3
151.7
177.1
308.3
536.3
969.0
297.8
151.7
177.1
312.5
536.0
956.0
297.6
151.7
243.1
241.4
192.0
274.8
234.1
247.0
166.7
275.0
237.6
245.6
(2)
275.0
244.4
251.0
<2)
276.4
247.3
248.6
<2)
276.8
254.0
253.0
( 2)
275.3
264.7
266.2
( 2)
274.9
265.8
274.0
(2)
274.9
258.2
272.6
( 2)
275.0
'252.9
'275.7
N.A.
276.3
253.1
282.3
(2)
276.8
242.6
277.5
(2)
276.8
2383
272.5
(2)
276.5
236.4
268.8
N.A,
277.8
1982
MINING
1011
1092
1211
1311
1442
1455
Iron ores (12/75 = 100)................................................
Mercury ores (12/75 = 100)..........................................
Bituminous coal and lignite ............................................
Crude petroleum and natural gas....................................
Construction sand and gravel ........................................
Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 = 100) ..................................
2011
2013
2016
2021
Meatpacking plants........................................................
Sausages and other prepared meats ..............................
Poultry dressing plants ..................................................
Creamery butter............................................................
MANUFACTURING
See footnotes at end of table.
84
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1972
SIC
code
Annual
1981
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.1
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1982
Industry description
2022
2024
2033
2034
2041
2044
2048
2061
2063
2067
MANUFACTURING - Continued
Cheese, natural and processed (12/72 = 100)..............
Ice cream and frozen desserts (12/72 = 100) ..............
Canned fruits and vegetables........................................
Dehydrated food products (12/73 = 100)......................
Flour mills (12/71 = 100) ............................................
Rice milling..................................................................
Prepared foods, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100)............................
Raw cane sugar ..........................................................
Beet sugar ..................................................................
Chewing gum .............................................. ................
215.7
211.9
248.5
177.6
196.0
277.2
124.5
273.5
314.3
309.8
218.4
212.7
258.9
182.1
189.2
215.1
116.0
230.8
250.5
303.2
218.6.
212.8
260.8
184.0
191.5
205.9
116.0
247.6
266.4
303.3
217.9
212.8
262.6
181.8
187.5
192.2
115.9
245.1
272.2
303.3
216.7
210.9
262.4
181.5
187.3
183.5
114.6
233.0
272.2
303.3
216.5
214.2
262.3
181.5
192.5
177.9
115.4
242.9
269.7
303.4
217.1
214.2
262.6
178.5
188.4
183 0
116.7
269.2
277.3
303.4
218.1
214.2
265.1
178.5
189.1
180.3
115.6
286.7
277.3
303.4
218.0
213.6
263.9
180.4
185.5
177.6
114.7
311.5
287.9
303.3
r 218.3
213.6
r 262.2
180.0
180.2
183.0
r 112.6
r 318.2
r 294.3
304.7
218.7
216.5
260.1
179.6
182.2
183.0
109.6
295.6
300.8
304.7
221.2
216.5
261.1
181.0
179.6
183.0
107.6
291.3
298.1
304.8
221.0
216.5
260.9
181.0
184.8
175.2
108.1
293.0
299.5
306.0
221.0
216.5
261.5
180.2
185.5
196.1
110.6
293.4
304.8
306.1
2074
2075
2077
2083
2085
2091
2092
2095
2098
2111
Cottonseed oil m ills......................................................
Soybean oil m ills..........................................................
Animal and marine fats and oils ....................................
Mailt ............................................................................
Distilled liquor, except brandy (12/75 = 100) ................
Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) ..................
Fresh or frozen packaged fish ......................................
Roasted coffee (12/72 = 100)......................................
Macaroni and spaghetti ................................................
Cigarettes....................................................................
199.0
245.8
288.0
282.5
134.7
187.8
369.1
238.1
252.0
277.7
182.4
221.9
266.6
275.4
137.9
188.5
369.5
240.4
259.5
288.4
184.9
223.1
260.4
267.1
140.1
187.2
396.8
245.1
259.5
288.4
170.5
220.4
262.6
267.1
137.9
187.0
389.2
247.7
259.5
319.7
158.1
216.6
271.8
267.1
140.2
187.7
419.1
248.8
259.5
319.7
164.7
225.8
273.3
259.1
140.2
188.2
432.2
250.6
259.5
319.8
167.9
232.0
271.5
259.8
139.8
188.0
425.9
248.0
259.5
319.9
170.2
226.4
272.3
259.8
139.8
188.4
441.3
247.8
259.5
319.9
174.6
224.1
264.3
259.8
139.8
187.8
417.4
246.7
259.5
324.9
173.1
r 206.4
242.4
259.8
140.4
184.3
r 424.7
r 247.5
259.5
324.9
164.5
200.6
241.2
251.2
140.4
186.2
446.7
244.7
259.5
345.1
157.6
198.3
232.1
251.2
140.4
186.3
453.9
246.0
255.5
387.4
164.2
205.6
239.7
240.6
141.3
186.4
457.9
247.7
255.5
387.0
169.4
205.1
240.3
240.6
141.3
186.6
467.2
250.5
255.5
407.6
2121
2131
2211
2221
2251
2254
2257
2261
2262
Cigars ........................................................................
Chewing and smoking tobacco......................................
Weaving mills, cotton (12/72 - 100) ............................
Weaving mills, synthetic (12/77 = 100) ........................
Women’s hosiery, except socks (12/75 - 100)..............
Knit underwear mills ....................................................
Circular knit fabric mills (6/76 = 100)............................
Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 - 100) ............................
Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 = 100) ................
170.0
320.7
232.7
136.7
113.5
210.2
110.9
144.9
126.5
174.5
326.1
227.6
139.5
115.2
213.0
111.8
141.4
128.6
174.5
326.1
227.3
139.8
115.6
225.2
112.4
140.5
129.4
178.6
349.4
227.1
139.7
115.6
225.2
113.2
140.3
129.9
178.6
349.4
226.4
140.0
116.1
225.9
110.7
140.8
128.5
179.6
349.4
226.3
139.2
116.2
226.0
110.2
141.6
128.5
179.6
353.6
226.4
138.5
116.9
226.1
109.9
141.5
128.4
179.6
353.6
224.4
137.9
116.9
228.8
108.3
141.4
127.6
179.6
358.4
222.0
137.2
116.8
230.9
108.7
140.3
126.8
r 179.6
r 358.4
r 222.1
137.1
r 116.9
r 231.2
r 108.8
139.8
r 129.0
176.8
358.5
218.6
136.4
117.0
231.2
108.6
138.4
128.1
176.8
375.1
215.4
136.3
116.8
231.4
108.0
136.8
127.4
176.8
358.5
220.7
135.1
118.5
231.4
107.7
136.2
127.7
176.8
373.8
220.5
134.9
118.4
231.4
107.4
136.1
127.2
2272
2281
2282
2284
2298
2311
2321
2322
2323
2327
Tufted carpets and rugs................................................
Yarn mills, except wool (12/71 = 100) ..........................
Throwing and winding mills (6/76 - 100) ......................
Thread mills (6/76 - 100)............................................
Cordage and twine (12/77 - 100)................................
Men’s and boys' suits and coats................ ................
Men's and boys' shirts and nightwear ............................
Men's and boys' underwear..........................................
Men's and boys' neckwear (12/75 - 100) ....................
Men’s and boys' separate trousers................................
154.2
221.7
139.3
151.4
134.8
224.0
209.5
230.6
114.6
186.2
156.7
217.2
146.0
156.8
140.7
230.5
213.4
233.0
113.9
187.1
155.5
216.3
145.7
156.8
141.0
233.7
173.4
246.9
115.3
188.4
155.7
215.7
150.3
156.8
141.0
233.6
215.9
246.9
117.3
188.4
155.7
215.4
150.0
156.8
141.0
233.8
216.9
247.4
117.3
188.4
156.1
214.4
151.0
156.7
141.0
234.4
217.3
247.4
117.3
194.1
156.4
214.7
152.7
156.6
141.0
234.6
217.5
247.4
117.3
195.8
157.2
213.8
149.4
156.6
141.0
236.3
217.8
251.2
121.3
195.9
156.3
213.2
140.6
156.5
141.0
237.2
218.1
251.2
121.3
195.6
'156.1
'213.0
'140.5
158.0
141.0
239.8
'218.2
'250.7
121.3
195.6
156.1
213.1
142.5
158.0
142.6
240.0
219.4
250.7
121.3
195.6
156.1
211.8
124.4
157.9
142.6
240.0
219.4
251.3
121.3
195.5
155.9
212.5
143.7
157.8
142.6
240.1
220.9
252.1
121.3
192.9
155.9
211.8
144.4
157.8
142.6
241.0
220.4
250.0
121.3
193.8
2328
2331
2335
2341
2342
2361
2381
2394
2396
2421
Men’s and boys’ work clothing ......................................
Women’s and misses’ blouses and waists (6/78 = 100) .
Women’s and misses’ dresses (12/77 = 100)................
Women's and children's underwear (12/72 - 100) ........
Brassieres and allied garments (12/75 = 100) ..............
Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100)..............
Fabric dress and work gloves........................................
Canvas and related products (12/77 = 100)..................
Automotive and apparel trimmings (12/77 - 100)..........
Sawmills and planing mills (12/71 = 1 0 0 )......................
248.6
120.6
121.3
169.7
136.7
120.9
289.3
132.0
131.0
228.2
253.3
126.7
122.7
171.6
140.1
123.2
289.2
139.7
131.0
218.6
252.5
126.5
123.0
174.7
145.1
123.2
293.8
144.9
131.0
218.0
254.2
126.5
123.0
174.8
148 8
123.2
297.4
144.9
131.0
216.9
254.9
126.5
123.1
175.0
148.8
123.2
295.5
147.2
131.0
216.9
255.2
126.5
122.9
175.0
148.8
122.2
295.5
145.7
131.0
218.8
254.7
126.5
122.9
176.6
148.1
122.2
295.5
145.9
131.0
217.4
254.1
126.6
123.7
178.8
148.1
122.2
294.5
143.1
131.0
220.1
252.9
126.4
123.7
178.8
148.0
119.4
294.5
143.1
131.0
221.9
253.1
'126.7
123.6
'177.5
'148.0
120.3
288.2
'143.1
131.0
'217.2
252.3
123.8
122.7
178.1
150.2
118.6
288.2
145.4
131.0
216.3
252.0
123.8
122.8
178.6
149.8
118.6
287.4
148.0
131.0
213.5
251.5
125.5
122.9
177.1
149.7
117.0
287.4
148.0
131.0
211.7
251.6
124.8
123.1
177.1
149.9
117.0
287.4
148.0
131.0
214.2
2436
2439
2448
2451
2492
2511
2512
2515
2521
2611
Softwood veneer and plywood (12/75 = 100)................
Structural wood members, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ............
Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 100)..........................
Mobile homes (12/74 = 100)........................................
Particleboard (12/75 = 100) ........................................
Wood household furniture (12/71 = 100) ......................
Upholstered household furniture (12/71 = 100)..............
Mattresses and bedsprings............................................
Wood office furniture ....................................................
Pulp mills (12/73 = 100)..............................................
142.0
156.6
152.5
156.9
173.6
197.4
174.0
192.3
254.2
252.4
134.5
153.2
149.9
160.3
170.3
202.8
182.1
198.0
257.6
262.5
132.5
153.9
149.8
160.4
172.6
203.6
184.4
204.4
261.9
258.6
130.5
153.5
149.0
160.5
170.7
204.3
179.3
205.6
270.7
258.6
131.8
152.6
148.2
162.7
177.7
205.1
179.3
205.6
270.8
260.7
129.1
153.4
145.9
163.0
178.2
207.4
181.8
205.7
270.8
253.6
125.9
152.8
144.7
163.3
178.0
207.7
182.3
205.9
270.8
249.7
133.6
154.2
144.2
163.2
178.1
208.0
182.3
205.9
270.8
244.3
129.6
156.1
144.1
163.5
176.7
208.2
181.3
205.7
270.9
236.5
'126.5
'155.2
'143.9
'163.7
'175.7
'208.1
'182.7
'205.9
'271.3
'235.3
128.6
154.4
143.8
163.7
175.3
208.0
185.9
210.4
272.4
235.4
124.7
154.1
144.3
162.6
173.4
208.8
183.2
210.3
272.4
232.6
128.0
153.8
144.1
162.4
173.7
209.1
183.7
210.3
272.4
229.4
131.1
153.5
144.5
162.6
175.1
209.4
184.1
210.3
272.4
2 c .o .l
2621
2631
2647
2654
2655
2812
2821
2822
2824
2873
Paper mills, except building (12/74 = 100)....................
Paperboard mills (12/74 = 100) ..................................
Sanitary paper products................................................
Sanitary food containers ..............................................
Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) ..
Alkalies and chlorine (12/73 = 100)..............................
Plastics materials and resins (6/76 = 100)....................
Synthetic rubber ..........................................................
Organic fiber, noncellulosic............................................
Nitrogenous fertilizers (12/75 - 100) ............................
156.2
151.7
343.4
244.8
163.0
305.9
150.8
293.3
155.6
142.8
159.6
152.7
344.6
253.3
170.0
324.8
154.3
302.7
161.9
142.9
162.0
152.5
344.6
254.0
176.4
329.4
150.7
303.9
161.8
142.4
162.0
153.4
344.6
256.9
176.5
335.2
152.6
306.1
162.9
142.6
162.0
153.0
344.5
260.0
176.5
335.6
151.0
306.7
161.6
142.2
161.3
152.8
344.5
259.9
176.5
322.0
152.6
306.6
162.5
141.7
160.3
151.3
343.6
259.9
176.7
341.1
150.9
307.1
161.6
140.5
160.6
149.8
346.2
259.9
176.7
334.8
150.3
303.8
161.3
139.5
160.1
148.9
346.9
259.9
176.7
324.1
150.1
301.8
159.4
135.9
'159.5
'149.2
'351.5
'259.9
177.5
325.8
'151.0
299.9
'159.6
'135.9
159.8
146.5
350.0
262.2
177.5
324.3
151.1
298.8
160.1
135.6
159.8
144.8
349.5
263.2
177.8
313.4
150.7
296.6
157.6
134.6
159.1
144.6
358.5
263.1
180.7
311.1
151.0
295.7
159.8
134.5
158.2
143.1
356.6
263.2
183.8
303.8
150.7
295.3
158.8
133.5
2874
2875
2892
2911
2951
2952
3011
Phosphatic fertilizers ....................................................
Fertilizers, mixing only ..................................................
Explosives ..................................................................
Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) ..................................
Paving mixtures and blocks (12/75 = 100)....................
Asphalt felts and coatings (12/75 = 100)......................
Tires and inner tubes (12/73 = 100) ............................
254.1
270.7
311.9
294.4
194.3
176.9
215.8
259.0
270.5
315.6
293.1
196.0
176.1
221.2
261.0
274.3
314.9
293.0
197.0
174.2
222.0
263.5
276.8
317.6
289.1
198.0
173.8
222.4
261.6
278.4
320.5
281.7
198.1
171.2
220.3
258.2
278.7
327.2
267.4
197.1
168.1
216.7
256.2
278.6
326.1
259.2
196.3
168.4
221.3
257.3
279.0
326.5
267.9
195.0
173.1
221.5
255.9
278.4
324.4
281.5
194.8
174.7
221.3
'247.9
'277.8
'324.6
283.7
'194.1
'174.4
226.2
245.9
275.4
337.3
280.3
194.8
174.5
221.7
247.1
274.7
335.6
278.5
196.7
176.5
221.9
240.0
271.4
335.4
280.5
197.2
173.1
221.0
238.7
270.7
335.2
278.4
196.8
172.3
222.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
85
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
25.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
1972
SIC
code
Annual
1981
1981
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.1
Sept
Oct
Nov.
Dec.
Industry description
1982
3021
3031
3079
3111
3143
3144
3171
3211
3221
Rubber and plastic footwear (12/71 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................
Reclaimed rubber (12/73 =100) ....................................................
Miscellaneous plastic products (6/78 = 100) ..................................
Leather tanning and finishing (12/77 = 100)....................................
Men’s footwear, except athletic (12/75 = 100)................................
Women’s footwear, except athletic..................................................
Women’s handbags and purses (12/75 = 100) ..............................
Flat glass (12/71 = 100) ..............................................................
Glass containers............................................................................
184.4
194.1
128.9
150.7
169.3
217.1
155.5
175.3
328.6
185.2
200.3
131.0
147.5
171.3
212.4
158.4
177.4
335.4
186.1
200.3
131.1
150.8
173.1
208.5
158.4
177.5
335.3
188.4
200.4
131.6
149.3
172.2
209.8
158.4
177.5
352.1
189.1
207.2
132.8
147.9
173.5
210.3
158.4
177.5
355.8
189.0
209.2
133.2
146.8
174.9
217.0
158.4
177.5
358.0
186.6
209.5
133.0
147.4
175.1
216.2
158.4
187.9
358.0
187.0
210.7
133.1
147.3
171.6
220.1
158.4
187.9
358.0
187.1
209.9
132.9
147.4
175.3
220.8
158.5
187.7
358.0
186.8
r 209.7
r 132.9
146.5
175.5
r 221.2
157.8
r 186.3
r 357.8
185.9
207.6
132.7
148.5
175.7
222.2
159.0
186.3
357.7
185.9
207.5
132.7
148.7
175.8
223.3
159.0
186.3
358.3
185.8
207.0
132.6
149.6
175.8
223.3
159.3
187.8
358.3
186.3
206.5
133.0
149.8
174.7
223.1
1t2.5
187.8
358.3
3241
3251
3253
3255
3259
3261
3262
3263
3269
3271
Cement, hydraulic..........................................................................
Brick and structural clay tile ............................................................
Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ......................................
Clay refractories............................................................................
Structural clay products, n.e.c...........................................................
Vitreous plumbing fixtures ..............................................................
Vitreous china food utensils............................................................
Fine earthenware food utensils........................................................
Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100)............................................
Concrete block and brick................................................................
329.6
296.5
133.4
310.2
222.6
254.9
335.0
309.1
160.1
270.4
330.3
300.5
140.4
319.9
236.6
260.1
344.7
315.0
163.7
275.1
339.6
298.9
140.4
329.6
225.6
261.1
347.7
315.1
164.3
274.9
341.5
299.4
140.4
354.4
226.0
260.6
347.7
315.1
164.3
276.4
341.5
299.4
140.4
355.6
225.9
260.8
347.3
315.0
164.2
276.4
341.1
303.4
140.6
355.2
215.9
261.8
346.5
314.9
164.0
276.5
341.9
304.5
140.6
355.5
215.8
265.4
355.5
316.2
166.3
276.7
341.9
305.0
140.6
356.2
215.9
265.5
360.2
316.9
167.4
277.0
339.8
305.9
140.6
356.3
215.9
264.2
360.2
316.9
167.4
277.5
r 338.3
r 313.8
'140.7
r 356.8
' 219.0
263.9
r 360.2
r 316.9
r 167.4
r 277.5
335.1
307.5
138.0
357.9
219.5
267.1
349.8
314.8
164.8
276.8
336.2
307.5
138.0
357.9
219.5
269.1
350.3
321.3
166.9
276.9
335.4
316.9
138.0
351.2
219.4
270.3
359.4
322.7
169.1
275.2
330.0
316.9
138.0
351.2
219.5
269.7
366.8
323.7
170.9
275.1
3273
3274
3275
3291
3297
3312
3313
3316
3317
3321
Ready-mixed concrete....................................................................
Lime (12/75 = 100)......................................................................
Gypsum products ..........................................................................
Abrasive products (12/71 = 100) ..................................................
Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 100)................................................
Blast furnaces and steel mills ........................................................
Electrometallurgical products (12/75 = 100) ..................................
Cold finishing of steel shapes..........................................................
Steel pipes and tubes ....................................................................
Gray Iron foundries (12/68 = 100)..................................................
298.7
172.5
256.9
232.9
185.3
342.8
121.8
316.2
341.5
299.7
299.6
173.8
250.6
241.0
190.3
353.3
125.3
326.7
363.0
306.1
301.9
178.8
250.9
241.3
191.2
354.7
125.3
327.0
363.7
307.9
301.9
183.7
253.9
248.3
198.3
354.4
123.4
327.0
364.1
310.0
302.5
185.7
260.5
249.8
200.4
354.4
120.3
327.0
365.8
311.5
303.9
186.3
262.5
250.2
202.3
356.1
120.3
327.1
365.9
311.9
305.5
188.0
258.8
251.7
203.2
355.9
120.3
327.3
365.9
311.1
305.5
188.3
256.2
252.1
203.8
353.7
120.4
325.6
365.7
311.5
306.3
188.0
256.5
252.1
203.8
353.3
120.4
326.2
364.1
311.4
r 305.8
r 188.0
254.3
252.3
203.8
r 352.5
121.4
r 326.1
360.9
309.6
305.4
188.2
254.7
252.3
203.8
352.3
121.4
325.1
361.0
309.7
306.1
188.1
255.8
252.3
203.8
354.0
121.3
324.3
361.0
314.4
305.6
187.8
253.1
252.3
203.7
353.4
121.3
322.5
360.6
314.2
306.0
186.0
251.3
252.3
203.6
349.6
121.2
322.1
358.9
314.2
3333
3334
3351
3353
3354
3355
3411
3425
3431
3465
Primary zin c..................................................................................
Primary aluminum..........................................................................
Copper rolling and drawing ............................................................
Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil (12/75 = 100) ................................
Aluminum extruded products (12/75 = 100)....................................
Aluminum rolling, drawing, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ..............................
Metal cans....................................................................................
Hand saws and saw blades (12/72 = 100) ....................................
Metal sanitary ware........................................................................
Automotive stampings (12/75 = 100) ............................................
326.3
333.1
212.3
175.8
180.1
159.1
305.1
201.4
265.5
146.0
315.7
332.8
207.1
180.8
181.1
166.1
304.9
206.0
271.8
149.1
308.6
324.1
204.8
181.8
180.8
166.1
310.8
211.6
271.3
150.1
311.2
320.2
203.9
181.7
180.8
166.5
314.0
214.8
272.8
144.7
292.0
320.8
198.4
181.2
180.5
166.3
313.6
214.9
275.1
144.2
273.4
312.4
196.4
179.9
1802
162.9
318.6
215.3
275.8
144.3
256.6
308.8
197.4
178.6
180.2
163.0
318.7
221.3
275.5
144.5
259.7
307.9
190.0
178.0
180.1
165.4
318.7
221.4
276.1
144.5
266.4
305.7
189.5
178.0
179.6
164.7
318.6
221.5
276.9
144.5
277.0
r306.0
r 190.0
r 176.9
r 178.8
164.5
r 318.1
r 221.6
'276.7
'144.9
291.6
304.4
190.9
177.2
178.0
165.9
318.1
221.2
276.4
153.5
302.9
303.5
191.3
176.3
177.7
160.0
318.0
221.2
278.1
154.1
304.8
306.0
193.8
175.8
175.4
160.7
316.7
221.4
278.1
153.7
288.2
305.1
194.4
175.9
175.1
161.8
313.2
221.2
278.5
153.7
3482
3493
3494
3498
3519
3531
3532
3533
3534
3542
Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 100) ..........................................
Steel springs, except wire ..............................................................
Valves and pipe fittings (12/71 = 1 0 0 )............................................
Fabricated pipe and fittings ............................................................
Internal combustion engines, n.e.c.....................................................
Construction machinery (12/76 = 100) ..........................................
Mining machinery (12/72 = 100)....................................................
Oilfield machinery and equipment....................................................
Elevators and moving stairways..............................................
Machine tools, metal forming types (12/71 = 100) ....................
159.0
245.9
248.9
361.3
311.9
156.8
282.5
395.8
253.9
306.9
163.9
256.1
255.7
379.3
325.4
159.7
292.9
420.3
265.6
319.3
167.5
255.8
257.7
378.6
329.4
162.5
295.5
427.2
264.3
319.7
167.5
257.4
258.9
377.7
332.0
162.4
297.8
429.2
269.8
322.8
167.5
256.4
259.1
379.8
332.6
163.3
300.9
435.8
271.6
324.5
166.3
254.3
260.3
385.5
334.2
164.3
302.4
439.3
271.8
325.2
166.3
254.5
260.9
385.4
338.4
165.2
304.0
438.4
275.5
325.5
170.3
254.4
260.6
385.4
339.1
165.4
304.2
438.7
275.5
326.5
170.3
252.5
261.8
383.8
341.1
166.5
304.5
439.3
273.5
333.6
'170.3
253.5
'261.8
'385.1
'345.4
166.7
'304.0
439.6
'275.3
333.6
175.9
253.5
260.0
382.4
347.1
166.8
304.5
439.1
275.3
333.3
175.9
253.7
259.8
383.2
347.3
166.2
305.4
436.9
274.2
333.5
175.9
253.7
259.9
382.1
347.5
167.1
306.4
437.0
277.7
334.0
174.8
253.7
260.6
379.5
347.7
167.1
306.5
436.4
278.8
334.2
3546
3552
3553
3576
3592
3612
3623
3631
3632
3633
Power driven hand tools (12/76 = 100)..........................................
Textile machinery (12/69 = 100)................................................
Woodworking machinery (12/72 = 100)........................................
Scales and balances, excluding laboratory ......................................
Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves (6/76 = 100)............................
Transformers ..............................................................................
Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 100)......................................
Household cooking equipment (12/75 = 100)..................................
Household refrigerators, freezers (6/76 = 100) ..............................
Household laundry equipment (12/73 = 100)..................................
147.3
243.5
225.0
226.2
178.0
209.9
227.5
141.2
132.8
174.3
150.0
249.9
229.1
226.5
187.3
222.0
235.8
142.6
137.9
178.8
153.3
252.3
233.7
228.3
185.3
220.5
236.8
146.0
140.1
180.1
153.2
253.5
232.9
228.8
189.6
222.2
236.9
146.8
141.1
180.5
153.9
255.0
233.4
229.8
190.4
222.4
232.3
147.2
142.3
186.2
154.7
256.2
234.7
229.6
192.8
223.3
237.6
146.2
142.5
186.9
156.3
257.3
234.7
229.5
'195.4
224.7
237.6
147.1
143.2
188.6
156.3
259.2
234.9
230.6
195.9
225.2
237.8
146.9
144.3
189.0
158.4
260.1
230.4
231.9
196.9
225.0
241.6
148.3
145.5
189.1
'158.6
'259.2
230.6
231.9
'197.4
'226.1
'242.4
'150.3
145.9
189.7
157.2
259.3
230.6
231.9
197.6
224.6
237.7
151.0
145.9
190.1
157.5
261.3
230.7
232.0
198.2
223.9
237.8
151.1
145.4
190.5
158.3
262.0
231.1
232.1
198.2
223.8
238.0
151.8
145.4
190.4
158.3
262.0
231.1
232.8
198.3
223.9
238.3
151.9
145.4
191.5
3635
3636
3641
3644
3646
3648
3671
3674
3675
3676
Household vacuum cleaners ..........................................................
Sewing machines (12/75 = 100)................................................
Electric lamps................................................................................
Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices (12/72 = 100) ....................
Commercial lighting fixtures (12/75 = 100) ....................................
Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ........................................
Electron tubes receiving type ....................................
Semiconductors and related devices ........................................
Electronic capacitors (12/75 = 100) ......................................
Electronic resistors (12/75 = 100)..........................................
159.1
146.8
277.3
249.6
154.8
155.9
309.7
r 90.9
170.3
141.4
160.8
156.0
281.3
262.1
159.2
163.1
342.2
91.7
166.6
142.8
165.6
156.0
282.1
257.9
159.2
162.8
374.1
90.9
167.4
143.7
165.2
155.8
286.1
259.0
161.1
167.8
374.2
90.2
169.7
144.0
165.7
155.8
283.6
258.1
162.4
168.8
374.4
90.0
168.4
143.4
165.4
154.3
296.6
260.0
163.5
170.9
374.5
89.5
167.6
144.4
165.5
154.3
294.5
262.7
167.7
171.2
374.4
89.3
166.6
145.2
165.6
154.3
293.9
260.8
166.5
171.1
374.5
89.5
166.8
144.9
165.6
154.3
291.8
260.1
165.9
171.1
375.4
90.6
165.7
144.4
'166.7
'153.6
'293.7
260.3
'165.6
171.2
'375.4
'88.2
'166.3
144.6
159.5
153.0
296.3
261.3
165.4
171.2
380.7
90.8
165.5
144.8
159.2
153.6
302.9
261.9
165.7
171.2
380.8
88.4
164.4
145.2
157.0
157.0
153.6
153.6
303.0
303.4
261.6
263.6
165.9
169.3
171.2 ■ 171.5
414.5
414.5
88.3
88.8
163.8
163.8
145.4
146.3
3678
3692
3711
3942
3944
3955
3995
3996
Electronic connectors (12/75 = 100)........................................
Primary batteries, dry and w e t............................................
Motor vehicles and car bodies (12/75 = 100)..................................
Dolls (12/75 = 100)......................................................
Games, toys, and children’s vehicles ..............................................
Carbon paper and Inked ribbons (12/75 = 100)..............................
Burial caskets (6/76 = 100) ..........................................................
Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 100)................................
154.9
182.2
150.3
131.3
221.3
138.5
139.5
151.8
155.8
182.7
159.1
130.9
223.9
140.3
142.7
153.7
155.9
182.0
159.8
135.5
228.4
140.3
142.7
155.1
156.2
184.3
155.0
136.6
232.5
140.3
143.8
155.2
156.7
190.5
154.9
136.6
234.1
140.3
145.3
156.1
156.4
195.5
154.9
136.8
234.1
140.3
145.3
156.1
158.3
195.8
157.0
136.8
234.3
140.5
149.3
156.3
159.8
196.2
159.0
136.8
234.3
140.6
149.3
154.3
159.1
196.3
159.1
136.8
234.4
140.4
150.8
155.0
'159.0
196.3
'159.7
'136.8
'234.4
140.5
150.8
155.7
159.8
196.8
151.4
136.5
232.1
139.3
150.8
156.9
160.9
198.1
162.8
136.5
232.6
139.3
150.8
156.9
160.4
198.1
162.8
136.5
232.8
139.2
150.8
156.9
1Data for August 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
86
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Not available,
r=revised.
161.3
198.1
163.1
136.5
232.8
139.4
150.8
156.8
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
P r o d u c t i v it y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com
pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of
Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board.
Definitions
Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a
given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro
ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour
of labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em
ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private
benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and
supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real com
pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to
produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation
by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in
terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by
subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross
domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit
nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments
except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and invento
ry valuation adjustments per unit of output.
The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar
estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the
deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported.
26.
The use of the term “man hours” to identify the labor component
of productivity and costs, in tables 26 through 29, has been discontin
ued. Hours of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of
payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers.
Output per all-employee hour is now used to describe labor productiv
ity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed.
Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis
for the output measure employed in the computation of output per
hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product.
Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm propri
etor hours.
Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly
manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating)
from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data
are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Beginning with the September 1982 issue of the R ev ie w , all of the
productivity and cost measures contained in these tables are based on
revised output and compensation measures released by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis in July as part of the regular revision cycle of the
National Income and Product Accounts. Measures of labor input
have been revised to reflect results of the 1980 census, and seasonal
factors have been recomputed for use in the preparation of quarterly
measures. The word “private” is no longer being used as part of the
series title of one of the two business sector measures prepared by
BLS; no change has been made in the definition or content of the
measures as a result of this change.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-81
[1977=100]
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ........................
Compensation per hour ..................................
Real compensation per hour............................
Unit labor co s t................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ..................................
Implicit price deflator ......................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ........................
Compensation per hour ..................................
Real compensation per hour............................
Unit labor c o st................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ..................................
Implicit price deflator ......................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees ....................
Compensation per hour ..................................
Real compensation per hour............................
Unit labor co s t................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ..................................
Implicit price deflator ......................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ........................
Compensation per hour ..................................
Real compensation per hour............................
Unit labor c o s t................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ................................
Implicit price deflator ....................................
1Not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
504
20.0
50.5
39.7
43.4
41.0
58.3
26.4
59.6
45.2
47.6
46.0
65.2
33.9
69.5
52.0
50.6
51.6
78.3
41.7
80.1
53.3
57.6
54.7
86.2
58.2
90.8
67.5
63.2
66.0
92.5
78.0
95.9
84.4
78.5
82.4
94.5
85.5
96.3
90.5
90.4
90.5
97.6
92.9
989
95.1
94.0
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
108.6
100.9
108.0
106.7
107.5
99.6
119.1
99.4
119.5
112.8
117.2
98.9
131.4
96.7
132.9
119.3
128.3
100.7
144.1
96.0
143.1
135.2
140.4
56.3
21.8
55.0
38.8
42.7
40.1
62.8
28.3
64.0
45.0
47.8
46.0
68.3
35.7
73.0
52.2
50.4
51.6
80.5
42.8
82.2
53.2
58.0
54.8
86.8
58.7
91.5
67.6
63.7
66.3
92.9
78.5
96.4
84.5
75.8
81.6
94.7
86.0
96.8
90.8
88.5
90.0
97.8
93.0
99.0
95.1
93.5
94.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
108.6
100.9
108.0
105.3
107.1
99.3
118.8
99.2
119.6
110.3
116.5
98.5
130.9
96.3
133.0
119.1
128.3
99.9
143.6
95.7
143.8
134.8
140.8
1981
( 1)
(’ )
(’ )
(’ )
( ')
(’ )
(’ )
(’ )
(’ )
<’ )
(’ )
(’ )
68.0
37.0
75.8
54.4
54.6
54.5
81.9
43.9
84.3
53.5
60.8
56.1
87.4
59.4
92.7
68.0
63.1
66.3
92.8
78.5
96.5
84.7
75.6
81..6
95.5
86.1
96.9
90.2
90.8
90.4
98.2
92.9
98.9
94.6
95.0
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
108.5
100.8
107.5
104.2
106.4
100.7
118.7
99.1
117.8
106.9
114.1
100.3
130.9
96.2
130.5
117.7
126.1
102.0
143.5
95.6
140.6
134.8
138.6
49.4
21.5
54.0
43,4
54.3
46.6
56.4
28.8
65.1
51.0
58.5
53.2
60.0
36.7
75.1
61.1
61.1
61.1
74.5
42.8
82.3
57.5
69.3
61.0
79.1
57.6
89.8
72.7
65.0
70.5
90.8
76.3
93.8
84.1
69.3
79.8
93.4
854
96.2
91.5
87.3
90.3
97.5
92.3
98.3
94.6
93.7
94.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
108.3
100.6
107.4
102.5
106.0
101.5
118.9
99.2
117.1
99.9
112.0
101.7
132.8
97.7
130.6
97.1
120.8
104.5
146.4
97.5
140.0
108.8
130.8
r= revised.
87
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
27.
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per ho u r......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per h o u r......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees........................
Compensation per hou r......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per h o u r......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1950-81
1960-81
3.6
6.6
2.2
2.9
7.6
4.4
3.5
6.5
3.1
2.9
4.5
3.4
2.6
8.0
1.6
5.3
5.9
5.5
-2.4
9.4
-1.4
12.1
4.4
9.5
2.2
9.6
0.5
7.3
15.1
9.8
3.3
8.6
2.6
5.1
4.0
4.7
2.4
7.7
1.2
5.1
6.4
5.6
0.6
8.6
0.9
8.0
6.7
7.5
-0.9
9.7
-1.4
10.7
5.7
9.0
-0.7
10.4
-2.8
11.2
5.8
9.4
1.8
9.6
-0.7
7.7
13.3
9.5
2.5
6.2
2.4
3.6
3.5
3.6
2.1
7.3
1.8
5.0
4.7
4.9
3.3
6.6
2.2
3.2
7.4
4.5
3.7
6.7
3.3
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.4
7.6
1.3
5.0
1.3
3.8
-2.5
9.4
-1.4
12.2
5.9
10.2
2.0
9.6
0.4
7.5
16.7
10.3
3.2
8.1
2.2
4.7
5.7
5.0
2.2
7.5
1.0
5.2
6.9
5.7
0.6
8.6
0.9
8.0
5.3
7.1
-1.3
9.3
-1.7
10.7
4.7
8.8
-0.9
10.2
-2.9
11.2
8.0
10.2
1.4
9.7
-0.7
8.1
13.1
9.7
2.2
5.9
2.1
3.7
3.5
3.6
1.9
7.0
1.5
5.0
4.6
4.9
4.7
6.4
2.0
1.6
7.4
3.5
2.9
5.7
2.4
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.4
7.5
1.2
4.9
1.5
3.8
-3.7
9.4
-1.5
13.6
7.1
11.4
2.9
9.6
0.4
6.5
20.1
10.9
2.9
7.9
2.0
4.9
4.6
4.8
1.8
7.6
1.1
5.7
5.3
5.6
0.9
8.5
0.8
7.5
4.2
6.4
-0.2 9.4
-1.7
9.6
2.6
7.2
-0.4
10.3
-2.9
10.7
10.1
10.5
1.7
9.6
-0.7
7.8
14.6
10.0
(’ )
( 1)
( ')
( ')
(’ )
(’ )
M.8
r6.7
M.3
4.8
4.1
4.6
5.0
5.4
2.0
0.3
0.8
0.5
5.4
7.2
0.9
1.7
-3.3
0.3
-2.4
10.6
-0.3
13.3
-1.8
9.0
2.9
11.9
2.5
8.8
25.9
13.1
4.4
8.0
2.1
3.4
7.4
4.6
2.5
8.3
1.8
5.7
6.7
6.0
0.9
8.3
0.6
7.4
2.5
6.0
0.7
9.7
-1.4
9.0
-2.6
5.7
0.2
11.8
-1.6
11.6
-2.7
7.8
2.8
10.2
-0.2
7.2
12.0
8.4
6.1
6.1
1.8
0.0
11.2
3.1
1Not available.
28.
Annual rate
of change
Year
Item
2.6
5.8
2.0
3.1
2.1
2.8
2.7
6.9
1.4
4.1
2.7
3.7
r = revised.
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted
[1977=100]
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per ho u r......................................
Real compensation per hour..................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees........................
Compensation per h o u r......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Total unit costs ..................................................
Unit labor cost ............................................
Unit nonlabor costs......................................
Unit profits ........................................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per h o u r......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
r= revised.
88
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Quarterly indexes
Annual
average
1980
1981
1982
1980
1981
I
II
III
IV
I
II
98.9
131.4
96.7
132.9
119.3
128.3
100.7
144.1
96.0
143.1
135.2
140.4
99.3
126.7
97.0
127.6
116.0
123.7
98.2
130.0
96.4
132.3
116.2
126.9
98.9
133.1
96.9
134.7
120.6
129.9
99.3
136.1
96.2
137.0
124.6
132.8
100.7
140.0
96.2
139.0
131.8
136.5
100.7
142.5
96.4
141.5
133.4
138.8
101.0
145.6
95.7
144.2
137.4
141.9
100.2
148.2
95.6
147.9
138.3
144.6
98.5
130.9
96.3
133.0
119.1
128.3
99.9
143.6
95.7
143.8
134.8
140.8
98.7
126.2
96.6
127.8
115.2
123.6
97.6
129.3
96.0
132.5
116.7
127.2
98.4
132.6
96.5
134.7
120.3
129.9
99.2
135.7
95.9
136.8
124.4
132.7
100.4
139.5
96.0
139.0
131.5
136.5
100.0
142.0
96.0
141.9
132.8
138.9
100.0
145.1
95.4
145.1
136.7
142.3
100.3
130.9
96.2
131.0
130.5
132.5
87.9
126.1
102.0
143.5
95.6
143.4
140.6
151.4
101.6
138.6
100.2
126.1
96.5
125.0
125.8
122.7
91.1
121.1
99.3
129.3
95.9
130.4
130.2
131.0
81.9
124.8
100.6
132.6
96.6
132.9
131.9
135.7
87.8
127.7
101.1
135.6
95.8
135.8
134.1
140.7
90.5
130.6
102.3
139.6
96.0
138.3
136.5
143.4
104.7
134.5
102.2
141.9
96.0
141.7
138.9
149.6
98.8
136.8
101.7
132.8
97.7
130.6
104.5
146.4
97.5
140.0
102.6
127.1
97.3
123.9
100.4
130.9
97.1
130.3
100.3
135.2
98.5
134.9
103.6
138.4
97.8
133.6
105.2
142.6
98.0
135.5
105.0
144.9
97.9
138.0
p= preliminary.
III
IV
I
II
III
100.0
150.9
96.5
150.9
136.4
146.0
100.3
153.4
97.1
152.9
137.0
147.5
101.4
155.7
96.8
153.6
140.1
149.0
99.1
147.7
95.3
149.0
138.4
145.5
99.2
150.4
96.3
151.6
136.7
146.6
99.4
152.7
96.6
153.5
137.2
148.1
100.4
155.1
96.4
154.5
140.3
149.8
102.2
144.8
95.2
144.7
141.7
153.1
105.2
140.2
101.6
147.7
95.3
149.1
145.4
159.6
97.6
143.2
101.6
150.7
96.5
151.8
148.3
161.8
86.1
144.3
102.3
153.0
96.8
153.8
149.5
166.0
82.3
145.6
103.5
155.2
96.4
154.8
150.0
168.5
88.7
147.2
105.0
147.3
96.8
140.3
102.8
150.7
97.2
146.6
102.1
154.7
99.0
151.5
102.3
157.6
99.7
154.0
104.2
160.0
99.4
153.6
29. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted at annual rate
[1977=100]
Percent change from same quarter a year ago
Quarterly percent change at annual rate
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ....................
Compensation per hour ..............................
Real compensation per hour........................
Unit labor costs ..........................................
Unit nonlabor payments ..............................
Implicit price deflator ..................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ....................
Compensation per hour ..............................
Real compensation per hour........................
Unit labor costs ..........................................
Unit nonlabor payments ..............................
Implicit price deflator ..................................
Nonflnancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees ................
Compensation per hour ..............................
Real compensation per hour........................
Total unit costs ..........................................
Unit labor costs ......................................
Unit nonlabor costs..................................
Unit profits..................................................
Implicit price deflator ..................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ....................
Compensation per hour ..............................
Real compensation per hour........................
Unit labor costs ..........................................
r= revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
III 1981
to
III 1982
II 1982
to
III 1982
I11980
to
II 1981
III 1980
to
III 1981
IV 1980
to
IV 1981
11981
to
I 1982
I11981
to
II 1982
1.4
6.9
2.2
5.5
1.7
4.3
4.2
6.1
-1.4
1.8
9.3
4.1
2.5
9.7
-0.1
6.9
14.8
9.4
2.2
9.4
-1.3
7.1
13.9
9.2
0.9
8.9
-0.6
7.9
11.0
8.9
-0.7
7.8
0.3
8.6
3.5
6.9
-0.4
7.6
0.8
8.1
2.7
6.3
0.4
6.9
1.1
6.5
2.0
5.0
0.6
7.7
4.3
7.1
-4.6
3.3
0.8
6.1
1.4
5.2
1.3
4.0
4.0
6.6
-0.9
2.6
9.5
4.7
2.5
9.8
1.6
9.4
-1.2
7.7
13.6
9.6
-0.1
8.8
-0.6
8.9
11.2
9.6
-1.1
7.8
0.3
9.0
4.0
7.4
-0.6
7.5
0.6
8.2
3.3
6.6
0.4
6.9
1.1
6.5
2.7
5.3
-2.4
8.2
0.3
12.8
10.9
17.8
-35.9
8.9
0.3
8.4
5.0
7.4
8.1
5.7
-39.4
3.0
2.7
6.2
1.6
5.4
3.4
10.7
-16.7
3.8
4.6
5.9
-1.6
2.6
1.2
6.4
35.4
4.6
8.7
6.7
14.2
20.7
9.6
1.6
9.2
-1.4
8.9
7.5
12.9
19.7
9.7
0.5
8.9
-0.5
9.8
8.4
13.4
7.9
9.6
-0.6
8.0
0.5
9.7
8.6
12.8
-17.8
7.3
r0.2
'7.8
r0.9
8.5
7.6
10.9
-16.7
6.4
1.3
7.2
1.3
7.0
5.8
10.1
-15.6
5.0
-8.2
9.6
1.6
19.4
-2.4
11.1
7.6
13.9
0.8
7.8
3.1
6.9
7.3
6.2
-1.3
-1.0
4.5
10.7
0.9
5.9
4.7
8.9
-1.7
4.0
-0.8
8.9
-0.6
9.8
-2.9
8.5
1.0
11.7
-2.5
8.8
1.8
11.6
-0.8
8.7
2.7
9.5
I11981
to
III 1981
III 1981
to
IV 1981
IV 1981
to
11982
0.0
7.5
0.5
7.5
4.9
6.6
1.1
9.0
-2.6
7.8
12.5
9.3
-2.9
7.4
-0.4
10.6
2.9
8.0
-1.0
7.3
3.9
8.4
-5.4
3.8
-1.3
7.1
0.1
8.6
4.0
7.1
-0.3
9.0
-2.6
9.3
12.1
10.2
-3.5
7.3
-0.5
11.2
5.1
9.2
-0.4
6.8
-0.1
10.2
7.3
18.5
-20.8
7.1
0.2
8.4
-3.1
8.6
8.2
9.8
28.4
10.2
-0.7
6.6
-0.4
7.3
-0.1
6.8
-4.6
6.8
I 1981
to
II 1981
1 1982
to
II 1982
0.0
7.1
13.8
9.2
2.9
9.8
0.0
p= preliminary.
89
WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA
d a t a FOR THE e m p l o y m e n t c o st i n d e x are reported to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private non
farm establishments and 750 State and local government units
selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On
average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation
information on five well-specified occupations.
Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained
from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the
parties, and secondary sources.
Definitions
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the
average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total com
pensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for
employee benefits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks.
Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all se
ries produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status,
and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are meas
ured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Cen
sus of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI.
While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in
the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the
employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord
with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is avail
able for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey
months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are
neither annualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions,
excluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays,
and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, com
missions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction
bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the bene
fits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are
excluded. B e n e fits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and
savings plàns, and hours-related and legally required benefits.
Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more.
Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements cover
ing 5,000 workers or more. F ir s t-y e a r wage or compensation changes
refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settle
ments reached in the period and implemented within the first 12
months after the effective date of the agreement. C h a n g e s o v e r th e life
90
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o f th e a g r e e m e n t refer to all adjustments specified in the contract,
expressed as an average annual rate. These measures exclude wage
changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that
are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. W a g e-ra te
ch a n g e s are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings;
c o m p e n sa tio n c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.
Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes imple
mented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They
include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes
deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-ofliving adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no
wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of
their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units
with at least 1,000 workers.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quar
ter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in
the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee bene
fits were included in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent
change in employers’ cost for employees’ total compensation. State
and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981,
providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian non
farm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker
groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service indus
try groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and in
dustry detail are provided for the wages and salaries component of
total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local
government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total
compensation and its wages and salaries component.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of chang
es presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “The
Employment Cost Index,” of the BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s (Bulletin
2134-1), and the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w articles: “Employment Cost
Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,”’ July 1975; “How
benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” Janu
ary 1978; and “The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and ex
pansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and com
pensation changes appear in C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e lo p m e n ts , a monthly
publication of the Bureau.
30.
Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group
[June 1981=100]
Percent change
1982
1981
1980
3 months
ended
Series
12 months
ended
September 1982
Dec.
March
June
Sept
Dec.
March
June
Sept
_
_
100.0
102.6
104.5
106.3
107.5
110.1
2.4
7.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
102.3
102.8
104.9
104.1
104.2
106.5
105.7
107.2
107.7
107.1
108.3
110.7
109.2
110.8
2.8
2.0
2.3
7.8
6.7
7.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.8
104.4
104.3
104.0
104.8
107.1
106.0
106.0
106.4
108.2
108.1
107.2
107.7
109.2
109.1
109.3
110.5
113.5
112.8
2.0
2.6
3.9
3.4
7.1
7.5
8.7
8.1
Private nonfarm workers..................................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ..................................................
Blue-collar workers ....................................................
Service workers ........................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing............................................................
Nonmanufacturing......................................................
92.8
94.7
98.1
100.0
102.0
104.0
105.8
107.2
109.3
2.0
7.2
92.6
93.0
92.7
94.5
94.9
94.3
98.3
97.8
99.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.8
102.2
101.9
104.0
104.0
103.1
105.8
105.6
106.7
107.2
107.0
107.9
109.5
109.0
109.6
2.1
1.9
1.6
7.6
6.7
7.6
92.6
92.9
94.7
94.7
98.0
98.2
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.0
104.0
103.9
106.0
105.7
107.2
107.1
109.3
109.3
2.0
2.1
7.1
7.2
State and local government workers ..............................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ..................................................
Blue-collar workers ....................................................
Workers, by industry division
Services....................................................................
Schools ................................................................
Elementary and secondary..................................
Hospitals and other services3 ..................................
Public administration2 ................................................
-
-
-
100.0
105.3
107.4
108.8
109.3
114.3
4.6
8.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
105.7
104.2
107.8
105.9
109.1
108.2
109.5
108.9
114.9
112.7
4.9
3.5
8.7
8.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.8
106.0
106.3
105.0
104.3
107.9
107.9
108.3
107.8
106.0
109.0
108.9
109.3
109.5
108.1
109.4
109.1
109.5
110.3
109.1
114.9
114.8
115.6
115.3
112.8
5.0
5.2
5.6
4.5
3.4
816
8.3
8.7
9.8
8.1
Sept
Civilian nonfarm workers1 ....................................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ......................................................
Blue-collar workers ........................................................
Service workers ............................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing................................................................
Nonmanufacturing..........................................................
Services....................................................................
Public administration2 ................................................
'Excludes household and Federal workers.
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
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_
—
—
—
—
includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
N ote : Dashes indicate data not available.
91
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
31.
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1981=100]
Percent change
1980
1981
Series
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept
September1982
-
-
-
100.0
102.5
104.4
106.3
107.3
109.7
2.2
7.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.6
102.4
102.5
104.7
104.0
103.6
106.7
105.5
106.8
107.6
106.7
107.9
110.4
108.6
110.1
2.6
1.8
2.0
7.6
6.1
7.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.7
104.4
103.8
104.0
104.5
106.6
105.5
105.9
106.5
108.6
107.5
107.0
107.5
109.5
108.4
108.8
110.1
113.2
111.9
1.7
2.4
3.4
3.2
6.6
7.2
8.4
7.8
93.5
95.4
98.0
100.0
102.0
103.8
105.9
107.1
109.0
1.8
6.9
93.3
93.2
93.5
92.2
93.8
93.8
94.0
93.6
93.5
93.9
93.4
95.2
95.3
94.7
94.8
95.7
95.7
96.1
95.5
95.3
95.7
94.8
98.1
98.2
98.6
96.2
98.6
97.7
97.8
97.8
96.8
97.5
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.8
103.3
101.6
98.0
102.7
102.3
102.9
102.1
101.0
101.5
101.8
103.9
105.5
102.8
101.9
104.2
103.9
104.3
104.1
102.7
103.3
102.7
106.2
108.0
105.8
102.2
107.0
105.4
106.2
105.4
103.2
104.1
106.7
107.3
109.4
107.2
101.8
108.3
106.6
107.6
106.6
104.1
105.1
107.9
109.4
111.8
108.5
104.5
110.3
108.5
109.6
108.3
106.0
106.5
109.3
2.0
2.2
1.2
2.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.3
1.3
7.5
8.2
6.8
6.6
7.4
6.1
6.5
6.1
50
4.9
7.4
93.6
93.5
93.8
93.4
94.5
93.1
93.6
93.0
93.8
91.2
94.2
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.2
95.9
95.6
95.1
95.9
94.8
93.1
95.7
97.9
97.9
97.8
98.1
97.6
97.7
98.2
98.5
98.1
95.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.1
102.0
102.0
103.0
102.0
101.3
102.0
101.0
98.3
103.6
104.0
104.5
103.1
103.8
104.3
103.6
102.3
103.4
101.9
102.3
105.8
105.9
106.3
105.3
105.9
105.9
105.7
103.9
106.3
103.0
103.7
108.8
107.0
107.4
106.3
107.1
107.3
106.9
105.8
108.9
104.5
102.4
110.0
108.8
109.0
108.5
109.1
109.1
109.5
106.5
109.0
105.5
106.1
112.5
1.7
1.5
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.4
.7
.1
1.0
3.6
2.3
6.6
6.8
6.4
7.0
5.9
7.4
5.1
6.9
4.5
7.9
8.6
—
—
—
100.0
105.0
107.0
108.2
108.7
113.5
4.4
8.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
105.4
103.9
107.5
105.5
108.5
107.5
108.9
107.9
114.2
111.5
4.9
3.3
8.3
7.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.5
105.7
106.0
104.6
103.8
107.6
107.7
107.9
107.3
105.5
108.4
108.3
108.7
108.8
107.5
108.8
108.5
108.8
109.5
108.4
114.2
114.2
114.9
114.3
111.9
5.0
5.3
5.6
4.4
3.2
8.2
8.0
8.4
9.3
7.8
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturino ..............................................................
Nonmanufacturing ..................................................
Services ........................................................
Public administration2 ..........................................
'Excludes household and Federal workers.
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
92
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12 months
ended
Dec.
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ..............................................
Blue-collar workers ....................................................
Service workers........................................................
State and local government workers..........................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ..............................................
Blue-collar workers ..................................
Workers, by industry division
Services ......................................................
Schools......................................................
Elementary and secondary..................................
Hospitals and other services3 ........................
Public administration2 ..............................
3 months
ended
Sept
Civilian nonfarm workers' ................................................
Private nonfarm workers....................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ..................................................
Professional and technical workers ..........................
Managers and administrators ..................................
Salesworkers..........................................................
Clerical workers......................................................
Blue-collar workers ....................................................
Craft and kindred workers ......................................
Operatives, except transport....................................
Transport equipment operatives ..............................
Nonfarm laborers................................................
Service workers..........................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing ............................................................
Durables........................................................
Nondurables ..........................................................
Nonmanufacturing ................................................
Construction ..........................................................
Transportation and public utilities..............................
Wholesale and retail trade ......................................
Wholesale trade..................................................
Retail trade ................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate..........................
Services ........................................................
1982
3
Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
Dashes indicate data not available.
N ote :
32.
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
[June 1981 = 100]
Percent change
1982
1981
1980
3 months
ended
Series
12 months
ended
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
September 1982
Union ................................................................................
Manufacturing ................................................................
Nonmanufacturing ..........................................................
92.4
—
—
94.7
—
—
97.6
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.5
102.3
102.7
104.8
104.6
105.0
106.5
106.3
106.8
108.4
108.0
108.7
110.6
110.3
111.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
7.9
7.8
8.1
Nonunion............................................................................
Manufacturing ................................................................
Nonmanufacturing ..........................................................
92.8
—
94.6
—
98.4
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.7
101.8
101.7
103.5
103.5
103.5
105.3
105.7
105.2
106.5
106.6
106.4
108.5
108.4
108.6
1.9
1.7
2.1
6.7
6.5
6.8
92.8
91.9
94.7
94.2
98.1
98.1
100.0
100.0
102.1
101.8
104.1
103.2
105.7
1062
107.2
107.0
109.4
108.6
2.1
1.5
7.1
6.7
Workers, by bargaining status'
Unton ................................................................................
Manufacturing ................................................................
Nonmanufacturing ..........................................................
93.5
93.8
93.1
95.8
96.1
95.5
97.4
97.7
97.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
102.6
102.8
105.0
104.7
105.2
106.5
105.9
107.0
108.1
107.3
108.8
110.3
109.5
111.1
2.0
2.1
2.1
7.4
6.7
8.1
Nonunion............................................................................
Manufacturing ................................................................
Nonmanufacturing ..........................................................
93.4
93.4
93.4
95.1
95.4
95.0
98.2
97.9
98.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.6
101.7
101.6
103.2
103.3
103.2
105.6
105.9
105.5
106.5
106.7
106.4
108.3
108.2
108.3
1.7
1.4
1.8
6.6
6.4
6.6
Workers, by region'
Northeast ..........................................................................
South ................................................................................
North Central......................................................................
West..................................................................................
94.2
93.2
93.3
93.5
96.0
94.9
95.3
95.3
98.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.7
101.9
101.6
103.2
104.4
102.8
103.3
105.1
106.1
105.7
104.7
107.9
106.7
107.4
106.1
108.6
109.7
108.8
107.6
110.7
2.8
1.3
1.4
1.9
7.9
6.8
5.9
7.3
Workers, by area size'
Metropolitan areas..............................................................
Other areas........................................................................
93.5
92.9
95.4
95.1
97.9
98.3
100.0
100.0
102.1
101.8
104.0
103.1
105.9
106.0
107.1
106.8
109.1
108.3
1.9
1.4
6.9
6.4
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status'
Workers, by area size'
Metropolitan areas..............................................................
Other areas........................................................................
WAGES AND SALARIES
1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a
detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 1910.
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93
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
33.
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date
[In percent]
Quarterly average
Measure
1980
1981
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
III
IV
1
9.6
6.2
8.3
6.3
9.0
6.6
10.4
7.1
10.2
8.3
11.4
7.2
8.5
6.1
First year of contract..................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
7.8
5.8
7.6
6.4
7.4
6.0
9.5
7.1
9.8
7.9
10.5
7.4
Manufacturing:
First year of contract..................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
8.4
5.5
8.3
6.6
6.9
5.4
7.4
5.4
7.2
6.1
Nonmanufacturing (excluding
construction):
First year of contract..................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
8.0
5.9
8.0
6.5
7.6
6.2
9.5
6.6
Construction:
First year of contract..................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
6.3
6.3
6.5
6.2
8.8
8.3
13.6
11.5
1982 »
II
III
IV
I
II
III
7.7
7.2
11.6
10.8
10.5
8.1
11.0
5.8
1.9
1.2
2.6
2.1
6.5
4.9
8.3
6.5
7.1
6.2
11.8
9.7
10.8
8.7
9.0
5.7
3.0
2.8
3.4
3.2
5.8
4.8
8.4
5.6
7.8
5.8
6.4
5.5
8.2
6.7
9.0
7.5
6.6
5.4
2.5
2.7
1.7
1.6
5.5
4.2
9.8
7.3
9.5
5.9
8.2
6.8
8.0
7.3
11.8
9.1
8.6
7.2
9.6
5.6
2.7
2.1
6.2
5.5
5.6
4.8
13.5
11.3
15.4
13.0
14.3
12.0
11.4
10.3
12.9
11.1
16.4
12.4
11.4
11.7
9.1
8.9
6.2
6.4
7.5
7.1
Total compensation changes covering
5,000 workers or more, all
industries:
First year of contract..................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
Wage raté changes covering at least
1,000 workers, all Industries:
p=preliminary.
34.
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1977 to date
Year
Year and quarter
1980
Measure
1977
1978
1979
1980
1982 p
1981
1981
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
ill
Average percent adjustment (including no change):
All industries....................................................
Manufacturing..............................................
Nonmanufacturing........................................
8.0
8.4
7.6
8.2
8.6
7.9
9.1
9.6
8.8
9.9
10.2
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.7
2.3
1.2
3.2
2.4
3.8
3.3
3.1
3.4
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.0
.9
1.0
2.0
.9
2.7
2.3
1.6
2.8
From settlements reached in period ..................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period
From cost-of-living clauses................................
3.0
3.2
1.7
2.0
3.7
2.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.6
3.5
2.8
2.5
3.8
3.2
1.7
1.2
.7
.5
.3
.6
.4
.5
.7
1.1
1.4
.7
.5
1.5
1.2
.4
.4
.6
.2
.5
.3
.4
1.4
.2
.5
1.2
.6
_
—
_
—
8,648
—
—
3,855
4,701
4,364
3,225
2,877
3,425
3,654
—
—
—
—
2,270
—
—
579
909
540
604
203
493
588
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6,267
4,593
—
—
—
—
888
2,639
2,055
2,669
3,023
2,934
882
2,179
1,006
1,913
1,627
1,550
2,378
2,126
4,937
4,092
4,428
5,568
5,628
5,080
4,851
Total number of workers receiving wage change (in
thousands)1 ....................................................
From settlements reached
in period......................................................
Deferred from settlements
reached in earlier period ..............................
From cost-of-living clauses................................
Number of workers receiving no adjustments (in
thousands) ......................................................
145
1The total number of workers who received adjustments does not equal the sum of workers that
received each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment
during the period.
94
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p=preliminary,
WORK STOPPAGE DATA
Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working
time measures only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers
or more). Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of
strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the impact of vir
tually a ll strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection of
data on strikes involving 6 workers or more was discontinued
with the December 1981 data.
include all known strikes or lockouts involv
ing 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Data are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all
workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly in
volved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or sec
ondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle
owing to material or service shortages.
W ork
35.
sto ppa g es
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
Number of stoppages
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
Workers involved
In effect
during month
Beginning in
month or year
(in thousands)
Days idle
In effect
during month
(in thousands)
Number
(in thousands)
Percent of
estimated
working time
1947 ........................................................................................
1948
..
.
................................................
1949 ........................................................................................
1950 ........................................................................................
270
245
262
424
1,629
1,435
2,537
1,698
25 720
26,127
43,420
30,390
22
38
.26
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
415
470
437
265
363
1,462
2,746
1,623
1,075
2,055
15,070
48,820
18,130
16,630
21,180
.12
.38
.14
.13
.16
1956 ........................................................................................
1957 ........................................................................................
1958
................................................................................
1959 . .
1960 ......................................................................................
287
279
332
245
222
1,370
887
1,587
1,381
896
26,840
10,340
17 900
60850
13,260
20
.07
13
43
09
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
195
211
181
246
268
1,031
793
512
1,183
999
10,140
11,760
10,020
16,220
15,140
07
.08
.07
11
10
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
321
381
392
412
381
1,300
2,192
1,855
1,576
2,468
16,000
31,320
35 567
29,397
52,761
10
18
20
.16
.29
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
298
250
317
424
235
2,516
975
1 400
1,796
965
35,538
16,764
16,260
31,809
17 563
19
.09
08
.16
09
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
......................................................................................
231
298
219
235
187
1 519
1,212
1 006
1,021
795
23 962
21,258
23,774
20,409
20,844
12
.10
.11
.09
09
1981 ........................................................................................
145
729
16 908
07
1981:
January..................................................................
February ................................................................
March....................................................................
April ......................................................................
May ......................................................................
June ......................................................................
July........................................................................
August....................................................................
September..............................................................
October..................................................................
November..............................................................
December..............................................................
6
7
16
17
18
30
23
9
5
7
5
2
12
10
20
27
27
43
38
17
10
11
6
4
12.0
10.7
201.6
48.0
85.1
200.1
80.1
36.2
26.3
13.4
11.9
3.5
29.6
20.9
207.8
223.5
259.0
415.1
125.4
86.6
65.2
48.3
13.5
8.8
257.9
118.5
861.8
4,085.2
4,454.0
2,618.3
1,575.5
1,017.9
898.8
733.6
140.9
146.0
.01
.01
.04
.20
.24
.13
.08
.05
.05
.04
.01
.01
19825:
Jaruary..................................................................
February ................................................................
March ....................................................................
April ......................................................................
May ......................................................................
June ......................................................................
July........................................................................
August....................................................................
September..............................................................
October..................................................................
November ..............................................................
December..............................................................
2
2
3
9
14
17
11
14
14
3
4
6
8
16
21
25
22
23
27
13
6.1
2.5
8.3
35.7
43.7
41.4
36.3
40.3
390,0
39.9
11.4
13.9
21.3
55.3
60.3
64.5
62.2
58.2
422.0
69.6
43.7
36.4
199.9
236.9
352.2
480.3
636.1
894.0
830.9
757.1
2,090,8
912.6
r 806.5
764.4
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.04
.04
p=preliminary.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
-
6
2
2.2
-
.11
.05
.04
.04
r=revised.
95
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