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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics February 1982 1 , mr r I 1 ’ ■ j£ .f'"- «-¿SF . j y https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In this issue: A rticle s on jobless youth and im m igratio n policy " Ci I f ¿25 V.. l K i U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year — $23 domestic; $28.75 foreign. Single copy $3.50. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-0818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through October 31, 1982. Second-class postage paid Laurel, Md. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 15-26485 Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I — Boston: Paul V. Mulkern 1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Region II — New York: Samuel M Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Region III — Philadelphia: Alvin I. Margu/ls 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV — Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V — Chicago: William E Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI — Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Regions VII and VIII — Kansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming February cover “Breaker Boys,” a drawing by Edward Sorel which appears in Im ag es o f Labor, a book of full-color reproductions available from District 1199 Cultural Center, Inc. 310 West 43rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 Cover design by Richard L. Mathews, Division of Audio-Visual Communication Services, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions IX and X — San Francisco: D. Bruce Hanchett 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556 4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW FEBRUARY 1982 VOLUME 105, NUMBER 2 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor Tracking youth joblessness: persistent or fleeting? Recurrent and extensive unemployment among a relatively few persons appears to be an important aspect of the labor market, according to longitudinal study Unemployment insurance laws: changes in 1981 All States tightened work requirements; most adopted a variety of options to the pension offset provision, and a few imposed a 1-week waiting period Workers’ compensation: key legislation in 1981 Higher benefit levels, broader coverage, and improved medical services were among the actions taken by States on behalf of injured workers Commission urges changes in immigration policy— a review essay Tougher enforcement, higher quotas, amnesty for most current illegal aliens, and a ‘more reliable’ means of checking legal status of all workers are proposed Another look at the link between work injuries and job experience More than half of all children have working mothers Becoming a union leader: the path to local office Fred Siskind Allyson Sherman Grossman Karen S. Koziara and others https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DEPARTMENTS 2 38 41 44 47 51 53 57 Labor month in review Communications Special labor force reports— summaries Research summaries Developments in industrial relations Major agreements expiring next month Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review STATE OF THE ART. Annual meetings of the American Economic Association often are occasions for selfexamination. Two University of Wisconsin economists contributed to that tradition at the recent Washington, D.C., meeting of the Association with critical looks at the state of the art of economics. Jack Barbash, John P. Bascom Pro fessor of Economics and Industrial Rela tions (emeritus), warned that academic economics is turning into a guild because its craft or professional side is promoted at the expense of its practical or problem-solving side. Here are excerpts from his paper, “ The Guilds of Academe or Brother, Can You Para digm?” What makes academic economics a guild form is the primacy of producer values over consumer values—research over teaching, theory over application, fidelity “ to guild rules [over] quick adaptation to popular demand.” It is not that the practical uses of economics are ignored by the guild; it is that guild priorities are shaped by inner-directed craft interests which overshadow, perhaps even overwhelm, the externally oriented uses of economics in the real world. There is a respectable body of com mentary, ironically by guild members of impeccable standing, which assails guild economics on two fundam ental grounds: (1) irrelevance to the real world and (2) hyperrefinement of method ology. These are classic guild pathologies. Innovation and problem solving in the real world of economics seem to be mainly the work of businessmen, popularizers and politi cians who are typically objects of fear and loathing within guild circles and whose approaches to problem-solving are put down by guildpersons as “ adver sary bargaining” or “ political dia logue.” Digitized 2for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The guild principle has actually served academic economics well. Economics is probably the most demanding of the social sciences and has attracted many of the first-rate minds in the country. The guild rigor has made economics the “ hardest” of the social sciences. Problem-solving, on the other hand, has not, I think, been well served by guild values in academic economics. Not a single vital issue of our time—poverty, labor unrest, unemployment, urban deterioration, discrimination, economic development (perhaps inflation is a perverse exception)—has been brought to public awareness through the scholar ship of mainstream economics. Once, however, partisans, politicians and popularizers bring the issue out into the open, academic economists do not shrink from processing it for its value to the guild paradigm. The loss of relevance and accessibility in economics carries large implications for the politics of a democracy. It means that large masses of citizens are rendered powerless to cope with problems in the household and the public economies ex cept through mediation by a meri tocracy. No evil intentions are implied. But guild narcissism relegates civic education to an inferior position in its scheme of values. The complexity of large-scale society makes economics dif ficult enough. But guild obscurantism makes the discipline even more complex and abstruse to the layman than it needs to be. John M. Culbertson, professor of economics, suggested that economics may be failing because it has never made the transition to the thought-world of modern science. Here are excerpts from his paper, “ Economics and the Scien tific Method.” Over the past two centuries, one field of thought after another has basically recreated itself by adopting the scientific method and discarding its earlier methods and its earlier doctrines, which were revealed by the new intellectual standards as myths, wishful beliefs, pre judices, superstitions. Where does economics fit into this picture? The factions into which economists are divided and their versions of economics obviously derive from political or ideological preconceptions. Indeed, the major versions of economics all seem to tell different versions of the same basic story, which is the elemental story of prophetic myth: Everything would be just fine, just as it should be, if only. . .—here one fills in one’s version of the required simple, symbolic action, the panacea, laissez faire, deregulation, supply side, or public ownership of the means of production, the required slogan, K eynesian Revolution, monetarism, radical economics. Can this be science? In the prevailing economics, one hears a great deal of “ relations,” but, strange ly, virtually nothing of the distinction between causal relations and what once were “ spurious correlation.” One hears much of “ significance,” but this proves to be “ statistical significance” —a statistical significance properly con tingent on conditions that usually prove not to be met. One hears little of knowledge, much of theories, models, hypotheses, conjectures, propensities, principles. One sees endless speculations relating to hypothetical cases, but vir tually no reference to the actual struc tures and processes by which events are governed in actual economies. The present condition of economics can be interpreted as implying the ex istence of a great challenge to economists. Economics now could be something very different from what it is. Economics could be providing the means to deal realistically with societal economic problems, rather than pro viding a stream of ideological nostrums and fashionable gimmicks, to mislead economic policy. □ Tracking youth joblessness: persistent or fleeting? High turnover, seasonality, and work-school transitions are some reasons for high unemployment among young people; a recent longitudinal study suggests that recurrent and extensive joblessness among a relatively few persons may also be an important aspect of the labor market N orman Bow ers Many studies have focused on differences between youth and adults in job and labor force turnover in at tempts to account for the fact that youth unemploy ment is always higher than that of adults. However, some recent research suggests that the observed age-re lated differences in the incidence of joblessness are mis leading indicators of the dynamics of youth unem ployment. While frequent turnover is admittedly a feature of the youth labor market, the core of jobless ness may in fact be accounted for by a relatively small number of persons who search for jobs for very long periods.1 A new study of matched data from the Current Pop ulation Survey examines the unemployment experience of selected individuals in the course of a year, and over 2 consecutive years. The findings suggest that: • Prolonged joblessness is somewhat concentrated among a relatively small group of workers but is also strongly affected by the business cycle. • A clear association exists between the extent of past joblessness and the likelihood of subsequent unem ployment. • Two or more spells of joblessness in one year do not necessarily presage similar unemployment the next year. Norman Bowers is an economist in the Office of Current Employment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Recurrent unemployment is no respecter of age, strik ing all labor force groups. The analysis exploits the short-run longitudinal capa bilities of the Current Population Survey, which permit construction of a 2-year retrospective labor force history of persons in the sample. This previously untapped data set allows some examination of the following important questions: Is the experience of extensive unemployment in one year associated with extensive unemployment in the following year? How im portant are repeat spells of unemployment? And, are persons with multiple spells of unemployment in one year more likely than others to experience spells in the subsequent year? Of course, 2 years is a relatively short time in terms of labor force history, and no definitive analysis of what has been called the “scarring effect” of persistent youth joblessness is possible.2 Still, the questions that can be addressed are of interest in their own right. Data sets and limitations The Current Population Survey ( c p s ), which provides the underlying data base for the following analysis, is a monthly survey of a rotating panel of approximately 60,000 households (strictly speaking, addresses).3 Each month, Census Bureau enumerators visit the households in the sample and ask a series of structured questions about the labor force status of each member 16 years of age and over during the reference week. The CPS com3 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Tracking Youth Joblessness prises eight independent panel or rotation groups. Each household is interviewed for 4 consecutive months, dropped from the sample for 8 months, and rein terviewed for 4 final months. Therefore, it is possible that as many as one-half of the households visited in March of one year will be interviewed again the follow ing March, and that responses for this subset of the CPS sample may be matched for purposes of longitudinal study.4 To examine work and unemployment experience, two separate matches were made from CPS data for March 1975-76, and for March 1978-79. These reference dates were chosen for two basic reasons: First, every March, a series of supplemental questions about the previous year’s work experience is asked of CPS respondents. In cluded is such information as weeks worked, weeks un employed, spells of unemployment, and number of employers worked for during the previous year. Thus, for those persons in our matched samples, we have 2 years of labor force history; that is, the work experience data in the matched files refer to 1974-75 and 1977-78. This allows some examination of the concentration and persistence of unemployment, the effects of repeated jobless spells, and so forth. Second, the data from these two time periods might shed some light on the effect of the business cycle on work experience; the March 197576 match covers a rather deep recessionary period, while the March 1978-79 match covers 2 years of re covery and expansion. Several important restrictions on the use of these data and the sample should be noted at the outset. The ma jor data problem is that the work experience questions are asked retrospectively, and the responses are thus subject to recall biases. Respondents may not accurate ly remember what they and the other members of their households were doing a year earlier. For example, indi viduals may not recall a brief period during which they were not available for work, and may instead report one long spell of unemployment. The results of Census Bu reau tests with the usual monthly CPS questions suggest that recall bias is very important, and generally results in higher estimates of employment and lower estimates of unemployment.5 In addition to the data limitations, there are prob lems with the matched sample, in particular those in volving differing probabilities of reinterview and re sponse variability. Basically, the biases in the matched data fall under the heading of sample selectivity:6 All movers, nonrespondents, those who died, and persons who change answers to questions on which the match is keyed (such as race or sex) are lost to the sample. (In contrast to most longitudinal files, the CPS is not designed to follow respondents who move.) This prob lem goes beyond the simple loss of a match because the reason for a non-match may, in some way, be correlated 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis with an individual’s labor force activity. For example, persons who change addresses or are otherwise not matched may have different patterns of labor force ac tivity than others. In other words, it is possible that there is some interaction between labor market activity and the likelihood of being in the matched file. Thus, our matched sample is not a random sample of the population, and common forms of statistical analy sis are not necessarily appropriate without adjustment for the selectivity problem. For example, persons who change addresses are disproportionately “lost” from the sample, while those less likely to move— older people and whites— are overrepresented in both of the matched data sets. More importantly, only about 50 percent of youth age 18 to 24 who were potential matches were retained. More than 60 percent of 16- and 17-year-olds made the match, but that is still somewhat below the proportion of adults matched. In addition, persons in the actual match are less likely than those in the full set of potential matches to have been currently unemployed, and slightly more likely to have been cur rently employed (especially in March 1975-76). If cur rent labor force status is associated with past status, or is a determinant of future work experience, the matched data will necessarily reflect that bias. A related sample problem involves rotation group bias. Persons in rotation groups 1 through 4 in March 1975 and March 1978 were eligible for inclusion in each match.7 The data for whites age 18 and over indicate that these persons are underrepresented in the first rota tion group relative to each of the other rotation groups. On the other hand, there is some evidence of an overrepresentation of blacks age 16 to 17 in the first ro tation group. (Interpreting the data for the other age groups for blacks in the sample is difficult, as the rota tion group proportions fluctuate considerably.) Of course, individuals do not necessarily enter the survey in the first rotation group, because the rotation group identifier refers to the address of the household and not to the person(s) occupying the address. And, the matched sample may be weighted toward later rotation panels if persons in later rotation groups are more likely to be matched because they are less “mobile” — the sample selectivity problem. The phenomenon of rotation group bias in panel sur veys can often involve more than just differential reinterview probabilities. Specifically, it may also in clude a conditioning effect— that is, the answers to sur vey questions are affected by the number of times the respondent has been interviewed. However, the degree to which the information from the CPS work experience questionnaire might be influenced by respondent condi tioning is not known. Lastly, there is the problem of weighting the data. Because the weights used to inflate the raw sample counts from each monthly CPS are based on answers re ceived that month, the March weights for the match pe riods 1975-76 and 1978-79 need not be the same. As there is currently no reliable theoretical or statistical foundation for handling this problem, the unweighted matched samples are used for analysis. Therefore, any results based on these data pertain, strictly speaking, only to those persons in the sample, and generalized conclusions should be significantly tempered.8 A theoretical overview The unemployment rate may be disaggregated into its frequency and extent components. Much previous re search has indicated that youth-adult differences are pri marily the result of a higher incidence of unemployment among youth, rather than longer spells.9 Table 1 provides further evidence of this relationship. The incidence of unemployment shown is simply the number of persons who experienced unemployment at any time over the period divided by the number of per sons with any labor force experience during the period. Both the incidence over a single year and that for the 2-year period covered by the matched data have been calculated.10 (Excluded from the unemployment figures are all persons who worked at least 50 weeks during the year, but also experienced a 1- to 2-week temporary lay off. This exclusion should not greatly affect the esti mates for youth because so few are full-year workers. The calculations for adults 25 years of age and older will be biased downward slightly because a number do experience such brief layoffs.) Table 1 also shows the probability that those in the sample who reported un employment in 1974 or 1977 also experienced some job lessness during the subsequent year (1975 or 1978). This probability is a rough indicator of the “persis tence” of unemployment. The closer the probability is to 1, the less “turnover” there is among those who ex perience unemployment. Last, we show the average number of weeks of joblessness experienced over the en tire 2-year period covered by each match. This number was estimated by dividing the total number of weeks of unemployment over the match period by the number of persons who had some unemployment at any time dur ing that 2 years. Not surprisingly, the results are similar to the findings of other researchers. The likelihood of jobless ness declines with increasing age, while average total time unemployed increases with age. Blacks have a higher incidence of joblessness, and usually spend more time unemployed than whites. Youth whose major ac tivity was attending school show both a lower incidence and spend significantly less total time unemployed than other youth." The probability that persons who had some unem ployment in 1974 or 1977 also experienced unem https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployment during the following year varied among de mographic groups. Youth age 18 to 24 were generally more likely than others to have some joblessness in both years, but these differences were not always large. Overall, the results suggest that neither the persistence hypothesis— that the same persons unemployed one year are also unemployed the next year— nor the turn over hypothesis— that different persons are unemployed each year— completely fits the facts. Information on weeks of employment is shown in ta ble 2. Reported weeks worked vary significantly by age, race, sex, and major activity.12 And, except for those whose major activity was school, the average number of weeks worked varies in the opposite manner from that of the experience of unemployment.13 Lastly, the proba bility that persons who worked during 1974 or 1977 also worked during the following year varied signifi cantly among groups. For example, young blacks were much less likely than their white counterparts to have worked in consecutive years. Recently, some researchers have suggested that youth-adult experiences cannot be fully explained by these simple average differences in the likelihood and amount of unemployment and the “normal turnover” that such movement is supposed to represent.14 Specifi cally, it has been suggested that the “youth job prob lem” is really one of a small minority of persons who are without jobs for extended periods, rather than the outcome of high job turnover, seasonality, and the tran sition between school and work. Do the CPS match data lend any evidence for this hypothesis? Recurrent unemployment Repeat spells. It is certainly true that analysis of “aver age durations” and “average flow probabilities” may mask differences in the experience of unemployment within demographic groups. For example, while the probability of unemployment may satisfactorily account for most youth-adult differences, the bulk of youth job lessness may be highly concentrated by race, sex, or major activity or the same persons may experience many (short) spells of unemployment over time. (Of course, such concentration may also occur within other labor force groups.) Thus, an important question is: Do the same persons experience multiple spells of unem ployment from year to year, or is there little relation ship between past and subsequent spell frequencies? Data on the prevalence of repeated jobless spells are available from the CPS matched file. But the information is subject to one additional im portant limitation. In the March work-experience supplement to the CPS, one of the questions is: “Were the (number of) weeks (person’s name) was looking for work (or on layoff) all in one stretch?” The responses are coded as 1 spell, 2 spells, or 3 or more spells. However, this question is asked only of 5 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Tracking Youth Joblessness those persons who also worked at any time during the previous year. Thus, spell information is obtained only for a subset of those who experienced some unemploy ment. Because demographic groups differ significantly in the likelihood of having worked during the year, the data may be biased in terms of assessing the issue of re current spells of unemployment. Consider, for example, the data set for the 1977-78 match. In 1977, blacks, women, and persons whose major activity was school were less likely to have worked than other groups. However, a number of such individuals were reported as having looked for work for varying lengths of time, Table 1. and were thus unemployed labor force participants. (The results from the 1974-75 match, although not shown here, were very much the same. The major dif ference was that, regardless of their experience in 1974, there was a somewhat greater likelihood that persons reported one or more spells in 1975 than was true of the 1977-78 match. This is clearly a cyclical phenome non.) There are a number of ways to examine the impor tance of multiple periods of unemployment.15 For exam ple, one might calculate the average number of spells per person, and compare that across demographic The incidence and duration of unemployment by age, race, sex, and school status, 1974-75 and 1977-78 Unemployment, 1974-75 Age, race, sex, and school status Unemployment, 1977-78 Incidence, 1974 Incidence, 1975 Incidence, 1974-752 Probability in both 1974 and 1975 27.6 29.6 24.0 11.1 8.3 32.6 31.7 27.6 14.1 10.0 40.3 43.5 36.6 19.3 13.7 0.350 .417 .450 .431 .333 14.0 16.8 19.5 20.6 22.9 24.1 29.8 26.9 12.5 8.1 27.0 269 21.0 10.1 6.4 34.6 40.1 35.8 17.2 11.1 0.350 .401 .338 .355 .278 13.9 15.8 18.3 19.0 23.1 26.1 28.2 22.7 10.3 7.9 31.0 29.4 26.2 13.4 9.7 38.9 41.9 36.0 18.2 13.2 .352 .391 .434 .435 .342 14.1 15.5 18.7 19.6 21.5 22.8 27.0 25.2 11.5 7.7 24.5 24.3 19.2 9.8 6.0 32.8 37.5 33.6 16.0 10.4 .335 .370 .324 .355 .282 13.4 14.3 16.7 18.1 23.1 40.4 40.7 34.0 18.2 10.6 46.0 50.4 38.3 20.2 12.8 51.8 55.6 48.9 28.9 18.5 .341 .563 .531 .411 .275 13.7 22.9 23.8 22.5 21.9 34.8 51.0 38.4 20.4 12.8 50.0 45.3 32.6 15.1 11.1 48.1 56.9 49.4 26.5 18.1 .434 .527 .400 .359 .259 14.6 22.2 25.1 23.2 21.5 28.5 29.8 24.9 10.1 7.7 32.5 34.1 30.2 12.9 10.5 41.1 44.8 40.0 17.7 13.4 .359 .485 .530 .493 .347 15.3 19.0 21.4 21.7 23.5 24.9 29.3 29.2 10.8 8.3 28.1 27.3 21.5 9.2 7.0 36.0 39.0 38.2 15.2 11.5 .354 .480 .359 .414 .317 16.0 18.5 20.1 20.6 23.4 26.6 29.4 23.0 12.5 8.9 32.6 29.1 24.7 15.8 10.3 39.6 42.2 35.1 21.2 14.2 .339 .340 .358 .365 .316 12.6 14.3 17.2 18.4 22.9 23.2 30.4 24.4 14.5 7.9 25.9 26.5 20.4 11.3 5.7 33.1 41.2 33.3 19.5 10.6 .346 .326 .312 .300 .218 11.4 13.4 16.2 17.5 22.1 28.1 24.6 18.9 32.1 29.7 28.8 39.6 39.0 36.1 .346 .352 .338 13.8 12.3 11.5 23.0 23.1 24.0 25.9 25.6 20.9 33.6 35.6 32.6 .310 .331 .333 12.8 13.0 13.1 25.7 34.1 25.2 35.3 33.6 27.3 44.7 47.9 37.9 .370 .460 .469 15.0 20.5 21.2 29.9 36.4, 27.7 33.8 28.1 21.0 41.0 44.8 36.8 .517 .445 .339 19.2 18.1 19.2 Duration, 1974-75 (in weeks)3 Incidence, 1977' Incidence, 1978 Incidence, 1977 782 Probability in both 1977 and 1978 Duration, 1977-78 (in weeks)3 Total 16 to 17 years . . . . 18 to 19 years . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . . 25 to 54 years . . . . 55 years and over . White 16 to 17 years . . . . 18 to 19 years . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . . 25 to 54 years . . . . 55 years and over . Black and other 16 to 17 years . . . . 18 to 19 years . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . . 25 to 54 years . . . . 55 years and over Men 16 to 17 years . . . . 18 to 19 years . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . . 25 to 54 years . . . . 55 years and over . Women 16 to 17 years . . . . 18 to 19 years . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . . 25 to 54 years . . . . 55 years and over . Major activity; School 16 to 17 years . . . . 18 to 19 years . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . . Major activity: Other 16 to 17 years . . . . 18 to 19 years . . . . 20 to 24 years . . . . 1The incidence of unemployment in a single year is the number of persons who experienced some unemployment divided by the number with some labor force experience. 2The incidence of unemployment over the full 2-year period refers to the number of persons who were unemployed at least once divided by the number of persons who were in the labor force at least once during the 2 years. 3The average duration was calculated as total weeks unemployed during the 2-year period 6 FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis divided by the number of persons who experienced unemployment at least once. Total weeks unemployed was derived by multiplying the number of persons unemployed by the mid-point of the following duration intervals: 1 to 4 weeks; 5 to 14 weeks; 15 to 26 weeks; 27 to 39 weeks; and 40 to 52 weeks. Note: Excludes those persons who worked at least 50 weeks during the year and experi enced a temporary layoff of 1 to 2 weeks. Table 2. Duration of employment by age, race, sex, and school status, 1974-75 and 1977-78 [In weeks] 1977 78 1974-75 Age, race, sex, and school status Average duration of employment, 1977 Average duration of employment, 1978 Average duration of employment, 1977-78 Probability of some employment in both 1977 and 1978 Average duration of employment, 1974 Average duration of employment, 1975 Average duration of employment, 1974-75 Probability of some employment in both 1974 and 1975 24.0 27.8 35.5 41.9 40.6 25.4 30.1 36.1 41.6 40.4 39.8 51.0 65.5 78.9 72.9 0.832 .870 .889 .938 .832 21.8 27.9 35.7 41.5 39.6 25.9 30.7 36.8 41.9 40.2 38.9 52.6 67.5 79.5 72.1 0.862 .913 .928 .954 .852 24.9 28.3 35.7 41.9 40.6 25.9 30.4 36.2 41.7 40.5 41.4 52.4 66.0 79.2 72.9 .850 .888 .895 .939 .830 22.4 28.7 36.4 41.6 39.7 26.3 31.3 37.2 42.0 39.3 40.4 54.6 68.8 79.7 72.5 .884 .926 .933 .956 .854 15.9 23.3 34.4 41.5 40.3 20.4 26.7 35.3 40.5 39.5 26.6 39.8 61.6 76.6 72.9 .667 .718 .846 .923 .859 15.6 21.4 31.1 40.6 38.8 21.2 25.8 34.0 41.5 37.9 26.4 38.2 58.7 77.6 68.1 .648 .808 .895 .943 .821 23.6 28.9 36.5 44.3 41.4 25.8 30.5 36.7 43.8 40.6 40.6 53.3 69.0 86.7 75.0 .845 .894 .924 .981 .856 21.9 28.5 37.1 44.0 40.4 26.6 30.4 38.4 44.3 40.9 40.1 53.7 72.5 87.3 74.4 .859 .938 .965 .988 .865 24.5 26.5 34.5 38.7 39.4 24.9 29.6 35.4 38.5 40.0 39.0 48.5 61.9 69.2 69.8 .817 .843 .851 .880 .798 21.6 27.3 34.3 38.2 38.4 25.1 31.0 35.1 38.9 39.3 37.7 51.5 62.5 70.4 68.8 .866 .889 .889 .911 .832 23.4 23.2 24.0 24.6 23.9 25.0 38.1 40.3 42.6 .825 .844 .819 21.3 23.3 24.8 25.1 25.6 25.4 37.5 42.5 44.6 .856 .883 .891 26.6 31.9 38.2 29.6 35.8 38.5 48.8 61.3 71.0 .862 .894 .905 24.5 34.4 37.6 30.6 35.2 38.9 47.7 63.2 71.9 .895 .943 .934 Total 16 to 17 ye a rs ......... 18 to 19 ye a rs ......... 20 to 24 ye a rs ......... 25 to 54 ye a rs ......... 55 years and over .. White 16 to 17 ye a rs......... 18 to 19 ye a rs......... 20 to 24 ye a rs......... 25 to 54 ye a rs......... 55 years and over .. Black and other 16 18 20 25 55 to 17 ye a rs......... to 19 ye a rs......... to 24 ye a rs......... to 54 ye a rs......... years and over .. Men 16 to 17 ye a rs......... 18 to 19 ye a rs......... 20 to 24 ye a rs ......... 25 to 54 ye a rs......... 55 years and over .. Women 16 to 17 ye a rs ......... 18 to 19 ye a rs ......... 20 to 24 ye a rs ......... 25 to 54 ye a rs ......... 55 years and over .. Major activity: School 16 to 17 ye a rs ......... 18 to 19 y e a rs......... 20 to 24 y e a rs......... Major activity: Other 16 to 17 ye a rs ......... 18 to 19 y e a rs ......... 20 to 24 y e a rs......... groups; or, one might estimate the proportion of the unemployed who had more than one spell over a given period. The approach taken here is a bit different, in that it attempts to determine whether individuals who report multiple spells in one period are more likely than those with one or no reported spells to experience mul tiple spells in the next period. The information needed to address this question is presented in tables 3 and 4. These tables show the num ber of persons in the sample by the number of jobless spells reported in 1977 and the corresponding probabili ty of having no spells reported, one spell, two spells, or more than two spells during 1978.16 For example, table 3 shows that among 16- to 17-year-olds who had one spell in 1977, 20 percent had one spell in 1978. It is im https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis portant to note that persons shown in the “no spells re ported” category include both those who had no unemployment, and those with some unemployment but no work experience. Depending on the labor force group, the “no work-unemployment” group constituted 2 to 9 percent of the total “no spells reported” catego ry. The data in table 3 suggest several interesting phe nomena. First, for all persons there is a somewhat higher probability that those who had multiple spells in 1977 experienced at least one spell in 1978. Second, the likelihood of experiencing two or more spells in 1978 tends to be an increasing function of the number of spells in 1977 (except among all 18- to 19-year-olds). Unfortunately, the reasons for the transitions from em7 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Tracking Youth Joblessness ployment into unemployment cannot be determined. And, in order to identify any causal relation between multiple spells in one period and the experience of mul tiple spells in the subsequent period, we would require more information to ensure that the results are not sim ply due to heterogeneity in the probability of recurrent spells among individuals. Of equal importance is the fact that there is far from a perfect correlation between reported spells in 1977 and the likelihood of spell recur rence in 1978, and, as previously indicated, 2 years of data may be insufficient to truly assess the issue of spell recurrence. It may be noted that youth age 16 to 24 who had two or more spells in 1977 were somewhat more likely than their adult counterparts to report two or more spells in 1978; this was especially true for per sons age 20 to 24. Men with multiple jobless spells in 1977 were more likely than women to have multiple spells in 1978, and this difference in probabilities tends to increase with age. However, regardless of sex and age, the probability of two or more spells in 1978 is positively related to the number of spells in 1977.17 Table 4 shows the experience of persons 16 to 24 years of age by their major activity classification in March 1978. Persons 16 to 19 whose major activity was school were less likely to report having any spells in Table 3. 1978 (recall that this does not necessarily mean they had no unemployment), regardless of the number of spells in 1977. There is no clear difference in this proba bility among 20- to 24-year-olds. Individuals age 16 to 19 whose major activity was other than school and who experienced two or more jobless spells in 1977 were just slightly more prone to report multiple spells again in 1978 compared to the school group. However, this dif ference was not very large. The data in tables 3 and 4 do indicate some correla tion between repeat spells in 1977 and spells in 1978, but the significance of this relationship is unclear. Dif ferences in the probability of recurrent spells between youth and adults are not large, but the fact that one must have had some work experience in 1977 in order to be asked about jobless spells may introduce a signifi cant bias to this comparison. Thus, while there is some support for the hypothesis that “past turnover is associ ated with subsequent turnover,” the phenomenon does not appear to be pervasive, or to differ greatly among labor force groups.18 The concentration of unemployment. Perhaps recurrent, multiple spells of unemployment mask the fundamental nature of youth and other groups’ joblessness. Instead, it may be that unemployment is truly concentrated The probability of experiencing recurring spells of unemployment by age and sex, 1977-78 [Numbers in thousands] Total Men Probability of experiencing: Age and spells of unemployment in 1977 Number in sam ple Women Probability of experiencing: No spells, 1978 One spell, 1978 Two spells, 1978 Three or more spells, 1978 1,869 140 33 31 0.855 .671 .666 .645 0.098 .200 .152 .194 0.025 .071 .121 .129 0.022 .057 .061 .032 1,160 193 67 56 .834 .684 .552 .661 .107 .212 .179 .268 .038 .021 .134 .000 2,552 423 131 116 .876 .757 .603 .586 .092 .175 .183 .181 17,161 1,164 284 236 .952 .717 .585 .593 11,404 227 53 48 .986 .797 .566 .583 Number in sam ple Probability of experiencing: No spells, 1978 One spell, 1978 Two spells, 1978 Three or more spells, 1978 910 71 24 22 0.854 .662 .667 .545 0.091 .197 .167 .227 0.029 .085 .125 .182 0.026 .056 .042 .045 .022 .083 .134 .071 544 81 40 39 .827 .556 .500 .667 .105 .309 .175 .256 .037 .037 .175 .000 .018 .035 .130 .095 .015 .033 .084 .138 1,136 229 87 77 .862 .742 .575 .481 .104 .179 ?07 .234 .035 .194 .246 .203 .007 .054 .088 .072 .007 .034 .081 .131 7,958 562 171 138 .951 .660 .503 .522 .009 .128 .283 .167 .002 .048 .132 .063 .002 .026 .019 .188 4,945 147 32 31 .981 .755 .594 .516 Number in sam ple No spells, 1978 One spell, 1978 Two spells, 1978 Three or more spells, 1978 959 69 9 9 0.856 .681 .667 .889 0.104 .203 .111 .111 0.022 .058 0.018 .058 .111 .111 .000 .000 .031 .099 .150 .077 616 112 27 17 .839 .777 .630 .647 .109 .143 .185 .294 .039 009 .074 .000 .013 .071 .111 .059 .018 .039 .126 .104 .017 .039 .092 .182 1,416 194 44 39 887 .773 .659 .795 .082 .170 .136 .077 .018 .031 .136 .077 .013 .026 .068 .051 .034 .217 .304 .225 .008 .068 .105 .080 .007 .055 .088 .174 9,203 602 113 98 .952 .771 .708 .694 .036 .173 .159 .173 .006 .042 .062 .061 .006 .015 .071 .071 .013 .156 .250 .161 .002 .061 .156 .097 .004 .027 .000 .226 6,459 80 21 17 .990 .875 .524 .706 .007 .075 .333 .176 .002 .025 .095 .000 .001 .025 .048 .118 16 to 17 years: No spells reporte d........... One spell ........................ Two spe lls........................ Three or more spells . . . . 18 to 19 years: No spells reporte d........... One spell ........................ Two spe lls........................ Three or more spells . . . . 20 to 24 years: No spells reported ........... One spell ........................ Two spe lls........................ Three or more spells . . . . 25 to 54 years: No spells reporte d........... One spell ........................ Two spe lls........................ Three or more spells . . . . 55 years and over: No spells reporte d........... One spell ........................ Two spe lls........................ Three or more spells . . . . Digitized 8for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. The probability of experiencing recurring spells of unemployment by age and school status, 1977-1978 [Numbers in thousands] Major activity: Other Major activity: School Age and spells of unemployment in 1977 Probability of experiencing: Probability of experiencing: Number in sample No spells, 1978 One spell, 1978 Three or Two spells, more spells, 1978 1978 Number in sample No spells, 1978 One spell, 1978 Three or Two spells, more spells, 1978 1978 16 to 17 years: No spells reported ................................................. One spell .............................................................. Two spells.............................................................. Three or more spells ............................................ 1,642 110 25 24 0.859 .736 .680 .708 0.099 .173 .160 .125 0.023 .064 .120 .125 0.019 .027 .040 .042 227 30 8 7 0.828 .433 .625 .429 0.088 .300 .125 .429 0.044 .100 .125 .143 0.040 .167 .125 .000 646 83 20 15 .828 .745 .650 .733 .115 .229 .150 .267 .042 .000 .100 .000 .015 .024 .100 .000 514 110 47 41 .850 .636 .510 .634 .097 .200 .191 .268 .033 .036 .149 .000 .029 .127 .149 .098 438 62 12 5 .872 .774 .667 .200 .103 .194 .167 .200 .018 .016 .083 .400 .007 .016 .083 .200 2,086 361 119 111 .875 .753 .597 .603 .091 .172 .185 .180 .017 .039 .134 .081 .017 .036 .084 .135 18 to 19 years: No spells reported ................................................. One spen .............................................................. Two spe lls.............................................................. Three or more spells ............................................ 20 to 24 years: No spells reported ................................................. One spell .............................................................. Two spe lls.............................................................. Three or more spells ............................................ among persons who suffer very long single spells of un employment, while most others are unemployed only in frequently or not unemployed at all. To address this question, it is necessary to examine the extent to which the total number of weeks unemployed during a given pe riod is “concentrated” among a small number of people.19 Little information is available on this issue, primarily because of the difficulties in obtaining unemployment (and employment) spell histories. The usual approach has been to use data from the March CPS work-experi ence supplement to measure the extent of unemploy ment over the previous year. From these data it is possible to calculate the number of weeks of joblessness by duration category as a percent of total reported weeks unemployed for any given labor force group. For example, in 1975, only 4.4 percent of all persons with some labor force experience were unemployed for more than 26 weeks, but this group accounted for almost 52 percent of total weeks unemployed.20 The same kind of information by age, sex, race, and major activity is shown in tables 5, 6, and 7 for the years 1974-75, and 1977-78. Again, the data are from the matched CPS files. The calculations are based on the mid-range of the unemployment duration categories. This is a rather simplistic assumption, but it should not affect the relative value of the estimates because it is used consistently. The analysis excludes essentially yearround workers with 1 to 2 weeks unemployment due to temporary layoff, but all other persons who looked for work are included. As previous research has indicated, the aggregate probability of leaving unemployment tends to decline with time unemployed. The result is an apparent con centration of unemployment in longer duration catego https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ries simply because the likelihood of escape from jobless ness is lower the longer a spell has lasted. Even if each individual’s escape rate were constant over time unem ployed, a relatively large share of unemployment would be accounted for by individuals with lower escape proba bilities. The data should be interpreted with this in mind. As expected, the yearly data in table 5 provide clear evidence of over-the-year unemployment concentration, but the degree of concentration varies somewhat by age, sex, and economic conditions. In 1974, the 8.6 percent of the labor force of young men age 16 to 17 who were unemployed more than 14 weeks accounted for 69.3 percent of total weeks unemployed. (The labor force percentages are not shown here, but are available upon request.) Among women of the same age, the numbers were 4.1 and 53.6 percent, respectively. The brief bouts that youth have with unemployment would appear to contribute less to overall unemployment; among 16- to 17-year-old males in 1974, 14.6 percent were jobless less than 5 weeks and accounted for just 12.8 percent of all weeks unemployed. There is a pronounced cyclical pat tern to these data. In 1975, both the proportion of the labor force and the percent of total weeks unemployed indicate a sizable shift toward extensive individual total weeks of unemployment. The 1977 and 1978 distri butions tend to fall between those for 1974 and 1975.21 Table 6 shows similar information by race. With the exception of 16- to 17-year-olds in 1974, both the per cent of total weeks unemployed over 14 weeks and the proportion of the labor force jobless for that length of time are higher for black workers. And, once again, cy clical factors clearly operate to lengthen total time out of work: In 1975, fully 23 percent of the labor force of blacks age 18 to 19 were unemployed more than 14 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Tracking Youth Joblessness weeks, accounting for 82.7 pecent of total weeks unem ployed. For white workers, the figures were 10.5 and 76.7 percent, respectively. The distributions vary only slightly by major activity (table 7), except among those age 16 to 17, for whom no pattern is apparent. For those 18 to 19 whose major activity was not school, unemployment was more con centrated in long total durations relative to the major activity school group, irrespective of aggregate econom ic conditions. With the exception of 1977, this was also true among 20- to 24-year-olds. The data tell a consistent story. Weeks unemployed over the course of a year are highly concentrated and very sensitive to the business cycle. Although the degree of concentration among adults is somewhat more skewed toward longer total time unemployed than among youth, the difference is not very large. However, relating this concentration to the issue of “turnover” depends, in part, on whether lengthy unemployment oc curs in one spell or is spread over many spells. Our data show that some persons are unemployed a lot, but this does not necessarily mean that these individuals spend a long time finding a particular job. The observed inequality in the distribution of unemployment could also result if all unemployment were generated by high turnover. Any determination of the importance of turn over requires estimating (simulating) how unequal un employment would be in a simple economy with high turnover and comparing the results to the observed con centrations.22 The following tabulation tries to put this issue into Table 5. some perspective. The first eight lines indicate the pro portion of persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer— generally considered the floor for long-term unemploy m ent— in the indicated year and who also worked, by the number of spells of unemployment reported. (Only data for 1974 and 1977 are shown here, but the results for 1975 and 1978 were similar.) For example, among 16- to 17-year-olds in 1977, 44.4 percent of those with unemployment over 14 weeks reported it all in one spell. (The last two lines of the tabulation show the per centage of people unemployed over 14 weeks who did not work at any time during the indicated year and for whom there is thus no spell information available.) Age 16 to 17 18 to 19 20 to 24 25 and over 1974: Persons with work experience ................ 1 spell .................. 2 sp e lls.................. 3 or more spells . . 100.0 51.4 32.4 16.2 100.0 40.6 36.1 33.3 100.0 48.2 23.7 28.1 100.0 48.6 23.6 27.7 1977: Persons with work experience ................ 1 spell .................. 2 sp e lls.................. 3 or more spells . . 100.0 44.4 28.9 26.7 100.0 38.6 30.1 31.3 100.0 54.6 24.6 20.8 100.0 62.5 19.1 18.4 Persons with no work experience: 1974 ..................... 1977 ..................... 22.9 26.2 12.7 17.0 10.1 12.5 21.4 13.2 Percent distribution of unemployment by duration, sex, and age, selected years, 1974-78 Women Men Total Year and duration of unemployment 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 18.8 27.8 24.0 16.1 13.5 12.7 25.1 27.0 22.9 12.8 8.2 24.3 33.2 17.8 16.5 6.5 26.4 27.2 21.9 18.0 3.6 17.9 18.0 22.1 38.5 1.4 12.3 30.8 17.8 37.8 9.7 14.6 22.7 19.7 33.3 7.0 20.2 22.3 16.3 34.1 5.0 15.0 23.7 18.2 38.1 3.6 17.0 22.6 19.4 35.3 2.6 9.6 22.0 28.8 36.8 2.7 21.3 37.1 21.3 17.7 1.9 14.5 22.6 26.2 34.7 15.9 32.3 10.4 14.0 27.3 10.4 27.7 24.3 19.5 18.2 6.9 25.0 29.2 18.0 20.8 5.1 23.0 27.6 24.4 20.0 1.7 16.3 23.8 25.6 32.7 2.6 26.2 35.3 15.2 20.7 1.8 22.6 23.5 19.4 31.0 10.6 31.0 25.1 16.8 16.4 8.6 30.6 25.2 16.9 18.8 5.2 20.8 35.1 13.3 25.5 4.7 22.1 26.2 24.8 22.3 2.1 20.7 20.7 24.6 31.8 25 to 54 years 55 years 16 to 17 years and over 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 15.2 28.7 19.3 16.8 19.9 9.2 27.4 24.6 24.5 14.5 7.2 26.6 30.9 21.6 13.6 4.8 26.7 30.1 21.0 17.3 3.1 18.9 24.7 24.7 34.4 12.8 29.4 27.7 17.4 24.2 6.8 29.1 22.9 25.6 15.6 6.5 28.6 29.0 24.8 11.1 3.3 27.0 32.5 20.3 16.8 2.4 17.9 27.5 24.3 27.9 7.1 17.3 23.7 20.6 31.3 4.8 20.3 22.9 20.6 31.4 3.3 14.7 25.8 20.6 35.5 2.6 17.6 27.2 20.7 31.9 1.9 11.3 27.3 22.2 37.4 5.1 19.3 24.5 21.3 29.7 3.4 20.4 23.3 23.3 29.6 2.2 14.6 27.2 22.2 33.8 1.8 18.1 31.2 20.1 28.9 11.2 27.7 15.4 19.7 26.0 8.4 25.9 25.3 20.4 20.0 4.9 23.7 31.1 10.1 22.2 3.8 22.1 32.5 22.8 18.8 1.8 15.2 23.1 26.0 33.9 8.5 25.0 18.4 23.0 25.2 6.7 24.3 26.2 21.1 21.6 3.5 22.9 32.2 18.1 23.2 8.1 21.4 26.1 18.1 26.2 6.1 26.4 27.6 15.8 24.0 4.3 18.6 34.4 20.4 22.4 3.6 24.2 30.9 19.9 21.5 1.9 22.2 22.8 21.5 31.7 6.6 15.4 26.8 18.9 32.2 4.5 23.4 29.5 15.0 27.8 3.5 16.8 33.8 25.9 19.9 1974 1 to 4 w e e ks............... 5 to 14 w e e k s ............. 15 to 26 w e e k s ........... 27 to 39 w e e k s ........... 40 to 52 w e e k s ........... 1975 1 to 4 w e e ks............... 5 to 14 w e e k s ............. 15 to 26 w e e k s ........... 27 to 39 w e e k s ........... 40 to 52 w e e k s ........... 1977 1 to 4 w e e ks ............... 5 to 14 w e e k s ............. 15 to 26 w e e k s ........... 27 to 39 w e e k s ........... 40 to 52 w e e k s ........... 1978 1 to 4 w e e ks ............... 5 to 14 w e e k s ............. 15 to 26 w e e k s ........... 27 to 39 w e e k s ........... 40 to 52 w e e k s ........... 10 FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 6. Percent distribution of unemployment by duration, race, and age, selected years, 1974-78 Black and other White Year and duration of unemployment 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 15.0 26.4 19.6 18.0 20.9 10.0 29.2 27.9 21.3 11.5 7.3 27.2 30.7 22.1 12.7 4.8 27.9 29.6 22.3 15.5 2.8 19.0 22.2 22.6 33.5 16.4 43.4 17.6 9.4 13.1 5.9 19.7 11.4 36.6 25.6 7.0 24.0 31.9 19.2 17.9 4.7 21.4 32.7 14.9 26.3 3.9 10.7 31.7 27.8 25.9 7.0 17.5 24.9 20.7 29.9 5.3 22.8 25.9 21.2 29.6 3.6 15.9 27.3 22.2 30.9 2.8 18.5 27.6 20.9 30.2 1.8 11.3 26.9 21.7 38.3 7.0 16.1 17.4 20.0 39.1 3.6 13.7 14.7 26.7 41.3 2.1 10.1 19.9 14.4 37.9 1.6 13.4 25.1 19.9 39.9 2.3 10.7 30.0 26.0 31.1 11.8 20.6 30.4 23.5 22.1 9.6 29.1 23.5 19.4 18.5 5.8 27.0 33.4 17.7 16.1 4.0 24.0 32.8 23.5 15.7 1.8 14.3 22.9 26.0 35.0 8.4 26.9 14.4 17.5 32.6 5.1 16.7 30.7 23.2 24.3 2.3 14.4 24.4 19.1 39.9 3.0 15.3 31.3 20.2 30.3 2.2 21.3 24.0 25.7 26.9 8.7 22.9 23.9 20.5 24.0 7.2 29.4 28.0 17.7 17.8 5.0 20.4 36.7 20.7 17.2 4.0 26.3 31.9 19.7 18.1 1.9 22.9 23.0 22.7 29.5 6.0 16.0 34.4 9.2 34.3 3.4 18.4 26.5 10.7 40.9 2.3 13.3 27.8 19.6 37.0 2.1 16.1 26.9 20.6 34.3 2.0 18.7 21.4 15.3 42.6 1974 1 to 4 w e e ks........................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ........................ 15 to 26 weeks ...................... 27 to 39 weeks ...................... 40 to 52 weeks ...................... 1975 1 to 4 w e e ks........................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ........................ 15 to 26 weeks ...................... 27 to 39 weeks ...................... 40 to 52 w e e k s ...................... 1977 1 to 4 w e e ks........................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ........................ 15 to 26 w e e k s ...................... 27 to 39 weeks ...................... 40 to 52 weeks ...................... 1978 1 to 4 w e eks........................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ........................ 15 to 26 w e e k s ...................... 27 to 39 w e e k s ...................... 40 to 52 w e e k s ...................... The results are interesting, in part because of the dif ferences between years. In 1977, teenagers who worked and who experienced extensive unemployment were more likely than persons over age 20 to have been jobless two or more times; in addition, a larger fraction of teenagers than of others did not work at all and experienced more than 14 weeks of unemployment. On the other hand, the data for 1974 show little difference in spell proportions except for 18- to 19-year-olds. For example, among ló to 17-year-olds who worked in 1974, 48.6 percent of those with at least 15 total weeks of unemployment had two or more spells compared to 51.3 percent for adults 25 years of age and older. The proportion with no work experience was little different between adults and 16- to 17-year-olds, although a much smaller percentage of those age 18 to 24 reported no work experience. While a sizable proportion of long duration unemployment is accounted for by persons who had no work experience during the year, the data do suggest that it is hazardous to conclude that a large majority of workers with a lot of unemployment incur it in one long spell. It is very useful to know that, in a single year, job lessness is concentrated among a small proportion of the labor force who are unemployed a lot, although not necessarily in a single spell. However, it is quite another matter to infer that the same individuals experience per sistent, lengthy periods of unemployment year after year. In the next section, we use CPS data to gain some additional perspective on this issue. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 7. Percent distribution of unemployment by dura tion, school status, and age, selected years, 1974-78 Major activity: School Year and duration of unemployment Major activity: Other 16 to 17 18 to 19 20 to 24 16 to 17 18 to 19 20 to 24 years years years years years years 1974 1 to 4 weeks .................. 5 to 14 weeks ............... 15 to 26 weeks ............. 27 to 39 weeks ............. 40 to 52 weeks ............. 17.7 27.4 19.7 16.7 18.6 18.6 38.8 22.1 10.7 9.9 15.6 36.4 22.9 10.5 14.7 6.6 33.5 18.1 17.5 24.3 5.8 23.2 25.5 29.5 16.1 6.3 25.5 31.8 22.9 13.4 7.0 16.7 22.9 20.2 33.2 8.0 22.9 25.8 19.1 24.2 9.2 28.3 36.7 14.1 11.8 7.4 20.7 28.2 22.7 21.0 3.0 18.9 21.3 21.5 35.4 2.5 13.0 24.4 18.6 38.6 12.9 30.2 14.8 16.8 25.3 13.1 27.7 29.1 19.7 10.3 10.1 29.9 16.6 26.7 16.6 6.3 20.7 17.3 27.9 27.8 6.3 25.1 23.7 20.7 24.3 4.3 23.0 32.7 17.1 22.9 9.4 21.1 22.5 20.6 26.4 8.5 36.2 23.3 14.7 29.6 12.1 21.9 28.0 13.9 24.1 3.7 22.6 39.4 9.1 25.3 4.2 28.4 31.0 16.7 19.6 3.4 18.2 35.2 21.2 22.1 1975 1 to 4 weeks .................. 5 to 14 weeks ............... 15 to 26 weeks ............. 27 to 39 weeks ............. 40 to 52 weeks ............. 1977 1 to 4 w e e k s .................. 5 to 14 weeks ............... 15 to 26 weeks ............. 27 to 39 weeks ............. 40 to 52 weeks ............. 1978 1 to 4 w e e k s .................. 5 to 14 weeks ............... 15 to 26 weeks ............. 27 to 39 weeks ............. 40 to 52 weeks ............. 11 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Tracking Youth Joblessness Is current status linked with past unemployment? If the observed concentration of unemployment is more than a statistical anomaly in information for sin gle years, one would expect data from the 2-year CPS matched samples to corroborate the following two hy potheses: First, the more weeks an individual is unem ployed in one year, the higher is his or her probability of experiencing some unemployment the subsequent year. Second, a worker with extensive unemployment Table 8. Weeks of unemployment in 1974 and 1977 and the probability of experiencing unemployment during the subsequent year, by sex, race, and age Sex, race, age, and weeks of unemployment in 1975 or 1978 Probability of experiencing unemployment in 1978 based on weeks of unemployment in 1977 Probability of experiencing unemployment in 1975 based on weeks of unemployment in 1974 Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 27 weeks and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 27 weeks and over 0.316 .103 0.402 .182 0.375 .146 0.500 .250 0.301 .091 0.355 .118 0.459 .230 0.432 .216 .349 .109 .455 .178 .481 .291 .621 .379 .320 .102 .395 .118 .530 .250 .522 .261 .316 .124 .480 .246 .573 .393 .603 .414 .229 .091 .320 .249 .442 .299 .487 .360 .318 .136 .445 .251 .502 .361 .524 .382 .264 .081 .334 .102 .426 .270 .438 .309 .203 .125 .327 .202 .397 .319 .385 .295 .203 .051 .234 .102 .325 .198 .303 .197 .308 .128 .404 .191 .429 .250 .625 .375 .265 .074 .340 .109 .512 .279 .480 .280 .464 .196 .508 .190 .478 .283 .652 .435 .397 .175 .500 .120 .518 .268 .539 .269 .360 .151 .570 .290 .663 .488 .606 .455 .226 .097 .342 .139 .448 .326 .478 .363 .374 .180 .503 .277 .543 .412 .569 .431 .294 .094 .383 .113 .485 .314 .516 .387 .267 .167 .356 .220 .369 .298 .333 .262 .289 .053 .280 .120 .346 .223 .329 .224 .325 .078 .400 .167 .300 .000 .250 .000 .333 .107 .375 .097 .333 .111 .333 .250 .260 .041 .368 .158 .485 .303 .500 .286 .262 .048 .288 .102 .500 .227 .500 .250 .275 .099 .352 .183 .508 .308 .600 .360 .231 .085 .283 .111 .431 .255 .500 .357 .282 .109 .372 .218 .448 .294 .472 .326 .246 .074 .285 .091 .356 .218 .364 .236 .147 .088 .289 .178 .439 .351 .444 .333 .048 .048 .170 .075 .293 .159 .261 .152 .311 .098 .393 .180 .395 .233 .545 .409 .282 .089 .351 .221 .440 .360 .433 .367 .339 .098 .419 .151 .444 .286 .600 .360 .306 .089 .364 .111 .493 .217 .469 .250 .284 .101 .455 .221 .573 .363 .604 .396 2Q5 .076 .313 .128 .448 .299 .479 .352 .330 .135 .446 .242 .504 .367 .515 .382 .254 .068 .341 .097 .428 .265 .448 .320 .189 .113 .354 .219 .400 .325 .397 .309 .180 .040 .229 .105 .339 .194 .306 .185 Total 16 to 17 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 18 to 19 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r................ 20 to 24 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 25 to 54 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 55 years and over: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... Men 16 to 17 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 18 to 19 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r................ 20 to 24 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r................ 25 to 54 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 55 years and over: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... Women 16 to 17 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 18 to 19 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 20 to 24 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 25 to 54 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 55 years and over: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... White 16 to 17 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 18 to 19 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 20 to 24 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 25 to 54 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r................ 55 years and over: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r................ 12 FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 8. Continued — Weeks of unemployment in 1974 and 1977 and the probability of experiencing unemplloyment during the subsequent year, by sex, race, and age Sex, race, age, and weeks of unemployment in 1975 or 1978 Probability of experienc ing unemployment in 1978 based on weeks of unemployment in 1977 Probability of experiencing unemployment in 1975 based on weeks of unemployment in 1974 Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 27 weeks and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 27 weeks and over Black and other 16 to 17 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 18 to 19 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 20 to 24 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 25 to 54 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 55 years and over: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... .348 .130 .438 .188 000 .000 .000 .000 .421 .105 .375 .188 .545 .545 .429 .143 .412 .176 .667 .333 .625 .313 .583 .417 .391 .174 .550 .150 .581 .323 .643 .286 .483 .241 .538 .385 .577 .538 .600 .500 .400 .200 .357 .190 .425 .301 .500 .375 .258 .145 .440 .307 .494 .333 .559 .382 .311 .149 .290 .130 .420 .287 .405 .278 .272 .182 .000 .000 .381 .286 .300 .200 .333 .261 .087 .231 .231 .071 .286 one year is more likely to encounter the same prospect the next year. Tables 8 and 9 provide information relevant to these hypotheses.23 They show the probability that persons had at least 1 week or more than 14 weeks of jobless ness in 1975 or 1978 by the length of time unemployed during the previous year (1974 or 1977). For example, table 8 shows that, for those age 16 to 17 who were un employed 1 to 4 weeks in 1974, the probability of hav ing at least 1 week of unemployment in 1975 was .316. With virtually no exception, persons unemployed longer in one year have a higher probability of having some joblessness during the next year. Moreover, long term unemployment (a total of 15 weeks or more) dur ing one year is associated with a higher probability of extensive total joblessness during the subsequent year. .111 There appear to be some age-related differences in these probabilities, but they are not so large or persistent that they show up in each data set. However, this unemploy ment persistence does seem to be slightly greater among those age 18 to 24 than among adults or young teenag ers. There is also a cyclical pattern in the unemploy ment probabilities; that is, regardless of time unemployed during 1974, individuals had a higher probability of 15 weeks or more of joblessness in 1975 than during the recovery-expansion years of 1977-78. Once again, this underscores the critical importance of the business cycle in understanding unemployment du ration. Blacks and whites exhibit the same general pattern as all workers in these age categories. However, except among 16- to 17-year-old employed blacks (for whom Table 9. Weeks of unemployment in 1974 and 1977 and the probability of experiencing unemployment during the subsequent year, by school status and age School status, age, and weeks of unemployment in 1975 or 1978 Probability of experiencing unemployment in 1978 based on weeks of unemployment iri 1977 Probability of experiencing unemployment in 1975 based on weeks of unemployment in 1974 Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 27 weeks and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and ever 27 weeks and over Major activity: School 16 to 17 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 18 to 19 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 20 to 24 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 0.321 .107 0.404 .211 0.351 .162 0.444 .278 0.295 .090 0.307 .093 0.469 .143 0.320 .080 .348 .058 .368 .132 .333 .133 .400 .200 .214 .071 .333 .103 .600 .200 .545 .091 .256 .051 .500 .083 .273 .000 .250 .000 .267 .022 .314 .143 .500 .273 .615 .308 .267 .067 .400 .100 .455 .091 .667 .167 .330 .095 .555 .222 .684 .421 .667 .333 .350 .167 .508 .206 .516 .328 .656 .406 .416 .130 .425 .125 .457 .271 .514 .314 .333 .145 .476 .272 .597 .425 .630 .444 .218 .109 .321 .137 .433 .303 .469 .367 Major activity: Other 16 to 17 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... 18 to 19 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r................ 20 to 24 years: 1 or more weeks .................. 15 weeks and o v e r............... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Tracking Youth Joblessness the very small sample makes data interpretation hazard ous), blacks unemployed in 1974 or 1977 were some what more likely than whites to experience unemployment in 1975 or 1978. And blacks who were jobless at least 15 weeks in either 1974 or 1977 had a somewhat higher probability than whites of experienc ing extensive unemployment during the subsequent year. Table 9 shows that 18- to 24-year-olds whose major activity was not school, and who had more than 14 weeks of unemployment in 1974 or 1977, were only marginally more likely than their student counterparts to experience long periods of unemployment in the fol lowing year. For example, 30.6 percent of those age 20 to 24 whose major activity was other than school and who were unemployed more than 14 weeks in 1977 had long-term unemployment in 1978, compared to 27.3 percent among the school group. However, these dif ferences are related, at least in part, to the business cy cle; the differences in probabilities are much greater for 1974-75 than for 1977-78. The foregoing analysis does suggest that unemploy ment is concentrated, in the sense that there is an asso ciation between past and subsequent unemployment over a 2-year period for the persons in this sample. However, determination of a strict. causal relationship, or of influences, other than the business cycle, on the labor supply and demand schedules underlying the as sociation is beyond the scope of this study.24 Nor have we advanced any hypothesis about what constitutes a substantively significant degree of persistence. These are subjects for further research.25 □ FOOTNOTES A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t : This article is part of a longer report present ed at the Experts Meeting on the Role of High Turnover in Youth Labor Markets sponsored by the Organization for Economic Co-Op eration and Development, Paris, Nov. 27-28, 1980. The comments re ceived from participants at the Experts Meeting, particularly John M. Evans and John P. Martin, were extremely helpful in clarifying many issues. The author would also like to express his appreciation to Ber nard Altschuler, Kenneth Buckley, John Lawrence, and Bob Whitmore of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for their assistance in the preparation of this article. ' A critique of much of the relevant literature is contained in Nor man Bowers, “Young and marginal: an overview of youth employ ment,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1979, pp. 4-16. A turnover perspective and an implicit critique of that approach can be found in Jacob Mincer and Linda Leighton, “Labor Turnover and Youth Un employment,” and Kim Clark and Lawrence Summers, “The Dynam ics of Youth Unemployment,” in Richard Freeman and David Wise, eds., T h e Y o u th U n e m p lo y m e n t P r o b le m : I ts N a tu r e , C au ses, a n d C o n s eq u en ce s (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1981). Also see Jo seph Antos and Wesley Mellow, “The Youth Labor Market: A Dynamic Overview,” BLS Staff Paper 11 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979) . : For example, this article will not discuss the potential impact of unemployment on subsequent wages (and growth in wages) or career prospects. See Brian E. Becker and Stephen M. Hills, “Teenage Un employment: Some Evidence of the Long Run Effects on Wages,” J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R eso u rc es, Summer 1980, pp. 354—72; David Ellwood, “Teenage Unemployment: Permanent Scars or Temporary Blemishes,” in Richard Freeman and David Wise, eds., T h e Y o u th U n e m p lo y m e n t P r o b le m : I ts N a tu r e , C au ses, a n d C o n seq u en ce s (Chica go, University of Chicago Press, 1981); and Paul Osterman, G e ttin g S ta r te d : T h e Y o u th L a b o r M a r k e t (Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1980) . ' See T h e C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y : D esig n a n d M e th o d o lo g y , Tech nical Paper 40 (Bureau of the Census, 1978). 4 For a discussion of matched data from the CPS, see U sin g th e C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u r v e y a s a L o n g itu d in a l D a ta B ase, Report 608 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1980); Daniel Glazer, “A micro-data ap proach to the Current Population Survey,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , February 1979, pp. 46-48; and Terence Kelly, “The Creation of Lon gitudinal Data from Cross-Section Surveys: An Illustration from the Current Population Survey,” A n n a ls o f E c o n o m ic a n d S o c ia l M e a s u r e m e n t, April 1973, pp. 209-14. 5See Robert Aquilino, “Methods Test Phase III: Third Report on the Accuracy of Retrospective Interviewing and Effects of Change in Respondent on Labor Force Data,” Memo, Bureau of the Census, Apr. 2, 1971. Also see Dale Morgenstern and Nancy Barrett, “The Retrospective Bias in Unemployment Reporting by Sex, Race and 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Age,” J o u r n a l o f th e A m e r ic a n S ta tis tic a l A sso cia tio n , June 1974, pp. 355-57. 6 See James Heckman, “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Er ror,” Working Paper No. 172 (Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, 1977), pp. 1-55; and G. S. Maddala, “Self-Selec tivity Problems in Econometric Models,” in P. Krishniah, ed., A p p li c a tio n s o f S ta tis tic s (Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1977). An example of selectivity bias from CPS matched data is in cluded in Francis W. Horvath, “Tracking individual earnings mobility with the Current Population Survey,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , May 1980, pp. 43-46. See Barbara Bailar, “The Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Esti mates from Panel Surveys,” J o u r n a l o f th e A m e r ic a n S ta tis tic a l A sso c i a tio n , March 1975, pp. 23-30; Barbara Bailar and Camilla Brooks, “An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Popula tion Survey,” report prepared for the Federal Committee on Statisti cal Methodology, Subcommittee on Nonsampling Errors, 1978; and Philip McCarthy, “Some Sources of Error in Labor Force Estimates from the Current Population Survey,” Background Paper 15 (Nation al Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics, 1978), pp. 62-76. 8The data supporting these assertions are available from the author upon request. ’ See George Perry, “Unemployment Flows in the U.S. Labor Mar ket,” B ro o k in g s P a p e r s on E c o n o m ic A c tiv ity , 2, 1972, pp. 245-78; Ja cob Mincer and Linda Leighton, “Labor Turnover and Youth Unemployment”; and Robert Frank and Richard Freeman, “The Dis tribution of the Unemployment Burden: Do the Last Hired Leave First?” R e v ie w o f E c o n o m ic s a n d S ta tistic s , August 1978, pp. 380-91. Note that our concern is with differences across groups. Discussion of the concentration and persistence of unemployment within groups will be analyzed later in the article. The age breaks used for this study were chosen to allow for some examination of differences between adults and various youth groups. For example, those age 16 to 17 tend to be in school; school activity drops off considerably with age. Therefore, one might expect different labor force experience between (say) 16- to 17-year-olds and those age 20 to 24 who are more likely to be in the process of establishing themselves in the full-time labor market. It is also important to understand how age was defined in this paper. From the March 1975-March 1976 matched file, individu als were classified on the basis of their age as of March 1975. From the March 1978-March 1979 file the age classification related to March 1978. Therefore, we are not comparing the behavior of 16- to 17-year-olds in 1974 with the behavior of 16- to 17-year-olds in 1975. Rather, we are following the same individuals over the entire 2-year time span for which data are available from each matched file, but to simplify the tabular presentation, age is taken as fixed as of March 1975 or March 1978. The incidence of unemployment over the 2-year period is less than twice the average incidence because some people experienced un employment during both years. There are two possible reasons for this: First, the experience of unemployment in one year increases the probability of having some unemployment the next year. And, sec ond, individuals may have constant (over time) but different probabil ities of becoming unemployed, and those with higher probabilities are more likely to be jobless at any time. For a discussion of “sorting” and “tenure dependence,” see Stephen W. Salant, “Search Theory and Duration Data: A Theory of Sorts,” Q u a r te r ly J o u r n a l o f E co n o m ic s, February 1977, pp. 39-57; A. McGregor, “Unemployment Duration and Re-employment Probability,” E c o n o m ic J o u r n a l, December 1978, pp. 693-706; and John Barron and Wesley Mellow, “Changes in La bor Force Status Among the Unemployed,” J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R e so u rces, Summer 1981, pp. 427-41. " It is important to understand the meaning of the “major activity” classification. The very first item posed to the household respondent for each young person in the CPS sample is: “What was (person’s name) doing most of last week, going to school or something else?” This is not the same as asking whether the individuals were enrolled or not enrolled in school. For example, there will be persons who are enrolled in school whose major activity is something else. If this group is “more committed” to the labor force, measures of labor force experience by major activity will tend to show more volatility among the school group. Further, the classification refers to specific months — March 1975 and March 1978— and not, as is true of the employ ment and unemployment data, to an entire year. Changes in one’s major activity could have occurred in the months between March 1975-76 and between March 1978-79. Any differences exhibited be tween major activity status cannot necessarily be taken as an indica tion of a causal relation. ' There is some evidence from the CPS that the proportion of black male youth with any employment experience in a given year has fallen significantly. No discernible trend is evident for whites. See Norman Bowers, “Young and Marginal,” p. 9. 1 Differences in the unemployment and employment experience of the major activity groups have suggested to some analysts that one’s “student status” is an important explanatory variable for many young persons’ partial commitment to the job market. Whether school activ ity is a cause, effect, or involves reciprocal interaction, however, is open to some dispute. Much more about the school-work relation, the role of youth labor in the economy, and changes in that role over time, as well as the functions of the educational system and its con nection to the economy would first have to be specified before any causal statement could be made with confidence. See Robert Lerman, “Some Determinants of Youth School Activity,” J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R eso u rc es, Summer 1972, pp. 366-83; and Paul Osterman, “Under standing Youth Unemployment,” W o rk in g P a p e r s f o r a N e w S o c ie ty , January-February 1978, pp. 58-63. 14This view is particularly associated with the work of Kim Clark and Lawrence Summers, “The Dynamics of Youth Unemployment.” 'A n analysis of recurrent spells among three age cohorts in Great Britain may be found in Richard Disney, “Recurrent Spells and the Concentration of Unemployment in Great Britain,” E c o n o m ic J o u rn a l, March 1979, pp. 109-19. hThe small cell sizes in many cases make interpretation of the probability calculations very difficult. Therefore, rather than a finely detailed dissection of the data, focus will be on a few general features. 17 Black-white differences— not shown here— exhibited no detect able pattern, a fact perhaps affected by the sample selectivity in volved; that is, although blacks reported more unemployment than whites, they were less likely to have had any work experience during 1977 and therefore spell information was not collected. We also examined whether there was an association between the reporting of multiple spells and an individual’s industry of longest job during the previous year. Especially among adults, the percent with two or more spells whose industry of longest job was in construction was quite a bit higher than the proportions in other major industries. This association also held — though not as strongly— for those age 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to 24. Not surprisingly, those teenagers with multiple spells were not disproportionately concentrated in any industry. Note, however, that “industry of longest job” in the past year is not necessarily the only industry in which individuals worked over the year, nor does it neces sarily indicate working for the same employer. I See Kim Clark and Lawrence Summers, “The Dynamics.” Robert Frank and Richard Freeman, in “The Distribution of the Unemploy ment Burden,” also make the point that spell length may be more im portant in explaining differences in unemployment within the youth group than differential turnover or spell frequency. II See Norman Bowers, “Probing the issues of unemployment dura tion,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , July 1980, p. 30. Among adults who had some work experience, those whose long est job over a given year was in construction were more likely than others to experience 15 or more weeks of unemployment. This associ ation was much weaker among teenagers. As would also be expected, the proportion of workers with more than 14 weeks of unemployment in a year tended to be greater across all major industry groups in 1975 than in other years. Again, this represents the importance of the business cycle in understanding length of time spent looking for work. See Robert Lerman, “The Nature of the Youth Employment Problem: A Review Paper,” prepared for the Vice President’s Task Force on Youth Employment, Nov. 26, 1979, pp. 28-29. Data in these tables do not necessarily show causality because of the problem of distinguishing heterogeneity and state dependence. One attempt to test for heterogeneity or duration dependence among a sample of unemployed workers is discussed in A. McGregor, “Un employment Duration,” pp. 693-706. One might buttress the results shown in the tables with regression analysis. However, simply corre lating current with previous unemployment does not necessarily iso late the impact of previous unemployment if some people— because of institutional and personal characteristics— are more prone to experi ence unemployment; and, such characteristics need not be observable. In part, this issue revolves around the questions of “adjusting or con trolling” for heterogeneity among individuals in the likelihood of ex periencing unemployment, and sample selection bias. Of course, a number of ways have been proposed to handle this problem, but their adequacy rests heavily upon the existence of a well-specified theory of unemployment and the “goodness of fit” in transforming the theoreti cal concepts into their testable empirical counterparts, and, equally important, having a correct theory of censored samples in order to adjust for selectivity bias, assuming that one believes the issue to be important to understanding unemployment. Because of the much fuller treatment that these questions deserve, no attempt was made to go beyond the tabulations shown in the text. For one example of this type of approach, see James J. Heckman and George J. Borjas, “Does Unemployment Cause Further Unemployment? Definitions, Questions and Answers from a Continuous Time Model of Heterogeneity and State Dependence,” E c o n o m ic a , August 1980, pp. 247-83. 4 One could undoubtedly list many “factors” which might be asso ciated with extensive joblessness, such as kinds of jobs held, wages, family income, education, and so forth. No attempt has been made here to disaggregate the data into such cells because, especially among youth, the sample sizes are simply too small. ' Although not shown here, it should also be noted that there is ev idence from the matched files that length of time worked in one year is strongly and positively associated with the probability of working again the following year. There are also some important differences among demographic groups. Black workers, particularly teenagers, are less likely than whites to have had any employment experience at all and less likely to have had subsequent employment regardless of the number of weeks worked the previous year. This is a result both of young blacks’ higher probability of experiencing an employment sepa ration and, once separated, the greater difficulty they have in finding a job. There are also differences in “persistence” between the major ac tivity groups: The school group’s current working experience is some what less related to weeks worked during the past year compared to the other group. 15 Unemployment insurance laws: changes enacted during 1981 All States tightened work requirements; most adopted a variety of options to the pension offset provision, and a few imposed a 1-week waiting period D ia n a R u n n e r All States enacted legislation last year tightening eligi bility for extended unemployment insurance benefits, in accordance with the Federal Budget Reconciliation Act of 1980. “Suitable work” requirements were added, and workers filing an interstate claim no longer are eligible for more than 2 weeks of extended benefits if an extend ed benefit period is not in effect for the week in the State where the claim is filed. Sixteen States enacted a compensable waiting week requirement for regular unemployment insurance claims so they can be reimbursed for 50 percent of the Federal share of the first week of extended benefits payable to an individual.1 Most States have changed their pension offset provi sion to reflect the variety of options available under the Federal law. Variations are as follows: 26 States offset a pension only if the pension or retired pay, annuity or similar periodic payment is under a plan maintained (or contributed to) by a base period or chargeable employ er;2 21 States permit benefits to be reduced on less than a dollar-for-dollar basis by taking into consideration the amount of contributions made by the individual for the pension;3 15 States disregard pension payments if the base-period employment did not affect eligibility for or increase the amount of the pension;4 however, excluded from this exemption are pensions paid under the Social Security Act and the Railroad Retirement Act. The following is a summary of some significant changes in State unemployment insurance laws during 1981. Arizona Benefits. Established a permanent voluntary work-sharing pro gram, if it is agreed to by the employer and union and ap proved by the State agency. Coverage. The exclusion from coverage of aliens performing agricultural labor will continue until their status changes un der the Federal law. Disqualification. The disqualification for misconduct was changed from a flat period beginning with the week following the filing of a claim plus 10 weeks with benefits reduced by eight times the weekly benefit amount to a duration disqualifi cation and until the individual earns five times the weekly benefit amount. Administration. The time period for appealing an appeals board decision to the court of appeals was decreased from 35 to 30 days. Arkansas Diana Runner is an unemployment program specialist in the Office of Research, legislation and Program Policies, employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 16 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Benefits. The qualifying wages were changed from 30 times the weekly benefit amount earned in two quarters of the base period to 30 times high-quarter wages divided by 26 and earn- ings in two quarters. An individual’s weekly benefit amount will be computed as 1/52 of his or her total wages for insured work in the two highest quarters of the base period and, be ginning January 1, 1984, the computation will be 1/26 of to tal wages during the high-quarter of the base period. From July 1, 1981, to January 1, 1984, the minimum weekly benefit amount will be increased from $15 to $31 and the maximum weekly benefit amount will be frozen at $136. From January 1, 1984, through June 30, 1984, the maximum weekly benefit amount will be determined as 66-2/3 percent of the State av erage weekly wage for insured employment during 1982 and the minimum weekly benefit amount will be determined as 15 percent of the statewide average weekly wage during 1982. A temporary requalification requirement was added until Decem ber 31, 1983, providing that an individual may not requalify for benefits in a second benefit year unless he or she has wages of at least 30 times the weekly benefit amount and wages in at least two quarters of the base period and, subse quent to filing the claim establishing his or her previous bene fit year, has been paid wages equal to 10 (formerly 6) times his weekly benefit amount. Disqualification. Until December 31, 1983, the maximum po tential benefits of an individual who is disqualified because of misconduct in connection with work or for failure to apply for or accept suitable work, will be reduced by an amount equal to eight times the weekly benefit amount, but benefit duration may not be reduced to less than 1 week. Also, until January 1, 1984, an individual who voluntarily left a base-period em ployer without good cause will have the base-period wages paid by that employer reduced by 25 percent. The weekly benefit amount, maximum benefit amount, and potential dura tion of benefits will be determined accordingly, but the maxi mum benefit entitlement may not be reduced to less than the weekly benefit amount. In addition to the 14 weeks of dis qualification which apply to an individual who makes a false statement or misrepresentation, a disqualification of 3 weeks (formerly 2) will be imposed for each week of falsification. Financing. The taxable wage base for 1982 and 1983 was in creased from $6,000 to $6,900 and for 1984 and the following years, reduced to $6,000. The level of the stabilization tax will depend on the solvency of the fund and may range from 0.1 to 0.5 percent. The range of rates for positive-balance employ ers will be 0.7 to 3.3 percent and negative-balance employer rates will be 5.5 percent for 1982 and 6.0 percent for 1983 and subsequent years. The prohibition against charging an employer for benefits paid when the base-period wage credits represent regular part-time employment and the claimant con tinues in that employment during the period for which bene fits are paid was repealed. Administration. The period in which an overpayment may be recovered or deducted from future benefits was increased from 1 to 2 years. A judicial review of unemployment compensa tion cases will now be taken to the court of appeals rather than the circuit court. Colorado Coverage. An individual in the employ of a corporation of which he or she is the majority or controlling shareholder and an officer is excluded from coverage. Disqualification. A Head Start program that is not a part of a school administered by a board of education is excluded from the definition of “educational institution” for purposes of ap plying the between-terms denial because the Head Start em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployees are not subject to the same employment conditions as other employees of the school. An individual’s weekly benefit amount will not be reduced if he or she is receiving military service-connected disability benefits paid by the Veterans’ Ad ministration, but will be reduced because of receiving a mili tary disability retirement pension based on the previous work of the individual. Penalties. The penalty for fraud was amended to require an in dividual who received benefits through fraudulent misrepresen tation to repay IVi times the benefits received. Formerly, an individual was required to repay only the weekly benefit amount he received. Financing. Benefits paid that will be charged against the fund and not against an employer’s account will also include com bined wage claims in which Colorado wages are transferred to another State. Also, benefits may be noncharged if an individ ual was disqualified for voluntary leaving and misconduct. Administration. The local Government Advisory Council was abolished. Connecticut Disqualification. Conduct constituting larceny in the third de gree was added to the definition of misconduct. Financing. If the administrator finds than an individual’s most recent separation from a base-period employer results in disqualification for leaving work to study or voluntary retire ment, benefits will not be charged, provided the employer filed a notice for appeal. Administration. The name of the appeals division was changed from the Unemployment Commission to the Employment Se curity Appeals Division and the second-stage appeal body was changed from a commission to a board. The Rural Manpower Services Advisory Council was abolished. Delaware Benefits. Dismissal payments which the employing unit is not legally required to make and holiday pay were included in the definition of wages. The computation of the weekly benefit amount was changed from 1/26 of total wages during the high quarter to 1/104 of the individual’s total wages during the base period. The ehange in the computation of the maxi mum weekly benefit amount from 63 to 66-2/3 percent of the State average weekly wage was delayed from 1981 to 1983. The seasonal provisions of the law were deleted. Financing. The contribution rate was increased from 5 to 7 percent and no employer’s basic assessment rate will be less than 6.3 percent (formerly 2.7) unless all previous assessments have been paid. Florida Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $105 to $125. Disqualification. An individual will be disqualified for any week the unemployment is because of a suspension for mis conduct connected with work or is because of a leave of ab sence, if the leave was voluntarily initiated by the individual. Administration. The Advisory Council was extended until October 1, 1987, and the members of the council shall be 17 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • 1981 Unemployment Insurance Legislation appointed by the Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment Security (formerly appointed by division). Georgia Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $90 to $115. The seasonal provisions of the law were de leted. Coverage. The exclusion of services performed by participants in Comprehensive Employment and Training Act/Public Ser vice Employment programs will not apply if the State’s unem ployment fund is reimbursed for benefits paid from Federal funds provided for that purpose. The exclusion from coverage of aliens performing agricultural labor was extended to Janu ary 1, 1982. Disqualification. The requalifying requirement was amended for purging a disqualification for voluntary leaving and refusal of “suitable work” to require that the wages earned must be in insured work. A duration disqualification for specific mis conduct discharges was added, with requalification earnings of eight times the weekly benefit amount in bona fide work. The duration disqualification will apply if the individual was discharged for intentional -conduct which resulted in physical assault, bodily injury, or property loss or damage amounting to $2,000, theft, sabotage, embezzlement, or falsification of an employer’s records. Administration. The members of an appeals tribunal were changed from referees to administrative hearing officers and the administration of the first level of appeal was transferred from the Board of Review to the commissioner. Illinois Benefits. The minimum base-period qualifying wages were in creased from $1,400 to $1,600 and the amount that must be earned outside the high quarter was increased from $385 to $440. The base period was changed from the four calendar quarters ending 4 to 7 months before the beginning of the benefit year to the first four of the last five completed calendar quarters immediately preceding the benefit year. Disqualification. Good cause for voluntary leaving must be for reasons attributable to the employing unit. However, the vol untary leaving disqualification will not apply if an individual is physically unable to work or leaves work to care for a spouse, child, or parent who is in poor physical health; leaves work to accept other work that he performs for at least 2 weeks or that pays him at least twice his weekly benefit amount; leaves work rather than accept a transfer that would cause another employee to be bumped; leaves work because of sexual harassment by another employee with the employer’s knowledge; or leaves work that would be deemed unsuitable. The requirement for purging disqualifications for the three major causes was changed from an alternative of weeks of work and earnings or weeks of otherwise compensable unem ployment to a requirement that the individual have earnings in covered employment of not less than his current weekly benefit amount in each of 4 calendar weeks. Also, an individu al cannot be disqualified for refusing to apply for or accept work if the position offered by an employing unit is a transfer to other work and the acceptance would separate an individu al currently performing the work. The recoupment period fol lowing a finding of eligibility during which benefits were erroneously paid was extended from 1 to 3 years. Digitized for 18 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Financing. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,500 to $7,000. An employer’s account will be relieved from charg es for voluntary quit if the claimant left work, took another job, held it long enough to earn six times the weekly benefit amount, and then was separated from the new work. Also noncharged are benefits paid if an employer continues to em ploy the claimant in part-time work to the same extent as in the base period. The contribution rate for employers paying total quarterly wages less than $50,000 was limited to a maxi mum of 2.7 percent of wages paid; and for any calendar year in which emergency contribution rates are in effect, the maxi mum contribution rate for employers paying quarterly wages less than $50,000 will be 3.1 percent of insured quarterly wages. The emergency contribution rate for an employer whose regular contribution rate is two-tenths of 1 percent or higher will be the sum of the regular rate plus four-tenths of 1 percent. The rates for the most and least favorable schedules were increased from the current range of 0.1 to 5.0 percent to 0.2 to 5.3 percent. Administration. The period for appealing either a claims adju dicator or referee decision was extended from 14 to 30 days. Indiana Coverage. Individuals performing services in a work-relief or work-training program will be excluded from coverage. Disqualification. The pension offset provision was amended to add that Old Age, Survivors Insurance benefits will be consid ered payments under a plan of an employer maintained or contributed to by a chargeable employer. The disqualification for failure to apply for or to accept suitable work under the regular program was changed from the week of failure or re fusal and until the individual earned eight times the weekly benefit amount to the week of failure or refusal and until the individual earns wages equal to his or her weekly benefit amount in each of 4 weeks. Iowa Financing. A reimbursing employer will not have benefits charged when the reimburser is a base-period employer and continues to provide the same employment to the individual during the benefit year as during the base period. The period of chargeability required to qualify for a computed rate was increased from 2 to 5 years. However, the 2-year chargeability requirement is retained for an employer with a negative per centage of excess whose account has been charged for more than 26 times the maximum weekly benefit amount for an in dividual with four dependents or more. An additional sur charge of 0.5 percent was added for employers who have a negative balance for two consecutive rate computation dates and a cumulative 0.5-percent surcharge is now added for each successive year of negative balance, but the surcharge may not exceed 3 percent of taxable wages. Louisiana Disqualification. The disqualification applied for voluntary leaving and misconduct discharges will be assessed for separa tions from any base-period or subsequent employer. Also, an individual who has been disqualified for voluntary leaving or misconduct will requalify after he has been paid wages equal to at least 10 times the weekly benefit amount subsequent to a claim for a compensable week for unemployment benefits, rather than subsequent to the week in which the disqualifying act occurred as was previously provided. Financing. The rated governmental employer provisions pro viding a special financing option for political subdivisions was deleted. Nonprofit organizations and political subdivisions which make payments in lieu of contributions will not be charged for benefits paid because of prompt payment or ad ministrative error if the claimant was not entitled to the bene fits. In addition, the Louisiana law provides for not charging a reimbursing employer for benefits paid to an individual who continues to remain in the employ of a base-period employer with no reduction in the number of hours worked or wages paid. Maine to 58 percent of the State’s average weekly wage. Disqualification. The waiver of the work search requirement for claimants enrolled in and attending classes as a full-time student has been suspended until April 3, 1983. A special disqualification provision for voluntary leaving and miscon duct discharges has been established to apply after March 1, 1981, and before April 1, 1983, and requires requalifying earn ings of the lesser of 7 times the weekly benefit amount or 40 times the State’s minimum hourly wage times 7, and the re duction in an individual’s total entitlement will not apply dur ing this period. Disqualification. Total or partial weekly benefit amounts will be reduced by the amount of holiday pay an individual has or is entitled to receive for that week. For nonfraudulent overpayments, no more than 10 percent can be withheld weekly from a claimant’s unemployment benefit amount. Administration. The agency may waive recovery of improperly paid benefits if the payment was not the fault of the individual and if repayment would be contrary to equity and good con science. Financing. The contribution rate computation date was changed from December 31 to June 30 of each calendar year and the effective date of the contribution rate from July 1 to January 1 of each calendar year. A successor employer’s con tribution rate from the date of acquisition to the end of the current rate period will be the rate determined immediately prior to acquisition. A newly computed rate for the successor will be determined by combining the experience of the prede cessor and successor as of the regular computation date (for merly, the rate period in which the acquisition took place) for subsequent contribution rate periods. Coverage. Employment for governmental entities and nonpro fit organizations will not include services performed as part of a work-relief or work-training program assisted or financed in whole or part by any Federal or State agency or political sub division, unless coverage of such service is required by Federal law. Also, employment for participants in Comprehensive Em ployment and Training Act/Public Service Employment pro grams unless coverage is Federally required. Administration. An appeal from a determination may be ex tended an additional 15 days for good cause. Maryland Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $120 to $140 and the step-down provision was changed from three to six lower divisions on the benefit schedule. Eligibility. A valid circumstance for voluntary leaving is speci fied as only a substantial cause which is directly attributable to, arising from, or connected with the conditions of employ ment or actions of the employer, or another cause of necessi tous or compelling nature such that the individual had no reasonable alternative other than to leave the employment. Also, an individual who resigns because of poor health or to care for an ailing relative must furnish a written statement by a physician or hospital or other documentary evidence of the health problem. The time limit for recoupment of overpaid benefits will be 3 years from the date benefits were paid, and after 5 years any amount not recouped may be deemed uncollectible. Financing. The rate for newly covered employers is the higher of 1.0 percent or State’s 5-year benefit-cost ratio, or the con tribution rate which applies to employers with a benefit ratio of .0000, not to exceed 2.8 percent (formerly 2.7). Michigan Benefits. For a temporary period of March 1, 1981, to April 1, 1983, the following changes will apply: the number of “credit weeks” needed to establish a benefit year increased from 14 to 18 and the definition of “credit week” was changed from $25 or more to one in which the claimant earned wages equal to at least 20 times the State’s minimum hourly wage. Also, the weekly benefit amount will be comput ed at 70 percent of an individual’s after-tax weekly wage, up https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Mississippi Montana Administration. The Division of Employment Security and its bureaus were abolished and their functions will continue in the Department of Labor and Industry. Nevada Financing. The proportional charging of benefits was changed to provide that an employer who has paid 75 percent of a claimant’s base-period wages will be charged (except those for which a reimbursing employer is liable) with all benefits paid, but the agency may not charge benefits paid after a voluntary quit or a misconduct discharge if employer provides appropri ate evidence to the agency. The range of rates for the most fa vorable schedule was changed from the previous 0.6 to 3.0 percent to 0.3 to 3.6 percent and the maximum rate in the least favorable schedule, from 3.5 to 4.1 percent. New Hampshire Benefits. The qualifying wages were increased from $600 to $800 in each of two calendar quarters. The minimum weekly benefit amount was increased from $21 to $26 (annual earn ings of $1,700) and the maximum weekly benefit amount from $114 to $132 (annual earnings of $16,500). Coverage. Temporary services performed for a political com mittee or candidate for election in a primary or general elec tion is excluded from employment except services for the permanent State committee or national committee of any po litical party. Disqualification. An individual’s benefits will not be reduced if he or she is paid for a State legal holiday or for any full day which management observes as a holiday with a general clos ing of business, provided the number of paid holidays does not exceed the total number of legal holidays in a year. Administration. The terms of office for advisory council mem bers were changed from 1 to 3 years. A Board of Review was 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • 1981 Unemployment Insurance Legislation established for second-stage appeals (formerly, New Hamp shire provided for only one administrative appeal which was the first-stage appeals body) with a 15-day appeal period of the first-stage appeals body decision. Also, the judicial review appeal body was changed from the Superior Court of the county where the claim was filed to the State Supreme Court. Penalties. The penalty for fraudulent misrepresentation was changed from a fine of not less than $20 nor more than $200 or imprisonment of not more than 1 year, or both, to a misde meanor. New Mexico Disqualification. Extends a denial of benefits to any school em ployee for any week during a period of paid sabbatical leave provided in the individual’s contract, and during an established and customary vacation period or holiday recess if the individual performs such services before sabbatical leave, vacation, or holiday recess and there is a reasonable assurance that he or she will perform the services following the sabbati cal leave, vacation, or holiday recess. The period of disqualifi cation for failure without good cause to accept work when offered or to apply for available suitable work when directed or referred by the agency was changed from 1 to 13 weeks following the week of failure to a duration disqualification and until the claimant earns at least five times the weekly benefit amount. New York Disqualification. The voluntary leaving disqualification will not apply if an individual under a collective bargaining agreement or written employer plan exercises his option to be separated with the employer’s consent for a temporary period when there is a temporary layoff because of lack of work. An indi vidual who is otherwise eligible for benefits will not be deemed unavailable solely because he is serving on a grand or petit jury. North Carolina Benefits. The qualifying requirements were changed from baseperiod wages of at least $565.50 and high-quarter wages of not less than $150 to base-period wages of at least six times the State’s average weekly insured wage and Wi times the high-quarter wages and the high-quarter wages must equal 1Vi times the State’s average weekly insured wage. The week ly benefit amount payable to a partially unemployed individu al must equal the difference between the weekly benefit amount and that part of the wages paid in excess of 10 per cent (previously one-half of the weekly benefit amount) of the average weekly wage in the high quarter of the base period. Coverage. Services performed by an individual on a fishing boat are exempted if the individual is working under an ar rangement with the boat owner or operator which provides no cash other than a share of the boat’s catch or a share of the proceeds from the sale of the catch. However, the exemption applies only if the boat’s operating crew is made up of fewer than 10 individuals and the exclusion will not apply if a Fed eral unemployment tax is assessed on the service. Disqualification. Benefits are denied between two successive academic years or during a similar period between two regular terms based on services performed for secondary schools on a part-time or substitute basis. Financing. An employer who employs a claimant part time in the base period and continues to give substantial equal part 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis time employment is not charged for benefits. A contributing nonprofit employer that elects to change to a reimbursement basis may be relieved of the requirement to pay a quarterly 1.0-percent tax under certain conditions. North Dakota Disqualification. The definition of suitable work was changed so that, after an individual has received 18 weeks of benefits, suitable work will be any work that pays wages equal to the maximum weekly benefit amount, provided that consideration is given to the degree of risk involved to the individual’s health, safety, morals, physical fitness, and the distance of the work from his residence. The labor dispute disqualification was changed from any week in which the claimant’s unem ployment is because of a work stoppage to any week in which the unemployment is because of a strike, sympathy strike, or a claimant’s work stoppage dispute of any kind. The requalifying requirement after disqualification for voluntary leaving was changed to require claimants to earn wages in em ployment equal to eight times the weekly benefit amount in stead of five times the weekly benefit amount. The voluntary leaving disqualification will not apply if an individual accepted work which could have been refused with good cause and ter minated the employment with the same good cause within the first 10 weeks after starting work. Financing. The computation date for determining the rate of contributions was changed from December 31 to September 30 and the maximum tax rate is limited to 5 percent. Employ ers ineligible for an experience-rated computation will pay contributions at a rate equal to the average industry tax rate but not less than 1 percent, except for those in industries where the average tax rate exceeds 3 percent, who will pay at the standard rate. Oklahoma Disqualification. Educational institutions operated by the De partment of Human Services are excluded, if not inconsistent with Federal law, from the nonprofessional between-terms de nial. An individual will not be denied benefits for voluntary leaving if the claimant exercises his option of accepting a lay off pursuant to a union contract or an established employer plan. Recovery of nonfraudulent overpayments continues into the next subsequent benefit year that begins within 1 year of the expiration of the current benefit year. Oregon Benefits. The qualifying requirement was increased from 18 weeks of work with an average of $20 per week and total base-period wages of $700 to 18 weeks of work and total base-period wages of $1,000. The computation of the maxi mum weekly benefit amount was changed from 55 to 58 per cent of the State average weekly wage beginning October 4, 1981, and will be increased to 60 percent beginning July 4, 1982, and 64 percent beginning July 4, 1983. Disqualification. Oregon now provides for a denial of benefits to professional and nonprofessional employees of educational service districts between school terms and during customary vacation periods or holiday recesses. An individual’s perfor mance of voluntary services for a charitable organization or governmental entity, without pay, will not prevent that indi vidual from being considered unemployed. The requalifying conditions for benefits after a disqualification were modified by adding that an individual must perform service in employ- ment subject to Oregon law or as an employee of an employing unit in Oregon or any other State or Canada or as a Federal employee. The disqualification for voluntary leaving because of marital obligations, to be married, or to accompa ny a spouse was deleted. Also, Oregon deleted the alternative requirement that a disqualification for voluntary leaving, mis conduct, or refusal of work may be satisfied if claimant has in 8 weeks registered for work, been able to and available for work, actively seeking work, and unable to obtain suitable work. An individual disqualified for voluntary leaving, dis charge for misconduct, or refusal of suitable work will have his benefit rights reduced by eight times his weekly benefit amount but not less than the weekly benefit amount unless he or she has previously received benefits during the benefit year. Financing. The minimum tax rate under the most favorable schedule was decreased from 1.2 to 0.9 percent and under the least favorable schedule from 2.6 to 2.2 percent. Administration. The time limit for appealing a referee decision to the Employment Appeals Board was increased from 10 to 20 days. South Carolina Coverage. Services performed by an individual in a work-relief or work-training program are excluded unless the Federal law mandates the coverage. Benefits. The seasonal employment provisions of the law were repealed. Administration. The time for reconsideration of an initial de termination was increased from 7 to 10 days. South Dakota Benefits. The computation of the weekly benefit amount was changed from 1/22 to 1/26 of high-quarter wages and the qualifying requirement was increased from base-period wages in other than high quarter of at least 20 times the weekly ben efit amount and high-quarter wages of $600 to base-period wages in other than the high quarter of at least 30 times the weekly benefit amount and high-quarter wages of $728. Disqualification. The pension offset provision was amended to require an individual’s weekly benefit amount to be reduced by the entire prorated amount of any pension, annuity, or re tirement payment including disability pension payments based on the individual’s previous work. Military service-connected disability payments are exempted from the offset. South Da kota now provides that it is good cause for voluntary leaving if an individual accepted employment while on layoff and sub sequently quit to return to work for his regular employer. Tennessee Benefits. The earnings disregarded for computing partial bene fits were increased from $20 to $30. Disqualification. An individual who receives regular wages for a vacation period under terms of a labor-management agree ment will have his weekly benefit amount reduced by the amount of the wages received, but only if work will be avail able for the individual with the employer at the end of the va cation period. Texas Disqualification. The disqualifications for voluntary leaving, misconduct, and refusal of suitable work were changed from a variable period of from 1 to 25 weeks (1 to 13 for suitable work) to a duration disqualification and until the individual requalifies by working 6 weeks or earning wages equal to six times the weekly benefit amount. Also, an individual who vol untarily leaves work to move with a spouse from the area where they worked will be disqualified from 6 to 26 weeks. An individual will be disqualified for voluntarily leaving work if he or she left because of a medically verified illness, injury, disability, or pregnancy, even though still available for work. However, an individual will not be disqualified whose workrelated reason for separation was urgent, compelling, and of a necessitous nature. Texas repealed the requirement that bene fits must be reduced by an amount equal to the number of weeks of postponed benefits for voluntary leaving, discharge for misconduct, or refusal of suitable work. Misconduct is de fined to include any action that places others in danger or an intentional violation of employer policy or law, but does not include an act that responds to an unconscionable act of the employer. Vermont Benefits. The definition of “wages” was redefined, for purposes of determining whether an individual is partially unemployed, to include that part of one’s weekly remuneration which is in excess of $15 for the individual plus $3 for each dependent, rather than the amount in excess of $10, as previously defined. Disqualification. Any individual who was fired because of in ability to perform the job because of a felony or misdemeanor conviction will be disqualified for benefits. Also, Vermont now disqualifies any individual who, during a job interview, made false statements, showed an unreasonable lack of interest, or whose behavior wag calculated to preclude an offer of work. However, no individual will suffer more than one disqualifica tion for any one disqualifying act. Holiday pay, backpay awards, and compensation for temporary total disability were included as disqualifying income. Financing. All employer contribution rates were increased by 0.4 percent. However, the rate increase may not be credited to the employer’s experience-rating account. The fund balance re quired for determining the range of rates was changed for the least favorable rate schedule from $5 million to $5.5 million. An employer’s experience-rating account may not be charged for benefits paid to individuals based on total base-period wages of less than $100 earned from one employer. Administration. The name of the State agency was changed from the Department of Employment Security to the Depart ment of Employment and Training. Administration. The Secretary may waive or cancel recovery of an overpayment if the claimant has been duly discharged by a Federal bankruptcy court, the claimant died, or if the overpayment has been outstanding for 10 years or more. Disqualification. A denial of benefits was extended to nonpro fessional school employees during a period between 2 succes sive academic years and to any school employee for any week during an established or customary vacation period or holiday https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Virgin Islands Coverage. Services performed under the Comprehensive Em ployment and Training Act ( c e t a ) will be excluded unless required by Federal law. 21 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • 1981 Unemployment Insurance Legislation recess if the individual performs the services in the first of such academic years or terms or immediately before such va cation or holiday recess and there is a reasonable assurance that the individual will perform the services in the second of such academic years or terms and also immediately following a vacation or holiday recess. An individual will be disqualified if he did not make reasonable efforts to seek work on his own initiative. The disqualifications for voluntary leaving, miscon duct (including disciplinary suspensions), and refusal of suit able work were changed from a 6-week disqualification or for the period of unemployment immediately following separation, whichever ends sooner, to a duration disqualification which continues until the individual has been employed at least 4 weeks and earns at least four times his weekly benefit amount. Also, the labor dispute disqualification was changed from any week in which an individual’s unemployment is caused by a stoppage of work because of a labor dispute to a labor dispute in active progress. The disqualification for fraudulent misrep resentation was changed from the week of determination plus 52 weeks to the week the determination is mailed or delivered plus 51 weeks. posed was changed from 2 to 3 years and the provision de leted which limits the ineligibility of a claimant for benefits for up to 5 years for fraud if the benefits are not repaid. Also, the commission may determine as uncollectible or purge any un paid benefit overpayment upon the death of the person or upon the individual’s discharge in bankruptcy occurring after the determination of overpayment. Financing. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,000 to $8,000. Benefits. An individual will be considered partially unem ployed if he or she has weekly earnings of at least $26 and, if less than $26, a person will be considered totally unemployed. Formerly, an individual was considered partially unemployed if the weekly wages were less than the weekly benefit amount plus $25. A partially unemployed individual must serve a 1-week waiting period. Virginia Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount was increased from $122 to $138 and the minimum from $38 to $44 and an individual’s weekly benefit amount will be determined on the wages earned in the highest two quarters (previously one) in the base period. The amount of base-period wages needed to qualify for benefits was increased from $1,368 to $2,200. The 1-week waiting period was repealed. Coverage. Services performed by an individual as a public ser vice employee under c e t a and as a temporary employee of the General Assembly were excluded from coverage. However, Virginia included services performed in agricultural labor by aliens admitted to the United States to perform such labor. Disqualification. If the Federal Unemployment Tax Act is amended to include nonprofessional employees of institutions of higher education in the between-terms denial provisions of the law, the denial will become simultaneously effective under the Virginia law. Financing. Benefits paid to claimants during the appeals pro cess in a disputed claim will be charged to the nonprofit orga nization or governmental entity even though the claimant may be found totally or partially ineligible for benefits. The maxi mum basic experience rate was increased from 4.5 to 6.2 per cent and the rate for newly subject employers was increased from 2.0 to 2.5 percent. The formula for determining experi ence rating changed from a benefit-wage ratio, which measures the relative experience of employers by the separation of workers which result in benefit payments, to a benefit ratio which is determined as a percentage obtained by dividing the employer’s benefit charges for the preceding fiscal year by the total payroll for the same period. An unspecified poll cost charge and a fund-building rate of 0.2 percent will be added if the fund balance factor is 50 percent or less for a year. Administration. The statutory limitation within which a disqualification for fraudulent misrepresentation may be im Digitized for 22FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Washington Coverage. Excludes, at the discretion of the employer, services performed by corporate officers. Disqualification. A disqualification for voluntary leaving will continue if the work obtained to purge the disqualification is a mere sham to qualify for benefits and not bona fide work. In determining whether the work is bona fide, factors to be con sidered include the duration of work, the extent of direction and control by the employer over the work, and the level of skill required for the work in light of the individual’s training and experience. West Virginia Disqualification. The disqualification for voluntary leaving was changed from a 6-week disqualification with an equal reduc tion in maximum benefits to a duration disqualification or un til the individual returns to covered employment and has been employed for at least 30 working days. West Virginia added to the disqualification for refusal of suitable work that the to tal benefit entitlement will be reduced by an amount equal to four times the individual’s weekly benefit amount. The defini tion of gross misconduct was amended to add that it shall in clude but not be limited to any act of misconduct where the individual has received prior written warnings that termina tion of employment may result from that act. The disqualifi cation for fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain benefits was changed from a variable 5 to 52 weeks to a flat 52 weeks. De leted was the requirement that for each week of disqualifica tion for fraudulent misrepresentation, an additional 5-week disqualification would be imposed. Penalties. The fine for fraud, upon conviction, was increased from not less than $20 or more than $50 to not less than $100 or more than $500 dr by imprisonment for not longer than 30 days or both. Financing. The taxable wage base was increased from $6,000 to $8,000. A newly covered employer’s tax rate will be 2.7 percent, except that out-of-State corporations or business enti ties in the construction trades will pay 7.5 percent. The tax rate of employers who do not have 36 months of chargeability was increased from 1.5 to 2.7 percent. Benefits paid to an in dividual who voluntarily leaves work without good cause in volving fault on the part of the employer will no longer be noncharged. The fund requirement for the most favorable schedule was changed from $110 million to 150 percent of av erage benefit payments for the 3 preceding calendar years with the rates ranging from 0 to 7.5 percent and the fund require- ment for the least favorable schedule from $60 million to 100 percent of average benefit payments for the 3 preceding years with the rates ranging from 1.5 to 7.5 percent. A 1-percent surtax will be added to each employer’s rate until the trust fund assets equal or exceed the average benefit payments from the fund for 3 preceding years. Partial benefits paid to an indi vidual will be charged to the account of the last employer for whom he worked 30 working days. Administration. The first-stage appeals body was changed from an examiner to an administrative law judge. Wisconsin Disqualification. The disqualification for voluntary leaving will not apply if the individual left or lost employment because he or she reached the firm’s compulsory retirement age. Wyoming Financing. The new employer bonding requirements applicable to new contributing employers were repealed. □ FOOTNOTES 1Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Maine, Mississippi, Ne braska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Rhode Is land, Tennessee, Vermont, and West Virginia. ' Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Mon tana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dako ta, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ' Alaska, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. 4 Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New York, Tennessee, Vermont, Washing ton, and Wisconsin. A note on communications The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supple ment, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered for publication, communications should be factual and an alytical, not polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statis tics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. 23 Workers’ compensation: key legislation in 1981 Higher benefit levels, broader coverage, and improved medical and rehabilitation services are among the actions taken by States to provide better protection for injured workers L a V e r n e C. T in sle y Forty-nine States, Puerto Rico, and the District of Co lumbia were in legislative session during 1981.1 Deliber ations resulted in the introduction of more than 1,500 proposals and enactment of more than 100 laws dealing with workers’ compensation. Coverage and benefits were addressed in most of the amendments as in previ ous years. Numerous administrative changes were also made and medical and rehabilitation services for injured workers were improved. Workers’ compensation coverage was revised by new enactments in 19 States. These revisions extended cover age to workers including apprentices or students in work training or educational programs in four jurisdic tions and to specified volunteers serving as State em ployees in emergency situations. Forty-six jurisdictions and the District of Columbia raised their maximum weekly benefit levels for total dis ability and death either statutorily or according to in creases linked to each State’s average weekly wage. (See table 1.) Total maximums were increased in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee. LaVerne C. Tinsley is a workers’ compensation specialist in the Divi sion of State Workers’ Compensation Standards, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. Digitized for 24 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Effective January 1, 1982, Michigan became the sec ond State, after Iowa, to establish maximum weekly benefit levels for disability and death at 80 percent of spendable earnings. Spendable earnings are defined as the employee’s gross wage less State and Federal in come taxes and social security where appropriate. Previously, maximum weekly benefits in these States were established at 66-2/3 percent of the employee’s average weekly wage before taxes. One State, Maine, rescinded legislation that would have increased maximum weekly benefits to 200 percent of the State’s average weekly wage on July 1, 1981. Thus, benefits remain at 166-2/3 percent of the State’s average weekly wage. Legislation was also enacted in Maine which permits injured workers to select their own physician or surgeon from those licensed to practice in the State. Previously, workers were required to select physicians from a panel provided by the State workers’ compensation agency. The laws of Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, Or egon, and Virginia were amended to increase burial al lowances. Several States updated their rehabilitation provisions for injured workers. For instance, unemployed depen dent surviving spouses in Minnesota are now eligible to apply for rehabilitation. The intent of this legislation is to allow dependent surviving spouses the opportunity to Table 1. Jurisdictions that increased maximum weekly temporary total disability benefits during 1981 Jurisdiction Former maximum New maximum Alabama ..................................................................................... Alaska ......................................................................................... Arkansas ..................................................................................... California..................................................................................... Colorado .................................................................................... Connecticut ................................................................................ $148.00 $650.00 $126.00 $154.00 $244.65 $285.00, plus $10 for each dependent under 18 years of age not to exceed 75 percent of employee’s wage $161.00 $858.00 $140.00 $175.00 $261.80 $310.00, plus $10 for each dependent under 18 years of age not to exceed 75 percent of employee’s wage Delaware.................................................................................... District of Columbia ................................................................... Florida......................................................................................... G eorgia....................................................................................... H aw aii......................................................................................... Idaho........................................................................................... $175.28 $45624 $211.00 $110.00 $215.00 $181.80 to $252.50 according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent of SAWW for each child up to 5 $194.81 $496.70 $228.00 $115.00 $235.00 $198.00 to $275.00 according to number or dependents plus 7 percent of SAWW for each child up to 5 Illinois ......................................................................................... Iowa ........................................................................................... Kansas ....................................................................................... Kentucky..................................................................................... Louisiana.................................................................................... Maine ......................................................................................... M aryland.................................................................................... Massachusetts............................................................................ $376.33 $384.00 $170.00 $217.00 $164.00 $332.16 $241.00 $245.48, plus $6 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed worker’s average weekly wage or $150 $394.19 $501.00 $187.00 $233.26 $183.00 $367.25 $248.00 $269.93, plus $6 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed worker's average weekly wage or $150 Michigan .................................................................................... $171.00 to $200.00 according to number of dependents $181.00 to $210.00 according to number of dependents Minnesota .................................................................................. Mississippi .................................................................................. Missouri....................................................................................... Montana .................................................................................... Nevada ....................................................................................... New Hampshire ......................................................................... New J e rs e y ................................................................................ New M exico................................................................................ North D a ko ta .............................................................................. $244.00 $ 98.00 $150.00 $219.00 $245.09 $213.00 $185.00 $201.04 $213.00, plus $5 for each dependent child; aggregate not to exceed worker's net wage after taxes and social security $267.00 $112.00 $174.00 $241.00 $270.20 $234.00 $199.00 $221.50 $233.00, plus $5 for each depencent child; aggregate not to exceed worker’s net wage afte- taxes and social security Ohio ........................................................................................... Oklahoma .................................................................................. Oregon ....................................................................................... Pennsylvania .............................................................................. Rhooe Island .............................................................................. $258.00 $155.00 $261.32 $242.00 $217.00, plus $6 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of worker’s average weekly wage $275.00 $175.00 $286.88 $262.00 $238.00, plus $6 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of worker’s average weekly wage South Carolina............................................................................ South Dakota.............................................................................. Tennessee .................................................................................. Texas ......................................................................................... Utah ........................................................................................... $197.00 $191.00 $119.00 $133.00 $230.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4, but not to exceed 100 percent of SAWW $216.00 $208.00 $126.00 $154.00 $256.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4, but not to exceed 100 percent of SAWW Vermont .................................................................................... Virginia ....................................................................................... Washington ................................................................................ West Virginia .............................................................................. Wisconsin .................................................................................. W yom ing..................................................................................... $208.00, plus $5 for each dependent under 21 years of age $213.00 $204.66 $262.08 $233.00 $402.01 $225.00, plus $5 for each dependent under 21 years of age $231.00 $223.34 $276.26 $249.00 $411.21 Note: Benefit increases are based on the applicable State’s average weekly or monthly wage, and for the District of Columbia, the national average weekly wage. However, 9 States (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, and Tennes- become self-sufficient. Compensation will now be allowed while a workers’ potential for rehabilitation is being evaluated in Arkansas. In Nevada, injured workers may select a second phy sician from a panel within 90 days after injury (former ly 45 days) if the initial selection proved to be unsatisfactory. Allowances for board, lodging, travel, and maintenance were increased in New Mexico. And in Oregon, workers who fail to enroll in rehabilitation programs may now have their compensation suspended. More States are penalizing employers for failure to make timely compensation payments and also for fail ure to make certain notifications regarding claims. In https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis see) and Puerto Rico prescribe statutory amounts; 5 States (Arizona, Indiana, Nebraska, New York, and North Carolina) and Puerto Rico are not listed because no increases for temporary total disability were legislated during 1981. other States, employees are being penalized for not obtaining insurance coverage. Additional changes were made in State workers’ com pensation statutes during the year that focused on vari ous administrative procedures and reporting require ments. Six states established study committees to review and recommend improvements in these areas. Following is a summary of legislation enacted by in dividual States. Alabama County governments are now permitted to cover their offi cials and employees through group self-insurance programs. 25 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Workers’ Compensation in 1981 An amendment was proposed to. the Alabama Constitution which would prohibit suits by “co-employees” for personal in jury, disease, or death arising out of and in the course of em ployment. Alaska The monthly compensation payment during rehabilitation (from the Second Injury Fund) was increased from $100 to $200; and the total maximum compensation during rehabilita tion from $5,000 to $10,000. Employers are newly required to notify the Workmen’s Compensation Board within 14 days of any change in a com pensation claim. A civil penalty of $100, plus $25 per day, was established for failure to give notice within the specified time period but no fine can exceed $2,500 for each offense. Arizona Coverage was extended to State employees who serve as volunteers without compensation in certain search or rescue operations. Payments by employers or carriers for no-dependency death were decreased from 2 to 1Vi percent of all premiums received during the preceding year. New provisions were established regarding financing of the Special Fund. Arkansas Volunteer emergency services workers were included for coverage. Participants in the State’s workfare project, whose sole pur pose for participating is to retain food stamps and not for em ployment within the State, were excluded from coverage. Maximum weekly benefits for disability and death were raised in two steps. On March 1, 1981, benefits increased to $140 from $126 and on March 1, 1982, benefits will increase to $154. During the same periods, total maximum benefits for temporary total and permanent partial disability increased to $63,000 (from $56,700) and will increase to $69,000. For per manent total disability or death occurring on or after March 1, 1981, the new total aggregate is $75,000, formerly $50,000. Temporary total disability benefits can now be extended af ter the first 40 weeks of compensation and beyond for 13-week intervals. Benefits for temporary and permanent total disability will be barred for any week that a claimant can si multaneously receive unemployment compensation benefits. A limit of $10,000 and 6 months will be placed on all medi cal services, hospital, and other treatment available to injured workers. In some instances, these services may be waived or extended. New procedures were adopted regarding employee rights in change of physician. Injured workers are now eligible to receive up to 6 weeks of compensation while their potential for rehabilitation is being evaluated if they are not working or receiving any benefits. Lump sum attorney fees will now be discounted at the cur rent rate of 7 percent. Benefit payments normally made from the Second Injury Fund will revert to the employer at the time of an accident if the Fund becomes insolvent before July 1, 1983. The penalty for making late compensation payments was increased from 6 to 10 percent of the unpaid benefit. The requirement that widowers be incapacitated in order to receive compensation was eliminated, thereby allowing widow ers the same benefits as widows. Digitized for 26FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis California Coverage of persons who perform officiating services at am ateur sporting events sponsored by public agencies or by private nonprofit organizations was removed. Students partici pating as athletes in amateur sporting events were also elimi nated from coverage. Colorado Mandatory coverage is now required of employers who enter into bona fide cooperative educational or student intern ship programs sponsored by educational institutions for the purpose of providing on-the-job training for students. Public entities with annual payrolls of at least $1 million are now allowed to become workers’ compensation self-insur ers or form self-insurance pools if their payrolls are less. A 52-week time limit was set on benefits paid during voca tional rehabilitation or for income maintenance. The maxi mum ($20,000) on medical aid and vocational rehabilitation was removed. Chiropractors are now permitted to treat workers’ compen sation claimants. In addition to the 1.75-percent premium tax imposed for maintenance of the Major Medical Insurance Fund, another premium tax was added. Further investment was authorized of moneys in the work ers’ compensation special funds in the form of notes, loans, bonds, and certain certificates. The Industrial Commission is newly required to review appealed cases within the scope of the issues presented in the record only. Connecticut Participants in work, training, or educational programs ap proved by the labor commissioner will now be covered for workers’ compensation. Payments for accident and health or life insurance coverage will be borne by the Second Injury Fund in cases where bene fits for total incapacity continue for longer than 104 weeks. A provision was added to the statutes making the last em ployer or insurer initially liable for payment of compensation. If it is determined that other employers are equally liable for compensation, the commissioner will order them to reimburse the initially liable employer or insurer at a 12-percent interest rate. By enactment, the State was required to use a private insur ance carrier for workers’ compensation coverage, and proce dures for coverage by private carriers was added to the law. A Statistical Division was established in the Workers’ Compensation Commission to primarily compile and maintain statistics concerning occupational injuries and diseases, volun tary agreements, status of claims, and commissioner’s dockets. Funding of the Division will come from the Administrative Cost Fund. Delaware Authorization was made for the appointment of a State Disability Reform Committee to recommend legislation to consolidate disability programs. Florida Legislation extended the existence of the Workers’ Compen sation Advisory Council to October 1, 1987. The title of “judges of industrial claims” was changed to “deputy com missioners.” Georgia Maine Coverage was extended to members of the Georgia Nation al Guard while serving on active duty in the State and to certain volunteer firefighters. Maximum weekly benefits for disability and death were in creased from $110 to $115. Attorney fees assessed against opposing parties are no long er required to be made in a lump sum. The requirement that the employer or insurer keep the Administrator of the Subsequent Injury Trust Fund informed of any proposed compensation settlements or agreements was eliminated. Regulation of group self-insurance funds for workers’ com pensation was transferred from the Secretary of State to the Insurance Commissioner. Agriculture employment, where 150 cords of wood or less are harvested annually from farm wood lots, and aquaculture employment are removed from coverage provided that their employees are covered by liability insurance of not less than $25,000 and medical insurance of not less than $1,000. Employees who participate in ridesharing programs and re ceive no remuneration were exempted from coverage as well as those who receive injuries as a result of voluntary participa tion in an employer-sponsored athletic team or event. The increase in maximum weekly benefits based on 200 percent of the State’s average weekly wage, effective July 1, 1981, was recinded. Benefits will remain at 166-2/3 percent. Initial selection of physician or surgeon by an employee is now permitted from a list of those who are licensed to prac tice in the State of Maine. Interest and penalties will now be applicable to compensa tion claims involving State employees who were previously excluded. An employee with permanent partial disabilities caused partly by a previous injury will be compensated for the entire injury from his or her present employer. The employer will be reimbursed by the Second Injury Fund. The provision which established the employer’s liability for compensation of second injuries and pe;rmitted employees to apply for compensation from the Second Injury Fund was re pealed. Employers or insurers may now recover benefit payments made to employees pending an appeal, if the court rules that an employee was not entitled to compensation. The ordering of any repayment of benefits which would cause a hardship or an injustice was prohibited. Petitions for rehearings are now required to be filed within 30 days of an agreement, award, or decree. Previously, the time limit was 20 days. Employees or prospective employees are no longer permit ted to waive their rights to compensation for an aggravation of an occupational disease. Upon the discovery of new evidence, the Workers’ Compen sation Commission can now reopen a workers’ compensation case. Other changes occurred relating to bonding and excess in surance. Idaho Officials who serve at athletic contests involving secondary schools were eliminated from coverage. Total disability benefits less than the State’s current appli cable minimum for the first 52 weeks of compensation will thereafter be not less than the State’s current applicable mini mum, or 45 percent. Children can now receive death benefits beyond age 18 if they are incapable of self-support for an additional 500 weeks, minus the period benefits were paid prior to age 18. A maximum of $5,000 was set as payment into the State treasury by employers for no-dependency death cases. Employers are required to pay interest on all compensation awards due, and at the rate in effect when the award was made. The present rate is 8 percent per annum. Indiana Students who are permanently impaired will now receive the same coverage as full-time employees for workers’ com pensation purposes while performing services for an employer in an approved vocational educational training program. Iowa Persons certified by the Council of Accreditation in Occu pational Hearing Conservation are now allowed to make au diometric examinations. Kansas The medical allowance for selection of another physician by an employee was raised from $150 to $350 for cases where the physician selected by the employer is unsatisfactory. Louisiana Sole proprietors are now permitted an exemption from cov erage upon request. The coverage waiver allowed to corporate officers, who own at least 10 percent of the corporate stock, and to partners will be unlimited and apply to all trades, businesses, or occupa tions conducted by the corporation or partnership. This provi sion also applies to sole proprietors. Workers who are employed by a private household and perform services that are not incidental to, or do not arise out of any trade, business, or occupation of the household are specifically excluded from coverage. Group self-insurance funds are newly required to maintain at least $4 million of excess insurance to secure the payment of all compensation benefits. The House and Senate Labor and Industry Committees were authorized to direct a study of workers’ compensation rate structures and the profit margins of insurance companies. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Maryland Coverage was established for volunteer firefighters and res cue workers of Frederick County. Insurers and self-insurers are allowed to convert, with approval of the Workmen’s Compensation Commission, per manent partial disability awards that have not exceeded 51 weeks of benefits to a lump sum without discount, less any at torney fee. All assets and obligations of the Workers’ Compensation Insolvency Fund were transferred to the Maryland Insurance Guaranty Association. Additional assessments were authorized against insurers and self-insured employers in order to maintain the solvency of the Uninsured Employers’ Fund. The administrator of the Subsequent Injury Fund was au thorized to hire any expert to defend the fund, if necessary, when suits are filed against it. Rules and regulations for group self-insurance will now be developed by the Workmen’s Compensation Commission alone, rather than jointly with the insurance commissioner. 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Workers'Compensation in 1981 Businesses located in urban enterprise zones may be eligible for discounts on insurance premiums paid to the State Acci dent Fund if certain Federal standards are met. Michigan The definition of “public employer” was broadened to in clude two employers or more in the same industry with combined assets of at least $ 1 million who pool their liabilities as self-insurers. Minnesota Coverage was expanded to include the superintendent of the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension within the application of the law. A 10-year sliding scale was set up for payment of death benefits which formerly were paid during the lifetime of the recipient. Permanent partial disability awards will now be paid in a lump sum when the employee returns to work. Upon request, surviving dependent spouses who are unem ployable can now receive rehabilitation. The time within which an employer is required to make first payment of compensation was reduced from 30 to 14 days. A medical fee schedule was established with a cap on fees at 75 percent of the usual and customary community charges for the preceding year. Services covered by the fee schedule in clude medical, chiropractic, podiatric, surgical, hospital, and other health care provider treatment and services. The burden of proof concerning a work-related injury was made the responsibility of the employee. Group self-insurance pools are no longer required to consist of employers in the same industry. Fines charged to uninsured employers were increased from $50 to $500; and up to $2,000 when the employer has five em ployees or more. Mississippi Maximum weekly benefits for disability and death were raised from $98 to $112; and total maximum from $44,100 to $50,400. The weekly minimum benefit of $25 was retained. The Department of Public Safety is now permitted to be come a self-insurer upon proper notification to the Industrial Commission. Missouri The provision which exempted from coverage employers with a total gross annual payroll for the preceding calendar year or part of the current calendar year of not more than $10,000 was eliminated. Minimum weekly benefits for disability and death occurring on or after September 28, 1981, were set at $40. Previously, no statutory minimum was in effect. Compensation for temporary partial disability was set at 66-2/3 percent of the difference between the average earnings of the employee before the accident and the amount which the employee will reasonably be able to earn during disability. No consideration was previously given to earning capacity during disability when determining benefits. Permanent partial disability in lieu of all other compensa tion except for medical and physical rehabilitation expenses was changed. Compensation for permanent partial disability will now be in addition to compensation for temporary total or partial disability. A fine of $100 per day was added as a penalty against em ployers who fail to insure or self-insure their liability for workers’ compensation, up to a maximum of $5,000. Any Digitized for 28 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fines collected will go to the Second Injury Fund for pay ments to employees of uninsured employers. Group self-insurance was authorized and will be regulated by the Division of Workers’ Compensation. Montana The Workers’ Compensation Division was authorized to set fees for medical, chiropractic, and paramedical services, ex cluding hospital services, based on 90 percent of the usual and customary charges of the medical specialty involved. Silicosis victims will now receive up to $200 in monthly payments, formerly $175. The burial allowance was increased from $1,100 to $1,400. Nebraska Corporation officers owning at least 25 percent of the cor porate stock are permitted to waive coverage. The burial allowance was raised from $1,000 to $2,000. Nevada Apprentices in vocational training classes or receiving bona fide instruction under an apprenticeship committee and receiv ing at least $150 a month during such periods are covered for workers’ compensation. Volunteers, excluding students, who perform work for pri vate organizations as part of a public program and who are not otherwise covered for workers’ compensation will now be entitled to benefits as employees of a public agency. Some voluntary ski patrollers were excluded from statutory coverage as well as sole proprietors who are no longer domi ciled in Nevada. Compensation is now allowed for both injury and disease provided the combined award does not exceed compensation payable for the total percentage of disability. Police officers and firefighters who are partially disabled be cause of occupational diseases and incapable of performing their work are now entitled to partial disability benefits. Certain employees of the Department of Motor Vehicles are now entitled to benefits for occupational heart or lung disease. Injured employees who are not satisfied with their initial choice of physician may select another physician from a panel if the choice is made within 90 days after injury, formerly 45 days. Physicians who testify at hearings are entitled to the same fees as witnesses in civil cases. An appeals officer may order a fee for the physician according to the fee schedule for medical consultations. Self-insured employers were instructed not to make pay ments to physicians until an itemized statement of services has been received. Every self-insured employer is required to furnish the Com missioner of Insurance with specified insurance information to carry out the provisions of the law. Excess insurance or reinsurance coverage obtained by a selfinsured employer must be written by a Nevada carrier. Several studies were authorized during the year of which the results and recommendations are to be reported to the 62d session of tl e legislature. One is to be conducted by the Nevada Industrial Commission on the Occupational Diseases Act and the other by the Legislative Commission on the feasi bility and desirability of allowing insurance coverage to be provided through private carriers. New Mexico The maximum benefit allowable for board, lodging, travel, and maintenance of the family during rehabilitation was in- creased from $1,000 to $3,000. Oklahoma New York Two employers or more are now permitted to pool their lia bilities to qualify as group self-insurers. Boards of education and institutions of higher education may also qualify as selfinsurers for workers’ compensation. A special House and Senate Committee was authorized to study the workers’ compensation rate structure of the State Insurance Fund. Employers are now liable for payment of services provided an injured employee by a self-employed physiotherapist pursu ant to written instructions of an authorized physician or podi atrist. Employers are now required to pay the attorney fees of employees who win discrimination cases. Appointment of qualified interpretors is now mandatory at hearings in which a deaf person is a party or witness. Interpreting services will be paid out of administrative funds. Temporary referees of the Workers’ Compensation Board must now be qualified with appropriate training or experience. The definition of “average weekly wage” was expanded to include an alternative calculation of benefits based on total wages of the last 8 weeks immediately preceding disability and excludes the week in which disability began. Oregon Minimum weekly benefits for disability and death were raised from $20 to $30. The cap ($80) was removed on weekly benefits for National Guardsmen and the weekly maximum applicable to other em ployees applied (100 percent of the State’s average weekly wage). Maximum weekly compensation for partial incapacity, total disability, or death due to asbestosis or silicosis was changed from $80 to 100 percent of the State’s average weekly wage. The statute of limitations for asbestosis, lead poisoning, and silicosis was amended. Compensation for asbestosis may now be awarded up to 10 years after disablement or death from ex posure to such disease. The time limit for lead poisoning re mains at 2 years. Silicosis was deleted from the law as a special provision and is now subject to the general statute of limitations for occupational diseases, which is 2 years after disablement or death. There is no provision for death after continuous disablement from silicosis. The burial allowance of $500 was raised to $1,200. A carrier or employer who appeals a compensation award must pay 8-percent interest on the final compensation award from the initial filing date if unsuccessful. If disputes arise between employer and employee concern ing the continuance of medical treatment, the Industrial Com mission at its discretion may order further treatment. The burial allowance was raised from $1,000 to $3,000, and the cost of transportation for the decedent’s body is now in cluded as part of the burial allowance. Dependent children, or the surviving spouse for the depen dent children, will now be entitled to $150 instead of $100 in death benefits per month. Workers or their beneficiaries are entitled to recover 33-1/3 percent of an award, up from 25 percent, in third-party cases. Within 120 days from the date a worker becomes temporar ily totally disabled, the insurer or self-insured employer must act to enroll the worker in a physical rehabilitation program, if necessary. Participants of rehabilitation programs approved by the Workers’ Compensation Department are newly entitled to temporary total disability benefits. Suspension of compensation may be authorized by the Di rector of the Workers’ Compensation Department against a claimant who fails to participate in rehabilitation. All users of the Department’s rehabilitation facility must pay users fees to meet the cost of services and to protect the State against tort and liability claims. The Department’s director was also authorized to enter into contracts for rehabilitation services with private rehabilitation centers if such centers meet the State’s licensing requirements. Travel expenses were granted for employees who travel more than 50 miles from their residence to attend a workers’ compensation hearing. A rebuttable presumption was established that a person is an independent contractor unless such person has qualified ei ther as a carrier-insured employer or a self-insured employer instead of a direct responsibility employer or as a contributing employer. The State Accident Insurance Fund C’orp. may now con duct reinsurance business as well as workers’ compensation in surance with Oregon employers. North Dakota Rhode Island Maximum weekly death benefits were raised from $90 to $105. Supplementary benefits for permanent total disability and death were increased from 20 to 25 percent of the differ ence between the benefits a claimant is receiving and the maxi mum benefits in effect on July 1, 1975. The burial allowance was raised from $1,000 to $2,000. A rebuttable presumption was created which specifies that an injury can be attributable to intoxication, based on the al cohol level in the blood. Allowances for rehabilitation can no longer be ordered in lieu of death benefits where there is a rehabilitation contract. The filing time for claims was extended from 60 days to no more than 1 year after injury for disability, and from 1 year to 2 years following death. A legislative council was directed to study workmen’s com pensation wage base and premium determinations, with spe cial emphasis on the effects the statutorily established maximum payroll base has on premium levels of various em ployers. Employees will no longer be entitled to receive compensa tion while incarcerated if they have no dependents. Qualified employers are permitted to self-insure for a specified sum by furnishing security, indemnity, or bond equal to the particular amount together with insurance for projected losses in excess of such sum. North Carolina https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis South Carolina Fines can now be levied against an employer or carrier for failure to submit certain reports, forms, and records in any phase of the claims process. Full Commission reviews are now to be conducted by threemember panels composed of commissioners who are appoint ed by the chairperson, excluding the original hearing commissioner. Tennessee The maximum weekly benefits for disability and death were increased from $119 to $126, and total maximum from $47,600 to $50,400. 29 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Workers'Compensation in 1981 Sole proprietors and partners who are covered under the workers’ compensation law may continue coverage in effect under any other individual or group accident and sickness policy. Texas Political subdivisions are newly authorized to provide full medical benefits and minimum compensation payments to in jured volunteer firefighters, police, emergency medical person nel, and other specified volunteers. Lifetime benefits were established for statutorily prescribed permanent total disability awards. No attorney fees will be allowed in a case where benefits will be paid for life if the employer’s insurance company ad mits liability and makes payments while the case is pending. If liability is admitted, the claimant’s attorney is entitled to a reasonable fee. Claims for compensation under voluntary policies are sub ject to the jurisdiction of the Industrial Accident Board. The Assigned Risk Pool may at its discretion insure an in dividual entity without insuring any combinable entities. Various duties and authority were granted to the attorney general relating to investigation of possible workers’ compen sation fraud. Utah Payments for temporary total disability were allowed to be extended in certain cases. Maximum weekly payments for temporary partial disability were increased from 66-2/3 percent to 100 percent of the State’s average weekly wage. Additional payments of $5 were authorized for a dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4, under age 18, but total payment not to exceed 100 percent of the State’s average weekly wage. Minimum weekly benefits for persons entitled to compensa tion from the Second Injury Fund were increased from $85 to $ 100. Vermont The exemption for agriculture or farm employment was raised from $1,000 to $2,000 per aggregate payroll in a calen dar year. Virginia The burial allowance was increased from $1,000 to $2,000, and for transportation expenses of the deceased from $300 to $500. Digitized30 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Documentation regarding social security disability benefits will now be required by the Industrial Commission when a claimant files for cost-of-living supplements in order to estab lish eligibility under the law. The House and Senate Committees on Labor and Com merce were authorized to establish a joint subcommittee to study the State’s laws concerning brown lung disease (byssinosis) and determine if the present laws should be revised. Washington Sole proprietors or partners are permitted an exemption from mandatory coverage after certain conditions are met. Self-insurers can now insure the payment of permanent to tal disability or death benefits by setting up a bond with the Department of Labor and Industry. Claims for medical treatment only, not involving permanent disability, may be closed once treatment is concluded. Wisconsin The Department of Administration was authorized to ad minister workers’ compensation for State employees and their dependents. Wyoming Permanent total disability benefits were increased to 66-2/3 percent of the State’s average weekly wage for a maximum of 257 weeks. Previously, a maximum benefit of $30,000 was paid in monthly installments at the rate of the State’s average weekly wage as determined quarterly. Benefits for death were also changed to 66-2/3 percent of the State’s average weekly wage for a maximum period of 231 weeks. Previously, $25,000 was paid in monthly installments at the rate of the State’s average weekly wage. This enactment also eliminated the provision that allowed surviving spouses, who remarry before the entire award is paid, to receive only $500 of any unpaid balance. The monthly contribution paid into the Industrial Accident Account by employers who engage in extrahazardous employ ment was decreased from 1 percent to .75 percent of the monthly earnings of the employee. □ ------- FOOTNOTE------The following States — Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and West Virginia— convened in 1981 but were not discussed in the Stateby-State summary of key amendments to workers’ compensation laws. Select commission suggests changes in immigration policy—a review essay Tougher enforcement, higher quotas, amnesty for most current illegal aliens, a 'more reliable ’ means of checking the legal status of all workers are among the 67 recommendations o f a 2-year Congressional panel P h ilip L. M a r t in Many believe that immigration to the United States is out of control. Instead of the 450,000 immigrants antic ipated in 1980, 808,000 legal immigrants, refugees, and special entrants were admitted, and an unknown num ber of illegal or undocumented workers, as many as 500,000, entered by various means. Immigration is at an alltime high, exceeding the previous high average of 880,000 per year between 1901 and 1910.1 The Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy was created by Congress in 1978 and given 2 years to devel op an immigration remedy. Its March 1981 report con tains 67 recommendations designed to reassert control over immigration.2 Apparently, despite our immigrant heritage, Ameri cans are opposed to more large-scale immigration. The Roper poll of June 1980 found that 91 percent of Americans support an “all-out effort” to stop illegal im migration and 80 percent want to reduce the number of legal immigrants and refugees. However, the commis sion believes that more legal immigrants could be ad- Philip L. Martin, associate professor of agricultural economics at the University of California, Davis, served as an adviser to the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis mitted if illegal immigration were stopped. Its major recommendation was that the United States “close the back door to undocumented and illegal migration [and open] the front door a little more to accommodate legal migration.” In a world of nation-states, all countries must make three immigration decisions: (1) how many immigrants to admit; (2) from where; and (3) in what status. All sovereign nations claim the right to control their bor ders, making immigration a privilege extended to a few individuals, not a basic human right available to all. Most countries severely limit the settler immigration characteristic of the American past. More than half of the 1 million or so “settler immigrants” admitted to the world’s 164 nations each year come to the United States. Unlike most nations, the United States treats all countries equally when issuing visas under the 6-tier preference system that governs the admission of our 270,000 planned immigrants. Also unique is our reluc tance to separate the right to work from the right to continued residence. The United States has only 30,000 legal temporary workers, persons expected to leave when their seasonal jobs end. In contrast, European na tions have used temporary alien workers for 5 to 10 percent of their work forces.3 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Immigration Commission The commission’s 453-page report is a moderate re sponse to restrictionist pressures. If its proposals were adopted, total immigration would decrease, but the le gal share would rise. The report recommends more en forcement, amnesty for illegal aliens now in the United States, a 67-percent increase in quota (planned) immi grants for 5 years, no upper limit on total immigration (quota admissions, exempt relatives, and refugees), and a new international approach to vexing refugee prob lems. The thrust of the report is the need for enforcement to reassert control over immigration. The commission voted 14-2 to recommend fining employers who know ingly hire illegal aliens and narrowly (8-7) recom mended a “more reliable” mechanism to identify per sons authorized to work (such as a counterfeit-proof social security card). By 14 to 1 it advocated increased enforcement of existing labor standards laws. Adoption of the enforcement recommendations would presumably help curb illegal immigration. But what about the 4 to 6 million persons currently living in the United States illegally? The commission recommends a onetime am nesty that would permit aliens in the United States be fore January 1, 1980, to become legal immigrants after the new enforcement mechanisms become active. Con gress would decide the details of the amnesty program. The commission recommended (14-2) against a largescale, temporary worker program that might help curb future illegal immigration. By the same margin, it suggested that the small (but numerically unrestricted) H -2 program, which admits aliens for temporary jobs, be continued, but argued that employers should be weaned from dependence on such workers. The commission’s recommendations range from a call for “better understanding of international migration” to a “visa waiver for tourists and business travelers from selected countries.” A quick review of immigration law and the commission’s responsibilities will help put the proposals in context. The best way to outline the rec ommendations is to discuss their impacts on the three major groups of immigrants: legal, illegal or undoc umented, and refugee. Background The Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy was established by Public Law 95-412 on Octo ber 5, 1978, “to study and evaluate . . . existing laws, policies, and procedures governing the admission of im migrants and refugees.” It was asked specifically “to conduct a study and analysis of the effects of immigra tion on (1) social, economic, and political conditions in the United States; (2) demographic trends; and (3) pres ent and projected [domestic] unemployment.” The commission was established after Congress, in the early 1970’s, repeatedly failed to approve sanctions Digitized 32 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis on employers who knowingly hired illegal aliens; after both Presidents Ford and Carter organized interagency task forces to study immigration issues; and after Presi dent Carter’s August 1977 enforcement and amnesty proposals to curb illegal immigration died in Congress. The commission’s members knew that most immigra tion reform proposals do not survive the crossfire of op position from special interest groups. The commission faced the task of recommending reforms in current immigration law, which is humani tarian in spirit (favoring the admission of refugees and relatives of U.S. residents), but which is also increasing ly utilitarian in practice, because illegal immigration de livers large numbers of alien workers to American employers. The 16 commissioners included four Cabinet secretaries (Justice, Health and Human Services, Labor, and State); eight members of Congress; and four repre sentatives of the public at large. The commission’s chairman was the Reverend Theodore Hesburgh of Notre Dame University. Reforming immigration policy is never easy. Despite an immigrant heritage and the belief that the United States has always welcomed the world’s tired and poor, past immigration policy actually discouraged the entry of aliens. Immigration law grew out of an ever length ening list of excluded “undesirables” in the 1880’s— first prostitutes and convicts, then Chinese, lunatics, and idiots, and in 1885, contract laborers. Current immigra tion law excludes more than 30 classes of “undesirable aliens,” including homosexuals and security risks. The commission’s predecessor, the 1907 Immigration Com mission, headed by Senator William Dillingham,4 demanded the first quantitative restrictions.5 The 1921 Quota Act limited immigration from any country to 3 percent of the foreign-born persons from that country living in the United States in 1910.. In 1924, the Nation al Origins Law set an annual quota for each country, of 2 percent of a nationality’s U.S. residents, and restricted total annual immigration to 150,000. Western hemi sphere nations, including Mexico, were exempt from the quota. In 1952, the current Immigration and Nationality Act (in a ) was enacted over President Trum an’s veto. The INA reaffirmed national origins quotas. Amend ments in 1965 eliminated the quotas and established a 7-tier system of family and skill preferences in order to rank would-be immigrants from each country. These amendments strengthened provisions that protect Amer ican workers from the competition of aliens. Needed immigrants had to show that American workers were not available to fill vacant jobs and that their employ ment would not adversely affect U.S. wages and work ing conditions. The 1965 amendments replaced national origins quotas with a 20,000-per-country limit on quota immi- grants from Eastern Hemisphere nations. Those nations, combined, could send 170,000 immigrants to the United States annually; Western Hemisphere nations were giv en 120,000 immigrant slots, but no country limits or preference system were imposed. In 1976, the INA was amended to extend the preference system and 20.000- per-country limit to the Western Hemisphere, and in 1978, hemisphere quotas were replaced by a sin gle worldwide quota of 290,000. The 1980 Refugee Act put seventh preference refugees under a separate 50.000- person ceiling but left 270,000 slots for relatives and needed workers. The research issue The commissioners were divided on whether to con duct more research or whether the first priority was to build a consensus based on past research and reform proposals. This failure to agree resulted in simultaneous research, public hearings, and public relations strategies. Research included 22 studies of the economic and social progress of recently arrived immigrants and refugees, and a series of 24 consultations with experts, concern ing topics ranging from illegal immigration to refugee issues. Public hearings were held in 12 cities across the country and attracted 700 witnesses. As a matter of public relations the commission attempted to confer with a variety of special interest groups. Many felt that the commission should not make un popular control and enforcement recommendations until it could quantify the benefits and costs of current mi gration patterns. A few commissioners wanted to begin a multiyear, longitudinal study of legal immigrants, be cause research on illegal aliens did not promise precise results.6 However, the majority stressed that research must focus on the impacts of illegal aliens and seek an swers to relevant questions, even if it were difficult.7The result was a standoff and no new substantive research. The commission’s research and public hearings thus yielded a 916-page staff report and nine appendix vol umes which do not expand the information base signifi cantly. Instead, the report presents a general review of the evolution of immigration law, an overview of cur rent problems, and analyses of the experiences of partic ular immigrant groups. What kind of research on illegal aliens would have been most useful? Three basic research strategies are available. First, legal immigrants can be studied and the results extrapolated to the illegal population. For exam ple, the economic progress of Mexican immigrants can be studied, under the assumption that illegal entrants of the same educational attainment and age, and in the same location, are making similar progress despite their undocumented status. This extrapolation strategy prom ises estimates of unknown accuracy. Second, illegal aliens who worked in the United States can be https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis interviewed after they return to their home countries, where they can talk freely about their experiences. These “sending country” samples have an acknowl edged bias— they include only aliens who returned. An other problem is that such studies say far more about individuals than about the impact of aliens on U.S. la bor markets. A third research strategy would be to study both apprehended and unapprehended illegal aliens within selected localities, so that data from dif ferent localities may be compared. Several commission ers endorsed the idea of local area studies to determine socioeconomic impacts in cities known to contain large numbers of aliens, such as Houston, Los Angeles, and New York. These studies could examine the structure and growth of local industries, changes in local work forces, and labor market indicators such as wage levels and dispersion, hiring and turnover patterns, and union ization. In addition to local area studies, many academicians urged a replication of the 1975 David North and Mari on Houstoun study of apprehended aliens.8 Those urging such a study believed that a large sample of aliens would show the “m aturation” of illegal aliens— more women, more from urban areas, and more non farm workers. A stratified sample would permit re searchers to isolate aliens caught before finding jobs, those apprehended after working at least 2 weeks, and those in the United States for at least 2 years. Apprehension identifies persons here illegally. Howev er, the problem with studies based on apprehension sta tistics is that persons caught and deported may not be representative of the entire illegal alien population. If that population is considered to be a room of unknown size and shape, then the apprehended alien sample is a window of known dimensions that permits a look into the room. However, it is not possible to determine whether a particular window (or sample) is a peephole or picture window. If a series of apprehended alien studies leads to uniform conclusions on characteristics and impacts, it may be assumed that the underlying phenomenon is similar among urban areas. Immigration research will always be controversial. Scientific inquiry requires theory, data, and hypothesis testing, but there is no theory that tells us how fast the population should increase. Immigration data are scanty and unreliable. More research cannot answer specific questions precisely, such as how much will gross na tional product, unemployment, and average hourly earnings change if 1 million additional immigrants were admitted. But it can document trends and permit quali tative answers to questions of interest— what impacts will current migration patterns have and how do the ef fects of immigration vary with local conditions? Immi gration reform decisions will require value judgments, but these can be informed by research. 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Immigration Commission Legal immigration The Immigration and Nationality Act anticipates the arrival of 270,000 quota immigrants each year. Each as piring immigrant must clear three hurdles. First, the im migrant must qualify under one of the six preferences. Second, there must be a preference quota slot available, such as the 54,000 openings for unmarried adult sons and daughters of U.S. citizens, or the 27,000 slots avail able to immigrants of exceptional ability and their de pendents. Finally, one of the sending country’s 20,000 quota slots must be available to the applicant.9 The commission recommends that the system of na tion and preference quotas be retained but that the worldwide quota be raised to 350,000. This increase “can advance U.S. interests without harming U.S. workers.” The 350,000 quota would separate immi grants into two distinct channels. One group would continue the tradition of family unification, and some unspecified percentage of the 350,000 quota would be assigned to each family unification category. The second channel would admit independent immigrants— aliens with no qualifying family ties but with exceptional abili ty or money to invest in the United States. The com mission could not agree whether these “new seed” immigrants should be admitted only if they have job offers from American employers and will not affect U.S. workers adversely (7 votes), or if they should be admit ted without an individual test unless the Secretary of Labor has declared that their admission adversely af fects U.S. workers (7 votes). It also failed to agree if the 54.000 slots now available to “needed permanent work ers” should be increased in number, or decreased. Current law exempts parents, spouses, and minor children of adult U.S. citizens from all quotas. In most years, 100,000 to 150,000 quota-exempt immigrants are admitted. The commission recommended quota exemp tions for unmarried adult sons and daughters of adult U.S. citizens (14-2), grandparents of adult U.S. citizens (13-3), and brothers and sisters of adult U.S. citizens (9-7). These additional exemptions and the naturaliza tion of recent immigrants and refugees could increase the annual exempt flow of immigrants to 200,000 or more. Would-be immigrants from some countries face wait ing lists of 5 years or more, which encourages illegal en try. To reduce these waiting lists, the commission recommended (12-4) that for 5 years, an additional 100.000 slots be added to the new 350,000 worldwide quota, increasing quota immigration 67 percent. If all these recommendations were adopted, permanent or “settler” immigration could average 650,000 annually for the first 5 years and 550,000 each year thereafter, but this total would not be a firm ceiling. Despite strong pleas from environmental protection and popula Digitized 34 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion control groups, only one commissioner voted to impose an absolute ceiling on immigrant admissions. Refugees Refugee policy was changed by the Refugee Act of 1980, which permits admission of 50,000 refugees annu ally. However, the actual refugee quota is determined each year by the President, in consultation with Con gress. In fiscal year 1981, the refugee quota was 217,000, and in 1982, it is 173,000. The act brought the American definition of “refugee” into conformity with the United Nations standard. Un til 1980, the United States defined refugees as persons fleeing communist countries, communist-dominated areas, or any country in the Middle East. A refugee is any person outside his or her country of nationality or normal residence who is unable or unwilling to return “because of a well-founded fear of persecution on ac count of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” The commission recommended, by a vote of 11 to 3, that the President, in consultation with Congress, con tinue to set an annual refugee quota that considers both geographic and individual factors. The dissenting com missioners argued that 1980 presidential consultations with Congress were only pro forma. Because three “emergency admissions” occurred for every “planned” refugee, they believe that in actuality the President con trols refugee admissions virtually unchallenged. The Refugee Act of 1980 was in force when Cuban “boat people” arrived in southern Florida during the summer of 1980. By the end of the year, 125,000 Cu bans and 15,000 Haitians had come to the United States illegally and had sought political asylum. Most of the Cubans were resettled with friends or rel atives in the United States. However, the private boats transporting the refugees were forced to accommodate an estimated 24,000 expelled “criminals.” Many of these persons had committed only political offenses, but at least 3,500 were common criminals who are now in jail or at a detention center in Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. The United States had never before received waves of persons seeking mass asylum. The Administration did not permit the Cubans and Haitians to claim refugee status immediately, lest it appear that the United States would “reward” illegal entry or accept “pushouts” of crimiftal elements by foreign governments in the future, and because officially defined refugees are entitled to Federally-paid welfare, health, and training assistance for up to 3 years. Instead of being given refugee status, the Cubans and Haitians were made “special entrants” with indefinite parole status, and are eligible for half of normal refugee benefits. Pushouts and mass asylum requests figured promi nently in the commission’s deliberations. The commis- sioners recommended 12-3 to “deter the illegal migration of those who are not likely to meet the crite ria for acceptance.” They urged that requests for asy lum be individually and expeditiously processed and that the United States “not hesitate to deport those per sons who come to U.S. shores— even when they come in large numbers— who do not meet the established cri teria.” To expedite these deportation reviews, the com mission recommended, 13-1, the development of “group profiles” to determine probable eligibility for asylum, even though each individual would still be required to prove his or her own eligibility. To ensure fair treat ment of all who claim refugee status in the future, it was proposed that an interagency body be established, to make contingency plans that deal more systematical ly with future pushouts and mass asylum requests. Once in the United States, refugees must be resettled and integrated into society. Since 1975, nearly 1 million refugees have been accepted, half from Indochina. Tra ditionally, the Federal Government admits refugees, and voluntary associations (especially church groups) resettle them in conjunction with State and local gov ernments. The expansion of social welfare programs, the large number of refugees, and the tendency of refugees to cluster in a few areas have encouraged the Federal Government to step up its refugee assistance efforts. The Refugee Act of 1980 allows the Federal Govern ment to reimburse voluntary agencies for the costs of resettling refugees, $525 for each Indochinese refugee and $365 for each European, African, and Middle East ern refugee. The commission recommended (11-3) that State and local governments help plan for refugee resettlement and that Federal “impact aid” be considered for com munities with concentrations of refugees. Federal poli cies now attempt (unsuccessfully) to disperse refugees. But the commission suggested that refugees be encour aged to cluster in particular areas because (1) they will anyway; (2) more experienced refugees can ease the inte Table 1. Fiscal year ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... S ource : Illegal immigration The study of illegal immigration was the commis sion’s principal purpose and the issue that defied resolu tion. The commission’s sounding of public opinion found that most U.S. citizens want to close the half open door of undocumented and illegal migration. The number of illegal aliens in the United States is unknown. Partial evidence for the belief that an “uncontrolled hemorrhage of people” is flooding into the country comes from statistics on apprehended aliens. Since 1970, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (i n s ) has apprehended more than 8 million per sons illegally in the United States (table 1). Today, most aliens are caught away from the worksite, and the decline in the percentage of workers among appre hended aliens in data for the 1970’s reflects INS de-em phasis of worksite inspections, rather than a true in crease in the proportion of jobless aliens. INS worksite inspections were halted on March 31, 1980 to encour age illegal aliens to participate in the decennial census. According to table 1, industrial worker apprehensions outnumbered farmworker apprehensions in 10 of the last 11 years. Illegal aliens apprehended in the United States, by type of employment, fiscal years 1970-80 Totals Industrial and other Agricultural 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 gration of newcomers; and (3) it is less expensive to provide special education and training assistance to con centrations of refugees. It also recommended that refu gee resettlement be geared to the achievement of selfsufficiency, and that cash assistance be terminated for refugees “who refuse appropriate job offers.” 10 Clustering refugees concentrates their economic bene fits and costs. If refugees help revive declining neighbor hoods and keep mobile industries from leaving an area, local economies benefit. If, on the other hand, unskilled refugees compete with disadvantaged residents for jobs and require costly education and social services, local economies suffer. No conclusive evidence is available to demonstrate that communities are generally either helped or hurt by an infusion of refugees. Border patrol Internal investigation Total Border patrol Internal investigation Total Total workers 51,655 73,399 80,922 99,384 112,107 110,184 116,735 94,665 95,021 102,482 51,291 4,254 5,314 4,873 6,342 4,964 4,742 6,085 14,381 12,551 11,013 6,914 55,909 78,713 85,795 105,726 117,071 114,926 122,820 109,046 107,572 113,495 58,205 12,928 13,924 18,339 23,547 24,472 26,797 25,531 24,763 38,812 31,177 17,641 60,844 62,145 79,869 102,370 99,833 108,665 110,734 114,528 87,019 89,074 66,185 73,772 76,069 98,208 125,917 124,305 135,462 136,265 139,291 125,831 120,251 83,826 129,681 154,782 184,003 231,643 241,376 250,383 259,085 248,337 233,403 233,746 142,031 Total apprehensions 324,444 397,517 478,708 647,512 780,991 756,819 866,433 1,033,427 1,047,687 1,069,400 910,361 Workers as apprehendees 40.0 38.9 38.4 35.8 30.9 33.1 29.9 24.0 22.3 21.9 15.6 INS form C-23.18 for the years cited, obtained from publication noted in text footnote 11. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Immigration Commission The commission reviewed the research on numbers and characteristics of illegal aliens and discovered five “common findings” : • A review of “other studies” led the Census Bureau to estimate that in 1978, 3.5 million to 5 million aliens may have been in the country illegally. Less than half were Mexican. • Young single males are most likely to attempt to cross borders without inspection. Characteristics of persons using false documents or violating terms of their legal entry are more diverse. • Almost all illegals are attracted by U.S. jobs that pay relatively high wages, often 5 to 10 times the earnings the alien could expect at home. • Most illegal aliens earn at least the minimum wage. Many earn up to $6 or $7 per hour. • There is no meaningful “average length of stay” in the United States. Some illegals do seasonal agricul tural and construction work and leave the United States for 2 or 3 months each year. However, a grow ing proportion are expected to settle permanently, a trend anticipated by experience with migrant labor in other countries. The commission also reviewed the impacts of illegal aliens on wages and unemployment, social service costs, and the “overall effect on U.S. society,” finding almost “no consensus” among researchers. For example, the commissioners noted that opinions on job displacement range from zero (no displacement) to one (every illegal alien displaces one American). Similarly, the commis sion reported that some economists believe the presence of unskilled illegals increases the wages of skilled work ers but depresses the wages offered to young and un skilled Americans. The commission’s report adopted a middle position on both issues, arguing that illegals de press wages and increase unemployment to an unknown extent. The commission took a firmer stance on the social service impacts of illegals, agreeing with persons who maintain that “illegal aliens do not place a substantial burden on social services.” It sided with those who ar gue that illegals have payroll taxes deducted from their paychecks, but that for fear of being apprehended, illegals avoid the social service agencies that provide corresponding benefits. David N orth’s tabulation of taxbased benefits received data from 10 studies supports the commission’s position. However, his own 1981 study of 580 aliens found that half of the 147 illegals who qualified for unemployment insurance in California sought benefits, and 35 percent collected." The commission believes that illegal immigration must be curbed because “illegality breeds illegality.” Mexican and American “coyotes” smuggle aliens across Digitized for 36 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the border in a business so profitable “it rivals the smuggling of narcotics,” but carries a much lower prob ability of apprehension and punishment.12 A smuggling ring can transport 500 aliens weekly and charge each person $500, generating $12 million annually. In 1979, the INS arrested 18,500 such smugglers. But only a third of the 6,000 prosecuted were convicted. Aliens illegally present are returned if apprehended. However, in 38 States it is not a crime to knowingly hire an illegal alien.13 They, like other workers, are pro tected by labor standards laws. Aliens, whether aware of their rights or victims of systems they do not under stand, generally do not complain when employers break wage and working condition laws. This is true regard less of the educational level of aliens, as most know that employers can easily report them to the INS. The alien who knows he should be paid $3.35 hourly instead of only $3 knows that the extra 35 cents over 1,000 work hours is $350. However, if a complaint leads to appre hension, the alien worker loses wages, may pay $300 to $400 in smuggling fees to get back into the United States, and must then find another job. Because of the border patrol’s partial enforcement (which encourages the smuggling business) and because employers suffer no penalties for hiring illegal aliens, a system that deliv ers docile aliens to U.S. employers is maintained. The commission believes that this cycle of lawbreaking is il legal immigration’s most pernicious impact, breeding disregard for all U.S. law. Woufyl a “guestworker program” curb pressures to enter fhe U.S. illegally? The commission “carefully weighed” the arguments for and against guestworkers, and recommended (14-2) against the introduction of a large-scale temporary worker program. Moreover, the commission recommended (14-2) to “streamline” the current H -2 program that admits temporary alien workers for temporary U.S. jobs. It suggested that the Department of Labor speed the certification process and that employers of H -2 ’s be required to forward to the U.S. Treasury the payroll taxes they now withhold. Al though the commission wants to end the dependence of any industry on a constant supply of H -2 workers, it is aware of the benefits of a slight expansion of the pro gram. Instead of guestworkers, the commission recommends enforcement to keep out illegal entrants, but amnesty for persons illegally in the United States before January 1, 1980. The enforcement package would include “bet ter border and interior controls” and “economic deter rents in the workplace,” such as more and bettertrained border patrol officers and equipment, crack downs on alien smugglers and visa abusers, civil and possibly criminal penalties for employers who knowing ly hire illegal aliens (14-2), the development of a “more reliable” mechanism to separate legal workers from ille gal aliens (8-7), and increased enforcement of wage and working conditions laws. After these enforcement mea sures are in place, the commission recommends a one time amnesty program that would permit illegal aliens to request immigrant status. The details of the amnesty program are the preserve of Congress, but the commis sion estimates that 2.7 million persons may qualify if all undocumented aliens in the United States for at least 2 years have their status legalized. Will border enforcement, employer sanctions, and identification cards stop illegal immigration? No one can give an unequivocal answer. Most immigration spe cialists believe that this three-pronged enforcement strategy will sharply reduce illegal immigration. Only 350 officers patrol the 2,000-mile Mexican border, one for every six miles. But most of the Mexican border is “self-policing” desert— 60 percent of all apprehensions are made along 60 miles of border— the lower Rio Grande Valley, and around El Paso, Texas and Chula Vista, California. Similarly, fines and identification may not stop the hiring of illegal aliens, but penalties of $500 to $1,000 per illegal hire would reduce economic incentives that now make some employers prefer aliens. Immigration enforcement will never be completely suc cessful. The policy question is what level of failure the United States is willing to tolerate. Conclusions Immigrants are responsible for about half of today’s net population growth. If the commission’s immigration and enforcement recommendations were accepted and 1Leon Bouvier, T h e I m p a c t o f I m m ig r a tio n on U .S. P o p u la tio n (Washington, Population Reference Bureau, 1981), p. 1. S iz e 2 U .S. I m m ig r a tio n P o lic y a n d th e N a tio n a l I n te r e s t (Washington, Se lect Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, 1981). •' Philip Martin, G u e s tw o r k e r P r o g r a m s: L e sso n s f r o m E u r o p e (Wash ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Af fairs, 1980). 4The report of the Dillingham Commission, issued in 1911, blamed immigrants for depressed wages, industrial accidents, unemployment, and economic recession. Isaac Hourwich, in I m m ig r a n ts a n d L a b o r (New York, P. P. Putnam & Sons, 1912) reviewed possible errors and biases in the Dillingham report. 'A third element of immigration law, facilitating entry for such persons as relatives and refugees, appeared after quantitative restric tions took effect. Congress exempted political offenders from the 1875 exclusion of criminals and agreed that refugees from religious persecu tion did not have to pass the 1917 literacy test. ” These commissioners blocked research on illegal immigration, a sentiment reflected in page xiii of the staff report: “Early in its delib erations the commission decided not to spend money on what would be a fruitless effort to count the number of illegal aliens.” However, most commissioners wanted research on impacts, not numbers. 7A $1 million study of illegal aliens, begun in 1978, was supposed https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis net illegal immigration were reduced to 100,000 annual ly, the population would increase from 227 million to day to a peak of 281 million in the year 2025. By 2030, more than 12 percent of the American population will be immigrants themselves, or descended from immi grants who arrived after 1980. If legal immigration is increased but enforcement efforts fail, permitting net an nual illegal immigration of 500,000, the population would be 306 million by 2035. Post-1980 immigrants and their descendents would be 20 percent of the expanded population. Immigration is an im portant component of popula tion growth, and proposals to control it are subjected to a benefit-cost analysis. Many items, such as employer sanctions and identification cards, run counter to Amer ican tradition, and debate shifts from a particular immi gration item to discussions of the unknown effects of current arrangements. The result is policy stagnation. There is widespread feeling that “something must be done” but no consensus on what to do. The employers benefiting from large-scale immigration fight to keep their cheap labor. Americans who lose are unable to quantify the impact of immigrants on their own eco nomic well-being or organize to present their com plaints. Immigration reform is a social issue that generates tension but defies an easy solution. Tension is reflected in the psychological feeling that the United States should curb immigration in an era of limits. The reality is that immigration is at an alltime high. If the United States cannot grope its way toward a consensus, it risks extreme, probably restrictionist action.14 □ to interview 100,000 illegal aliens, but produced no useful data. Christopher Dickey, “$1 Million U.S. Study Yields Dubious Results,” W a sh in g to n P o s t , Dec. 10, 1978, p. 1. * David North and Marion Houstoun, T h e C h a r a cte r istics a n d R o le o f I lle g a l A lie n s in th e U.S. L a b o r M a r k e t (Washington, Linton & Co., 1975). 4The would-be immigrant must not belong to one of the 33 classes of excludable aliens, such as homosexuals, convicted felons, or Nazi war criminals. 10California has almost two-thirds of the Indochinese refugees. The deputy director of California’s health agency, Joe Diaz, believes that many of the refugees will be dependent on welfare assistance in definitely. See Robert Lindsay, “Refugees,” T h e N e w Y o r k T im es, June 7, 1981, p. 1. " David North, G o v e r n m e n t R e c o r d s: W h a t T h e y T e ll U s A b o u t th e R o le o f I lle g a l I m m ig r a n ts in th e L a b o r M a r k e t a n d in I n c o m e T r a n s f e r P r o g r a m s (Washington, New TransCentury Foundation, 1981). 12John Credson, “Aliens are Contraband of Choice at Mexican Border,” T h e N e w Y o r k T im es, July 10, 1980, p. A 10. n The Farm Labor Contractors Act requires a farmer or crew lead er to determine the status of workers before hiring them. 14 Reprints of this article will be available from the Giannini Foun dation, University of California at Davis, No. 636. 37 Communications A n o th e r lo o k at th e lin k b e tw een w o rk in ju ries and jo b e x p e r ie n c e F r e d S is k in d In a recent article in the Review, Norman Root and Mi chael Hoefer investigated the relationship between duration of employment and worker injuries and illnesses.1 Their analysis of 1976 and 1977 workers’ compensation data for 10 States from the Bureau’s Sup plementary Data System ( sd s ) led them to conclude that “more workers are injured in the first month and year of service than any other month or year . . . ”2 However, Root and Hoefer were unable to calculate injury incidence rates by employment duration to deter mine whether certain tenure groups experience dispro portionately high numbers of injuries. Constructing such statistics would involve dividing the number of in juries by the total exposed population for each group. While the numerators for incidence rates— numbers of injuries by employment duration— are available from the SDS, the appropriate denominators— total numbers of injured and uninjured workers by tenure group— are more difficult to estimate. The following analysis uses a ratio index approach to gauge the relative injury experience of workers by dura tion of employment.1 Injury and employment duration information from the SDS is linked with work experience data for the general working population from the 1977 Quality of Employment Survey and the January 1978 Current Population Survey. As we will see, the results suggest that workers would generally be subject to dis proportionately high injury rates during their first few months and years on the job. Data sources The Supplementary Data System gathers detailed inju ry and illness information from the workers’ compensa tion system in each cooperating State4 Data from 1977 Fred Siskind is a labor economist in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy, Evaluation and Research, U.S. Department of Labor. 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and 1978 are used for this analysis. The 1977 informa tion covers 540,000 cases in the 12 jurisdictions which reported employment duration information to the Bu reau for that year: California, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, New Mexico, South Dakota, the Virgin Islands, and Wyoming. Data for 1978 pertain to 705,440 injury and illness cases from 16 jurisdictions— Alaska, Hawaii, Montana, and Utah, in addition to those listed above. Records of injuries and illnesses in such a small num ber of jurisdictions are not necessarily representative of nationwide experience. However, the 1977 data are from jurisdictions accounting for 21 percent of U.S. employ ment, and 1978 information covers 23 percent. The 1977 Quality of Employment Survey ( q e s ) was conducted by the Survey Research Center of the Uni versity of Michigan under contract to the Department of Labor. During October-December 1977, a representa tive sample of 1,515 employed persons age 16 or older and currently employed 20 hours or more per week were interviewed concerning their work experiences. Two questions were asked regarding job tenure: • “For how many years or months altogether have you worked for your present employer?” • “For about how long altogether have you had your present job (with this employer)?” Table 1. Relative injury experience by duration of employment, 1977 Percent distribution of Employment duration 1 to 3 months . 4 to 12 months 2 to 3 years . . 4 to 5 years .. 6 to 10 years . . 11 or more years ......... Incidénce ratio 1 (1)/(2) Incidence ratio 2 (1)/(3) 14.0 18.1 21.8 12.0 15.8 1.84 1.43 1.04 .99 .76 1.49 1.27 .94 .92 .81 18.2 .48 .66 Injury and illness cases' d) Wage and salary workers2 (2) All workers3 20.8 22.9 20.4 11.0 12.8 11.3 16.0 19.6 11.1 16.8 12.0 25.1 1 Data are from unpublished SDS tables for 12 jurisdictions, and relate to workers age 16 and over by duration of employment. 2 Data are from the 1977 Q uality o f Em ploym ent S urvey (Ann Arbor, Mich., The University of Michigan, 1979), table 9.3. They relate to workers age 16 and over by duration of employ ment with present employer. 3 Data are from the 1977 Q uality o f Em ploym ent Survey, table 9.5, and relate to workers age 16 and over by duration of employment in present job. Table 2. Relative injury experience by duration of employment, 1978_________________________ _ Percent distribution of — Employment duration Injury and illness cases' (D All workers2 (2) 1 to 3 months .................... 4 to 6 months .................... 7 to 12 months .................. 2 to 3 ye a rs........................ 4 to 5 ye a rs........................ 6 to 10 y e a rs ...................... 11 to 25 y e a rs .................... 25 to 35 y e a rs .................... 36 or more y e a rs ................ 20.1 10.6 14.4 20.9 9.9 12.5 9.9 1.4 .2 11.6 9.0 9.8 20.7 12.3 15.7 16.0 3.9 1.1 Incidence ratio (1)/(2) 1.73 1.18 1.47 1.01 .80 .80 .61 .36 .18 1Data are from unpublished SDS tables for 16 jurisdictions, and relate to workers age 16 and over. 2 Data are from unpublished tables for the January 1978 CPS, and relate to all workers age 16 and over, and cover the same jurisdictions except the Virgin Islands. The first question was asked of wage and salary workers. The second was asked of all workers, with the phrase in parentheses omitted for the self-employed.5 The Current Population Survey ( c p s ) is a monthly survey of 65,000 households which provides comprehen sive labor force data. A supplement to the January 1978 CPS asked respondents for 56,000 households to specify the date on which each employed household member started working at his or her present job or business. Duration data calculated from the responses to that question, and a description of the sample design and es timating methods, have been published in a BLS Special Labor Force Report.6 Results of the ratio index analysis Table 1 presents the percentage distribution of injury and illness cases by duration of employment from 1977 Table 3. SDS data (column 1), and the distribution of workers by duration of employment from the QES survey (column 2 in terms of duration with current employer, and column 3 by duration in current job). Columns 4 and 5 present the ratios of the injury and illness percentages in col umn 1 to the overall employment duration percentages in columns 2 and 3, respectively. A ratio greater than 1 indicates that the percentage of injuries for workers in the particular duration group (for example, 1 to 3 months) is higher than the percentage of employment accounted for by the same group. A ratio below 1 indi cates the opposite. Whether employment duration is measured as time with present employer or time in current job, the data show a steady decline in risk as employment duration increases. First-year workers incur more than their share of injuries while those with more than 5 years on the job experience a disproportionately low number of injuries. But while the results support our expectations, they are limited in scope and should be interpreted with caution. The injury and work duration data from the SDS cover only 12 jurisdictions in 1977 and 16 jurisdic tions in 1978, while the employment duration data from the QES reflect nationwide experience. And, QES data do not permit analysis of injury experience for different age and sex groups. The limitations listed above can be overcome by us ing employment duration data from the CPS. These data are based on a much larger sample than the QES results, and are available for the separate jurisdictions (except the Virgin Islands). Table 2 thus provides information, comparable to that in table 1, which is limited to the jurisdictions which submitted injury data for 1978 to Relative injury experience by employment duration, sex, and age, 1978 Employment duration Sex and age of worker 1 to 3 months 4 to 6 months 7 to 12 months 2 to 3 years 4 to 5 years 6 to 10 years 11 to 25 years 26 to 35 years 36 years and over 2.02 1.69 1.60 1.48 1.76 2.25 2.19 2.34 2.91 1.33 .72 .83 .97 1.27 1.58 1.59 1.29 1.55 1.63 .95 1.02 1.32 1.51 1.67 1.84 1.40 2.35 1.09 .55 .60 .85 .94 1.03 1.36 1.43 1.65 .80 .30 .24 .64 .73 .85 1.13 1.10 .72 .76 .53 .30 .13 .35 .77 .81 1.10 1.08 2.02 .49 .67 .72 1.09 .99 .33 .53 .52 .33 .29 .36 .12 1.33 1.59 1.53 1.36 1.27 1.23 .99 1.23 .72 1.00 .71 76 .98 1.03 1.13 1.00 1.17 1.33 1.30 98 1,08 1.17 1.45 1.22 .98 1.27 .96 .96 .68 .64 .82 .92 1.08 1.69 1.06 1.34 .86 .10 .19 .74 .75 1.02 1.02 1.07 .75 .90 .80 .53 .25 .53 .91 .89 .97 .91 1.60 .62 .76 .81 1.01 1.23 .13 .49 .78 .50 .33 .43 .14 Men Total, age 16 and o v e r...................................... Age 16 to 1 7 ................................................. Age 18 to 1 9 ................................................. Ago 20 to 2 4 ................................................. Age 25 to 3 4 ................................................. Age 35 to 44 ................................................. Age 45 to 54 ............................................... Age 55 to 6 4 ................................................. Age 65 and over .......................................... Women Total, age 16 and o v e r...................................... Age 16 to 1 7 ................................................. Age 18 to 19 ................................................. Age 20 to 2 4 ................................................. Age 25 to 3 4 ................................................. Age 35 to 4 4 ................................................. Age 45 to 5 4 ................................................. Age 55 to 6 4 ................................................. Age 65 and over .......................................... Note: Numerators for the ratios are data from unpublished SDS tables for 16 juris dictions. Denominators are unpublished CPS data for January 1978 for the same juris dictions, except the Virgin Islands. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 39 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Communications the s d s . The ratio calculation results are generally simi lar to those shown in table 1. First-year workers experi ence more than their share of injuries while those with 4 or more years on the job incur a disproportionately low number of injuries. However, the decline in injury experience as job duration increases is not as smooth as that shown in table 1; for example, the 4-to-6-month ra tio is below that for 7- to 12-months’ tenure. Table 3 presents ratios for detailed age categories by sex. Within most age categories, workers are more likely to experience an injury during their first few months or years on the job than after longer periods. However, for a few age groups— women 45 to 54, and both men and women 65 and over— a clear decline with tenure does not seem to prevail. Another interesting finding is that the disproportionately higher share of injuries experi enced in the first 3 months, and generally the first year, in a new job is more marked for men than for women, particularly in the higher age categories. One possible explanation for this finding is the different industry and occupational mix for men and women. Men may work disproportionately in those industries and occupations where injuries are more common in the first few months on the job.7 indicates that workers would generally experience disproportionately high inju ry rates during their first year on a new job or working for a new employer. The data for men and women by detailed age categories support this observation. Almost all age and sex groups have disproportionately high in jury experiences during their first few months and first full year on a new job. These findings are further evidence that special efforts should be made to assure that new employees and em ployees changing jobs are aware of good safety prac tices in the workplace. The Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act of 1977 requires such safety training for miners. Similar efforts may be beneficial in many other industries. □ The f o r e g o in g a n a l y s is FOOTNOTES Norman Root and Michael Hoefer, “The first work-injury data available from new BLS study,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January 1979, pp. 76-80. Other published studies of the relationship between work injuries and work experience appear to be limited to specific industries, firms, or occupations, and most were conducted many years ago. See, for ex ample, R. H. Van Zelst’s study of copper plant workers, “Effect of Age and Experience on Accident Rates,” J o u r n a l o f A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y , October 1954, pp. 313-17; Amy Hewes, “Study of Accident Re cords in a Textile Mill,” J o u r n a l o f I n d u s tr ia l H y g ie n e , October 1921, pp. 187-95; Homer L. Humke’s study of accidents in an industrial concern, First Month Found Most Dangerous,” P e r so n n e l J o u rn a l, March 1936, pp. 336-37; and Theodore Barry and Associates, “Be havioral Analysis of Workers and Job Hazards in the Roofing Indus try,” Contract No. HSM-99-72-121 for NIOSH, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, June 1975. Other studies are cited by Root and Hoefer. Root and Hoefer, “The first work-injury data,” p. 77. Throughout https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the following discussion, the word “injury” will include both injuries and illnesses. See Norman Root and Deborah Sebastian, “BLS develops mea sure of job risk by occupation,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1981, pp. 26-30,, for a discussion of the ratio index technique applied to data for occupational groups. 4A more detailed description of the SDS is provided by Norman Root and David McCaffrey, “Providing more information on work in jury and illness,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April 1978, pp. 16-21. The QES is described in Robert P. Quinn and Graham L. Staines, (Ann Arbor, Mich., The Uni versity of Michigan, 1979). T h e 1 9 7 7 Q u a lity o f E m p lo y m e n t S u r v e y hEdward S. Sekscenski, “Job Tenure Declines as Work Force Changes,” S p e c ia l L a b o r F o rce R e p o r t 2 3 5 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1980). Root and Hoefer, “The first work injury data,” p. 79. Tables 3 and 4 show considerable variance in injury experience by occupation and industry. Special Labor Force Reports—Summaries M o r e th an h a lf o f a ll ch ild ren h ave w ork in g m oth ers A l ly so n S h e r m a n G r o ssm a n More children than ever before have mothers who are in the labor force. In March 1981, 31.8 million young sters below age 18— 54 percent of the Nation’s total— had mothers who were either employed or looking for work. (See table 1.) Since 1970, the number of children with working mothers has grown by 6.2 million despite a 6.6-million decline in the children’s population.1 By March 1981, a record 8.2 million children below age 6— 45 percent of all preschoolers— had working mothers. A year earlier, these figures were 7.7 million or 43 percent. Two major factors accounted for this growth. First, the long-term increase in labor force ac tivity among mothers below age 35 accelerated over the year. Their participation rate advanced by more than 2 percentage points, to reach 49 percent. Second, as the number of births among these women increased,2 the population below age 6 grew by nearly 400,000. At the same time, the population of school-age children (6to-17-year-olds) dropped substantially over the year, and the number of these children with working mothers also declined. Thus, preschoolers accounted for all of the year’s net increase in the number of children with working mothers. More young mothers working Reflected in these patterns are the changing work and marital profiles of women born during the post-World War II baby boom. For instance, between March 1980 and March 1981, the number of working mothers in creased by 600,000 to reach 18.4 million, and those with children below age 6 were responsible for 60 per cent of the gain. Within this group, women between the ages of 25 and 34 registered the greatest increases. These women have generally been showing a propensity to delay marriage, postpone childbearing, and ultimateAllyson Sherman Grossman is an economist in the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ly to have fewer children than women of comparable ages in the past. As a result, many of those who eventu ally become mothers have spent more years in the labor force than many of their predecessors, and they often choose to remain in the work force or return to it soon after childbearing. In contrast, the early marriage and prolific childbearing patterns of a generation ago result ed in the almost automatic and prolonged withdrawal of young mothers from the labor force.3 Because of these trends, the traditional concept of a family with the father as the only earner has changed dramatically. For example, both parents were earners in about 60 percent of all married-couple families with children under 18 years in 1981. (See table 2.) On aver age, these dual-earner families were smaller than compa rable single-earner families. Fewer than 6 of 10 had more than one child, compared with nearly 7 of 10 of the one-earner families. Among families maintained by women, the presence of earners was affected by the number of children. For instance, of families with chil dren, 65 percent of those without earners had more than one child compared with less than half of those with earners. Other sociological changes of the 1970’s also contrib uted to the growing number of children with working mothers. Two of these were the increase in the divorce rate and the growing occurrence of unwed mothers. In 1981, 11.6 million youngsters— 1 of every 5— were liv ing with their mother or their father only. This was al most 60 percent more than in 1970, when 1 of every 9 youngsters lived with only one parent. Most lived with their mothers; however, small increases have been posted in the number of children living only with their father. Black children were far more likely than white children to be living with one parent (50 percent of black children, compared with 15 percent of white chil dren). Despite the recent surge into the labor force of moth ers with younger children, older children remain more likely than younger ones to have working mothers. For example, of all children between the ages of 14 through 17 who lived in two-parent families in March 1981, 60 percent had mothers in the labor force, compared with 56 percent of the 6-to-13-year-olds and 45 percent of 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Special Labor Force Reports— Summaries Table 1. Number of children under 18, by age, type of family, and labor force status of mother, March 1980 and March 1981 [Numbers in thousands] March 1981 18,306 8,216 9,871 33,032 18,525 14,507 32,111 18,307 13,804 14,679 6,186 8,493 15,123 6,386 8,737 15,431 6,871 8,560 7,768 5,164 2,604 7,961 5,300 2,661 7,857 5,262 2,595 2,559 1,281 1,278 2,620 1,317 1,303 2,656 1,345 1,311 771 794 875 180 184 219 48,155 24,912 23,244 47,542 25,178 22,364 32,150 18,032 14,118 10,327 6,445 3,882 10,582 6,617 3,964 10,513 6,607 3,906 951 978 1,094 46,829 24,218 22,611 Families maintained by women2 ...................... Mother in labor fo rc e ................................. Mother not in labor force .......................... Families maintained by men2 ........................... 1 Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are never-married daughters, sons, stepchildren and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. the children under 6. Among children living with their mother only, the proportion whose mothers worked was two-thirds for those between the ages of 6 and 17 and one-half for those below age 6. (See table 3.) Socioeconomic characteristics Proportionately more black (59 percent) than white children (53 percent) had working mothers in 1981. Table 2. Families by presence and number of children under 18, number and relationship of earners in 1980, and family type, March 1981 [Numbers in thousands] With children under 181 1 2 12,984 11,688 677 674 4,383 4,338 7,925 6,657 3 4 or more 4,635 313 1,807 2,514 2,275 294 842 1,139 Total families ............................. No earners............................. One earner............................. Two earners or m o re ............. 29,140 6,406 8,033 14,701 31,562 1,957 11,369 18,234 Married-couple fam ilies............. No earners............................. One earner............................. Husband ............................. W ife ................................... O th e r................................. Two earners or m ore............. Husband and w ife ............. Husband and other(s) not wife ............................... Husband nonearner........... 24,381 5,492 6,375 4,581 1,341 453 12,514 10,637 24,935 411 7,525 7,039 366 119 16,998 14,919 9,739 121 2,376 2,172 154 50 7,242 6,317 9,526 147 3,058 2,875 144 38 6,322 5,717 3,843 62 1,406 1,341 46 19 2,374 2,068 1,828 82 685 650 22 12 1,062 817 1,511 365 1,868 211 804 119 546 59 289 18 229 14 Families maintained by women2 . No earners............................. One earner............................. Two earners or m ore............. 3,482 728 1,246 1,508 5,935 1,488 3,366 1,081 2,839 519 1,740 580 1,949 518 1,132 299 728 246 353 129 419 204 141 173 Families maintained by men2 .. No earners............................. One earner............................. Two earners or m ore............. 1,278 186 412 679 692 58 478 155 407 37 267 103 193 9 148 36 64 5 48 11 28 8 16 4 1Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are never-married daugh ters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. 2 Includes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons. Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Digitized for 42FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17,927 7,703 10,040 41,788 23,826 17,168 Married-couple fam ilies...................................... Mother in labor fo rc e ................................. Mother not in labor force .......................... N ote: 17,418 7,467 9,771 40,688 23,196 16,722 59,714 31,529 27,208 Total 40,842 23,569 16,398 59,148 31,785 26,269 58,107 30,663 26,493 March 1981 Revised Revised Total children' ................................................... Mother in labor fo rc e ................................. Mother not in labor force ........................... March 1981 Original Original Revised No children under 18 March 1980 March 1980 March 1980 Original Number and relationship of earners by family type Children under 6 Children 6 to 17 Children under 18 Type of family and labor force status of mother 2 Includes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons, Due to rounding, sums of Individual Items may not equal totals, Note: This difference has been narrowing in recent years as white mothers have joined the work force at a faster pace than black mothers. Nevertheless, at every age lev el, black children in 2-parent families were still more likely than white children to have a working mother. In one-parent families, however, the situation was reversed; a larger share of white than black children had a work ing mother. Hispanic children were less apt than either white or black children to have working mothers. Regardless of race, ethnic origin, or family type, chil dren with a working mother were in families with con siderably higher incomes, on average, than were children whose mother was out of the labor force. The median income in 1980 for all two-parent families with children was $26,500 when the mother worked and $21,300 when she did not. Generally, white children live in families with higher incomes than black children. Family income for white, two-parent families with children averaged $26,900 when the mother was in the labor force and $21,700, when she was not. Comparable median incomes for black families were $23,000 when the mother worked and $14,900 when she did not. (See table 4.) For some mothers, work is a necessity. It provides economic benefits that may constitute a major share of their offspring’s support. In March 1981, one-fourth of all children— 14.8 million in all— were living in families in which their father was absent (10.5 million), unem ployed (2.4 million), or out of the labor force (1.9 mil lion). More than half of all black children and nearly one-fifth of all white children lived in one of these cir cumstances. Between March 1980 and 1981, the total number of children in these situations remained steady as the increase in the number with unemployed fathers was offset by a decline in the numbers whose fathers were absent or out of the labor force. In each of these Table 3. Children under 18 by age, type of family, and employment status of parents, March 1981 [Numbers in thousands] [Numbers in thousands] Children under 18 Item Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 Table 4. Children under 18 by age, type of family, labor force status of mother, race and Hispanic origin, March 1981, and median family income, 1980 One-parent families maintained by women1 Two-parent families Under 6 Item Total children1 ........................... Mother In labor fo rc e ............. Employed........................... Unemployed...................... Mother not In labor force . . . . 59,148 31,785 29,269 2,516 26,269 14,607 8,698 8,193 505 5,498 26,235 14,871 13,688 1,183 10,900 18,306 8,216 7,388 828 9,871 Married-couple fam ilies............. Mother in labor fo rc e ............. Em ployed.......................... Unemployed...................... Mother not in labor force . . . . 47,542 25,178 23,516 1,662 22,364 11,329 6,763 6,426 337 4,566 20,782 11,544 10,800 744 9,238 15,431 6,871 6,290 581 8,560 Father in labor force ............. Mother in labor fo rc e ......... Employed ...................... Unemployed .................. Mother not in labor force .. 44,763 24,042 22,462 1,580 20,721 10,490 6,372 6,060 312 4,119 19,605 11,060 10,349 711 8,544 14,669 6,610 6,053 557 8,058 Father em ployed............... Mother in labor force . .. Employed .................. Unemployed ............. Mother not in labor force 42,376 22,744 21,383 1,361 19,632 10,003 6,086 5,813 273 3,917 18,632 10,485 9,865 620 8,147 13,741 6,173 5,704 468 7,569 Father unemployed ........... Mother in labor force . . . Employed .................. Unemployed ............. Mother not in labor force 2,387 1,298 1,079 219 1,089 487 285 246 39 202 973 575 484 91 397 927 438 348 89 490 Father not in labor force . . . . Mother in labor fo rc e ......... Employed ...................... Unemployed .................. Mother not in labor force .. 1,918 730 667 63 1,188 736 325 304 22 410 804 282 256 26 521 379 122 107 15 256 Father in armed forces ......... Mother in labor fo rc e ......... Employed ...................... Unemployed .................. Mother not in labor force .. 861 407 388 19 454 103 66 62 4 37 373 201 195 7 172 384 139 131 8 245 Other families: Maintained by women2 ......... Mother in labor f o rc e ......... Employed ...................... Unemployed .................. Mother not in labor force .. 10,513 6,607 5,753 854 3,906 2,867 1,935 1,768 167 932 4,990 3,327 2,888 439 1,663 2,656 1,345 1,098 247 1,311 Maintained by men2 ............. 1,094 411 464 219 White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic 1,074 423 Total children2 ............... Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ........................ 42,129 21,865 3,960 2,520 3,688 1,571 6,583 4,375 3,698 2,090 20,264 1,441 2,117 2,208 1,608 651 Children 14 to 17 years .. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ........................ 10,024 5,916 987 649 744 350 1,867 1,356 947 549 230 110 4,108 338 393 511 398 121 Children 6 to 13 years . . . Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ........................ 18,416 10,057 1,754 1,147 1,572 714 3,157 2,200 1,708 1,040 512 217 8,359 606 858 957 668 295 Children under 6 years .. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ........................ 13,688 5,892 1,220 723 1,372 507 1,558 818 1,043 501 331 96 7,794 496 865 740 541 236 $6,300 8,900 $6,300 8,900 Median family income, 1980 Total children .................. Mother in labor force .. Mother not In labor fo rc e ........................ Children 14 to 17 years .. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ........................ Children 6 to 13 years . . . Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor force ........................ Children under 6 years .. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ........................ N ote: Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. cases, family income in 1980 was substantially greater when the mother was in the labor force. 1Unless otherwise indicated, the data in this report are from infor mation collected in the March supplement to the Current Population Survey conducted and tabulated for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. The data have been inflated using population weights based on results from the 1980 census of population. The March 1980 data also have been re vised to bring them in line with the new population weights and to make them comparable with the March 1981 data. Previously published 1980 data reflected population weights projected forward from the 1970 Census. The effect of the revision on the 1980 data is shown in table 1, which presents the original as well as the revised es timates for 1980. As the table shows, the number of children with working mothers in March 1980 was revised upward by 866,000. Despite this, and sim https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $17,100 21,400 $8,800 11,900 21,700 14,900 14,000 5,000 4,400 5,400 29,000 31,100 21,400 24,500 19,700 24,400 12,500 14,900 7,600 10,600 8,200 11,400 25,400 13,600 15,600 6,800 5,400 6,400 24,800 27,200 21,100 23,700 18,000 22,400 9,000 11,700 6,600 8,900 6,400 8,400 22,400 16,100 14,200 5,100 4,600 5,600 21,000 22,800 18,400 20,300 15,000 18,500 5,300 8,200 4,600 7,300 5,300 8,000 19,500 14,100 13,200 4,200 3,600 4,600 11ncludes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons. 2 Children are defined as "own” children of the family. Included are never-married daugh ters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are ether related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. Note: 1Children are defined as “ own" children of the family. Included are never-married daugh ters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. 2 Includes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons. $24,200 $20,200 26,900 23,000 Due to rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal totals. About 4.6 million families with children were in pov erty during 1980. About 7 percent of married couples with children were poor as were 44 percent of the fami lies maintained by women. For both family types, the incidence of poverty increased as family size grew. □ ilarly significant changes in other data for 1980, the various relation ships and percentages based on the new estimates are nearly the same as those based on the previously published estimates. 2Final Natality Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Di vision of Vital Statistics, Natality Statistics. ’ See Howard Hayghe, “Families and the rise of working wives— an overview,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , May 1976, pp. 12-19; Janet L. Norwood and Elizabeth Waldman, “Women in the Labor Force: Some New Data Series,” U.S. Department of Labor, Report 575; and George Masnich and Mary Jo Bane, “The Nation’s Families 19601990,” (Massachusetts, Joint Center for Urban Studies of the Massa chusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 1980), pp. 52-85. 43 Research Summaries B e c o m in g a u n ion leader: th e path to lo c a l o ffic e K a r e n S. K o z ia r a , M a r y I. B r a d l e y , A n d D a v id A. P ie r so n Although there are many commonly held notions about why and how people become union officers, there is lit tle empirical information about the process of becoming one, particularly at the local level. Much of what is known about local union officers comes from studies done in the 1950’s and early 1960’s. Although these studies focused on analyzing the functions or operations of local unions, they do provide information on their leadership.1 Based on prior research, there has been some prelimi nary theoretical work on the process of officer selection. However, the results have been used primarily to ex plain why women are underrepresented in union office, rather than to provide information on who becomes a union officer, and why and how they become one.2This paper examines more general hypotheses about the offi cer selection process suggested by earlier studies. Selecting an officer We assume that the decisions of both union members, including officers, and candidates are im portant in the leadership selection process, and that perceptions of members and candidates are an essential part of the decisionmaking. The significance of member perceptions and candidate self-evaluations in officer selection is that people act upon what they believe to be true, rather than reality itself.3 Both members, including officers, and candidates compare candidates’ perceived qualifications to require ments of office. If members perceive that a candidate meets the latter, he or she can become an officer. HowKaren S. Koziara is chairperson and a professor, Mary I. Bradley a doctoral candidate, and David A. Pierson an assistant professor, De partment of Industrial Relations and Organizational Behavior, Temple University. The research in this paper was supported by a grant from the Labor Management Services Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ever, if the candidate is viewed as unqualified, the can didate cannot attain office. Similarly, people do not run for office unless they think of themselves as qualified and acceptable to other members and officers, and be lieve the rewards of office will meet their needs. Drawing from earlier research on union leadership, our study was designed to test several hypotheses. Two closely related ones are first, that time as a union mem ber, and particularly that spent as an officer, results in members and candidates seeing a candidate as being sufficiently experienced to hold higher office; and sec ond, that experience in lower office is seen as an impor tant qualification for higher office, and may even be a prerequisite for holding top local positions. Self-perceptions of readiness for office are likely to be enhanced by time with the union and prior experience in its administration. These will also be affected by indi cations from members and current officers that they perceive the candidates as qualified for office. Finally, willingness to take office requires that candidates see the rewards of office as meaningful. Methodology used The data used to analyze these hypotheses are from a study of the administration and structure of eight large local unions, varying in size from 1,500 to 12,000 mem bers, in three Eastern States. Three of these locals are in the public sector and five are in the private sector. Ser vice, professional, and industrial unions are included. Indepth interviews with each local’s top officers (presi dents, vice presidents, secretary-treasurers, and execu tive board members) were included as part of a sophisticated case study. Interviews were conducted by two-person interdisciplinary teams, each consisting of an industrial relations specialist and an organizational behavior specialist. The team approach was used to check interrater reliability and reduce probability of dis ciplinary-based selective perception. The results provide a rich source of qualitative and quantitative information about union leadership and administration. Who were the respondents? Thirty-eight elected union officers were interviewed and placed in one of two categories. The first consists primarily of local presidents; however, in two locals an elected manager or director had the major administra tive responsibility and was included in this category. It contains a total of 10 officers— 8 white men, 1 black man, and 1 white woman. The second category has 28 people, including vice presidents, secretary-treasurers, and other executive board members. It is made up of 17 whites, 10 blacks, and 1 Hispanic. There are 23 men and 5 women in this group. Prior union administrative experience As mentioned earlier, prior union involvement and administrative experience was hypothesized to be a prerequisite for election to top local leadership. Of the presidents responding to the question about number of previous positions, all had held some with the union prior to their current job. Six had held three previous positions; three had held two; and none had held fewer than two. The mean number of positions held before hand was 2.66. The respondents in the vice president category had somewhat less experience, but their responses followed a similar pattern. Three had three previous positions, eight had had two, 14 had had one, and two officers re ported that their current position was their first in union administration. The mean number of prior offices was 1.44. These responses indicate that union presidents and vice presidents usually have prior union experience be fore being elected to their current office, and that presi dents have somewhat more experience in prior office than do vice presidents. The respondents’ prior union experience shows presi dents to have spent an average of 17 years in the local, compared with 15 years for vice presidents. The presi dents had spent about 15 years in administrative posi tions, including their current positions. This indicates that most of the presidents began their path to office relatively soon after joining a union. The vice presidents had been members of the local an average of 15 years. They had spent an average of 9.3 years as a union officer, and 3.9 years in their current positions. This suggests that although presidents appear to become active in union administration sooner than vice presidents, involvement for both groups actually begins within 5 years of their initial membership. The first union administrative position for most offi cers was shop steward (6 of 9 presidents and 22 of 27 vice presidents). Most officers who did not start as steward began with less responsible positions, such as that of trustee. In only a few cases did they have as their first position an office more responsible than shop steward. Generally, these officers had been charter https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis members of the local, and had begun in executive board or similar positions. In six instances, officers had begun their union ca reers in other locals, which subsequently merged with their current organizations, and continued in adminis tration after the mergers. None showed a pattern of changing locals in a quest for higher administrative of fice. Most officers interviewed had progressed steadily to positions of increased responsibility in the union (all presidents and 22 of 28 vice presidents). Practically none had breaks in their careers as union officers. Many reasons could be suggested for this finding; however, a pattern appears clear. People who achieve the highest elected positions in union office begin their careers early in their union tenure at entry level positions (most often shop steward) and usually have uninterrupted careers as they progress to more responsible positions. One of the implications of this finding is that when there are elec tion challenges to incumbent leaders, they do not come from members outside the leadership hierarchy but from people already in the established network. This re inforces the idea that experience is a major variable in fluencing how potential candidates for office are per ceived by themselves and others. It is also consistent with the explanation for the paucity of women in union office, which suggests that interrupted work careers in hibit advancement to other positions.4 Member and officer perceptions One of the assumptions mentioned earlier in describ ing the selection of union officers is that perceptions of officers, members, and candidates are an important part of the decisionmaking process. Participants’ responses as to why they became union officers are supportive of this idea. Five of the respondents in the president cate gory were asked either by officers or union members to run for office. Similarly, 20 of 26 respondents in the vice president category reported originally running for office at the urging of either officers or members. This is con sistent with the hypothesis that members and candi dates both must see a candidate’s qualifications for office as congruent with the demands of office. It also suggests that an important element influencing candi dates’ self-evaluations is the communication to them of the positive perceptions of members or officers. Candidates’ self-perceptions In addition to the encouraging feedback from officers and other members, the union officials interviewed ini tially had positive self-perceptions of their ability to handle the responsibilities of union office. Eight of ten presidents indicated that they originally ran for office because they thought they had something to contribute 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Research Summaries to the union. Eighteen of twenty-six vice presidents also gave this reason. Their responses included comments such as, “I can deal with people,” “I thought I could do a good job,” and “I was as good as anyone else.” Rewards of office Another factor assumed to influence the decision to become an officer is the candidate’s perception of the re wards of office. Sayles and Strauss have identified six general rewards of union office: a sense of achievement or self-fulfillment, an outlet for aggression, an intellectu al outlet, relief from monotonous jobs, opportunity to gain prestige of status, and a social outlet.5 The officers interviewed identified as most im portant three of these rewards, which are closely related: self-fullfillment, intel lectual outlet, and relief from monotonous jobs. Many officers, 31 of 37, saw union office as an opportunity for self-fulfillment or growth that could not be gotten from their jobs. Typical responses were, “I wanted to do something more than ring a bell everyday,” “I wanted control over my own destiny,” and “I wanted to do something meaningful.” In contrast, the other rewards of office were men tioned much less frequently. Only three officers indicat ed prestige as a reason for being a union officer; five gave desire for power as a motivating factor; and none mentioned either desire for an outlet for aggression or social opportunities. Thus, the interviews show the importance of personal growth and fulfillment in causing people to want to hold office. The form that fulfillment takes varies ac cording to individuals, as indicated by such statements as, “I like the freedom it brings me,” to, “I wanted to show that black people were people, too.” However, the significance of this growth is a theme that was apparent in nearly every interview. Commitment to unionization, while not really a re ward of office, was another common theme. Thirty of thirty-seven officers gave it as a reason for either enter ing or continuing to hold union office. Although this in dicates idealism, the commitment was often expressed in very practical terms. A typical comment was, “Because of the way management is here, we needed a good union.” However, belief in unionism, as well as desire for personal growth, was important in the decision to be a union officer. A l t h o u g h th is PAPER is based on a limited number of observations, the officers interviewed come from a vari ety of occupations and their responses show consisten cy. The pattern indicates that people who eventually become union officers become active in union adminis tration early in their tenure with the union. Once hav ing become active, officers remained involved in administration. They progressed up the administrative hierarchy, reaching top level office only after experience in other positions. In general, they are people who be lieve unions have a meaningful function to perform in our society, and see themselves as benefiting from the opportunity for personal growth provided by holding office. Im portant motivators encouraging them to be active are: urging by members and officers, self-per ceptions, the desire for personal growth, and a commit ment to unionization. □ FOOTNOTES ' Leonard R. Sayles and George Strauss, T h e L o c a l U n ion (New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, 1953); Jack Barbash, L a b o r 's G ra ss R o o ts (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1961); and Raymond Miles and J. B. Ritchie, “Leadership Attitudes among Union Offi cials,” I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s , October 1968, pp. 108-17. ‘ Karen S. Koziara and David A. Pierson, “Barriers to Women Be coming Union Leaders,” I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s R e s e a rc h A sso c ia tio n 3 3 r d 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1980, pp. 48-54. ' See, for example, Fritz Heider, T h e P s y c h o lo g y o f I n te r p e r s o n a l R e la tio n s (New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1958), pp. 20-78. 4Alice H. Cook, “Women and American Trade Unions,” T h e A n n a ls o f th e A m e r ic a n A c a d e m y o f P o litic a l a n d S o c ia l S cien ce, January 1968, pp. 123-32. A n n u a l P ro ceed in g s, Sayles and Strauss, T h e L o c a l U nion, pp. 64-65. Developments in Industrial Relations Early negotiations in the auto industry With the Nation in the midst of a recession that be gan in midyear, and the domestic automobile industry still afflicted by a sales slump that began 2 years earlier, the United Auto Workers agreed to early negotiations with General Motors Corp. (gm ), Ford M otor Co., and American Motors Corp. Early negotiations also were scheduled with International Harvester Co., which faced a possible loss of $500 million on its 1981 sales of trucks and farm equipment. Chrysler was not involved in the talks because its UAW-represented workers had agreed to wage concessions in November 1979, January 1980, and January 1981 that provided for more than a billion dollars less in compensation increases than the union’s 1979 settlements with GM and Ford. The cur rent GM and Ford (and Chrysler) agreements with the UAW expire in September 1982; the American Motors agreements expire in September 1983 (January 1983 at its Toledo, Ohio plant); and the International Harvester agreement expires in October 1982. There was no immediate indication of whether the early negotiations might result in new multiyear con tracts that would supplant the balance of existing agree ments, or if any new contracts would not be effective until the expiration of the current agreements. Certain ly, GM’s and Ford’s position was clear; they began 1981 by calling for immediate labor cost concessions to re duce a claimed $8-an-hour disparity with the Japanese auto producers. Throughout the year, the two compa nies intensified their drive for cost relief, citing their growing financial losses and increasing job cutbacks. There also was no clear indication of what form any possible union concessions might take, although both GM and Ford insisted that it would not be necessary to reduce wages. Ford President Donald E. Petersen men tioned changes such as reducing the number of paid days off, tightening the requirements for medical leaves of absence, and broadening job definitions to permit “Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben and other members of the staff of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis more efficient utilization of employees. Earlier, he had called for a freeze on automatic cost-of-living pay ad justments. This proposal was unpopular with UAW members, who view cost-of-living adjustment clauses as a sacrosanct part of their contracts ever since they were first negotiated with GM in 1948. GM Chairman Roger B. Smith said that a program to cut unexcused absences and increase productivity could substantially reduce operating costs. According to Smith, days off for sickness and accidents increased by 50 percent in the last 10 years and in 1980, GM lost $1 billion because of unexcused absences. Ford and GM indicated willingness to follow the lead of Chrysler and adopt profit-sharing plans. But this ap proach was viewed with skepticism by many workers, who doubted that the companies could attain profitabil ity in the near future. An approach that was apparently more acceptable to the union as a basis for bargaining was included in an American Motors proposal made to the union in No vember. The proposal called for American M otors’ em ployees to lend the company approximately $150 million, with repayment of the principal— and 10 per cent interest— expected to begin in 1984. The money for the loan would be accrued by eliminating or reduc ing scheduled future improvements in wages and bene fits. To some extent, the uaw ’s decision to consider cost concessions was influenced by cuts in compensation of white-collar employees announced by Ford and GM. At Ford, the changes for 63,000 salaried employees includ ed a loss of two vacation days in 1982; elimination of a paid holiday in December; exclusion of the cost-of-liv ing allowance in calculation of paid time off (the allow ance continued to be included in pay for time worked); and limiting overtime pay to straight-time rates for em ployees exempt from the requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act. At GM, the changes for the 138,000 white-collar em ployees in the United States included elimination of 8 casual days off, cuts in the vacation schedule, elimina tion of cost-of-living pay for paid time not worked, and increased insurance deductibles and reduced benefits. Reportedly, the company also was in the process of lay47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Developments in Industrial Relations ing off 13,000 employees from its worldwide staff of 190,000 white-collar workers. The results of adverse economic conditions also were apparent in other industries, as union members general ly agreed to employer requests for labor cost conces sions: • In Fort Wayne, Ind., 1,000 employees of Dana Corp.’s truck axle plant agreed to cuts in labor costs totaling $2 million a year. The revisions included a 6-month delay of a scheduled 3-percent wage in crease, cancellation of a holiday bonus, and lower cost-of-living adjustments. The workers are represent ed by the Allied Industrial Workers. • In the Detroit area, a scheduled shutdown of Federal Forge Inc. was averted when its 190 employees voted to give up four paid holidays and their cost-of-living adjustments. The plant produces forgings for the au tomobile industry. Its production workers are repre sented by the uaw . • Also in the Detroit area, 150 employees of the Macomb Daily newspaper accepted a $30-a-week pay cut and elimination of their cost-of-living clause. The workers are represented by various unions. • In the trucking industry, Motor Freight Express, Inc. announced that more than two-thirds of its 1,500 em ployees had joined the voluntary “job rescue plan” since its inception in September 1981. Under the plan, 21 percent of each participant’s pay is withheld to aid the company, with the withholding to be re duced as the company’s condition improves. The company operates in a number of States; its employ ees are represented by the Teamsters. However, not all management efforts to reduce labor costs were successful: • At American Airlines, unions representing 21,000 employees turned down a company request that em ployees accept a 5-percent pay reduction during the first quarter of 1982 and forgo raises for the rest of the year. An official of one of the unions said that the company had not proved that its financial condi tion warranted such a sacrifice. • In the farm and construction equipment industry, 3,000 employees rejected Allis-Chalmers Corp.’s re quest for a 1-year wage freeze and other concessions that the company said were needed to help improve its ability to compete with other companies. An offi cial of the Auto Workers said the company had re ported a profit for the first 9 months of 1981 and its top executives were receiving excessive salaries. Meatpacking contracts feature union concessions The “old line” meatpacking companies’ efforts to compete more effectively with newer, lower cost firms Digitized for 48FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis such as Iowa Beef Processors were strengthened when the United Food and Commercial Workers agreed to new contracts that provide for a number of wage and benefit concessions. The first settlement, with Armour and Co., set a pattern for accords with Wilson & Co. and George A. Hormel & Co. Later, other companies followed the pattern, bringing the total number of workers affected to about 40,000. John Teets, chairman and chief executive officer of Armour (and chief executive officer of the parent Grey hound Corp.) called the contract “a historic first” for an industry that is in “total disarray.” Teets said, “If we did not get this kind of contract, we would have to close many plants.” Armour, which has closed 24 plants during the past 10 years, suffered a $5.7-million Loss in 1980. The new contract at Armour, negotiated slightly more than 8 months in advance of the scheduled expira tion date of existing agreements, did not provide for any specified wage increase. However, the agreement is subject to a reopening on wages in September 1984, with the union permitted to strike if a settlement is not attained. The cost-of-living clause, which provided for semian nual pay adjustments, was retained in the contract, but the 4,100 employees will not receive any actual adjust ments. Instead, they will receive a one-time lump sum in December 1983 equal to the amount they would have received if the clause was operative during all of 1982. The payment will be at least $400, regardless of how few hours an employee worked in 1982. The lump-sum payment does not apply to workers hired after the effec tive date of the new contract. In addition, Armour is now permitted to pay new employees $1 less than the standard rate for their job during their first 60 days of work and 50 cents less during the following 30 days. The same reductions also will apply during the first 90 days and the succeeding 30 days for employees hired for new second or third shifts. Benefit changes include a $2 increase in the pension rate, bringing it to $17 a month for each year of credited service. This change will be effective on Sep tember 1, 1985, the day after the contract expires. In a concession to the union, Armour agreed not to close any plants, departments, or divisions before July 1,. 1983. Armour also gave the union a copy of its capi tal investment plan for the next 5 years and will divulge its actual expenditures each year. Jerry Wurf, AFSCME president, dies Jerry Wurf, president of the State, County and Mu nicipal Employees since 1964, died December 10 after a heart attack. During his tenure, the union grew from 220,000 to 1 million members, making it the largest public employee union in the AFL-CIO. AFL-CIO President Lane Kirkland and secretary-trea surer Thomas R. Donohue called Wurf “one of the most dynamic figures of our time,” and said that “the labor movement is richer because he passed our way.” W urf s successor was General McEntee, head of the union’s District Council 13 in Pennsylvania and a mem ber of the union since 1958. In the weighted balloting by the 25-member executive board, McEntee received 483,080 of the electoral ballots cast and William Lucy, the union’s secretary-treasurer, received 449,911. Worker’s effort to buy steel plant fails A steelworker local’s effort to save 3,000 jobs at Kai ser Steel Corp. suffered a setback when Kaiser said that an employer stock-ownership plan was not “desirable or workable.” The local had started the purchase drive af ter the company announced plans to phase out its steelmaking operations in Fontana, Calif., and the near by Eagle Mountain iron ore mine. Kaiser operated at a profit during the first three quar ters of 1981, but company officials said they did not view this as a turnaround from the losses suffered in each of the preceding 18 quarters. The company’s plan calls for the continuation of steel finishing at Fontana, using purchased steel. Kaiser is the ninth largest firm in the industry; it does not have any other steelmaking plants. Dupont workers reject union representation The Steelworkers’ 8-year organizing campaign at the DuPont Co. suffered a severe blow when 11,500 em ployees of 14 plants in seven States rejected representa tion by the union. The employees at six of the plants voted to retain their local independent unions while those at the other plants voted to remain nonunion. John Oshinski, who has headed the union’s orga nizing drive since 1979, said the DuPont workers turned down the opportunity to “throw off Dupont’s total control of their lives,” and thus, the “hard-fought campaign has now been concluded.” Carl De Martino, D uPont’s vice president for employee relations, called the result of the National Labor Relations Board elec tions “a strong endorsement of our policies and our sensitivity to people’s needs.” DuPont has 66,000 employees eligible to be repre sented by unions. About 3,000 of them, at 13 plants, belong to international unions; about 23,000, at 33 plants, are represented by local independent unions. The Steelworkers represent a small number of workers at a facility in Biwabik, Minn. DuPont, the Nation’s largest chemical maker, has about 100 plants in the United States. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Controllers can apply for other Federal jobs There was another development in the dispute con cerning the fate of the 11,500 fired air traffic controllers, as President Reagan modified his termination order to permit them to apply for Federal jobs, but not their old jobs. The controllers, discharged because of their strike against the Federal Government, can reapply for Feder al employment in departments and agencies other than the Federal Aviation Administration. In general, labor leaders expressed disappointment in the President’s action. An official of AFL-CIO said, “This is not what the AFL-CIO Executive Council had in mind last week when it met with and urged the President to show compassion toward the air controllers.” Robert E. Poli, president of the Professional Air Traffic Control lers Organization (patco ) described the new policy as a “cruel hoax on both the fired controllers and the Amer ican taxpayer,” explaining that, “there are few if any available Federal jobs.” Leaders of the Teamsters union, who also had met with the President as part of his efforts to improve the Administration’s relations with organized labor, ap proved this change of policy. J. J. O’Donnell, head of the Air Line Pilots Associa tion, said “ . . . any action the Administration takes, we are in accord with, 100 percent.” In a related development, the National Transporta tion Safety Board dismissed PATCO assertions that the air traffic control system was less safe than before the union’s members were dismissed in August. However, the board did warn that continued heavy workloads for the 6,000 controllers and 4,000 supervisors and military controllers operating the system could eventually reduce flight safety. A&P reduces its contribution to pension plan The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. moved to stem operating losses by reducing the company’s contribution to the pension plan for 10,000 salaried employees who are not represented by unions. A company official said the change was possible because the previous financing method did not fully take into account rising interest rates on fund investments, which resulted in a $200-million surplus. Under the new formula, A&P’s pension contribution will equal 4 percent of each employee’s salary. Employ ees will contribute up to 6 percent of their salary, with A&P contributing an additional amount equal to half of what the employees pay in. A&P also announced plans to close more unprofita ble stores. The food store chain is the Nation’s second largest, employing 65,000 workers in 30 States primarily east of the Mississippi River. 49 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Developments in Industrial Relations Private pension plans stressed In a report on how to ensure adequate income for re tirees, the Committee for Economic Development calls for more reliance on private pension plans and personal savings and less reliance on social security benefits. The nonpartisan group of business and academic leaders composing the committee said that with the current ap proach “future working generations will bear impossible funding burdens, and future retirees will face insecurity and hardship.” According to the committee, the overall cost of re tirement programs rose from 2.3 percent of the Gross National Product in 1950 to 8.2 percent in 1977, and increasing social security costs had to be borne by fu ture generations. To increase the role of private pension plans and personal savings, the committee recom mended increasing the tax-free amounts that individuals can allocate to their personal retirement plans; making employees’ contributions to private group plans tax de ductible and encouraging employers to establish savings plans for employees; giving employers more flexibility in their pension plans, including delaying the normal re tirement age to match future changes in social security laws; raising the eligibility age for full social security benefits to 68; and adjusting annual benefits according to changes in wages rather than the present method of adjustment according to movement of the Consumer Price Index. Private secretaries can join union, court says In a decision that was significant for thousands of of fice workers, the Supreme Court upheld the National Labor Relations Board’s position that employees with access to confidential information are permitted to orga nize and are assured of other protections under the Na tional Labor Relations Act, as long as the information Digitized 50 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis does not involve labor-management relations. The board had held to this interpretation of the act (also known as the Wagner Act) since its passage in 1935. The case arose when the personal secretary to the chief executive officer of the Hendricks County Rural Electric Membership Cooperative in Danville, Ind., was fired for joining other employees in petitioning for the reinstatement of a disabled worker. The secretary appealed to the National Labor Relations Board, which held that she was protected by the Wagner Act because she was not involved in labor relations matters. However, this decision was reversed on appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, which ruled that “all secretaries working in a confidential ca pacity” are not covered by the act. Its decision was based on a 1974 Supreme Court ruling that managerial employees are not covered by the act. According to the Circuit Court, a footnote to the 1974 ruling also ap peared to exclude all confidential employees. Writing for the majority, Supreme Court Justice Wil liam J. Brennan, Jr., said the 1974 footnote was a mistake. He noted that in 1947 the Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which amended the Wagner Act to cover “professional employees.” Justice Brennan con cluded that Congress passed the amendment with full knowledge of the National Labor Relations Board posi tion and that most of the newly covered professionals would have access to confidential information. In a opinion written by Justice Lewis F. Powell, the four dissenting members of the court said that secretar ies should be excluded from coverage of the Wagner Act because they “are privy to the most sensitive details of management decision-making.” The court’s majority decision also means that 18 em ployees of the Malleable Iron Range Co. in Beaver Dam, Wis., involved in a concurrent case may not be classified as confidential and may join a union, unless the employ er shows another reason for excluding them. □ M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of collective bargaining agreements expiring in March is based on contracts on file in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. U n io n 1 In d u stry E m p l o y e r a n d lo c a t i o n N u m ber of w orkers 1,000 2,300 3,000 C o n stru ctio n ................................ Printing and Graphic .............................. Electrical Workers (IBEW) ................... L a b o re rs ...................................................... Operating Engineers; Laborers; Carpenters; and Teamsters (Ind.) Carpenters; and Laborers ...................... 17,600 8,000 C o n stru ctio n ................................ Operating E n g in e e rs ................................ 1,300 Food products ........................... Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... 2,000 ...................................... ...................................... Teamsters (Ind.) Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... ...................................... 4,000 67,000 Trucking ...................................... Trucking ...................................... Utilities ........................................ A p p a r e l........................................ Utilities ........................................ Electrical p ro d u c ts ...................... Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... Electrical W orkers (IBEW) ................... Clothing and Textile W orkers .............. Electrical W orkers (IBEW) ................... Machinists ................................................ 41,000 14,850 1,700 56,000 7,100 1,200 Edition Bookbinders of New York, Inc................................................................. Exxon Corp., Exxon Co., U.S.A. Baton Rouge Refinery & Chemical Plant (Baton Rouge La.) Printing & p u b lish in g ................ Graphic A r t s .............................................. 1,000 P e tro leu m ...................................... Chemical Workers ................................... 2,400 First National Supermarkets, Inc. (C o n n e c tic u t).............................................. Retail trade Food and Commercial W o r k e r s ........... 2,700 Illinois Trucking Associations, Inc., and 1 o t h e r .............................................. Illinois Trucking Associations, Inc., Highway Drivers ................................... Trucking Trucking ...................................... ...................................... Teamsters (Ind.) Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... ...................................... 2,100 4,000 Jewelry M anufacturers Associations, Inc., & Associated Jewelers, Inc. - (New York, N.Y.) Miscellaneous manufacturers . . Jewelry Workers ...................................... 2,600 Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (C a lifo rn ia)........................................................... H o s p ita ls ...................................... Service Employees ................................... 9,000 Laborers Negotiating Committee of the Associated General Contractors of Indiana, Inc. Local Cartage Agreement for Hire & Private Carriers (I llin o is )................... C o n stru ctio n ................................ Trucking ...................................... L a b o re rs ...................................................... Chicago Truck Drivers ( I n d .) ................ 20,000 7,700 M aster Rail-Truck Freight Agreement (In te rsta te )........................................... Trucking ...................................... Teamsters (Ind.) M erchants Fast M otor Lines, Inc. ( T e x a s ) ......................................................... Trucking ...................................... Milwaukee Transport Service, Inc........................................................................... Mobile Oil Corp., Production Areas (Louisiana, Oklahoma, & Texas) . . . T r a n s it........................................... Crude, petroleum, and natural gas Union of Transportation Employees (Ind.) Amalgamated Transit U n i o n ................ Associated Petroleum Employees Union (Ind.) National Automatic Sprinkler & Fire Control Association (Interstate) . . . National M aster Freight Local Cartage (Philadelphia, P a . ) ........................... New Jersey & New York Area General Trucking Supplement Agreement . C o n stru ctio n ................................ Trucking ...................................... Trucking ...................................... Plumbers ................................................... Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... 7,000 5,400 19,000 Southern California Gas C o...................................................................................... Southern Conference Local Freight Forwarding Garage & Office Employees, 2 agreements (Interstate) Southern Conference Over-The-Road M otor Freight Supplement Agreement (Texas) Standard Restaurant Agreement (Cleveland, Ohio) ........................................ Utilities ........................................ Utility Workers; and Chemical Workers 5,900 Trucking Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... 4,150 Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... Hotel and Restaurant Employees . . . . 12,400 2,500 American Can Co. ( I n te r s ta te ) .............................................................................. Arizona Public Service C o......................................................................................... Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.: Baltimore Chapter . . . . New York Chapter, 4 agreements ................................................................... P a p e r .............................................. Utilities ........................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ Southern Florida Chapter, 2 a g re e m e n ts ......................................................... BTEA W estchester & Putnam Building Construction Agreement (New York) California Metal Trades Association (Fresno & Madera, C a lif.)................... Carolina Freight Council Over-The-Road Supplement Agreement (N orth Carolina and South Carolina) Central States Area Local Cartage Supplement Agreement (Interstate) . . . Central States Area Over-The-Road M otor Freight Supplement Agreement (Interstate) Central States Iron-Steel and Special Commodity Rider (I n te rs ta te )........... Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co., and 1 other (Ohio & K e n tu ck y )................... Clothing M anufacturers Association of the U.S. of America (Interstate) . . Commonwealth Edison, 2 agreements (Illin o is )................................................ Cutler-Hammer, Inc., Special Products Division (Milwaukee, Wis.) ........... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Trucking Trucking ................................ ...................................... Trucking ...................................... R estaurants ................................ ...................................... 2,500 1,500 1,250 1,200 1,800 Continued—Collective bargaining agreements expiring E m p l o y e r a n d lo c a t i o n In d u str y N um ber of U n io n 1 w orkers Union Carbide Corp. (Texas) ................................................................................. C h e m ic a ls ...................................... Texas Metal Trades C o u n c il................... 1,550 Virginia Freight Council Over-The-Road Supplement A g re e m e n t................ T ru c k in g ........................................ Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ 1,300 T ru c k in g ........................................ Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ 2,600 T ru c k in g ........................................ T ru c k in g ........................................ Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ 3,900 46,000 T ru c k in g ........................................ T ru c k in g ........................................ T ru c k in g ........................................ Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ 19,000 6,500 2,400 3,000 West Virginia Freight Local Cartage Supplement Agreement & Over-TheRoad Supplement Agreement, 2 agreements Western Pennsylvania M otor Carriers Local Cartage Supplement Agreement Western States Area Local Cartage Supplement Agreement (Interstate)2 . . Western States Area Over-The-Road M otor Freight Supplement Agreement (Interstate)2 Western States Area Office Supplement Agreement (Interstate)2 ................... Western States Automotive Shop-Truck Agreement (Interstate)2 ................ Western States Trucking M aintenance Agreement (Interstate)2 ................... Government activity Union or employee organization New York: Security Services Unit ......................................................................... Transit A uthority Unit ...................................................................... Law e n fo rc e m e n t........................ T ra n sp o rta tio n .............................. State, County and Municipal Employees Transport W orkers Union ...................... Oregon: Tri-County Transportation District ...................................................... T ra n sp o rta tio n .............................. Amalgamated Transit Union 'A ffiliated with A F L -C IO except where noted as independent (Ind.). 2Industry area ( group of companies signing same contract). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ................ 7,950 33,000 1,400 Book Reviews Taking early retirement Early Retirement— Boon or Bane? A Study of Three Large Corporations. By Dean W. Morse and Susan H. Gray. Montclair, N.J., Allanheld, Osmun & Co. Publishers, Inc., 1980. 180 pp. $23.00. This book is based on the survey responses of 1,000 professional, managerial, and technical workers who had been employed by three large corporations— an unidentified manufacturer, a retailer, and a utility firm. Dean W. Morse and Susan H. Gray make use of the survey responses to assess what prompted these individ uals to retire, their status at retirement, and their expe riences, satisfactions, and problems after retiring. They also raise questions about corporate and public policy toward retirement, pensions, employment of older workers, and social security. The book documents the shift toward earlier retire ment, especially for men. The traditional 65-year-oldnorm as constituting the age for retirement had become the exception rather than the rule for this group. Threefourths or more of the respondents had retired before reaching 65. Among those who retired in 1968-69, only 13 percent retired before age 60. In the group retiring in 1976-77, 30 percent had retired before age 60. While the Administration and others have suggested raising the age for full social security retirement benefits to 68, the Morse-Gray study adds to the evidence indicating a continuing preference by Americans to retire at a sub stantially earlier age. The Morse-Gray retirees are a special group in terms of their occupational status and income. They include no blue-collar workers or routine clerical or sales em ployees. Their mean preretirement annual family income was $34,500 in 1977 dollars. Their mean family income in the 12 months preceding the survey amounted to $19,500. Based on a combination of private pensions, social security, and investment income, this is the group with the resources for a “good old age.” However, even for this group the authors make it clear that retirement and nonretirement are far from mutually exclusive options. Two out of five of the re spondents earned some kind of income after retiring. While the professionals and managers who worked usu ally did so on less than a full-time basis, they, like the retired policeman or civil servant who embarks on a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis second career, symbolize the large numbers of persons who are in the labor force and who are also retired. This group, with its special problems and prospects, re ceives scant recognition in the official labor force statis tics. The post-retirement experience of the group was largely a happy one. They had ample time and at least minimally adequate resources to pursue hobbies, engage in voluntary community activities, or tinker around the house and garden. In this respect, the findings in the Morse-Gray report are similar to those in an earlier Conference Board study, Walter Wikstrom’s The Pro ductive Retirement Years of Former Managers Confer ence Board Report No. 747, 1978. This portrayal of a happy retirement is marred by one major problem— inflation. Corporate pensions, un like social security, are seldom indexed, and the adjust ments made for inflation tend to be partial and ad hoc. The possibilities of offsetting the loss of purchasing power, caused by inflation, by working are severely lim ited by the 50-percent reduction of social security bene fits for incomes earned from work beyond the legal lim it, currently $6,000. These fears, of course, are real ones although the remedies lie beyond the scope of the book. With inflation continuing at an average rate of 10 per cent a year, more than three-fifths of the original pur chasing power of a pension that was not indexed would have been lost by the end of a 10-year period. With a sharp decline from recent inflation rates, say to a 5-per cent annual level, the loss of purchasing power during this period would amount to nearly two-fifths. The authors provide many insights into the experi ences of the particular group they surveyed. They are on less firm ground when they attempt to generalize about implications for public policy of this special group. Here, the authors tend to hedge when a bolder statement might be more beneficial to the reader. For instance, the authors note that “there may be merit in (former) Secretary of Commerce Juanita Kreps’ propos al to move gradually to raise the age qualifications for full (social security) benefits from 65 to 68.” Is there, or isn’t there merit in the proposal? The book raises many questions regarding a society in which people are living longer but working fewer years. The authors consider the need for alternatives such as part-time or part-year employment or consul53 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Book Reviews tant jobs for retired persons seeking a second career. But will these options or proposals to raise the age of full social security benefits to 68 make any sense unless there has been far more progress than has been the case to date in eliminating age discrimination in hiring or in the limit on earnings from work in the social security legislation? In summary, the book is well written and it presents much useful information about the experiences of the group it surveys. It is less successful when it attempts to generalize from this experience a national policy for older Americans. senior multinational executives that would be faced with making decisions based in part on the work of political risk specialists; this excellent survey will encourage much more intelligent utilization of staff input. There is one question, however, that has puzzled me every time I have read or reviewed a piece on political risk manage ment: the emphasis in all such pieces has been the Third World; why is this, given that the bulk of foreign direct investment is inter-industrial-nation and the po tential financial impacts of such events as the recent So cialist electoral victories in France and Greece? — R ic h a r d M. D e v e n s , Jr. Columbia University New York — L e o n a r d A. L ech t Economic Consultant Risk assessment as a business tool P u b lic a tio n s r ec eiv ed Agriculture and natural resources International Political Risk Assessment: The State of the Art. Edited by Theodore H. Moran. Washington, Georgetown University, School of Foreign Service, 1980. 80 pp. $10. In the past few years, a Shah’s dynasty has been hurled down in Iran, the Afghan nation has been over run by Soviet tanks, a peacemaker has been gunned down in Egypt, and the international political risk ana lysts have found new prominence. This slender volume does the field of political risk studies a huge service by firmly establishing the focus of risk assessment as a tool for business decisionmaking rather than a curiosity in comparative politics and economics. The quality of the panel convened for the workshop that was the basis of this book, Theodore H. M oran’s judgment in selecting papers, and the superb editorial pencil he exercised have combined to produce an excellent and timely product. Two major channels of thought in political risk anal ysis emerge from this workshop. The first, put forth most explicitly in Conrad Pearson’s how-to-do-it paper on expert-panel methodologies, emphasizes cotintryspecific factors. Pearson’s method elicits, weighs, blends, and standardizes the opinions of groups of country ex perts to attempt to estimate the chance some particular set of political events will occur in the country in ques tion. M oran’s concluding essay, on the other hand, em phasizes analysis of firm- or project-specific factors that tend to increase the investor’s vulnerability to politically based action, regardless of the nature of the host coun try. These two approaches are, of course, the blades of the same scissors, as the economist Alfred Marshall might have analogized for the firm’s “supply” of politi cal vulnerability and the host’s “demand” for certain forms of politico-economic aggression. The concise nature of International Political Risk As sessment leads me to recommend it most highly to the Digitized for 54 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Berardi, G. M., “Socio-Economic Consequences of Agricultural Mechanization in the United States: Needed Redirections for Mechanization Research,” Rural Sociolo gy, Fall 1981, pp. 483-504. ) Hoiberg, Eric O. and Gordon L. Bultena, “Farm Operator Attitudes Toward Governmental Involvement in Agricul ture,” Rural Sociology, Fall 1981, pp. 381-90. Shingi, Prakash M., Frederick C. Fliegel, Joseph E. Kivlin, “Agricultural Technology and the Issue of Unequal Dis tribution of Rewards: An Indian Case Study,” Rural So ciology, Fall 1981, pp. 430-45. Education Breneman, David W. and Susan C. Nelson, Financing Community Colleges: An Economic Perspective. Washing ton, The Brookings Institution, 1981, 222 pp. $22.95, cloth; $8.95, paper. Congressional Quarterly, Education in America: Quality Vs. Cost. Washington, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Editori al Research Reports, 1981, 202 pp., bibliography. $7.50, paper. Health and safety Cooke, William N. and Frederick H. Gautschi III, “ o s h a , Plant Safety Programs, and Injury Reduction,” Industrial Relations, Fall 1981, pp. 245-57. Harrison, Allan J., “Managing Safety and Health,” Labor Law Journal, September 1981, pp. 571-87. Industrial relations Abrams, Roger I., “A Theory for the Discharge Case,” The Arbitration Journal, September 1981, pp. 24-27. Bloom, David E., “Is Arbitration Really Compatible with Bargaining?” Industrial Relations, Fall 1981, pp. 233-44. Bogue, Bonnie G. and Phil Horowitz, “Arbitration in Califor nia: The State of the Law,” California Public Employee Relations, September 1981, pp. 2-17. Bornstein, Tim, “In Search of a Coherent Labor Policy for the Construction Industry,” Labor Law Journal, September 1981, pp. 588-97. Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Labor Relations in Elementa ry and Secondary Education, 1980-1981: Special Report. Washington, 1981, 85 pp. (Government Employee Rela tions Report, RF 209.) 50 cents. Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Management At titudes Toward Productivity. Washington, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Survey Research and Productivity Centers, 1981, 47 pp. $6, paper. Gacek, Stanley A., “The Employer’s Duty to Bargain on Ter mination of Unit Work,” Labor Law Journal, October 1981, pp. 659-78. Gold, Lois, “Mediation in the Dissolution of Marriage,” The Arbitration Journal, September 1981, pp. 9-13. Johnson, Ronald D., “Voluntary Affirmative Action in the Post- Weber Era: Issues and Answers,” Labor Law Jour nal, September 1981, pp. 609-20. Lafranchise, Paul A., Sr. and Michael T. Lei big, “Collective Bargaining for Parity in the Public Sector,” Labor Law Journal, September 1981, pp. 598-608. Lowenfeld, Andreas F., “The U.S.-Iranian Dispute Settlement Accords: An Arbitrator Looks at the Prospects for Arbi tration,” The Arbitration Journal, September 1981, pp. 38. Mittenthal, Richard, “Making Arbitration Work: Alternatives in Designing the Machinery,” The Arbitration Journal, September 1981, pp. 35-39. Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Jerry Ross, “Unionization and Income In equality, Industrial Relations, Fall 1981, pp. 271-85. “Recent Developments in California Public Jurisdictions,” California Public Employee Relations, September 1981, pp. 18-58. Ross, Irwin, “The New Work Spirit in St. Louis,” Fortune, Nov. 16, 1981, beginning on p. 92. Scharman, Clifford, “Interest Arbitration in the Private Sec tor,” The Arbitration Journal, September 1981, pp. 14-23. Seitz, Peter, “Delay: The ASP in the Bosom of Arbitration,” The Arbitration Journal, September 1981, pp. 29-35. Wrong, Elaine Gale, “The Social Responsibility of Arbitrators in Title VII Disputes,” Labor Law Journal, September 1981, pp. 621-26. Kiechel, Walter III, “Playing the Global Game,” Fortune, Nov. 16, 1981, beginning on p. 111. Plaut, Steven E., “ OPEC Is Not a Cartel,” Challenge, November-December 1981, pp. 18-24. Rowen, Henry S. and John P. Weyant, “Will Oil Prices Col lapse?” Challenge, November-December 1981, pp. 11-17. Labor and economic history Harris, William H., “Federal Intervention in Union Discrimination: f e p c and West Coast Shipyards During World War II,” Labor History, Summer 1981, pp. 32547. Katzman, David M., Seven Days a Week: Women and Domes tic Service in Industrializing America. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1981, 374 pp. $8.95, paper. Murphy, James E. and Sharon M. Murphy, Let My People Know: American Indian Journalism, 1828-1978. Norman, Okla., University of Oklahoma Press, 1981, 230 pp., bib liography. $14.95. Tygiel, Jules, “Tramping Artisans: The Case of the Carpenters in Industrial America,” Labor History, Summer 1981, pp. 348-76. Zlatkovich, Charles P., Texas Railroads: A Record of Con struction and Abandonment. Austin, University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Business Research and Texas State Historical Association, 1981, 139 pp. $7. Labor force Birch, David L., “Who Creates Jobs?” The Public Interest, Fall 1981, pp. 3-14. Cherry, Robert, “What Is So Natural About the Natural Rate of Unemployment?” Journal o f Economic Issues, Septem ber 1981, pp. 729-43. Ginzberg, Eli and others, Work Decisions in the 1980s. Boston, Auburn House Publishing Co., 1982, 137 pp. Rosen, Sherwin, ed., Studies in Labor Markets. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, 1981, 394 pp. $34, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. Management and organization theory Industry and government organization Barton, Paul, Worklife Transitions: The Adult Learning Con nection. Washington, The National Institute for Work and Learning, 1982, 196 pp. $14.95, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Buggie, Frederick D., New Product Development Strategies. New York, a m a c o m , A division of American Manage ment Associations, 1981, 165 pp. $16.95. Cribbin, James J., Leadership: Strategies for Organizational Ef fectiveness. New York, a m a c o m , A division of American Management Associations, 1981, 296 pp. Reilly, Ann M., “Natural Gas Decontrol: Is the Time Now?” Dun's Business Month, November 1981, beginning on p. 52. Frantzreb, Richard B., “Human Resource Planning: Forecast ing Manpower Needs,” Personnel Journal, November 1981, pp. 850-57. Wilson, Marilyn, “Gloomy News from Consumers,” Dun's Business Month, November 1981, beginning on p. 44. Sinetar, Marsha, “Mergers, Morale and Productivity,” Person nel Journal, November 1981, pp. 863-67. International economics Lester, Richard I., “Leadership: Some Principles and Con cepts,” Personnel Journal, November 1981, pp. 868-70. Brander, James A. and Barbara J. Spencer, “Tariffs and the Extraction of Foreign Monopoly Rents Under Potential Entry,” The Canadian Journal of Economics, August 1981, pp. 371-89. Fairlamb, David, “ ‘Finlandization’ of Europe?” Dun's Busi ness Month, November 1981, beginning on p. 92. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Niehouse, Oliver L., “Burnout: A Real Threat to Human Resources Managers,” Personnel, September-October 1981, pp. 25-32. Ullrich, Robert A., Motivation Methods That Work. Engle wood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1981, 149 pp. $12.95, cloth; $5.95, paper. 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Book Reviews Monetary and fiscal policy Hershman, Arlene, “The High Interest Cost Burden,” Dun's Business Month, November 1981, beginning on p. 60. Higgins, Bryon and Jon Faust, “Velocity Behavior of the New Monetary Aggregates,” Economic Review, Federal Re serve Bank of Kansas City, September-October 1981, pp. 3-17. Kimball, Ralph C., “Trends in the Use of Currency,” New England Economic Review, September-October 1981, pp. 43-53. Mitchell, Douglas W., “Stability of the Government Budget Constraint with a Constant Exogenous Monetary Growth Rate,” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, Autumn 1981, pp. 15-22. Campbell, Angus, The Sense of Well-Being in America: Recent Patterns and Trends. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1981, 263 pp. Gary, Lawrence E„ ed., Black Men. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage Publications, Inc., 1981, 295 pp. $22.50, cloth; $9.95, pa per. Pomer, Marshall I., Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in the United States: A Segmentation Perspective. Gainsville, University Presses of Florida, 1981, 106 pp. $8, paper. Zigler, Edward F. and Edmund W. Gordon, eds., Day Care: Scientific and Social Policy Issues. Boston, Mass., Auburn House Publishing Co., 1982, 515 pp. $24.95, cloth; $12.95, paper. Wages and compensation Wallich, Henry C., “The Limits of Monetary Control,” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, Autumn 1981, pp. 6-14. Burgess, Paul L. and Jerry L. Kingston, “UI Benefit Effects on Compensated Unemployment,” Industrial Relations, Fall 1981, pp. 258-70. Prices and living conditions Marks, Mitchell Lee and Philip H. Mirvis, “Wage Guidelines: Impact on Job Attitudes and Behavior,” Industrial Rela tions, Fall 1981, pp. 286-96. Chung, Jae Wan, “The Price of Gasoline, the Oil Crisis, and the Choice of Transportation Mode,” The Quarterly Re view of Economics and Business, Autumn 1981, pp. 7786. Hall, Robert E. and Robert S. Pindyck, “What To Do When Energy Prices Rise Again,” The Public Interest, Fall 1981, pp. 59-70. Miller, Glenn H., Jr., “Slowdowns in Economic Activity and the Rate of Inflation,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, September-October 1981, pp. 1827. Productivity and technological change Denny, M., M. Fuss, J. D. May, “Intertemporal Changes in Regional Productivity in Canadian Manufacturing,” The Canadian Journal of Economics, August 1981, pp. 390408. Murray, Thomas J., “Promising Ways to Clean Up Wastes,” Dun's Business Month, November 1981, pp. 102-03. Nakamura, Toru, “Productivity Losses Through Capital Misallocation in the U.S., Japan, and West Germany,” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, Autumn 1981, pp. 65-76. William M. Mercer, Inc., Employer Attitudes: Implications of an Aging Work Force. New York, William Mercer, Inc., 1981, 40 pp. Welfare programs and social insurance Aaron, Henry J., “Social Security Can Be Saved,” Challenge, November-December 1981, pp. 4-9. Andrews, David, Your Rights to Social Security Benefits. New York, Andrews Publishing Co., 1981, 186 pp. $4.95, pa per, Facts on File, Inc., New York. Daly, Michael J., “The Role of Registered Retirement Savings Plans in a Life-Cycle Model,” The Canadian Journal of Economics, August 1981, pp. 409-21. Goldman, Barbara S., Impacts o f the Immediate Job Search Assistance Experiment: Louisville WIN Research Laborato ry Project. New York, Manpower Demonstration Re search Corp., 1981, 220 pp., bibliography. $5, paper. Kingson, Eric R., “Retirement Circumstances of Very Early Retirees: A Life Cycle Perspective,” Aging and Work, Summer 1981, pp. 161-73. Social institutions and social change Martin, Linda Gray, “The Social Security System: Should You Withdraw?” New England Economic Review, Sep tember-October 1981, pp. Y l-\2 . Bowser, Benjamin P. and Raymond G. Hunt, eds., Impacts of Racism on White Americans. Beverly Hills, Calif., Sage Publications, Inc., 1981, 288 pp. $20, cloth; $9.95, paper. Olson, Sandra K., “Current Status of Corporate Retirement Preparation Programs,” Aging and Work, Summer 1981, pp. 175-87. Digitized56 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics ..................................................................................................................................... Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series ..................................................... Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ............................................................. Employment status of noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-80 ................................................................ Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted .......................................................... Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................ Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................... Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................ Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................... Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted .................................................. Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Employment by industry, 1951-80 Employment by State ................................................................................................................................................................ Employment by industry division and major manufacturing g r o u p ................................................................................ Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ........................................ Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1977 to date ......................................................................................................... Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by major industry group ................................................................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, 1950-80 Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing g r o u p .............................................................................. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ...................................... Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................ Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................ Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................ Gross and spendable weekly earnings, in current and 1967 dollars, 1961 to date ..................................................... 58 58 59 59 60 61 62 63 63 63 64 65 65 66 67 68 68 69 70 71 72 72 73 74 Unemployment insurance data. Definitions 75 75 Price data. Definitions and notes ........................................................................................................................................... Consumer Price Index, 1967-80 Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected items ........................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross classification of region and population size class ........................................................... Consumer Price Index, selected areas ..................................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ............................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings ................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ................................................................................... 76 77 77 83 84 85 86 88 88 88 Productivity data. Definitions and notes ..................................................................................... 91 91 92 92 93 ................................................................................................................... 21. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations ........................................................................................ 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selectedyears, 1950-80 Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1970-80 Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted ................... Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices . . Labor-management data. Definitions 35. Wage and benefit settlements in major collective bargaining units, 1976 to date ....................................... 36. Effective wage rate adjustments in major collective bargaining units, 1976 to date ................................................... 37. Work stoppages, 1947 to date ................................................................................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 94 94 95 95 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical se ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov er of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series are given below. Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are com puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev eral preceding years. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 2-7 were revised in the February 1981 issue of the R e v ie w to reflect the preceding year’s experience. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new proce dure called X -ll/A R IM A , which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X -ll method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in T h e X - l l A R 1 M A S e a s o n a l A d ju s tm e n t M e th o d by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data in tables 11, 13, 16, and 18 begins with the August 1980 issue using the X -ll ARIM A seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal fac tors for productivity data in tables 33 and 34 are usually intro duced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. The B L S H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tistic s , Bulletin 2070, provides more detailed data and greater his torical coverage for most of the statistical series presented in the M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w . Mòre information from the household and es tablishment surveys is provided in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, a monthly publication of the Bureau, and in two comprehensive data books issued annually — E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, U n ite d S ta te s and E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, S ta te s a n d A reas. More detailed informa tion on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, C u r r e n t W a g e D e ve lo p m e n ts . More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P ric e s a n d P r ic e In d e x es. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on representative but incomplete returns. r = revised. Generally this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series Title and frequency (monthly except where indicated) Employment situation................................................................................ Producer Price Index ................................................................................ Consumer Price Index ............................................................................. Real earnings ............................................................................................ Productivity and costs: Nonfinancial corporations .................................................................... Release date Period covered February 5 February 12 February 25 February 25 January January January January Release date March M?-ch March March 5 12 23 23 March 1 Period covered February February February February 1-11 26-30 22-25 14-20 4th quarter 31 34 N ote: Because of budget reductions in the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the work stoppages series was discontinued effective with the release of December 1981 data in January 1982. 58 FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MLR table number EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households beginning in May 1981, selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons are (1) those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population; the total labor force includes military personnel. Persons not in the labor force are 1. those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. Full-time workers are those employed at least 35 hours a week; part-time workers are those who work fewer hours. Workers on parttime schedules for economic reasons (such as slack work, terminating or starting a job during the week, material shortages, or inability to find full-time work) are among those counted as being on full-time status, under the assumption that they would be working full time if conditions permitted. The survey classifies unemployed persons in full-time or part-time status by their reported preferences for full-time or part-time work. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s. Data in tables 2-7 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal experience through December 1980. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-80 [Numbers in thousands] Civilian labor force Total labor force Year Total non institutional population Unemployed Employed Number Percent of population Total Total Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 106,645 112,732 119,759 127,224 129,236 63,858 68,072 72,142 75,830 77,178 59.9 60.4 60.2 59.6 59.7 62,208 65,023 69,628 73,091 74,455 58,918 62,170 65,778 69,305 71,088 7,160 6,450 5,458 4,523 4,361 51,758 55,722 60,318 64,782 66,726 3,288 2,852 3,852 3,786 3,366 5.3 4.4 5.5 5.2 4.5 42,787 44,660 47,617 51,394 52,058 1966 ............................................................ 1967 ............................................................ 1968 ............................................................ 1969 ............................................................ 1970 ............................................................ 131,180 133,319 135,562 137,841 140,182 78,893 80,793 82,272 84,240 85,903 60.1 60.6 60.7 61.1 61.3 75,770 77,347 78,737 80,734 82,715 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 78,627 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 3,462 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,296 75,165 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 4,088 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 4.9 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 54,280 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 142,596 145,775 148,263 150,827 153,449 86,929 88,991 91,040 93,240 94,793 61.0 61.0 61.4 61.8 61.8 84,113 86,542 88,714 91,011 92,613 79,120 81,702 84,409 83,935 84,783 3,387 3,472 3,452 3,492 3,380 75,732 78,230 80,957 82,443 81,403 4,993 4,840 4,304 5,076 7,830 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 55,666 56,785 57,222 57,587 58,655 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 156,048 158,559 161,058 163,620 166,246 96,917 99,534 102,537 104,996 106,821 62.1 62.8 63.7 64.2 64.3 94,773 97,401 100,420 102,908 104,719 87,485 90,546 94,373 96,945 97,270 3,297 3,244 3,342 3,297 3,310 84,188 87,302 91,031 93,648 93,960 7,288 6,855 6,047 5,963 7,448 7.7 7.0 6.0 5.8 7.1 59,130 59,025 58,521 58,623 59,425 1950 1955 1960 1964 1965 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Annual average 1980 1979 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 163,620 104,996 161,532 102,908 96,945 3,297 93,648 5,963 5.8 58,623 166,246 106,821 164,143 104,719 97,270 3,310 93,960 7,448 7.1 59,425 167,396 107,191 165,272 105,067 97,282 3,394 93,888 7,785 7.4 60,205 167,585 107,668 165,460 105,543 97,696 3,403 94,294 7,847 7.4 59,917 167,747 107,802 165,627 105,681 97,927 3,281 94,646 7,754 7.3 59,946 167,902 108,305 165,774 106,177 98,412 3,276 95,136 7,764 7.3 59,598 168,071 108,851 165,941 106,722 98,976 3,463 95,513 7,746 7.3 59,219 168,272 109,533 166,145 107,406 99,235 3,353 95,882 8,171 7.6 58,739 168,480 108,307 166,349 106,176 98,392 3,265 95,127 7,784 7.3 60,173 168,685 108,603 166,546 106,464 98,962 3,258 95,704 7,502 7.0 60,082 168,855 108,762 166,695 106,602 98,944 3,370 95,574 7,657 7.2 60,093 169,049 108,401 166,884 106,236 98,270 3,310 94,959 7,966 7.5 60,648 169,252 108,893 167,095 106,736 98,217 3,337 94,880 8,520 8.0 60,359 169,435 109,187 167,277 107,029 98,025 3,363 94,662 9,004 8.4 60,248 169,605 108,814 167,441 106,650 97,188 3,115 94,072 9,462 8.9 60,791 68,293 54,486 52,264 2,350 49,913 2,223 4.1 13,807 69,607 55,234 51,972 2,355 49,617 3,261 5.9 14,373 70,198 55,470 52,045 2,331 49,714 3,425 6.2 14,728 70,320 55,443 52,091 2,378 49,713 3,352 6.0 14,877 70,413 55,445 52,134 2,289 49,844 3,312 6.0 14,968 70,481 55,816 52,511 2,296 50,215 3,305 5.9 14,665 70,574 56,013 52,750 2,409 50,342 3,262 5.8 14,561 70,687 56,395 52,849 2,349 50,500 3,546 6.3 14,292 70,788 55,876 52,451 2,320 50,131 3,425 6.1 14,912 70,894 55,957 52,811 2,329 50,482 3,147 5.6 14,937 70,978 56,045 52,724 2,402 50,323 3,321 5.9 14,933 71,086 56,063 52,608 2,343 50,264 3,455 6.2 15,023 71,208 56,100 52,327 2,388 49,939 3,733 6.7 15,108 71,331 56,194 52,151 2,358 49,794 4,043 7.2 15,137 71,427 56,326 51,841 2,256 49,585 4,485 8.0 15,101 76,860 38,910 36,698 591 36,107 2,213 5.7 37,949 78,295 40,243 37,696 575 37,120 2,547 6.3 38,052 78,959 40,570 37,820 665 37,155 2,750 6.8 38,389 79,071 40,942 38,191 621 37,570 2,750 6.7 38,129 79,175 41,090 38,410 615 37,794 2,680 6.5 38,085 79,271 41,293 38,567 606 37,961 2,725 6.6 37,978 79,377 41,481 38,760 603 38,157 2,721 6.6 37,896 79,498 41,852 39,014 583 38,431 2,838 6.8 37,646 79,617 41,743 39,011 562 38,449 2,731 6.5 37,874 79,739 41,879 39,082 575 38,507 2,797 6.7 37,860 79,848 41,857 39,155 601 38,554 2,701 6.5 37,991 79,968 41,395 38,576 603 37,973 2,819 6.8 38,573 80,095 41,911 38,958 583 38,376 2,953 7.0 38,184 80,211 42,113 39,050 655 38,395 3,062 7.3 38,098 80,321 41,883 38,737 548 38,190 3,145 7.5 38,438 16,379 9,512 7,984 356 7,628 1,528 16.1 6,867 16,242 9,242 7,603 380 7,223 1,640 17.7 7,000 16,114 9,027 7,417 398 7,019 1,610 17.8 7,087 16,069 9,158 7,414 404 7,010 1,744 19.0 6,911 16,039 9,146 7,384 376 7,008 1,762 19.3 6,893 16,022 9,068 7,334 374 6,960 1,734 19.1 6,954 15,991 9,228 7,465 451 7,014 1,763 19.1 6,763 15,961 9,159 7,372 421 6,951 1,787 19.5 6,802 15,944 8,558 6,930 383 6,547 1,628 19.0 7,386 15,913 8,628 7,069 354 6,715 1,559 18.1 7,285 15,869 8,700 7,065 368 6,697 1,635 18.8 7,169 15,831 8,778 7,086 364 6,722 1,692 19.3 7,053 15,792 8,724 6,931 366 6,565 1,793 20.6 7,068 15,735 8,722 6,823 350 6,473 1,899 21.8 7,013 15,693 8,441 6,609 312 6,297 1,832 21.7 7,252 141,614 90,602 86,025 4,577 5.1 51,011 143,657 92,171 86,380 5,790 6.3 51,486 144,500 92,383 86,377 6,006 6.5 52,117 144,651 92,832 86,620 6,213 6.7 51,819 144,774 93,035 86,940 6,095 6.6 51,739 144,882 93,313 87,291 6,022 6.5 51,569 145,006 93,860 87,791 6,069 6.5 51,146 145,160 94,506 88,083 6,422 6.8 50,654 145,316 93,464 87,500 5,964 6.4 51,852 145,464 145,575 93,767 93,789 87,979 88,046 5,787 5,743 6.2 6.1 51,697 51,786 145,715 93,355 87,329 6,026 6.5 52,360 145,871 93,845 87,344 6,501 6.9 52,026 146,007 94,045 87,058 6,987 7.4 51,962 146,129 93,658 86,312 7,346 7.8 52,471 19,918 12,306 10,920 1,386 11.3 7,612 20,486 12,548 10,890 1,658 13.2 7,938 20,771 12,668 10,895 1,773 14.0 8,103 20,809 12,684 11,051 1,634 12.9 8,125 20,853 12,598 10,942 1,655 13.1 8,255 20,892 12,765 11,020 1,745 13.7 8,127 20,936 12,899 11,193 1,706 13.2 8,037 20,985 12,895 11,138 1,757 13.6 8,090 21,033 12,741 10,928 1,813 14.2 8,292 21,169 12,872 10,924 1,948 15.1 8,297 21,224 12,913 10,905 2,008 15.5 8,311 21,270 12,951 10,944 2,007 15.5 8,319 21,312 12,969 10,883 2,086 16.1 8,343 1981 Employment status TOTAL Total nonlnstitutional population1 .......................... Total labor force ...................................... Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ................................ Employed ...................................... Agriculture .............................. Nonagricultural industries ........ Unemployed .................................. Unemployment rate ........................ Not in labor force .................................. Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural Industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not In labor force ........................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ White Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ Black and other Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ 'As in table 1, population figures are not seasonally adjusted. Digitized60 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21,081 12,658 10,939 1,719 13.6 8,423 21,120 12,793 10,877 1,916 15.0 8,327 3. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [ Numbers in thousands] Annual average 1980 1979 1980 Dec. 96,945 56,499 40,446 39,090 22,724 97,270 55,988 41,283 38,302 23,097 49,342 15,050 1981 Selected categories Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 98,962 56,494 42,467 38,283 23,820 98,944 56,368 42,577 38,315 23,683 98,270 56,349 41,920 38,169 23,174 98,217 56,046 42,171 38,059 23,399 98,025 55,783 42,241 37,798 23,326 97,188 55,341 41,847 37,557 23,125 51,959 16,057 51,857 15,966 52,123 16,299 51,826 16,254 52,104 16,347 51,935 16,284 51,792 16,414 11,260 6,461 18,557 31,373 12,743 10,609 3,390 4,632 13,213 2,707 11,174 6,440 18,288 30,922 12,482 10,550 3,425 4,466 12,930 2,648 11,418 6,220 18,254 31,038 12,575 10,567 3,481 4,415 13,284 2,689 11,217 6,369 18,238 31,113 12,508 10,501 3,499 4,605 13,002 2,732 11,341 6,295 17,937 30,637 12,202 10,334 3,453 4,649 13,093 2,717 11,434 6,225 18,099 30,222 12,124 10,187 3,530 4,381 13,231 2,752 11,210 6,269 18,172 29,904 12,096 9,913 3,364 4,531 13,419 2,791 11,074 6,302 18,001 29,513 12,154 9,858 3,296 4,205 13,358 2,568 1,524 1,648 290 1,464 1,644 231 1,377 1,657 258 1,457 1,568 235 1,472 1,629 250 1,416 1,649 254 1,470 1,616 264 1,395 1,631 333 1,295 1,580 227 87,870 15,685 72,185 1,235 70,949 6,896 354 88,195 15,628 72,567 1,241 71,327 7,021 306 88,877 15,512 73,365 1,164 72,201 6,761 338 87,734 15,460 72,274 1,146 71,128 7,005 369 88,291 15,349 72,942 1,211 71,731 6,886 389 88,189 15,140 73,048 1,236 71,812 6,942 378 87,457 15,111 72,346 1,052 71,294 7,093 392 87,556 15,151 72,405 1,114 71,291 7,033 448 87,265 15,066 72,199 1,173 71,026 7,001 423 86,827 15,310 71,517 1,270 70,248 6,866 400 89,583 72,875 4,227 1,638 2,589 12,481 89,202 72,761 4,044 1,517 2,527 12,397 89,870 73,375 4,143 1,630 2,513 12,352 89,625 73,115 3,798 1,367 2,431 12,713 90,837 74,232 4,225 1,632 2,593 12,380 89,823 72,932 4,187 1,654 2,533 12,704 88,886 72,192 4,537 1,675 2,862 12,157 89,448 72,187 5,026 2,023 3,003 12,235 89,359 72,276 4,988 1,898 3,090 12,094 88,776 71,489 5,350 2,152 3,198 11,937 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July 97,282 55,920 41,362 38,231 23,063 97,696 56,012 41,684 38,182 23,352 97,927 56,045 41,882 38,113 23,356 98,412 56,383 42,029 38,365 23,513 98,976 56,688 42,288 38,510 23,529 99,235 56,718 42,517 38,498 23,831 98,392 56,026 42,366 38,216 23,763 50,809 15,613 51,065 15,810 51,594 15,965 51,698 15,813 51,746 15,827 51,801 15,754 51,967 15,688 10,516 6,163 17,613 32,066 12,880 10,909 3,612 4,665 12,834 2,703 10,919 6,172 18,105 30,800 12,529 10,346 3,468 4,456 12,958 2,704 11,009 6,175 18,071 30,373 12,337 10,194 3,402 4,440 12,982 2,804 11,363 6,265 18,001 30,338 12,306 10,331 3,322 4,380 12,946 2,737 11,488 6,271 18,125 30,446 12,386 10,390 3,361 4,309 13,070 2,662 11,565 6,220 18,135 30,594 12,605 10,189 3,363 4,437 13,279 2,679 11,444 6,145 18,457 31,156 12,624 10,524 3,411 4,596 13,255 2,834 1,413 1,580 304 1,384 1,628 297 1,411 1,655 305 1,465 1,615 284 1,336 1,610 325 1,338 1,615 312 86,540 15,369 71,171 1,240 69,931 6,652 455 86,706 15,624 71,081 1,166 69,915 6,850 404 86,513 15,653 70,860 1,110 69,750 6,973 396 87,125 15,738 71,387 1,197 70,190 6,839 422 87,236 15,589 71,647 1,176 70,471 6,923 371 88,133 72,647 3,281 1,325 1,956 12,205 88,325 72,022 3,965 1,669 2,296 12,338 88,468 72,131 4,218 1,647 2,571 12,119 89,499 72,807 4,474 1,698 2,776 12,218 89,441 72,945 4,145 1,622 2,523 12,351 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over ...................... Men ............................................................ Women........................................................ Married men, spouse present ........................ Married women, spouse present.................... OCCUPATION White-collar workers............................................ Professional and technical ............................ Managers and administrators, except farm ........................................................ Salesworkers................................................ Clerical workers............................................ Blue-collar workers.............................................. Craft and kindred workers . ........................ Operatives, except transport.......................... Transport equipment operatives .................... Nonfarrn laborers.......................................... Service workers.................................................. Farmworkers ...................................................... MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers.............................. Self-employed workers.................................. Unpaid family workers .................................. Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers.............................. Government .......................................... Private industries.................................... Private households .......................... Other industries .............................. Self-employed workers.................................. Unpaid family workers .................................. PERSONS AT WORK1 Nonagricultural industries .................................... Full-time schedules ...................................... Part time for economic reasons...................... Usually work full time.............................. Usually work part tim e............................ Part time for noneconomic reasons................ ’ Excludes persons “with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates) Annual average 1980 1979 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total, 16 years and over...................................... Men, 20 years and over................................ Women, 20 years and over .......................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .......................... 5.8 4.1 5.7 16.1 7.1 5.9 6.3 17.7 7.4 6.2 6.8 17.8 7.4 6.0 6.7 19.0 7.3 6.0 6.5 19.3 7.3 5.9 6.6 19.1 7.3 5.8 6.6 19.1 7.6 6.3 6.8 19.5 7.3 6.1 6.5 19.0 7.0 5.6 6.7 18.1 7.2 5.9 6.5 18.8 7.5 6.2 6.8 19.3 8.0 6.7 7.0 20.6 8.4 7.2 7.3 21.8 8.9 8.0 7.5 21.7 White, total .................................................. Men, 20 years and over ........................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .................... 5.1 3.6 5.0 13.9 6.3 5.2 5.6 14.8 6.5 5.5 5.9 15.4 6.7 5.5 6.0 16.8 6.6 5.4 5.7 17 4 6.5 5.4 5.6 16.9 6.5 5.2 5.7 17.2 6.8 5.6 6.0 18.0 6.4 5.3 5.7 16.5 6.2 4.9 5.8 16.1 6.1 5.1 5.4 15.6 6.5 5.3 5.7 17.0 6.9 5.9 6.1 17.6 7.4 6.3 6.4 19.3 7.8 7.1 6.6 19.3 Black and other, total.................................... Men, 20 years and over ........................ Women, 20 years and o v e r.................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .................... 11.3 8.4 10.1 33.5 13.2 11.4 11.1 35.8 14.0 11.6 12.3 37.5 12.9 10.5 11.0 36.5 13.1 10.8 11.9 35.4 13.7 10.8 12.6 37.3 13.2 10.6 11.8 36.1 13.6 11.8 12.0 33.6 14.2 12.5 12.0 38.6 13.6 11.6 12.0 36.4 15.0 12.4 12.8 45.7 15.1 13.0 13.7 37.5 15.5 13.3 13.3 42.9 15.5 14.0 12.8 41.3 16.1 15.1 13.3 39.6 Married men, spouse present........................ Married women, spouse present.................... Women who head families............................ Full-time workers.......................................... Part-time workers ........................................ Unemployed 15 weeks and over.................... Labor force time lost1 .................................. 2.7 5.1 8.3 5.3 8.7 1.2 6.3 4.2 5.8 9.1 6.8 8.7 1.7 7.9 4.3 5.8 10 4 7.3 8.2 2.3 8.2 4.2 6.2 10.5 7.1 9.2 2.2 8.2 4.1 5.8 9.6 7.1 9.1 2.1 8.1 4.1 6.0 9.4 7.1 9.0 2.1 8.1 3.8 5.9 9.8 6.9 9.0 2.0 8.2 4.1 5.9 10.3 7.3 9.7 2.0 8.6 4.2 5.6 10.6 7.0 9.2 2.2 8.0 3.9 5.6 11.5 6.7 9.3 2.0 7.9 3.9 5.3 9.8 6.7 9.7 2.1 7.9 4.3 5.9 10.6 7.2 9.6 2.1 8.5 4.7 6.1 10.7 7.7 9.5 2.1 9.1 5.1 6.6 10.9 8.1 10.2 2.2 9.4 5.8 6.7 10.6 8.7 9.2 2.2 10.1 3.3 2.4 3.7 2.5 4.0 2.6 3.9 2.8 3.7 2.6 3.9 2.7 4.0 3.2 4.1 2.9 3.8 2.8 4.1 2.8 3.9 2.4 4.1 2.8 4.1 2.6 4.2 2.7 4.6 3.5 1.9 3.9 4.6 6.9 4.5 8.4 5.4 10.8 7.1 3.8 2.4 4.4 5.3 10.0 6.6 12.2 8.8 14.6 7.9 4.4 2.5 4.7 5.8 10.5 7.1 12.9 8.8 14.8 7.8 4.0 2.4 4.4 5.7 10.2 6.8 12.1 9.1 15.0 8.0 5.0 2.4 4.0 5.3 10.1 7.2 11.9 8.3 14.9 8.7 4.7 2.6 3.8 5.9 9.8 7.1 11.3 9.3 14.1 8.1 5.1 2.4 4.0 5.6 9.6 6.8 11.5 8.1 13.8 8.5 3.7 2.7 4.6 5.6 10.0 7.7 11.9 8.2 13.1 9.4 5.4 2.8 4.1 5.3 9.8 7.2 11.0 8.4 14.8 9.0 6.0 2.7 5.1 5.7 9.4 6.7 11.1 6.9 14.2 8.0 4.5 2.8 4.7 5.6 9.3 6.9 11.0 7.9 12.9 8.9 5.6 2.7 5.2 5.7 10.2 7.6 11.5 8.9 14.4 8.9 3.7 2.7 4.9 6.1 11.0 8.4 12.8 7.9 15.7 9.3 6.1 3.0 5.2 6.1 11.8 8.4 14.2 10.7 16.2 9.8 6.1 3.1 4.9 6.3 12.9 9.5 15.6 10.4 17.2 9.4 6.2 5.7 10.2 5.5 5.0 6.4 3.7 6.5 4.9 3.7 9.1 7.4 14.2 8.5 8.9 7.9 4.9 7.4 5.3 4.1 10.8 7.7 13.8 8.8 9.0 8.5 4.9 8.3 5.5 4.1 10.6 7.5 13.3 8.4 8.3 8.5 5.8 7.6 5.8 4.4 11.5 7.5 13.2 8.4 8.5 8.2 5.5 7.6 6.0 4.3 12.1 7.3 14.7 8.0 7.9 8.3 6.4 7.3 5.6 4.6 11.9 7.2 14.4 7.4 7.3 7.6 5.7 7.3 5.9 4.9 9.1 7.8 16.3 7.9 7.3 8.9 5.9 8.4 5.9 4.8 11.1 7.4 16.6 7.6 7.4 7.8 4.7 7.5 5.8 4.5 13.1 7.2 15.0 7.3 7.3 7.3 4.0 7.9 5.6 4.5 10.3 7.2 16.7 7.0 6.4 7.9 4.8 7.8 5.6 4.4 12.6 7.6 16.3 7.8 7.6 8.0 4.0 8.6 5.9 4.6 10.6 8.1 18.0 8.6 8.6 8.6 4.6 8.3 6.3 4.6 13.3 8.5 18.2 9.4 9.4 9.5 5.5 8.7 6.1 5.3 14.4 9.2 18.1 11.0 11.8 9.7 6.2 9.1 6.5 5.0 14.7 1981 Selected categories CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION White-collar workers .......................................... Professional and technical ............................ Managers and administrators, except farm ........................................................ Salesworkers .............................................. Clerical workers .......................................... Blue-collar workers ............................................ Craft and kindred workers ............................ Operatives, except transport ........................ Transport equipment operatives .................... Nonfarm laborers ........................................ Service workers.................................................. Farmworkers...................................................... INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers2 Construction ................................................ Manufacturing.............................................. Durable goods ...................................... Nondurable goods.................................. Transportation and public utilities .................. Wholesale and retail trad e............................ Finance and service industries ...................... Government workers .......................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers .................. 1Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. Digitized62 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Includes mining, not shown separately, 5. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Annual average 1980 1979 1980 Dec. Total, 16 years and over...................................... 16 to 19 years.............................................. 16 to 17 years........................................ 18 to 19 years........................................ 20 to 24 years.............................................. 25 years and over ........................................ 25 to 54 years........................................ 55 years and over.................................. 5.8 16.1 18.1 14.6 9.0 3.9 4.1 3.0 7.1 17.7 20.0 16.1 11.5 5.0 5.4 3.3 7.4 17.8 19.9 16.4 11.7 5.3 5.8 3.5 7.4 19.0 21.0 17.5 11.9 5.3 5.7 3.5 7.3 19.3 21.4 17.9 11.8 5.1 5.5 3.6 7.3 19.1 21.3 17.7 11.7 5.2 5.5 3.7 7.3 19.1 22.0 17.2 12.1 5.0 5.4 3.3 7.6 19.5 21.6 18.2 12.9 5.3 5.6 3.3 7.3 19.0 22.6 17.3 12.1 5.2 5.6 3.4 Men, 16 years and over ................................ 16 to 19 years........................................ 16 to 17 years ................................ 18 to 19 years ................................ 20 to 24 years........................................ 25 years and over.................................. 25 to 54 years ................................ 55 years and over............................ 5.1 15.8 17.9 14.2 8.6 3.3 3.4 2.9 6.9 18.2 20.4 16.7 12.5 4.7 5.1 3.3 7.2 19.0 20.5 17.8 12.5 4.9 5.4 3.3 7.2 20.3 23.0 18.5 12.8 4.9 5.2 3.4 7.1 20.1 22.1 18.7 12.7 4.8 5.2 3.4 7.0 19.5 21.1 18.6 13.0 4.7 5.1 3.2 6.9 19.3 22.7 17.0 13.2 4.6 4.9 3.1 7.4 20.2 22.7 18.3 14.2 4.8 5.1 3.4 Women, 16 years and over............................ 16 to 19 years........................................ 16 to 17 years ................................ 18 to 19 years ................................ 20 to 24 years........................................ 25 years and over.................................. 25 to 54 years ................................ 55 years and over............................ 6.8 16.4 18.3 15.0 9.6 4.8 5.2 3.2 7.4 17.2 19.5 15.6 10.3 5.5 5.9 3.2 7.7 16.5 19.3 14.8 10.8 5.9 6.3 3.9 7.7 17.5 18.7 16.4 10.8 5.8 6.3 3.6 7.6 18.4 20.5 17.0 10.8 5.6 5.9 3.9 7.7 18.7 21.6 16.5 10.1 5.9 6.2 4.5 7.7 18.9 21.1 17.4 10.9 5.6 6.0 3.7 7.9 18.7 20.4 18.2 11.4 5.9 6.4 3.3 Sex and age 6. 1981 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 7.0 18.1 19.3 17.7 11.3 5.1 5.4 3.5 7.2 18.8 20.5 17.4 11.8 5.1 5.4 3.5 7.5 19.3 21.2 18.1 12.1 5.4 5.8 3.8 8.0 20.6 21.4 19.9 12.8 5.8 6.1 3.9 8.4 21.8 23.1 20.7 13.0 6.1 6.6 3.7 8.9 21.7 22.1 21.4 13.7 6.5 7.1 4.2 7.1 19.8 24.4 18.1 12.8 5.0 5.3 3.5 6.6 18.4 19.8 17.8 11.3 4.7 4.9 3.4 7.0 19.7 21.5 18.1 12.7 4.8 5.0 3.4 7.2 19.3 21.2 18.1 12.9 5.0 5.5 3.5 7.7 19.7 20.6 19.1 13.9 5.5 5.9 3.8 8.3 22.0 23.0 21.2 14.6 5.8 6.4 3.6 9.1 22.8 23.0 22.6 14.9 6.5 7.1 4.5 7.6 18.2 20.6 16.4 11.2 5.6 6.0 3.3 7.7 17.7 18.7 17.5 11.3 5.7 6.1 3.7 7.5 17.8 19.5 16.8 10.8 5.5 5.9 3.6 7.9 19.3 21.1 18.1 11.2 5.9 6.3 4.4 8.3 21.5 22.4 20.8 11.5 6.1 6.5 4.1 8.5 21.5 23.3 20.1 11.2 6.4 6.9 3.8 8.6 20.4 20.9 20.0 12.2 6.5 7.0 3.8 June July Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 1980 Reason for unemployment 1981 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. SepL Oct Nov. Dec. 4,226 1,470 2,756 813 1,869 868 3,847 1,258 2,590 907 2,039 1,000 3,896 1,267 2,629 884 1,970 928 3,846 1,299 2,547 863 2,040 986 3,819 1,280 2,539 854 2,017 987 4,084 1,368 2,715 1,009 2,126 938 4,219 1,367 2,852 863 1,955 956 3,691 1,178 2,513 898 2,022 873 3,929 1,205 2,724 838 1,939 944 4,338 1,412 2,925 889 1,949 953 4,422 1,607 2,815 962 2,172 987 4,786 1,790 2,996 886 2,311 977 5,307 2,064 3,243 877 2,199 1,017 100.0 54.3 18.9 35.4 10.5 24.0 11.2 100.0 49.4 16.1 33.2 11.6 26.2 12.8 100.0 50.7 16.5 34.2 11.5 25.7 12.1 100.0 49.7 16.8 32.9 11.2 26.4 12.7 100.0 49.7 16.7 33.1 11.1 26.3 12.9 100.0 50.1 16.8 33.3 12.4 26.1 11.5 100.0 52.8 17.1 35.7 10.8 24.5 12.0 100.0 49.3 15.7 33.6 12.0 27.0 11.7 100.0 51.4 15.7 35.6 11.0 25.4 12.3 100.0 53.4 17.4 36.0 10.9 24.0 11.7 100.0 51.8 18.8 33.0 11.3 25.4 11.6 100.0 53.4 20.0 33.4 9.9 25.8 10.9 100.0 56.5 22.0 34.5 9.3 23.4 10.8 4.0 .8 1.8 .8 3.6 .9 1.9 .9 3.7 .8 1.9 .9 3.6 .8 1.9 .9 3.6 .8 1.9 .9 3.8 .9 2.0 .9 4.0 .8 1.8 .9 3.5 .8 1.9 .8 3.7 .8 1.8 .9 4.1 .8 1.8 .9 4.1 .9 2.0 .9 4.5 .8 2.2 .9 5.0 .8 2.1 1.0 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Lost last jo b ......................................................................................... On layoff....................................................................................... Other job losers............................................................................ Left last job ......................................................................................... Reentered labor force........................................................................... Seeking first job .................................................................................. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed................................................................................ Job losers .......................................................................................... On layoff...................................................................................... Other job losers............................................................................ Job leavers ......................................................................................... Reentrants.......................................................................................... New entrants ....................................................................................... UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers ........................................................................................... Job leavers ......................................................................................... Reentrants.......................................................................................... New entrants ....................................................................................... 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Weeks of unemployment Less than 5 weeks .............................................. 5 to 14 weeks .................................................... 15 weeks and over.............................................. 15 to 26 weeks ............................................ 27 weeks and over........................................ Average (mean) duration, in weeks ...................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Annual average 1980 1979 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 1981 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 2,869 1,892 1,202 684 518 10.9 3,208 2,411 1,829 1,028 802 11.9 3,115 2,217 2,378 1,231 1,147 13.5 3,259 2,264 2,358 1,079 1,279 14.4 3,203 2,324 2,250 992 1,257 14.4 3,209 2,356 2,192 1,013 1,179 14.0 3,074 2,462 2,105 1,001 1,104 13.7 3,369 2,581 2,168 1,022 1,146 13.2 3,172 2,360 2,315 1,205 1,110 14.2 3,187 2,196 2,100 1,068 1,032 13.9 3,161 2,345 2,194 1,059 1,135 14.5 3,383 2,489 2,212 1,151 1,061 13.7 3,652 2,605 2,251 1,156 1,095 13.7 3,815 2,861 2,330 1,213 1,117 13.2 4,067 3,052 2,338 1,157 1,181 12.8 63 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat ing State agencies by 166,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. L a b o r t u r n o v e r d a t a in this section are compiled from per sonnel records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies. A sample of 40,000 establishments represents all industries in the manufacturing and mining sectors of the economy. Bureau of Labor Statistics computes spendable earnings from gross weekly earnings for only two illustrative cases: (1) a worker with no dependents and (2) a married worker with three dependents. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. Labor turnover is the movement of all wage and salary workers from one employment status to another. Accession rates indicate the average number of persons added to a payroll in a given period per 100 employees; separation rates indicate the average number dropped from a payroll per 100 employees. Although month-to-month changes in employment can be calculated from the labor turnover data, the re sults are not comparable with employment data from the employment and payroll survey. The labor turnover survey measures changes dur ing the calendar month while the employment and payroll survey measures changes from midmonth to midmonth. Notes on the data Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi day and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per cent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establish ment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 14-20 in clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta tion and public utilities, in wholesale and retail trade, in finance, in surance, and real estate, and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to eliminate the effects of price change. The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from aver age hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries. Spendable earnings are earnings from which estimat ed social security and Federal income taxes have been deducted. The Digitized for 64FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re lease of June 1981 data, published in the August 1981 issue of the R e view. Consequently, data published in the R e v ie w prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Complete comparable historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through March 1981 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through March 1981) and in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, U n ite d S ta tes , 1 9 0 9 -7 8 , BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). Data on recalls were shown for the first time in tables 12 and 13 in the January 1978 issue of the R ev ie w . For a detailed discussion of the recalls series, along with historical data, see “New Series on Recalls from the Labor Turnover Survey,” E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, Decem ber 1977, pp. 10-19. A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur veys,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , December 1969, pp. 9-20. See also B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976). The formulas used to construct the spendable average weekly earn ings series reflect the latest provisions of the Federal income tax and social security tax laws. For the spendable average weekly earnings formulas for the years 1979-81, see E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, November 1981, pp. 7-8. Real earnings data are adjusted using the Consume, Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). 8. Employment by industry, 1951-80 [Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands] Year Total Mining Government Construc tion Manufac turing Trans portation and public utilities Whole sale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insur ance, and real estate Services Total Federal State and local .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 47,819 48,793 50,202 48,990 50,641 929 898 866 791 792 2,637 2,668 2,659 2,646 2,839 16,393 16,632 17,549 16,314 16,882 4,226 4,248 4,290 4,084 4,141 9,742 10,004 10,247 10,235 10,535 2,727 2,812 2,854 2,867 2,926 7,015 7,192 7,393 7,368 7,610 1,956 2,035 2,111 2,200 2,298 5,547 5,699 5,835 5,969 6,240 6,389 6,609 6,645 6,751 6,914 2,302 2,420 2,305 2,188 2,187 4,087 4,188 4,340 4,563 4,727 1956 .......................................................... 1957 .......................................................... 1958 .......................................................... 1959’ ........................................................ 1960 .......................................................... 52,369 52,853 51,324 53,268 54,189 822 828 751 732 712 3,039 2,962 2,817 3,004 2,926 17,243 17,174 15,945 16,675 16,796 4,244 4,241 3,976 4,011 4,004 10,858 10,886 10,750 11,127 11,391 3,018 3,028 2,980 3,082 3,143 7,840 7,858 7,770 8,045 8,248 2,389 2,438 2,481 2,549 2,629 6,497 6,708 6,765 7,087 7,378 7,278 7,616 7,839 8,083 8,353 2,209 2,217 2,191 2,233 2,270 5,069 5,399 5,648 5,850 6,083 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 53,999 55,549 56,653 58,283 60,765 672 650 635 634 632 2,859 2,948 3,010 3,097 3,232 16,326 16,853 16,995 17,274 18,062 3,903 3,906 3,903 3,951 4,036 11,337 11,566 11,778 12,160 12,716 3,133 3,198 3,248 3,337 3,466 8,204 8,368 8,530 8,823 9,250 2,688 2,754 2,830 2,911 2,977 7,620 7,982 8,277 8,660 9,036 8,594 8,890 9,225 9,596 J 0,074 2,279 2,340 2,358 2,348 2,378 6,315 6,550 6,868 7,248 7,696 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ................ ■........................................ .......................................................... 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 627 613 606 619 623 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 13,245 13,606 14,099 14,705 15,040 3,597 3,689 3,779 3,907 3,993 9,648 9,917 10,320 10,798 11,047 3,058 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 9,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 11,548 10,784 11,391 11,839 12,195 12,554 2,564 2,719 2,737 2,758 2,731 8,220 8,672 9,102 9,437 9,823 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 71,214 73,675 76,790 78,265 76,945 609 628 642 697 752 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 15,352 15,949 16,607 16,987 17,060 4,001 4,113 4,277 4,433 4,415 11,351 11,836 12,329 12,554 12,645 3,772 3,908 4,046 4,148 4,165 11,797 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 12,881 13,334 13,732 14,170 14,686 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 10,185 10,649 11,068 11,446 11,937 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,823 90,564 779 813 851 958 1,020 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,463 4,399 18,997 19,682 20,505 21,040 20,300 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,143 17,755 18,516 19,542 20,192 20,386 4,546 4,708 4,969 5,204 5,281 13,209 13,808 14,573 14,989 15,104 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,168 14,551 15,303 16,252 17,112 17,901 14,871 15,127 15,672 15,947 16,249 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 12,138 12,399 12,919 13,147 13,383 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 ’ Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 9. E m p lo y m e n t b y S ta te [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] State Nov. 1980 Oct. 1981 Nov. 1981 » State Nov. 1980 Oct. 1981 Nov. 1981 » Alabama .................................................................................... Alaska ......................................................................................... Arizona ....................................................................................... Arkansas .................................................................................... California.................................................................................... 1,362.7 168.5 1,024.4 748.9 9,917.0 1,351.2 182.8 1,023.6 756.4 9,993.1 1,349.9 180.1 1,028.4 747.2 10,016.1 M ontara................................................................................ N ebraska............................................................................. Nevada ................................................................................ New Hampshire ................................................................. New Jersey ........................................................................ 282.8 633.2 407.2 389.3 3,066.8 287.5 637.9 425.0 390.7 3,107.9 285.9 635.5 424.3 389.3 3,104.9 Colorado .................................................................................... Connecticut ................................................................................ D elaw are.................................................................................... District of Columbia.................................................................... Florida......................................................................................... 1,265.2 1,436.8 262.4 612.5 3,649.1 1,283.3 1,431.9 259.7 605.2 3,790.9 1,284.3 1,432.3 256.9 606.0 3,809.8 New M exico ........................................................................ New Y o rk ............................................................................. North Carolina ................................................................... North Dakota ...................................................................... Ohio .................................................................................... 461.2 7,263.5 2,415.5 249.7 4,430.3 470.6 7,278.2 2,409.7 254.6 4,402.1 469.1 7,290.0 2,406.4 253.9 4,386.0 G eo rg ia....................................................................................... H a w a ii......................................................................................... Id ah o ............................................................................................ Illinois ......................................................................................... .ndiana......................................................................................... 2,170.6 405.2 335.0 4,887.6 2,149.3 2,168.2 398.9 330.8 4,865.2 2,124.0 2,167.3 402.3 4,851.9 2,107.5 Oklahoma ........................................................................... Oregon ................................................................................ Pennsylvania ...................................................................... Rhode Island ...................................................................... South C arolina.................................................................... 1,152.3 1,036.2 4,772.9 404.4 1,192.5 1,196.0 1,014.8 4,679.2 405.7 1,192.5 1,197.7 1,001.6 4,686.4 404.9 1,190.1 Iowa ............................................................................................ Kansas ....................................................................................... Kentucky ..................................................................................... Louisiana..................................................................................... Maine ......................................................................................... 1,100.8 956.3 1,221.3 1,608.4 423.2 1,082.2 958.4 1,202.4 1,648.9 419.5 1,077.2 960.3 1,190.6 1,651.2 413.9 South D a k o ta ...................................................................... Tennessee ........................................................................... Texas .................................................................................. Utah .................................................................................... Verm ont................................................................................ 235.7 1,736.6 6,007.7 557.8 202.7 234.6 1,728.1 6,222.6 567.9 204.1 232.6 1,721.8 6,245.6 569.9 202.1 Maryland ..................................................................................... Massachusetts........................................................................... Michigan .................................................................................... Minnesota .................................................................................. Mississippi .................................................................................. Missouri....................................................................................... 1,706.7 2,667.6 3,519.4 1,777.2 837.2 1,973.6 1,694.1 2,681.0 3,477.4 1,781.4 825.1 1,978.7 1,696.5 2,685.0 3,447.4 1,770.4 821.2 1,974.1 Virginia.................................................................................. Washington ........................................................................ West Virginia ...................................................................... Wisconsin............................................................................. Wyoming ............................................................................. Virgin Islands ...................................................................... 2,142.8 1,607.8 651.0 1,965.8 207.9 36.3 2,152.2 1,581.6 633.9 1,969.3 210.4 34.8 2,151.1 1,571.0 632.5 1,961.6 208.4 35.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 10. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] Annual average 1980 1979 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.p Dec.p 89,823 90,564 91,750 89,988 90,138 90,720 91,337 91,848 92,481 91,600 91,598 92,159 92,424 92,272 92,015 958 1,020 1,060 1,066 1,071 1,084 941 957 1,132 1,155 1,169 1,169 1,164 1,173 1,163 1981 Industry division and group TOTAL .................................................. MINING ................................................ CONSTRUCTION ................................................ 4,463 4,399 4,343 3,995 3,901 4,048 4,246 4,356 4,477 4,554 4,579 4,516 4,493 4,368 4,156 MANUFACTURING .............................................. Production workers.................................. 21,040 15,068 20,300 14,223 20,238 14,126 20,075 13,975 20,065 13,971 20,160 14,049 20,253 14,127 20,342 14,195 20,531 14,325 20,337 14,108 20,473 14,230 20,600 14,376 20,368 14,147 20,115 13,896 19,854 13,662 Durable goods Production workers.................................. 12,760 9,110 12,181 8,438 12,147 8,374 12,072 8,305 12,042 8,279 12,120 8,345 12,197 8,412 12,235 8,438 12,334 8,500 12,198 8,347 12,188 8,323 12,292 8,440 12,163 8,313 11,997 8,148 11,828 7,997 Lumber and wood products ............................ Furniture and fixtures...................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal industries.................................. Fabricated metal products .............................. Machinery, except electrical............................ Electric and electronic equipment.................... Transportation equipment................................ Instruments and related products .................... Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................... 766.9 497.8 708.7 1,253.9 1,717.7 2,484.8 2,116.9 2,077.2 691.2 444.8 690.3 468,8 665.6 1,144.1 1,609.0 2,497.0 2,103.2 1,875.3 708.5 419.3 685.9 470.5 652.3 1,136.3 1,596.4 2,496.8 2,118.0 1,871,4 713.8 405.9 674.6 469.6 635.0 1,136.7 1,580.2 2,496.9 2,114.0 1,854.9 712.4 398.0 674.5 471.7 630.6 1,137.7 1,578.1 2,498.4 2,112.3 1,824.8 710.1 403.3 678.3 472.1 639.5 1,141.3 1,585.4 2,504.3 2,119.5 1,860.4 712.1 406,7 686.9 478.0 652.6 1,149.9 1,593.7 2,506.1 2,129.7 1,874.3 714.4 411.3 703.4 479.0 659.7 1,147.5 1,596.1 2,508,6 2,134.7 1,877,4 715.2 413.4 711.0 480.5 671.0 1,155.5 1,606.8 2,531.3 2,152.7 1,882.7 723.2 419.5 708.6 472.0 666.7 1,135.5 1,584.5 2,517.4 2,138.9 1,840.3 722.1 412.3 701.5 480.6 669.1 1,140.3 1,590.9 2,511.4 2,146.1 1,799.6 726.2 421.8 691.0 484.7 664.5 1,138.8 1,607.5 2,540.7 2,164.8 1,848.3 723.1 428.7 664.5 483.5 652.8 1,109.3 1,584.2 2,528.4 2,158.3 1,832.3 720.0 429.9 640.0 476.7 642.0 1,087.2 1,563.4 2,513.4 2,130.9 1,797.9 718.9 426.2 625.3 472.8 624.8 1,062.8 1,537.2 2,497.9 2,103.7 1,777.7 713.1 412.2 Nondurable goods .......................................... Production workers.................................. 8,280 5,958 8,118 5,786 8,091 5,752 8,003 5,670 8,023 5,692 8,040 5,704 8,056 5,715 8,107 5,757 8,197 5,825 8,139 5,761 8,285 5,907 8,308 5,936 8,205 5,834 8,118 5,748 8,026 5,665 Food and kindred products.............................. Tobacco manufactures .................................. Textile mill products........................................ Apparel and other textile products .................. Paper and allied products .............................. Printing and publishing.................................... Chemicals and allied products ........................ Petroleum and coal products .......................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . . . Leather and leather products .......................... 1,732.5 70.0 885.1 1,304.3 706.8 1,235.1 1,109.3 209.8 781.6 245.7 1,710.8 69.2 852.7 1,265.8 694.0 1,258.3 1,107.4 196.6 730.7 232.6 1,688.5 74.4 846.1 1,241.1 691.5 1,278.3 1,101.2 206.8 733.2 229.4 1,645.2 72.0 841.0 1,222.8 687.7 1,269.0 1,100.1 206.5 731.8 226.9 1,639.2 70.6 841.1 1,238.7 687.7 1,273.6 1,102.9 205.7 734.2 229.5 1,632.5 68.3 840.9 1,250.2 688.6 1,278.2 1,106.8 207.0 737.2 230.4 1,631.0 66.2 841,6 1,255.2 690.9 1,280.4 1,106.2 209.5 743.5 231.7 1,648.1 65.2 844.3 1,265.9 693.1 1,281.8 1,110.3 212.9 749.2 235.9 1,673.4 66.4 851.0 1,283.9 701.0 1,286.2 1,121.1 215.4 759.0 239.1 1,714.8 66.3 836.5 1,231.1 696.4 1,286.5 1,116.6 216.1 747.0 227.5 1,773.2 75.6 847.3 1,276.8 700.3 1,289.4 1,112.0 215.4 756.8 238.6 1,776.1 77.7 850.2 1,287.3 702.0 1,294.1 1,110.5 212.7 760.8 237.0 1,729.0 77.0 834.3 1,274.1 691.4 1,299.7 1,104.4 211.4 748.2 235.7 1,684.8 75.2 826.9 1,259.9 686.4 1,305.6 1,099.5 210.6 737.2 232.3 1,653.9 72.7 820.4 1,222.0 6828 1,313.3 1,098.2 207.3 726.2 229.2 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES . . . . 5,136 5,143 5,150 5,063 5,076 5,095 5,120 5,148 5,195 5,177 5,175 5,222 5,204 5,182 5,167 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE...................... 20,192 20,386 21,138 20,366 20,196 20,290 20,513 20,672 20,795 20,735 20,811 20,919 20,999 21,131 21,403 WHOLESALE TRADE .......................................... 5,204 5,281 5,315 5,276 5,273 5,293 5,317 5,335 5,381 5,376 5,386 5,370 5,381 5,373 5,358 RETAIL TRADE.................................................... 14,989 15,104 15,823 15,090 14,923 14,997 15,196 15,337 15,414 15,359 15,425 15,549 15,618 15,758 16,045 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE . . . 4,975 5,168 5,237 5,235 5,245 5,263 5,295 5,326 5,384 5,408 5,408 5,361 5,349 5,345 5,345 SERVICES .......................................................... 17,112 17,901 18,149 17,972 18,126 18,287 18,512 18,633 18,764 18,847 18,835 18,812 18,826 18,794 18,771 GOVERNMENT .................................................... Federal.......................................................... State and local .............................................. 15,947 2,773 13,174 16,249 2,866 13,383 16,435 2,782 13,653 16,216 2,773 13,443 16,458 2,774 13,684 16,493 2,769 13,724 16,457 2,773 13,684 16,414 2,782 13,632 16,203 2,825 13,378 15,387 2,833 12,554 15,148 2,803 12,345 15,560 2,735 12,825 16,021 2,737 13,284 16,164 2,736 13,428 16,156 2,742 13,414 Digitized for 66 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands] 1980 1981 Industry division and group TOTAL ........................................................................................ Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.p Dec.p 90,949 91,091 91,258 91,347 91,458 91,564 91,615 91,880 91,901 92,033 91,832 91,499 91,206 MINING .............................................................................................. 1,069 1,083 1,091 1,098 950 957 1,110 1,132 1,151 1,162 1,162 1,175 1,172 CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................ 4,387 4,390 4,389 4,416 4,418 4,334 4,284 4,272 4,275 4,272 4,259 4,228 4,194 MANUFACTURING.............................................................................. Production workers ................................................................ 20,175 14,059 20,174 14,053 20,177 14,053 20,191 14,074 20,332 14,187 20,414 14,247 20,424 14,245 20,535 14,327 20,505 14,294 20,496 14,281 20,241 14,030 20,008 13,788 19,785 13,592 Durable goods................................................................................ Production workers ................................................................ 12,077 8,301 12,084 8,306 12,074 8,297 12,099 8,325 12,207 8,412 12,254 8,442 12,278 8,455 12,333 8,491 12,332 8,485 12,311 8,465 12,115 8,267 11,928 8,079 11,754 7,923 687 464 655 1,137 1,581 2,490 2,103 1,839 712 409 689 464 654 1,137 1,579 2,487 2,110 1,840 713 411 691 466 654 1,140 1,577 2,481 2,110 1,833 711 411 692 467 651 1,141 1,581 2,480 2,117 1,849 712 409 702 478 656 1,145 1,595 2,491 2,134 1,878 714 414 710 484 658 1,142 1,604 2,511 2,143 1,872 716 414 699 486 658 1,144 1,604 2,521 2,148 1,886 717 415 702 488 658 1,140 1,614 2,533 2,163 1,886 723 426 686 487 660 1,148 1,610 2,542 2,166 1,889 727 417 677 485 655 1,139 1,606 2,551 2,163 1,889 727 419 652 480 644 1,114 1,575 2,549 2,150 1,811 723 417 635 471 634 1,089 1,546 2,523 2,118 1,778 719 415 625 466 627 1,063 1,520 2,490 2,089 1,746 712 416 Nondurable goods.......................................................................... Production workers ................................................................ 8,098 5,758 8,090 5,747 8,103 5,756 8,092 5,749 8,125 5,775 8,160 5,805 8,146 5,790 8,202 5,836 8,173 5,809 8,185 5,816 8,126 5,763 8,080 5,709 8,031 5,669 Food and kindred products ............................................................ Tobacco manufactures .................................................................. Textile mill products ...................................................................... Apparel and other textile products.................................................. Paper and allied products .............................................................. Printing and publishing.................................................................... Chemicals and allied products........................................................ Petroleum and coal products.......................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................................... Leather and leather products.......................................................... 1,701 71 842 1,250 692 1,269 1,105 209 729 230 1,696 71 841 1,244 691 1,269 1,106 211 730 231 1,705 72 839 1,243 691 1,272 1,109 210 731 231 1,691 72 838 1,243 689 1,276 1,108 210 734 231 1,697 72 842 1,250 691 1,280 1,107 211 744 231 1,703 71 843 1,258 694 1,283 1,109 213 753 233 1,673 71 846 1,264 695 1,284 1,111 212 757 232 1,691 71 856 1,278 696 1,290 1,110 212 760 238 1,668 73 849 1,272 698 1,295 1,106 212 764 236 1,669 71 849 1,273 703 1,301 1,112 211 760 236 1,675 70 833 1,259 691 1,302 1,108 210 744 234 1,671 71 823 1,251 686 1,303 1,103 210 732 230 1,666 69 816 1,231 683 1,303 1,102 209 722 230 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES ...................................... 5,118 5,124 5,135 5,139 5,161 5,148 5,149 5,167 5,170 5,186 5,168 5,146 5,136 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE .................................................... 20,470 20,529 20,600 20,635 20,636 20,714 20,717 20,796 20,862 20,872 20,916 20,821 20,726 WHOLESALE TRADE........................................................................ 5,300 5,305 5,313 5,316 5,333 5,346 5,349 5,360 5,375 5,370 5,360 5,357 5,342 15,556 15,464 15,384 Lumber and wood products............................................................ Furniture and fixtures .................................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products...................................................... Primary metal industries ................................................................ Fabricated metal products.............................................................. Machinery, except electrical .......................................................... Electric and electronic equipment.....................................................Transportation equipment .............................................................. Instruments and related products.................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing.......................................................... RETAIL TRADE .................................................................................. 15,170 15,224 15,287 15,319 15,303 15,368 15,368 15,436 15,487 15,502 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE ...................................... 5,254 5,268 5,283 5,293 5,316 5,326 5,331 5,344 5,354 5,366 5,360 5,356 5,361 SERVICES.......................................................................................... 18,240 18,300 18,343 18,371 18,475 18,540 18,560 18,642 18,667 18,774 18,788 18,832 18,865 GOVERNMENT .................................................................................. Federal ........................................................................................ State and local.............................................................................. 16,236 2,800 13,436 16,223 2,799 13,424 16,240 2,795 13,445 16,204 2,781 13,423 16,170 2,767 13,403 16,131 2,779 13,352 16,040 2,781 13,259 15,992 2,777 13,215 15,917 2,770 13,147 15,905 2,765 13,140 15,938 2,759 13,179 15,933 2,755 13,178 15,967 2,764 13,203 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 12. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1977 to date [Per 100 employees] Year Annual average Jan. Feb. Apr. Mar. June May July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.6 5.3 5.4 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.3 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.1 3.6 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.0 2.7 p2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.2 3.0 3.3 3.1 2.1 2.4 4.0 4.2 3.7 2.5 2.7 3.5 3.9 3.4 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.5 3.1 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.2 1.6 P1.3 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.2 .9 .8 .9 1.5 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 1.7 1.0 .8 .7 .8 1.4 .9 .6 .6 .7 1.1 .8 .6 .5 .6 .9 p.9 .6 .5 .5 .8 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.6 5.1 5.3 5.7 4.8 4.4 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.1 4.1 3.8 4.1 4.2 3.8 4.2 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.0 p4.1 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.5 3.1 3.5 3.3 2.2 2.1 2.8 3.1 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.1 p.9 1.2 1.3 1.1 .9 1.5 1.1 1.4 2.0 1.3 1.0 .8 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.1 .8 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.1 .9 1.2 1.5 2.2 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.4 p2.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 Total accessions 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.0 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.1 3.3 4.6 4.7 4.7 3.4 3.5 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.4 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.2 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.0 2.0 3.5 3.6 3.6 2.1 2.3 1977 .............................................. 1978 .............................................. 1979 .............................................. 1980 .............................................. 1981.............................................. .9 .7 .7 1.1 1.2 1.0 .9 1.1 1.3 1.3 .7 .7 .9 1.0 1.1 8 .7 .9 1.1 .9 .8 .7 .8 1.1 .8 .8 .8 1.0 1.0 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.8 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.7 4.7 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.8 3.1 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.3 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 1.1 .9 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.4 .9 .8 1.2' 1.2 1.0 .9 .8 1.3 1.2 .9 .8 .9 2.3 1.0 .8 .7 .7 2.5 1.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 3.9 4.0 New hires 3.7 3.9 3.8 2.4 2.8 Recalls .8 .7 .7 1.2 .9 Total separations 3.5 3.8 3.9 4.4 3.2 Quits 1.9 -2.2 2.1 1.4 1.4 Layoffs 13. .8 .7 .9 2.2 1.1 Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by major industry group [Per 100 employees] Separation rates Accession rates Major industry group New hires Total Recalls Layoffs Quits Total Nov. 1980 Oct. 1981 Nov. 1981 » Nov. 1980 Oct. 1981 Nov. 1981p Nov. 1980 Oct. 1981 Nov. 1981 p Nov. 1980 Oct. 1981 Nov. 1981 p Nov. 1980 Oct. 1981 Nov. 1981 p Nov. 1980 Oct. 1981 Nov. 1981 p MANUFACTURING Seasonally adjusted.............. 2.7 3.6 2.8 2.9 2.4 3.1 1.6 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.6 0.9 1.2 0.8 .9 0.9 1.2 3.0 3.3 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.3 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.3 Durable goods Lumber and wood products.......... Furniture and fixtures .................. Stone, clay, and glass products . . . Primary metal industries .............. Fabricated metal products............ Machinery, except electrical.......... Electric and electronic equipment .. Transportation equipment ............ Instruments and related products .. Miscellaneous manufacturing........ 2.6 3.3 3.1 2.4 3.3 2.7 2.1 2.4 2.8 1.8 3.3 2.4 3.1 3.1 2.5 2.0 2.8 2.1 2.3 2.4 1.7 4.3 2.1 2.9 2.4 2.0 2.8 2.1 1.6 2.0 1.4 2.4 2.2 1.4 .7 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.4 2.3 1.4 2.0 2.4 1.4 .7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.4 3.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 .9 .4 1.1 1.0 1.2 .9 .8 .7 .8 2.3 1.0 .6 .6 1.3 .2 .8 .7 1.0 .5 .9 1.1 .8 .5 .4 1.0 .1 1.1 .9 1.4 .7 1.0 2.1 .8 .4 .4 2.6 4.4 2.9 3.6 2.1 3.2 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.6 5.6 3.9 8.0 4.7 4.5 5.0 4.4 2.9 3.2 3.6 2.3 5.4 4.2 7.7 4.4 4.7 5.6 4.8 2.8 3.3 .8 1.7 1.4 .9 .4 1.0 .7 .8 .6 .8 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.8 1.0 .5 1.1 .8 1.0 .7 1.1 1.8 .7 1.3 1.1 .7 .3 .7 .6 .7 1.1 1.9 .9 2.0 1.1 1.7 6 .8 1.1 .4 3.2 2.1 5.4 2.0 2.6 3.7 2.6 1.3 1.4 2.0 .7 2.5 2.9 5.6 2.6 3.4 4.6 3.4 1.6 1.9 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products .......... Tobacco manufacturers................ Textile mill products .................... Apparel and other products.......... Paper and allied products ............ Printing and publishing.................. Chemicals and allied products . . . . Petroleum and coal products........ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products...................... Leather and leather products........ 3.0 4.0 3.0 2.7 4.0 2.0 2.8 1.2 1,6 3.4 5.1 2.0 3.1 5.0 1.8 3.3 1.2 1.6 2.7 3.8 2.4 3.1 .9 2.1 3.4 1.2 2.7 .9 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.0 .8 1.3 .4 .4 .2 .1 4.6 7.9 3.4 4.5 5.6 3.0 3.1 1.7 2.7 3.8 5.8 2.6 2.9 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.9 .6 1.5 2.0 .7 1.5 .4 .6 1.7 2.1 .5 1.7 2.6 .8 1.8 .5 .5 1.2 1.7 .5 1.5 .4 .4 1.7 3.5 3.7 8 2.4 1.2 .6 .4 .9 2.2 4.8 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.5 .7 .7 1.1 2.3 3.8 1.1 1.3 .6 .4 .2 .1 3.7 6.1 5.0 3.0 5.1 2.4 2.6 1.2 1.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 2.2 8 2.1 .7 .8 .8 1.4 1.7 .4 1.3 .6 .6 .3 .1 4.1 5.9 2.7 3.7 1.6 2.6 .9 1.0 2.0 2.4 .9 2.0 2.4 1.2 2.2 .8 1.3 2.0 3.3 1.7 .9 .7 .8 3.2 4.1 2.8 4.7 2.3 3.4 2.0 2.9 1.9 3.3 1.3 2.1 .9 1.0 .6 1.1 .8 1.1 3.3 5.8 4.4 6.0 4.9 5.4 1.3 2.4 1.4 2.7 .9 1.8 1.2 2.7 2.1 2.4 3.1 2.8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 68 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.6 3.0 1.2 2.1 .2 .8 .9 1.6 2.0 5.4 .7 1.3 .8 3.4 14. Hours and earnings, by industry division, 1950-80 [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls] Year Average weekly earnings Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings $53.13 39.8 Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings $1,335 $67.16 37.9 Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings $1,772 Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Manufacturing Construction Mining Total private 1950 .................. Average weekly hours $69 68 37.4 $1 863 $58.32 40.5 $1,440 2.02 2.13 2.28 2.39 2.45 63.34 66.75 70.47 70.49 75.30 40.6 40.7 40.5 39.6 40.7 1.56 1.64 1.74 1.78 1.85 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 57.86 60.65 63.76 64.52 67.72 39.9 39.9 39.6 39.1 39.6 1.45 1.52 1.61 1.65 1.71 74.11 77.59 83.03 82.60 89.54 38.4 38.6 388 38.6 40.7 1.93 2.01 2.14 2.14 2.20 76.96 82.86 86.41 88.91 90.90 38.1 38.9 37.9 37.2 37.1 1956 .................. 1957 ................... 1958 .................. 1959’ ................ 1960 .................. 70.74 73.33 75.08 78.78 80.67 39.3 388 38.5 39.0 38.6 1.80 1.89 1.95 2.02 2.09 95.06 98.25 96.08 103.68 105.04 40.8 40.1 38.9 40.5 40.4 2.33 2.45 2.47 2.56 2.60 96.38 100.27 103.78 108.41 112.67 37.5 37.0 36.8 37.0 36.7 2.57 2.71 2.82 2.93 3.07 78.78 81.19 82.32 88.26 89.72 40.4 39.8 39.2 40.3 39.7 1.95 2.04 2.10 2.19 2.26 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 82.60 85.91 88.46 91.33 95.45 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.7 38.8 2.14 2.22 2.28 2.36 2.46 106.92 110.70 114.40 117.74 123.52 40.5 41.0 41.6 41.9 42.3 2.64 2.70 2.75 2.81 2.92 118.08 122.47 127.19 132.06 138.38 36.9 37.0 37.3 37.2 37.4 3.20 3.31 3.41 3.55 3.70 92.34 96.56 99.23 102.97 107.53 39.8 40.4 40.5 40.7 41.2 2.32 2.39 2.45 2.53 2.61 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 98.82 101.84 107.73 114.61 119.83 38.6 38.0 37.8 37.7 37.1 2.56 2.68 2.85 3.04 3.23 130.24 135.89 142.71 154.80 164.40 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.0 42.7 3.05 3.19 3.35 3.60 3.85 146.26 154.95 164.49 181.54 195.45 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9 37.3 3.89 4.11 4.41 4.79 5.24 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51 133.33 41.4 40.6 40.7 40.6 39.8 2.71 2.82 3.01 3.19 3.35 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76 163.53 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5 36.1 3.45 3.70 3.94 4.24 4.53 172.14 189.14 201.40 219.14 249.31 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9 41.9 4.06 4.44 4.75 5.23 5.95 211.67 221.19 235.89 249.25 266.08 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 39.9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.5 3.57 3.82 4.09 4.42 4.83 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 175.45 189 00 203.70 219.91 235.10 36.1 36.0 35.8 35.7 35.3 4.86 5.25 5.69 6.16 6.66 273.90 301.20 332.88 365.07 396.14 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.2 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49 9.17 283.73 295.65 318.69 342.99 367.04 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 7.71 8.10 8.66 9.27 9.92 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34 288.62 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.7 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70 7.27 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Transportation and >ublic utilities $44.55 1964 .................. 1965 .................. Finance, insurance, and real estate Wholesale and retail trade 40 5 Services $1,100 $50.52 37.7 $1,340 37.7 37.8 37.7 37.6 37.6 1.45 1.51 1.58 1.65 1.70 47 79 49 20 51.35 53 33 55.16 40.5 40 0 39 5 39.5 39 4 1.18 1.23 1.30 1.35 1 40 54.67 57.08 59.57 62.04 63.92 57.48 59.60 61 76 64.41 66.01 39 1 38 7 38.6 38 8 38 6 1 47 1.54 1.60 1 66 1.71 65.68 67.53 70.12 72.74 75.14 36.9 36.7 37.1 37.3 37.2 1.78 1.84 1.89 1.95 2.02 38 3 38.2 38.1 37.9 37.7 1.76 1.83 1.89 1.97 2.04 77.12 80.94 84.38 85.79 88.91 36.9 37.3 37.5 37.3 37.2 2.09 2.17 2.25 2.30 2.39 $70.03 73.60 36.1 35.9 $1.94 2.05 $118.78 125.14 41.1 41.3 $2.89 3.03 67.41 69.91 72 01 74.66 76.91 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 128.13 130.82 138.85 147.74 155.93 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 3.11 3.23 3.42 3.63 3.85 79.39 82.35 87.00 91.39 96.02 37.1 36.6 36.1 35.7 35.3 2.14 2.25 2.41 2.56 2.72 92.13 95.72 101.75 108.70 112.67 37.3 37.1 37.0 37.1 36.7 2.47 2.58 2.75 2.93 3.07 77.04 80.38 83.97 90.57 96.66 35.5 35.1 34.7 34.7 34.4 2.17 2.29 2.42 2.61 2.81 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 168.82 187.86 203.31 217.48 233.44 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2 39.7 4.21 4.65 5.02 5.41 5.88 101.09 106.45 111.76 119.02 126.45 35.1 34.9 34.6 34.2 33.9 2.88 3.05 3.23 3.48 3.73 117.85 122.98 129.20 137.61 148.19 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5 36.5 3.22 3.36 3.53 3.77 4.06 103.06 110.85 117.29 126.00 134.67 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 3.04 3.27 3.47 3.75 4.02 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 256.71 278.90 302.80 325.58 351.25 39.8 39.9 400 39.9 39.6 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.16 8.87 133.79 142.52 153.64 164.96 176.46 33.7 33.3 32.9 32.6 32.2 3.97 4.28 4.67 5.06 5.48 155.43 165.26 178 00 190.77 209.24 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 36.2 4.27 4.54 4.89 5.27 5.78 143.52 153.45 163.67 175.27 190.71 33.3 33.0 32.8 32.7 32.6 4.31 4.65 4.99 5.36 5.85 1Data include Ala >ka and Hawaii reginning in 1959. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 69 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 15. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Annual average 1980 1979 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.p Dec.p 35.4 35.6 35.6 35.0 35.1 35.0 35.2 Industry division and group TOTAL PRIVATE.................. 1980 1981 35.7 35.3 35.6 35.1 35.0 35.2 35.2 35.2 MINING........................ 43.0 43.2 44.1 43.6 42.8 42.3 43.6 43.8 42.1 43.5 44.1 43.8 44.5 43.9 44.8 CONSTRUCTION................ 37.0 37.0 37.2 36.4 35.0 37.2 36.9 36.9 37.2 37.7 37.3 35.7 37.5 36.7 36.8 MANUFACTURING ................ Overtime hours............................ 40.2 3.3 39.7 2.8 40.8 3.3 39.9 2.9 39.5 2.8 39.9 2.8 39.7 2.6 40.1 2.9 40.2 3.0 39.6 2.8 39.8 3.0 39.5 2.9 39.7 2.8 39.6 2.6 40.0 2.6 Durable goo ds............ Overtime hours............................ 40.8 3.5 40.1 2.8 41.5 3.4 40.4 2.9 39.9 2.8 40.5 2.9 40.3 2.7 40.6 3.0 40.6 3.0 39.9 2.8 40.2 2.9 39.8 2.8 40.1 2.7 40.0 2.5 40.5 2.6 Lumber and wood products ............ Furniture and fixtures .................................... Stone, clay, and glass products.................... Primary metal industries.......................... Fabricated metal products ........................ 39.4 38.7 41.5 41.4 40.7 38.6 38.1 40.8 40.1 40.4 39.7 39.6 41.6 41.6 41.6 38.8 38.1 40.3 41.1 40.4 38.5 38.3 39.6 40.7 40.0 39.0 38.8 40.6 41.1 40.6 39.1 38.2 40.9 41.2 40.2 39.6 38.5 41.1 40.9 40.7 39.5 38.9 41.2 40.9 40.8 38.7 37.8 40.8 40.3 39.9 39.0 38.6 41.0 40.3 40.3 37.9 37.7 40.6 40.8 39.6 382 38.6 40.5 39.6 40.1 37.6 38.2 40.7 39.6 40.0 38.2 38.9 40 5 39 4 40.5 Machinery except electrical.......................... Electric and electronic equipment ................ Transportation equipment.......................... Instruments and related products .................. Miscellaneous manufacturing .................. 41.8 40.3 41.1 40.8 38.8 41.0 39.8 40.6 40.5 38.7 42.2 41.0 43.1 41.2 39.5 41.2 40.1 40.9 40.6 38.6 40.8 39.6 40.1 40.5 38.4 41.2 40.2 41.1 40.6 38.9 40.8 39.8 41.0 39.9 38.6 41.2 40.1 41.6 40.3 38.9 41.1 40.2 41.3 40.4 39.0 40.4 39.7 40.7 39.9 38.5 40.7 40.0 40.5 40.4 39.0 40.4 39.7 39.9 40.4 38.7 40.6 39.9 40.9 40.4 39.3 40.9 39.8 40.8 40.8 39.5 41.5 40.3 41 6 41.1 39.2 39.3 3.1 39.0 2.8 39.9 3.1 39.2 2.9 38.9 2.8 39.1 2.7 38.9 2.6 39.4 2.9 39.5 2.9 39.1 2.8 39.4 3.0 39.1 3.1 39.1 2.9 39.1 2.8 39.3 2.6 Food and kindred products.................. Tobacco manufactures............................ Textile mill products.......................... Apparel and other textile products.................. Paper and allied products............................ 39.9 38.0 40.4 35.3 42.6 39.7 38.1 40.1 35.4 42.3 40.3 38.1 40.9 35.9 43.7 40.0 38.6 39.9 35.2 42.7 39.3 38.5 39.9 35.3 42.2 39.2 37.2 40.1 35.8 42.4 39.3 37.2 39.4 35.2 42.3 39.8 38.6 40.3 36.0 42.5 39.8 38.5 40.4 36.4 42.7 39.6 38.6 39.7 36.0 42.4 40.0 40.7 40.0 36.3 42.5 39.8 40.2 38.9 35.2 43.2 39.6 39.4 39.4 35.8 42.4 39.8 38.8 39.3 35.8 42.3 40.3 38.7 39.1 35.5 42.5 Printing and publishing .................................. Chemicals and allied products.................. Petroleum and coal products ...................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .. Leather and leather products ...................... 37.5 41.9 43.8 40.5 36.5 37.1 41.5 41.8 40.1 36.7 38.1 42.1 43.3 41.6 36.9 37.1 41.6 42.6 41.0 36.5 36.9 41.5 42.5 40.2 36.7 37.1 41.6 42.6 40.7 36.8 37.0 41.6 43.9 40.4 36.3 37.3 41.6 43.6 40.9 37.4 37.2 41.6 43.5 40.9 38.1 37.2 41.5 43.7 40.0 36.6 37.5 41.4 43.0 40.4 36.9 37.4 42.2 44.4 39.8 36.0 37.2 41.5 43.1 40.2 36.7 37.3 41.7 43.0 40.0 36.7 37 9 42.1 43.6 40.1 36.8 Nondurable goods .................... Overtime hours............................ TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES . . . . 39.9 39.6 40.0 39.4 39.5 39.4 39.3 39.3 39.8 39.8 39.5 39.2 39.1 39.3 39.4 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE 32.6 32.2 32.5 31.7 31.7 31.9 32.1 32.0 32.3 32.8 32.8 32.2 31.9 31.9 32.2 WHOLESALE TRADE.............................. 38.8 38.5 38.9 38.5 38.3 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.6 38.8 38.7 38.5 38.7 38.6 38.7 RETAIL TRADE .................................. 30.6 30.2 30.5 29.5 29.6 29.8 30.0 29.9 30.4 30.9 30.9 30.2 29.8 29.8 30.2 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE .................................. 36.2 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.3 36.1 36.1 36.3 36.3 36.0 36.2 36.2 36.2 SERVICES.......................... 32.7 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.7 33.0 32.9 32.4 32.5 32.5 32.5 Digitized70 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1981 1980 Industry division and group TOTAL PRIVATE................................................ Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.» Dec.p 35.3 35.3 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.3 35.2 35.3 35.2 34.9 35.0 35.0 34.9 39.3 2.7 39.5 2.7 39.3 2.5 39.1 2.4 MANUFACTURING .................................................. Overtime hours............................................ 39.9 3.0 40.1 3.0 39.8 2.8 39.9 2.8 40.2 2.9 40.3 3.2 40.1 3.0 40.0 3.0 40.0 3.0 Durable goods .................................................... Overtime hours............................................ 40.4 3.1 40.6 3.0 40.1 2.8 40.4 2.8 40.8 3.0 40.8 3.2 40.5 3.0 40.5 3.0 40.5 3.0 39.7 2.6 39.9 2.6 39.7 2.4 39.4 2.4 Lumber and wood products ................................ Furniture and fixtures .......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products .......................... Primary metal industries...................................... Fabricated metal products .................................. 39.3 38.4 41.0 41.2 40.4 39.8 38.5 41.3 41.1 40.5 39.1 38.6 40.6 40.7 40.2 39.1 38.6 40.7 41.0 40.4 39.6 38.8 41.2 41.2 40.9 39.8 39.0 41.0 41.0 40.9 39.0 38.9 40.8 40.8 40.7 38.8 38.5 40.9 40.5 40.5 38.6 38.6 40.8 40.7 40.5 37.3 37.5 40.3 40.6 39.5 37.6 38.1 40.0 39.8 40.0 37.5 37.8 40.2 39.6 39.6 37.7 37.7 39.9 39.0 39.3 Machinery, except electrical ................................ Electric and electronic equipment ........................ Transportation equipment.................................... Instruments and related products ........................ Miscellaneous manufacturing .............................. 40.9 40.0 41.0 40.4 38.9 41.1 40.1 41.3 40.6 38.8 40.8 39.6 40.5 40.5 38.6 40.9 40.0 40.9 40.5 38.7 41.3 40.2 42.0 40.1 38.9 41.4 40.4 41.8 40.4 39.2 41.1 40.2 41.4 40.4 39.1 41.1 40.5 41.2 40.5 39.2 41.2 40.4 41.3 40.8 39.1 40.3 39.6 39.9 40.5 38.4 40.7 39.9 40.5 40.4 39.0 40.6 39.3 40.3 40.3 39.0 40.3 39.2 39.5 40.3 38.5 Nondurable goods .............................................. Overtime hours............................................ 39.2 2.9 39.5 3.0 39.2 2.9 39.2 2.8 39.3 2.9 39.6 3.1 39.4 3.0 39.3 2.9 39.3 2.9 38.9 2.8 39.0 2.8 38.8 2.7 38.7 2.4 Food and kindred products.................................. Textile mill products............................................ Apparel and other textile products........................ Paper and allied products.................................... 39.7 40.1 35.5 42.8 40.3 40.0 36.1 42.6 39.9 40.0 35.6 42.4 39.7 39.9 35.7 42.4 40.1 39.8 35.5 42.6 40.0 40.5 36.0 42.8 39.8 40.2 36.1 42.7 39.4 40.4 35.9 42.7 39.4 40.3 36.1 42.7 39.2 38.9 35.2 43.1 39.5 39.3 35.7 42.4 39.5 38.9 35.6 41.9 39.7 38.3 35.1 41.6 Printing and publishing ........................................ Chemicals and allied products.............................. Petroleum and coal products .............................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ........ Leather and leather products .............................. 37.4 41.6 43.2 40.8 36.6 37.5 41.6 43.8 40.9 36.8 37.3 41.6 43.8 40.3 37.0 37.1 41.5 43.5 40.5 37.1 37.3 41.5 44.1 40.7 36.6 37.6 41.7 43.8 41.3 37.1 37.4 41.7 43.4 41.0 37.1 37.3 41.8 43.1 40.5 36.5 37.3 41.7 42.8 40.6 36.9 37.1 42.3 43.3 39.6 36.1 37.1 41.5 42.1 40.0 36.8 36.9 41.3 42.3 39.7 36.8 37.2 41.6 43.6 39.4 36.5 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE .......................... 32.1 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.1 32.1 32.2 32.1 32.1 31.9 32.0 31.9 WHOLESALE TRADE .............................................. 38.6 38.8 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.5 38.5 38.7 38.6 38.5 38.5 38.6 38.4 RETAIL TRADE........................................................ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.2 30.3 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 29.9 29.9 29.8 SERVICES................................................................ 32.7 32.7 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.7 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.6 Note : The industry divisions of mining; construction; tobacco manufactures (a major manufacturing group, nondurable goods); transportation and public utilities; and finance, insurance, and real estate are no longer shown. This is because the seasonal component in these is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis small relative to the trend-cycle, or irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be precisely separated. 71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 17. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Annual average 1980 1979 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov." Dec.p $7.40 $7.42 $7.46 $7.45 1981 Industry division and group TOTAL PRIVATE........................................ $6.16 $6.66 $6.94 $7.03 $7.06 $7.10 $7.13 $7.17 $7.20 $7.24 $7.30 MINING........................................ 8.49 9.17 9.57 9.77 9.86 9.85 9.70 968 9.94 10.11 10.15 10.29 10.28 10.44 10.42 CONSTRUCTION............................................ 9.27 9.92 10.33 10.42 10.41 10.44 10.43 10.53 10.60 10.74 10.87 11.02 11.10 11.11 11.16 MANUFACTURING ...................................... 6.70 7.27 7.70 7.73 7.75 7.80 7.88 7.92 7.97 8.02 8.02 8.15 8.15 8.19 8.26 Durable goods........................................ Lumber and wood products .................... Furniture and fixtures............................ Stone, clay, and glass products .............. Primary metal industries.......................... Fabricated metal products ...................... 7.13 6.07 5.06 6.85 8.98 6.85 7.75 6.53 5.49 750 9.77 7.45 8.23 6.74 5.70 7.83 10.36 7.88 8.23 6.79 5.71 7.87 10.36 7.89 8.26 6.81 5.74 7.89 10.56 7.91 8.32 6.79 5.76 7.94 10.52 8.01 8.40 6.83 5.78 8.11 10.76 8.05 8.45 6.92 5.83 8.20 10.68 8.17 8.52 7.10 5.89 8.31 10.76 8.23 8.55 7.16 5.91 8.39 10.79 8.22 8.57 7.13 5.98 8.41 10.99 8.27 8.68 7.15 6.00 8.53 11.22 8.34 8.71 7.09 6.05 8.50 10.97 8.39 8.75 7.11 6.05 8.53 11.10 8.42 8.83 7.12 6.13 8.57 11.11 8.53 Machinery, except electrical.................... Electric and electronic equipment............ Transportation equipment........................ Instruments and related products ............ Miscellaneous manufacturing .................. 7.32 6.32 8.53 6.17 5.03 8.00 6.95 9.32 6.80 5.47 8.50 7.38 10.09 7.13 5.73 8.53 7.41 9.96 7.19 5.82 8.56 7.43 9.93 7.20 5.83 8.62 7.47 10.08 7.23 5.85 8.67 7.51 10.14 7.25 5.91 8.75 7.55 10.25 7.31 5.93 8.81 7.60 10.36 7.34 5.93 8.85 7.69 10.35 7.44 5.98 8.86 7.76 10.30 7.56 5.97 8.98 7.79 10.41 7.60 6.07 9.05 7.84 10.65 7.61 6.06 9.10 7.86 10.66 7.70 6.12 9.20 7.98 10.71 7.81 6.22 Nondurable goods.................... Food and kindred products...................... Tobacco manufactures............................ Textile mill products............................ Apparel and other textile products .......... Paper and allied products........................ 6.01 6.27 6.67 466 4.23 7.13 6.56 6.86 7.73 5.08 4.57 7.84 6.89 7.13 8.10 5.34 4.81 8.27 6.97 7.21 8.50 5.35 4.89 8.27 6.98 7.24 8.56 5.35 4.87 8.28 7.01 7.29 8.61 5.36 4.94 8.30 7.08 7.37 8.90 5.36 4.96 8.37 7.11 7.43 9.03 5.40 4.98 8.42 7.14 7.43 9.33 5.42 5.00 8.55 7.23 7.47 9.43 5.51 4.94 8.73 7.24 7.50 8.61 5.66 4.98 8.67 7.37 7.58 8.66 5.69 5.06 8.95 7.34 7.53 8.58 5.72 5.07 8.82 7.39 7.64 8.91 5.74 5.06 8.90 7.44 7.74 8.82 5.73 5.04 8.93 6.94 7.60 9.36 5.97 4.22 7.53 8.30 10 09 6.56 4.58 7.88 8.69 10.38 6.97 4.74 7.92 8.74 11.06 7.06 4.86 7.96 8.80 11.33 7.04 4.88 8.02 8.84 11.23 7.07 4.90 8.04 8.94 11.40 7.15 4.93 8.10 8.99 11.28 7.22 4.95 8.13 9.07 11.29 7.23 4.98 8.22 9.16 11.41 7.28 4.96 8.27 9.19 11.31 7.32 4.97 8.40 9.38 11.53 7.38 5.08 8.42 9.37 11.46 7.39 5.09 8.43 9.43 11.54 7.40 5.10 8.44 9.47 11.50 7.47 5.13 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES . . . 8.16 8.87 9.30 9.33 9.45 9.42 9.54 9.59 9.63 9.69 9.89 9.97 9.96 10.06 10.08 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE .................... 5.06 5.48 5.62 5.80 5.84 5.85 5.87 5.89 5.89 5.91 5.94 6.04 6.00 6.03 6.00 WHOLESALE TRADE.............................. 6.39 6.96 7.23 7.32 7.38 7.42 7.47 7.51 7.51 7.59 7.67 7.71 7.74 7.80 7.83 RETAIL TRADE.................................... 4.53 4.88 4.99 5.18 5.20 5.20 5.22 5.23 5.23 5.24 5.26 5.37 5.29 5.32 5.29 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE .......................................... 5.27 5.78 6.00 6.10 6.21 6.19 6.20 6.24 6.24 6.27 6.37 6.38 6.42 6.52 6.48 SERVICES.................................. 5.36 5.85 6.12 6.21 6.27 6.29 6.30 6.33 6.33 6.34 6.41 6.51 6.57 6.66 6.66 Printing and publishing............................ Chemicals and allied products ................ Petroleum and coal products .................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products .................. 18. Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division [Seasonally adjusted data: 1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] 1980 1981 Nov. 1981 to Dec. 1981 Dec. 1980 to Dec. 1981 143.3 0.1 8.1 153.1 135.8 146.9 144.2 141.4 142.3 142.5 -.3 ,4 .4 .2 ( 2) -.7 ( 2) 9.5 7.5 8.5 8.6 6.9 7.9 8.7 Industry Dec. Jan. Feb. TOTAL PRIVATE (in current dollars) . . 132.6 133.8 Mining' .................................. Construction ................................ Manufacturing .......................... Transportation and public utilities . . . Wholesale and retail trade ............ Finance, insurance, and real estate . Services .............................. 139.8 126.2 135.4 132.8 132.4 131.9 131.1 92.7 TOTAL PRIVATE (in constant dollars) Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 135.0 135.8 136.7 137.7 138.4 139.0 140.7 141.5 142.1 127.6 136.5 133.7 133.7 133.2 132.0 143.2 128.0 137.5 135.4 135.0 135.0 133.2 144.0 128.6 138.5 136.1 135.8 136.0 134.0 145.7 129.0 139.9 137.3 136.4 135.4 134.8 145.6 129.4 140.7 138.9 137.4 136.8 136.4 147.2 130.4 141.6 139.8 137.8 137.1 136.6 148.9 131.8 142.5 139.3 138.4 137.4 136.9 149.4 132.5 143.6 141.8 140.0 140.4 139.4 151.5 132.9 144.8 141.7 141.2 140.3 139.8 92.8 92.7 92.8 93.0 93.1 92.9 92.2 92.7 92.1 1The unadjusted data are shown because the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. Digitized72 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Less than 0.05. Nov.p Dec.p 141.9 143.2 151.3 134.3 145.5 142.0 140.5 140.9 140.7 153.6 135.3 146.4 143.9 141.5 143.3 142.5 92.0 92.4 19. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Annual average 1980 1981 1979 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.p Dec.p Industry division and group 1980 TOTAL PRIVATE.................................. $219.91 $235.10 $247.06 $246.75 $247.10 $249.92 $250.98 $252.38 $254.88 $257.74 $259.88 $259.00 $260.44 $261.10 $262.24 MINING............................................................ 365.07 396.14 422.04 425.97 422.01 416.66 422.92 423.98 418.47 439.79 447.62 450.70 457.46 458.32 466.82 CONSTRUCTION.............................................. 342.99 367.04 384.28 37929 364.35 388.37 384.87 388.56 394.32 404.90 405.45 393.41 416.25 407.74 410.69 MANUFACTURING .......................................... 269.34 288.62 314.16 308.43 306.13 311.22 312.84 317.59 320.39 317.59 319.20 321.93 323.56 324.32 330.40 Durable goods Lumber and wood products........................ Furniture and fixtures ................................ Stone, clay, and glass products.................. Primary metal industries ............................ Fabricated metal products.......................... 29090 239.16 195.82 284.28 371.77 278.80 310.78 252.06 209.17 306.00 391.78 300.98 341.55 267.58 225.72 325.73 430.98 327.81 332.49 263.45 217.55 317.16 425.80 318.76 329.57 262.19 219.84 312.44 429.79 316.40 336.96 264.81 223.49 322.36 432.37 325.21 338.52 267.05 220.80 331.70 443.31 323.61 343.07 274.03 224.46 337.02 436.81 332.52 345.91 280.45 229.12 342.37 440.08 335.78 341.15 277.09 223.40 342.31 434.84 327.98 344.51 278.07 230.83 344.81 442.90 333.28 345.46 270.99 226.20 346.32 457.78 330.26 349.27 270.84 233.53 344.25 434.41 33644 350.00 267.34 231.11 347.17 439.56 336.80 357.62 271.98 238.46 347.09 437.73 345.47 Machinery except electrical........................ Electric and electronic equipment................ Transportation equipment .......................... Instruments and related products................ Miscellaneous manufacturing...................... 305.98 254.70 350.58 251.74 195.16 328.00 276.61 378.39 275.40 211.69 358.70 302.58 434.88 293.76 226.34 351.44 297.14 407.36 291.91 224.65 349.25 294.23 398.19 291.60 223.87 355.14 300.29 414.29 293.54 227.57 353.74 298.90 415.74 289.28 228.13 360.50 302.76 426.40 294.59 230.68 362.09 305.52 427.87 296.54 231.27 357.54 305.29 421.25 296.86 230.23 360.60 310.40 417.15 305.42 232.83 362.79 309.26 415.36 307.04 234.91 367.43 312.82 435.59 307.44 238.16 372.19 312.83 434.93 314.16 241.74 381.80 321.59 445.54 320.99 243.82 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products ........................ Tobacco manufactures .............................. Textile mill products .................................. Apparel and other textile products.............. Paper and allied products . . . .................. 236.19 250.17 253.46 188.26 149.32 303.74 255.84 272.34 294.51 203.71 161.78 331.63 274.91 287.34 308.61 218.41 172.68 361.40 273.22 288.40 328.10 213.47 172.13 353.13 271.52 284.53 329.56 213.47 171.91 349.42 274.09 285.77 320.29 214.94 176.85 351.92 275.41 289.64 331.08 211.18 174.59 354.05 280.13 295.71 348.56 217.62 179.28 357.85 282.03 295.71 359.21 218.97 182.00 365.09 282.69 295.81 364.00 218.75 177.84 370.15 285.26 300.00 350.43 226.40 180.77 368.48 288.17 301.68 348.13 221.34 178.11 386.64 286.99 298.19 338.05 225.37 181.51 373.97 288.95 304.07 345.71 225.58 181.15 376.47 292.39 311.92 341.33 224.04 178.92 379.53 Printing and publishing................................ Chemicals and allied products.................... Petroleum and coal products...................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................................... Leather and leather products...................... 260.25 318.44 409.97 279.36 344.45 421.76 300.23 365.85 449.45 293.83 363.58 471.16 293.72 365.20 481.53 297.54 367.74 478.40 297.48 371.90 500.46 302.13 373.98 491.81 302.44 377.31 491.12 305.78 380.14 498.62 310.13 380.47 486.33 314.16 395.84 511.93 313.22 388.86 493.93 314.44 393.23 496.22 319.88 398.69 501.40 241.79 154.03 263.06 168.09 289.95 174.91 289.46 177.39 283.01 179.10 287.75 180.32 288 86 178.96 295.30 185.13 295.71 189.74 291.20 181.54 295.73 183.39 293.72 182.88 297.08 186.80 296.00 187.17 299.55 188.78 371.15 374.92 376.89 383.27 385.66 390.66 390.82 389.44 395.36 397.15 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES . . 325.58 351.25 372.00 367.60 373.28 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE .................. 164.96 176.46 182.65 183.86 185.13 186.62 188.43 188.48 190.25 193.85 194.83 194.49 191.40 192.36 193.20 WHOLESALE TRADE ...................................... 247.93 267.96 281.25 281.82 282.65 285.67 287.60 289.14 289.89 294.49 296.83 296.84 299.54 301.08 303.02 RETAIL TRADE................................................ 138.62 , 147.38 152.20 152.81 153.92 154.96 156.60 156.38 158.99 161.92 162.53 162.17 157.64 158.54 159.76 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE . 190.77 209.24 21780 222.04 226.04 225.32 225.06 225.26 225.26 227.60 231.23 229.68 232.40 236.02 234.58 SERVICES........................................................ 175.27 190.71 199.51 201.83 204.40 205.05 205.38 206.73 206.99 209.22 210.89 210.92 213.53 216.45 216.45 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 20. Gross and spendable weekly earnings, in current and 1977 dollars, 1961 to date [Averages for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Manufacturing workers Private nonagricultural workers Year and month Gross average weekly earnings Spendable average weekly earnings Worker with no dependents Married worker with 3 dependents Gross average weekly earnings Spendable average weekly earnings Worker with no dependents Married worker with 3 dependents Current dollars 1977 dollars Current dollars 1977 dollars Current dollars 1977 dollars Current dollars 1977 dollars Current dollars 1977 dollars Current dollars 1977 dollars 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... $82.60 85.91 88.46 91.33 95.45 $167.21 172.16 175.17 178.38 183.21 $67.08 69.56 71.05 75.04 79.32 $135.79 139.40 140.69 146.56 152.25 $74.48 76.99 78.56 82.57 86.63 $150.77 154.29 155.56 161.27 166.28 $92.34 96.56 99.23 102.97 107.53 $186.92 193.51 196.50 201.11 206.39 $74.60 77,86 79.51 84.40 89.08 $151.01 156,03 157.45 164.84 170.98 $82.18 85.53 87.25 92.18 96.78 $166.36 171.40 172.77 180.04 185.76 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... 98.82 101.84 107.73 114.61 119.83 184.37 184.83 187.68 189.44 186.94 81.29 83.38 86.71 90.96 96.21 151.66 151.32 151.06 150.35 150.09 88,66 90.86 95.28 99.99 104.90 165.41 164.90 165.99 165.27 163.65 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51 133.33 209.31 207.79 312.43 214.07 208.00 91.45 92.97 97.70 101.90 106.32 170.62 168.73 170.21 168.43 165.87 99.33 100.93 106.75 111.44 115.58 185.32 183.18 185.98 184.20 180.31 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76 163.53 190.58 198.41 198.35 190.12 184.16 103.80 112.19 117.51 124.37 132.49 155.39 162.59 160.31 152.79 149.20 112.43 121.68 127.38 134.61 145.65 168.31 176.35 173.78 165.37 164.02 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 213.23 224.22 227.09 217.20 214.85 114.97 125.34 132.57 140.19 151.61 172.11 181.65 180.86 172.22 170.73 124.24 135.57 143.50 151.56 166.29 185.99 196,48 195.77 186.19 187.26 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... 175.45 189.00 203.70 219.91 235.10 186.85 189.00 189.31 183.41 172.74 143.30 155.19 165.39 178.00 188.82 152.61 155.19 153.71 148.46 138.74 155.87 169.93 180.71 194.82 206.06 166.00 169.93 167.95 162.49 151.65 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34 288.62 222.92 228.90 231.66 224.64 212.06 167.83 183.80 197.40 212.70 225.79 178.73 183.80 183.46 177.40 165.90 181.32 200.06 214.87 232.38 247.01 193.10 200.06 199.69 193.81 181.49 1980: December............................. 247.06 173.38 197.18 138.37 215.47 151.21 314.16 220.46 242.86 170.43 266.14 186.76 1981: January ............................... February............................... M arch.................................... A o ril....................................... May ....................................... J u n e ....................................... July ....................................... August .................................. September .......................... October ............................... Novemberp ........................ Decemberp ........................ 246.75 247.10 249.92 250.98 252.38 254.88 257.74 259.88 259.00 260.44 261.10 262.24 171.83 170.18 171.06 170.73 170.18 170.49 170.35 170.64 168.40 169.01 169.00 195.68 195.92 197.88 198.61 199.59 201.32 203.30 204.79 204.18 207.07 207.54 208.34 136.27 134.93 135.44 135.11 134.59 134.66 134.37 134.46 132.76 134.37 134.33 213.96 214.22 216.34 217.14 218.20 220.08 222.24 223.85 223.19 225.23 225.73 226.60 149.00 147.53 148.08 147.71 147.13 147.21 146.89 146.98 145.12 146.16 146.10 308.43 306.13 311.22 312.84 317.59 320.39 317.59 319.20 321.93 323.56 324.32 330.40 214.78 210.83 213.02 212.82 214.15 214.31 209.91 209.59 209.32 209.97 209.92 237.60 236.08 239.37 240.39 243.40 245.18 243,40 244.42 246.15 249.93 250.42 254.36 165.46 162.59 163.84 163.53 164.13 164.00 160.87 160.49 160.05 162.19 162.08 260.36 258.70 262.38 263.55 266.99 269.01 266.99 268.15 270.13 272.84 273.40 277.86 181.31 178.17 179.59 179.29 180.03 179.94 176.46 176.07 175.64 177.05 176.96 1 Not available. N ote : The earnings expressed in 1977 dollars have been adjusted for changes in price level as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. These series are described in “The Spendable Earnings Series: A Technical Note on Its Cal- 74 FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis culation," Employment and Earnings and Monthly Report on the Labor Force, February 1969, pp. 6-13. See also “Spendable Earnings Formulas, 1979-81,” Employment and Earnings, November 1981, pp. 7-8. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor from monthly records of unem ployment insurance activity prepared by State agencies. Rail road unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. Definitions Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for Ex-Servicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem- 21. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations [All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 1980 Item All programs: Insured unemployment ...................... State unemployment insurance program:' Initial claims2 .................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume).............................. Rate of insured unemployment .......... Weeks of unemployment compensated ................................ Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment .................. Total benefits paid ............................ Unemployment compensation for exservicemen: 3 Initial claims' .................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume).............................. Weeks of unemployment compensated ................................ Total benefits paid ............................ Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:4 Initial claims...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume).............................. Weeks of unemployment compensated ................................ Total benefits paid ............................ Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications ...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume).............................. Number of payments ........................ Average amount of benefit payment........................................ Total benefits paid ............................ Employment service:5 New applications and renewals .......... Nonfarm placements.......................... Nov. 1981 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 3,726 4,085 4,621 4,264 3,948 3,453 3,111 2,949 3,012 2,874 2,680 '2,753 3,220 1,673 2,544 2,653 1,806 1,684 1,647 1,417 1,741 2,114 1,610 1,681 1,994 "2,238 2,983 3.4 3,321 3.8 3,844 4.4 3,669 4.2 3,382 3.9 2,988 3.4 2,691 3.1 2,596 3.0 2,743 3.1 2,656 3.0 2,488 2.9 r 2,592 3.0 3,050 3.5 9,524 12,603 14,228 12,882 13,504 11,871 9,790 9,928 10,486 9,594 9,565 9,405 "9,947 $101.96 $101.43 $102.34 $101.89 $105.63 $105.96 $105.49 $99.02 $103.47 $1,055,065 $1,242,957 $1,416,513 $1,313,507 $1,393,612 $1,226,815 $1,006,341 $1,012,764 '$1,061,899 17 21 19 17 18 16 15 19 22 $105.94 $107.39 $1,004,864 $1,001,020 19 15 $108.93 "$110.10 $995,880 "$1,066,693 r 11 "9 54 55 57 54 51 46 43 42 44 44 34 26 22 216 $21,024 261 $27,015 257 $26,646 221 $22,517 234 $24,668 214 $23,048 183 $19,965 192 $21,145 203 $22,785 190 $21,425 153 $17,144 116 $12,993 "92 "$10,193 14 18 22 13 12 12 11 13 15 17 18 20 "17 35 37 41 40 36 31 27 25 25 25 29 '32 36 118 $11,365 150 $14,184 160 $15,432 148 $14,573 156 $15,561 135 $13,701 107 $11,023 105 $10,705 105 $10,805 102 $9,543 100 $10,495 112 $11,682 "128 "$13,524 7 11 13 5 5 6 6 26 41 13 15 21 13 38 70 39 83 53 118 50 104 44 115 41 94 35 79 30 86 28 32 29 63 34 74 40 86 44 83 $209.00 $14,269 $212.27 $18,046 $209.38 $20,303 $214.56 $22,049 $214.93 $23,233 $201.12 $19,239 $199.43 $15,428 $201.06 $16,206 $199.63 $11,541 $202.53 $7,071 $207.98 $15,046 $197.26 $15,994 $207.08 $16,377 4,476 871 ' Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers. 2 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands. Excludes transition claims under State programs. 3 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Apr. 8,778 1,595 12,868 2,446 4 Includes the Virgin islands. Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs. 5Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly. Note: Data for Puerto Rico included. Dashes indicate data not available. r = revised. 75 PRICE DATA d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). P r ic e Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. One index, a new CPI for All Urban Consumers, covers 80 percent of the total noninstitutional population; and the other index, a revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covers about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index includes, in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, manageri al, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctor’s and dentist’s fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revi sions so that only price changes will be measured. Prices are collected from over 18,000 tenants, 24,000 retail establishments, and 18,000 housing units for property taxes in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the expendi tures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with different buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it meas ures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M a n u a l 1 9 7 2 (Washington, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in dustrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Beginning with the May 1978 issue of the R e v ie w , regional CPI’s cross classified by population size, were introduced. These indexes will enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropri ate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes will be published bimonthly. (See table 24.) For further details about the new and the revised indexes and a comparison of various aspects of these indexes with the old unrevised CPI, see F a c ts A b o u t th e R e v is e d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x , a pamphlet in the Consumer Price Index Revision 1978 series. See also T h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x : C o n c ep ts a n d C o n te n t O v e r th e Y ears, Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). For interarea comparisons of living costs at three hypothetical stand ards of living, see the family budget data published in the H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta tistic s , 1 9 7 7 , Bulletin 1966 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977), tables 122-133. Additional data and analysis on price changes are provided in the C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P ric e s a n d P rice I n d e x e s , both monthly publications of the Bureau. As of January 1976, the Wholesale Price Index (as it was then called) incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 val ues of shipments. From January 1967 through December 1975, 1963 values of shipments were used as weights. For a discussion of the general method of computing consumer, producer, and industry price indexes, see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976), chapters 13-15. See also John F. Early, “Improving the meas urement of producer price change,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April 1978, pp. 7-15. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “In dustry and Sector Price Indexes,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , August 1965, pp. 974—82. 22. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-80 [1967 = 100] Food and beverages All items Year Index Percent change Index Percent change Apparel and upkeep Housing Index Percent change Index Transportation Percent change Index Percent change Percent change Index Other goods and services Entertainment Medical care Index Percent change Index Percent change 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. 100.0 104.2 109.8 116.3 4.2 5.4 5.9 100.0 103.6 108.8 114.7 3.6 5.0 5.4 100.0 104.0 110.4 118.2 4.0 6.2 7.1 100.0 105.4 111.5 116.1 5.4 5.8 4.1 100.0 103.2 107.2 112.7 3.2 3.9 5.1 100.0 106.1 113.4 120.6 6.1 6.9 6.3 100.0 105.7 111.0 116.7 5.7 5.0 5.1 100.0 105.2 110.4 116.8 5.2 4.9 5.8 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 121.3 125.3 133.1 147.7 161.2 4.3 3.3 6.2 11.0 9.1 118.3 123.2 139.5 158.7 172.1 3.1 4.1 13.2 13.8 8.4 123.4 128.1 133.7 148.8 164.5 4.4 3.8 4.4 11.3 10.6 119.8 122.3 126.8 136.2 142.3 3.2 2.1 3.7 7.4 4.5 118.6 119.9 123.8 137.7 150.6 5.2 1.1 3.3 11.2 9.4 128.4 132.5 137.7 150.5 168.6 6.5 3.2 3.9 9.3 12.0 122.9 126.5 130.0 139.8 152.2 5.3 2.9 2.8 7.5 8.9 122.4 127.5 132.5 142.0 153.9 4.8 4.2 3.9 7.2 8.4 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 170.5 181.5 195.3 217.7 247.0 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.5 13.5 177.4 188.0 206.2 228.7 248.7 3.1 6.0 9.7 10.9 8.7 174.6 186.5 202.6 227.5 263.2 6.1 6.8 8.6 12.3 15.7 147.6 154.2 159.5 166.4 177.4 3.7 4.5 3.4 4.3 6.6 165.5 177.2 1858 212.8 250.5 9.9 7.1 4.9 14.5 17.7 184.7 202.4 219.4 240.1 267.2 9.5 9.6 8.4 9.4 11.3 159.8 167.7 176.2 187.6 203.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 6.5 8.5 162.7 172.2 183.2 196.3 213.6 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.2 8.8 23. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) All Urban Consumers General summary All items...................................................................................... 1981 1980 1981 1980 Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. June 276.5 297.3 279.9 280.7 256.4 271.4 270.1 299.7 187.4 283.7 299.3 222.3 235.6 270.7 303.7 190.7 285.2 301.7 224.0 243.0 270.3 303.5 191.5 287.2 304.8 225.5 245.2 269.9 304.2 191.3 289.1 308.2 226.8 245.9 258.7 273.7 183.3 259.7 276.3 209.9 221.0 267.0 291.9 185.8 281.0 292.9 218.3 231.4 Nov. June July Aug. 256.2 271.3 274.4 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 274.6 276.5 279.1 279.7 280.4 269.4 297.0 185.5 283.9 295.4 218.7 232.4 270.6 299.6 187.9 285.1 298.6 219.9 233.5 271.0 303.6 190.5 286.6 300.9 221.5 239.3 270.7 303.3 190.6 288.9 304.0 223.4 241.4 270.3 303.8 190.5 290.8 307.1 224.3 242.5 July Food and beverages .................................................................... Housing........................................................................................ Apparel and upkeep...................................................................... Transportation .............................................................................. Medical care ................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................. Other goods and services.............................................................. 257.4 273.8 184.8 259.0 274.5 211.2 222.8 266.5 292.2 185.8 279.9 291.5 220.8 233.4 268.9 297.0 184.7 282.6 295.6 221.1 234.4 Commodities................................................................................ Commodities less food and beverages .................................... Nondurables less food and beverages.................................. Durables............................................................................ 242.5 232.0 245.3 220.6 253.2 243.1 263.5 226.6 255.0 244.7 262.9 229.6 256.2 245.8 263.9 230.9 257.7 247.6 265.8 232.6 257.9 248.0 266.4 232.9 258.0 248.3 266.7 233.2 242.9 232.0 247.1 218.9 253.8 243.8 266.3 225.2 255.7 245.5 266.0 228.4 256.9 246.7 266.8 229.9 258.2 248.4 268.5 231.5 258.4 248.7 268.6 232.0 258.5 249.1 269.0 232.3 Services ...................................................................................... Rent, residential.................................................................. Household services less rent .............................................. Transportation services........................................................ Medical care services.......................................................... Other services.................................................................... 280.9 198.3 331.9 253.3 296.6 227.2 303.5 206.8 366.7 269.6 314.4 236.3 308.8 207.8 374.8 275.0 319.2 237.6 312.2 210.3 379.9 275.7 323.4 239.1 317.3 211.9 387.4 277.7 326.1 245.8 318.6 213.6 387.2 281.0 329.7 247.8 320.6 215.0 389.2 283.2 333.7 248.7 281.5 198.0 334.8 252.2 298.7 227.9 303.9 206.4 370.1 268.2 315.8 235.6 309.6 207.4 379.4 273.8 318.5 236.8 312.7 209.9 384.2 274.3 322.1 238.3 317.7 211.5 392.2 276.3 324.7 243.6 319.2 213.2 391.8 279.9 328.3 246.6 321.1 214.5 393.6 282.3 332.0 247.2 All items less food ........................................................................ All items less mortgage interest costs ............................................ Commodities less food.................................................................. Nondurables less food .................................................................. Nondurables less food and apparel................................................ Nondurables ................................................................................ Services less rent ........................................................................ Services less medical ca re ............................................................ Domestically produced farm foods ................................................ Selected beef cuts........................................................................ Energy ......................................................................................... All items less energy .................................................................... All items less food and energy ............................................ Commodities less food and energy.................................... Energy commodities ........................................................ Services less energy........................................................ 253.2 244.5 230.0 240.5 272.1 252.4 296.4 277.2 249.2 278.9 366.1 247.7 242.4 211.2 400.2 278.6 269.5 256.9 241.1 258.0 2980 266.2 321.9 300.1 255.9 271.6 414.0 260.2 255.6 217.5 453.1 299.8 272.7 259.3 242.6 257.5 297.8 267.1 328.1 305.4 259.5 275.3 415.7 263.5 259.0 219.4 451.3 304.9 274.9 260.9 243.8 258.4 298.0 268.1 331.7 308.8 260.6 276.7 416.1 265.6 261.3 220.9 449.9 308.3 278.2 262.9 245.5 260.3 299.1 269.5 337.5 314.1 260.8 277.9 417.1 268.6 264.8 222.9 449.3 313.6 279.0 263.6 245.9 260.7 299.5 269.5 338.7 315.1 259.5 275.5 414.9 269.4 265.9 223.4 448.2 315.3 280.1 264.2 246.2 261.1 300.1 269.5 340.8 316.9 258.3 271.9 414.1 270.4 267.2 223.8 448.2 317.7 253.4 245.1 230.1 242.2 273.9 253.8 297.4 277.7 251.1 278.4 369.5 247.2 241.5 209.9 401.3 279.3 269.7 257.5 241.8 260.7 300.0 267.6 322.6 300.4 255.3 274.3 417.3 259.3 254.5 216.6 453.7 300.2 273.1 260.0 243.5 260.4 299.8 268.7 329.3 306.3 259.0 277.9 418.9 262.7 258.1 218.7 451.9 305.7 275.2 261.5 244.7 261.2 300.0 269.7 332.6 309.4 259.9 277.2 418.9 264.7 260.3 220.2 450.6 308.9 278.2 263.3 246.3 262.9 301.3 270.7 338.3 314.6 259.9 279.7 420.1 267.5 263.6 222.1 450.0 314.0 279.1 264.0 246.6 263.0 301.5 270.7 339.7 315.8 258.6 276.5 417.9 268.3 264.8 222.6 448.9 316.0 280.1 264.6 247.0 263.4 302.0 270.7 341.6 317.5 257.8 273.2 417.3 269.2 265.9 223.0 449.0 318.2 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 - $1 .................... $0,390 $0,369 $0,364 $0,362 $0,358 $0,357 $0,356 $0,390 $0,368 $0,364 $0,362 $0,358 $0,358 $0,357 Special indexes: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary 1980 Nov. Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1981 June July Aug. Sept. 1980 Oct. Nov. Nov. 1981 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. FOOD AND BEVERAGES .................................................................... 257.4 266.5 268.9 270.1 270.7 270.3 269.9 258.7 267.0 269.4 270.6 271.0 270.7 270.3 Food..................................................................................................... 264.5 273.6 276.2 277.4 278.0 277.6 277.1 265.7 274.0 276.6 277.7 278.1 277.8 277.4 Food at home........................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .......................................................... Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) .............................. Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 100).................... Cereal (12/77 = 100)........................................................ Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) .......................... Bakery products (12/77 = 100)................................................ White bread ...................................................................... Other breads (12/77 = 100).............................................. Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) .................. Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 - 100).......................... Cookies (12/77 = 100)...................................................... Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) ........ Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) . . . Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 100) .......... 262.1 255.8 138.7 132.9 141.1 140.5 134.3 224.9 133.1 134.6 133.4 133.1 125.6 135.3 268.7 271.5 148.3 139.0 152.4 150.9 142.1 236.0 140.2 141.7 142.3 143.3 130.7 142.9 271.6 272.4 149.0 139.5 153.4 151.2 142.5 236.4 140.6 142.4 142.7 143.0 131.6 143.9 272.8 272.6 149.5 139.6 154.6 151.4 142.4 235.6 140.8 143.4 142.7 143.1 130.6 143.9 273.2 274.3 150.1 139.5 155.7 151.6 143.5 238.2 141.5 143.3 144.4 143.9 132.0 144.3 272.1 275.0 150.0 139.3 156.1 151.1 144.0 238.4 141.6 144.8 143.9 145.7 133.2 144.4 271.0 276.3 149.9 138.4 157.4 149.6 144.9 241.3 142.8 145.2 145.0 146.3 133.1 144.8 262.0 256.8 139.7 133.6 141.5 142.7 134.7 225.2 137.0 134.1 133.1 134.5 125.7 136.1 268.2 270.7 150.0 141.4 154.0 152.7 141.0 233.1 142.5 139.7 141.2 143.3 131.5 142.3 271.1 271.5 150.6 141.9 154.8 153.2 141.4 233.9 142.9 141.7 141.4 142.6 131.2 142.8 272.2 272.0 151.3 142.0 156.4 153.1 141.5 233.0 143,4 141.0 141.2 144.1 130.9 143.4 272.3 273.2 151.2 141.1 157.2 152.6 142.4 235.9 143.4 140.1 142.3 144.6 132.2 144.8 271.3 274.0 151.5 140.9 157.9 152.7 142.8 235.5 143.6 141.7 141.7 146.4 134.0 144.9 270.4 275.5 152.1 140.2 158.9 153.9 143.7 237.6 144.9 141.9 143.2 146.8 133.4 145.8 136.2 146.1 147.2 147.1 148.0 148.9 149.2 132.4 140.3 140.9 141.5 142.1 142.8 143.1 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................................... Meats, poultry, and fish ............................................................ Meats .............................................................................. Beef and veal ................................................................ Ground beef other than canned.................................... Chuck roast................................................................ Round roast................................................................ Round steak .............................................................. Sirloin steak................................................................ Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ............................ Pork.............................................................................. Bacon ........................................................................ Chops ........................................................................ Ham other than canned (12/77 = 100)........................ Sausage .................................................................... Canned ham .............................................................. Other pork (12/77 - 100) .......................................... Other meats .................................................................. Frankfurters................................................................ Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 - 100) ............ Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ................................ Lamb and organ meats (12/77 - 100) . .................... Poultry.............................................................................. Fresh whole chicken.................................................... Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 100) ............ Other poultry (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Fish and seafood .............................................................. Canned fish and seafood (12/77 - 100)...................... Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 - 100) ........ Eggs ....................................................................................... 254.9 260.7 261.1 277.9 277.1 291.7 251.2 263.8 271.8 161.8 228.6 229.5 208.5 107.9 283.5 237.7 128.4 261.8 262.6 148.4 129.7 146.1 204.1 208.7 131.8 128.0 343.0 136.0 127.5 185.2 248.7 255.0 254.2 271.1 264.6 281.0 246.2 255.1 274.6 159.9 221.2 216.5 2098 98.0 278.9 2298 126.7 2559 250.7 143.9 127.6 146.5 196.8 193.8 128.3 128.9 352.1 139.3 131.0 172.1 254.1 260.7 259.6 274.5 264.5 283.5 245.6 258.9 284.3 163.5 231.5 228.1 221.8 102.0 289.7 233.0 133.6 258.4 251.8 145.9 129.1 147.6 204.8 206.9 133.0 130.0 356.9 140.6 133.1 174.2 255.8 262,2 262.0 275.9 267.4 285.3 247.2 256.0 282.2 164.3 235.3 231.1 224.1 105.3 297.2 234.9 135.0 261.4 259.8 147.0 130.6 146.8 202.0 201.4 131.8 129.7 356.8 139.8 133.6 177.6 257.7 263.4 263.4 277.1 270.3 289.4 244.1 255.9 281.9 164.9 238.1 237.1 225.1 106.8 300.7 239.5 135.4 260.7 256.4 147.5 131.8 144.4 199.7 197.3 130.5 129.9 362.6 140.9 136.5 188.8 256.4 262.2 262.5 274.9 267.4 287.8 245.1 259.0 273.3 163.4 238.6 240.1 223.1 109.4 298.7 241.9 134.1 261.6 261.2 147.6 131.8 143.4 196.6 194.0 129.2 127.2 360.8 140.5 135.6 185.9 254.2 259.2 259.6 271.5 266.1 282.6 245.0 256.7 262.0 161.1 235.6 238.1 217.0 108.9 298.1 243.1 131.1 260.5 259.9 146.7 132.1 141.7 192.3 190.9 127.3 122.2 358.9 141.5 133.9 194.7 254.2 259.9 260.3 279.1 280.4 301.9 249.9 261.8 274.9 160.3 228.5 232.3 204.8 106.0 285.9 242.2 128.8 259.0 262.6 145.7 127.5 147.7 201.4 203.5 131.6 126.5 340.0 133.5 127.0 185.7 248.4 254.5 253.9 273.0 267.9 288.9 249.5 253.6 278.7 159.2 221.3 220.5 209.8 95,1 278.7 230.1 127.7 253.1 249.8 141.9 126.0 147.1 194.4 190.3 127.0 128.2 349.8 137.9 130.4 173.0 254.1 260.5 259.7 276.5 267.9 295.5 249.8 257.0 285.6 162.4 232.6 230.5 222.4 100.4 293.4 234.4 134.5 255.6 251.9 144.6 126.5 148.9 203.1 202.9 133.3 129.3 353.5 139.0 131.9 175.0 255.5 261.8 261.3 275.9 269.4 295.5 247.3 251.5 279.2 162.6 236.5 234.5 224.4 103.7 298.6 238.0 136.3 259.6 260.4 145.7 128.8 148.3 201.2 199.6 131.6 129.9 356.4 138.5 134.1 177.7 257.5 263.2 263.3 278.3 273.8 299.9 249.1 252.5 281.9 162.8 239.4 241.1 224.7 105.6 302.3 242.9 136.7 258.7 259.1 144.8 129.5 146.0 198.1 194.0 130.1 129.6 358.6 139.4 134.9 189.5 256.0 261.7 262.1 275.3 268.6 297.2 250.1 254.9 275.1 161.3 239.3 245.1 221.3 107.5 302.1 244.7 134.5 260.5 262.4 146.9 130.2 145.0 194.7 189.9 129.7 126.1 358.2 140.3 134.0 187.2 254.0 258.8 259.3 272.2 268.0 292.6 2482 254.8 260.7 159.2 235.9 242.9 216.2 106.6 299.2 247.0 130.9 259.9 260.9 145.9 130.6 144.6 190.6 188.5 126.5 121.5 356.6 141.0 132.7 196.7 Dairy products.......................................................................... Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) ................................ Fresh whole m ilk ............................................................ Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100)...................... Processed dairy products (12/77 = 100)............................ Butter............................................................................ Cheese (12/77 - 100) .................................................. Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 100)................ Other dairy products (12/77 = 100)................................ 235.4 130.4 213.3 130.5 136,9 241.5 135.9 139.1 130.6 243.8 134.8 220.7 134.6 142.0 245.1 140.5 146.4 136.3 244.2 134.9 220.7 134.9 142.5 245.8 140.7 147.6 136.6 243.8 134.5 220.2 134.2 142.5 246.2 140.8 147.9 135.6 244.3 134.7 220.0 135.4 143.0 247.1 140.8 148.7 137.3 244.6 134.7 220.2 135.2 143.3 247.2 140.9 149.9 137.0 245.0 134.9 220.8 134.9 143.5 248.0 141.1 149.3 138.7 235.9 130.4 213.0 131.0 137.9 244.4 136.2 140.9 131.9 243.9 134.5 220.0 135.1 142.9 248.7 140.9 147.8 136.8 243.9 134.4 219.9 134.5 143.1 247.7 141.3 148.0 137.2 243.9 134.3 219.8 134.4 143.3 248.5 141.5 147.9 137.2 244.1 134.3 219.4 135.3 143.4 249.9 140.9 149.1 137.6 244.2 134.4 219.5 135.2 143.6 249.7 140.7 149.9 1381 244.7 134.6 220.1 134.9 144.0 250.2 141.1 149.4 140.2 Fruits and vegetables .............................................................. Fresh fruits and vegetables ................................................ Fresh fruits .................................................................... Apples........................................................................ Bananas .................................................................... Oranges .................................................................... Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 100).................................. Fresh vegetables............................................................ Potatoes .................................................................... Lettuce ...................................................................... Tomatoes .................................................................. Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 100) ........................ 253.3 258.3 258.6 213.5 235.7 316.6 134.9 258.0 293.0 273.5 192.2 139.6 278.1 285.2 278.9 239.9 260.5 287.1 154.4 291.1 414.3 238.7 205.2 151.8 284.4 294.0 292.1 251.9 240.6 327.8 160.4 295.9 414.9 261.3 194.0 154.5 286.1 295.8 306.9 282.1 245.2 353.7 163.5 285.5 375.1 290.6 209.9 143.6 281.6 286.9 306.4 262.9 250.7 346.2 168.4 268.6 329.1 293.5 193.9 137.9 275.2 273.5 291.4 237.0 254.9 328.5 160.9 256.8 290.4 258.3 207.3 139.6 272.0 267.8 276.1 248.7 249.4 314.0 144.7 260.1 286.3 257.1 206.9 145.0 251.4 255.7 255.5 213.0 232.0 300.4 136.4 256.0 289.9 267.2 188.9 140.0 275.3 281.0 272.1 241.0 259.0 274.0 149.9 289.0 402.7 237.1 200.8 153.6 281.7 290.2 285.5 253.1 233.8 307.0 158.9 294.4 404.2 259.2 195.5 155.8 282.5 290.4 298.4 284.6 239.9 325.1 160.5 283.2 362.8 290.0 211.0 144.1 276.3 278.2 293.7 261.8 251.3 314.6 161.5 264.4 316.8 292.9 191.3 136.6 270.8 267.2 279.5 236.5 253.3 299.9 154.7 256.1 287.7 257.2 206.4 140.0 268.1 261.9 266.0 249.1 248.3 286.0 139.7 258.2 281 .'5 247.4 209.7 145.8 Processed fruits and vegetables ........................................ Processed fruits (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 - 100).................... Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) ................ Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 100) ........................ Processed vegetables (12/77 = 100).............................. Frozen vegetables (12/77 - 100)................................ 250.1 129.1 120.5 131.9 133.3 122.2 121.8 272.8 142.0 143.4 145.5 137.1 132.1 130.8 276.4 143.1 144.0 146.8 138.4 134.6 133.2 277.9 143.4 143.5 147.4 139.1 135.7 134.9 278.3 143.7 143.6 147.5 139.8 135.9 135.7 279.4 144.9 144.7 148.4 141.2 135.9 136.9 279.2 145.1 144.9 148.6 141.6 135.4 137.4 248,8 129.4 120.7 132.3 133.5 121.0 121.7 271.4 142.1 142.3 145.8 137.9 131.2 131.9 274.6 142.8 142.9 146.1 139.1 133.6 134.1 276.2 143.4 142.8 147.1 139.8 134.6 135.7 276.7 143.7 142.8 147.8 140.1 134.8 136.6 277.2 144.2 143.4 147.6 141.1 134.9 137.5 277.3 144.6 144.1 147.4 141.8 134.7 139.2 Digitized 78 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary 1980 Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1981 1980 1981 Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Fruits and vegetables—Continued Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77=100) . . . Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77=100)............ Other foods at hom e...................................................................... Sugar and sweets.................................................................... Candy and chewing gum (12/77=100) .............................. Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77=100)...................... Other sweets (12/77=100) .............................................. Fats and oils (12/77=100) ...................................................... Margarine ........................................................................ Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77=100) .......... Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77=100) .............. Nonalcoholic beverages .......................................................... Cola drinks, excluding diet c o la .......................................... Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77=100)............ Roasted coffee ................................................................ Freeze dried and instant coffee.......................................... Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77=100).......................... Other prepared foods .............................................................. Canned and packaged soup (12/77-100).......................... Frozen prepared foods (12/77=100).................................. Snacks (12/77=100)........................................................ Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77=100)............ Other condiments (12/77-100) ........................................ Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77=100) ...................... Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77=100) .. 124.1 121.5 314.8 381.3 135.7 225.9 132.5 247.4 254.9 127.4 129.0 405.5 284.0 133.8 399.2 364.9 126.7 239.9 125.1 136.6 135.2 133.5 133.3 133.5 128.6 134.6 131.4 323.6 361.3 145.2 168.2 142.6 269.6 256.1 181.8 129.6 412.8 297.0 140.8 353.1 335.2 134.5 254.4 1326 142.2 147.2 141.1 140.8 139.3 137.7 136.0 134.6 323.3 360.0 145.9 164.6 142.9 269.0 255.9 181.0 129.4 410.3 294.7 139.6 351.4 334.3 134.2 256.3 133.2 143.7 147.5 142.0 142.3 140.7 139.0 137.4 135.4 325.1 361.3 146.1 164.3 145.0 269.2 258.2 179.8 129.4 413.1 298.2 141.5 346.0 333.3 134.9 257.9 133.6 143.5 148.8 144.4 142.9 142.0 139.5 136.8 135.6 325.7 361.4 146.8 163.0 145.3 268.5 256.7 178.5 129.6 413.7 298.9 142.4 345.1 330.8 134.9 259.0 134.9 144.8 149.6 144.4 143.3 142.3 139.9 137.7 134.6 326.4 359.9 148.8 157.1 145.2 268.5 256.6 176.5 130.5 414.8 301.1 142.3 343.1 329.9 135.6 260.5 133.1 144.1 152.0 146.2 143.5 144.5 140.5 138.3 133.1 326.0 359.1 149.3 155.2 144.9 262.2 255.2 163.0 129.8 413.4 298.8 141.4 341.0 330.8 136.4 262.7 133.4 146.5 152.5 148.9 145.0 144.8 141.8 121.8 120.3 315.7 383.9 136.8 225.9 131.9 248.2 256.9 128.0 128.8 407.8 283.6 133.2 395.5 364.0 126.2 240.4 125.6 133.5 136.1 132.8 136.5 133.8 128.9 133.6 129.7 324.5 363.0 146.5 169.3 140.8 269.5 256.0 180.5 129.6 414.6 294.1 139.3 348.5 337.1 134.4 255.8 133.5 140.8 149.1 140.3 143.2 139.9 138.5 134.8 132.8 324.2 362.8 147.3 166.6 141.8 269.0 256.6 179.4 129.4 411.3 290.8 138.3 346.6 334.9 134.0 257.9 134.5 142.3 150.0 141.4 144.4 141.0 139.8 135.4 133.7 326.1 362.7 147.4 165.3 142.9 268.7 255.7 178.8 129.6 415.2 296.6 138.9 342.8 333.8 135.0 259.7 134.8 142.5 151.5 142.8 145.6 142.1 140.8 135.1 133.8 326.2 363.1 147.6 164.9 143.8 267.4 254.5 177.2 129.2 414.7 295.6 140.3 340.5 331.4 134.6 260.5 136.4 142.7 152.6 142.7 145.3 142.8 141.1 135.5 133.3 327.1 360.2 148.7 158.4 144.0 268.1 255.9 175.2 130.3 416.0 297.7 139.6 338.9 332.7 135.5 262.3 135.6 142.8 155.3 144.8 145.5 143.9 141.9 136.0 131.8 327.0 359.0 148.9 157.0 143.1 263.1 254.9 163.0 130.4 415.2 296.1 139.3 337.3 333.2 136.4 264.5 136.1 145.1 155.6 147.4 146.5 145.2 143.0 Food away from hom e.......................................................................... Lunch (12/77 = 100) ...................................................................... Dinner (12/77 = 100) ...................................................................... Other meals and snacks (12/77=100)............................................ 275.3 134.3 133.4 132.5 290.6 141.5 140.7 140.3 292.4 142.6 141.3 141.6 293.7 143.2 141.9 142.1 294.8 143.6 142.4 143.1 296.2 143.9 143.2 143.9 297.2 144.4 143.6 144.6 279.5 135.7 136.1 134.5 293.5 142.8 142.6 141.3 295.2 143.6 143.0 142.7 296.4 144.2 143.7 143.1 297.6 144.6 144.3 143.9 299.0 145.3 144.8 144.8 299.6 145.6 145.1 145.1 Alcoholic beverages .......................................................................... 190.9 199.8 200.5 201.4 202.5 201.4 202.3 192.8 202.1 202.8 203.8 204.6 204.3 204.6 Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77=100)............................................ Beer and a le .................................................................................. Whiskey ........................................................................................ Wine............................................................................................... Other alcoholic beverages (12/77=100).......................................... Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77-100)................................ 124.4 192.0 138.9 129.7 202.0 143.0 130.1 201.8 143.7 130.6 202.6 144.7 131.4 203.6 145.4 130.5 202.5 144.0 131.2 204.0 144.8 125.9 192.2 139.8 131.5 202.4 144.0 131.9 202.4 144.7 132.4 203.2 145.6 132.8 203.5 146.2 132.5 203.1 146.4 132.8 203.6 146.2 2 1 5 .2 2 2 4 .6 2 2 7 .5 2 2 7 .4 2 2 9 .7 2 2 8 .2 2 2 7 .5 2 2 4 .0 2 3 3 .4 2 3 6 .9 2 3 5 .5 2 3 7 .6 2 3 8 .1 2 3 7 .4 112.9 125.3 116.1 133.1 116.3 134.1 117.0 134.7 117.5 135.4 116.3 135.5 117.3 135.7 112.0 125.5 115.7 133.4 155.9 134.0 117.0 135.4 117.1 136.2 115.7 136.4 116.8 136.6 HOUSING............................................................................................. 273.8 292.2 297.0 299.7 303.7 303.5 304.2 273.7 291.9 297.0 299.6 303.6 303.3 303.8 Shelter................................................................................................ 294.7 312.6 318.5 322.0 326.9 326.6 327.2 296.4 313.7 320.2 323.6 328.6 328.1 328.5 Rent, residential.................................................................................... 198.3 206.8 207.8 210.3 211.9 213.6 215.0 198.0 206.4 207.4 209.9 211.5 213.2 214.5 Other rental costs ................................................................................. Lodging while out of town................................................................ Tenants’ insurance (12/77-100) .................................................... 268.3 284.2 126.5 289.5 311.8 133.1 293.6 318.3 133.3 298.5 325.7 133.9 308.1 326.3 135.9 308.7 324.2 140.0 305.3 318.6 140.4 268.4 283.3 126.8 289.7 310.6 133.4 293.3 316.3 133.7 299.0 324.4 134.5 308.0 325.3 136.4 308.4 323.3 140.1 305.0 317.9 140.3 Homeownership.................................................................................... Home purchase.............................................................................. Financing, taxes, and insurance ...................................................... Property insurance .................................................................. Property taxes ........................................................................ Contracted mortgage interest c o s t............................................ Mortgage interest rates...................................................... Maintenance and repairs ................................................................ Maintenance and repair services .............................................. Maintenance and repair commodities ........................................ Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and equipment (12/77 -100) ................................................ Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77=100)............ Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling supplies (12/77 = 100).................................................... Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77=100) .......... 329.4 267.3 416.9 364.5 192.8 536.7 198.0 294.2 318.6 237.1 350.4 266.6 467.2 386.6 200.3 610.4 226.4 315.5 344.4 247.6 358.0 271.4 480.0 387.1 201.4 630.1 299.4 319.3 349.0 249.3 361.8 272.6 488.3 389.0 205.2 641.3 232.4 320.5 350.6 249.5 367.8 274.5 501.8 389.7 206.2 662.0 238.2 321.6 352.5 248.7 366.7 272.5 501.8 392.5 207.4 661.3 239.5 320.8 351.1 249.3 367.2 270.2 505.6 393.3 208.0 666.8 244.1 322.8 353.8 249.7 332.3 268.2 423.1 367.8 194.7 539.7 198.4 291.1 315.9 235.6 352.7 266.2 473.8 388.1 202.2 612.9 227.2 308.2 338.7 241.5 361.2 271.2 486.9 388.3 203.2 632.6 230.3 316.2 350.5 242.4 364.8 272.3 495.3 390.5 207.1 643.8 233.3 315.8 349.5 243.1 371.0 273.8 509.0 391.9 208.0 664.4 239.2 318.1 352.5 244.1 369.7 271.4 508.3 394.7 209.2 662.5 240.5 319.2 354.2 244.0 369.8 268.6 511.9 395.5 210.0 667.7 245.3 319.8 354.9 244.5 137.4 122.3 145.3 124.7 146.7 125.0 146.9 124.2 146.2 125.0 146.7 124.4 146.5 124.1 134.7 122.0 138.4 122.7 138.2 123.0 139.2 122.0 139.1 123.2 139.9 122.3 140.0 121.8 124.2 123.7 131.2 128.5 132.7 129.2 132.0 130.5 131.2 131.2 132.4 131.7 133.1 131.6 124.6 126.4 128.5 131.7 130.1 132.5 130.6 133.3 131.7 134.3 132.1 133.7 132.4 134.2 Fuel and other utilities........................................................................ 285.7 320.2 325.1 327.8 331.1 330.1 329.8 286.3 321.2 326.4 328.7 332.3 330.9 330.9 Fuels ................................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g as.......................................................... Fuel o il.................................................................................... Other fuels (6/78 = 100) ........................................................ Gas (piped) and electricity .............................................................. Electricity................................................................................. Utility (pipec) gas .................................................................... 358.7 567.0 589.8 145.7 310.5 2587 379.0 411.7 682.0 715.7 164.3 350.2 296.7 416.9 419.5 674.6 707.3 163.6 360.8 311.9 416.2 422.4 673.4 705.7 163.8 364.5 309.8 431.7 417.0 681.1 713.8 165.4 356.7 306.2 415.8 418.7 677.9 710.2 165.1 359.4 312.1 411.2 422.2 677.0 709.0 165.3 363.6 309.9 428.5 418.4 675.9 707.1 166.4 359.3 302.7 430.8 417.4 679.3 709.6 169.1 357.5 297.7 436.0 FOOD AND BEVERAGES Food Continued Continued Food at home — Continued https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 417.2 677.9 711.0 164.0 357.6 306.2 418.6 419.0 672.7 704.3 165.0 360.6 3030 434.5 417.6 676.1 706.8 167.7 358.3 298.6 437.0 358.2 568.3 590.3 147.3 3098 258.4 376.7 411.2 685.1 718.4 165.5 349.0 296.6 413.2 79 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) All Urban Consumers General summary 1981 1980 1981 1980 Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Other utilities and public services ............................................................ Telephone services ........................................................................... Local charges (12/77 - 100) .................................................... Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Water and sewerage maintenance .................................................... 169.0 138.7 108.3 101.7 100.6 267.0 177.1 143.5 114.9 101.8 101.5 291.2 180.8 147.2 116.7 109.1 101.5 294.0 183.7 149.2 117.3 113.4 101.8 299.2 187.4 152.5 120.5 114.9 103.9 304.1 189.4 154.3 121.5 116.6 105.5 305.2 190.7 155.6 123.5 116.7 105.3 306.1 169.1 138.7 108.3 101.8 100.5 268.0 177.3 143.6 115.1 101.9 101.3 292.5 181.3 147.5 116.9 109.6 101.3 295.8 184.3 149.5 117.6 113.8 101.6 301.4 187.8 152.7 120.7 115.1 103.7 306.0 189.8 154.5 121.8 116.6 105.3 307.3 191.0 155.8 123.8 116.8 105.0 307.9 Household furnishings and operations ................................................ 211.0 221.1 222.4 222.9 224.5 225.6 227.2 208.1 217.8 219.1 2198 221.2 222.2 223.6 Housefurnlshlngs .................................................................................... Textile housefurnishlngs.................................................................... Household linens (12/77 - 100) ................................................ Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) . Furniture and bedding ...................................................................... Bedroom furniture (12/77 - 100) .............................................. Sofas (12/77 - 100) ................................................................ Living room chairs and tables (12/77 - 100) .............................. Other furniture (12/77 - 100).................................................... Appliances including TV and sound equipment.................................... Television and sound equipment (12/77 - 100) .......................... Television .......................................................................... Sound equipment (12/77 - 100) ........................................ Household appliances................................................................ Refrigerators and home freezers.......................................... Laundry equipment (12/77 - 100) ...................................... Other household appliances (12/77 - 100).......................... Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing machines (12/77 - 100) .............................................. Office machines, small electric appliances, and air conditioners (12/77 - 100)................................ Other household equipment (12/77 - 100)........................................ Floor and window coverings, infants', laundry, cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 - 100) ...................... Clocks, lamps, and decor Items (12/77 - 100) .......................... Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware (12/77 - 100) .................................................... Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) . 178.1 192.4 117.3 122.7 196.5 128.6 114.2 113.3 127.9 142.6 107.4 105.1 110.6 166.2 166.1 122.0 114.2 185.2 202.5 125.1 127.4 204.6 134.6 116.2 116.9 135.4 146.3 108.2 105.3 111.9 173.2 172.4 128.0 118.9 186.0 202.9 123.3 129.8 206.0 135.0 117.6 117.9 136.2 147.1 108.8 105.6 112.7 174.2 174.2 128.1 119.6 186.2 203.4 124.6 129.1 205.4 135.9 116.0 116.7 135.9 147.3 108.6 105.0 112.8 174.9 175.8 129.2 119.5 187.9 207.7 127.7 131.4 207.7 137.6 118.6 116.8 137.3 147.7 108.7 104.6 113.4 175.7 177.5 129.7 119.7 188.7 210.4 130.1 132.2 207.9 137.4 119.3 117.0 137.3 147.8 109.1 105.0 113.8 175.3 177.0 130.5 118.9 189.4 211.7 130.8 133.1 209.2 139.6 118.7 118.8 137.1 148.2 109.0 104.8 113.9 176.1 178.7 130.7 119.4 176.4 195.7 122.6 121.2 193.9 125.5 113.6 115.6 124.6 141.4 106.1 103.8 109.1 165.2 169.2 120.2 112.4 182.8 204.4 125.7 129.5 200.1 129.2 116.0 118.2 130.5 145.6 107.3 104.3 110.9 172.6 177.1 127.1 116.6 184.1 206.2 126.0 131.5 202.3 130.7 116.2 119.5 132.9 146.3 107.7 104.5 111.4 173.6 178.1 128.3 117.1 184.5 207.3 126.8 132.1 201.4 132.2 115.0 116.9 132.2 146.6 107.8 104.2 111.9 174.1 178.9 129.1 117.0 185.7 2130 129.7 136.3 202.7 132.9 117.4 117.2 132.3 146.7 107.8 103.6 112.4 174.4 180.6 128.8 117.1 186.6 214.1 132.0 135.2 203.8 132.3 119.0 118.5 133.0 147.2 108.1 103.8 112.8 175.1 181.6 129.8 117.1 187.3 214.7 131.9 136.1 205.3 135.2 118.8 118.9 133.1 147.7 108.3 103.6 113.4 175.9 182.7 130.8 117.4 113.0 118.4 119.2 118.5 118.8 118.2 118.7 112.6 116.5 117.1 116.4 116.0 115.9 116.8 115.5 124.6 119.4 131.0 120.1 131.2 120.6 131.7 120.8 133.1 119.8 134.2 120.1 134.4 112.1 123.2 116.7 129.3 117.1 129.8 117.7 131.0 118.3 131.6 118.4 132.4 118.1 132.4 124.3 121.4 132.1 124.6 132.4 125.0 133.4 125.8 134.8 128.2 135.4 128.7 136.1 129.5 119.0 119.2 125.3 121.9 127.1 122.9 129.3 122.5 129.6 123.8 129.6 124.5 129.7 125.2 130.6 118.4 139.5 122.6 139.5 122.7 138.9 124.0 140.4 124.5 141.1 127.2 141.2 126.9 127.4 122.3 136.0 127.1 136.4 126.7 137.0 128.8 137.8 129.2 137.9 131.2 137.5 131.6 Housekeeping supplies............................................................................ Soaps and detergents ...................................................................... Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 - 100) .......................... Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) .. Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100) .............. Miscellaneous household products (12/77 - 100).............................. Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 100).......................................... 256.0 252.4 126.7 135.6 118.3 131.1 128.0 269.8 266.0 133.4 137.6 125.8 139.5 138.4 271.5 266.5 134.8 138.8 126.6 140.5 138.8 272.0 267.0 134.8 138.4 126.6 141.7 139.2 273.3 268.9 135.7 139.9 127.2 142.8 137.8 274.3 269.3 136.7 141.8 128.1 142.8 136.6 275.4 269.7 137.3 143.6 128.5 143.0 1368 253.5 248.2 126.2 136.6 118.8 128.4 122.5 266.9 263.6 132.3 138.2 127.2 136.1 131.3 267.9 263.1 133.6 139.0 127.9 136.6 131.7 268.6 263.6 134.7 138.7 128.2 136.9 131.8 270.4 265.6 135.8 140.4 128.7 138.1 131.1 271.2 265.3 136.6 142.4 130.8 137.8 129.0 271.9 265.2 137.0 143.9 131.3 137.4 129.6 Housekeeping services............................................................................ Postage .......................................................................................... Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning services (12/77 - 100) .............................................. Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 - 100) .................................... 276.1 257.3 292.9 308.0 295.3 308.0 296.9 308.0 298.3 308.0 300.5 308.0 305.2 337.5 272.5 257.3 291.7 308.1 293.4 308.1 295.1 308.1 296.9 308.1 298.9 308.1 303.9 337.5 134.6 120.7 141.9 126.3 143.1 127.8 143.9 128.5 144.7 129.0 145.5 131.3 147.0 132.3 131.4 119.7 141.8 125.4 142.8 126.4 143.8 127.2 144.9 128.3 145.2 130.5 146.7 131.2 APPAREL AND UPKEEP........................................................................ 184.8 185.8 184.7 187.4 190.7 191.5 191.3 183.3 185.8 185.5 187.9 190.5 190.6 190.5 Apparel commodities............................................................................ 177.2 176.4 175.1 178.0 181.4 182.1 181.8 176.0 177.0 176.6 179.0 181.6 181.5 181.5 173.9 174.8 110.1 104.7 100.5 123.3 119.6 103.5 113.3 109.4 118.4 114.3 159.9 106.3 164.7 168.1 102.9 116.7 97.4 106.5 102.7 105.9 172.5 176.6 111.0 104.3 98.1 129.7 117.9 105.0 115.4 108.7 123.9 117.3 155.4 102.7 149.5 163.7 98.0 119.8 86.3 106.4 100.4 105.9 171.2 175.6 110.3 102.5 96.7 129.6 115.5 106.5 115.1 107.0 124.5 117.7 153.5 101.2 153.9 162.2 95.1 120.0 78.6 106.5 100.0 106.1 174.3 177.6 111.7 105.6 97.7 129.5 117.9 106.6 115.8 109.2 124.3 117.5 157.8 104.4 162.1 166.2 97.4 121.2 87.0 107.9 101.6 108.7 178.0 181.1 114.3 108.8 101.0 132.7 120.6 107.8 116.4 111.3 125.0 117.0 162.9 108.1 170.8 170.8 101.1 122.8 95.4 109.7 103.3 111.0 178.4 183.6 115.9 109.8 102.4 134.3 123.0 109.2 118.1 111.9 125.6 119.9 161.2 106.8 167.3 166.9 100.4 123.0 92.4 109.2 99.8 112.0 177.9 183.6 115.9 109.9 102.8 133.6 123.0 109.8 118.0 111.6 127.0 119.3 160,6 106.3 164.0 165.0 101.1 124.1 89.5 109.2 100.3 111.3 172.5 174.8 110.2 99.4 101.9 119.7 120.4 108.7 112.7 112.5 115.2 111.9 159.9 106.6 175.5 157.7 102.8 116.4 102.8 105.3 99.1 106.8 173.0 177.2 111.6 98.4 101.2 124.1 120.4 111.8 114.3 109.8 119.5 115.9 158.1 104.9 148.9 156.6 101.0 120.0 103.6 106.2 98.1 108.1 172.8 176.9 111.6 97.4 100.8 124.8 118.8 113.2 113.6 107.6 120.6 1156 157.9 104.5 159.0 154.1 99.1 120.1 100.6 106.9 98.9 108.9 175.2 178.4 112.8 99.7 102.4 125.3 122.1 112.5 113.8 109.5 120.3 114.7 161.2 107.1 168.7 153.4 101.1 121.0 109.8 107.6 101.5 108.9 178.1 181.4 115.0 102.1 106.1 128.5 123.9 113.5 114.8 112.3 120.9 114.4 164.9 109.8 177.8 155.5 103.3 122.7 115.0 108.8 103.3 110.0 177.7 182.9 115.8 102.0 104.9 130.0 125.5 114.7 116.4 113.5 121.8 116.6 162.7 108.1 171.4 151.5 102.3 123.4 110.2 108.4 99.8 110.6 177.3 183.2 115.9 102.0 105.1 129.8 125.4 115.5 116.5 112.8 123.3 116.9 162.1 107.6 166.3 151.9 101.9 124.0 108.5 108.4 99.9 110.2 114.0 117.2 117.6 117.0 117.9 119.6 120.0 112.6 116.2 116.3 115.1 115.5 118.5 119.0 HOUSING Continued Fuel and other utilities Continued Apparel commodities less footwear.................................................... Men’s and boys' .............................................................................. Men's (12/77 - 100) .............................................................. , Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) ...................... Coats and jackets (12/77 - 100)........................................ Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 100) .................... Shirts (12/77 - 100) .......................................................... Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 - 100) .................... Boys’ (12/77 - 100) ................................................................ Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 100) .............. Furnishings (12/77 - 100) .................................................. Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 - 100) ........ Women’s and girls’ .......................................................................... Women’s (12/77 - 100)............................................................ Coats and jackets .............................................................. Dresses .............................................................................. Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100)............................ Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 - 100)................ Suits (12/77 - 100)... .................................................... Girls’ (12/77 - 100).................................................................. Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 - 100).................. Separates and sportswear (12/77 - 100)............................ Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and accessories (12/77 - 100).............................................. Digitized for 80 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary 1980 Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1981 1980 1981 Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Apparel commodities less footwear — Continued Infants’ and toddlers’ ...................................................................... Other apparel commodities ............................................................ Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) ............................ Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ........................................ 248.9 213.7 110.3 149.9 260.0 212.2 114.5 146.8 259.8 212.4 115.3 146.6 263.6 214.0 117.5 147.2 266.4 213.3 118.3 146.2 268.5 216.2 118.1 149.0 264.9 214.8 118.6 147.5 254.0 204.0 110.2 141.8 273.0 204.8 113.2 141.2 272.9 204.8 113.6 141.0 279.3 206.1 115.3 141.4 279.8 206.0 116.4 140.9 281.6 206.2 116.3 141.1 274.1 206.1 116.4 141.0 Footwear............................................................................................... Men’s (12/77 = 100) .................................................................... Boys’ and girls' (12/77 = 100) ...................................................... Women’s (12/77 = 100)................................................................ 196.5 125.4 126.2 119.4 200.4 127.7 129.1 121.6 199.0 128.0 130.1 118.7 200.0 128.3 129.1 120.6 202.4 128.8 129.7 123.5 204.2 129.3 131.1 124.9 205.4 130.3 132.1 125.2 196.4 126.7 127.4 116.5 200.6 129.5 128.6 120.2 199.2 129.5 128.7 117.8 200.8 129.8 130.4 118.9 202.3 129.7 130.7 121.2 204.1 130.3 132.2 122.5 206.2 132.3 134.0 122.9 Apparel services ................................................................................ Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100)............ Other apparel services (12/77 = 100) .................................................. 241.9 142.4 130.0 257.8 153.2 136.0 258.9 153.8 136.7 260.2 154.7 137.2 262.0 155.7 138.2 263.2 157.1 137.5 264.6 158.2 137.9 239.9 141.6 129.1 255.7 152.5 135.0 256.3 153.1 135.1 258.2 153.9 136.5 260.0 155.0 137.4 262.1 156.4 138.3 262.3 156.3 138.6 APPAREL AND UPKEEP Continued Apparel commodities — Continued TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................ 259.0 279.9 282.6 283.7 285.2 287.2 289.1 259.7 281.0 283.9 285.1 286.6 288.9 290.8 Private................................................................................................. 257.4 277.9 279.6 280.5 281.9 283.9 285.8 258.6 279.7 281.6 282.6 284.1 2864 288.3 New cars ............................................................................................. Used c a rs ............................................................................................. Gasoline ............................................................................................... Automobile maintenance and repair........................................................ Body work (12/77 = 100).............................................................. Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) ................................................ Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) .................................................. Other private transportation .................................................................. Other private transportation commodities ........................................ Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 = 100) ................ Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100)........................ Tires ................................................................................ Other parts and equipment (12/77 - 100) ........................ Other private transportation services................................................ Automobile Insurance .............................................................. Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) .............................. Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . . . State registration .............................................................. Drivers’ licenses (12/77 = 100) ........................................ Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 100) .......................... 184.3 230.8 370.5 278.4 136.1 192.2 252.9 414.4 291.9 142.3 192.5 260.3 412.9 293.5 144.1 191.9 266.9 411.7 295.5 145.8 191.3 272.8 411.2 298.7 147.4 192.5 278.2 409.9 301.3 148.7 195.3 281.4 409.5 302.8 149.9 184.5 230.8 371.7 278.9 135.9 192.5 252.9 415.6 292.6 142.2 192.9 260.3 414.0 293.4 143.3 192.1 266.9 412.9 296.1 145.4 191.4 272.8 412.4 299.3 146.1 192.7 278.2 411.3 301.8 147.2 195.2 281.4 410.9 303.4 148.3 131.6 131.0 131.3 228.8 203.1 137.8 130.3 181.7 127.3 237.9 251.9 154.4 115.0 146.6 105.0 123.2 130.7 138.9 137.1 139.2 241.0 208.5 144.5 133.4 186.1 130.2 252.0 257.4 178.5 117.8 148.0 105.8 125.7 136.3 139.9 137.4 139.9 242.9 208.8 144.8 133.6 185.6 131.7 254.3 259.8 180.9 118.0 147.9 105.9 128.6 136.6 140.9 137.8 141.2 243.0 212.1 146.8 135.7 189.3 132.4 253.6 260.3 177.3 119.5 ■147.9 106.2 ( ') 140.0 143.1 138.9 142.6 244.2 212.6 147.7 136.0 189.7 132.8 255.0 262.0 178.0 120.1 147.9 109.6 (’ ) 140.9 144.0 140.3 144.0 247.5 212.7 148.0 136.0 189.4 133.4 259.1 264.6 184.4 120.2 147.9 109.9 (’ ) 141.2 144.2 140.9 144.9 249.5 213.4 148.5 136.4 189.7 134.1 261.5 265.4 188.7 120.7 149.0 110.4 (’ ) 141.3 135.0 131.1 130.8 230.6 203.4 137.3 130.6 182.5 126.9 240.1 251.5 153.2 116.7 146.6 104.7 123.9 140.0 141.7 136.9 138.3 2439 211.1 142.7 135.5 189.9 130.7 255.0 256.9 177.2 118.2 148.1 105.6 126.5 142.6 141.4 137.3 139.1 246.0 210.8 143.4 135.2 188.4 132.2 257.7 259.6 179.9 118.4 147.9 105.6 129.3 143.1 1426 138.2 140.5 245.6 213.4 144.1 137.0 191.5 132.9 256.6 260.1 176.3 119.5 148.0 105.9 (’ ) 145.8 145.5 139.2 141.9 246.9 215.5 145.3 138.4 194.1 133.2 257.7 261.8 176.5 119.8 148.0 109.5 (’ ) 145.9 146.5 140.3 143.5 250.6 216.1 144.8 138.9 194.6 134.3 262.2 264.3 183.1 120.0 148.0 109.8 (’ ) 146.5 147.3 140.5 144.7 253.0 216.8 146.7 139.2 195.1 134.1 265.1 265.0 187.6 121.1 149.0 110.3 ( ') 148.6 Public................................................................................................... 277.0 303.9 323.1 326.5 329.1 330.8 333.2 269.2 293.6 317.7 320.9 324.5 326.6 328.2 Airline fare............................................................................................. Intercity bus fare .................................................................................. Intracity mass transit ............................................................................ Taxi fare ............................................................................................... Intercity train fa re .................................................................................. 321.8 308.0 236.1 269.2 255.6 360.7 337.6 253.5 281.7 304.1 367.3 343.5 290.7 287.1 304.6 371.4 347.5 294.0 288.1 304.6 372.5 351.4 298.6 288.6 305.0 372.0 361.3 301.7 289.3 315.0 374.5 362.2 304.4 291.3 319.2 319.8 308.0 235.6 275.6 255.7 359.3 336.8 251.5 289.2 304.6 365.6 343.6 291.0 295.7 304.9 370.0 347.3 293.9 296.7 305.0 371.8 351.7 299.2 297.1 305.2 372.9 362.1 301.3 298.1 314.9 373.1 362.9 303.6 300.4 318.9 307.1 MEDICAL CARE .................................................................................. 274.5 291.5 295.6 299.3 301.7 304.8 308.2 276.3 292.9 295.4 298.6 300.9 304.0 Medical care commodities.................................................................. 173.8 186.3 187.7 189.4 190.8 192.1 193.1 174.1 187.3 189.2 190.6 191.9 192.9 193.8 Prescription drugs ................................................................................. Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 100).................................................. Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100)...................................... Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 100)........................................ Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologlcals, and prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 100) ................................ Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 = 100) .............................. Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and respiratory agents (12/77 = 100)................................................ 159.6 124.6 128.9 118.3 172.3 132.2 137.3 125.5 173.7 133.9 138.4 126.5 175.4 134.8 139.6 127.6 176.5 136.5 140.0 127.8 178.6 136.8 141.9 129.5 179.6 136.3 143.6 130.4 160.2 125.6 127.7 119.9 173.5 134.3 136.5 126.8 175.0 135.8 137.6 127.9 176.5 137.0 138.8 128.6 178.0 139.2 139.7 129.0 179.4 139.6 141.3 130.5 180.3 138.9 143.3 131.0 140.4 126.7 157.2 137.7 158.1 139.1 160.4 140.2 160.6 141.7 161.9 144.1 163.3 144.9 139.6 128.3 158.1 138.9 158.2 141.8 160.3 142.7 161.4 143.8 162.8 144.2 164.1 145.4 121.2 131.1 131.8 133.1 134.1 136.8 137.5 122.3 132.0 132.5 133.9 134.6 136.1 136.8 Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 100) .................... Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100) ............................................................ Internal and respiratory over-the-counter drugs ................................ Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 = 100)........ 125.3 121.2 195.8 121.5 133.5 125.3 211.5 128.6 134.5 125.8 213.1 129.9 135.6 126.3 215.5 130.4 136.7 126.9 217.8 131.4 137.0 127.4 217.3 132.7 137.8 127.8 218.6 133.7 125.5 120.2 195.8 123.0 134.4 124.7 212.6 130.7 135.8 125.0 215.4 132.2 136.7 125.3 217.5 132.3 137.4 126.0 218.9 132.6 137.9 126.0 219.5 133.8 138.5 126.7 220.2 134.7 Medical care services ........................................................................ 296 6 314.4 319.2 323.4 326.1 329.7 333.7 298.7 315.8 318.5 322.1 324.7 328.3 332.0 Professional services ............................................................................. Physicians' services........................................................................ Dental services.............................................................................. Other professional services (12/77 = 100)...................................... 260.4 278.0 248.0 128.5 275.8 297.5 260.2 134.2 280.4 300.7 266.5 136.8 282.9 302.7 269.9 137.3 284.3 304.9 270.8 137.7 286.4 307.9 271.6 138.9 288.4 311.3 272.3 139.5 263.8 283.8 250.4 126.7 279.4 302.4 264.0 132.6 280.8 304.7 264.6 132.7 282.7 306.7 286.6 133.6 284.5 308.6 268.4 134.3 286.2 310.9 269.5 134.9 288.2 314.1 270.1 136.2 Other medical care services.................................................................. Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 100).......................... Hospital room.......................................................................... Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100)............ 340.5 141.1 441.0 140.9 361.1 149.6 470.4 148.7 366.1 151.7 478.0 150.4 372.5 154.7 489.4 152.9 376.5 156.6 494.6 155.0 382.1 159.0 503.0 157.2 388.4 161.9 515.4 159.2 341.6 140.5 439.8 140.2 360.3 148.6 467.1 147.6 364.6 150.3 472.2 149.4 370.6 153.1 4826 151.8 374.1 154.8 488.5 153.4 380.3 157.9 498.9 156.1 386.2 160.6 509.6 158.3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary 1980 Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1981 1980 1981 Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ENTERTAINMENT................................................................................ 211.2 220.8 221.1 222.3 224.0 225.5 226.8 209.9 218.3 218.7 219.9 221.5 223.4 224.3 Entertainment commodities................................................................ 214.5 225.4 225.5 226.5 227.9 228.9 230.3 210.2 220.8 221.1 222.2 224.0 224.2 225.5 Reading materials (12/77 = 100).......................................................... Newspapers .................................................................................. Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 100)............................ 127.6 245.6 130.7 136.2 264.9 137.9 136.0 265.0 137.3 136.0 265.5 137.2 138.1 266.3 141.1 138.7 267.1 141.9 139.8 267.6 143.9 127.1 244.9 130.8 136.1 264.8 138.2 135.9 265.0 137.4 135.9 265.4 137.1 137.8 266.2 141.2 138.3 266.9 141.9 139.3 267.5 143.7 Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100)........................................ Sport vehicles (12/77 = 100) ........................................................ Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 = 100)................ Bicycles ........................................................................................ Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100) ........................ 122.8 124.0 114.7 185.7 119.9 126.8 128.7 116.9 191.0 122.7 127.0 129.0 117.7 191.0 122.7 127.2 128.6 118.2 192.2 124.1 127.3 128.4 119.1 193.2 125.0 128.3 129.4 119.2 194.4 126.6 130.2 (’ ) 119.6 194.3 126.7 117.0 115.4 112.2 185.8 119.1 120.4 118.4 116.9 192.0 122.2 120.6 118.5 117.0 192.1 122.9 120.8 118.3 116.7 193.5 124.9 121.3 118.7 117.2 193.9 125.8 121.4 118.6 117.3 195.9 126.2 122.8 ( ') 118.2 196.3 126.9 Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 100)............................ Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 100) ........................ Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100)........................ Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 100) ...................................... 122.8 120.7 121.8 127.3 129.3 127.9 126.2 134.2 129.3 127.9 125.7 134.5 130.5 129.3 126.0 136.2 131.0 129.4 126.4 137.2 131.3 129.6 126.0 138.3 131.3 129.7 125.5 138.3 121.6 118.4 122.7 126.8 128.1 125.3 126.5 134.3 128.5 125.3 127.0 135.1 129.6 126.6 127.1 136.6 130.6 127.1 127.7 138.8 130.5 126.2 127.8 139.9 130.8 126.7 127.5 140.1 Entertainment services ...................................................................... 206.9 214.7 215.2 216.7 218.9 221.0 222.3 210.5 215.1 215.8 217.0 218.3 223.3 223.4 Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 100).............................................. Admissions (12/77 - 100).................................................................... Other entertainment services (12/77 = 100).......................................... 125.2 122.6 118.7 131.3 124.9 122.2 131.6 125.9 121.7 132.0 128.1 121.7 134.3 128.0 122.5 136.4 128.3 123.1 137.3 128.9 123.4 126.7 124.3 121.6 131.4 124.8 123.4 131.6 125.7 123.2 132.4 126.9 123.1 134.0 127.3 122.7 138.9 128.2 124.2 139.1 128.3 124.1 245.2 245.9 221.0 231.4 232.4 233.5 239.3 241.4 242.5 218.4 OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES.......................................................... 222.8 233.4 234.4 235.6 243.0 Tobacco products .............................................................................. 207.3 219.1 219.3 219.9 221.7 225.3 226.2 206.8 218.4 219.1 220.9 224.5 225.4 Cigarettes............................................................................................. Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 100)............ 209.6 124.3 221.4 132.3 221.6 132.5 222.2 132.9 224.2 133.1 228.1 134.0 228.9 134.7 209.3 123.9 220.8 132.7 220.7 133.4 221.4 133.9 223.4 134.4 227.2 134.7 228.1 135.0 Personal care .................................................................................... 219.0 232.1 233.4 235.1 236.3 236.9 237.7 218.5 229.7 231.2 232.4 233.6 234.1 235.5 Toilet goods and personal care appliances.............................................. Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 = 100) ................ Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100) .................................... Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and eye makeup implements (12/77 = 100) ................................ Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) 212.4 124.5 127.2 228.6 132.8 139.4 228.7 133.9 139.0 230.1 134.1 140.0 231.2 134.1 140.0 231.6 134.9 139.8 232.5 135.4 140.5 212.7 123.2 125.9 227.2 130.4 136.6 228.4 131.7 137.1 229.4 132.5 137.6 231.1 133.3 138.0 231.4 131.8 138.0 233.1 133.3 139.3 120.8 122.2 129.0 132.0 127.7 133.0 128.9 133.9 130.7 134.2 131.2 133.7 131.8 134.3 121.0 125.3 128.0 135.4 128.3 135.9 128.9 136.4 130.4 137.4 131.6 138.2 132.2 139.1 Personal care services........................................................................... Beauty parlor services for women.................................................... Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 = 100) . . . . 225.5 227.5 125.6 236.0 237.7 131.9 238.4 240.5 132.7 240.3 241.9 134.4 241.5 243.0 135.3 242.3 243.9 135.6 243.1 244.8 135.9 224.4 226.1 125.2 232.5 232.7 131.3 234.4 235.1 131.8 235.7 235.7 133.3 236.3 236.1 133.9 237.1 236.7 134.5 238.1 237.8 134.9 Personal and educational expenses .................................................. 251.3 257.8 259.2 260.4 281.5 284.6 284.9 251.4 258.5 260.1 261.7 281.8 284.8 285.6 Schoolbooks and supplies .................................................................... Personal and educational services.......................................................... Tuition and other school fees .......................................................... College tuition (12/77 - 100) .................................................. Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 100) .................... Personal expenses (12/77 - 100).................................................. 221.9 258.1 132.2 131.5 134.4 133.0 230.9 264.2 132.9 132.4 134.4 146.3 231.3 265.8 133.5 133.0 135.3 147.9 231.4 267.2 134.2 133.2 137.8 148.7 252.1 288.5 147.4 146.3 151.5 150.0 254.5 291.7 149.0 148.2 151.6 152.3 254.6 292.1 149.1 148.3 152.0 152.8 225.6 257.8 132.4 131.5 134.3 131.6 234.7 264.6 133.1 132.4 134.4 144.8 235.2 266.4 133.7 132.9 135.4 146.6 235.2 268.4 134.7 133.1 138.7 147.6 255.9 288.5 147.7 146.1 152.1 148.5 258.3 291.6 149.3 148.1 152.2 150.4 258.3 292.5 149.4 148.1 152.7 152.1 408.4 407.1 402.7 286.5 332.3 405.9 408.1 289.7 334.0 405.4 417.6 293.3 335.7 404.3 419.0 292.7 335.9 403.9 422.2 292.6 339.6 366.7 355.6 251.6 303.5 409.5 393.1 276.7 325.1 408.0 402.4 285.6 322.8 406.9 407.3 288.5 333.0 406.5 416.4 292.4 335.5 405.4 417.6 291.6 337.3 405.1 420.9 291.5 339.9 Special indexes: Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other products...................................... Insurance and finance ........................................................................... Utilities and public transportation............................................................ Housekeeping and home maintenance services ...................................... ' Not available. Digitized for 82 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 365.5 .355.3 253.1 306.4 39Ì.4 278.5 328.6 24. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure category and commodity and service group [December 1977 = 100] Size class A (1.25 million or more) Category and group Size class B (385,000-1.250 million) Aug. Oct June Aug. 1981 1981 1981 1981 June Size class D (75,000 or less) Size class C (75,000-385,000) June Oct Aug. Oct June Aug. Oct Northeast EXPENDITURE CATEGORY All items ............................................................................................................. Food and beverages .................................................................................... Housing ....................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................... Transportation............................................................................................... Medical care................................................................................................. Entertainment ............................................................................................... Other goods and services ............................................................................. 139.1 137.5 142.1 116.2 151.5 134.8 127.9 125.9 142.1 139.4 146.2 117.6 154.5 137.6 129.3 127.2 143.8 139.7 147.8 118.9 156.3 140.0 131.8 134.6 146.8 139.2 153.2 118.9 159.1 134.0 129.6 132.1 150.5 139.9 160.4 118.3 161.3 139.2 129.1 132.2 152.3 139.9 161.4 124.8 164.0 143.6 129.6 138.0 152.5 141.1 166.0 123.1 158.4 137.8 125.9 134.1 155.3 142.3 170.4 123.5 160.5 140.8 127.8 135.8 156.2 142.6 170.1 124.8 162.0 146.5 129.5 141.5 146.3 136.1 154.0 122.9 156.6 137.2 130.2 128.8 147.7 137.6 155.2 125.7 158.3 138.9 131.7 129.5 149.2 137.4 156.6 126.5 159.7 142.3 133.2 137.5 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP Commodities....................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. 139.0 139.9 139.4 141.0 142.0 143.5 142.1 143.7 146.0 146.5 150.0 147.2 148.6 152.7 153.6 149.6 154.3 156.5 148.1 151.4 159.7 149.1 152.3 165.4 149.8 153.1 166.7 145.0 149.3 148.3 146.0 150.0 150.5 146.4 150.7 153.5 North Central region EXPENDITURE CATEGORY All items ............................................................................................................. Food and beverages ..................................................................................... Housing ....................................................................................................... Apparel and jpkeep .................................................................................... Transportation............................................................................................... Medical care................................................................................................. Entertainment ............................................................................................... Other goods and services ............................................................................ 150.0 138.1 162.9 110.8 156.4 139.1 130.6 130.1 152.3 139.4 165.9 112.9 158.9 141.3 130.9 131.2 152.6 139.7 164.4 115.5 161.2 142.8 132.2 136.0 146.6 137.5 152.6 118.9 157.3 139.9 124.4 136.0 148.1 139.2 154.7 120.2 158.4 144.5 188.4 136.5 148.8 139.3 153.6 127.2 159.5 145.6 123.8 142.4 142.3 139.6 143.5 115.3 157.0 140.4 129.8 129.3 145.4 140.8 148.5 116.9 159.3 143.9 129.8 131.5 145.9 140.3 147.5 123.4 161.2 145.3 131.3 135.1 143.1 140.7 144.0 118.6 155.9 144.0 126.9 134.3 145.3 142.4 147.0 121.6 157.6 146,9 128.1 133.6 146.7 143.3 148.3 123.1 158.6 147.7 128.4 140.4 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP Commodities....................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. 144.4 147.4 158.3 145.7 148.7 162.1 145.7 148.5 162.9 142.5 144.6 153.2 142.9 144.5 156.4 142.9 144.4 158.3 139.9 140.0 146.2 141.7 142.1 151.6 141.4 141.9 153.3 138.0 136.8 151.1 139.4 138.1 154.8 140.7 139.6 156.2 South EXPENDITURE CATEGORY Ail items ............................................................................................................. Food and beverages .................................................................................... Housing ....................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................... Transportation............................................................................................... Medical care................................................................................................. Entertainment ............................................................................................... Other goods and services ............................................................................ 146.2 138.2 152.3 121.1 158.1 135.0 124.9 133.1 148.2 140.2 154.9 121.9 158.9 138.3 125.3 135.3 150.9 141.2 158.6 124.4 160.6 141.6 127.1 139.2 148.7 139.4 156.4 119.9 158.3 138.8 130.7 134.1 151.6 141.7 160.5 120.6 160.3 141.6 132.2 134.6 153.4 141.1 162.5 122.6 162.3 145.9 133.4 139.5 145.9 138.7 151.9 115.3 156.6 142.1 132.1 131.5 148.5 141.6 155.3 115.1 158.6 145.6 132.1 132.7 149.2 141.2 154.7 118.3 160.2 148.8 134.8 138.5 144.8 141.9 147.5 109.5 157.7 148.1 133.5 134.1 147.2 143.9 150.9 108.6 159.1 149.9 138.6 134.8 149.4 144.0 153.5 111.8 160.6 156.3 138.8 139.5 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP Commodities....................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. 142.1 143.8 152.1 143.5 144.9 154.9 145.0 146.6 159.3 143.2 144.8 157.0 144.7 146.0 161.9 145.7 147.7 164.9 141.3 142.4 153.1 143.1 143.8 156.9 143.6 144.6 157.9 142.1 142.2 149.0 143.2 143.0 153.1 144.1 144.2 157.4 West EXPENDITURE CATEGORY All items ............................................................................................................. Food and beverages ..................................................................................... Housing ....................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ..................................................................................... Transportation............................................................................................... Medical care................................................................................................. Entertainment ............................................................................................... Other goods and services ............................................................................ 147.5 138.3 153.2 120.7 157.4 141.0 127.7 134.8 152.4 140.3 160.6 121.2 159.3 149.2 130.2 136.4 156.3 140.3 167.1 121.8 161.8 150.5 133.0 140.1 149.1 142.6 155.1 123.1 157.5 141.2 128.9 134.7 151.2 144.6 156.6 124.5 161.1 146.1 130.1 137.3 155.0 144.9 162.6 127.6 163.5 148.1 132.5 141.4 143.9 137.5 146.7 113.4 158.7 141.5 130.8 130.2 146.4 141.2 148.9 114.6 160.8 147.0 130.8 131.3 149.2 141.4 153.5 116.5 162.1 149.4 131.4 136.1 146.9 143.2 146.1 133.5 159.3 146.2 143.7 137.8 147.7 145.2 145.6 134.4 161.0 149.9 145.4 141.0 152.1 145.5 153.9 135.9 162.5 150.4 144.4 145.5 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP Commodities ....................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. 140.5 141.4 156.8 143.4 144.7 164.3 145.1 147.1 171.2 143.4 143.8 156.8 145.2 145.5 159.4 147.0 147.8 166.0 140.2 141.3 149.2 142.6 143.2 151.7 144.4 145.6 156.1 144.7 145.3 150.1 144.5 144.2 152.5 146.2 146.5 160.9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 25. Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers Area1 U.S. city average2 .............................................................. Anchorage, Alaska (10/67=100) ........................................ Atlanta, Ga........................................................................... Baltimore, Md....................................................................... Boston, Mass........................................................................ Buffalo, N.Y.......................................................................... 1980 1981 Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Nov. June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. 256.2 271.3 274.4 276.5 279.3 279.9 280.7 256.4 271.4 274.6 276.5 279.1 279.7 280.4 236.5 246.1 269.2 258.4 248.8 259.9 262.1 Detroit, Mich......................................................................... Honolulu, Hawaii ................................................................ Houston, Tex........................................................................ Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas .................................................... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif................................ 266.4 269.1 272.7 273.3 271.9 255.5 244.7 247.0 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.............................................................. Pittsburgh, Pa....................................................................... Portland, Oreg.-Wash............................................................ St. Louis, Mo.-lll.................................................................... San Diego, Calif.................................................................... 261.9 253.8 279.1 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif................................................. Seattle-Everett, Wash............................................................ Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va....................................................... 262.6 253.6 280.5 252.8 292.9 270.5 267.9 283.1 272.2 146.1 285.6 276.1 258.6 265.4 271.3 276.9 275.2 262.5 266.0 267.8 270.5 277.7 284.2 279.3 281.5 259.3 300.0 272.6 281.3 268.8 271.5 274.4 291.6 268.0 274.7 277.7 291.1 273.4 313.9 287.9 282.3 267.1 'The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated 257.4 249.2 277.0 276.6 258.9 263.5 267.9 271.7 276.3 276.7 279.6 263.6 281.8 258.4 153.6 287.5 135.6 267.5 267.8 272.2 244.2 249.5 274.1 251.1 278.7 273.8 321.3 260.7 254.2 275.1 289.2 275.5 259.4 255.7 274.6 278.9 276.3 265.6 273.0 275.8 277.1 262.3 269.0 268.5 271.6 278.1 277.3 279.0 282.3 288.8 280.2 282.9 302.8 278.2 259.1 295.9 271.3 284.9 151.0 292.1 287.0 264.0 279.2 269.2 300.5 267.8 275.0 274.5 276.4 285.5 154.7 291.5 291.6 267.0 275.2 278.4 288.8 273.0 308.0 287.2 277.8 271.4 276.3 304.2 279.1 256.6 291.8 270.2 278.6 143.7 291.2 276.6 257.9 280.9 274.3 261.2 283.0 285.1 274.3 Area is used for New York and Chicago. 2 Average of 85 cities. 281.6 273.6 299.9 275.9 253.8 289.4 269.1 271.7 249.3 283.0 259.4 283.8 284.0 297.8 245.9 278.1 273.7 266.5 256.1 297.0 288.6 271.8 241.7 272.8 282.8 292.5 150.2 286.9 286.6 264.8 280.8 269.4 305.4 274.0 276.1 298.9 283.5 256.6 294.7 271.3 274.8 232.0 280.7 274.2 262.5 284.4 288.2 294.2 133.9 262.1 249.2 275.8 253.7 281.5 279.9 272.8 260.3 285.3 286.0 Miami, Fla. (11/77=100) .................................................... Milwaukee, Wis..................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis.............................................. New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J........................................... Northeast, Pa. (Scranton).................................................... 250.5 276.1 272.5 266.3 257.2 Chicago, lll.-Northwestern Ind................................................. Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind.......................................................... Cleveland, O hio.................................................................. Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex............................................................. Denver-Boulder, Colo............................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1981 1980 266.9 275.2 274.5 276.3 273.0 315.1 295.6 284.3 275.7 285.7 279.3 26. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1967 = 100] Annual average 1980 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Finished goods.................................................................... 247.0 257.2 260.9 Finished consumer goods.............................................. Finished consumer foods............................................ Crude.................................................................... Processed ............................................................ Nondurable goods less foods .................................... Durable goods .......................................................... Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy . . . . Capital equipment ........................................................ 248.9 239.5 237.2 237.8 283.9 206.2 191.2 239.8 258.9 249.3 254.8 246.7 296.2 213.5 197.6 250.9 262.5 251.0 257.9 248.4 302.7 214.9 201.9 254.6 Commodity grouping 1981 Mar. Apr. 263.3 266.0 268.5 265.0 251.3 265.6 247.9 308.4 215.1 203.5 256.7 268.2 252.6 279.7 248.1 316.0 214.0 204.8 258.1 270.6 251.9 279.3 247.4 320.4 216.6 207.3 260.8 Aug.’ Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. June July 269.6 270.5 271.8 r 271.5 271.1 274.0 274.5 275.3 271.5 252.8 263.1 249.8 321.0 218.1 207.7 262.5 272.3 253.8 258.9 251.3 322.0 218.2 208.4 263.8 273.5 257.6 262.7 255.0 322.5 218.1 209.5 265.4 r 273.0 r 256.3 r 256.9 r 254.2 '322.1 '218.3 '210.4 '265.8 272.6 255.5 253.0 253.7 323.5 215.6 211.0 265.6 274.7 253.7 253.3 251.7 323.8 224.3 212.2 271.4 274.9 252.7 259.5 250.0 325.0 224.3 213.3 272.9 275.6 253.0 273.4 249.1 325.9 225.0 213.4 274.1 May FINISHED GOODS INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS Intermediate materials, supplies, and components.................. 280.3 291.9 296.1 298.3 302.0 305.8 306.7 307.2 308.5 '310.1 309.6 309.3 309.0 309.6 Materials and components for manufacturing.................. Materials for food manufacturing ................................ Materials for nondurable manufacturing ...................... Materials for durable manufacturing............................ Components for manufacturing .................................. 265.7 264.4 259.5 301.0 231.8 275.7 279.6 268.5 304.3 246.3 279.6 280.7 274.0 306.9 250.3 280.3 273.2 276.5 305.4 253.0 281.6 267.5 279.4 306.9 254.2 284.1 263.1 284.3 310.6 255.4 285.1 259.0 287.0 311.2 256.3 285.8 262.4 287.7 310.7 257.3 287.9 260.5 289.2 314.4 259.5 '289.8 '261.0 '291.0 '316.0 '261.8 290.2 254.7 291.2 317.4 263.4 290.3 252.7 290.8 317.1 264.7 289.6 249.2 289.7 315.1 266.3 289.7 247.3 289.5 314.4 267.7 Materials and components for construction .................... 268.3 276.6 279.2 280.3 282.7 288.0 288.5 289.6 290.4 '290.7 289.9 289.8 289.9 290.8 Processed fuels and lubricants ...................................... Manufacturing industries ............................................ Nonmanufacturing industries ...................................... 503.0 425.7 570.9 539.4 457.9 611.4 551.9 469.5 624.7 569.8 482.8 646.7 598.3 503.9 681.6 608.5 509.0 696.2 6087 510.7 695.2 605.7 505.4 694.3 602.0 500.3 692.0 '607.8 '508.3 '695.6 600.1 499.3 689.3 595.1 495.6 683.1 594.2 495.4 681.5 597.7 498.6 685.3 Containers.................................................................... 254.5 260.6 264.6 268.2 270.9 274.3 276.4 277.2 278.8 280.3 280.8 281.1 280.7 280.6 Supplies ...................................................................... Manufacturing industries ............................................ Nonmanufacturing industries ...................................... Feeds .................................................................... Other supplies........................................................ 244.5 231.9 251.1 229.0 253.6 255.0 239.5 263.0 251.5 262.4 257.8 242.5 265.7 252.0 265.6 257.8 244.8 264.6 237.5 268.3 258.9 246.8 265.2 231.7 270.6 262.4 250.6 268.7 239.2 272.9 264.0 252.3 270.2 242.9 273.8 264.6 253.4 270.5 235.4 276.3 266.0 255.0 272.0 232.8 278.7 266.1 256.0 '271.6 '229.1 '279.3 266.1 256.7 271.1 221.7 280.6 267.1 258.9 271.5 216.3 282.5 267.4 259.5 271.7 212.0 283.9 268.7 261.5 272.7 214.7 284.4 Crude materials for further processing.................................. 304.6 323.5 328.0 336.5 334.2 336.3 334.4 335.4 337.3 '333.0 327.7 320.3 314.1 311.6 271.6 270.7 267.1 262.1 263.5 260.6 264.3 267.2 261.8 253.4 245.6 238.3 233.7 CRUDE MATERIALS Foodstuffs and feedstuffs .............................................. 259.2 Nonfood materials ........................................................ 401.0 433.8 450.1 484.9 488.4 492.1 492.4 487.4 487.2 '485.3 486.8 480.5 476.9 479.1 Nonfood materials except fuel .................................... Manufacturing industries.......................................... Construction .......................................................... 346.1 357.4 237.6 373.3 386.5 247.4 391.0 405.1 254.8 427.9 445.5 257.2 430.9 448.6 259.2 432.5 450.2 261.5 428.3 445.5 261.7 418.1 434.2 262.6 413.1 428.7 262.6 '413.9 '429.6 '263.1 410.7 425.8 265.7 405.5 420.0 266.7 398.5 412.2 266.7 396.4 409.9 267.1 Crude fuel ................................................................ Manufacturing industries.......................................... Nonmanufacturing industries.................................... 615.0 690.5 567.0 670.2 762.9 608.9 677.4 771.9 614.9 697.7 798.1 630.6 703.6 805.8 635.0 716.6 821.9 645.8 738.4 850.6 662.2 759.2 877.2 678.5 781.2 902.6 698.1 '766.7 '883.0 '687.8 790.6 913.8 706.3 779.7 899.1 698.4 792.6 915.8 708.4 814.7 944.5 725.3 Finished goods excluding foods............................................ Finished consumer goods excluding foods...................... Finished consumer goods less energy............................ 247.8 250.8 218.0 258.2 260.9 226.0 262.4 265.1 233.8 265.5 268.5 229.6 268.7 272.5 230.2 272.1 276.1 231.8 273.3 277.0 232.8 274.1 277.7 233.4 274.7 277.9 235.0 '274.6 '277.7 '235.0 274.4 277.4 234.2 278.7 281.3 236.8 279.7 282.0 237.0 280.6 282.8 237.3 Intermediate materials less foods and feeds.......................... Intermediate materials less energy ................................ 282.3 265.3 293.5 274.9 298.0 278.3 301.0 279.1 305.4 280.5 309.5 283.7 310.7 284.7 311.2 285.5 312.7 287.2 '314.5 ' 288.5 314.5 288.7 314.5 288.9 314.3 288.6 315.1 289.0 Intermediate foods and feeds .............................................. 252.6 270.0 270.9 261.3 255.6 254.9 253.1 253.2 251.1 '250.2 243.7 240.6 236.9 236.4 Crude materials less agricultural products ............................ Crude materials less energy.......................................... 446.4 256.1 482.8 267.5 504.0 266.0 547.6 262.6 551.8 259.6 556.0 261.1 557.5 257.9 551.3 259.7 550.6 261.8 '549.1 '258.0 552.4 250.5 544.3 243.6 540.9 235.9 544.1 231.6 SPECIAL GROUPINGS ' Data for August 1981 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Not available, r=revised. 85 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 27. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] Annual 1980 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July All commodities...................................................................... All commodities (1957-59 = 100).............................................. 268.8 285.2 280.8 297.9 c 284.8 302.2 287.6 305.1 290.3 308.0 293.4 311.3 294.1 312.0 294.8 312.8 296.2 314.3 Farm products and processed foods and feeds Industrial commodities.............................................................. 244.7 274.8 257.0 286.6 257.9 291.5 255.1 295.7 253.5 299.6 253.8 303.5 252.9 304.7 254.3 305.1 01 01-1 01-2 01-3 01-4 01-5 01-6 01-7 01-6 01-9 FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS AND FEEDS Farm products ............................................................................ Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables ........................................ Grains....................................................................................... Livestock ................................................................................. Live poultry.............................................................................. Plant and animal fibers.............................................................. Fluid milk ................................................................................. E99S......................................................................................... Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds .................................................... Other farm products ................................................................ 249.4 238.6 239.0 252.7 202.1 271.1 271.2 171.0 247.1 299.0 265.3 245.1 265.2 251.4 218.9 294.1 290.5 217.5 310.2 296.0 264.5 258.7 277.7 244.3 213.1 284.1 288.4 185.7 311.8 296.1 262.4 271.5 267.5 244.6 220.8 268.4 289.5 184.8 295.0 295.1 260.7 292.8 261.8 239.3 213.5 270.1 289.5 180.4 289.5 295.9 263.3 286.1 264.7 246.6 195.4 274.2 287.2 196.2 296.3 295.9 259.6 275.3 257.7 251.8 207.2 258.3 283.6 165.0 299.0 259.7 02 02-1 02-2 02-3 02-4 02-5 02-6 02-7 02-6 02-9 Processed foods and feeds.......................................................... Cereal and bakery products...................................................... Meats, poultry, and fish ............................................................ Dairy products.......................................................................... Processed fruits and vegetables................................................ Sugar and confectionery .......................................................... Beverages and beverage materials............................................ Fats and o ils ............................................................................ Miscellaneous processed foods ................................................ Prepared animal feeds.............................................................. 241.2 236.0 243.1 230.6 228.7 322.5 233.0 226.8 227.2 226.8 251.5 248.7 248.1 242.3 236.6 339.8 240.5 234.1 240.5 247.1 253.3 251.5 248.1 244.7 238.4 344.6 243.0 230.2 244.2 248.9 250.2 252.1 243.6 245.0 243.7 323.7 244.8 228.2 248.0 235.9 248.5 252.2 242.0 245.1 255.2 302.0 245.4 229.8 249.2 231.1 247.6 253.9 239.1 245.4 258.0 284.5 246.0 232.4 249.9 237.7 Code Commodity group and subgroup 1981 Aug.1 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. r 296.4 '314.5 295.5 313.5 296.0 314.1 295.5 313.5 295.9 313.9 256.8 306.2 r 254.2 '307.2 250.0 307.2 246.1 308.8 242.7 309.1 241.2 310.1 260.7 263.3 257.1 263.0 210.0 259.6 285.0 174.6 285.3 242.7 263.3 265.6 257.4 266.5 215.3 251.3 284.3 185.1 290.0 250.2 '257.9 '258.1 242.7 262.0 210.3 232.5 285.0 180.7 284.3 263.9 251.0 251.9 227.0 257.3 196.7 206.5 287.3 193.2 267.2 268.9 243.3 247.9 227.6 244.4 185.7 211.7 294.3 193.8 230.4 267.8 237.4 253.2 226.5 231.1 175.0 198.5 288.2 209.7 221.1 275.8 234.5 279.8 213.6 225.0 171.4 188.4 286.7 195.5 218.8 280.2 248.2 256.3 245.2 244.6 259.4 262.8 247.6 228.2 251.1 241.0 249.9 256.4 248.6 245.2 262.5 274.8 248.1 227.3 251.5 234.3 252.2 258.3 257.1 245.1 265.9 2660 249.0 234.8 252.2 232.2 '251.2 '257.7 '254.4 '245.3 '267.3 ' 267.3 ' 249 4 '229.5 '252.1 '228.9 248.4 258.0 253.3 246.0 270.3 246.8 245.6 224.6 253.0 223.2 246.6 256.6 246.6 247.4 271.3 250.0 248.3 223.6 249.8 218.4 244.7 257.5 240.0 246.9 270.1 249.0 250.8 221.7 250.1 214.6 244.0 255.9 236.3 247.2 271.4 250.9 251.5 219.3 250.1 217.2 INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES 03 03-1 03-2 03-3 03-4 03-61 03-62 Textile products and apparel ........................................................ Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 100).................................................. Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ............................ Gray fabrics (12/75 = 100)...................................................... Finished fabrics (12/75 = 100) ................................................ Apparel.................................................................................... Textile housefurnishings............................................................ 183.5 134.7 122.5 138.1 115.7 172.4 206.9 190.4 140.8 128.2 144.0 120.1 177.5 214.3 193.1 146.5 129.8 143.6 122.2 179.9 219.8 193.9 147.1 130.3 144.0 122.9 180.7 221.3 195.2 148.9 134.6 144.7 123.2 181.4 221.3 197.6 151.5 135.0 146.6 124.9 184.3 222.1 199.2 156.4 138.6 145.8 125.7 185.2 224.0 200.1 157.9 139.3 147.4 125.6 186.2 223.9 201.3 159.7 140.3 148.2 126.0 187.2 227.1 '202.4 '161.2 '142.0 '149.0 '126.8 '187.8 ' 228.8 202.5 162.3 141.8 148.1 126.2 187.2 236.6 203.0 163.5 142.0 147.8 126.1 187.9 237.4 203.2 162.5 140.3 147.9 126.5 188.7 237.9 203.1 162.4 139.8 147.7 125.8 189.1 238.1 04 04-2 04-3 04-4 Hides, skins, leather, and related products .................................... Leather ...................................................................................... Footwear..................................................................................... Other leather and related products................................................ 248.9 310.6 233.1 218.3 256.9 332.4 236.9 225.3 258.2 332.6 238.4 230.1 257.7 310.0 240.7 236.9 261.2 322.5 240.4 238.4 263.5 337.8 241.1 238.5 263.7 330.0 241.4 244.2 261.6 321.0 241.5 244.3 261.1 319.0 242.4 242.9 '261.3 '313.7 '242.5 '245.1 263.0 311.7 242.0 250.1 262.7 312.1 241.6 250.1 261.7 311.3 241.1 250.5 262.7 311.9 241.7 250.5 05 05-1 05-2 05-3 05-4 05-61 05-7 Fuels and related products and power .......................................... Coal......................................................................................... Coke ....................................................................................... Gas fuels3 ............................................................................... Electric power.................................................. ........................ Crude petroleum4 .................................................................... Petroleum products, refined5 . . ; .............................................. 574.0 467.3 430.6 760.7 321.6 556.4 674.7 615.7 475.3 430.1 844.3 337.6 632.8 117.0 634.6 477.8 430.1 857.1 341.4 704.4 736.9 667.5 480.8 430.1 881.6 346.2 842.7 769.6 696.5 481.1 430.1 889.9 351.2 842.8 825.5 707.2 486.1 430.1 907.8 355.5 842.5 840.9 709.0 487.3 467.9 933.9 360.4 839.9 835.3 707.6 491.7 469.7 954.6 366.6 815.9 828.1 704.9 505.5 469.7 969.4 374.6 798.9 816.3 '704.3 '507.0 '469 7 '949.3 '385.8 '796.8 813.4 703.2 510.6 470.3 979.7 382.0 797.0 805.7 697.2 511.1 470.3 964.7 375.9 788.4 802.0 697.5 513.1 470.3 981.4 377.6 786.0 797.9 702.7 515.6 470.3 1007.7 383.8 787.4 798.3 06 06-1 06-21 06-22 06-3 06-4 06-5 06-6 06-7 Chemicals arid allied products...................................................... Industrial chemicals6 ................................................................ Prepared paint.......................................................................... Paint materials ........................................................................ Drugs and pharmaceuticals ...................................................... Fats and oils, inedible .............................................................. Agricultural chemicals and chemical products ............................ Plastic resins and materials ...................................................... Other chemicals and allied products.......................................... 260.3 324.0 235.3 273.9 174.5 ' 298.0 257.1 279.2 224.5 268.1 274.3 334.6 344.5 241.4 242.9 281.0 284.0 182.6 184.7 317.1 310.7 263.3 267.6 274.1 c 274.7 234.1 244.4 277.6 352.1 246.6 287.0 187.3 289.7 271.6 276.1 245.1 280.4 354.5 246.6 290.5 189.3 295.7 275.8 279.4 248.3 286.0 362.4 248.1 295.4 191.0 312.7 277.8 285.1 255.3 288.6 368.5 250.0 300.3 192.4 312.1 279.1 287.9 254.8 290.5 369.7 250.0 300.8 193.2 303.1 288.9 290.0 256.3 291.3 370.4 250.7 304.5 195.5 290.9 288.9 295.9 254.8 ' 293.3 '371.5 '250.7 ' 308.5 '195.0 305.6 '293.4 '297.5 '257.3 293.3 372.0 251.0 307.8 197.1 285.6 292.3 298.5 257.0 292.8 369.4 251.0 308.0 198.1 277.7 292.3 297.6 258.0 292.5 365.6 254.8 307.4 198.1 282.5 295.4 290.9 260.9 292.7 364.6 256.7 307.9 198.7 280.4 294.5 297.0 260.2 07 07-1 07-11 07-12 07-13 07-2 Rubber and plastic products ........................................................ Rubber and rubber products...................................................... Crude rubber .......................................................................... Tires and tubes........................................................................ Miscellaneous rubber products.................................................. Plastic products (6/78 = 100) .................................................. 217.4 237.5 264.3 236.9 226.6 121.1 223.3 244.9 268.5 245.2 234.0 123.9 224.8 246.2 279.1 240.9 238.6 125.0 226.4 248.5 281,9 243.5 240.4 125.5 228.4 252.1 281.2 248.6 243.5 126.0 230.8 253.0 279.8 250.7 243.8 128.2 231.8 254.4 283.2 251.2 245.7 128.6 233.4 256.8 285.2 251.2 250.9 129.1 232.1 254.7 284.2 246.8 251.4 128.7 '234.1 '256.9 '284.7 '249.9 '253.1 '129.8 236.0 261.3 280.6 256.5 257.1 129.6 237.7 264.3 280.5 257.7 263.4 130.0 238.7 266.2 278.9 257.5 269.5 130.1 239.0 266.4 280.7 255.9 271.4 130.3 08 08-1 08-2 08-3 08-4 Lumber and wood products.......................................................... Lumber.................................................................................... Millwork ................................................................................. Plywood ............................................................................ Other wood products...... ...................................................... 288.9 325.8 260.4 246.5 239.1 299.4 333.0 273.3 263.5 236.2 296.5 331.3 273.6 251.1 238.5 294.7 326.9 273.8 251.2 238.1 294.4 326.2 275.7 248.8 236.9 299.4 333.6 276.5 256.0 238.3 298.4 336.3 274.8 248.3 238.2 298.1 335.8 272.2 251.5 239.8 296.5 332.4 273.6 247.8 240.7 '294.5 '329.9 '272.3 ' 245.6 ' 239.8 289.1 319.7 271.3 241.2 240.6 284.4 312.0 271.2 234.4 240.0 283.0 308.8 272.0 233.0 239.7 285.2 309.7 273.6 239.2 239.5 See footnotes at end of table. Digitized 86 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27. Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Annual 1980 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.' Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. 1981 Commodity group and subgroup Code INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES - Continued 09 09-1 09-11 09-12 09-13 09-14 09-15 09-2 Pulp, paper, and allied products.................................................... Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper and board . . . Woodpuip................................................................................ Wastepaper ............................................................................ Paper ....................................................................................... Paperboard.............................................................................. Converted paper and paperboard products ................................ Building paper and board.......................................................... 249.2 250.6 380.3 208.7 256.8 234.6 238.5 206.2 256.7 257.9 390.2 191.5 269.4 239.6 244.7 219.7 264.4 260.9 390.2 191.5 271.7 250.2 246.9 219.7 267.2 264.5 390.2 186.1 272.9 252.8 252.1 225.7 269.0 266.8 390.2 185.1 273.8 255.1 255.3 227.9 271.4 268.6 394.1 184.2 275.2 255.7 257.3 232.5 272.1 269.9 394.2 182.7 275.9 258.8 258.8 237.3 272.9 271.2 394.2 182.9 278.5 259.2 259.9 237.4 274.9 272.3 394.2 182.1 279.7 259.4 261.2 235.5 '275.9 '273.7 '394.2 182.1 '282.1 '260.6 '262.4 '234.2 276.9 275.5 396.6 178.5 287.1 262.5 263.0 233.7 279.1 276.5 404.7 165.1 288.6 262.6 263.9 232.5 280.2 276.3 417.0 144.5 287.1 261.6 263.9 231.5 280.7 276.2 417.0 143.4 287.5 259.3 263.9 227.7 10 10-1 10-13 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Metals and metal products .......................................................... Iron and steel .......................................................................... Steel mill products.................................................................... Nonferrous metals.................................................................... Metal containers ...................................................................... Hardware ................................................................................ Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings............................................ Heating equipment.................................................................... Fabricated structural metal products.......................................... Miscellaneous metal products.................................................... 286.4 305.2 302.7 305.0 298.6 240.5 246.7 206.5 270.5 250.0 290.6 316.4 313.7 293.4 303.3 251.7 254.9 214.0 279.3 257.6 294.0 323.0 322.6 292.1 311.4 254.5 256.7 216.6 283.1 260.5 294.0 323.2 322.9 287.4 313.8 258.0 259.2 217.6 285.4 263.1 296.4 328.2 328.7 286.5 314.1 258.6 259.5 219.5 2894 264.7 298.8 331.0 331.8 288.4 314.1 258.5 265.3 219.8 293.1 267.2 299.1 330.4 331.8 287.7 314.1 259.4 266.2 222.3 294.0 269.7 298.4 330.1 332.2 284.5 314.1 259.7 268.9 223.5 295.0 269.4 302.0 338.8 344.9 2828 315.2 263.8 270.9 226.4 297.9 272.0 '304.1 '339.9 344.9 '287.3 '318.7 '265.3 '271.2 '227.9 '299.3 '272.9 305.1 339.7 345.3 290.0 319.6 265.7 271.4 227.9 300.5 274.5 305.5 341.5 348.7 286.8 319.0 267.5 272.8 228.4 302.2 276.2 303.9 339.8 348.6 281.4 318.2 268.9 273.0 227.6 302.2 277.5 303.6 339.7 348.9 277.5 318.2 269.4 273.9 229.2 302.7 281.4 11 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-6 11-7 11-9 Machinery and equipment ............................................................ Agricultural machinery and equipment........................................ Construction machinery and equipment...................................... Metalworking machinery and equipment .................................... General purpose machinery and equipment................................ Special Industry machinery and equipment ................................ Electrical machinery and equipment .......................................... Miscellaneous machinery.......................................................... 239.8 259.2 289.4 274.4 264.6 275.8 201.7 229.9 249.8 272.9 301.4 285.7 275.6 290.9 208.9 239.6 253.3 276.4 305.9 289.7 278.6 295.6 211.9 243.3 255.3 278.4 310.0 291.6 280.2 299.2 213.7 245.2 257.5 279.8 312.8 294.9 282.3 301.0 216.0 247.0 259.6 282.5 317.0 298.7 284.4 303.2 217.4 248.5 260.7 285.7 318.4 299.9 285.9 307.2 217.5 248.8 262.1 286.8 320.1 301.3 287.0 308.8 219.2 250.1 264.8 288.1 323.8 302.9 290.6 311.0 221.1 254.0 '266.2 '290.3 '325.0 '303.5 '292.3 '310.3 222.8 '256.0 267.8 292.0 326.6 305.3 293.5 312.7 224.1 257.8 268.8 292.1 329.0 306.5 294.4 314.7 225.0 258.3 270.0 298.7 329.6 307.5 295.6 315.2 226.0 259.1 271.6 301.3 332.0 312.2 297.2 316.5 226.9 259.8 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 Furniture and household durables ................................................ Household furniture.................................................................. Commercial furniture................................................................ Floor coverings........................................................................ Household appliances .............................................................. Home electronic equipment ...................................................... Other household durable goods ................................................ 187.7 204.8 236.0 163.0 174.2 91.4 278.6 193.1 212.1 242.4 170.7 179.5 91.0 285.7 194.0 212.9 246.7 172.3 182.2 c 91.1 278.9 195.2 213.8 251.6 171.9 183.5 91.3 280.8 195.8 214.5 253.4 174.1 184.2 91.4 278.1 196.4 216.5 254.5 175.3 185.1 90.9 275.3 197.4 216.4 257.7 179.5 185.5 90.8 276.7 197.3 218.6 257.9 180.7 186.1 86.7 276.4 199.5 220.0 258.7 182.8 188.8 87.4 282.1 ' 199.6 '220.7 '259.1 '181.9 '189.1 '87.6 '280.9 200.7 223.3 261.5 181.5 188.3 87.8 285.4 201.4 224.1 262.5 181.5 189.5 88.3 285.3 201.6 225.4 263.2 180.8 189.7 88.0 284.6 202.2 227.0 264.1 180.7 190.2 87.8 285.5 13 13-11 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 Nonmetallic mineral products........................................................ Flat glass ................................................................................ Concrete ingredients ................................................................ Concrete products........................................ ............................ Structural clay products excluding refractories............................ Refractories ............................................................................ Asphalt roofing ........................................................................ Gypsum products .................................................................... Glass containers ...................................................................... Other nonmetallic minerals........................................................ 283.0 196.5 274.0 273.9 231.5 264.6 396.8 256.3 292.7 394.6 291.2 296.6 203.0 203.9 279.7 290.0 277.6 c 286.2 233.6 239.5 282.6 273.2 394.8 394.6 252.7 259.6 311.4 311.4 418.7 418.9 297.9 204.3 291.4 286.6 239.8 293.5 389.5 257.3 311.4 424.7 300.9 204.8 292.6 286.9 244.6 296.1 390.5 257.6 311.4 441.7 310.8 210.2 297.4 289.9 246.0 296.4 415.9 256.8 326.7 479.1 312.0 210.2 297.5 291.2 250.1 304.0 407.4 261.1 335.3 477.6 313.6 210.3 297.5 293.5 250.7 307.1 428.5 260.7 335.3 476.8 314.3 218.3 297.7 293.4 250.9 307.1 421.9 259.7 335.5 476.2 '314.1 '218.3 '298.0 '293.4 '250.9 '307.1 '420.9 255.3 '335.5 '475.3 313.1 218.8 298.4 292.9 254.8 308.0 400.0 252.9 334.8 474.2 313.1 218.5 298.3 293.3 255.6 308.8 401.3 252.4 334.8 473.2 313.5 218.5 298.3 293.2 255.9 309.8 408.9 251.3 334.8 473.5 313.6 218.5 298.5 293.5 257.1 309.8 404.2 249.7 334.8 475.4 14 14-1 14-4 Transportation equipment (12/68 - 100)...................................... Motor vehicles and equipment .................................................. Railroad equipment .................................................................. 207.0 208.8 313.1 227.4 224.3 226.2 c 229.0 323.9 332.5 229.1 230.9 332.5 228.1 229.5 333.9 231.9 233.9 335.7 233.6 236.0 331.2 234.3 236.7 331.4 235.0 237.4 338.1 '235.9 '238.4 '338.7 231.7 232.6 345.0 244.4 247.5 345.0 246.2 248.6 347.5 246.7 249.2 346.3 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-9 Miscellaneous products................................................................ Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition............................ Tobacco products .................................................................... Notions.................................................................................... Photographic equipment and supplies ........................................ Mobile homes (12/74 - 100).................................................... Other miscellaneous products .................................................. 258.8 198.6 245.7 217.2 202.9 150.2 363.4 265.3 205.7 254.8 225.0 206.6 153.0 370.5 264.3 208.4 254.8 227.2 207.4 153.0 363.3 264.9 210.5 256.1 247.3 209.6 153.1 358.1 264.0 211.1 256.3 247.3 211.2 155.0 351.3 266.0 211.3 268.7 248.4 212.4 ( 2) 349.0 266.9 211.4 268.7 267.8 212.5 ( 2) 349.4 266.3 211.2 268.7 268.0 212.5 <2) 346.9 263.2 213.2 268.8 267.5 211.4 158.1 333.1 262.6 '212.7 '268.8 267.7 '207.1 '158.3 '334.6 266.7 215.1 274.2 267.8 209.0 158.1 343.4 268.0 213.7 278.0 267.3 209.1 158.6 346.7 267.2 213.4 278.0 269.7 209.1 158.8 343.4 267.3 213.8 277.9 269.7 209.5 159.0 343.2 ' Data for August 1981 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 2 Not available. 3 Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month. 4 Includes only domestic production. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month, 6 Some prices for Industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month. r=revised. c=corrected. 87 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 28. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] Commodity grouping Annual average 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.1 Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. 1980 1981 All commodities — less farm products ............. All fo o d s .................................... Processed foods ............................... Industrial commodities less fu e ls.................................... Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 100 )........... Hosiery .......................................................... Underwear and nightwear .......................................... Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber and synthetic fibers and y a rn s .................................... Pharmaceutical preparations .......................................... Lumber and wood products, excluding m illw ork............. Special metals and metal products................................. Fabricated metal products............................................... Copper and copper products .......................................... Machinery and motive products ...................... 269.6 244.7 246.6 243.5 124.3 123.2 185.4 281.2 254.3 255.5 252.3 129.3 126.4 190.6 285.4 255.8 257.0 255.4 131.8 129.5 199.2 288.8 253.7 253.9 257.2 132.5 130.3 200.9 291.9 253.4 252.3 258.6 132.2 130.5 202.0 295.0 251.4 250.3 261.8 134.5 134.2 202.1 296.1 250.3 250.5 262.9 135.7 134.6 202.3 296.7 252.2 253.1 263.5 135.9 135.7 203.5 298.0 255.2 256.0 265.0 136.8 135.8 204.7 r 298.7 253.7 '255.0 '266.1 137.2 135.3 '204.7 298.3 251.7 252.8 266.3 138.2 135.5 205.0 299.4 249.4 250.6 268.6 138.5 136.5 205.0 299.3 247.8 248.2 268.9 138.6 136.5 206.0 300.0 248.0 246.9 269.4 138.3 136.7 206.6 250.7 167.1 304.0 258.5 258.2 222.0 230.4 258.2 174.6 314.2 268.6 266.3 210.8 244.1 264.8 177.1 309.2 271.8 269.9 207.4 247.4 268.3 179.7 306.0 272.7 272.5 205.0 249.4 271.0 182.1 304.8 273.5 274.7 204.8 250.2 276.1 184.0 312.3 276.8 277.0 207.7 253.1 279.0 185.7 311.5 277.9 278.5 206.6 254.4 281.2 186.6 312.2 277.9 279.0 203.7 255.6 282.3 189.0 308.7 280.2 281.7 202.5 257.4 '284.0 '188.4 '306.2 '281.9 '283.1 '206.2 '258.6 284.4 190.8 297.9 280.1 284.2 205.4 257.6 284.2 192.7 290.3 286.6 285.6 203.8 264.0 283.8 192.4 287.7 286.4 286.2 199.3 265.5 284.0 193.0 290.4 286.6 287.9 195.9 266.7 Machinery and equipment, except electrical.................... Agricultural machinery, including tractors........................ Metalworking machinery ............................................. Numerically controlled machine tools (Dec. 1971 = 100) Total tractors ........................................................ Agricultural machinery and equipment less p a r ts ........... Farm and garden tractors less p a rts ............................... Agricultural machinery excluding tractors less parts . . . . Industrial valves ..................................................... Industrial fittings .......................................................... Construction materials............................................... 263.0 267.3 299.4 225.6 287.3 261.2 268.8 266.5 287.8 291.8 266.4 276.7 281.4 314.1 230.6 301.2 274.3 282.4 280.9 297.8 298.6 274.1 277.3 285.0 318.9 234.6 305.8 278.0 284.4 285.7 300.7 298.6 276.7 279.7 287.3 320.5 235.0 311.1 280.2 287.2 287.7 305.5 296.0 277.2 281.9 288.3 323.5 235.7 311.8 281.5 287.6 289.1 310.1 298.9 279.0 284.3 289.6 325.9 235.7 316.8 283.2 289.3 290.2 314.0 302.7 283.9 285.9 293.7 327.1 237.3 322.0 286.7 297.7 290.8 314.3 303.0 284.2 287.3 294.8 328.3 241.4 322.5 287.9 298.0 292.5 315.3 303.0 285.0 290.4 295.6 330.1 241.7 325.5 288.6 298.0 293.9 317.5 303.0 285.7 '291.7 '298.2 '331.4 '241.8 '327.8 '291.1 '301.4 ' 295.8 '319.8 303.0 '285.5 293.4 300.5 333.7 242.1 330.5 293.0 305.0 297.1 319.3 304.3 284.4 294.4 300.4 335.6 242.1 332.9 293.1 305.0 297.0 319.0 304.1 284.5 295.8 309.1 338.1 242.5 340.4 300.6 316.5 303.3 320.0 304.1 284.1 297.8 312.4 339.8 242.3 340.4 303.9 316.5 309.3 321.9 304.1 285.1 1Data for August 1981 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 29. r=revised. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1967=100] Annual average' 1980 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.1 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total durable goods ........................................................ Total nondurable g oo ds............................................... 251.5 282.4 261.0 296.3 262.7 302.6 263.8 306.8 264.9 310.9 267.8 314.2 268.6 314.8 269.1 315.7 270.8 316.8 '271.9 '316.2 271.7 314.6 274.9 312.7 275.2 311.5 275.9 311.6 Total manufactures .......................................................... Durable ................................................. Nondurable............................................... 261.5 250.8 273.0 272.0 260.4 284.3 277.3 262.3 293.5 279.3 263.4 296.4 282.3 264.4 301.7 285.3 267.2 304.9 286.2 268.2 305.7 286.9 268.9 306.4 288.0 270.6 306.9 '288.6 '271.7 '306.9 288.1 271.6 305.9 289.7 274.9 305.4 289.6 275.5 304.6 290.0 276.3 304.5 Total raw or slightly processed goo ds............................. Durable ............................................ Nondurable....................................................... 305.7 278.2 306.7 326.2 284.0 328.2 322.9 275.9 325.3 330.3 275.5 333.3 331.2 281.7 333.8 334.6 286.0 337.1 334.2 280.4 337.1 335.4 272.4 338.9 337.9 271.2 341.8 '335.8 ' 275.9 '339.1 332.7 271.1 336.2 326.2 264.3 329.7 323.2 253.8 327.3 323.8 248.4 328.3 Commodity grouping 1981 ' Data for August 1981 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 30. r=revised. Producer Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 SIC code Industry description Annual average 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.1 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 152.9 331.2 466.7 643.8 252.7 136.0 155.8 325.0 473.9 731.7 264.3 133.7 155.8 297.9 476.1 786.5 270.1 137.1 168.1 324.5 478.1 897.9 272.3 137.1 168.1 335.4 478.5 901.7 275.2 137.1 168.1 354.1 483.5 908.6 278.0 137.1 168.1 347.9 484.5 919.7 278.4 137.1 168.1 352.0 488.4 713.7 278.4 137.1 168.1 358.3 502.1 911.5 278.4 137.1 168.1 365.4 '503.4 '900.3 '278.2 137.1 168.1 364.5 506.3 914.6 279.4 137.1 168.1 354.1 506.6 901.0 279.6 143.4 168.1 354.1 508.2 907.4 279.6 143.4 171.3 343.7 510.7 922.6 280.4 143.4 244.0 220.1 191.9 258.5 249.0 247.4 201.8 274.8 244.7 235.3 201.9 273.6 237.2 232.9 208.3 273.5 236.1 230.4 203.9 273.6 237.8 227.5 186.7 273.4 243.6 230.4 196.2 273.4 245.9 238.1 198.3 273.5 252.6 246.0 203.6 273.8 '250.9 '254.0 201.2 273.7 252.9 253.7 188.8 275.0 244.3 252.0 175.5 279.2 236.9 248.6 172.8 279.5 234.5 246.7 166.7 275.0 1980 1981 MINING 1011 1092 1211 1311 1442 1455 Iron ores (12/75 = 100).................................................. Mercury ores (12/75 =100) .................................... Bituminous coal and lignite .............................................. Crude petroleum and natural gas .................................... Construction sand and gravel .......................................... Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 = 100).................................... 2011 2013 2016 2021 Meatpacking plants ........................................................ Sausages and other prepared meats............................ Poultry dressing plants.................................................... Creamery butter...................................................... MANUFACTURING See footnotes at end of table. 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30. Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 SIC code Industry description Annual average 1980 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.1 Sept Oct Nov, Dec. 1981 2022 2024 2033 2034 2041 2044 2048 2061 2063 2067 MANUFACTURING Continued Cheese, natural and processed (12/72 = 100).............. Ice cream and frozen desserts (12/72 = 100) .............. Canned fruits and vegetables........................................ Dehydrated food products (12/73 = 100)...................... Flour mills (12/71 = 100) ............................................ Rice milling................................................................ Prepared foods, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100)............................ Raw cane sugar .......................................................... Beet sugar .................................................................. Chewing gum .................................................. 204.4 193.3 221.4 160.2 189.1 243.4 124.2 414.1 358.0 2907 216.1 207.5 232.0 170.4 199.5 287.2 133.9 402.9 423.3 322.9 215.9 210.1 233.3 174.1 203.8 289.6 132.6 418.0 414.5 323.0 215.6 210.6 237.4 171.3 198.4 289.6 129.3 367.1 398.1 323.0 215.7 210.6 241.5 172.9 195.1 298.0 126.6 318.8 370.7 323.1 216.2 211.4 244.0 174.2 201.5 300.9 128.5 275.7 350.5 323.1 216.2 212.4 245.9 175.3 199.4 300.3 129.8 224.8 334.4 303.1 216.1 212.4 248.9 175.0 199.3 300.3 127.5 263.3 339.7 303.1 213.8 212.7 251.6 180.5 196.5 297.4 125.9 272.2 274.1 303.1 '214.5 212.7 '252.9 178.7 191.0 284.3 '124.8 254.6 '287.5 303.2 217.0 212.7 255.6 183.4 194.8 268.2 120.0 212.3 271.0 303.2 215.6 212.5 256.1 182.3 190.6 247.3 117.5 219.9 272.2 303.2 215.9 212.5 255.6 181.6 191.5 235.4 116.4 224.3 262.1 303.2 217.1 212.8 258.8 182.1 189.3 215.1 116.4 230.8 272.4 303.2 2074 2075 2077 2083 2085 2091 2092 2095 2098 2111 Cottonseed oil m ills...................................................... Soybean oil m ills.......................................................... Animal and marine fats and oils .................................... Malt ............................................................................ Distilled liquor, except brandy (12/75 = 100) ................ Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) .................. Fresh or frozen packaged fish ...................................... Roasted coffee (12/72 = 100)...................................... Macaroni and spaghetti ................................................ Cigarettes.................................................................... 192.9 244.3 290.2 249.9 123.0 174.0 366.9 269.3 233.8 254.6 228.0 270.5 311.8 267.4 129.2 183.4 353.9 248.5 243.6 263.6 221.2 272.0 310.8 286.1 129.2 187.3 374.9 238.2 243.6 263.6 193.7 252.5 287.2 286.1 133.9 187.1 366.7 238.3 243.6 264.1 204.4 253.2 284.2 286.1 133.9 187.6 385.2 238.3 243.6 264.2 218.4 259.1 301.7 286.1 133.9 187.7 393.5 238.5 243.6 278.3 216.6 258.1 304.3 286.1 134.3 187.3 378.2 238.6 246.6 278.3 212.3 248.4 291.3 286.1 134.6 187.5 375.5 238.6 246.6 278.3 212.0 253.7 288.8 286.1 134.6 187.4 367.6 236.4 259.5 278.3 206.0 ' 245.8 294.1 286.1 135.5 ' 188.4 '347.1 ' 235.7 259.5 278.3 182.3 234.6 281.4 275.4 135.5 188.8 355.0 235.6 259.5 284.2 172.0 230.1 274.1 275.4 135.5 188.2 358.4 238.6 259.5 288.4 167.2 221.1 272.3 275.4 137.9 188.3 362.3 239.4 259.5 288.4 182.3 221.5 266.6 275.4 137.9 188.5 371.1 240.4 259.5 288.4 2121 2131 2211 2221 2251 2254 2257 2261 2262 Cigars ........................................................................ Chewing and smoking tobacco...................................... Weaving mills, cotton (12/72 = 100) ............................ Weaving mills, synthetic (12/77 = 100) ........................ Women’s hosiery, except socks (12/75 = 100).............. Knit underwear mills .................................................... Circular knit fabric mills (6/76 = 100)............................ Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 = 100) ............................ Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 = 100) ................ 158.6 279.8 215.8 124.8 106.3 190.1 104.6 135.1 113.6 165.1 298.8 225.0 132.5 108 6 195.0 107.5 140.2 120.5 165.1 298.7 227.9 131.9 109.1 205.6 109.3 142.4 121.7 165.3 320.7 230.9 132.3 109.2 208.7 109.6 144.5 123.1 167.0 320.7 232.3 133.3 108.9 209.7 109.1 144.6 124.3 168.5 320.8 235.3 134.9 114.1 209.8 110.8 146.9 125.2 168.5 320.8 233.5 135.7 114.2 210.0 110.5 147.0 126.6 168.5 320.8 234.3 137.1 115.6 210.0 110.4 146.2 126.6 169.7 321.0 234.7 138.0 115.5 210.7 111.0 146.3 127.1 '169.7 '321.3 '237.4 '139.3 115.0 '210.8 '112.0 '146.2 '127.8 171.6 325.2 235.5 138.4 115.1 210.8 111.0 145.3 129.0 171.6 327.6 236.1 139.1 115.2 210.8 112.3 144.9 129.0 171.6 327.6 236.3 139.2 115.2 212.7 112.1 143.4 129.1 171.6 326.0 235.2 139.5 115.3 212.9 111.7 141.4 128.6 2272 2281 2282 2284 2298 2311 2321 2322 2323 2327 Tufted carpets and rugs................................................ Yarn mills, except wool (12/71 =100) .......................... Throwing and winding mills (6/76 = 100) ...................... Thread mills (6/76 = 100)............................................ Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100)................................ Men’s and boys’ suits and coats.................................... Men's and boys’ shirts and nightwear............................ Men’s and boys’ underwear.......................................... Men’s and boys’ neckwear (12/75 = 100) .................... Men's and boys’ separate trousers................................ 138.1 203.5 115.5 139.1 123.6 212.6 204.4 208.0 112.6 175.3 145.7 215.1 120.1 143.9 129.3 216.1 209.5 212.9 115.4 180.3 148.1 216.9 123.2 144.1 129.3 218.2 206.3 224.9 115.4 185.3 147.8 218.1 123.2 144.3 129.3 219.7 207.3 229.1 115.4 185.3 150.2 220.7 131.3 148.4 130.9 220.1 207.1 231.0 115.4 185.3 151.5 220.9 131.5 150.8 132.7 220.3 207.6 231.0 115.4 186.0 154.5 224.1 139.1 150.9 134.3 220.4 207.1 231.0 115.4 186.1 155.6 225.8 139.3 151.1 134.3 224.6 207.5 230.7 115.4 186.1 158.3 225.1 142.7 151.1 134.3 225.9 210.5 230.8 113.9 186.4 '157.4 ' 225.4 '146.8 151.1 134.3 '226.2 '210.6 '230.8 113.9 186.4 157.9 223.9 146.7 154.8 139.3 226.1 209.6 230.7 113.9 186.4 157.9 222.3 148.0 157.0 139.3 227.0 210.2 230.8 113.9 186.6 156.4 220.1 145.5 156.9 139.3 227.1 210.4 232.9 113.9 186.6 156.3 217.9 146.0 156.8 140.7 230.7 211.2 233.0 113.9 186.8 2328 2331 2335 2341 2342 2361 2381 2394 2396 2421 Men’s and boys' work clothing ...................................... Women’s and misses’ blouses and waists (6/78 = 100) , Women's and misses’ dresses (12/77 = 100)................ Women’s and children's underwear (12/72 = 100) ........ Brassieres and allied garments (12/75 = 100) .............. Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100).............. Fabric dress and work gloves........................................ Canvas and related products (12/77 = 100).................. Automotive and apparel trimmings (12/77 = 100).......... Sawmills and planing mills (12/71 = 100).................... 240.5 110.3 114.7 154.4 126.5 109.9 268.6 123.8 122.4 227.7 244.4 115.4 116.3 158.1 129.1 117.4 272.1 126.1 131.0 233.5 242.2 116.3 116.5 165.5 131.7 118.1 284.9 126.8 131.0 232.3 242.2 116.3 116.9 167.5 132.8 118.9 289.1 126.8 131.0 229.6 242.3 116.4 118.5 168.8 134.9 119.2 289.1 127.8 131.0 228.6 247.0 118.3 118.4 169.0 135.0 120.7 289.1 129.3 131.0 233.3 248.2 118.4 122.3 169.2 135.0 120.5 292.1 130.0 131.0 234.8 248.3 118.5 122.5 170.5 136.9 120.5 292.1 130.1 131.0 234.8 250.8 121.0 123.0 170.6 138.8 121.6 289.2 130.1 131.0 233.5 '251.1 '121.2 ' 124.3 '170.6 '138.3 '121.7 289.2 '133.1 131.0 '231.2 251.4 120.1 122.5 171.2 139.2 120.5 289.2 135.2 131.0 224.9 252.4 123.6 122.5 171.2 139.2 120.9 289.2 138.1 131.0 219.7 252.5 123.8 123.6 172.2 139.3 121.3 289.2 138.1 131.0 217.7 252.5 123.9 122.5 172.2 140.5 119.6 289.2 140.3 131.0 218.3 2436 2439 2448 2451 2492 2511 2512 2515 2521 2611 Softwood veneer and plywood (12/75 = 100)................ Structural wood members, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100 ).......... Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 100).......................... Mobile homes (12/74 = 100)........................................ Particleboard (12/75 =100) ........................................ Wood household furniture (12/71 = 100) ...................... Upholstered household furniture (12/71 = 100).............. Mattresses and bedsprings.......................................... Wood office furniture................................................ Pulp mills (12/73 = 100).............................................. 144.6 155.6 160.1 150.3 161.5 183.8 163.6 179.1 235.2 240.0 158.2 157.1 154.1 153.1 165.9 190.0 170.5 186.5 240.9 246.8 149.8 157.1 153.8 153.1 163.9 c191.2 c 169.8 186.3 244.1 246.9 149.3 157.0 152.8 153.2 170.3 192.1 170.1 188.3 250.4 246.9 147.2 157.1 152.7 155.0 172.3 193.3 170.1 189.5 253.5 246.9 152.6 158.3 153.1 155.8 180.9 195.4 171.8 190.5 254.5 251.2 145.7 158.2 153.1 155.9 184.5 196.2 169.7 190.4 255.4 251.3 148.1 158.2 153.0 156.1 182.3 197.5 173.9 190.5 254.6 251.3 143.8 157.6 153.1 158.1 179.6 198.6 175.1 191.3 254.7 251.3 '139.6 '156.9 '152.9 ' 158.3 '173.6 '199.2 '175.1 '194.6 '254.7 '251.3 135.7 156.2 152.7 158.1 169.3 200.8 177.7 199.4 258.1 253.5 129.4 154.6 152.0 159.1 166.8 201.6 178.3 199.4 258.1 257.2 128.6 154.7 150.7 159.0 165.7 200.9 182.3 201.8 258.0 265.5 134.1 153.0 150.2 160.1 164.7 201.9 184.9 202.2 258.6 265.5 2621 2631 2647 2654 2655 2812 2821 2822 2824 2873 Paper mills, except building (12/74 = 100).................... Paperboard mills (12/74 = 100) ........................ Sanitary paper products................................................ Sanitary food containers .............................................. Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) .. Alkalies and chlorine (12/73 = 100).............................. Plastics materials and resins (6/76 = 100).................... Synthetic rubber .......................................................... Organic fiber, noncellulosic............................................ Nitrogenous fertilizers (12/75 = 100 )............................ 145.5 139.0 322.0 216.0 150.6 247.5 143.0 255.8 132.5 124.4 150.7 142.4 338.2 225.3 155.0 262.3 140.9 262.5 138.9 131.8 152.0 148.2 338.3 232.0 157.7 277.9 142.4 275.9 144.0 135.0 152.6 149.2 342.5 235.2 160.6 299.2 143.5 280.7 144.7 138.1 153.3 150.8 343.0 237.9 160.7 295.6 144.8 283.9 147.4 141.7 153.9 151.0 343.2 239.2 160.8 294.4 148.1 288.1 149.9 147.1 154.3 152.1 344.3 239.2 160.9 302.2 149.7 293.3 156.2 148.5 155.7 152.3 344.4 242.2 160.9 309.3 150.7 296.3 156.8 143.4 157.0 151.7 344.2 246.0 163.2 306.2 155.0 297.3 159.2 143.5 '157.4 '152.4 '344.3 '252.9 163.2 '310.4 '155.6 '299.4 '160.3 '143.9 159.6 153.6 345.3 254.5 163.2 313.1 156.9 296.3 161.6 142.7 159.8 153.7 345.3 254.8 167.8 314.5 155.5 299.9 163.6 143.1 159.6 153.8 345.3 254.7 167.8 317.0 152.3 301.1 162.5 144.4 159.8 152.7 345.8 254.7 169.1 323.9 155.7 302.7 161.9 141.3 2874 2875 2892 2911 2951 2952 3011 Phosphatic fertilizers .................................................... Fertilizers, mixing only .................................................. Explosives .................................................................. Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) .................................. Paving mixtures and blocks (12/75 = 100).................... Asphalt felts and coatings (12/75 = 100)...................... Tires and inner tubes (12/73 = 100) ............................ 237.3 246.9 269.7 248.6 171.4 173.4 203.1 245.4 252.2 282.8 261.4 181.5 172.5 210.1 247.9 255.8 288.8 268.3 183.1 172.4 207.0 248.2 266.8 295.4 279.5 185.4 170.0 209.3 253.5 270.0 303.9 299.0 189.1 169.7 213.8 251.6 271.1 324.8 306.0 198.1 180.4 215.5 251.5 273.6 314.5 304.1 198.8 176.3 216.2 250.9 273.1 312.6 302.6 198.4 185.7 216.2 249.4 275.3 315.7 299.1 197.1 182.8 213.1 '260.0 '273.0 '319.8 297.5 '196.3 '182.3 '215.5 258.8 272.5 316.4 295.8 195.8 173.7 220.5 259.0 271.2 318.3 294.5 196.1 174.2 221.3 258.9 271.6 316.4 293.2 196.4 177.6 221.2 259.0 268.5 318.0 293.2 196.8 175.5 221.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • 30. Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 SIC code C u rren t L a b o r S tatistics: P ro d u cer P rices ____________ _______________ __ Annual 1980 1980 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.1 Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. 1981 Industry description 3021 3031 3079 3111 3143 3144 3171 3211 3221 Rubber and plastic footwear (12/71 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... Reclaimed rubber (12/73 -100) .................................................... Miscellaneous plastic products (6/78 - 100) .................................. Leather tanning and finishing (12/77 - 100).................................... Men's footwear, except athletic (12/75 - 100)................................ Women’s footwear, except athletic.................................................. Women's handbags and purses (12/75 = 100) .............................. Rat glass (12/71 =100) .............................................................. Glass containers............................................................................ 177.9 184.7 121.7 146.6 159.8 213.5 137.9 161.3 292.6 182.3 186.7 124.5 156.6 162.4 217.1 140.9 166.3 311.4 182.8 190.4 125.4 157.0 164.8 217.8 149.5 167.1 311.4 183.4 190.4 125.4 145.5 166.5 220.2 149.5 167.5 311.4 183.6 187.6 126.3 151.4 167.6 218.7 149.7 168.1 311.4 183.6 187.7 128.7 158.6 168.7 218.7 149.7 174.5 326.6 184.0 187.7 129.1 154.7 168.9 219.3 158.4 174.5 335.2 184.1 187.7 129.6 150.7 169.6 218.5 158.4 174.6 335.2 185.0 192.9 129.2 151.3 170.7 218.9 158.4 180.0 335.4 '185.4 '200.3 '130.2 '148.5 ' 171.4 '217.8 158.4 '180.0 '335.4 185.2 198.1 130.0 147.6 169.8 217.8 158.4 180.2 334.7 185.0 198.1 130.5 147.5 169.6 217.0 158.4 180.1 334.7 185.0 198.1 130.5 146.9 170.6 214.5 158.4 180.1 334.7 185.2 198.1 130.8 147.3 171.5 214.6 158.4 180.1 334.8 3241 3251 3253 3255 3259 3261 3262 3263 3269 3271 Cement, hydraulic........................................................................... Brick and structural clay tile ............................................................ Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ...................................... Clay refractories............................................................................ Structural clay products, n.e.c........................................................... Vitreous plumbing fixtures .............................................................. Vitreous china food utensils............................................................ Rne earthenware food utensils........................................................ Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 - 100)............................................ Concrete block and brick................................................................ 310.8 277.3 122.5 273.6 202.7 234.8 317.3 295.5 152.6 257.3 310.5 282.9 120.1 280.7 205.1 245.0 327.4 297.9 155.5 259.4 324.3 286.6 127.1 291.5 209.5 244.7 327.4 298.6 155.5 264.1 324.3 286.1 127.1 305.2 212.8 248.9 327.4 298.6 155.5 265.0 '324.4 295.3 127.1 308.1 213.0 249.4 328.0 307.9 158.5 263.2 332.4 296.0 129.6 308.6 212.7 252.0 328.2 308.2 158.6 267.4 332.3 297.4 132.1 311.0 223.9 252.5 336.6 309.6 160.6 271.2 331.0 298.5 132.1 312.2 223.9 255.8 336.6 309.6 160.7 271.2 331.6 298.9 132.1 312.3 223.9 258.7 336.6 309.6 160.7 271.2 '331.6 '298.9 '132.1 '312.3 ' 223.9 '259.6 336.6 '309.6 '160.7 274.0 328.9 300.9 137.7 314.2 227.9 258.9 336.8 313.3 161.7 274.2 327.2 300.8 137.7 315.7 232.2 258.9 336.8 313.3 161.7 274.0 327.2 301.4 137.7 317.0 232.2 259.3 344.7 314.4 163.6 274.5 327.2 301.8 137.8 317.1 237.0 260.1 344.7 314.4 163.6 275.3 3273 3274 3275 3291 3297 3312 3313 3316 3317 3321 Ready-mixed concrete.................................................................... Lime (12/75 - 100)...................................................................... Gypsum products .......................................................................... Abrasive products (12/71 = 100) .................................................. Nonclay refractories (12/74 - 100)................................................ Blast furnaces and steel mills ........................................................ Electrometallurgical products (12/75 = 100) .................................. Cold finishing of steel shapes.......................................................... Steel pipes and tubes .................................................................... Gray iron foundries (12/68 = 100).................................................. 279.9 157.7 256.7 212.6 161.1 310.5 117.7 284.0 290.9 282.5 282.9 161.8 253.1 220.6 167.6 320.7 117.3 293.3 308.4 290.7 294.8 165.7 259.9 222.8 172.4 328.7 119.9 302.8 315.5 295.2 295.4 171.7 257.6 221.7 177.5 328.9 120.0 303.1 316.3 296.1 296.0 172.6 257.9 223.1 178.9 334.0 120.0 306.1 326.1 295.6 298.5 172.4 257.1 232.7 178.9 336.7 120.8 308.2 333.1 297.0 299.4 172.6 261.4 233.2 186.6 337.3 120.6 308.2 334.1 298.4 301.7 173.0 260.9 234.1 189.7 338.2 120.7 309.5 336.3 298.4 300.7 173.1 261.8 235.0 189.7 350.1 121.2 325.0 348.2 298.8 '300.0 '173.9 258.9 '235.1 ' 189.7 '350 0 121.5 325.7 ' 350.6 '299.9 299.5 173.9 257.0 235.6 189.8 350.3 121.4 326.2 350.6 301.9 299.7 173.9 251.5 237.5 189.8 353.1 125.4 326.4 362.0 304.6 299.2 173.8 252.5 239.6 190.2 352.9 125.4 326.4 362.3 303.9 299.5 174.0 250.6 240.0 190.2 353.2 125.3 326.7 363.1 304.7 3333 3334 3351 3353 3354 3355 3411 3425 3431 3465 Primary zin c................................................................................... Primary aluminum.......................................................................... Copper rolling and drawing ............................................................ Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil (12/75 - 100) ................................ Aluminum extruded products (12/75 = 100).................................... Aluminum rolling, drawing, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) .............................. Metai cans.................................................................................... Hand saws and saw blades (12/72 - 100) .................................... Metal sanitary ware........................................................................ Automotive stampings (12/75 - 100) ............................................ 270.5 297.9 227.5 158.2 167.7 146.2 291.6 182.1 248.3 136.9 288.7 328.0 222.8 165.1 176.4 151.1 297.3 190.5 253.8 141.2 300.3 331.7 218.7 169.3 176.8 155.3 302.1 195.4 256.0 143.0 300.0 332.3 215.3 170.7 177.1 157.1 303.0 196.3 256.4 143.9 299.7 332.2 211.8 172.1 177.3 157.2 304.7 198.0 258.5 144.2 311.9 332.8 213.1 173.8 180.6 157.3 304.7 198.1 262.8 145.0 332.7 334.2 212.6 174.4 180.7 157.4 304.7 200.2 264.8 145.0 335.1 332.5 210.6 176.1 180.8 157.3 304.7 200.2 265.2 145.2 335.4 334.2 209.4 177.3 181.2 157.2 305.5 204.1 269.2 146.2 '353.8 '334.4 '212.9 '177.4 181.3 '157.2 '306.7 '204.2 '269.7 '146.4 351.5 336.4 213.7 178.7 181.2 158.1 307.4 204.2 267.5 147.2 332.9 335.8 212.9 180.7 181.3 163.3 307.2 204.5 267.7 147.7 337.5 332.5 209.4 179.9 181.4 166.2 306.6 204.6 270.6 149.7 327.3 332.8 208.6 180.9 181.1 166.1 306.6 205.6 272.0 153.7 3482 3493 3494 3498 3519 3531 3532 3533 3534 3542 Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 100) .......................................... Steel springs, except wire .............................................................. Valves and pipe fittings (12/71 = 1 0 0 )............................................ Fabricated pipe and fittings ............................................................ Internal combustion engines, n.e.c..................................................... Construction machinery (12/76 - 100) .......................................... Mining machinery (12/72 - 100).................................................... Oilfield machinery and equipment.................................................... Elevators and moving stairways...................................................... Machine tools, metal forming types (12/71 = 100) .......................... 145.6 230.3 230.0 315.5 275.4 141.1 258.5 338.1 239.3 279.5 160.9 234.3 238.3 329.9 289.9 147.5 270.0 360.9 249.5 292.0 157.9 238.4 240.2 335.7 298.2 150.0 272.5 367.0 250.3 297.5 157.8 239.2 242.1 335.7 299.4 151.4 273.5 374.2 250.3 298.0 157.2 239.5 244.8 338.5 302.6 152.6 276.2 378.2 250.3 301.9 157.8 241.2 247.6 358.8 306.0 154.4 279.5 382.2 251.2 303.0 157.8 241.7 247.9 359.9 306.2 155.3 280.0 384.6 251.2 304.5 157.8 241.9 248.5 361.6 307.2 156.9 280.8 390.3 251.2 305.7 157.8 243.7 250.0 364.6 312.0 159.0 282.7 401.3 252.1 307.6 '159.9 '248.9 '251.0 '370.0 '314.2 159.5 '285.3 '406.5 '252.8 '309.5 165.3 249.5 251.2 374.7 320.9 160.0 286.0 408.7 254.6 312.0 165.3 249.6 251.4 379.1 321.6 161.5 288.7 413.3 257.1 312.3 165.3 253.8 251.9 378.8 322.4 161.6 290.3 418.3 259.9 312.3 165.3 254.3 253.8 379.4 321.5 162.1 291.8 420.1 261.4 313.0 3546 3552 3553 3576 3592 3612 3623 3631 3632 3633 Power driven hand tools (12/76 - 100).......................................... Textile machinery (12/69 - 100).................................................... Woodworking machinery (12/72 - 100).......................................... Scales and balances, excluding laboratory ........ Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves (6/76 - 100).............................. Transformers ................................................................................ Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 - 100)...................................... Household cooking equipment (12/75 - 100).................................. Household refrigerators, freezers (6/76 = 100) .............................. Household laundry equipment (12/73 - 100).................................. 132.2 216.6 212.5 215.0 156.6 184.9 209.9 133.1 121.4 162.0 137.9 226.0 221.5 217.9 167.6 193.3 215.8 137.5 125.1 167.4 142.6 235.7 222.5 220.5 168.9 194.9 218.9 140.1 127.5 169.8 144.9 235.0 223.1 221.1 170.9 197.1 220.9 141.0 127.5 170.2 145.2 240.0 224.7 224.2 171.5 204.3 222.1 141.1 127.6 170.9 146.4 240.4 225.5 230.2 172.0 206.0 224.3 140.5 129.4 173.5 147.0 241.2 219.1 230.2 172.0 207.8 225.9 140.7 129.5 173.9 147.1 244.4 219.7 230.3 176.5 209.6 227.2 141.0 130.8 173.6 148.2 246.2 224.0 226.6 180.8 210.7 228.3 140.5 135.5 174.1 '148.4 '245.4 '225.4 ' 226 6 '181.3 '212.8 '229.6 '141.5 '135.5 '174.6 148.6 247.0 225.3 226.1 181.9 215.9 230.8 141.2 135.0 176.0 148.8 248.1 226.9 226.1 185.2 216.2 231.8 141.6 136.4 176.8 148.7 247.9 229.0 226.1 187.0 221.5 232.4 142.0 136.4 178.5 149.3 250.0 229.0 226.4 187.1 219.8 234.7 142.6 136.4 178.8 3635 3636 3641 3644 3646 3648 3671 3674 3675 3676 Household vacuum cleaners .......................................................... Sewing machines (12/75 - 100).................................................... Electric lamps................................................................................. Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices (12/72 - 100) .......................... Commercial lighting fixtures (12/75 = 100) .................................... Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 - 100) ........................................ Electron tubes receiving type.......................................................... Semiconductors and related devices .............................................. Electronic capacitors (12/75 = 100) .............................................. Electronic resistors (12/75 - 100).................................................. 154.4 129.1 260.3 219.7 139.3 139.9 251.8 90.7 162.7 134.2 159.1 130.3 266.2 229.2 144.7 145.0 272.7 91.6 170.3 137.8 159.1 130.3 265.8 233.1 145.1 146.3 284.3 91.1 170.3 139.0 156.3 130.3 271.2 236.3 148.0 146.8 284.4 90.8 171.1 139.9 158.5 131.9 272.6 240.6 151.4 152.7 285.0 91.3 173.2 139.9 158.4 131.8 275.5 242.6 156.1 153.2 285.0 91.2 168.7 140.0 158.5 153.8 275.1 242.8 156.2 153.3 285.1 90.6 168.5 140.8 158.6 153.8 276.5 251.5 156.2 153.7 312.5 90.3 171.2 141.2 158.6 153.8 275.2 253.3 154.4 153.8 327.4 89.2 171.4 142.1 '158.8 '153.8 '280.0 '253.8 '155.5 161.3 327.5 '89.2 r 178.8 '142.5 152.2 153.1 283.2 261.0 157.2 161.5 327.5 89.5 168.9 142.6 154.5 155.4 285.9 261.2 156.8 161.4 327.6 89.2 172.4 142.6 154.2 155.4 286.6 264.6 157.3 162.0 327.8 91.0 169.2 142.8 154.0 155.4 282.7 264.6 158.4 162.7 342.3 91.9 168.0 142.5 3678 3692 3711 3942 3944 3955 3995 3996 Electronic connectors (12/75 - 100).............................................. Primary batteries, dry and w e t........................................................ Motor vehicles and car bodies (12/75 - 100).................................. Dolls (12/75 - 100)...................................................................... Games, toys, and children's vehicles .............................................. Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 - 100).............................. Burial caskets (6/76 - 100) .......................................................... Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 100).................................... 148.1 176.5 136.7 127.4 205.2 132.8 131.2 143.7 149.7 176.9 144.0 128.3 207.1 135.0 135.0 146.6 152.2 179.0 145.3 130.7 213.9 133.0 135.0 148.6 153.5 183.3 ' 145.7 132.3 220.2 136.4 135.0 148.6 154.5 184.2 144.2 132.4 221.2 136.4 138.0 148.7 154.4 182.6 148.4 132.4 221.2 136.9 138.1 151.5 153.7 181.0 149.6 130.9 221.8 136.9 138.3 151.5 154.3 181.0 150.3 130.9 221.9 140.4 138.3 151.5 155.0 181.6 150.3 130.9 222.0 140.4 138.3 153.3 '155.8 182.7 '150.1 '130.9 '222.0 140.6 140.6 153.6 155.3 183.4 143.2 130.6 220.1 140.6 143.4 153.7 156.3 182.7 158.3 130.6 220.1 140.6 143.4 153.7 155.8 182.7 158.5 130.6 220.5 140.6 143.4 153.7 156.6 182.7 158.9 130.6 221.5 140.7 142.7 153.7 1Data for August 1981 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r=revised, c=corrected. P R O D U C T IV IT Y D A TA P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. Definitions Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour of labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real com pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and invento ry valuation adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported. 31. The use of the term “man hours” to identify the labor component of productivity and costs, in tables 31 through 34, has been discontin ued. Hours of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all-employee hour is now used to describe labor productiv ity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed. Notes on the data In the private business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis for the output measure employed in the computation of output per hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm proprietor hours. Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beginning with the September 1976 issue of the Review, tables 3134 were revised to reflect changeover to the new series—private busi ness sector and nonfarm business sector—which differ from the previously published total private economy and nonfarm sector in that output imputed for owner-occupied dwellings and the household and institutions sectors, as well as the statistical discrepancy, are omitted. For a detailed explanation, see J. R. Norsworthy and L. J. Fulco, “New sector definitions for productivity series,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1976, pages 40-42. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-80 [1977=100] Item Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ........................ Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour............................ Unit labor c o s t................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ........................ Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour............................ Unit labor c o s t................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees .................... Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour............................ Unit labor c o s t................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ........................ Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour............................ Unit labor c o s t................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 50.3 20.0 50.4 39.8 43.5 41.0 58.2 26.3 59.6 45.2 47.8 46.1 65.1 33.9 69.4 52.1 50.8 51.7 78.2 41.7 80.0 53.3 57.8 54.8 86.1 58.2 90.8 67.6 63.4 66.2 94.8 71.3 97.3 75.2 75.6 75.3 92.7 78.0 95.9 84.2 78.9 82.4 94.8 85.5 96.3 90.2 90.7 90.4 97.9 92.9 98.8 94.8 94.4 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 108.4 100.7 108.6 105.1 107.4 99.5 119.3 99.6 119.9 110.9 116.9 99.3 131.5 96.7 132.4 118.3 127.6 56.2 21.8 55.0 38.8 42.8 40.2 62.7 28.3 63.9 45.1 47.9 46.0 68.2 35.6 73.0 52.3 50.5 51.7 80.4 42.8 82.2 53.2 58.2 54.9 86.7 58.6 91.5 67.6 64.0 66.4 95.3 71.7 97.7 75.2 71.9 74.1 93.1 78.4 96.4 84.3 76.1 81.6 95.0 86.0 96.8 90.5 88.9 89.9 98.1 93.0 99.0 94.8 94.0 94.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 108.5 100.7 108.7 103.6 107.0 99.1 119.0 99.3 120.0 108.5 116.2 98.8 130.8 96.2 132.4 117.6 127.4 (’ ) (’) (’ ) (’ ) (’ ) (’ ) (’ ) (’ ) (’ > ( ') <’ ) ( 1) 66.3 36.3 74.2 54.7 54.6 54.7 79.9 43.0 82.6 53.8 60.8 56.2 85.4 56.3 91.0 68.3 63.1 66.5 94.5 70.8 96.5 74.9 70.7 73.4 91.3 77.6 95.4 85.1 75.7 81.8 94.4 85.5 96.3 90.6 90.9 90.7 97.4 92.5 98.5 95.0 95.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.4 108.2 100.5 107.8 103.8 106.4 100.4 118.7 99.1 118.2 108.3 114.8 101.0 130.7 96.2 129.4 117.3 125.2 49.5 21.5 54.1 43.4 55.1 46.8 56.5 28.8 65.2 51.0 59.4 53.4 60.1 36.7 75.1 61.1 62.0 61.3 74.6 42.9 82.3 57.4 70.3 61.2 79.2 57.6 89.9 72.7 66.0 70.7 93.1 69.1 94.2 74.2 71.6 73.4 90.9 76.4 93.9 84.1 70.4 80.1 93.5 85.5 96.3 91.4 88.5 90.6 97.7 92.4 98.3 94.6 95.1 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 108.2 100.5 107.3 104.7 106.5 102.0 118.8 99.2 116.5 105.7 113.4 101.7 131.6 96.7 129.4 108.7 123.4 1980 1Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW February 1982 • 32. C u rren t L a b o r S ta tistics: P ro d u ctiv ity Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1970-80 Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfinandal corporations: Output per hour of all employees........................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator.......................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per ho u r...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Annual rate of change Year Item 1950-80 1960-80 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 0.9 7.4 1.4 6.4 0.7 4.5 3.6 6.6 2.2 2.9 7.6 4.4 3.5 6.5 3.1 2.9 4.5 3.4 2.7 8.0 1.7 5.2 5.9 5.4 -2.3 9.4 -1.4 11.9 4.4 9.4 2.3 9.6 0.4 7.2 15.0 9.7 3.3 8.6 2.7 5.1 4.1 4.7 2.1 7.7 1.2 5.5 5.9 5.6 -0.2 8.4 0.7 8.6 5.1 7.4 -0.3 10.1 -1.1 10.4 5.5 8.8 -0.2 10.2 -3.0 10.4 6.6 9.2 2.5 6.0 2.4 3.5 3.2 3.4 2.2 7.1 1.9 4.8 4.4 4.7 0.3 7.0 1.0 6.6 1.1 4.8 3.3 6.6 2.2 3.1 7.4 4.5 3.7 6.7 3.3 2.8 3.2 3.0 2.5 7.6 1.3 4.9 1.3 3.7 -2.4 9.4 -1.4 12.1 5.9 10.1 2.1 9.6 0.4 7.4 16.7 10.3 3.2 8.1 2.2 4.7 5.7 5.1 2.0 7.6 1.0 5.5 6.4 5.8 -0.2 8.5 0.7 8.7 3.6 7.0 -0.7 9.7 -1.4 10.4 4.8 8.6 -0.3 9.9 -3.2 10.3 8.4 9.7 2.1 5.7 2.1 3.5 3.1 3.4 1.9 6.8 1.6 4.8 4.2 4.6 0.4 6.8 0.8 6.3 0.5 4.4 4.8 6.5 2.1 1.6 7.4 3.5 3.0 5.8 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 7.7 1.4 4.9 1.5 3.8 -3.4 9.7 -1.1 13.6 7.1 11.4 3.4 10.1 0.9 6.5 20.1 10.9 3.2 8.2 2.3 4.9 4.6 4.8 2.7 8.1 1.5 5.3 5.2 5.2 0.4 8.2 0.5 7.8 3.8 6.4 0.0 9.7 -1.4 9.7 4.4 7.9 0.6 10.1 -3.0 9.5 8.3 9.1 (’ ) (’ ) (’ ) (’ ) (’ ) (’ ) 2.1 6.7 1.5 4.6 3.8 4.3 -0.2 6.8 0.8 7.0 -2.5 4.3 6.1 6.1 1.8 0.0 11.2 3.1 5.0 5.4 2.0 0.3 0.8 0.5 5.4 7.2 0.9 1.7 -3.3 0.3 -2.4 10.6 -0.3 13.3 -1.8 9.0 2.9 11.9 2.5 8.8 25.9 13.1 4.4 8.0 2.1 3.4 7.4 4.6 2.4 8.3 1.7 5.7 5.2 5.6 0.9 8.2 0.5 7.3 4.7 6.5 1.1 9.8 -1.3 8.6 0.9 6.4 -0.3 10.7 -2.5 11.0 2.9 8.8 - 2.6 5.6 2.0 2.9 2.1 2.7 2.7 6.7 1.5 3.8 2.7 3.5 1Not available. 33. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1977=100] Item Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per h o u r...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per ho u r...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfinandal corporations: Output per hour of all employees........................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Total unit costs .................................................. Unit labor cost ............................................ Unit nonlabor costs...................................... Unit profits ........................................................ Implicit price deflator .......................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per ho u r...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Digitized 92 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Quarterly indexes Annual average 1981 1980 1979 1979 1980 1 II III IV I II III IV 1 II III 99.5 119.3 99.6 119.9 110.9 116.9 99.3 131.5 96.7 132.4 118.3 127.6 99.7 115.0 100.6 115.4 109.6 113.4 99.7 118.1 100.3 118.5 110.4 115.8 99.4 120.7 99.2 121.4 111.5 118.1 99.1 123.2 98.0 124.3 112.2 120.2 99.5 126.4 96.7 127.0 115.2 123.0 99.1 130.1 96.5 131.3 116.0 126.1 99.4 133.1 96.9 133.9 119.7 129.1 99.1 135.9 96.0 137.0 122.7 132.2 100.3 139.7 96.1 139.4 127.6 135.4 101.1 143.2 96.8 141.6 129.3 137.5 100.9 146.4 96.2 145.1 132.2 140.8 99.1 119.0 99.3 120.0 108.5 116.2 98.8 130.8 96.2 132.4 117.6 127.4 99.5 114.9 100.4 115.4 107.1 112.6 99.1 117.7 100.0 118.7 107.7 115.1 98.9 120.2 98.8 121.5 109.2 117.4 98.8 123.0 97.8 124.4 110.1 119.7 98.9 126.0 96.4 127.4 113.9 122.9 98.2 129.4 96.0 131.8 115.1 126.3 99.0 132.3 96.3 133.6 119.2 128.8 99.0 135.4 95.6 136.8 122.0 131.9 100.0 139.1 95.7 139.1 127.8 135.3 100.4 142.4 96.3 141.9 128.7 137.5 99.9 145.6 95.7 145.7 131.9 141.1 100.4 118.7 99.1 116.8 118.2 112.7 99.0 114.8 101.0 130.7 96.2 129.7 129.4 130.2 90.2 125.2 100.6 114.5 100.1 112.2 113.8 107.8 105.6 111.5 100.7 117.6 99.9 115.3 116.8 111.2 100.7 113.7 100.5 120.1 98.7 118.2 119.5 114.6 97.5 115.9 99.9 122.7 97.5 121.3 122.8 117.2 92.2 118.1 100.2 125.7 96.2 124.2 125.4 120.9 95.5 121.0 100.1 129.3 95.9 129.2 129.1 129.3 83.4 124.1 101.8 132.5 96.5 131.1 130.2 133.8 89.1 126.4 101.8 135.5 95.7 134.1 133.1 136.9 92.4 129.5 103.3 139.2 95.7 136.0 134.7 139.5 106.8 132.7 103.9 142.3 96.2 138.7 137.0 143.6 102.8 134.7 103.7 145.4 95.6 142.2 140.2 147.9 105.1 138.0 102.0 118.8 99.2 116.5 101.7 131.6 96.7 129.4 101.5 114.5 100.2 112.9 102.3 118.6 100.7 115.9 102.0 119.8 98.5 117.5 102.1 122.3 97.2 119.8 102.0 125.4 95.9 122.9 100.7 130.0 96.4 129.1 100.7 133.9 97.5 133.0 103.2 137.3 97.0 133.0 104.1 140.9 96.9 135.4 105.1 144.6 97.8 137.5 105.5 147.7 97.1 140.1 34. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate [1977 = 100] Percent change from same quarter a year ago Quarterly percent change at annual rate Item Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons .................... Compensation per hour .............................. Real compensation per hour........................ Unit labor costs .......................................... Unit nonlabor payments .............................. Implicit price deflator .................................. Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons .................... Compensation per hour .............................. Real compensation per hour........................ Unit labor costs .......................................... Unit nonlabor payments .............................. Implicit price deflator .................................. Nonfmancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees ................ Compensation per hour .............................. Real compensation per hour........................ Total unit costs .......................................... Unit labor costs ...................................... Unit nonlabor costs.................................. Unit profits.................................................. Implicit price deflator .................................. Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons .................... Compensation per hour .............................. Real compensation per hour........................ Unit labor costs .......................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11980 to I11980 I11980 to III 1980 III 1980 to IV 1980 IV 1980 to 11981 -1.8 12.3 -0.7 14.4 2.6 10.5 1.3 9.5 1.6 8.1 13.7 9.8 -1.1 8.6 -3.8 9.8 10.2 9.9 4.6 11.8 0.4 6.9 17.2 10.0 -2.9 11.3 -1.6 14.6 4.2 11.3 3.6 9.0 1.2 5.3 15.0 8.2 -0.2 9.8 -2.7 10.1 9.9 10.0 -0.5 12.0 -1.0 17.0 12.6 30.6 -41.9 10.5 6.7 10.2 2.2 6.2 3.2 14.7 30.3 7.9 0.0 -4.9 15.5 2.1 21.4 12.7 4.5 12.7 0.0 11981 to I11981 IV 1979 to IV 1980 11980 to 11981 I11980 to I11981 III 1980 to III 1981 0.0 0.0 10.3 -2.3 10.3 7.4 9.4 10.3 -2.0 10.3 9.3 10.0 0.7 10.5 -0.7 9.7 10.8 10.1 2.1 10.1 0.3 7.8 11.5 9.0 1.5 10.0 -0.7 8.4 10.4 9.0 0.1 10.1 -2.5 9.9 9.1 9.6 0.1 10.1 -2.2 9.9 10.8 10.2 1.1 10.4 -0.8 9.2 12.2 10.1 2.2 10.0 0.2 7.6 11.8 8.9 0.9 10.1 -0.6 9.1 10.7 9.6 -0.5 9.9 -3.9 12.0 10.5 16.3 -17.2 9.1 1.3 10.3 -2.2 11.0 8.9 16.8 -8.6 9.1 1.9 10.4 -1.9 10.5 8.4 16.8 0.3 9.6 3.1 10.8 -0.5 9.5 7.4 15.4 11.8 9.7 3.8 10.1 0.3 7.4 6.1 11.1 23.3 8.6 1.9 9.8 -0.9 8.4 7.7 10.5 17.9 9.2 -1.6 9.6 -4.3 11.3 -1.3 11.7 -1.0 13.2 1.1 12.2 -0.3 11.0 2.1 12.4 1.0 10.2 4.4 11.3 1.4 6.6 4.7 10.3 -0.4 5.3 I11981 to III 1981 I11979 to I11980 III 1979 to III 1980 3.5 10.4 3.2 6.6 5.3 6.2 -1.0 9.2 -2.4 10.3 9.3 10.0 -0.6 10.1 -3.8 10.8 5.1 9.0 4.3 11.6 0.2 7.0 20.3 11.0 1.4 9.6 2.4 8.1 3.0 6.5 -1.6 9.3 -2.3 11.1 10.3 10.9 -1.0 9.9 -4.0 11.0 6.9 9.7 6.3 11.4 -0.6 9.0 -2.6 10.4 9.6 12.3 8.9 10.2 1.3 9.0 -2.7 7.6 9.4 -3.1 9.4 9.4 9.5 15.7 9.9 5.6 4.8 7.9 77.9 10.4 2.2 9.3 2.1 8.4 7.0 12.3 -13.9 6.2 10.4 10.5 -2.2 0.1 3.3 11.1 -0.3 7.5 4.1 10.8 3.5 6.4 0.0 93 L A B O R -M A N A G E M E N T D A TA M a jo r c o l l e c t iv e b a r g a in in g d a t a are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, direct contact with the parties, and from secondary sources. Addi tional detail is published in Current Wage Developments, a monthly periodical of the Bureau. Data on work stoppages are based on confidential responses to questionnaires mailed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to parties involved in work stoppages. Stoppages initially come to the attention of the Bureau from reports of Federal and State mediation agencies, newspapers, and union and industry publications. the agreement. Changes over the life of the agreement refer to total agreed-upon settlements (exclusive of potential cost-of-living escalator adjustments) expressed at an average annual rate. Wage-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings, while wage and benefit changes are expressed as a percent of total compensation. Effective wage-rate adjustments in major bargaining units measure actual changes during the reference period, whether the result of a newly negotiated increase, a deferred increase negotiated in an earlier year, or a cost-of-living adjustment. Average adjustments are affected by workers receiving no adjustment, as well as by those receiving in creases or decreases. Definitions Data on wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry agree ments covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on wage and benefit changes combined apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. First-year wage settlements refer to pay changes go ing into effect within the first 12 months after the effective date of 35. Work stoppages include all known strikes or lockouts involving six workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data cover all workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or service shortages. Wage and benefit settlements in major collective bargaining units, 1976 to date [In percent] Quarterly average Annual average Measures and industry 1977 1978 1979 1981 p 1980 1979 1976 1980 III IV I II III IV I II III Wage and benefit settlements, all industries: First-year settlements .................................. Annual rate over life of contract.................... 8.5 6.6 9.6 6.2 8.3 6.3 9.0 6.6 10.4 7.1 9.0 6.1 8.5 6.0 8.8 6.7 10.2 7.4 11.4 7.2 8.5 6.1 10.3 7.6 11.9 10.9 12.8 9.3 Wage rate settlements, all industries: First-year settlements .................................. Annual rate over life of contract.................... 8.4 6.4 7.8 5.8 7.6 6.4 7.4 6.0 9.5 7.1 6.8 5.1 6.3 5.3 8.2 6.5 9.1 7.3 10.5 7.4 8.3 6.5 9.2 7.8 11.9 9.7 12.1 9.4 Manufacturing: First-year settlements.............................. Annual rate over life of contract .............. 8.9 6.0 8.4 5.5 8.3 6.6 6.9 5.4 7.4 5.4 6.3 4.7 5.6 4.2 7.2 5.7 6.7 5.1 8.4 5.6 7.8 5.8 9.4 7.0 8.0 6.5 9.8 7.6 Nonmanufacturing (excluding construction): First-year settlements.............................. Annual rate over life of contract .............. 8.6 7.2 8.0 5.9 8.0 6.5 7.6 6.2 9.5 6.6 9.4 6.5 7.8 7.4 9.4 7.6 10.3 8.5 9.5 5.9 8.2 6.8 8.6 7.8 11.8 9.1 10.4 8.5 Construction: First-year settlements.............................. Annual rate over life of contract .............. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.2 8.8 8.3 13.6 11.5 9.7 8.5 7.5 7.6 10.8 9.1 12.2 10.4 15.4 13.0 14.3 12.0 11.4 10.3 13.2 11.1 17.6 12.8 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 36. Effective wage adjustments in major collective bargaining units, 1976 to date [In percent] Average quarterly changes Average annual changes Measures and industry 1979 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1980 1981p III IV I It III IV I II III Total effective wage rate adjustment, all industries .............. Change resulting from — Current settlement................................................ Prior settlement.................................................... Cost-of-living adjustment clause ............................ 8.1 8.0 8.2 9.1 9.9 3.3 1.6 1.6 3.3 3.5 1.3 1.2 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 1.6 3.0 3.2 1.7 2.0 3.7 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 1.0 1.0 1.2 .5 .4 .7 .4 .5 .7 1.0 1.4 .8 1.7 1.2 .7 .5 .3 .6 .1 .6 .6 1.0 1.3 .6 .5 1.5 1.0 Manufacturing ............................................................ Nonmanufacturing ...................................................... 8.5 7.7 8.4 7.6 8.6 7.9 9.6 8.8 10.2 9.7 3.2 3.4 2.4 1.0 2.0 1.3 3.4 3.2 2.9 4.0 1.7 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.8 3.6 2.6 3.3 N ote : 37. Because of rounding and compounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals. W o rk s to p p a g e s , 1 94 7 to d a te Number of stoppages Month and year Beginning in month or year In effect during month Days idle Workers involved Beginning in month or year (thousands) In effect during month (thousands) Number (thousands) Percent of estimated working time 1947 ......................................................................................... 1948 ......................................................................................... 1949 ......................................................................................... 1950 3,693 3,419 3,606 4 843 2,170 1,960 3,030 2,410 34,600 34,100 50,500 38,800 .30 .28 .44 .33 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 4,737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4,320 2,220 3,540 2,400 1,530 2,650 22,900 59,100 28,300 22,600 28700 .18 .48 .22 .18 .22 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 ......................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 3,825 3,673 3,694 3,708 3,333 1,900 1,390 2,060 1,880 1,320 33,100 16,500 23,900 69,000 19,100 .24 .12 .18 .50 .14 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 3,367 3,614 3,362 3,655 3,963 1,450 1,230 941 1,640 1,550 16,300 18,600 16,100 22,900 23,300 .11 .13 .11 .15 .15 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ......................................................................................... ... ...................................................... .............. .......................................................................... ......................................................................................... 4,405 4,595 5,045 5,700 5716 1,960 2,870 2£49 2,481 3705 25,400 42,100 49,018 42,869 66,414 .15 .25 .28 .24 .37 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ................ ........................................................................ ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 5,138 5,010 5,353 6,074 5,031 3,280 1,714 2,251 2,778 1,746 47,589 27,066 27,948 47,991 31737 .26 .15 .14 .24 .16 1976 1977 1978 1979 ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... .......................................... .................................. 5,646 5,506 4,230 4,827 2,420 2,040 1,623 1,727 37,859 35,822 36,922 34,754 .19 .17 .17 .15 1980: November .................................................................. December .................................................................. 1981 p: January ...................................................................... February .................................................................... March ........................................................................ April............................................................................ M ay............................................................................ June .......................................................................... J u ly ............................................................................. August........................................................................ September.................................................................. October...................................................................... November .................................................................. 205 90 253 347 314 371 473 421 391 310 358 231 200 1,440 1,228 614 647 1,419 5,117 5,857 3,891 2,015 1,775 1,468 1,182 422 .09 .06 .03 .04 .07 .25 .31 .19 .10 .09 .07 .06 .02 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 532 380 297 517 545 560 688 682 659 596 565 517 385 53 19 50 90 271 101 152 186 127 72 47 25 23 126 77 68 136 336 273 383 499 190 148 109 83 27 95 How to order BLS publications PERIODICALS Order from (and make checks payable to) Su perintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. Forforeign subscriptions, add 25 percent. Monthly Labor Review. The oldest and most authoritative government research journal in economics and the social sciences. Current statistics, analysis, developments in industrial relations, court decisions, book reviews. $23 a year, single copy $3.50. Employment and Earnings. 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Among the bulletins and handbooks currently in print: Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1980-81 Edition. Bulletin 2075. A useful resource supplying valuable assistance to all persons seeking satis fying and productive employment. $9, paperback; $12, cloth cover. Employment Trends in Computer Occupations. Bulletin 2101, October 1981. Results of a BLS study of employment of workers in five comput er-related occupations. $3.50. National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, March 1981. Bulletin 2108. Summarizes the results of the Bureau’s annual salary survey for 23 occupations. Data for purchasing assistants and photographers published for the first time. $4.75. Occupational Projections and Training Data. Bulletin 2052. Presents both general and detailed information on the relationship between occu pational requirements and training needs. (Updates Bulletin 2020.) $5.50. Exploring Careers. Bulletin 2001. A new career guidance resource designed for junior high school students but useful for older students as well. Includes occupational narratives, evaluative questions, suggested ac tivities, career games, and photographs. $11. Inudstry Wage Survey: Life Insurance, February 1980. Bulletin 2119. A summary of the results of a survey of occupational wages and employee benefits in home and regional offices of life insurance carriers in Febru ary 1980. $3.25. Employee Benefits in Industry, 1980. Bulletin 2107. The results of a 1980 BLS survey of the incidence and characteristics of private sector employee benefit plans. $3.25. Perspectives on Working Women: A Databook. Bulletin 2080. Presents comprehensive statistics on characteristics of working women. Topics covered in 100 tables and brief text include extent of work experience, marital and family status, education, earnings, occupations, and race and Hispanic ethnicity. (Updates Bulletin 1977.) $5.00. Youth Unemployment: An International Perspective. Bulletin 2098. An examination of the labor market experience of youth in the United States and eight other industrial countries from the early 1960’s to the late 1970’s. $3.50. REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS Single copies available free from the BLS regional offices or from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Report 552. A sum mary of the Bureau’s principal programs, including data available, sources, uses, and publications. Employment in Perspective: Working Women. A quarterly report series presenting highlights of current data on women in the labor force. Employment in Perspective: Minority Workers. A quarterly report series presenting highlights of current data on blacks and persons of Hispanic origin in the labor force. is the oldest, most authoritative Government journal in its field MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Every month, 12 times a year Articles and reports on employment, prices, wages, productivity, job safety, and economic growth 40 pages of current labor statistics Mail to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Developments in industrial relations Industry wage surveys Book reviews and notes Please enter my subscription to the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w for 1 year at $23.00. (Foreign subscribers add $5.75.) . , □ Remittance is enclosed. 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