Full text of Monthly Labor Review : February 1968, Vol. 91, No. 2

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Monthly
Labor
Review
FEBRUARY

1968

VOL.

91

\\ii \ 1- •’ * M

r . ; 2 g isG8

!,I2LIC ?'T
FU

NO.

Women and the Labor Force
Evaluating Manpower Programs
W age and Benefit Changes
Negro Mobility in Aerospace Industry

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Willard Wirtz ,

Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
A rthur

M.

Commissioner of Labor Statistics
Deputy Commissioner

R oss,

B en B urdetsky,

Regional Offices and Directors
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Monthly Labor Review
UN ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR

L awrence
J ack

F.

R.

K l e in ,

Strick lan d,


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•

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Edit or-in-Chief
Executive Editor

Contents

Articles
1
13
17
17
21
22
26
35
40
49
56

Women and the Labor Force
Air Transport: Trends in Output per Employee
Papers From the IRRA Annual Meeting
The Peripheral Worker in the Affluent Society
Evaluating Manpower Programs
In-Plant Movement of Negroes in the Aerospace Industry
Educational Attainment of Workers
Service Industry Wage Changes and Fringe Benefits
Pattern of Wage and Benefit Changes in Manufacturing
Technology and Labor in the Textile Industry
Changing Manpower Needs in Telephone Offices

Technical Note
59

Problems of Gathering Occupational Data by Mail

Departments
h i

62
64
65
67
70
71
72
80
88

The Labor Month in Review
Foreign Labor Briefs
Research in Progress
Summaries of Recent Studies
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Major Agreements Expiring in March
Developments in IndustrialRelations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

February 1968 • Voi. 91 • No. 2

IN THE MARCH ISSUE . . .
A Special Section o f 14 Articles on

LABOR

SOUTH
THE A RTIC LES W I L L COVER
OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHANGES,
MIGRATION, UNION DEVELOPMENT, WAGE DIF­
FERENTIALS, VOCATIONAL, SECONDARY, AND
HIGHER EDUCATION, FARM LABOR, DISCRIMI­
NATION AND INTEGRATION, MANPOWER PRO­
GRAMS, AND INCOME AND LEVELS OF LIVING
THE A U TH O R S INCLUDE
William Stober and Robert F. Smith, Louisiana State
University, E. E. Liebhafsky, University of Houston;
E. Walton Jones and Herbert Hamlin, North Carolina
State University; Ralph McGill, Publisher, Atlanta
Constitution; F. Ray Marshall, University of Ken­
tucky; Vernon Briggs, University of Texas; Emory
Via, University of Wisconsin; Rupert Vance, Univer­
sity of North Carolina; James Whitlock, George P ea­
body College; Winfred L. Godwin, Southern Regional
Education Board; H. M. Douty, Helen H. Lamale,
and Thomas J. Lanahan, Bureau of Labor Statistics
IN A D D I T I O N :
A ll the
Regular
D epa rt me nts


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Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Research in Progress
Summaries of Recent Studies
Developments in Industrial Relations

Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Foreign Labor Briefs
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

The Labor Month
in Review

Organization and Automation
Among White-Collar Workers
in the number of white-collar
workers in the United States is paralleled by simi­
lar developments in the rest of the world. Whitecollar workers outnumber blue-collar workers in
the United States, approach or have reached nu­
merical superiority in other industrialized coun­
tries, and are disproportionately important in the
economies of some developing countries.
At the 15th triennial congress of the Inter­
national Federation of Commercial, Clerical, and
Technical Workers (F IE T ), several papers
analyzed trade union activity among white-collar
workers and some of the effects of automation
upon their jobs. Convening in Washington, D.C.,
in late 1967, the F IE T congress was the first held
in the Western Hemisphere.
The congress’ justifiable pride at recent gains
in affiliated unions and membership was offset by
an undercurrent of frustration over the large pro­
portion of unorganized white-collar workers. Dele­
gates from almost 40 countries heard diagnoses
of why relatively few white-collar workers are
now organized and prescriptions for a better per­
formance in the future. The other key topic was
automation. This revealed that the congress was
aware that income levels could be held down by
the constant revision of job requirements made
necessary by automation in stores and offices.
T h e sh a r p grow th

The First Five Million. Through its affiliates, the
FIE T has been growing by about a million mem­
bers between recent congresses. From about 2 mil­
lion members for whom fees were paid in 1958, the
federation grew to almost 3 million in 1961, nearly
4 million in 1964, and in 1967, the year of the
15th congress, to over 5 million. Located in 62
countries of the non-Communist world, affiliated


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unions totaled 112 in 1967, with about a third of
them in Europe. About half of the affiliated
membership was in Europe, birthplace of the
federation, and most of the remainder in North
and South America. Only a 10th of the member­
ship was in Asia, Africa, and Oceania.
Ancestry of the F IE T has been traced to a loose
federation was sundered by each World War and
Italian commercial unions that met in 1904. They
came together to exchange views and cooperate in
advancing the cause of nonmanual workers. The
federation was sundered by each World War and
had to be reestablished both times. I t remained a
European operation until after the Second World
War when affiliated unions in the Americas, Asia,
Africa, and Oceania were added.
At this congress, Erich Kissel, general secretary
of the FIET, extolled the growth in membership
that had moved the F IE T into a second-place tie
among international trade union secretariats. But
he pointed out that there are an estimated 70
million nonmanual workers who lack trade union
protection. This group is particularly large in the
United States, despite recent sharp membership
gains among North American white-collar unions.
James Suffridge, president of the Retail Clerks
and current president of the FIET, estimated that
half of U.S. nonfarm manual workers are orga­
nized, compared with only about a seventh of nonmanual workers. (In addition to the Retail Clerks,
U.S. affiliates of the F IE T are the Building Serv­
ice Employees, Insurance Workers, Office and Pro­
fessional Employees, and Retail, Wholesale, and
Department Store Workers.)
A World to Win. Because the proportion of the
blue-collar workers is shrinking relatively, the
delegates were told by Erich Kissel that unions
need to organize more white-collar workers if
organized labor is to continue to play its proper
role in safeguarding worker standards and pre­
serving political freedom. Trade unions were ex­
horted to develop their techniques to cope with the
increasing number of white-collar jobs and the
constant and often sudden revision of those jobs
by automation.
In a series of papers and presentations, the
F IE T congress pondered why more white-collar
workers do not belong to unions. Howard Cough­
lin, president of the Office and Professional Em­
ployees Union, saw the principal block to orgain

IV

nizing U.S. white-collar workers as being their
traditional identification with management. But
that identification is being eroded by the constant
alteration of white-collar jobs by automation.
Since management makes the automation deci­
sions, workers see union organization as a means
of protecting jobs they are trained to do, or assur­
ing they get opportunities at the new jobs. Mr.
Coughlin also indicated that more white-collar
workers might join a union as a result of success­
ful organizing among professional groups such as
airline pilots and teachers. On the negative side,
however, he pointed to the recent tight job market,
which permits some white-collar workers to im­
prove their positions individually.
Romantic Illusion. In his paper, Rolf Spaethen
(a German trade unionist who was unable to at­
tend the congress), argued that the main hin­
drance to organizing white-collar workers in his
country lay in their historical expectation to be­
come self-employed. “For the vast majority of
[these] workers, [self-employment] remained a
mere romantic illusion.” As they recognize that
they will remain workers just like their blue-collar
counterparts, they will be more willing to organize
to secure better wage and working conditions, ac­
cording to Spaethen.
The mental attitudes of white-collar workers
were emphasized as the most serious hindrance to
organization, but deficiencies in organizational
methods were not overlooked. Mr. Coughlin main­
tained that it was a mistake to attempt to organize
white-collar and blue-collar workers in the same
union because their interests were different.
General Secretary Kissel held that white-collar
workers can best be organized by emphasizing the
promotions that will flow from training secured
by the unions as opposed to the blue-collar method
of emphasizing the increased wages obtainable by
the union in the same or similar jobs.
Participants from several other countries added
their prescriptions on how to improve white-collar
organization. The variety of views implied that no
one had a comprehensive picture of what to do,
although there was broad agreement that special
problems existed. The only paper that contained
the opinion that organizing nonmanual workers
in a particular country was no more troublesome
than organizing other workers was that of Moshe
Bar-Tal of Israel. The organizational ease in that
country resulted from an almost overnight de­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

velopment of the Israeli economy that did not
permit cleavages in the attitudes of manual and
nonmanual workers toward trade unions. The
considerable social and economic power of the
Histadrut labor federation, which has over fourfifths of workers organized, was also important.
There are various objective factors peculiar to
each country, which inhibit white-collar organiza­
tion. In the United States, for example, there is a
high proportion of part-time and women workers,
particularly in retail trade. These groups have
proven more difficult to organize than full-time
men workers. According to Thomas Cynog-Jones
of Great Britain, the heavy complement of small
family-operated stores, in that country and
Europe, hinders both organization and automa­
tion. In developing countries, small establishments
and pools of unemployed or underemployed work­
ers lower prospects for organizing.
The Tight White Collar. In his paper, Benjamin
Seligman of the University of Massachusetts
forecast that increasing automation and job
rationalization will force white-collar workers to
view themselves apart from the management team.
Reporting on research in a limited number of
firms, he indicated that some clerical jobs have
undergone a sea change or vanished under the wave
of automation and job streamlining in offices,
warehouses, and some retail stores. “The fit of the
white collar is changing,” he argued, “and . . .
for many a nonmanual worker it promises to be­
come increasingly tight as machines continue to
replace them.”
Annadore Bell, a German trade unionist, re­
ported that the Dutch Research Center found a
steep rise in computer use in Europe and forecast
an even steeper climb by 1975. She expressed con­
cern at this prospect because “redundancies” were
already occurring among some white-collar
workers in Germany. Britain’s Cynog-Jones
agreed with this forecast in his paper, but noted
that economic dominance by small shops—in con­
trast to the abundance of large firms in the United
States—would prevent wholesale introduction of
computers for a considerable time. For him, the
introduction of self-service has proved more revo­
lutionary than the use of the computer thus far,
in that it has reduced jobs and opened the way for
future automation and mechanization. The British
expert reported that success with completely auto­
mated food stores has been uneven in Europe.

Women and the Labor Force
More Women Are in the Labor Force
Now Than Ever Before and Majority Status
Among Them Has Shifted to the Married Group
Vera C. P errella*

T h e c o n t i n u i n g c h a n g e of greatest effect, as well
as greatest magnitude, in labor force participation
is among married women. The twentieth century
ushered in the change, but it continues at an ac­
celerated rate through the post-World War II
years. In 1947, 1 out of 5 married1women worked;
today, 20 years later, more than 1 out of 3 is in the
labor force.1 Concurrently, the rates for men and
for other women (single, widowed, divorced, or
separated) have either decreased or remained
about the same, so that the configuration of the
total labor force as well as of the female labor
force has altered significantly. As a result of these
changes, married women now constitute 20 per­
cent of all civilian workers 14 years old and over,
compared with 11 percent in 1947. (See chart.)
Among women workers, majority status has
shifted to the married group; in 1947 married
women were 41 percent of working women; today,
they are 57 percent.
The direction and magnitude of other labor
force developments during the years since 1947
have undoubtedly been influenced by and have
interacted with those among married women. The
effect of the increase in the women’s labor force
rate is perhaps most sharply and simply illus­
trated, however, by computing a current overall
labor force participation rate assuming that the
married women’s rate had remained unchanged
from its 1947 level while the rates for men and
other women are accepted at their current levels.
Actually, the overall labor force rate has remained
fairly steady over the 20-year period, around 56
percent, but the rate has decreased by several per­
centage points for single women and for men
younger than age 20 and older than 54, as youths


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stay in school longer and older men retire earlier.
Had the rate for married women not risen, the
current overall labor force participation rate
would be 5 percentage points lower than in 1947
and the number of married women working would
be 8.6 million at most, instead of the 16 million
it is at present. Thus this dramatic change in par­
ticipation rates is responsible for 7.4 million
workers—one-tenth of the total current labor
force.
Dynamics of Change

That the rate for married women rose is the
result of many forces operating over time, forces
which represent a revolution in social, cultural,
and techno-economic areas of our lives.
The industrial revolution and the changeover
from a rural to an urban society, the campaign for
women’s rights, the work experience gained by
millions of women during the war when there was
a shortage of male workers, the shift away from
physical and manual labor to lighter work in the
factories, the growth in white-collar jobs, and a
rate of economic growth sufficient to generate an
increasing number of jobs have all contributed to
our almost matter-of-course acceptance of the
presence of women in the labor force.
*O f th e D iv isio n o f L abor F orce S tu d ies, B u reau of L abor
S ta tis tic s.
1
M ost o f th e d ata in th is rep ort are based on in fo rm a tio n from
su p p lem en tary q u estion s in th e m on th ly survey o f th e labor force
condu cted in M arch o f each year for th e B ureau o f L abor S t a tis ­
tic s by th e B ureau o f th e C ensus th rou gh its C urren t P o p u la tio n
Su rvey. D a ta presen ted here rela te to th e p op u lation 1 4 years old
and over, in clu d in g in m a tes of in s titu tio n s and th o se m em bers
o f th e A rm ed F o rces liv in g off p o st or w ith th eir fa m ilie s on post.
In th is report, a ll referen ces to w om en are to m arried w om en,
hu sban d p resen t, u n less o th erw ise in d icated .

1

2

And without that presence, a number of other
developments might not have come about, or at
the least might have been of different magnitude
or direction. To name one important effect, the
proportions of families at the higher income levels
would not have increased as much as they did be­
tween 1947 and 1965. In constant (1965) dollars,
the proportion of families with income of $10,000
and over more than tripled while the proportion
with less than $3,000 decreased by nearly one-half
over the period. The growth in the proportion of
families in which the wife is in the paid labor
force has significantly influenced these shifts.
Moreover, educational attainment of the popula­
tion might not have increased as much as it has,
if working mothers had not added to family in­
come so that children could stay in high school and
go to college.
The cause-and-effeot aspects of the labor force
participation of married women are difficult to dis­
entangle. If women had not entered the labor
force in increasing proportions, would young peo­
ple have done so in greater degree than currently ?
Would retirement for men be postponed, instead of
tending to occur at an earlier age than formerly ?
Do young people tend to stay in school longer be­
cause family income is higher, on the average ? Do
more mothers tend to work so that they can afford
to give their children more schooling? Or would
the pressures of scientific and technological ad­
vances inevitably result in larger proportions of
men and women preparing themselves through
more education to fill the jobs which such advances
open up?
Undoubtedly, the long-term changes in family
formation patterns have played an important part
in the growth of the married-woman labor force.
Until quite recently, over a long period of time
women were tending to marry earlier, have smaller
families, and have their last child at an earlier age.
Increases in life expectancy also influence a
woman’s work life. Women who were born in 1940,
for example, can expect, on the average to live
to age 66—15 years longer than the women
who were born in 1900—with 6 of the addi­
tional years an increment to working life, bringing
it to 12 years as an average for all women. Women
born since 1940 have even longer life expectancy;
those born in 1960 have an average life expectancy
of 73 years, and a work life expectancy of 20
years. These averages undoubtedly cover up sig­
nificant differences among groups of women which

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

arise from differences in demographic and socio­
economic factors. For example, there is evidence
that women in professional occupations tend to
have a longer work life expectancy than women in
other occupations. One of the important reasons
for this difference is that women in professional
occupations tend to have fewer children than other
women, and work life expectancy increases as the
number of children decreases. The relative attrac­
tiveness of professional work and the higher in­
come it provides are also factors.
The Fam ily Life Cycle

While age has important bearing on the labor
force participation of all groups in the population,
for none of them does it have as many ramifica­
tions and effects as for the married woman—again
Change in Composition of Labor Force, by M a rita l
Status and Sex, 1947 and 1967

Both sexes

I

I

Male

Female labor force

Female

3

WOMEN AND THE LABOR FORCE

largely because of the changing phases of her life
cycle as wife, mother, and homemaker. For ex­
ample, in March 1967 the labor force participa­
tion rate was only about 35 percent for women in
the prime childbearing ages of 25 to 34 years,
whereas the rate was 45 percent for the age group
45 to 54 years, in which childbearing is mostly
over and labor force participation is at its peak.
The overriding importance of childbearing pat­
terns on women’s work life and its phasing is
indicated more clearly by the differential rates for
women by presence and age of children. Among
married women under 35 years of age, these dif­
ferences in labor force rates are very marked :
Labor force participation
rate, March 1967
Married women 14 to 34 years old:
N o children under 18 years old......................
Children 6 to 17 years old only_______ ___
Children under 6 years.................................. .

64.8
49.4
26.4

Moreover, the more children a woman has, the
shorter her work life will be, on the average, be­
cause of the recurring interruption to continuous
work or because of extended withdrawal from the
labor force. Recent estimates indicate that the
birth of a first child reduces the average number
of years a married woman works by about 10 years,
and the birth of each additional child further re­
duces the average work life expectancy by from
2 to 3 years.2
Some indication is emerging in this decade of
accelerated change in labor force participation
even when preschool age children are present.
Whereas increases in rates in the 1940’s and 1950’s
were more marked among women past 35 years old,
significant gains so far in the 1960’s have been
among those younger than 35, even when they have
children too young to be in school :
Labor force participation rate
Increase
Married women w i t h -----------------------------------—— ---------------------children under
March 1966-67 March 1969-60
percentage
6 years of age
average
average
points
14 to 34 years o ld .................
14 to 24.............................
14 to 1 9 ...................
20 to 24.....................
25 to 3 4 .............

25.2
25.9
21.3
26. 6
24.9

18.2
17.2
11.0
18.3
18.6

7. 0
8.7
10.3
8.3
6.3

Among mothers of preschool children, the prob­
ability of working is higher in those families in
which older children as well as children under 6
years old are present. In March 1967, for example,
2
See S tu a r t Garfinkle, W o rk L ife E x p e c ta n c y a n d T ra in in g
N eeds o f W om en (U .S . D ep a rtm en t o f Labor, M anpow er A dm in­
is tr a tio n ), M anpow er R eport 12, M ay 1967.


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among married women with children 6 to 17 years
old as well as younger children, the progression
was upward in labor force participation as the age
of the older children increased :
Children 12 to 17 and under 6 .._____ _______
Children 12 to 17, 6 to 11, and under 6______
Children 6 to 11 and under 6 ............................

Labor force participation rate
of mothers, March 1967
35.9
26.9
24.3

Generally, the presence of a nonworking
daughter or other female relative 18 years old
or older also increases the probability of the wife’s
working, even when she has preschool children.
Effect on Age Pattern

The recent increase in labor force participation
of wives in the younger ages seems to be exerting
a very slight downward pull on the median age
of married women in the labor force. Increased
longevity has increased the median age of married
women in the population from about 39 years in
1947 to about 42 years in 1967; among those in
the labor force, the median age has risen from
about 38 to 41.3 years. Generally, the age pattern
of wives in the labor force has closely followed
that of all married women, but trending slightly
higher in the first part of this decade. In 1965,
1966, and 1967, however, the labor force median
age dropped slightly, while the population median
continued its upward drift. Given the recent in­
creases in labor force participation in the youngest
ages, the labor force median age might have shown
somewhat more decrease relative to the popula­
tion median, if the age by which most women have
made their first marriage had not been increasing
somewhat at the same time. Between 1962 and
1966, the age by which most women have made
their first marriage increased by one-half year
(to 22.8 years) while the age by which most men
have married for the first time decreased by onehalf year (to 25.8 years). This has probably been
a natural adjustment to the excess of women over
men in what had, for some years previously, been
the ages by which most first marriages had
occurred for each.
Once the imbalance in the male and female
cohorts passes, the age at first marriage may revert
to previous levels, with consequent effect on the
age structure of married women. (Any effect of
the increasing tendency to go to school longer on
current age at first marriage of women and men
seems to have been discounted already.)

4
Education

Educational attainment is an element of tre­
mendous importance in the postwar labor force
participation of married women. Whatever other
element is examined—age, color, presence and age
of children, income or educational attainment of
the husband—labor force participation among
married women tends to increase significantly
with each successive level of schooling. Moreover,
this increase tends to be present not only when
education is matched with each of these character­
istics, but also when it is matched with a com­
bination of them. (See accompanying table.)
The contrast with the early work history of
married women is sharp: the relatively few who
worked tended to be the poorest (many of them
of immigrant stock) and the least likely to have
schooling.
Until less than 100 years ago formal education
was predominately a male preserve, particularly
any beyond the rudim entary ABC’s. Mores and
economic considerations largely set the pattern :
Education was wasted on women; they did not
possess the intellectual endowment to benefit from
it, and, besides, it had no economic benefit since
girls got married and married women didn’t work.
Even when girls were afforded more than a rudi­
mentary education, it very often took the form
of the finishing school, designed more to give them
the social graces than to further their learning or
to exercise their mental capacities. Factors such as
compulsory school attendance laws, child labor
laws, and the fight for women’s rights gradually
brought about a change so that, by 1910, the
earliest period for which reliable estimates are
available, the proportion of women with a high
school education was higher than that of men. It
has continued higher, although decreasingly so, up
to the present time.
However, the proportion of women with a col­
lege education has always been considerably lower
than that of men, and women are rapidly losing
whatever advantage they may have had in average
educational attainment. As of March 1967 the me­
dian years of school completed by men and women
18 years old and over was the same (12.1 years),
because the proportions of men with high school
diplomas and with college degrees have both been
increasing at a much faster rate than those of
women.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

So far as labor force participation per se is con­
cerned, educational attainment is much more a fac­
tor for women than for men. Now, as formerly,
nearly all men in the prime working ages (25 to 54
years), once they are out of school, are in the labor
force regardless of educational attainment. Among
married women, the higher the educational attain­
ment, the greater the likelihood of labor force par­
ticipation. The reasons are obvious. Job opportuni­
ties for women have increased substantially in
those occupations in which education is a f actor—
the clerical and professional, technical, and kin­
dred occupations. Also, an appreciable portion of
the secondary school curriculum is geared to meet­
ing the demands of a large segment of the presentday occupational structure of female employment,
with such courses as typing, shorthand, and book­
keeping. And women who have invested the money
and effort to acquire a college education are reluc­
tant to forego the monetary and nonmonetary re­
turns derived from work in the professional fields.
In March 1967 the progression in labor force par­
ticipation of married women 18 years old and over
generally moved upward with educational attain­
ment, ranging from 19 percent for those with low­
est attainment to 50 percent for those with highest.
Number of years of school completed
Less than 5 years______________________________ 5 to 7 years----------------- --------------------------- ----------8 years------------ ---------------- --------------------------------9 to 11 years.......................................................................
12 years--------------------------- --------------------------------13 to 15 years___________________________________
16 years or more-------------------- ------ ----------------------

Percent in labor force
19. 3
26.3
29. 2
35.4
40.4
38.1
49.8

Income

In recent years, the labor force participation
rates of married women have increased at every
level of income of the husband. However, while
married women most often give economic reasons
as the major impetus for their labor force entry,3
the link between level of husband’s or family’s
income and the labor force participation rate of
wives is not as simply forged as that between the
wife’s age, educational attainment, or presence and
age of children. That is, it does not necessarily
hold that the higher the income, the lower the
labor force rate, on the average, nor that both
will move in the same direction. It is precisely
because these more directly traceable factors are
3
“W hy W om en S ta r t and Stop W o r k in g : A S tudy in M o b ility ,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , Septem ber 1965, pp. 1 0 7 7 -1 0 8 2 , rep rinted
as Sp ecial L abor F orce R eport No. 59.

5

WOMEN AND THE LABOR FORCE
P e r c e n t o f M a r r ie d C o u p l e s w it h W if e i n P a id
L a b o r F o r c e i n M a r c h 1964, b y E d u c a t i o n o f W i f e ,
P r e s e n c e a n d A g e o f C h i l d r e n , a n d H u s b a n d ’s
I n c o m e i n 1963

Education of wife
Income of husband in 1963, and
presence and age of children

Total______________________________
Under $3,000 i__________________
$3,000 to $5,999__________________
$6,000 and over. _______________
No own children under 18 years old . _
Under $3,000 i__________________
$3,000 to $5,999_________________
$6,000 and over__ _____ . -----Own children 6 to 17 years__________
Under $3,000 1__________________
$3,000 to $5,999__________________
$6,000 and over_______________
Some children under 6 years______ . .
Under $3,000 i__________________
$3,000 to $5,999__________ _______
$6,000 and over................ ..................

Elemen­ High school,
tary, 8 years 1 to 4 years
or less
24.4
20.8
30.0
23.1
20.9
17.4
26.1
22.8
35.4
34.6
42.1
27.6
23.0
23.1
26.2
15.1

33.6
37.6
37.0
29.3
42.1
39.1
45.4
41.0
40.5
53.0
46.0
35.3
20.7
27.0
25.3
14.5

College,
1 year
or more
39.3
50.8
49.5
32.4
51.4
51.0
57.2
47.8
43.0
(2)
63.3
36.4
23.9
46.0
32.0
18.3

1 Includes persons reporting no income or loss of income in 1963.
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.

involved that income level and the propensity of
wives to work move in more complex relationship
to each other. On the one hand, income level is
very much a function of the husband's age, educa­
tional attainment, and occupational and career
ladder stages. On the other hand, a given income
level represents a relative rather than an absolute
income position. Different socioeconomic groups
have different standards of living and aspirations
at various stages of the family cycle, so that
what is considered adequate by one may not be
by another. And of course, a given income becomes
progressively less adequate with each additional
person dependent upon it, or each additional de­
mand upon it in the form of costs of prolonged
illness, college education, and so on.
If the labor force rate of wives is examined by
income level of the husband, without reference to
any other factor, the wives whose husband’s in­
come is $3,000 to $6,999 have higher labor force
rates (2 out of 5) than do the wives of men at
either lower or higher income levels (1 out of 3).
But a more detailed examination, in terms of the
wife’s age and the age of the children, shows
variations within income groups, as is indicated
by the following:
Labor force rate of wife when
income of husband is be­
tween $5,000 and $6,999,
March 1967
16- to 34-year-old married women, total41.0
N o children under 18 years.............. .................
71.4
Children 6 to 17 years only.................................
52.5
Children less than 6 years..................................
30.9


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Total money income is considerably higher in
families where the wife works. In most families
she is the only secondary earner; if there is more
than one secondary earner she usually earns the
most (in a husband-wife family, the husband is the
primary worker or earner and all other family
members are secondary). Only 6 percent of the
families with a working wife had total money in­
come under $3,000 in 1965; in families where the
wife did not work, 17 percent had that little. At the
other end of the scale, more than a third of the
families with a working wife had incomes of
$10,000 or more, compared with less than a fourth
of the families in which the wife did not work.
Family income is very much a function of the
number of workers in a family, as well as occupa­
tion and extent of employment of those members
during a year.
No data are available to indicate to what extent
the income of various family members is a pooled
family resource. However, a wife’s labor force
participation is probably much more related to her
husband’s than to the family’s income. Empiri­
cally a husband’s earnings generally determine the
family life style and standard of living, and if the
wife works, both his and her earnings are usually
used for family expenditures.
On balance, the most substantial postwar in­
creases in labor force participation of married
women have been among those whose husband’s
income is above the average. More and more wives
are going to work not because the basic necessities
are lacking, but to afford a higher standard of
living, to satisfy personal nonmonetary aspira­
tions, and, very probably, to assert a measure of
economic self-sufficiency.
Work Experience

The proportion of married women who work at
some time during the year, that is, those with work
experience, has also increased markedly in the
postwar period. Between 1950 and 1966, the pro­
portion with work experience rose from 35 percent
to 47 percent. The increases have been particularly
high for women age 45 to 64.
Differences between the number with work ex­
perience during the year and the number in the
labor force in an average week give a measure of
the turnover in the women’s labor force. More­
over, comparison of these figures for married
women (the largest group of secondary workers)

6

with those for married men (the most stable group
in the labor force) underscores the greater elastic­
ity in the women’s labor force. Almost all married
men are in the labor force all year and they are
the workers least likely to move in and out of the
labor force, so there is comparatively little dif­
ference between the number who work at some
time during the year and the average number in
the labor force at any given time. For married
women, on the other hand, movement in and out of
the labor force is much more common, and the
number of married women who worked at some
time during the year exceeds the weekly average
by a third. Even at the ages in which movement
is lowest—45 to 64 years—the number with work
experience during the year exceeds the weekly
average in the labor force by about a fourth. How­
ever, in the past decade the difference between
the number of married women who worked at
some time during the year and the weekly average
has decreased, indicating that they are tending to
stay in the labor force longer during the year.
Full-tim e Workers

In spite of family responsibilities, most working
wives hold full-time jobs—about three-fourths of
the married women employed in nonagricultufal
industries in 1966 worked on full-time schedules.
During the year, the average workweek for mar­
ried women in these industries was 35.5 hours,
about 3 hours longer than for single women. More
than half the married women worked 35 to 40
hours, and about 17 percent worked 41 hours or
more. As is indicated by these averages, a signifi­
cant proportion work overtime, some of them
fairly regularly. For a week surveyed in May 1966,
for example, about 13 percent of all married
women who were wage and salary workers worked
some overtime, and among those who did about 30
percent received premium pay for their overtime.4
Women are less likely than men to work over­
time, and also less likely to receive premium pay,
and not necessarily because of discrimination on
the part of employers or personal preference for
shorter hours. The number of hours which women
may work are regulated by law in many States
(intended as a protective measure); also, women
are more likely than men to be working in indus­
tries which are not covered by premium pay pro­
visions of the Fair Labor Standards Act or


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

collective bargaining agreements. The likelihood
of premium pay in service industries, for example,
is small, and many women work in those industries.
Among married women who work, the propor­
tion employed full time for however long they
work during the year has remained about the same
between 1950 and 1966. But, because of improved
economic conditions, there has been an increase
in recent years in the proportion who work all
year at full-time jobs. This increase has been ap­
preciable whatever the ages of children in the
family, even while the classic differentials of
smaller proportions associated with younger age
of children have been retained.
The variations by age in the proportions who
are year-round full-time workers are particularly
interesting in the group of women with no chil­
dren under 18 years, because of the mixture of
young women with no children at all and older
women whose children, if any, are over 18 years
old. The proportion of year-round full-time
workers among them decreases as the women’s age
increases, in contrast with the pattern among
mothers with children under 18 years. Among the
latter, generally, the younger the mother and the
children, the lower the tendency to be year-round
full-time workers or, indeed, to be in the labor
force at all.
These differentials may have important impli­
cations with respect to the female labor force in
light of current developments in the field of birth
control and family planning. At the least, planned
spacing of children accompanied by no overall
decline in completed size of family could have im­
portant effects in the timing of labor force entry,
withdrawal, and reentry, and in the age structure
of the female labor force. At the most, a signifi­
cant decline in birth rates might affect not only the
age composition of the female labor force, but also
its size, because of the different rates of labor force
participation associated with the various presenceand-age-of-children patterns.
During the last decade, there has been a decline
in fertility rates concurrent with a rise in labor
force participation of married women. However,
while there is some indication that married women
who work tend to have fewer children than those
who do not, it is difficult to separate cause and
effect.
4
See “ O vertim e H ours and P rem ium P a y ,” M o n th ly L abor
R e v ie w , Septem ber 1966, pp. 9 7 3 -9 7 7 , rep rinted as S p ecial Labor
F orce R eport No. 72.

7

WOMEN AND THE LABOR FORCE

Unemployment

In the post-World War II period, married
women have generally had lower unemployment
rates than persons in all other marital status cate­
gories except married men. In the years 1957 to
1966, their annual average unemployment rate
fluctuated in response to economic conditions,
ranging between 3.6 percent and 6.5 percent; in
1966, the rate was 3.7 percent, double that of
married men.
While most unemployment results from losing
or leaving a job, a greater part of unemployment
among married women than among men arises
from entry or reentry into the labor force, which
often entails a period of job hunting.
Among workers who were unemployed at some
time during 1966, about the same proportions,
nearly one-fourth, of the married men and married
women were jobless for a total of 15 weeks or more,
regardless of the number of spells of unemploy­
ment. However, a somewhat greater proportion
of women than men were unemployed for a rela­
tively short period (fewer than 5 weeks). Also,
a smaller proportion of married women than men
with unemployment had three spells or more of
joblessness. These lower proportions for married
women may reflect to some extent the tendency of
some women to leave the labor force soon after
they become unemployed or when their seasonal
job ends, and to return when jobs open up.
Because wives constitute the largest proportion
of secondary workers in families, considerable in­
terest centers on their labor force and employment
status in those families in which the husband is
unemployed. Women whose husbands are un­
employed are somewhat more likely to be in the
labor force and considerably more likely to be
unemployed than women whose husbands are em­
ployed. Generally, the unemployment rate for
wives whose husbands are unemployed is about
three times that of wives whose husbands are em­
ployed. Various factors contribute to this dif­
ference. In some areas, unemployment is general
rather than limited to certain groups or industries.
Also, given the high correlation between age, edu5
D e sp ite th e g r e a t N egro exodus from th e Sou th, 54 percen t
of th e N egro p o p u la tio n is th ere.
8
See “ G eographic M obility o f L abor in th e U n ited S ta te s, R e­
c en t F in d in g s,” S o c ia l S e c u r ity B u lle tin , M arch 1967, pp. 1 4 -2 0 ,
fo r d a ta r e la tin g to v a rio u s non econ om ic fa c to r s w h ich affect
labor m ob ility.


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cational attainment, and occupational groups of
husbands and wives, a husband in one of the “high
risk” groups (older workers, non whites, less edu­
cated, less skilled) is likely to have a wife simi­
larly handicapped in the job market.
Married women in the West and South have
higher labor force participation rates than those
in the North. Latterly, the rates in the West have
made the most gain, although the women in the
South still show the highest rate. This is largely
because the proportion of Negro women in the
South is higher than in the other regions,5 and
Negro women historically have had higher labor
force participation rates than white women.
The Geography of Growth

The pattern of population and industrial growth
has been of great import for the current geo­
graphical distribution of the married-woman labor
force. Post-World War II population and indus­
try growth rates have been higher in the South
and West than in other regions. Durable goods
industries have tended to locate in those two
regions, as have defense contract awards, par­
ticularly for research and development. And as
population and other industry grew, so did the
service industries, such as personal services, pro­
fessional services, and finance, insurance and real
estate services, which are important employers of
women. This kind of growth has had particularly
significant effects for the married-woman labor
force. The occupation groups of professional,
clerical and service workers—important groups
for women—have risen in every region, but at a
higher rate in the West and portions of the South.
The number of operatives, an occupation group
which has shown little growth elsewhere, has in­
creased in the South, and an appreciable portion
of the factory employment which gave rise to
this increase is in occupations in which women
work.
An interesting aspect of these patterns of
geographic growth is their implication with re­
spect to the geographic mobility of labor,6 and
the effect on that mobility of the increasing im­
portance of married women as secondary workers.
Whether mobility decreases if two job changes in
a family rather than one are entailed in a move
has not yet been measured. Nor has it been deter­
mined whether, when a primary earner becomes

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

unemployed, a wife who is working lessens the
probability of a move to find employment for the
primary earner (particularly in those cases where
unemployment insurance affords a cushion). Tra­
ditionally, the husband has been the breadwinner
and where the dictates of his work opportunities
have led, the wife has followed. Recent studies
have shown that the higher the education and skill
level of men, the higher their migration rate,7 and
that among men who migrate, half give job-related
reasons for the move. But there are no data to
indicate to what extent moves to other locations
have entailed a wife’s leaving her job, or to in­
dicate how many men who might otherwise have
moved did not do so because of their wives’ employ­
ment, Figures for 1950-60 and 1960-63 indicate
than an appreciable portion of the population in
the West resulted from net migration, whereas
population increase in the South has been more a
function of births over deaths, with outmigration
nearly balanced by inmigration. I t may be that
the countervailing tendencies of industries to move
to locations where labor is plentiful and for people
to move where jobs are plentiful result in a job
situation as favorable for women as for men,
given the proliferation of white-collar and service
jobs which has accompanied industrial expansion
in the postwar years.
Industries and Occupations

The differential growth among industries and
occupations has been among the factors which have
facilitated the entry of women into paid employ­
ment. Mass production techniques and other tech­
nological advances have significantly altered the
nature of work, so that in business and industry,
as well as in the home, the physical labor aspect
is becoming less important, minimizing the sex
differential in the effort required for production
of both goods and services. For married women,
the laborsaving devices and' services available in
and for the home have been almost as important a
factor in promoting labor force participation as
the reduction of physical strength requirements in
large segments of paid jobs. The hours and the
physical energy spent in doing the laundry and
ironing for a family—before the advent of auto­
matic washing machines and synthetic fabrics


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which require no pressing—furnish a ready illus­
tration of the importance of the home laborsaving
devices which have left more time and energy for
work outside the home. The long-term shift in the
pattern of job growth, away from the output of
goods and toward more services, and emphasizing
white-collar and service-producing jobs, has
opened up manifold opportunities for women
workers. At the beginning of the century, fewer
than 1 in 5 of all employed women worked in
white-collar occupations—about the same propor­
tion as among men. Today, 3 out of 5 women are
white-collar workers, compared with about 2 out
of 5 men. Among the various descriptions of our
times, a common one is “the paper age,” and women
play a considerable part in making it so: witness
the 8.6 million in clerical jobs.
As the proportion of all workers in the goodsproducing industries—agriculture, manufactur­
ing, construction, and mining—fell, from about 50
percent in 1947 to 40 percent in 1967, the propor­
tion in service-producing industries rose commensurately. Occupational requirements have also been
significantly affected, since each industry has a
different occupational structure. The industries
which decreased in relative importance are the
ones in which blue-collar occupations are concen­
trated, and, except for manufacturing, are over­
whelmingly employers of male workers. In
contrast, among industries in which employment
has been increasing fastest—government and serv­
ice, for example—large numbers of clerical and
other white-collar workers are employed, thus
opening many opportunities to women. Patently,
the industrial shift has been a vital force in foster­
ing the growth of the female labor force.
The changing pattern of the occupational dis­
tribution of married women vividly reflects these
industrial shifts, with clear indications of their
continuing influence when the distributions are
examined separately for the younger and older
among them. In 1947, the occupation group with
the largest number of married women was that of
operatives; in 1967, the clerical group had the
largest number.
7 F o r exam ple, ab ou t h a lf th e m en 25 to 29 years old w ho w ere
in p ro fessio n a l, tech n ical, and kindred occu p ation s m igrated
betw een 1955 and 1960, abou t double th e proportion o f bluecollar w orkers.

WOMEN AND THE LABOR FORCE

9

Earnings

any discrimination represented by lower earnings
for women has been disputed on various scores,
such as differences in the kind of work skills and
areas of responsibility. There is no doubt but that
the generally lower pay scales for women com­
pared with men constituted an entering wedge into
the job market for women. In New York, in
1853, for example, women teachers were given onetenth of the pay of men teachers, and by dint of
that differential grudgingly were accorded some
of the jobs.9 A further hurdle for women was that
represented in the ruling in many school jurisdic­
tions and businesses, fostered by custom and tra­
dition, that once a woman married she could no
longer remain employed. Currently, Title V II of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and amendments to
the Fair Labor Standards Act contain provisions
to equalize rates of pay for men and women doing
similar work. There is no question but that
differences in occupations have contributed to
differences in pay. The concentration of women in
certain fields, such as secretarial and clerical, is to
some extent responsible for lower earnings. None­
theless, discrimination plays a part, since differ­
ences do exist where the kind and level of work,
responsibility, and performance are not demon­
strably different.10
Legal provisions do not result in immediate
change. A recent study of low earners indicates
that among year-round full-time workers, the pro­
portion of women with earnings less than $2,500
in 1965 ($2,500 is roughly the minimum amount
which would have been earned by workers covered
by the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards
Act) was more than double that of men.11 The
proportion of married women with low earnings
was about 1 out of 5, about the same as for single
and widowed, divorced, or separated women. For
all the women who were year-round full-time
workers in 1965, the median earnings were $3,828,
compared with $6,388 for the men.

Women’s earnings have always represented a
controversial area in the job market. On the one
hand, fears have been expressed that the avail­
ability of women workers at much lower wages
than were paid to men constituted a disadvantage
to men, keeping out of work many of them who
might otherwise have had jobs. On the other hand,

8 See “W om en at B eck and C all,” F o rb es, J u ly 15, 1967, pp.
4 2 -4 6 .
9 See A ndrew S in clair, T h e B e t te r H a lf— The E m a n c ip a tio n of
th e A m e ric a n W om an (N ew York, 1965, H arper and R o w ), p. 100.
10 See A m e ric a n W om en , R eport of th e P r e sid e n t’s C om m ittee
on th e S ta tu s o f W om en, 1963, p. 28.
11 See “ L ow E arn ers and T heir In com es,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e ­
v ie w , M ay 1967, pp. 35—40, rep rinted a s Sp ecial Labor F orce R e­
p ort No. 82.

Part-tim e Workers

Married women are perhaps the single most im­
portant element in the elasticity of the potential
supply of workers, not only because they are the
major source of additional workers but also be­
cause a collateral aspect of their participation is
the extent to which voluntary part-time work is
becoming a permanent component of our job
structure. Because of their childbearing and childrearing functions and home responsibilities, many
married women find part-time work particularly
suited to their needs and preferences for at least a
portion of their work life. On the demand-forlabor side, industries are finding it advantageous
to employ a portion of their personnel for peakload days or hours only, as in the case of retail
stores and service establishments. A postwar de­
velopment has been the employment agency which
is engaged solely in furnishing employers with
temporary workers, often on a part-time basis;
most of these workers are married women.8
Although students and semiretired workers are
also a source of voluntary part-time workers, mar­
ried women are the largest component of the
group—about 2 in 5. Between 1957 and 1966, about
30 percent of the increase in nonagricultural em­
ployment was in voluntary part-time employment ;
moreover, this segment increased by almost 60 per­
cent whereas the number who usually work full
time increased by only 16 percent. For married
women, the number in voluntary part-time jobs in
nonagricultural industries increased by more than
a half in the past decade, compared with about a
third among those usually working full time. As of
March 1967, 3.8 million or one-fourth of all em­
ployed married women were part-time workers,
with almost half in clerical and service (except
private household) occupations.


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10

Generally, earnings are highest for women who
work in professional and related services (includ­
ing teachers) and in public administration, and,
inevitably, lowest for those in personal services
(very heavily weighted by private household
workers) and in retail trade.
The occupational distributions pretty well fol­
low the industrial distribution: the women in
professional, technical, and kindred occupations
have the highest earnings, and service workers and
sales workers have the lowest.
Even more important than the difference be­
tween men’s and women’s wages is the fact that
there has been no material improvement in the
women’s positions relative to the men’s over the
last several years. Among year-round full-time
wage and salary workers, the median earnings for
women have been roughly 60 percent of the men’s.
White and Negro Wives

The major differences between white and Negro
wives who work are quickly summarized despite
the complex network of factors which underlie
those differences: on the average, Negro wives are
more likely to be in the labor force and to have
higher unemployment rates than white wives, and
to be at the lower end of the educational occupa­
tional and earnings ranges.12 They are also likely
to have a larger number of dependents in their
families than white wives.
Negro married women have, of course, a much
longer history of labor force participation than
white married women. Up to just before World
War II, in 1940, the decennial census figures
showed appreciably higher rates for Negro than
for white married women in every age group.
In the postwar period, the higher Negro rate con­
tinues in each of the age groups from 20 years and
over, although the gap is narrowing considerably.
Children and Age of Mothers. Negro married
women, as a group, are younger than white mar­
ried women, both in the population and in the
labor force. For both the white and Negro, the
median age is lower in the labor force than in the
population. In March 1967 the median age of
Negro wives in the labor force, about 39 years, was
2i/2 years lower than that of white wives. Cur­
rently, Negro women have a lesser propensity than
white women to be in the labor force in the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

youngest age group (14 to 19 years) and a greater
propensity at all other ages.
The differences which do exist in the age struc­
tures of white and Negro married women arise
largely from the higher fertility and lesser lon­
gevity of the Negro. These differences in fertility
and age structure play an important part with
respect to differences in the proportions with chil­
dren under 18 years of age and the number of such
children—-a factor which constitutes a major de­
terminant of differential rates of labor force par­
ticipation for women. The average number of
children under 18 years of age for white wives
with children was 2.39 in March 1966, compared
with 2.92 for Negro wives. Overall, 61 percent of
the Negro wives had children under 18 years
compared with 57 percent of the white.
Negro women are more likely to be in the labor
force than white women, whatever the age of the
children, own age, husbands’ ages, or husbands’
incomes. But as with white women, those with chil­
dren under 6 years have the lowest labor force rate.
In March 1967 for example, these rates were 42
percent and 25 percent for Negro and white wives,
respectively. The widest difference between Negro
and white wives with children under 6 years oc­
curs among those whose husbands’ incomes are
$7,000 and over. Some of this difference may arise
from the fact that a much greater proportion of
white husbands than Negro husbands have in­
comes substantially higher than $7,000, and labor
force rates of wives decrease at succeeding levels
of husbands’ incomes above the $7,000 threshold.
Another factor contributing to the much higher
rate may be the somewhat higher educational at­
tainment of Negro wives relative to that of hus­
bands, in contrast with the reverse relationship
among the white. (The decennial census figures
for 1960 indicate that among Negro labor force
participants, 4 percent more of the married women
than of the married men had 1 year or more of col­
lege; among the white, the proportion of married
women with 1 year or more of college was 2 per­
centage points lower than that of married men.)
When economic necessity is not an overriding
consideration, the amount which a wife can earn
relative to her husband’s earnings may be a de­
terminant in her labor force participation: if her
13 In som e in sta n ces, d a ta fo r n o n w h ite s are used to describe
th e situ a tio n o f N egroes, w ho c o n s titu te about 92 percen t o f a ll
n o n w h ite s 14 years old and over in th e U n ited S ta te s.

11

WOMEN AND THE LABOR FORCE

earnings are inconsequential relative to his, there
is little point in her working, but with increased
educational attainment, both earnings potential
and interesting work opportunities increase. Un­
doubtedly, however, the different orientation of
white and Negro women to the job market which
arises from sociological and economic factors is
also relevant. The Negro married man’s experi­
ence in the job market has been characterized by a
higher degree of instability of employment than
that of the white—indeed, that experience has
been one of the factors which has contributed to
the lesser stability of the Negro marriage. Con­
sequently, Negro women, even when the husband’s
income is above average, may view their own em­
ployment as a kind of insurance which they cannot
afford to let lapse.
Educational Attainment. The difference in edu­
cational levels between the white and Negro pop­
ulation has been diminishing even while the levels
for both groups have been rising. As of March
1967 the median years of school completed by all
women age 18 and over wTas nearly 2 years lower
for the Negro (10.5 years) than for the white (12.2
years). Women who are in the labor force have
a higher median than those who are not and rather
more markedly so among the Negro.
Despite some improvement in the kinds of jobs
held by Negro women, the proportion of the em­
ployed with at least a high school education who
work in white-collar occupations is still consider­
ably below that of white women. In March 1967
among all enqployed women 18 years old and older
who had at least a high school diploma, only
about one-half of the Negro women were in pro­
fessional, managerial, clerical and sales occupa­
tions, compared with 4 out of 5 white women. On
the other hand, 31 percent of the Negro but only
11 percent of the white women were employed as
service workers.
Unemployment rates tend to be higher among
Negro than white women with comparable years
of schooling. However, while the white women in
the labor force generally have a declining per­
centage unemployed as education increases, the
pattern is not so consistent for the Negro. Among
Negro women the unemployment rates were about
the same for those who had completed 4 years of
high school or even 1 to 3 years of college as for
those who had only an eighth grade education or


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less. Only college graduates had a substantially
lower unemployment rate than lesser educated
women.
Family Income. Negro wives’ earnings have rela­
tively more effect on family money income levels
than do white wives’, even though Negro women
have somewhat lower earnings than white. In
Negro husband-wife families the median family
income in 1965 was about half again as large when
the wife was in the paid labor force as when she
was not, compared with nearly one-third more in
white families. The lower level of Negro husbands'
income relative to white husbands’ is very likely
the major reason for this difference. Notwith­
standing the additional earnings, one-fifth of the
Negro families with the wives in the paid labor
force had incomes under $3,000, or three times the
proportion among white families with wives in
the paid labor force.
Work Experience. Expectably, a higher propor­
tion of Negro than white wives work at some time
during the year, and do so in every category of
presence and age of children. Overall, 61 percent
of the Negro and 46 percent of the white married
women worked at some time during 1966.
Primarily because of the kinds of work they do,
greater proportions of Negro than white wives are
unemployed during the year, are jobless longer,
and more often:
Unemployment among married
women, 1966 (percent)
Nonwhite
With unemployment during year (per­
cent of total working or looking for
work).........................................................
Unemployed a total of 15 weeks or more
(percent of workers with unemploy­
m ent)........................................................
With 3 spells or more of unemployment
(percent of total who worked)______

White

20.0

11.2

31.3

22.2

17.0

11.3

Althoughunemployment rates are higher for
married women than for married men in both the
white and Negro groups, the women tend to have
lower proportions with 3 spells or more of un­
employment during the year. These differences be­
tween the men and women arise to some extent
from their different patterns of labor force attach­
ment. The larger proportions among women in
the labor force who are new- entrants or reentrants
into the job market contribute to both these ten­
dencies. Entry and reentry often entail a period
of looking for work, and women are more likely

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

12

to leave the labor force when they become un­
employed since they are secondary earners in the
family. Generally, married men of working age
stay in the labor force unless they are unable to
work.
Occupations. The occupations in which Negro
and white women tend to work reflect to some
extent the lower educational attainment and lack
of training of the Negro women as well as dis­
criminatory hiring practices. Half the Negro mar­
ried women were in service occupations in March
1967, about evenly divided between private house­
hold workers and other service workers. Among
the white wives, 16 percent were in service occu­
pations, with the proportion in private household
work minimal. A higher proportion of white than
Negro wives were in professional occupations.
Relatively twice as many white as Negro wives
were employed in clerical occupations. A signifi­
cant portent for the future for both white and
Negro women is the higher proportion of single
women in clerical occupations relative to the
married, indicating that, as they marry, the oc­
cupational distribution of wives will be affected
accordingly.
The Shape of the Future

Women’s labor force participation is expected
to continue to increase in coming decades. The
female labor force has been projected for 1980 at
about 32 million, more than half again as large as
it was in 1960. Much of the growth is expected to

be among married women, through some rise in
labor force rates as well as population increase.
Their economic role in the family has already
achieved importance, despite the low level of their
earnings relative to men’s. Women should benefit
from the provisions of Title V II of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, which, among other provi­
sions, prohibits discrimination because of sex in
hiring, upgrading, and1all other areas of employ­
ment. However, whether women enter the upper
reaches of professional and other occupations to
a greater degree than now depends on factors such
as the acceptance of women in such work by soci­
ety, the opportunity and willingness to take work
of increased responsibility, the desire for requisite
education and training, commensurate pay as a re­
turn for the career investment, and adequate
facilities for child day care. Experience in some
countries suggests that all of these are possible of
achievement in the United States.
The network of demographic and socioeconomic
factors which influence women’s labor force par­
ticipation makes it difficult to predict the kind of
life pattern which American women may be in the
process of shaping for their future counterparts.
The American experience may continue in an
economic and cultural climate in which labor
force participation for married women is, to a
large extent, a matter of choice, based on individ­
ual aspirations, values, and preferences. Or it may
culminate in an economically, culturally, or
publicly imposed compulsion that women, like
men, must work, as has already happened in some
countries.

Of course [woman] belongs in the home, but so does her husband, and
neither of them belongs there exclusively.


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—Father A. M. Greeley, The Catholic Standard, October 30, 1964.

Air Transport:
Trends in Output
Per Employee
J oseph E . D rag o nette
a n d C h e s t e r M y s l ic k i*

for the air trans­
portation industry have increased at a rate of
almost 8 percent a year since 1947, the highest rate
for any major industry. As a result of this rate of
gain, productivity levels in 1966 were five times
greater than in 1947. By contrast, output per
worker in the total private economy during the
same period increased at an annual average rate
of only 2.8 percent. Despite the high productivity
gains, employment has advanced steadily, since
demand for air transportation services has grown
even more rapidly. (See chart.) The growth rate
was not maintained consistently during the post­
war period and reflected generally very high in­
creases (averaging 11 percent a year) for the late
1940’s and early 1950’s, a slackening of the rate to
about 4 percent from 1955 to 1961, and a return
to the 11-percent rate since 1961.1
The 1947-55 period, despite a slow start in 1947,
evidenced extraordinarily large increases in out­
put through 1955, averaging almost 17 percent a
year. The industry was expanding rapidly into
new service areas: coach service was introduced,
local service carriers were certificated, and all­
cargo carriers were established. Since productivity
gains were fairly high, except in 1952, changes in
employment ranged widely from actual decreases
at the beginning of the period to a 12-percent in­
crease in 1952. For the entire period, however, as
output more than tripled, employment rose by
only one-third.
The significantly lower rates of productivity
growth during 1955-61 were associated with vary­
O u t p u t p e r e m p l o y e e in d e x e s

285-796 0

-

68 -2


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ing patterns of output and employment changes.
Between 1955-57, annual output increases con­
tinued at the high 1947-55 rate, but employment
gains of about 11 percent a year nearly matched
output increases. During 1957-61, output gains
fell off sharply to less than half of those in the
1947-57 period, while employment increases aver­
aged slightly more than 3 percent a year. The most
revolutionary technological change in ’the air
transportation industry, which contributed to sub­
sequent increases in productivity, was introduced
during this period of lowest productivity gains.
New turbojets had three times the capacity and
were twice the cost of the DC-7’s introduced in
1953.
Between 1961-66, output increased at a rate of
over 17 percent a year with some acceleration evi­
dent. As productivity averaged about 11 percent
a year, employment has been accelerating fairly
rapidly from a 1.6-percent increase in 1962 to* 9.4
percent in 1966.
Group Measures

Ordinarily, productivity reports for individual
industries are limited to analysis of total output
and input measures as data for individual com­
panies or establishments are considered confiden­
tial.2For the air transportation industry, however,
basic source data for each airline are published.
In order to provide background material out­
put per employee measures for individual airlines
have been calculated3 to provide measures of
dispersions and to build up totals for carrier
groups.
*Of th e Office o f P r o d u ctiv ity , T echn ology, an d G row th, B u ­
reau o f L abor S ta tis tic s.
1 B L S in d exes o f o u tp u t per m an-hour an d per em ployee fo r th e
p r iv a te econom y and m ajor sectors u se th e concep t of n et output,
w h ile th e in d u stry m easures are based on final gross ou tp u t. Lack
of m an-hour d ata in a ir tr a n sp o r ta tio n r e str ic ts c alcu lation s.
P r o d u c tiv ity in d exes fo r th e air -tr a n sp o r ta tio n in d u str y are
d eveloped in In d e x e s o f O u tp u t P e r E m p lo y ee , A ir T r a n s p o rta tio n
I n d u s tr y , 1 9 4 7 -6 4 (B L S R eport 308, 1 9 6 6 ). T he rep ort in clu d es
a te c h n ic a l d escrip tion o f th e procedures. T he in d exes cover SIC
in d u stry 4511 : A ir T ran sp ortation , C ertified C arriers.
3 L ack o f com parable d a ta fo r in d iv id u a l a ir lin e s prior to 1957
lim ite d a n a ly sis to th e p ost-1956 period.
3 In d exes for in d iv id u a l a ir lin e s are derived from th e sam e
d a ta and use th e sam e m eth ods as th e in d u stry in d exes. W e have
n o t identified th e in d iv id u a l com pan ies, p r im arily because th e
in d iv id u a l m easures do n o t h ave th e sam e degree of relia b ility
as th e o v e ra ll m easures. Our e stim a tin g techniq ues, w h ich can
provide r ela tiv e ly un biased resu lts fo r th e in d u stry, m ay be le ss
v a lid fo r in d iv id u a l a ir lin e s. T h is is e sp ec ia lly tru e fo r e stim a te s
o f em ploym ent, strik e a d ju stm en ts, q u ality changes, and th e
o m ission o f ite m s such a s excess baggage and subsidies.

13

14

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

The measures for individual airlines ranged
from increases of over 20 percent a year to an
average decline of 1 percent. These extreme rates
were registered by small airlines. The extreme
skewness of the size distribution—five of the air­
lines constitute about 65 percent of total employ­
ment—suggests the need for groupings that are
more homogeneous in terms of services and size.
The average rate of productivity increase for
the air transportation industry is a function of
the changes in productivity for individual air­
lines and the effects of shifts in the relative im­
portance of companies with different productivity
levels. For the 1957-66 period, a test of shift effect
was made by comparing the usual productivity
measure with a measure calculated by combining
individual rates for airlines with 1957 employ­
ment weights. The effect of shifts was found to
be negligible, as the rate of gain from the measure

excluding the effects of shifts differed by only 0.1
percentage point from the industry rate of 8.2
percent.
The Civil Aeronautics Board has classified the
certificated airlines currently operating into eight
groups or subgroups. (See table 1 for listings of
the airlines.) These groupings, based on company
data, often reflect a considerable mix in type of
operations and thus place some limitations on
analysis. For example, some of the domestic air­
lines also engage in international operations; these
operations are included in the output and input
measures of the domestic group and are excluded
from the data for the international territorial
group. An analysis of some of these groups is
presented below.
Big Four System. This group covers the four
largest domestic trunk systems and contains over

O u tp u t Per E m p lo y e e , O u tp u t a n d E m p lo y m e n t in the A i r T ran sp o rta tio n In dustry, 1 9 4 7 - 6 6


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[Ratio scale]

15

A IR T R A N S P O R T T R E N D S IN O U T P U T
T able 1

A v e r a g e E m p l o y m e n t f o r A ir l in e s a n d C a r r ie r G r o u p s 1 in t h e A ir T r a n s p o r t a t io n I n d u s t r y , 1 9 5 7
a nd 1966
Average employ­
ment—
Airlines and groups
1957

Average employ­
ment—
Airlines and groups
1957

19662

19662

Certificated industry--------------------------------------- ----------- 139,312

215,233

Total, helicopter carriers...........

305

605

76,877

113,659

Los Angeles Airways, Inc....................
N ew York Airways, Inc....................

111
194

220
385

21,030
15,551
19,769
20,527

27,189
20,958
28,778
36,734

Total, intra-Alaska carriers___

781

968

26,296

45,157

4,793
1,659
5,876
3,837
1,701
5,820
2,610

7,261
4,684
12,919
5,136
2,692
7,469
4,996

Alaska Coastal-EUis Airlines, I n c ...
Cordova Airlines, Inc-------------------Northern Consolidated Airlines, Inc.
Reeve Aleutian Airways, Inc.........
Wien Alaska Airlines, In c....................

243
70
151
63
254

266
73
169
152
308

Total, intra-Hawaiian carriers.

903

1,560

Aloha Airlines, Inc------ --------- ------Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. . ....................

266
637

696
864

Total, all-cargo carriers system

3,306

4,364

8,252

19,333

790
341
420
701
388
724
1,150
776
442
865
507
685
463

2,282
905
887
1,506
995
1,920
2,334
1,788
890
1,931
1,319
1,660
916

Airlift International, Inc---------------The Flying Tiger Lines, Inc—- ..........
Seaboard World Airlines, Inc----------

787
1,569
950

1,174
1,962
1,228

22,592

28,344

439
243
110
617
1,388
19,795

537
622
234
711
1,394
24,846

1 Totals for carrier groups include only airlines operating throughout the
1957-66 period and w ill not agree w ith industry total.

50 percent of the employment. Output per em­
ployee (table 2) rose 6.0 percent from 1957 to 1966
which is significantly below the 8.2 percent average
for the entire industry and thus even much lower
than the remaining sectors of the industry. The
deviation seems to be due almost entirely to the
extremely low rate of growth for the 1957-61 years.
The individual airlines rate of productivity in­
crease varied substantially from 3.1 to 8.2 with the
coefficient of variation exceeding 30 percent.4 Out­
put increases for the Big Four averaged 10.8
percent, also below the industry average of 12.4
percent. Output increases lagged behind the in­
dustry rate largely because the Big Four system
had below’ average participation rates in the most
favorable growth areas, such as international
travel, freight, helicopter service, and local feeder
lines. The output range for individual airlines ex4 The coefficient of variation measures the extent to which indi­
cated changes for the individual airlines are clustered about a
mean percentage change.


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Pan American World Airways,' Inc............ .................. .........

2 Average employment for 1966 reflects time lost due to strikes.

tended from 6.6 to 13.3 percent. Employment in­
creases of 4.5 percent a year exceeded the industry
average but individual company rates ranged from
2.1 to 7.5 percent.
Other Domestic Trunks. These cover seven air­
lines of generally moderate size with fairly wide­
spread area operations. Employment accounts for
about 20 percent of total employment. Output per
employee increased at the rate of 10.7 percent. Five
of the airlines exceeded the industry average of 8.2
percent, one nearly matched it, and one fell slightly
below. The variability within this group was less
than that for the Big Four with coefficient of vari­
ation of 26 percent. Output also expanded (16.5
percent) at a rate above the industry average of
12.4 percent, with an individual high of 26.4 per­
cent and a low of 10.7 percent. The employment
change of 5.2 percent was accompanied by ex­
tremely wide patterns of change for individual
airlines, extending from 1.4 percent to 11.3 percent.

16

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

Local Service Carriers. Thirteen relatively small
companies are included. They tend to operate in
limited regions only; they make up almost 9 per­
cent of total employment. While output increases
exceeded 18 percent per year, output per employee
rose only 8.1 percent or just under the industry
rate. The small scale operations of the local service
carriers made it impractical to purchase the new
large-size jets that the bigger airlines could afford,
thus limiting output-per-employee increases.
The associated employment rate change of 9.5
percent was more than twice the industry increase
and boosted the relative employment share from
about 6 percent in 1957 to about 9 percent in 1966.
The absolute range for average annual output, em­
ployment, and productivity rates of individual air­
lines within this group tended to exceed ranges
for other groups simply because of the larger num­
ber of airlines. However, the coefficient of varia­
tion, which is a superior measure of dispersion,
was generally lower for the local service group
for both output and employment rates, and did not
depart significantly from the measures calculated
for dispersion of productivity rates.
International and Territorial. This covers six
airlines with about 13 percent of the industry
employment. One large company accounts for the
bulk of the employees. Productivity increases
averaging 13.1 percent far surpass the industry
average as does the output increase. Employment
increases of 2.2 percent, however, are substantially
below the industry rate. Measures of dispersion
were highest for this group for productivity, out-

T able
2.
A verage A n n u a l R ates of Ou tpu t
E m p l o y e e , O u t p u t , a n d E m pl o y m e n t , 1 9 5 7 -6 6

P er

[In percent]

Major carrier groups

Certificated industry 1___
Big Four system___ _________
Other domestic trunks system........
Local service carriers___
International and territorial carriers__
All-cargo carriers......................

Output
per
employee

Out­
put

8.2
6.0
10.7
8.1
13.1
14.4

12.4
10.8
16.5
18.4
15.6
16.6

Employ­
ment

3.9
4.5
5.2
9.5
2.2
1.9

1 The industry rate also reflects the movement of three small carrier groups
not listed in this table.


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put, and employment, reflecting lack of homo­
geneity within this grouping.
All-Cargo Carriers. This consists of three small
airlines with about 2 percent of total employ­
ment. The output per employee rate (14.4 per­
cent) was the highest of the five major groups
and the output increase (16.6 percent), the second
highest. Employment at 1.9 percent a year rose the
least.
Technology and Outlook

Technological changes have been closely asso­
ciated with a series of extensive changes in new
types of equipment. The introduction of the turbo­
jet in 1958 and its rapid spread is the latest and
most revolutionary of four major reequipment
programs beginning in 1945. The full effect of
these changes tends to lag behind the introduction
period because time is required for adoption and
effective utilization throughout the industry. Im­
provements in traffic handling facilities, many of
an evolutionary character, have also been im­
portant. Thus, installation of automatic reserva­
tion systems, improved cargo facilities, better air­
ports, improved air traffic control systems, and
maintenance facilities were vital factors.
In terms of purchase of new equipment, the
immediate outlook is for the acquisition of shortand medium-range passenger craft and convertible
passenger-cargo planes. Another round of new
technology, involving both subsonic and super­
sonic transports and vertical or short takeoff and
landing craft, is possible by 1975. Continued
progress in the traffic handling facilities is neces­
sary for maintenance of efficient service.
Output is expected to increase at a high rate
with aircargo being the likely area for greatest
expansion. Freight and express revenue ton-miles
were only 11 percent of total revenue ton-miles
in 1947 but had expanded to 24.5 percent in 1966.
Industry estimates are that passenger traffic will
likely grow from 7 to 10 percent annually through
1970 while aircargo may increase at 20 percent a
year. The rising demand for air transportation
services may more than offset expected produc­
tivity increases and thus call for continued in­
creases in employment.

Papers From the IRRA Annual Meeting
something of interest for nearly every­
body concerned with the social sciences, in the
discussions held in Washington, D.C., during the
last week of the year. From December 26 through
30, various organizations of the Allied Social Sci­
ence Associations held panel discussions on the
economics of higher education, international
liquidity, consumer behavior, family planning, and
data analysis, to name a few.
At the 2-day meeting of the Industrial Relations
Research Association, the overall topic was “The
Development and Use of Manpower.”
First to come under consideration were retrain­
ing programs and the benefits gained from these
programs. Michael Borus found considerable gains
in earnings by retrained workers in Connecticut,
in the longrun as well as in the first years after
training. In a later session, however, Nathan
Caplan reported that in a project to teach skills
to Chicago slum youths, the desire to control one’s
own destiny was too strong to allow the program
to meet with much success. As the date of employ­
ment came closer, the probability that the trainee
would remain in the program lessened.
If workers are willing to use the new skills once
acquired, they are better able to compete for avail­
able jobs. Two papers on worker mobility were
presented at a session held jointly with the Ameri­
can Economic Association. In one, Professors
John E. Parker and John F. Burton reported a
definite decline in voluntary mobility in the manu­
facturing sector over the past several decades, and
called for further study to determine why this is
so. Then, Herbert Northrup looked at the situation
in the aerospace industry and discussed the possi­
bilities for increased Negro employment. P ri­
marily because of the nature of the job, skill
requirements, and location of the industry, he does
not think the proportion of Negro employment
will increase to more than 10 percent in the fore­
seeable future.
A critical look at this Nation’s antipoverty
programs was taken by Sar Levitan; later,
Solomon Barkin chaired a session that discussed
manpower programs in other countries and what
can be learned from their experiences.
T here w as


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On the following pages the Review presents
portions of three of the many papers delivered at
the meeting. Titles and subtitles have been added,
as well as necessary transitions. Cuts have not been
indicated. Another group of excerpts will appear
in a later issue.

The Peripheral Worker
in the Affluent Society
Dean W. M

orse*

W h e n t h e Conservation of Human Resources
Project first undertook an investigation of the
“peripheral worker,” it was decided that the con­
ceptual framework of the analysis, and the defini­
tion of the peripheral worker, would be closely
related to the framework in which the BLS work
experience data is cast. Rather than concentrate
our attention entirely upon those individuals whose
work experience is most fragmentary and episodic,
or upon clearly disadvantaged groups such as the
physically or mentally incapacitated, we decided
that our working definition of the peripheral work­
er population would be all those individuals whose
work experience was less than full time full year.
To use a metaphor, the periphery of an egg may
from one point of view be considered to be the outer
side of the shell. However, it is also reasonable to
say that from the point of view of the yolk, the
white of the egg and the shell are both peripheral.
We have taken the yolk of our metaphoric egg to be
made up of those with full-time full-year work ex­
perience, our justification being that this is a fairly
stable mass, not only during the course of the year,
but also over longer time periods. These are the
workers who are most attached to the world of
work. We have concentrated our attention upon
those individuals whose attachment or commitment
to work is not as complete and we have, partly

* C onservation
U n iv ersity .

of

H um an

R esources

P ro ject,

Colum bia

17

18
for lack of a better term, decided to label them
peripheral workers.
A Fact of Economic Life

The striking fact [is] that about 4 out of 5 white
men age 25-44 are full-time full-year workers.
If we were to consider white men age 25-54, the
same general statement could be made. Let us look
at this group, white men age 25-54, from the
other extreme of work experience. Only 2 percent
of white men age 25-54 are part-time workers,
and less than 3 percent fall into the group that
works full time a half year or less. Although this
demographic group accounts for more than onethird of all those with work experience during
the year, only about 1 out of 25 part-time workers
is a white man age 25-54. Only about 1 out of 10
intermittent workers (those who work full time a
half year or less) is a white man in this age group.
What this amounts to as an economic and socio­
logical fact can be summed up as follows: Parttime and intermittent full-time work experience
is largely a phenomenon that is confined to other
demographic groups of the population than the
white male in the prime age groups.
There is nothing at all novel about these figures.
Most of us would find it entirely natural that if
the economy generates only a certain number of
full-time full-year jobs, these jobs should go pri­
marily to the men of our society between 25 and
54, a large proportion of whom are engaged in
supporting families. We would be a bit disturbed
to note that the white man of these age groups is
a good deal more sure of having such a job, but we
might draw whatever comfort our conscience gets
from such a mental operation by pointing out that
such differentials might be “explained” in part by
reference to educational attainment, marital
status, location, occupation, industry, and so forth.
That these factors may in turn be explained by the
peripheral work experience of the nonwhite popu­
lation we might also accept, concluding that the
entire matter is simply another instance of the in­
frangible vicious circle.
In any case, it is a major economic and social
fact of life in America in the 1960’s that the white
male worker more or less “has it made,”- if by
“made” we mean continuity of full-time employ­


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ment experience. The attainment of guaranteed
annual incomes, in an economy that is operating
near full employment, would be more or less extra
frosting on the cake for this demographic group.
In the early decades of this century, there was
a great deal more part-time work and a great deal
more intermittent work than we are apt to take
account of. Widely varied observers, both here and
in other countries, seem to be united in emphasiz­
ing how intermittent was employment in the
larger commercial and industrial cities of coun­
tries which led in economic development. Indeed,
if we think for a moment of the actual day-to-day
life of the great mass of Americans at the turn of
the century, if we ask ourselves what tasks they
were engaged upon, we cannot help being struck
by how many people must have been involved in
lines of activity, industries, and occupations which
necessarily offered a good deal of part-day, partweek, and part-year employment. It was a com­
mon thing to hire laborers by the hour; the day
laborer, farm and nonfann, was by a wide margin
the largest occupational group.
Years Preceding Affluence

If full credit could be given for all the shorttime and part-year work experience of the time, it
is my impression that the harsh outlines of the
standard image of our ancestors—continually bent
over grindingly hard work—would have to be
somewhat softened. Hard work there was and in
plenty, but it probably came much more in short
bursts of effort than on long years of unremitting
toil. A great deal of work was agricultural, and
intermittency of effort is at the very heart of
most agricultural activity. Construction of houses
and railroads, bridges, and factories required a
vast army, many of whom were employed for
relatively short periods at a time. Transportation
employed large numbers of porters and casual
laborers. In the absence of precise scheduling and
reliable delivery of raw material, short-time work­
weeks because of shortages or the sudden emer­
gence of unwanted inventories must have been a
very common occurrence. The population in gen­
eral must have had a good deal of leisure, if we
take the work year as the reference period, even
though much of it may have come in unwelcome
forms.

19

T H E P E R IP H E R A L W O R K E R

The Immigrant Supply

But attention to the character and amount of
peripheral work experience at the turn of the
century is important not just because it may pro­
vide a corrective to exaggerated impressions of
the length of the average workweek. Let us con­
sider who the peripheral worker was in these years
from 1880 to around 1914, when the American
economy matured and when so many of our funda­
mental social attitudes took firm shape. These were
the decades when a stream of immigrants flowed
into the eastern ports of the country. The immi­
grant of these years, strange in language, in re­
ligion, in custom, in dress, arrived in America with
inappropriate skills. Although some immigrants
did find helping hands of family or friends, a very
large proportion entered the job market on the
most unfavorable terms. As year after year saw
increasing numbers of immigrants pouring into
the cities, the native-born population turned an
ever harsher face against the “new immigrant.”
The new immigrant was indeed an anomaly. He
was, or could be, a citizen; his children would
certainly be citizens. But he was socially excluded
and condemned to occupy the lowest status. Low
status in general, when translated into economic
terms, meant low status occupations, occupations
being one of the strongest symbols of social status.
Low status occupations tended in turn to be the
intermittent, unskilled, insecure manual occupa­
tions. The immigrant, therefore, was by and large
confined to the most unstructured job markets.
The costs of flexibility of output in the form of
intermittency of employment, employment by the
hour, employment by the day, fell very heavily
upon him. With some conspicuous exceptions, the
trade union movement of the time either ignored
him or displayed active hostility.
This hostility took ever stronger political tones,
so that the immigrant, instead of being protected
against the hardships and hazards of his employ­
ment experience by an understanding and sup­
portive government, was considered all too often
to be an intruder, an inferior whose presence
threatened to lead to a deterioration of the Ameri­
can Nation, [and] the way to insure that his
presence would not lower the average quality of
the American people was to make sure that he
was forced to go through stern ordeals in which
the weaker would fall by the way.


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The immigrant peripheral worker at the turn
of the century, therefore, is the “outsider,” he is
a member of a minority group, he is a threat.
Above all, he is not a full-fledged member of soci­
ety, and particularly of the society of work. He is
not fully integrated into the economy. He exists
on sufferance; he works on sufferance. His claims
to equality of treatment are set at nothing, or
covered by some empty phrase like “equality of
opportunity.”
One institution, it is true, can give him some
status, can afford him some protection, the trade
union. But all too often it, too, seems united
against him. The trade unions as a group are lead­
ers in the fight for restrictive immigration laws.
They pass resolutions against the immigrant,
condemn him for lowering standards of living.
Then a critical moment is reached. The Quota
Law of 1921 is passed, and an essential element in
the situation is permanently altered. It is no
longer possible to recruit a new group of periph­
eral workers from a flow of immigrants. It is true
that for a time the old situation will continue, but
the new immigrants grow older, and it is necessary
to replace them. And' the new immigrants have
children, brought up in American schools, their
native tongue English, on the average more liter­
ate, because more urban, than the children of
native-born Americans. For many of these chil­
dren the brand of their fathers’ social inferiority,
the childhood traumas induced by the erratic
character of their fathers’ and mothers’ work ex­
perience with its concomitant poverty, punctu­
ated by times of dire need, will be sufficient reason
to make them hold firmly to the idea that security
of employment is the most important of goals,
some status in the job market the only real
insurance.
New “Outsiders”

But peripheral work must still be done, flexi­
bility of output is still necessary in the face of
random ups-and-downs of demand, seasonal
changes in demand, and cyclical fluctuations.
Peripheral work must still be performed where
scheduling problems produce odd operating hours.
Who is to fulfill these roles, now that the im­
migrant is no longer available?
One solution is to try to find new immigrants.
The Mexican can be cast in this role. Another kind
of immigrant, in this case native-born, is the

20

Negro farm worker of the South when he arrives
in the northern cities, The important point, how­
ever, is that peripheral work, according to tradi­
tional and very deep-seated attitudes, should prop­
erly be performed by the outsider, by those who
can be treated as, and regarded as, inferior and
members of minority groups. In a sense, any group
in society will do, if we can persuade ourselves
that they have these characteristics.
According to this new structuring of the supply
of labor, all adult white men, particularly those
who are married, have a claim to full-time fullyear employment. They may not achieve it, but it
is right and proper that they should claim it, and
that the major institutions of society, govern­
ments, business organizations, and trade unions
should try to implement these claims. Full em­
ployment is their full employment.
The other major groups of potential workers—
women, youth, older workers, nonwhites, and those
immigrants who get past the quotas—are the
proper sources of peripheral workers. This does
not, it must be emphasized, mean that all workers
from these groups are condemned to peripheral
work. Quite the contrary. A large fraction of
women workers, older workers, and nonwhite
workers do indeed work full time the year round.
What it does mean is that peripheral workers will
be drawn primarily from these groups. It means
also that, as a society, we still have great difficulty
arriving at institutional means of aifording the
peripheral worker the kind of protection that is
taken for granted with respect to the full-time fullyear workers. In Marshall’s sense of the term, the
peripheral worker is still considered as a kind of
residuum. He is there to mop up, figuratively and
literally. He performs all the tasks and services
that are hard to plan for in large-scale bureau­
cratic fashion. But he is also a member of an im­
mense noncompeting group of workers. His wage
rates, his conditions of work, his legal and extralegal status are not determined by the immensely
complicated apparatus of three-way bargaining
between large-scale employer, large-scale union,
and government that determines the fundamental
conditions of life of the nucleus of our working
population, the full-time full-year worker.
Do powerful, pervasive, although largely ob­
scure barriers stand between the world of periph­
eral work and the status of full-time full-year
employment? Do we take it for granted that
peripheral work in general, and the most periph­

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eral work in particular, should be performed by
members of demographic groups whose status is
lower than that of the adult white male group that
provides the nucleus of the full-time full-year
work force? Will the full-time full-year worker be
increasingly found in those sectors of the economy
where large-scale, bureaucratic, usually heavily
capitalized firms are the rule? Do we make an
over-investment in human capital in those work­
ers who possess full-time full-year status and an
underinvestment in human capital in periph­
eral workers? If so, does this in itself constitute
one of the important barriers between the periph­
eral worker and employment in those sectors of
the economy that can provide continuity of
employment ?
Costs of Flexibility

To some extent, peripheral work experience is
unquestionably a manifestation of increasing op­
tions available to many individuals. To the extent
that it does represent an enlargement of the area of
choice of work experience, it is a positive aspect
of the economy. On the other hand, to the extent
that the peripheral worker is treated as if he were
a second-class worker, peripheral work experience
cannot but lead to waste, frustration, and angry
despair.
The peripheral worker in our society provides
the economy with a very important part of the
flexibility which it must have if it is to be efficient
and dynamic. Recognizing this function, we
should try not to shift an undue share of the cost
of this flexibility onto the peripheral workers
themselves, many of whom are among the least
able in our society to bear such costs. In the past,
the immigrant provided much of the flexibility
that a growing economy required, and he often
paid too much of the costs. We should ask our­
selves today whether new groups have taken the
immigrant’s place. If the answer is, even in part,
yes, we should develop policies which will insure
that the costs of flexibility are not shifted onto
the peripheral workers and—in the longrun this is
much more important—that the social and eco­
nomic barriers to movement from peripheral work
status to full-time full-year status are reduced to
the point where we can truly affirm that part-time
and intermittent work experience represents an
enlargement of option and opportunity, not a con­
traction of life’s possibilities.

21

M A N PO W E R PRO GR AM S

Evaluating Manpower Programs
G a r t h L. M a n g u m *

ederal manpower policy in the dic­
tionary sense: “a definite course of action selected
from among alternatives, and in light of given
conditions, to guide and determine present and
future decisions.” However, there are programs
and practices which can be analyzed in aggregate
and from which policy emphases can be extracted.
Legislation in the 1950’s such as the National
Defense Education Act and practices of agencies
such as the Atomic Energy Commission empha­
sized manpower as an economic resource, with
particular concern for the development of scien­
tific and technical manpower. Spending for such
purposes increased during the 1960’s and now
totals over $5 billion annually. However, the focus
of public manpower efforts during the 1960’s
shifted in another direction.
The thrust of the manpower programs of the
past 5 years has been to aid those who face various
disadvantages in competing for jobs. This em­
phasis is attested to more by legislative and ad­
ministrative efforts and public discussion than by
expenditures of less than $2 billion per year.
T h e r e is n o F

The Array of Programs

The relevant manpower programs which em­
phasize in varying degrees services for the com­
petitively disadvantaged are the Manpower
Development and Training Act, the Vocational
Education Act of 1963, the Vocational Rehabilita­
tion program, and the several manpower com­
ponents of the Economic Opportunity Act, The
EOA programs are not evaluated in this paper
but they do figure in these generalizations about
the state of manpower policy. In addition, the
United States Employment Service is included,
not as a program but as a major deliverer of
services.
This array of programs did not emerge as part
of any systematic effort to identify and provide
each of the services needed by various disad-

vantaged groups or by all the disadvantaged. In ­
stead individual acts were written, considered, and
amended in rapid succession to meet current crises,
real or imagined, with little attention to their in­
terrelations. Although overall objectives are rea­
sonably clear, the objectives of some of the indi­
vidual programs are not.
The resources and enrollments in all of these
programs are too small relative to the size of the
labor force and the magnitude of needs to have
had an appreciable impact on the problems they
were intended to “solve.” Remedial programs for
the disadvantaged currently enroll an average of
only 300,000 people at any point in time—this in
an economy where in prosperous 1966, 2.5 million
persons were unemployed 15 weeks or more, 850,000 were unemployed over half the year, 1.3 mil­
lion looked for but did not find any work, 1.3
million males 25 to 64 years of age did not seek
work, and more than 5 million persons worked for
less than the Federal minimum wage.
A Season of Experimentation

The 1961-67 period is most appropriately
viewed as an experimental one during which many
things were tried with varying degrees of success
and failure. A positive contribution of these
efforts was the identification of a number of serv­
ices which have proven useful in lowering the
obstacles to employment and retention of the dis­
advantaged. A few of these are:
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
(f)

*C odirector o f th e C enter for M anpow er P o licy Studies, The
G eorge W a sh in g to n U n iv e r sity .


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outreach to seek the discouraged and under­
motivated and encourage them to partake of
available services;
adult basic education, to remedy the obsoles­
cence of earlier schooling, and prevocational
orientation to expose those with limited ex­
perience to alternative occupational choices;
training for entry level skills, for those un­
prepared to profit from the normally more
advanced training which assumes mastery
of rudimentary education;
training allowances, to provide support and an
incentive for those undergoing training, and
residential facilities for youth whose home
environment precludes successful rehabili­
tation ;
work experience, for those unaccustomed to the
discipline of the workplace;
job development, efforts to solicit job opportuni­
ties suited to the abilities of the disadvan­
taged jobseeker;

22
(g)

relocation and transportation assistance to
bring the workers to where the jobs a r e ;
(h) subsidization of private employment of the dis­
advantaged ;
(i) job coaching to work out supervisor-worker
adjustments after a job is found; and
(j) creation of public service jobs tailored to the
needs of jobseekers not absorbed in the com­
petitive market.

Essential as these services are, they are available
through no one program, agency, or institution.
The various programs are limited in the services
they can offer. The budgetary commitments for
the various services are not rationally related to
need. For instance, there are currently more slots
for work relief than for training, when trainingshould probably stand above work relief in the
hierarchy of remedial services.
Delivering the Services

The administrative capability to deliver these
services has yet to be developed. At the local level,
there is no single agency or combination of easily
accessible institutions where those seeking help can
find it. Neither has any community the resources
to provide some type of service to all who need it.
Multiplicity of Federal funding sources encour­
ages interagency competition at the Federal level,
and a proliferation at the local level, placing a pre­
mium on “grantsmanship.” Coordination has been
tried with little success and consolidation of pro­
grams has been limited. Existing agencies have
changed their orientation and biases but slowly
and only under considerable outside pressure. New
agencies have yet to learn effective practices. Sur­
prisingly little has been done, considering the num­
ber of programs and the level of expenditures, to
develop or train capable staffs at any level of gov­
ernment.
For no program are there adequate valid data
for evaluation of strengths and weaknesses and no
program currently has a reporting system capable
of producing such data. Data on the characteris­
tics of enrollees are adequate in some but not all
programs. Data on services provided are weak and
followup data on program results are grossly in­
adequate and undependable. Ad hoc internal eval­
uations have been made of several programs, either
in-house or by contract, but for the most part their
coverage is limited, their data weak, and their in­
vestigations not probing.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

In-Plant Movement of Negroes
in the Aerospace Industry
H erbert R. N o r th r u p *
T h e m o v e m e n t of Negroes within the plant or in­
dustrial organization is governed by a varied and
complex set of factors. Of course, the same might
be said for the intraorganizational shifts of any
group of employees, white or colored. Race, how­
ever, adds problems and complexities all of its own
which are occasionally obvious, but more often are
intertwined with socioeconomic and industrial
relations factors, and may therefore tend to be
somewhat obscure. Studies of the racial policies of
various industries, now under way as a result of a
Ford Foundation grant to the Industrial Research
Unit of the Wharton School, have progressed suf­
ficiently to permit an advance report on Negro inplant movement in the aerospace industry among
others.
Seven months before the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor, Fortune magazine reported that the
aircraft industry had “an almost universal preju­
dice against Negroes . . . you almost never see
Negroes in aircraft factories . . . . ” 1 Today fewindustries are working more assiduously than air­
craft and related aerospace companies to expand
Negro employment opportunities.2 Yet it is the
unusual aerospace company which has been able
to raise its percentage of Negroes to 8 or 10 per­
cent of a particular facility. The reasons why this
is so tell us a great deal about problems of Negro
employment, upgrading and intraplant movement,
and variations from industry to industry or plant
to plant.
The aerospace industry employed an average of
1,298,000 persons in 1966, or 6.8 percent of total
manufacturing payroll.3 Plants of this industry
are located in all major regions of the country.
Four-fifths of the product of these plants are pur* P ro fesso r o f In d u stry and C hairm an, D ep artm en t o f In d u s­
try, W harton School o f F in a n c e and Commerce, U n iv e r sity of
P e n n sy lv a n ia .
1 “H a lf a M illion W orkers,” F o rtu n e , M arch 1943, pp. 98 and
163.
2 T he d efin ition o f ju st w h a t is “aerosp ace” is n o t precise.
B a sic a lly it in clu d es a ir c ra ft, m issiles, and related aero and space
hardw are m a n u fa ctu rin g and research, but m uch of w h a t is also
electron ics is in e v ita b ly inclu ded in th e data.
3 A erospace In d u stries A sso cia tio n of A m erica, Inc., A e ro sp a ce
F a c ts a n d F ig u res, 1967 (F allbrook, C alif., A ero P u b lish ers, Inc.,
1 9 6 7 ), p. 19.

28

NEGRO MOBILITY IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY

chased by the Department of Defense, the Na­
tional Aeronautical and Space Agency, or other
governmental bodies. Commencing in World War
II, and especially strong since 1961, the pressure
of these government agencies has been heavy on
the industry, first to open jobs to Negroes, then by
“affirmative action” to increase Negro participa­
tion in the better jobs. The progress has been great
but disappointing to those who might expect a
greater percentage of Negroes. The reasons are
several.
Job Structure

First and foremost is the character of work in
aerospace. Much of the work is of a high job-shop
precision level. Jobs are not broken down to semi­
skilled components when one builds a few Mercury
capsules, a shortrun order of missiles, or one-half
dozen experimental planes. Yet much of the indus­
try does just this. Such work requires highly
trained mechanics, and unfortunately the Negro
community has few of these.
There is some longrun work, to be sure. Com­
panies having such orders are able to break down
jobs into semiskilled components, and train rela­
tively unskilled personnel as sheet metal workers
or machine tenders to handle the repetitive work.
It is noteworthy that our research indicates that
the more repetitive type operations which exist,
the higher is likely to be the percentage of
Negroes. But where high precision, job-shop skills
are required, few Negroes make it up the occupa­
tional ladder.
A Negro production worker remarked to my son
who is working in a chemical plant that “mainte­
nance work was out of bounds.” Finding either
Negro craftsmen or apprenticeship candidates is a
frustrating search. Past discriminatory practices,
lack of Negro family connections to “pick up a
trade,” absence of a craft tradition in the Negro
community, except in the southern trowel trades—
and now the mores of the community pressing
youngsters, white or black, to a mediocre college
education instead of a more useful craft training—
leaves high paid maintenance jobs with little Ne­
gro representation. Negro applicants from the
South or from urban slums lack the necessary
arithmetic or communications skills to qualify for
apprenticeships. In aerospace, as in most indus­
tries, skilled maintenance work, except for a few


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welders, carpenters, and trowel tradesmen, remains
largely a white man’s preserve.
Negro secretaries and other clerical help are
much in demand in aerospace as in other indus­
tries. In the South, progress for women employees
lags in the plants, but is somewhat better in the
offices. In the North, many companies find Negro
women sheet metal employees superior to men in
diligence, productivity, and attendance. But there
has been little upgrading of Negro women, and
not too much of white women either, in this or
other industries.
Aerospace companies have scoured the country
looking for professional and technical employees.
But Negroes have traditionally not been oriented
to engineering as a profession. Bright Negroes
seeking professional education and attainment
have only recently gone into either engineering or
work in industry. Considering this fact, the few
who are found in the aerospace industry are a siz­
able percentage of those available. Several have
very responsible positions, but many who grad­
uated from segregated schools find their back­
ground insufficient for advancement, and probably
would not even be employed were it not for gov­
ernmental pressure.
The push to managerial jobs is slow. Negro su­
pervisors are no longer rare, but not commonplace
either. They now supervise mixed crews all over
the country, but advancement beyond the first or
second line is still relatively rare. Few Negroes
have the modem “plumbers’ license” for mana­
gerial development—the MBA from a prestigious
graduate business school—and as those of us from
such institutions know so regretfully, few are en­
rolled although our efforts to improve our position
rival that of the aerospace industry.
Location

We have already noted that the aerospace indus­
try is located in every major region of the coun­
try. It is, therefore, found near the great concen­
trations of the Negro population in both the South
and in the major industrial centers of the North
and West. This superficially would appear to make
the industry accessible to the Negro, who desired
employment in the industry. In actual fact, the lo­
cational problems are severe.
The very nature of the aerospace industry re­
quires most plants to be located on the outside pe-

24
rimeters of cities, preferably near an airport. In
some cases, the facility must be even more remote.
Martin’s Denver missile operations are actually
25 miles outside of the city in a semiarid pasture.
Moreover, the need for remote test facilities draws
plants away from cities. Again Martin’s develop­
ment of the Denver site, and United Aircraft’s
Florida plants located to be near Canaveral, are
illustrations of expansion that would have been
more helpful to Negro employment if they had oc­
curred in Baltimore or Hartford, Conn. Similarly,
when World War I I ended, a number of southern
California aircraft manufacturers abandoned fa­
cilities in older, heavily populated areas of Los
Angeles and moved all their operations to those
outside the city limits.
The significance of the plant location problem
can be now well illustrated in the southern Cali­
fornia industry. The few plants located either close
to Watts or on direct public transportation routes
generally have two or three times the proportion
of Negroes that those have who are located in the
outer county areas. The same companies and poli­
cies are involved. Interestingly enough, however,
the outlying plants have a less skewed inplant dis­
tribution of Negroes. These outlying plants are
either new, or newly integrated. The practice of
confining Negroes to certain jobs never existed, and
was easier to avoid than where it had become
institutionalized. Moreover, the type of Negro who
can find a home in the suburbs, or is willing to
commute great distances for a job, is usually
highly motivated as well as able, and therefore
capable of accepting or gaining promotion and
upgrading opportunities.
Despite some exceptions, however, the farther
from center city is the aerospace plant, the fewer
Negroes are found on its employment rolls.
Workers who have had little experience, motiva­
tion, or assistance do not know enough to look for
work at long commuting distance; superior
workers usually do not have to commute long
distances to obtain good jobs with promotion
possibilities. Consequently, both employment and
upward plant movement in the industry are re­
stricted by the necessities of plant location in
relation to the central city where Negroes are
concentrated.
The seniority systems in the aerospace system
are quite varied, but in general do not appear to
restrict Negro advancement. In a few cases, the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

lines are long and narrow, but mostly seniority
districts tend to be broad with families of jobs
clustered in one district. There are occasionally
plantwide applications, and in some situations,
transfers among plants of one company are part of
the collective agreement. The volatility of employ­
ment as a result of government contract awards
and cancellations insure maximum interest in job
security and a general approach to a broad
seniority policy.
In general the wider the seniority district, the
greater the opportunity for Negroes for upgrad­
ing and advancement. As the most recently hired
and the group which most likely has the fewest
skills, Negroes profit substantially from broad op­
portunities for movement. But, of course, a wide
seniority progression system has its corollary dis­
advantages, too. When employment turns down­
ward, it provides the broadest opportunities for
bumping. With Negroes both relatively new and
still overly concentrated in the semiskilled and
relatively unskilled jobs, they are then especially
vulnerable.
Job bidding is widely used in the industry to fill
higher jobs. Company officials have repeatedly
complained that Negroes appear more reluctant to
bid on jobs than whites and often require great en­
couragement if they are to bid. Lack of experience
in industrial practices, fear of moving from a job
situation which is acceptable to white fellow work­
ers to one which is not, or lack of motivation are
possible reasons for this.
At least one company in the industry does not
apply straight seniority in either promotion or
layoffs. One of this company’s facilities is under
considerable government pressure to increase its
percentage and distribution of Negro employment.
Recently employment declined in this facility, but
the percentage of Negroes increased. Whether this
resulted from “affirmative action” or discrimina­
tion in reverse, or whether these terms are distinc­
tions without differences could not be ascertained.
Training

The aerospace industry is accustomed to train­
ing because of its sudden employment shifts. Vesti­
bule training—teaching basic shop behavior,
arithmetic, and English—is frequently done by
the companies themselves or indirectly through
support of school programs or those of such or­
ganizations as Opportunities Industrialization

25

NEGRO MOBILITY IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY

Commission. Closely related are the programs for
training on simple sheet metal assembly or other
entry jobs which often continue as long as employ­
ment is expanding. Special efforts have been made
by the industry to include Negroes in these classes
since 1962. Their success is indicated by a steady
increasing percentage of Negroes in most aero­
space plants.
In addition, however, few industries offer so
much training for advancement and upgrading.
The rapidly evolving technology compels much of
this if the work force and supervision are to be
kept current. But this training also provides tre­
mendous opportunities for those who wish to move
up the occupational ladder. Negro involvement in
such programs is substantial, but nowhere near the
ratio one might hope or expect. Motivational fac­
tors appear very important. Willingness to con­
tribute one’s time to train for a better future de­
pends on background, expectations, and genuine
belief in opportunity. That all three are lacking
to some degree in the Negro community is not dif­
ficult to understand. Until training opportunities
are grasped, however, Negro upgrading will not
achieve its potential in aerospace or in any other
industry.
Other Factors

There are many other factors which determine
upgrading and intraplant movement of Negroes
in the aerospace industry. Company dedication to
equal opportunity, of course, varies and plays a
significant role. Union policy is also of impor­
tance, but is generally more passive than active
in this industry.
Government policy has been already mentioned.
It must be credited with a large role in motivating
employers and keeping the significance of the
problem in the forefront. But the government is
not a single-dimensioned pressure force. The gov­
ernment is also the customer, and it is the police­
man. As customer, it demands, as it should, zero
defect work. Life is involved and quality of work­
manship cannot be compromised. The industry has
to certify the capability of workmen on many jobs.
Social programs are admirable, but there is no sub­
stitute for experience and ability. Affirmative ac­
tion can go only so far, a,nd educational, cultural,
and attitudinal deficiencies cannot be either


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glossed over or overcome quickly. The unfortu­
nate plain fact is that the higher the qualifications
which are required, the fewer Negroes are qualified
and the more difficult it is to gain qualifications by
shortrun training or educational programs.
Much of aerospace work is under tight security.
Jail or arrest records at one time automatically
meant clearance denials. Given the facts of city
slums and Negro-police relations, this was a pow­
erful bar to Negro advancement, or even employ­
ment, in the industry.
Now a more sophisticated approach is the rule.
Arrest records are scrutinized and the minor in­
fractions discounted. It appears government se­
curity and equal opportunity pressures are today
more synchronized in approach than formerly.
Cyclical Aspects

As in most industries, Negroes have made their
greatest gains in the aerospace industry in times of
full employment, and by the very nature of the
industry, this means in times of war. The barriers
were broken during World War I I ; serious up­
grading occurred during the Korean W ar; and
now the impetus of Vietnam, on top of the space
program, has further expanded opportunities for
development and promotion. But this has not been
a smooth transition. Huge layoffs occurred after
World War II, after the Korean armistice, and
again in 1958, affecting the whole industry. De­
pending on the ebb and flow of government pro­
curement, one company expands, another con­
tracts, a plant may be abandoned or opened up.
As the last hired and the most recently pro­
moted, Negroes have found that their gains were
washed out time and again. Yet in each cycle, fur­
ther gains were made up the occupational ladder;
today’s have been the greatest. A longrun view
can, therefore, tend to be optimistic. Yet the insti­
tutional factors affecting Negro employment and
upgrading in the aerospace industry are formi­
dably negative. The average Negro employment in
the industry will surely remain below 10 percent
in the foreseeable future, and upgrading of Ne­
groes will move at a slower pace than employment
because the educational and skill qualifications,
which the industry cannot waive for the obvious
reason of human safety, are still lacking in our
Negro population.

Educational Attainment of Workers
Occupational Distributions
Between Whites and Negroes Vary
Despite Their Educational Upgrading
H ar vey R. H a m e l *

As t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n c e m e n t takes place in a
nation, providing an increasing number of jobs
which require a strong educational background, it
is important that the educational attainment of the
labor force continue to improve. According to a
survey made in March 1967 1 the educational at­
tainment of American workers has advanced
greatly since 1940 so that the proportion of workers
with a high school diploma or better (61 percent in
1967) has doubled during that time. Twelve per­
cent had obtained college or advanced degrees at
the time of the survey. One reason for this upgrad­
ing in education among American workers is that
the supply of better educated workers is increas­
ing as young workers with more schooling enter
the labor force and replace older workers who have
either retired or died. Also, the demand for better
educated workers has risen as jobs become more
specialized.
The current study reveals some interesting rela­
tionships between levels of education and other
characteristics of workers such as age, sex, color,
and employment status. For example, not only do
white workers have higher educational attainment
than Negro workers2at each level of schooling, but
they differ significantly with respect to unemploy­
ment rates and occupational distributions. This
article discusses the variations. It also includes a
discussion of educational trends and the relation­
ship of education to labor force participation, em­
ployment, and unemployment.
Educational Upgrading

The rise in the educational level of workers from
year to year is gradual, but over the long term it
amounts to a very substantial increase. For ex­
26


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ample, although the median number of school years
completed by workers has not changed signifi­
cantly in the past few years, there has been a 35percent increase in average attainment for 18- to
64-year-old workers since 1940. The increase in
average attainment for men was much sharper
than for women workers over the period (60 versus
13 percent). Perhaps a better indication of this
difference is that while the proportion of men in
the labor force with at least a high school educa­
tion more than doubled from 1940 to 1967, the pro­
portion of women workers with that much school­
ing rose to only iy 2 times the 1940 level. The great
difference in these proportions occurred primarily
because many of the women entering the labor
force during this time were in the older age groups
where the average number of years of schooling is
low, while the rise in the male labor force occurred
mostly in the younger groups.
While the long-term educational rise was
sharper for men than women in the labor force,
the opposite was true for those not in the labor
force, as can be seen in the following tabulation:
*Of th e D iv isio n of L abor F orce S tu d ies, B ureau of Labor
S ta tis tic s.
1 T he survey w a s condu cted fo r th e B ureau of L abor S ta tis tic s
by th e B ureau o f th e C ensus th rou gh its C urrent P o p u la tio n
Survey. The d ata rela te to th e c iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l pop ula­
tio n 18 years old and over (u n le ss o th er w ise specified,) in the
w eek en d in g M arch 18, and w ere obtained from supplem en tary
q u estion s to the C ensu s’ m o n th ly su rvey of th e lab or fo rce fo r
M arch 1967.
T h is rep ort is th e s ix th in a series on th is subject. T he m ost
recen t w as published in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , Ju n e 1967,
pp. 39—47, and rep rin ted w ith a d d itio n a l tab ular d ata an d ex­
p la n a to ry n o tes as Sp ecial L abor F o rce R ep ort No. 83, w h ic h also
in clu d es a com plete lis tin g o f e a rlier rep orts andi th e ir coverage.
D a ta on th e ed u cation al a tta in m e n t o f th e p op u lation are pub­
lish ed by th e B ureau o f th e C ensus, C u rre n t P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts ,
S eries P - 2 0 .
2 D a ta for n o n w h ite s w ill be reported as d a ta for N egroes sin ce
abou t 92 percent of a ll n o n w h ite s 18 y e a rs and over in th e U n ited
S ta te s are N egro.

27

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS
Median years of school completed
Men
March 1967.........
March 1962.......
March 1957.____
October 1952.......................

Population
12.1
11.6
10.7
10.1

Labor force
12.2
12.0
11.1
10.4

Not in the
labor force
9.0
8.7
8.5
8.5

Women
March 1967.......
March 1962........................
March 1957___________
October 1952.......................

12.1
12.0
11.4
11.0

12.3
12.2
12.1
12.6

11.9
11.2
10.7
10.4

The upward educational trend of women not in
the labor force mirrored the general educational
gains of the population. On the other hand, the
very slight gain in the educational level of men
nonparticipants reflects the unique composition of
this group. These men are a relatively small pro­
portion of the male population comprising chiefly
two age groups; teenagers who are still in school
and older men (65 years and over) who attended
school at a time when eighth grade was commonly
the highest achievement.
As of 1967, the educational gap between young
and old workers was very pronounced. Nearly 80
percent of the 20- to 24-year-old workers com­
pared with only 43 percent of those 55 to 64 years
old had completed 4 years of high school or more,
and in each age group women were better educated
than men.
American Negroes, both those in and those out
of the labor force, have less formal education than
whites. The average for the Negro population as
a whole was only 2 years of high school as com­
pared with better than a high school education for
white persons; for persons in the labor force the
gap was not as large. But even so, more than 6 out
of 10 white workers compared with only 4 out of
10 Negro workers had completed 4 years of high
school or more in March 1967. Moreover, the pro­
portion of white workers who had obtained a
college or advanced degree (13 percent) was more
than twice as high as among Negro workers (6
percent).
Although they still lag behind, the educational
upgrading of Negro workers has proceeded at a
faster pace than that of whites (table 1). During
the 15-year period from 1952 to 1967, the difference
between the educational level of the average Negro
and white worker was reduced by more than half
as the percent of Negro workers with a high school
education more than doubled and the proportion
of white workers with that much education in­


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creased 36 percent. Over the same period, the rise
in the proportions of Negro and white workers
with a college or advanced degree followed a simi­
lar pattern. Notwithstanding these educational
gains, the proportion of Negro workers who com­
pleted no more than an elementary school educa­
tion was about as high in 1967 as it was for white
workers 15 years earlier.
Unemployment Rates and Education

An indication of the relationship between edu­
cational attainment and job acquisition can be
shown by comparing the educational level of per­
sons who have jobs with that of persons wTho are
seeking work. As might be expected, employed
persons have attained higher levels of schooling
than unemployed workers. This difference was
particularly sharp among men. The small pro­
portion of men who were unemployed were over­
represented among the least educated. (See table
2.) Many of these persons were jobless precisely
because they did not have the skills or formal
educational requirements needed for available
jobs. For women, however, the difference between
attainment levels for employed and unemployed
workers was not as striking. One reason is that
women at each level of educational attainment
have a more tenuous attachment to the labor force

than men and they are often unemployed for short
periods of time as they leave and reenter the job
market. Therefore, the educational distribution of
unemployed women closely resembled that of all
women workers.
But there is a direct relationship between un­
employment and education. With few exceptions,
unemployment tends to decline among men and
women in the various age groups as the level of
education rises. For example, among men 18 years
old and over, jobless rates in March 1967 ranged
from 5.7 percent for workers who had completed
less than 5 years of elementary school to about 1
percent for college graduates.
The negative association between levels of
schooling and unemployment rates holds true for
working men in most age groups. (See chart 1.)
However, the unemployment rate of men 18 years
old and over with 1 to 3 years of high school was
no lower than that of men with less schooling.
This is largely attributable to the large number
of recent high school dropouts (between 18 and

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

1.

E d u c a t io n a l A t t a in m e n t o f W o r k e r s

18

Y e a r s O ld a n d

Over, Selected

Women

Men

Both sexes

1952-67

Y ear s,

Years of school completed and year
Total

White

Nonwhite

Total

White

Nonwhite

Total

White

Nonwhite

Percent of civilian labor force completing specified years of school1
Elementary—8 years or less: March 1957___

____________ ____ ____

High school—4 years or more:

College—4 years or more:

21.0
27.0
33.4
37.9

19.1
24.7
30.5
34.9

35.9
45.2
57.6
66.5

23.3
29.6
36.3
41.2

21.4
27.2
33.7
38.7

40.3
50.5
61.5
69.5

16.8
21.8
27.1
31.0

14.9
19.5
23.6
26.5

30.0
37.6
51.4
62.3

60.4
53.8
47.3
43.3

62.8
56.6
50.1
46.1

40.5
31.5
22.7
17.4

57.9
50.8
44.1
39.9

60.3
53.5
46.7
42.1

36.4
27.3
19.3
15.1

64.7
59.4
54.0
50.6

67.5
62.7
57.8
55.1

45.9
37.6
28.0
20.4

12.0
11.0
9.1
8.0

12.8
11.8
9.8
8.6

5.8
4.8
3.5
2.6

13.2
11.7
9.6
8.1

14.1
12.6
10.3
8.6

5.3
3.6
2.6
1.9

9.9
9.5
8.3
7.7

10.4
10.0
8.8
8.3

6.4
6.7
4.7
3.6

12.3
12.2
12.1
12.0

12.4
12.3
12.2
12.1

11.5
10. 5
8.9
8.1

Median years of school completed
March 1967__________________________

12.3
12.1
11.6
10.9

12.3
12.2
12.1
11.4

1 Excludes persons completing 1 to 3 years of high school.
2 Includes persons reporting no school years completed.

24 years old) who find it more difficult to locate
a job than do older persons with the same or less
education, because they have not yet acquired the
occupational skills that many employers look for
in potential workers.
This seems to be particularly true for Negro
workers. Jobless rates were sharply higher for all
Negro men and women who left high school be­
fore graduating than for those who completed 8
years or less of schooling. But unemployment
rates for white workers were no greater for high
school dropouts than for those with less education.
Although both Negro and white workers have ben­
efited from the continued expansion of our econ­
omy since 1961, the unemployment rates in March
1967 of 18- to 24-year-old Negroes who had com­
pleted 1 to 3 years of high school remained very
high (18 percent for men and 29 percent for
women).
Negroes have faced a more serious unemploy­
ment problem than white workers throughout the
postwar period; the jobless rate for Negro work­
ers has remained at about twice that of white men
and women since the early 1950’s. This ratio gen­
erally persists at each level of educational attain­
ment, with the rate differential even greater among
workers with more schooling than among those
with a minimal level of education. In March 1967,
the unemployment rate for Negro men who were


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10.8
9.6
8.4
7.6

12.2
12.0
11.1
10.4

12.3
12.1
11.5
10.8

10.2
9.0
8.0
7.2

Source: Current Population Reports, Series P-50, Nos. 49 and 78 for 1952
and 1957 data, respectively (U .S. Bureau of the Census).

high school graduates (4.7 percent) was 2y2 times
that of white male graduates, an even greater ratio
than that for Negro and white men who had not
completed a high school education.
Another striking indication of the dispropor­
tionate burden of unemployment which falls on
Negro working men or women was that job­
less rates were about as high for Negroes who had
completed at least 1 year of college (4.1 percent)
as for white workers with only an elementary
school education (4.3 percent). Only among older
Negro men and women did unemployment rates of
college-educated workers approach the very low
levels of white workers.
Underemployment

The association between educational levels and
the utilization of the labor force is not confined
to rates of unemployment. There is also a con­
nection between educational attainment and the
incidence of both long-term unemployment and
involuntary part-time employment.
Jobless workers with less than a high school
education were more likely to have undergone ex­
tended periods of unemployment than high school
graduates. Twenty percent of the less educated
compared with 16 percent of the better educated
unemployed workers had been jobless for 15 weeks

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS
T a b l e 2. U n e m p l o y m e n t R a t e s and E d u c a t io n
P e r s o n s 18 Y e a r s O ld a nd O v e r , M arch 1967
Male

29
of

Female

Years of school completed
White

T otal______ ______ ___
Less than 4 years of high school.
Elementary: 8 years or less.
High school: 1 to 3 years..
4 years of high school or more.
High school: 4 years_____
College: 1 year or m ore.. .

2.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
1.8
2.3
1.3

Non­ Ratio 1 White Non­ Ratio 1
white
white
6.5
7.5
6.8
8.8
4.7
5.4
3.2

2.4
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.6
2.3
2.5

4.0
5.4
5.0
5.8
3.2
3.7
2.4

8.4
9.7
7.0
13.0
6.9
7.7
5.0

2.1
1.8
1.4
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1

1 Nonwhite unemployment rate divided by white unemployment rate.

or more in March 1967. Some of this difference
results from the age composition of persons with
low levels of schooling. This group includes a
disproportionately large number of persons 45
years old and over, who are more likely than
younger workers to be jobless for long periods.
The short-term jobless were better educated than
those with long-term unemployment. The propor­
tion who were high school graduates were 45 and
38 percent, respectively. The short-term jobless in­
clude relatively more new workers than those with
long-term employment; also more prevalent in
this group are job changers, who tend to be in the
younger age groups.
Chart 2 shows that employed workers who had
not completed high school were more likely than
high school graduates to be working part time for
economic reasons (because of slack work, material
shortages, inability to find full-time work, and
other reasons). Moreover, these involuntary parttime Avorkers Avere not as Avell educated as volun­
tary part-time and full-time employees. Only 36
percent of those Avho Avorked part time for eco­
nomic reasons Avere high school graduates, com­
pared Avith 60 percent of those Avorking part time
for other reasons and 64 percent of the full-time
Avorkers. Involuntary part-time Avork is usually
more prevalent among blue-collar Avorkers, occu­
pations Avhich include a large proportion of less
educated Avorkers.

uates. The low labor force participation of lesser
educated Avomen may reflect to some extent inabil­
ity to find suitable work, as well as the fact that
there is a concentration of older women Avho are
less likely to Avork. The higher rates for women
Avho are high school and college graduates reflect
the groAving demand for highly trained and edu­
cated Avomen in the rapidly expanding Avhite-collar and service occupations. This pattern generally
prevailed for Avomen in most age groups whether
they Avere single or married. At the same time,
single Avomen ( avIi o are usually not burdened by
family responsibilities) Avere more likely to be in
the labor force than married Avomen, at each level
of schooling.
Labor force participation rates of Avomen in all
age groups except 65 years and over have been
increasing for many years. Since 1957 the rise in
Chart 1. Unemployment
O ld

Rates of M en

Completed, March 1967

Labor Force Participation

Among Avomen and older men, a higher level of
schooling is associated Avith a greater likelihood of
being in the Avork force. For example, in March
1967 labor force participation rates ranged from
27 percent for Avomen Avith only an elementary
school education to 57 percent for college grad­
285-796 0

-

68-3


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18

Years

and Over, by Age and Years of School

I
□

l

8 years or less
1 to 3 years of high school
4 years of high school or more

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

30

C h art 2 . F u ll-T im e a n d P a rt-T im e E m p lo y m e n t a n d Y e a rs o f S chool C o m p le te d for
E m p lo y e d in N o n a g ric u ltu ra l Industries, M a r c h 1967

Persons

A greater proportion of workers with less than 4 years of high school than of those with more education
worked part-time for economic reasons-

■
□
□

Part-time:
Economic reasonsOther reasons
Full-time

and a disproportionately large number of workers who had not completed high school worked part-time
for economic reasons-

1 Includes persons who worked less than 35 hours during the survey week because of slack work, material shortages, inability to find full-time work, or
other similar reasons.

worker rates for women under 45 years was some­
what sharper for high school graduates than for
women who did not gain a high school diploma.
Among women 45 to 64 years old, labor force
participation rates have increased moderately for
women with both high and low levels of educa­
tional attainment. This suggests that for older
women, considerations other than formal educa­
tional levels are important factors leading to
decisions to enter the work force. These considera­
tions include financial as well as noneconomic fac­
tors such as household responsibilities. Labor


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force participation rates among women 65 years
old and over have been relatively stable at all levels
of education attainment. However, in March
1967 better educated women 65 and over were still
more likely to be in the labor force than women
that age with lower levels of schooling.
Negro women had higher labor force partici­
pation rates than white women in each age-educa­
tion category except for 18- to 24-year-olds who
had graduated from high school, as shown in chart
3. These higher worker rates probably reflect the
disadvantaged economic position of the Negro

31

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS

workingman. His wife has a greater tendency to be
in the labor force than a white man’s because the
Negro male is more likely to be unemployed or, if
employed, to be earning less than his white
counterpart.
There is little relationship between educational
attainment and labor force participation for men
in the 25- to 54-year-old group. Nearly all are in
the labor force, since most are married and must
work in order to support their families. On the
other hand, there is a direct relationship between
levels of schooling and participation in the labor
force for both the 55- to 64-year-old group and
for men 65 years old and over. Among 55- to 64year-old men, the decline since 1962 has been
sharpest among those who have not completed
high school. This suggests that less educated older
men, many of whom are in unskilled and physi­
cally more demanding jobs, are more likely to re­
tire early than those workers with higher levels of
schooling. Probably some of these men are with­
drawing from the labor force because of their
inability to retain or to find suitable employment.
The expansion of private pension plans and the
extension and liberalization of the social security
system, including changes since 1957 in its dis­
ability provisions, have undoubtedly facilitated
the retirement of many workers in this age group.
Labor force participation among men 65 years
old and over has been declining for the past two
decades. Unlike 55- to 64-year-old men, the decline
in labor force participation rates among men 65
and over has been apparent at all levels of educa­
tion. The overall rate declined to 26 percent in
1967 from 43 percent in 1952. By March 1967 the
participation rate for the least educated (less than
5 years of school) had dropped by one-half to 16
percent, but for those with 1 year of college or
more the rate declined by only one-fourth to 42
percent.
Labor force participation rates in March 1967
were generally similar for white and Negro men
25 to 54 years old within each age and educational
category. Among 18- to 24-year-olds, the rate was
3
Since data on the occupational structure of employed persons
by level of educational attainm ent in 1952 are available only for
the month of October, the estim ate of employment in farm oc­
cupations between March and October would be affected by sea­
sonal patterns. In 1967 th is proportion changed from 4.3 percent
in March to 5.0 percent in October, a relatively slight change
compared w ith the long-term decline in farm employment since
1952.


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lower for Negro than white workers with low
levels of education, suggesting that lesser educated
Negro young men drop out of the labor force in
the face of poor job opportunities. On the other
hand, a greater proportion of Negro than white
high school graduates in that age group were in
the labor force, probably because a relatively
smaller number of young Negro men were attend­
ing college.
Occupational Composition

The general upgrading of the educational level
of the population and the rising demand for better
educated and more highly trained workers in vari­
ous occupations have been accompanied by a sub­
stantial change in the occupational composition of
employed persons since 1952 :
Occupational distribution of employed
persons H years old and over
(iannual averages)
Women

Men

Total___________________
White-collar workers___ _
Professional workers— - .
Managers and proprietors____
Clerical workers. .
Sales workers.. ___________
Blue-collar workers . ________
Craftsmen and foremen____ _
Operatives___
. ..
Nonfarm laborers_______ .
Farm workrs V—
Service workers2 __________ . . .

1966

1952

1966

1962

100.0
38.5
12.3
13.1
7.1
6.0
47.7
19.6
20.6
7.5
6.6
7.2

100.0
31.8
7.5
12.2
6.6
5.4
49.1
20.0
20.6
8.5
13.1
6.0

100.0
56.8
13.2
4.4
32.1
7.1
16.8
1.0
15.4
.4
2.7
23.7

100.0
51.6
10.2
5.4
28.5
7.5
21.4
1.4
19.4
.6
5.9
21.1

1 Includes farmers and farm managers, laborers, and foremen.
2 Includes private household workers.

The proportion of professional and technical and
service workers increased between 1952 and 1966.
There was a corresponding decline over the 14year period1in the percent of employed persons
with unskilled blue-collar and farm jobs.
Between October 1952 and March 1967 the pro­
portion of employed persons working in farm oc­
cupations declined in each education group.3
Among the rapidly declining numbers and pro­
portion of working men who have not completed
even an elementary school education, the propor­
tions working as craftsmen, operatives, and serv­
ice workers increased. Relatively more men who
had graduated from high school were working in
professional and technical, semiskilled, and serv­
ice occupations in 1967, and comparatively fewer
had jobs in the managerial and proprietor groups.
Among men who had graduated from college, the

32
movement into professional, technical, and mana­
gerial jobs has been accompanied by a correspond­
ing decline in the proportion working in clerical
and craftsmen occupations.
Generally, the occupational trend's of women
workers followed those of their male counterparts
during this period. In all education categories, ex­
cept college graduates, much larger proportions
of women worked in service occupations in 1967
than in 1952; for college graduates, there was a
sharp proportional increase in professional and
technical occupations (up 13 points to 80 per­
cent) , partially offset by a decrease in clerical em­
ployment.
The educational level of workers has improved
in virtually every occupation group since 1952.
The sharpest rise occurred among service and bluecollar workers, while the attainment level of work­
ers in white-collar occupations either remained
about the same or increased slightly from their
already high 1952 levels.
Educational gains have generally been greater
for employed Negroes than for white men and
women since 1959 when the average educational
level of Negroes was very low. During the 8-year
period, the average level of schooling of employed
Negro men increased 2 full years compared with
less than one-half year for white men. This rise is
primarily attributable to the educational gains
made by younger Negroes; also, a higher pro­
portion of young workers (18 to 34 years) are in
the Negro than the white work force, 41 and 36
percent, respectively. There was a similar differ­
ence in the educational upgrading of employed
white and Negro women.
Among Negro men, the sharpest increase in the
proportion of workers who were high school
graduates was in the blue-collar occupations in
which nearly 6 out of 10 Negro men are employed.
There were more modest educational gains among
Negro men working in white-collar, service, and
farm occupations. For white men, the increase in
the general educational level is evident in all broad
occupation groups, but particularly among serv­
ice workers. The proportion of white men with
service jobs who were high school graduates rose
to 50 from 36 percent. The proportion of both
white and Negro women who completed 4 years
of high school or more increased in all the broad
occupation groups.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

In spite of their educational gains, Negro
workers had lower levels of educational attain­
ment than white workers in nearly every occupa­
tion group. Substantially greater proportions of
employed Negro men than white workers in bluecollar and service occupations had completed no
more than an elementary school education.
Job Concentration

There are substantial differences in the occupa­
tional distribution of white and Negro workers.
There is a greater representation of white workers
in the more desirable occupations while Negro
workers are overly concentrated in less preferable
jobs. For example, in March 1967 one-half of the
Chart 3. Labor Force Participation Rates 1 of Women,
by A g e, Color, and Years of School Completed,
March 1967

33

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS

employed white men compared with only onefourth of employed Negro men had jobs as pro­
fessional and technical workers, managers, offi­
cials, or proprietors, or as skilled craftsmen. On
the other hand, Negro men were concentrated in
semiskilled and unskilled blue-collar jobs and in
service occupations.
These overall differences are due in large part to
the variation in levels of educational attainment
of white and Negro workers. In March 1967,
61 percent of employed white men compared with
only 37 percent of employed Negro men had at­
tained at least a high school education:

However, variations in levels of educational at­
tainment alone are not sufficient to explain the
white-Negro occupational differential. Table 3
shows that this difference in occupational compo­
sition occurs for workers with both the highest
and lowest levels of schooling completed. Among
workingmen who were high school graduates but
had not attended college, whites were concentrated
in white-collar and skilled blue-collar jobs while
the bulk of Negro men worked1in semiskilled and
unskilled blue-collar jobs and in service occupa­
tions. Even among those who had completed 1 year
or more of college, Negroes were overrepresented
in the least skilled occupations, notwithstanding
the fact that the same proportion of white and
Negro men with that much education were pro­
fessional and technical workers in March 1967.
There were similar variations in the occupational
distribution of workers who did not have high
school diplomas.

Distribution of employed men
by education
While
100.0
21.2
18.0
60.8
34.0
26.8

T o ta l..______________
Elementary: 8 years or le ss .. _
High school: 1 to 3 years.........
4 years of high school or more.
4 years of high school__
1 year of college or m ore..
T a b l e 3.

O c c u p a t io n a l D is t r ib u t io n

Negro
100.0
40.3
22.6
37.1
24.8
12.3

and

E d u c a t io n o f W h it e a n d
O v e r , M arch 1967

N o n w h it e W o r k e r s

18 Y e a r s O ld a n d

Total em] )loyed
Farmers
Farm
and farm
managers laborers

Service
workers
including
private
house­
hold

4.1
2.5
5.6

1.4
4.5
2.2

6.2
15.2
7.2

+11.1

- 3 .1

+ 2 .3

+ 8 .0

29.2
28.8

9.9
24.3

9.4
4.0

4.1
9.3

9.1
14.6

28.7
12.5

28.9
33.2

6.9
20.5

3.3
1.6

1.2
2.3

7.0
17.8

6.9
2.6

25.2
15.0

20.5
29.9

3.8
11.4

3.4
1.8

.7
.7

6.5
17.2

7.9
13.4

9.2
2.0

8.0
7.4

4.9
14.0

1.1
3.5

1.3
.6

.4
.6

3.1
8.6

4.8
1.3
4.6

35.9
15.5
29.1

7.6
2.1
7.9

1.2
.5
1.5

15.7
18.5
21.6

.3
.8
.4

.3
.2
.4

1.3
1.3
1.6

17.7
51.1
22.5

-1 .8

- 3 .3

-1 3 .6

- 5 .8

-1 .0

- 3 .1

+ .4

-.2

-.3

+28.6

.5

Operatives

N on­
farm
laborers

21.2
12.9
23.7

19.7
28.2
24.0

4.9
17.7
6.6

- 3 .3

-1 0 .8

+ 4 .2

3.2
1.8

2.2
.6

24.8
13.4

10.8
2.8

6.5
6.0

4.3
1.2

8.0
4.6

15.3
3.9

9.7
12.8

10,920 100.0
537 100.0

41.2
41.9

22.8
8.0

22,248 100.0
3,186 100.0
3,186 100.0

15.3
8.7
10.5

Professional
and techni­
cal workers

Managers
and
proprietors

Clerical
workers

Sales
workers

14.4
7.0
8.0

14.8
3.6
12.0

7.2
6.9
6.1

6.0
1.4
4.7

- 1 .0

-8 . 4

+ .8

8,624 100.0
1,756 100.0

.9
.6

7.2
2.6

7,359 100.0
987 100.0

2.4
2.0

13,868 100.0
1,079 100.0

Years of school com­
pleted, color, and sex
Number

Per­
cent

Crafts­
men

Men
Total employed:
White________
N onw hite actual.
Nonwhite expected >.
Actual m inus
expected______ . . .
Elementary—8 years or
less:
W hite..
N onw hite___ _____
High school—1 to 3
years:
White______________
N onw hite___ ______
High school—4 years:
White______________
N onw hite___ ______
College—1 year or more:
White______________
N onw hite_____

40,771 100.0
4,359 100.0
4,359 100.0

Women
Total employed:
White______________
Nonwhite actual. . . .
Nonwhite expected1.
Actual minus
Elementary—8 years or
less:
White______________
N onw hite....... ..........
High school—1 to 3
years:
White______________

3,266 100.0
972 100.0

.9
.2

3.8
- 1 .1

9.4
.9

7.0
.5

2.2
.3

37.6
18.6

1.0

.8
.3

3.2
2.6

34. 5
74.4

3,846 100.0
730 100. 0

2.1
1. 5

4.8
.7

21.7
8.1

10.5
2.6

2.0
.8

28.1
22.3

.6

.3

1.0

1.2
1.1

28.5
61.9

High school—4 years:
White______________
N onw hite__________
College—1 year or more:
White______________

9,964 100.0
1,012 100.0

7.1
3.4

5.0
1.7

52.6
29.8

8.2
3.5

1.0

.7

10.8
20.8

.2
.7

.2
.2

1.0
.7

13. 7
38.6

5,172 100.0
472 100.0

49.9
48.9

4.8
1.5

30.7
26. 5

4.8
1.9

.4
.2

2.0
7.6

.1

.5

6.6
13.3

1
The expected estimate was derived by distributing the actual number
of nonwhite workers at a given level of educational attainment by the occu-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(2)

pational distribution of white workers at that level of education,
2 Less than 0.05 percent.

34
The question arises then as to what part of the
overall variation between the occupational distri­
bution of white and Negro workers is due to dif­
ferences in the level of education of the two groups
and what part is due to other factors. A rough
answer to this question can be developed by esti­
mating what the overall differences between the
occupational distributions of white and Negro
workers would be if at each given educational
level Negroes had the same opportunity for em­
ployment as white workers. Opportunity for
employment was standardized by applying the
occupational distribution of employed white men
to the total number of employed Negro men at
each level of education. Summing the resulting
numbers for each occupational group yields an
“expected” number of Negro men working in each
occupation assuming full equality of employment
opportunity. The difference between the white and
this standardized or expected Negro occupational
distribution reflects basically the lower levels of
schooling of Negro workers.
Comparing the “expected” occupational distri­
bution of Negro men to that of white men (table
3) reveals that the difference in the proportion of
white and Negro men with white-collar and crafts­
men jobs would have been only 9.1 percentage
points if the difference was due solely to the lower
levels of education attainment of Negroes. In actu­
ality, there was a difference of 31.8 percentage
points in proportions of white and Negro work­
ingmen in those occupations. This suggests that
the variation between them (22.7 percentage
points) might be attributed not to an education


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

effect but to other factors such as employment dis­
crimination, inferior quality of education, resi­
dence, lack of capital to enter business, or inability
of Negro workingmen to obtain jobs commensurate
with their education levels.4
Similar differences were observed in the occupa­
tional distributions of white and Negro working
women. Of a total difference of 36 percentage
points in the proportions of white and Negro
women with white-collar jobs, only 11.5 percent­
age points were due to the inferior levels of edu­
cation of Negro women and 24.5 percentage points
reflected the effect of the other previously men­
tioned factors.
This analysis is admittedly very rough. It not
only lacks an adjustment for age differential of
white and Negro workers in each occupation at
each level of educational attainment, but a second
shortcoming is the absence of detailed occupa­
tional data. Within each broad occupation group,
there are differences in the relative concentration
of white and Negro workers in various occupa­
tional specialties. A greater proportion of white
than Negro professional and technical workers
are working as engineers, for example, while
relatively greater numbers of Negro professionals
are elementary school teachers. Thus the broad
occupational distribution may actually understate
the gap between the employment of white and
Negro professional men.
4 It should be noted th at some of this variation can be at­
tributed to age differentials. As a group, Negroes are younger
than whites. Even at the same level of education, one would not
expect younger persons to have reached the same occupational
levels as older more experienced workers.

Service Industry
Wage Changes
and Fringe Benefits
M

ic h a e l

E . Sp a r r o u g h *

G e n e r a l w a g e i n c r e a s e s in 1966 were about as
frequent in the service industries as they were in
manufacturing, but the average increase was
proportionately larger in services than in manu­
facturing. Introduction or liberalization of supple­
mentary benefits was less common than in
factories.
General wage increases were put into effect for
about 3 out of 4 workers in both the service estab­
lishments surveyed and in manufacturing. The
proportion of those instituting changes varied:
About nine-tenths in hospitals, four-fifths in
laundries, two-thirds in hotels and motels, and
half in the remaining categories.
The larger wage changes that were put into
effect in the service industries reflected increases in
both hospitals and laundries (table 1). (Hospitals
employ roughly 45 percent of the workers in all
service establishments studied that had a policy
of making general wage adjustments.) In hotels
and in other types of service establishments,1
wage changes were proportionately lower than
they were in manufacturing.
This summary of wage changes in the service
industries is, of necessity, limited to establishments
that typically make general wage changes instead
of adjusting pay on an individual basis. The ini­
tial survey (see table 2) excluded legal and other
service industries in which few establishments
make general wage or salary changes,2 as well as
service establishments with fewer than 20 workers.
In addition to the industries and small establish­
ments that were excluded completely, some estab­
lishments that received the inquiry on which this
survey is based do not make general wage changes ;
these establishments are also omitted from this


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

summary. Because unionization is less common in
the service industries, relatively fewer service
establishments than factories adjust wages by
means of general wage changes. Whereas only
about 15 percent of the factory workers work for
firms that adjust wages only on an individual
basis, about a third of those in the service indus­
tries studied were employed in establishments that
make only individual adjustments. About 45 per­
cent of the employees of nonunion establishments
in both the service industries and manufacturing
work where general wage changes are usually not
made.
Methods of adjusting wages varied among dif­
ferent types of service establishments in part be­
cause of differences in size. Practically all hos­
pitals make general wage changes, but only about
two-third's of the hotel and motel and laundry
workers work where general changes in wages are
customary.
Size of Wage Changes

The median wage increase for those service em­
ployees whose pay was raised in 1966 was 6 percent
compared with 3.9 percent in manufacturing. Con­
sidering all workers in establishments that usually
make general wage changes, including those whose
pay was not changed in 1966, the average adjust­
ment was 4.2 percent in the service industries and
3.3 percent in manufacturing.3
Looking at union and nonunion establishments
separately, percentage changes (both wage adjust­
ments and increases) were also larger in service
establishments than in manufacturing. In centsper-hour terms, however, unionized factory work­
ers received larger wage changes in 1966 than un­
ion service workers. (Wage levels are generally
higher in manufacturing than in the service indus­
tries surveyed; hence, a given cents-per-hour
change usually represents a higher percentage
change in the service industries.)
The year was one of exceptional increases in
hospital pay. The demand for hospital services
*Of th e D iv isio n of W age E con om ics, B ureau of L abor
S ta tis tic s.
1 F or exam ple, m iscella n eo u s b u sin ess services, m iscellan eou s
repair services, recreation services, and p ro fessio n a l a sso c ia tio n s.
3 In d u str ie s th a t w ere om itted w ere m ed ical and d en ta l labora­
tories, h e a lth services, le g a l services, p r iv a te ly ow ned ed u cation al
services, p r iv a te ly ow ned m useum s, and p r iv a te hou sehold s.
3 “W age in c r e a se ” in th is a r tic le is lim ite d to th o se w orkers
w hose p a y w a s raised ; “w age a d ju stm e n ts” a lso inclu ded w orkers
w hose pay w a s n o t increased.

35

36

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

1.

E m ployees A ffected by

G en e r a l W age I nc r ea ses an d

M e d ia n

W age C h a n g es,

1966

[In percent]
Wage decisions
All
service
All
indus­
Manu­ service
tries
Hos­
fac­
indus­ studied pitals
turing
tries exclud­
studied2 ing
hos­
pitals

Item

Effective wage changes

Hotels
and
motels

Other
Laun­ service
dries indus­
tries

All
service
All
indus­
Manu­ service
tries
fac­
indus­ studied
turing
tries exclud­
studied2 ing
hos­
pitals

Hos­
pitals

Hotels
and
motels

Other
Laun­ service
dries indus­
tries

Percent of employees 3 receiving in­
creases:
All establishments___________

87.9

77,6

64.8

89.1

63.4

83.8

59.6

80.2

73.9

61.7

89.3

67.0

83.6

54.8

U nion. __ _____ _______ ____
N onunion_____ _________ ____

96.1
77.8

93.3
72.5

91.1
47.8

100.0
87.7

87.6
40.9

99.’6
63.4

88.3
46.4

80.9
77.8

76.3
72.6

72.1
48.4

100.0
87.7

85.7
41.0

93.1
64.5

61.7
46.9

4.0

5.0

2.6

7.6

2.3

5.7

1.7

3.3

4.2

2.3

7.6

2.8

3.8

1.1

4.0
3.7

4.7
5.0

4.0
0.0

8.1
7.4

3.7
0.0

6.0
3.2

4.0
0.0

3.2
3.9

3.5
5.0

3.0
0.0

7.9
7.5

3.7
0.0

3.9
3.2

2.2
0.0

Median increases:5
All establishments___________

4.2

6.6

4.5

8.1

3.7

6.5

4.2

3.9

6.0

4.1

8.1

3.7

5.0

4.1

Union________ ______________
Nonunion___________ _ ______

4.1
4.4

5.0
7.5

4.3
5.0

8.1
8.1

3.7
3.8

6.0
6.9

4.1
4.8

3.8
4.5

4.5
7.5

4.0
5.0

7.9
8.1

3.7
3.9

4.3
6.9

4.0
4.3

I n P ercent
Median adjustments:4
All establishments___________
Union____________________ _
Nonunion _

I n C ents
Median adjustments:4
All establishments___________

9.7

9.2

5.0

13.7

2.9

9.0

3.1

8.5

7.8

4.1

13.7

4.0

6.0

3.0

Union________________________
Nonunion____________________

10.0
8.0

9.8
9.0

8.0
0.0

16.6
13.2

6.7
0.0

10.0
5.0

8.5
0.0

8.7
8.0

6.7
9.0

5.2
0.0

16.4
13.2

5.5
0.0

6.1
5.0

5.0
0.0

10.0

12.0

8.5

15.3

6.7

10.0

9.8

10.0

11.0

8.1

15.3

6.4

8.0

9.3

10.0
9.3

10.0
13.0

8.5
8.3

16.6
14.9

6.7
4.9

10.0
10.0

10.0
9.3

10.0
9.6

9.1
13.1

8.0
8.7

16.4
14.9

6.7
4.9

7.2
10.0

9.1
9.5

Median increases:5
All establishments______

..

U n io n _______________________
N o n u n io n ________ . . . ______

1 Includes cost-of-living escalator increases, and deferred wage changes
resulting from decisions reached in earlier years and those decided on in the
current year.
2 Service industries studied in this survey were hotels and motels, rooming
and boarding houses, trailer parks and camps, organization hotels and lodging
houses on a membership basis, laundries, photographic studios, miscellane­
ous business services, automobile repair, automobile services, and garages,
miscellaneous repair services, motion pictures, amusement and recreation
services, nongovernment hospitals, business associations, professional mem­

bership associations, civic, social, and fraternal associations, and labor unions
and similar organizations.
3 In manufacturing, “employees” refers to production and related workers;
in services, “employees” refers to nonsupervisory employees.
4 Includes employees in establishments in which wage rates were not
changed.
5 Limited to establishments in which wage rates were increased.

continued to grow. Among the events that pre­
sumably affected developments, but also reflected
demand pressures, was the first national bargain­
ing goal to be set by the American Nurses Asso­
ciation—an annual starting salary of $6,500. Dur­
ing the year, 90 percent of all hospital employees
were working where pay scales were increased,
with the average increase for those whose pay was
raised amounting to 8.1 percent. For all hospital
employees, including those whose pay was not
changed, the average adjustment was 7.6 percent.
About one-third of all hospital employees were in
hospitals where general pay increases averaged 10
percent or more, and almost 15 percent worked
where the increases averaged 15 percent or more.
Increases of 10 percent or more were effective for
fewer than 1 percent of factory production
workers.
About two-thirds of the hotel employees and
more than 4 out of 5 laundry workers also received

general wage increases, but the average change
was smaller than in hospitals. For those hotel
workers whose pay was increased, the average ad­
vance was 3.7 percent, and for laundry employees
it was 5 percent. Considering all employees, in­
cluding those whose pay was not changed, the av­
erage adjustment was 2.8 percent in hotels and
3.8 percent in laundries.
Pay increases were larger in cents-per-hour
terms in union than in nonunion firms, where pay
levels typically are lower. In hospitals, hotels and
motels, and laundries, percentage wage increases
for those whose pay was raised were at least equal,
and almost always larger, in nonunion than in
union establishments, but the proportion of non­
union workers who received increases was smaller.
Hence, in each industry, percentage adjustments,
which average the increases over all workers, were
greater in union establishments. The fact that hos­
pitals with their very large pay changes account


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

37

SERVICE INDUSTRY CHANGES IN WAGES AND BENEFITS
T a b l e 2.

T o t a l E f f e c t iv e
by

G e n e r a l W a g e C h a n g e s 1 i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d S e l e c t e d S e r v i c e I n d u s t r i e s ,2
T y p e o f E s t a b l i s h m e n t , a s P e r c e n t o f E m p l o y e e s ,3 1 9 6 6

Type and amount of wage action in perceirt of
average straight-time hourly earnings

All service industries
studied

Manufacturing

All

Union 4 Non­
union

All

Union 4 N on­
union

All service industries
studied, excluding
hospitals
All

Union 4 Non­
union

Hospitals

All

100.0

100.0

89.3
1.5
2.3
4.4
4.3
6.4
7.0
7.4
8.4
7.4
3.8
7.8
5.1
2.1
3.0
1.6
7.1
7.6
2.1

100.0

8.7
1.9

87.7
1.7
2.3
4.5
4.0
5.5
7.1
7.9
7.5
6.6
3.3
7.4
4.9
2.1
3.4
1.8
8.2
7.4
2.1

0.0
5.0

7.6
8.1

7.9
7.9

7.5
8.1

707

1,280

162

1,118

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

No wage changes 5____ _____ ______

19.8

19.1

22.2

26.1

23.7

27.4

38.3

27.9

51.6

10.7

Increases in wages 7_.......................... ...................................

80.2
.9
5.4
16.7
16.5
12.7
11.5
10.3
2.7
1.2
.4
.1
(8)
.1
.2
.1
.1
(8)
1.4

80.9
.8
6.2
19.4
17.1
11.7
9.6
11.5
2.4
1.2
.4
.1
(8)
(8)
(8)
.1
.5

77.8
1. 1
2.7
7.8
14.5
16.0
17.9
6.1
3.8
1.0
.6
.3
.1
.3
.7
.1
.5
.1
4.2

73.9
2.2
3.8
7.1
8.2
6.9
6.6
6.3
5.6
4.1
2.7
4.6
2.6
1.3
1.4
1.1
3.5
3.7
2.1

76.3
2. 0
4.7
10.3
14.2
11.1
7.2
6.0
6.3
2.9
2.6
2.7
1.2
.4
(8)
.4
.1
1.4
2.7

72.6
2.3
3.2
5.2
4.6
4.5
6.3
6.5
5.2
4.9
2.7
5.8
3.5
1.8
2.2
1.5
5.5
5.1
1.8

61.7
2.8
5.0
9.2
11.2
7.3
6.4
5.4
3.4
1.6
1.8
2.1
.6
.6
.2
.7
.6
.7
2.1

72.1
2.4
5.1
11.2
15.6
10.7
7.5
6.3
4.9
1.1
1.8
1.3
.1
.1
.1
.5
.2
.1
2.9

48.4
3.4
4.8
6.3
5.5
3.0
4.9
4.3
1.4
2.1
1.8
3.1
1.3
1.2
.4
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.2

3.3
3.9

3.2
3.8

3.9
4.5

4.2
6.0

3.5
4.5

5.0
7.5

2.3
4.1

3.0
4.0

Total number of employees (in thousands)_____ 12,016

9,299

2,717

2,899

1,074

1,825

1,618

912

All establishments 3___________________ ______

1 and under 2____________________ ____________
2 and under 3_______________________________ _
3 and under 4_________________________________
4 and under 5___ ____ _________________________
5 and under 6_________________________________
0 and under 7_________________________________
7 and under 8_________________________________
8 and under 9_________________________________
9 and under 10________________________________
10 and under 11_______________________________
11 and under 12______ _______________ ____ ____
12 and under 13_______________________________

20 and over. ________
N ot specified or not computed 9________________
Average (median) adjustment______________________
Average (median) increase_________________________

All

All establishments 3__________ _______________
No wage changes 6_ ________ _______ ________ ____ _
Increases in wages 7_____________ __________________
Under 1___ __________________________________
1 and under 2 . .................................................................
2 and under 3_________________________________
3 and under 4__________ _____ _________________
4 and under 5_________________________ _______ _
5 and under 6 ________________________________
6 and under 7________________________________ _
7 and under 8________________________ ____
9 and under 10________________________________
10 and under 11_______________________________

15 and under 20____________________ ____ ______

Average (median) adjustment.__________________ _
Average (median) increase_______ _____ ___________
Total number of employees (in thousands)..........

100.0
33.0
67.0
3.3
6.9
1.2
21.9
6.1
4.1
10.3
.6
.2
1.5
1.0
.9
.3

Union 4 Nonunion
100.0
14.3

100.0
59.0

85.7
1.7
8.3
8.7
33.0
9.5
2.6
16.3
1.1

41.0
5.5
5.1
5.0
6.4
1.3
6.3
2.0

.8
1.5

.5
2.3
.3
2.2
.8


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100.0
16.4

Union 4 Nonunion
100.0
6.9

2.3
3.7
6.8
13.0
5.8
3.9
14.4
12.7
7.2
10.6
7.1
2.0

Union 4 Nonunion
100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

35.5

45.2

38.3

53.1

54.8
3.1
4.9
9.2
7.3
7.6
7.2
3.9
1.6
1.8
1.2
2.4
.4
.6
.2
.4
.4
.6
1.9

61.7
2.8
4.8
11.8
8.5
11.6
9.2
4.3
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.4
.1
.1
.1
(8)
(8)
2.9

46.9
3.5
5.0
6.3
5.9
3.1
5.0
3.5
1.6
2.5
1.0
3.6
.8
1.1
.2
.8
.9
1.3
.8

83.6
1.4
3.5
11.0
16.4
7.4
5.2
6.7
12.4
1.8
4.6
2.0
1.2
.9
.6
2.1
1.3
.9
4.2

93.1
1.8
3.6
12.5
23.5
9.0
6.4
4.7
17.6
1.8
4.1
.9
.2
.4

3.9

64.5
.4
3.4
7.9
2.1
4.1
3.0
10.8
2.2
1.8
5.5
4.1
3.2
1.9
1.8
1.9
3.1
2.6
4.7

2.3
.4

All

.5
.6
.7
.9

.4
.3
1.5

2.8
3.7

3.7
3.7

0.0
3.9

3.8
5.0

3.9
4.3

3.2
6.9

1.1
4.1

2.2
4.0

0.0
4.3

257

149

108

282

188

94

1,080

575

505

1 Includes cost-of-living escalator increases and deferred wage increases
resulting from decisions in earlier years, as well as increases decided upon in
the current year.
2 Service industries studied were hotels and motels, rooming and boarding
houses, trailer parks and camps, organization hotels and lodging houses on
a membership basis, laundries, photographic studios, miscellaneous business
services, automobile repair, automobile services, and garages, miscellaneous
repair services, motion pictures, amusement and recreation services, non­
government hospitals, business associations, professional membership
associations, civic, social, and fraternal associations, and labor unions and
similar organizations.
3 In manufacturing, “employees” refers to production and related workers;
in services, “employees” refers to nonsupervisory employees.
4 Establishments in which a majority of employees were covered by union
agreements.
5 Excludes employees in establishments reporting that they never make
general wage changes as well as those in establishments in which action on

1.1
.9
1.3

All

12.3

Other service industries

Laundries

Hotels and motels

Union 4 Non­
union

wages during the year was not known.
6 Includes employees in union establishments in which there was either a
decision not to change wages, no bargaining on wages during the year, or
bargaining was not concluded. The numbers included 1,625,000 in manu­
facturing, 232,000 in services, 232,000 in services excluding hospitals, none in
hospitals, 10,000 in hotels and motels, 11,000 in laundries, and 212,000 in other
service industries.
7 In the case of union establishments, includes negotiated increases
scheduled to go into effect during the 12-month period following the effective
date of the agreement and other adjustments (deferred or cost-of-living
escalator adjustments) effective during the calendar year. In other establish­
ments, includes increases effective in the calendar year.
8 Less than 0.05 percent.
9 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.

38
for 60 percent of the nonunion workers in the serv­
ice industries studied but for fewer than 20 percent
of the union workers resulted in higher percentage
adjustments for nonunion than union service
establishments considered as a group. In manufac­
turing, a somewhat similar pattern prevailed. In
percent, nonunion wage changes were larger than
union; in cents-per-hour, however, union wage
changes were larger than nonunion.
Escalator Increases. Although changes in the
CPI are a major factor in wage increases, espe­
cially in nonunion establishments, automatic costof-living escalator provisions were practically
nonexistent in the service industries. Fewer than
one-half of 1 percent of the workers in the es­
tablishments surveyed were covered by such
provisions, compared with nearly one-fifth in
manufacturing.
Nonuniform Changes. N o n u n i f o r m wage
changes, with cents-per-hour adjustments varying
among different workers within an establishment,
were much more common in service industries than
in manufacturing establishments. Moreover, fac­
tory increases differing among occupations most
commonly consisted of skill level variations. About
80 percent of the workers in the service industries
affected by general wage increases during 1966
received increases that varied in cents-per-hour
terms, compared with about 50 percent in manu­
facturing.
The smaller degree of uniformity in wage
changes in the service industries reflects in part
the fact that fewer establishments are covered by
union agreements. Unionized establishments are
more likely than nonunion establishments to pro­
vide uniform cents-an-hour adjustments. Nine out
of 10 employees in nonunion service establish­
ments received increases that varied among groups
within the same establishment. Even in unionized
service establishments, however, changes for over
two-thirds of the workers were not uniform in
cents per hour. Hospitals typically require a va­
riety of personnel, ranging from cleaners to nurses
and medical technologists ; hence, wage changes
are likely to vary among occupations. Even in
laundries, wage changes for 60 percent of the work­
ers were not the same for all workers in one plant.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

Supplem entary Benefits

Compared with manufacturing, service indus­
tries in 1966 established or liberalized supplemen­
tary benefits for proportionately fewer workers,
and typically fewer benefit changes were made by
service establishments than by factories (see table
3). In both types of industries, the benefits most
frequently changed affected health and welfare,
pensions, paid vacations, and paid holidays.
Benefits were established or liberalized for about
one-fourth of the service employees, compared with
about one-third of those in manufacturing. On the
average, about two benefits were added or liberalT a b l e 3.
C h a n g e s i n S u p p l e m e n t a r y P r a c t ic e s in
M a n u f a c t u r in g a n d S e l e c t e d S e r v ic e I n d u s t r ie s , 1 9 6 6
Total
number
of em­
ployees 1
(in thous­
ands)

Classification

Not
changing
supple­
mentary
practices

Reducing
supple­
mentary
practices

Liberal­
izing or es­
tablishing
1 or more
supple­
mentary
practices

Manufacturing,
12,122

67.7

32.3

U n ion 3, . . ____________

9,389
2,733

69.9
60.0

30.1
40.0

Services, total2___

2,899

75.3

0.2

24.5

1,074
I! 825

73.7
76.3

.3

26.3
23.5

1,618

82.1

.1

17.8
23.1
10.9

Nonunion 2. . .

____

Services, excluding
hospitals, to ta l2—
U n io n 3
____________
N onunion2______ _ . . .

912
707

76.9
88.9

.2

Hospitals, total2. . .

1,280

66.6

.3

33.1

N onun ion2____________

162
1,118

55.4
68.3

.3

44.6
31.4

Hotels and motels,
to ta l2__________

257

76.9

.5

22.6

Nonunion 2____________

149
108

65.3
94.0

1.3

34.7
4.6

Laundries, total2. . .

282

79.2

20.8

188
94

77.8
82.0

22.2
18.0

1,080

84.2

15.8

575
505

79.8
89.2

20.2
10.8

Other services,

1 In manufacturing, “employees” refers to production and related workers;
in services, “employees” refers to nonsupervisory employees.
2 Includes employment in all establishments that have a policy of making
general wage changes, including those in which the only general wage changes
put into effect during the year were cost-of-living escalator adjustments or
increases decided on in earlier years, as w ell as union establishments in which
there was either no bargaining on wages during the year or bargaining was
not concluded. Also included are employees in establishments in which
action on wages or supplementary practices was not known. All employees
in establishments in which general wage changes are not normally made
are excluded.
3 Establishments in which a majority of the employees were covered by
union agreements.

SERVICE INDUSTRY CHANGES IN WAGES AND BENEFITS

ized for those service workers for whom any bene­
fits were changed, compared with about three in
manufacturing. Benefit changes affected a larger
proportion of union than nonunion service employ­
ees. This followed the pattern of most years in
manufacturing, although in 1966 a larger propor­
tion of nonunion than union factory workers re­
ceived liberalized1benefits. Benefit changes were
somewhat more common in hospitals than in ho­
tels and motels or in laundries.
Definitions

This report is limited to establishments where
general wage changes are customary. Only estab­
lishments with 20 workers or more were studied.
The survey included general wage changes re­
sulting from collective bargaining or, in the case
of nonunion establishments, from unilateral man­
agement decision. (Nonunion establishments are
those with fewer than half of the nonsupervisory
workers covered by agreements.)
This article does not include data on the “pack­
age cost” of settlements, that is, it does not present
data on the combined cost of changes in wages and
supplementary benefits.
All nonsupervisory employees in any establish­
ment or group of establishments were tabulated
according to the mean wage change for these
employees.4 Changes in wage structure, as opposed
to changes in individual employee rates, affecting
more than 10 percent of the employees were treated
as general wage changes. Two concepts of wage
changes are presented in the tables.

Total Effective Wage Changes. This measure in­
cludes all establishments that customarily make
general wage changes and shows all changes
actually effective during the year. It shows the
combined effect of wage changes resulting from
1966 decisions and changes in 1966 resulting from
4 Changes are expressed as a percent of average hourly earn­
ings adjusted to exclude the effect of premium pay for overtime.
a Major collective bargaining consisted of union agreements
affecting 1,000 workers or more. Included are not only agree­
ments affecting firms th at individually have an employment of
1,000 or more, but m ultiplant or multifirm agreem ents affecting
a total of a t lea st 1,000 workers or more, even though each in­
dividual unit is smaller.
0
The balance either were out of business, employed no super­
visory personnel, were not in the service industries, or refused
to cooperate.


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39

earlier decisions. For example, if employees re­
ceived a 6-cent-an-hour increase in 1966 resulting
from a 1965 decision (a deferred increase), the
number of employees in the unit would be tabu­
lated in the 6- to 7-cent interval.
Wage Decisions. This measure is intended to
show the effect of current economic conditions on
wage actions during the year. It is limited to estab­
lishments where there were wage decisions during
1966, either through collective bargaining or
through unilateral management action. Changes
are limited to those decided on in 1966 and going
into effect within 1 year from the time of settle­
ment; cost-of-living escalator adjustments and
wage changes in 1966 resulting from earlier de­
cisions were excluded. All nonunion establish­
ments that change wages by means of general wage
adjustments were included, since it is not possible
to determine objectively whether or not a wage
change was considered during the year. Since
relatively few service establishments are organ­
ized, making the distinction between wage de­
cisions and total effective changes a tenuous one,
the article emphasizes effective wage changes.
The summary is based on information from
about 1,500 reporting units with about 600,000
employees, out of a total of about 2.9 million em­
ployees within the scope of the survey. The report­
ing units included about 100 major collective
bargaining situations 5 for which the Bureau of
Labor Statistics compiles information largely
from secondary sources or from union agreements.
The remainder (about 1,400) were nonunion or
small union establishments.
About 3,900 nonunion or small union establish­
ments were contacted by mail questionnaire or per­
sonal visit and about 2,900 replied. Over 2,400 pro­
vided usable information 6 but of these over 1,000
customarily did not make general wage changes.
Establishments included in the survey were se­
lected from unemployment insurance lists of all
establishments in the service industries studied,
with the exception of those having fewer than 20
employees. The proportion of establishments se­
lected for the survey increased with size but in
combining information for establishments of var­
ious size each was weighted to account for other
establishments of similar size in the industry.

Pattern of Wage
and Benefit Changes
in Manufacturing
W illiam D avis

and

L ily Mary D avid*

E ach year from 1959 to 1966, at least 2 out of
3 factory-production workers in the United States
received general wage increases, and at least a third
had some supplementary benefits liberalized. For
those whose pay was raised, the average increase
has varied from year to year within relatively nar­
row limits—between about 3 and 4 percent.
In the later years of the period (chart 1), there
was a relatively close relationship between the size
and frequency of wage changes, on the one hand,
and the rate of unemployment at the beginning of
the year and the Consumer Price Index on the
other. The effect of fluctuations in such factors as
the rate of unemployment and changes in the CPI
has not been the same for union and nonunion
establishments. In general, nonunion factories
have responded more sharply to changes in the
economic climate than union plants. The nonunion
response has primarily taken the form of changes
in the frequency of wTage and benefit adjustments ;
except when the rate of unemployment declines to
low levels and the C PI rises relatively rapid,
nonunion factory workers ordinarily do not re­
ceive wage increases each year. By contrast, most
union factory workers have received annual in­
creases, and the economic outlook affects the size
more than the frequency of their wage changes
(charts 2 and 3).
Although nonunion workers, when their wages
are changed, typically receive somewhat larger
percentage raises than do unionized workers, the
fact that their pay is adjusted less frequently than
that of union workers results in their receiving
somewhat smaller total adjustments over a period
of years.
Nonunion establishments usually revise benefits
less often than do union establishments, and
40

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

respond more often than union establishments to
changes in economic conditions by increasing the
frequency of their changes in supplementary
benefits.
The years covered by this survey were marked
by the highest level of economic activity since such
developments have been measured.1 The upturn
extended for 5 years after a recession in 1960-61.
The expansion of the economy, however, was com­
bined with a relatively high rate of unemploy­
ment ; during each year from 1959 to 1964, the un­
employment rate was at least 5 percent.
The boom was sustained without any sharp in­
crease in consumer prices until 1965. From 1959
through 1964, the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
rose an average of about 1.3 percent a year,
compared with an increase of 1.9 percent in 1965
and 3.3 percent in 1966.
Minimum Wage Increases

The period was also one in which the minimum
wage under the FLSA was increased from $1.00 to
$1.25 (to $1.15 on September 3,1961, and to $1.25
on September 3, 1963), and in which legislation
was enacted to increase it early in 1967 to $1.40 and
in 1968 to $1.60. This was the largest dollar increase
in the FLSA rates, although not the highest per­
centage increase, in any period of comparable
length. Both the 1961 and 1966 legislation also sub­
stantially expanded coverage of the act.
There was also continued growth in the preva­
lence of long-term collective bargaining contracts,
although, despite this, there was a decline in the
popularity of cost-of-living escalator clauses. The
growth of long-term contracts has presumably re­
duced the sensitivity of negotiated wage and bene­
fit changes to business conditions and unemploy­
ment rates.
Types of M easures

Because many collective bargaining agreements
are negotiated for periods of 2 years or more, two
general concepts of wage change are discussed.
Essentially, the difference is limited to unionized
establishments since there is no information that
♦Of the D ivision of Wage Economics, Bureau of Dabor
Statistics.
1
Summaries of changes in major collective bargaining estab­
lishm ents in m anufacturing and in selected nonmanufacturing
industries have been prepared since 1954, but collection of infor­
mation on changes in nonunion and sm all union factories was
inaugurated only in 1959.

41

W AG E A N D B E N E F IT C H A N G E S

Chart 1. Wage Adjustments in Manufacturing,1 the
Unemployment Rate,2 and Changes in Consumer
Price Index,3 1 9 5 9 -6 6

Percent

Unemployment Rate (Percent)

decisions in earlier years are excluded. Practically
all nonunion establishments are included, since it
is not possible to determine objectively whether or
not a wage change was considered by a nonunion
firm during the year. The rare instances where non­
union employees receive deferred increases which
were announced earlier constitute the only excep­
tion.
Total Effective Wage Changes. These measures
are intended to show what actually happened to
wages during the year, whether as a result of de­
cisions reached during the year or as a result of
earlier decisions. They refer to all factories that
customarily make general wage changes.3 They
show the combined effect of wage changes resulting
Chart 2. Workers Receiving Wage Increases Where
Wage Decisions1 Were Reached, 1 9 5 9 -6 6

I
1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

I

PERCENT

1966

1Median percent wage adjustments where wage decisions were reached, i.e.,
includes only changes in wage rates decided upon during the year. Changes
decided upon in earlier years and cost-of-living escalator adjustments are
excluded.
2 January of each year.
3 Percent change during the year (January to January) in the Consumer
Price Index (1957-59=100).
* Percent of estimated straight time average hourly earnings.

permits making a similar distinction for nonunion
establishments.2
Wage Decisions. Measures of wage decisions are
intended to show the effect of current economic
conditions on wage changes in the year. Decisions
in union factories are limited to those reached
through collective bargaining during the year and
providing wage changes to go into effect within
12 months of the agreement. Cost-of-living escala­
tor adjustments and wage changes resulting from
2 T h is a r tic le is lim ite d to produ ction and rela ted w orkers in
m an u fa ctu rin g . G eneral w a g e in crea ses are defined a s th o se a f ­
fe c tin g 10 p ercen t or more o f th e produ ction and related w orkers
in an e sta b lish m e n t or in a group o f e sta b lish m e n ts th a t bar­
g a in s a s a u n it.
3 D a ta exclude esta b lish m e n ts w here gen eral w a g e changes
are cu sto m a r ily n o t m ade, i.e., th o se th a t m ake ad ju stm en ts
on ly on an in d iv id u a l em ployee basis.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1
Includes only changes in wage rates negotiated or decided upon during
the year. Changes decided upon in'earlier years and cost-of-living escalator
adjustments are excluded.

12

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

from decisions reached during the year, deferred
increases resulting from earlier decisions, and costof-living escalator adjustments. Workers receiving
a 6-cent wage increase in 1966 resulting from a
1965 decision would be tabulated in the 6- to Y-cent
interval. If they also received 2 cents in cost-ofliving escalator adjustments during 1966, they
would be tabulated at 8 but less than 9 cents.
For both wage decisions and total effective wage
changes, two medians are presented. One is limited
to establishments in which wages were increased.
The second adds establishments in which wages
were decreased or left unchanged.
The following summarizes the types of medians
that are compiled :

Chart 3. M edian Increases and Adjustments, in Wage
Decisions, 1 9 5 9 - 6 6

PERCENT1

MEDIAN INCREASES2

Median
Item

Increase includes

Wage decisions:
Union establishments. All increases nego­
tiated during the
year and going into
effect within 12
months.
Nonunion establish­
ments_____________ All increases going
into effect during
the year (except
those announced
more than 12
months prior to the
effective date).
Effective changes___ ____ All increases going
into effect during
the year, including
deferred and costof-living escalator
increases.

Adjustment includes

All establishments
with new contracts,
including those
that specified no
change.

MEDIAN ADJUSTMENTS3

All establishments,
except those that
announced a wage
change more than
12 months before
the effective date.
All establishments.

Wage Decisions

From 1959 to 1966, median general wage in­
creases decided upon varied from 2.Y percent to
slightly more than 4 percent; they averaged be­
tween 2.Y and 3 percent in each year from 1961
to 1964. (See tables 1 and 2.) For the 8 years,
there was proportionately even less variation in
the percent of workers whose pay was increased—
from almost 70 to 90 percent.
The median adjustment (which shows the
average wage change for all workers, including
those whose pay was not changed) ranged from 2.2
percent in 1964 to 4 percent in 1966. I t varied more
than did the average increase for those whose pay
was changed during the year, because there were
small fluctuations in the number of workers whose
pay was raised.


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! Percent of estimated straight time average hourly earnings.
2 Limited to employees in establishments in which wage rates were
increased.
3 Includes employees in all establishments in which wage decisions were
made, whether wage rates were increased, decreased, or left unchanged.

Year-to-year variations in the size and frequency
of wage changes follow the pattern in union estab­
lishments since slightly more than 3 out of 4 factory
production workers within the scope of this survey
are in union plants. For nonunion establishments
considered separately, the principal adjustment of
wages to varying economic conditions has taken the
form primarily of changes in the proportion of
workers who receive increases rather than changes
in the size of the wage increases. In other words,
the size of wage increases fluctuated less from year
to year in nonunion than in union establishments.

43

W AG E A N D B E N E F IT C H A N G E S

T a b l e 1.

F a c t o r y P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s A f f e c t e d b y G e n e r a l W a g e I n c r e a s e s a n d
C h a n g e s, 1 9 5 9 -6 6

A v e r a g e (M e d ia n ) W a g e

Wage changes effective 1 in—

Wage decisions reached in—
Item

1966

1965

1964

1963

1962

1961

1960

1959

1966

1965

1964

1963

1962

1961

1960

1959

Percent of workers receiving wage in­
creases:
All factories.. ________ .
-------All union_____________________
Major union2___ ___________
N o n u n io n _________ ____

87.9
96.1
99.3
77,8

86.1
92.5
94.2
75.3

76.0
89.3
90.5
55.5

74.0
77.3
70.7
69.2

66.8
74.4
65.4
53.2

76.0
89.5
89.5
52.8

79.6
93.1
93.0
56.8

84.0
93.7
95.1
66.5

80.2
80.9
75.5
77.8

84.6
87.3
89.8
75.4

71.4
76.1
71.6
56.2

75.8
77.8
74.4
69.6

68.1
72.8
68.2
52.9

76.1
83.3
83.0
54.0

80.1
8M
86.2
59.0

82.7
87.0
87.6
68.6

Median adjustments 3 (in percent):
All factories______________________
All union_________ __ . . . ---Major union 2________ ___
Nonunion____________________

4.0
4.0
4.2
3.7

3.3
3.4
4.0
3.2

2.2
2.3
2.0
2.0

2.6
2.6
2.5
2.8

2.4
2.5
2.4
1.6

2.4
2.5
2.4
1.2

3.1
4 3.4
3.2
4 2. 2

3.5
4 3. 4
3.5
4 3.2

3.3
3.2
3.3
3.9

3.0
2.9
3.4
3.2

2.1
2.2
2.0
2.0

2.7
2.6
2.7
2.8

2.5
2.6
2.6
1.6

2.5
2.7
2.7
1.0

3.2
4 3. 4
3.2
4 2.5

3.5
43.4
3.5
43.3

Median increases 5 (in percent):
All factories_______________ _____
All union----------------------- ..
Major union 2_______ ____
Nonunion____ ________________

4.2
4.1
4.2
4.4

3.7
3.6
4.1

2.7
2.5
2.2

3.0
2.9
3.0

2.9
2.9
2.9

2.8
2.5
2.5

3.4
4 3. 5
3.2

3.8
4 3.7
3.7

3.9
3.8
4.2

3.3
3.2
3.7

2.7
2.6
2.6

3.1
3.0
3.2

3.0
3.0
3.0

3.6
4 3. 6
3.7

3.8
43. 6
3.7

4.5

4.0

3.2

3.7

3.2

3.0
3.0
3.0

$.085
.087
.099
.08

$. 075
.08
.10
.063

$.055
.055
.055
.046

$. 065
.07
.075
.06

$. 054
.06
.065
.03

$. 06 4 $. 076 4$. 075
.058 4 .084 4 .079
.084
.09
.069
.02
4 .05 4 .061

.10
.10
.12
.096

.084
.087
.10
.08

.07
.069
.07
.07

.078
.079
.09
.075

.071
.075
.08
.066

4.0

3.2

3.6

3.2

4 3. 8

3.4

4 4.4

Median increases: 5
All factories. . . . _ . _____
___
All union_____ _________ ______
Major union2___ _ __________
Nonunion________ ____________

. 10
.10
.103
.093

.088
.095
. 10
.08

.066
.062
.06
.071

.074
.075
.08
.073

.066
.068
.068
.065

.065
.065
.065
.07

o
CO

Median adjustm ents:3
All factories___ _
_ ------- ----------- $.097 $.08 $. 05 $. 062 $. 05 $. 05 4 $. 072 4 $. 075
4 .081 4 .08
.06
.065 .056 .06
.09
All union_______________________ .10
.073
.06
.087
.057 .068 .05
Major union2______________ . .102 .10
.063 .045 .062 .036 .019 4 .048 4 .059
N onunion.__ _ _________________ .08

4 .083
.089
4 .071

1.08
4 .082
.074
4 .078

3.3

.07
.07
.08
.07

4 3.8

44.3

4 .086 4 .084
4 .089 4 .086
.094 .091
4 .072 4 .075

1 Includes cost-of-living escalator increases and deferred wage changes
resulting from decisions reached in earlier years, as well as changes decided
on in the current year.
2 Agreements affecting 1,000 workers or more.

3 Includes employees in establishments in which wage rates were not
changed or were reduced.
4 Estimated.
5 Limited to establishments in which wage rates were increased.

Because nonunion establishments adapt to
changes in economic conditions more by the
frequency than by the size of their wage increases,
there was greater variation from year to year in
the average adjustment (that is, the measure
reflecting the number of workers whose wages
were increased) for nonunion than for union
establishments. The median adjustment in union
establishments ranged from 2.3 percent in 1964 to
4 percent in 1966; in nonunion firms, the range
was from 1.2 percent in 1961, when only about half
the nonunion workers received pay increases, to
3.7 percent in 1966, when almost 80 percent had
their pay raised. (See chart 3.)
A worker in a union factory is likely to receive,
in any one year, a smaller percent, but larger
cents-per-hour pay raise ; and since he receives in­
creases more frequently than a nonunion worker,
over a period of years he gains proportionately
more than a worker not covered by a union agree­
ment. Over the period from 1959 to 1966, general
wage adjustments totaled approximately 25.8 per­
cent in union establishments, compared with
about 23.6 percent in nonunion factories.4

Differences between union and nonunion fac­
tories in the size and frequency of changes can
be summarized as follows: (1) Nonunion estab­
lishments change wage rates less frequently than
do union firms ; in some years, only about half the
nonunion factory workers receive a general wage
increase. (2) When nonunion factories do increase
wage rates, the average increase is somewhat lower
in cents but higher in percent than that negotiated
in union establishments. Pay levels are generally
lower in nonunion factories, so that the same centsper-hour increase represents a higher proportion­
ate increase for nonunion workers than for those
covered by a collective bargaining agreement. (3)
Because nonunion establishments typically make
less frequent increases than union factories, the
average adjustment, which is affected by both the
size of the increases and the proportion of workers
receiving them is usually smaller in nonunion than
in union establishments. (4) Nonunion factories
respond more sharply than union to fluctuations
in the economic climate. They adapt to changes in
such factors as the unemployment rate and the
CPI more by the frequency than by the size of
wage increases, whereas union firms react more
often by increasing the amount of their
changes.

4
T h ese are based on m ean a d ju stm e n ts
m edian ch an ges presented In ta b le 1.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ra th er

th a n

th e

44

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

Effective Changes

Until 1964, the average change in wage rates
actually put into effect in each year—i.e., the net
effect of collective bargaining and other wage deci­
sions during the year plus deferred and cost-ofliving escalator increases—was as large as or larger
T a b l e 2.

than the average change decided on during the
year. In 1965 and 1966, however, as settlements
became larger, wage decisions resulted in increases
that exceeded the average for all changes actually
effective during the year. In 1964, also, wage
adjustments (as contrasted with wage increases
considered separately) resulting from wage deci-

D is t r ib u t i o n o f M a n u f a c t u r in g P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s b y T y p e a n d A m o u n t o f W a g e C h a n g e , 1 9 5 9 - 6 6
1966

1965

1964

1963

1962

1961

1960

1959

Percent of production and related workers by type and arrount of wage cbange-

wage action

Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
effec­ Wage effec­ Wage effec­ Wage effec­ Wage effec­ Wage effec­ Wage effec­ Wage effec­ Wage
tive
deci­
tive
deci­
tive
deci­
tive
deci­
tive
tive
deci­
deci­
tive
deci­
tive
deci­
wage sions2 wage sions2 wage sions2 wage sions2 wage sions2 wage sions2 wage sions2 wage sions2
changes1
changes1
changes1
changes1
changes1
changes1
changes1
changes1

Total3____________
No wage changes_________
Decreases in wages____ ..
Increases in wages________

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

4 19.8

12.1

4 28. 6
(5)
71.4

23.9
.1
76.0

424.1
2
75.8

25.7
3
74.0

4 31.8
.1
68.1

4 23.7

87.9

13.8
.1
86.1

33.2

80.2

4 15.4
(»)
84.6

66.8

76.1

23.8
.2
76.0

4 19.8
1
80.1

20.3
.1
79.6

4 17.2
(5)
82.7

15.9
(5)
84.0

1.2
3.8
6.0
6.5
6.3
7.5
6.0
10.7
7.8
5.3
3.3
2.7
11.7

1.3
2.4
5.6
5.5
6.2
8.4
8.6
17.7
11.1
6.7
3.8
1.6
6.3

1.8
5.5
10.4
9.4
9.7
8.3
3.8
10.5
13.9
6.8
1.8
.8
1.9

1.3
4.8
9.6
7.1
9.6
11.3
5.5
11.1
9.7
9.3
2.8
1.2
2.8

3.0
9.2
13.4
9.8
10.3
7.7
4.0
7.1
3.7
1.2
.9
.2
.6

13.1
6.2
9.9
10.4
11.0
8.7
3.4
5.6
4.1
1.8
.4
.3
.6

2.1
7.0
8.6
9.8
11.2
8.3
7.6
10.7
2.7
1.9
2.0
2.5
1.3

1.7
7.0
9.3
11.8
12.3
9.5
3.2
6.1
2.6
3.0
2.4
3.6
1.6

2.0
5.9
12.3
8.8
10.4
7.4
8.4
6.9
2.5
1.3
1.4
.2
.5

2.0
6.1
16.3
11.8
10.8
5.4
1.6
5.7
2.4
1.8
1.9
.3
.6

5.3
6.8
13.4
9.1
8.5
7.4
5.1
9.9
4.8
2.3
2.1
.4
.4

4.7
15.9
10.4
9.5
9.8
6.3
4.0
4.4
3.8
3.2
2.3
.4
.5

2.6
5.6
9.1
5.9
10.7
9.7
10.4
14.4
4.8
2.6
1.8
1.6
.8

2.9
5.6
10.9
8.2
12.8
10.9
11.1
6.5
3.3
2.7
1.9
2.0
.9

9.9
3.6
7.9
6.2
10.8
7. 6
12.5
11.4
6.2
3.1
1.5
.9
.9

3.6
5.0
9.8
8.6
14.6
11.1
5.3
11.7
5.1
5.2
2.0

1.3

2.6

2

.4

J3

.8

.1

.1

.3

.4

10.0

10.0

8.4

8.8

7.0

6.6

7.8

7.4

7.1

6. 6

7.0

6.5

78. 6

7 7.9

78. 4

78.0

8.5

9.7

7.5

8.0

5.5

5.0

6.5

6.2

5.4

5.0

6.0

5.0

7 7.6

7 7.2

7 7. 5

7 7.5

.9
5.4
6.7
10.0
9.2
7.3
7.7
5.0
7.0
4.5
10.3
2.7
1.2

1.0
3.2
3.6
8.9
10.2
9.4
11.9
6.8
10.9
5.5
6.2
4.2
2.0

1.2
7.3
12.4
12.8
11.4
12.9
8.7
5.2
5.1
2.2
2.3
1.0

.9
5.6
9.5
12.5
10.7
6.8
13.4
7.3
7.7
3.3
3.6
1.5
1.1

2.2
14.8
12.3
10.5
12.0
7.5
3.9
1.6
4.0
.8
.6
.6
.2

1.3
7.2
10.2
14.6
17.2
5.9
3.9
2.1
4.8
1.1
3.0
1.2
1.0
1.7

1.1
6.7
10.5
15.2
10.4
4.4
4.0
2.8
7.3
1.4
2.8
1.9
2.2
2.1
1.1

1.3
6.9
8.9
15.7
17.1
7.6
3.2
2. 6
2.0
.9
1.0
.5
.1

3.7
7.1
12.4
10.5
16.5
8.7
5.5
2.2
2.3
2.9
1.4
.4
.3
.1
1.6

2.7
16.0
9.3
11.1
11.2
6.5
4.0
2.4
2.9
4.1
1.5
.6
.3
.1
2.5

1.5
5.3
4.7
10.4
20.1
11.6
7.3
3.6
7.0
1.3
2.1
1.1
.8

8.7
3.2
3.8
6.0
11.0
17.7
9.3
6.3
5.9
2.7
3.7
2. 6

.1

.2

1.1
7.2
11.1
16.2
11.4
6.8
3.4
3.2
2.5
1.3
1.1
.7
.2
.1
.4

1.4
5.6
4.1
8.3
16.6
13.0
14.5
3.9
6.0
1.3
1.8
1.0

.1

12.0
8.0
10.9
10.1
11.2
7.0
5.1
2.2
6.0
1.0
.8
.7
.3
.1
.2

2.4

.7
.4
.6

1.9
4.7
4.3
8.2
13.8
13.2
8.2
5.7
8.9
4.3
4.3
3.7
.9
.6
.9

1

J2

6

.8

.1

.1

.3

.4

3.0

2.9

3.0

2.8

3.6

3.4

3.8

3. 8

3.1

3. 5

3. 5

7,355

10,504

6,678

I n Cents P er H our
Under 3________________
3 and under 5____ _______
5 and under 6____________
6 and under 7............. .........
7 and under 8____________
8 and under 9___ - . . .
9 and under 10___________
10 and under 11__________
11 and under 13___ ______
13 and under 15__________
15 and under 17___ ______
17 and under 19__________
19 and over____________
Not specified or not
computed 6_________ .
Average (median)
increase___________
Average (median) adjustment____ ____

1

Jl

.5

1.1

I n P ercent
Under 1________________
1 and under 2___________
2 and under 2 A _____ ___
2 A and under 3__________
3 and under V A __________
V A and under 4____ _____
4 and under 4A ___ ______
V A and under 5__________
5 and under V A __________
V A and under 6___ ______
6 and under 7___________
7 and under 8_____ ____
8 and under 9______
9 and under 10_____
10 and over_________
Not specified or not
computed 6_________ .
Average (median)
increase___________
Average (median)
adjustment________

.7

1.2

.3
1.0

1. 4

2.7

.1

.2

2

.4

3.9

4.2

3.3

3.7

2.7

2.7

.4
.6

.5

.5

1.6

(5)

.7

3.1

3.0

(s)

.7

.2
1.6

3.3

4.0

3.0

3.3

2.1

2.2

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.5

2.4

3.2

Total number of
workers (thousands)___________ 12,016

5,889

11,422

6,745

10,944

6,389

10,941

6,597

10,902

6,685

10,512

6,662

11,355

1 Includes cost-of-living escalator increases and deferred wage increases
resulting from decisions reached in earlier years, as well as increases decided
upon in the current year.
2 Excludes changes decided upon in earlier years, cost-of-living escalator
adjustments, and changes effective in future years.
3 Excludes workers in establishments reporting that they never make
genera! wage changes (ranging from 1.2 million in both 1959 and 1961 to 2.1
million in 1966) as well as those in establishments in which action on wages
during the year was not known (ranging from 19,000 in 1960 to 160,000 in
1965).


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4 Includes workers in union establishments in which there was either no
bargaining on wages during the year or bargaining was not concluded. The
numbers included, in millions, were 1.6 in 1966, .9 in 1965, 1.7 in 1964, 1.0 in
1963, 1.2 in 1962, and .9 in 1961, 1960, and 1959.
5 Less than 0.05 percent.
GInsufficient information to compute amount of increase.
7 Estimated.

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.

45

W AGE A N D B E N E F IT C H A N G ES

sions were also slightly higher than effective
adjustments.
In most years effective changes exceeded changes
due to the year’s decisions because negotiated
changes declined in size from 1959 until 1962 and
then remained fairly stable through 1964. Con­
sequently, the combination of increases negotiated
in prior years, when settlements tended to be
somewhat more liberal, with those negotiated in
the current year resulted in an average that often
exceeded an average limited to current negotia­
tions. This was true even though deferred wage
increases are often smaller than increases put into
effect in the first year of new contracts.
As in the case of wage decisions, the proportion
of workers receiving increases tended to vary less
from year to year in union than in nonunion plants,
as did the average wage adjustment, which is
affected by the proportion of workers receiving
increases. Percent increases also were higher in
nonunion establishments. In contrast to wage deci­
sions, however, median wage changes for those
receiving increases varied from year to year about
as much in union as in nonunion plants.
In most years, general wage changes effective
during the year were close, on the average, to the
change in actual hourly earnings excluding the
effects of interindustry shifts and premium pay for
overtime. (See chart 4.) The major exceptions
were in 1961 and 1966, when average hourly earn­
ings rose faster. In 1959 and in 1962, the change in
average hourly earnings was somewhat smaller
than general wage changes in manufacturing. It is
possible that in 1966, anticipation of increases in
the FLSA minimum, plus the rapid increase in the
CPI and the reduction in the rate of unemploy­
ment, had a greater effect on small manufacturing
T a b l e 3.

Chart 4. Effective Wage Adjustm ents1 and Change
in Earnings Levels,2 1 9 5 9 -6 6

PERCENT CHANGE

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1 Median percent wage adjustments, including cost-of-living escalator and
deferred wage changes resulting from decisions reached in earlier years as well
as changes decided upon in the current year.
2 Percent change (January to January) in the Manufacturing Earnings
Index (1957-59=100) excluding effects of premium pay for overtime and
interindustry shifts.

establishments that normally do not make general
wage changes than on establishments that do.
Increases in the minimum wage effective in Sep­
tember 1961 may have contributed to the larger
rise in earnings for all factories than for those in
which general wage changes are typically put into
effect. A decline in manufacturing employment in
1961 also contributed to a rise in hourly earnings;
in periods of declining employment, the propor­
tion of workers at entrance rates decreases and,
hence, average hourly earnings rise even though
there is no change in wage levels for the same type
of work and experience.

T y p ic a l C o st - o f- L iv in g E s c a l a t o r I n c r e a s e s in S e l e c t e d M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s , in C e n t s P e r
H o u r , 1 9 5 9 -6 6
Increases effective in—
Industry

1964

1965

1966
11
11
2 5-10
8

4
4
4
4

1963
3
3
4
4

1962

1961

4.0

3.3

3.0

1959

3
3
3
2

i2
2 1 or2
3
2
43
3
3

4
4
2 lo r 2
3
«3
3
3

3
3
2 2 or 3
3
1
1
1

2.9

2.5

3.3

2.0

3
2 3 or 4
2 3 or 4
3
(3)
(3)
(3)

10.5

1960

1 Includes 1 cent diverted for pension improvements.
2Varying by company.

3 Escalation discontinued during the year.
4 Includes 1.5 cents diverted toward a projected increase in the cost of
insurance.
2 8 5 -7 9 6 0 - 6 8 - 4


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N ote : Dashes indicate no escalator in effect during the year. Increases
are shown only where escalation was in effect during the entire year.

46

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

T a b l e 4.

C h a n g e s i n S u p p l e m e n t a r y P r a c t i c e s i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g , b y T y p e o f E s t a b l i s h m e n t , 1 9 5 9 -6 6
1966

1965

1964

Percent of production and related workers in—
Benefit changes

Union estab­
lishments 2
All
estab­
lish­
ments 1

Union estab­
lishments 2

Union estab­
lishments 2

All 1

All 1

A1U

Non­
union
All
estab­
estab­
lish­
Making lish­
wage ments 1 ments 1
deci­
sions 3

N on­
union
All
estab­
estab­
lish­
Making lish­
wage ments 1 ments 1
deci­
sions 3

Non­
union
estab­
Making lish­
wage ments 1
deci­
sions 3

T o ta l...................................................................

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Not changing supplementary practices______ Reducing supplementary practices____________
Liberalizing or establishing one supplementary
practice or m ore6....................- ...........................—

67.7

69.9

13.1

60.0

57.3
(4)

58.6

12.7

52.8
.1

63.6
.1

60.3
.1

13.6
.1

74.3

32.3

30.1

86.9

40.0

42.7

41.4

87.3

47.1

36.3

39.7

86.3

25.4

Premium pay______ ______ ___ ______ _
Shift differentials___________________ ____
Paid holidays........ ...................................... .........
Paid vacations............................ .. - ...................
Pensions 6_______________________________
Health and welfare plans 6__..................... .......
Severance pay___________________________
Supplemental unemployment benefits 0........
Jury duty p a y . .. _________________ ______
Paid funeral leave_________ __________ - . .
Paid sick lea v e................. ..................................
Other practices______________________ ____

3.6
7.4
14.3
14.7
14.5
21.8
2.8
.7
2.1
3.5
1.5
2.4

2.8
8.2
15.2
16.2
16.0
22.3
3.2
.7
2.3
4.2
1.7
2.2

8.2
23.6
43.8
46.8
46.1
64.2
9.2
2.2
6.7
12.2
4.9
6.3

6.1
4.6
11.1
9.7
9.3
20.3
1.5
.4
1.2
1.0
.8
3.0

3.2
4.4
18.1
23.9
22.4
30.9
3.8
2.6
4.3
4.2
2.3
7.5

3.5
4.8
18.7
26.7
25.1
32.7
4.5
5.3
5.2
2.9
8.8

7.3
10.1
39.4
56.3
52.8
68.8
9.4
7.0
11.2
11.0
6.2
18.6

2.4
3.0
16.0
14.4
13.3
24.8
1.5
.1
1.1
.5
.4
2.7

7.0
4.1
17.3
18.9
18.0
25.9
8.1
7.0
7.3
8.1
.6
9.8

8.8
5.0
20.7
22.2
22.4
29.5
10.5
9.0
9.4
10.5
.7
12.1

19.2
10.8
45.0
48.4
48.7
64.1
22.9
19.7
20.5
22.7
1.6
26.4

1.1
1.5
6.6
8.3
4.1
14.5
.6
.4
.4
.5
(4)
2.3

Approximate number of workers (in thousands).

12,122

9,389

3,253

2,733

11,582

8,951

4,247

2, 631

11,083

8,431

3,875

2,652

1963

3.3

1962

9

1961

Percent of production and related workers in—
Union establishments 2
All
establishments 1

Union establishments 2

Union establishments 2

All 1

All 1

All 1

Nonunion
All
estabestabMaking lishlishwage m e n ts1 ments 1
decisions3

Nonunion
All
estabestabMaking lishlishwage ments 1 ments 1
decisions 3

Nonunion
estabMaking lishwage ments 1
decisions 3

T o ta l..............................................................._.

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Not changing supplementary practices________
Reducing supplementary practices______ _____
Liberalizing or establishing one supplementary
practice or more 5_..................................................

64.7
.1

61.3
.1

18.1
.2

74.8
.2

64.0
1.0

60.5
.3

22.4
6.6

75.4
3.3

64.4
.3

59.0
.2

22.6
.4

80.8
.5

35.2

38.6

81.7

25.0

35.0

39.1

77.0

21.4

35.3

40.7

77.0

18.7

Premium p a y ......................................................
Shift differentials___________ _______ _____
Paid holidays.......................................................
Paid vacations............. ........................................
Pensions 6_____________________________
Health and welfare plans 6_______ ________
Severance pa y.................................. ....................
Supplemental unemployment benefits 6____
Jufy duty p a y.......................................... ...........
Paid funeral leave.___ _______ ________
Paid sick lea v e............... ..................................
Other practices...................................................

2.0
3.5
7.4
13.7
10.2
24.9
3.0
1.6
1.4
3.3
1.0
8.6

2.1
4.0
8.9
15.8
11.9
28.3
3.8
2.0
1.8
3.8
1.3
10.6

4.5
8.4
18.9
33.5
25.1
59.8
8.1
4.3
3.8
8.0
2.7
22.4

1.6
2.1
2.9
7.3
5.2
14.7
.4
.3
.3
1.7
.3
2.5

1.5
3.6
8.2
15.5
14.2
20.6
2.8
7.2
1.5
2.3
1.6
8.2

1.8
4.4
9.5
19.1
17.4
22.1
3.3
9.0
1.8
3.0
2.0
10.3

3.5
8.6
18.8
37.6
34.3
43.6
6.6
17.7
3.6
5.9
4.0
20.3

.7
1.1
3.7
3.8
3.5
15.6
.8
1.4
.2
.2
.1
1.3

2.0
3.5
8.8
13.8
15.7
24.0
8.8
7.6
7.9
2.6
.8
9.1

2.3
4.1
10.7
16.5
19.8
28.1
11.3
9.9
10.2
3.3
1.1
11.5

4.4
7.7
20.3
31.1
37.4
53.1
21.4
18.8
19.2
6.2
2.0
21.7

.9
1.8
3.0
5.5
3.0
11.3
1.0
.4
.7
.5
.2
1.6

Approximate number of workers (in thousands).

11,024

8,260

3,904

2,765

10,943

8,393

4,268

2,549

10, 539

7,953

4,209

2, 586

See footnotes at end cf table.

In both 1959 and 1962, by contrast, there was a
substantial gain in employment of production
workers in manufacturing. This increase, with the
resultant gain in the proportion of new workers,
tended to hold down the rise in average hourly
earnings.
In each year since 1959, only a minority of fac­
tory workers receiving general wage changes
received raises that were the same in cents-per-


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hour terms for all production and related workers
in the establishment. From half to three-fifths
received adjustments that varied among workers.
Extra increases for skilled workers, either in the
form of percentage or bracket increases or flat
cents-per-hour increases combined with additional
amounts for skilled workers, were the most fre­
quent nonuniform adjustments. Additional classi­
fication or inequity adjustments were made for

47

W AG E A N D B E N E F IT C H A N G ES
T able 4.

C h a n g e s i n S u p p l e m e n t a r y P r a c t ic e s i n M a n u f a c t u r in g , b y T y p e o f E s t a b l i s h m e n t , 1 9 5 9 - 6 6 —

Continued

I960
Percent of production and related workers in—
Benefit changes

Union establishments 2
All establishments 1

Total_________________________________________

Liberalizing or establishing one supplementary or more

Union establishments 2
Nonunion
establish­
ments 1

All establishments 1

Nonunion
establish­
ments 1

All 1

Making wage
decisions 3

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

65.2
.2

61.8
.1

28.2
_2

76.7
.7

19.5

34.6

38.1

71.6

22. 7

3.7
4.0
12.4
12.1
11.6
21.5
2.2
1.0
1.2
1.8
.8
2.5

4.4
4.9
14.9
13.9
13.9
24.0
2.8
1.2
1.5
2.3
.9
2.9

8.3
9.2
27.9
26.1
26.1
45.0
5.2
2.3
2.7
4.3
1.6
5.4

1. 1
1.1
4.4
6.1
4.2
13.4
.4
.1
#2
c4)
.5
1.1

10,504

8,071

4,301

2,433

A ll4

Making wage
decisions3

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

63.3
.2

57.8
.1

22.1
.1

79.9
.7

36.5

42.1

77.8

2.3
3.2
8.9
9.5
15.6
27.2
5.2
.4
1.3
1.7
1.2
3.1

3.0
3.9
11.0
11.4
19.2
.31.1
6.3
.4
1.8
2.1
1.4
3.9

5.6
7.1
20.3
21.0
35.5
57.4
11.6
.8
3.2
3.9
2.6
7.2

.2
1.0
2.6
3.7
4.5
15.3
1.9
.2
.1
.5
.8
.8

11,355

8,537

4,623

2,818

* Includes employment in all establishments that have a policy of making
general wage changes, including those in which the only general wage changes
put into effect during the year were cost-of-living escalator adjustments or
increases decided upon in earlier years, as well as union establishments in
which there was either no bargaining on wages during the year or bargaining
was not concluded. Also included are workers in establishments in which
action on wages or supplementary practices was not known. All workers in
establishments in which general wage changes are not normally made are
excluded.
2 Establishments in which a majority of the production and related workers
were covered b y union agreements.

s Excludes employment in establishments in which the only wage change
put into effect during the year had been decided upon earlier—for example,
deferred or improvement factor increases, as well as automatic cost-of-living
adjustments—or in which there was no bargaining on wages during the year
or bargaining was not concluded.
4 Less than 0 05 percent.
s These totals are smaller than the sum of individual items since some
actions affect more than 1 item. Includes workers in establishments in which
some supplementary practices were liberalized and others were reduced.
6 Includes actions in which contributions were increased to maintain
existing benefits and excludes actions increasing benefits without increased
employer contributions.

fewer than 10 percent of the workers in most
years.
In every year except 1961, percentage or bracket
increases were granted to a higher proportion of
nonunion than union workers. (This was the only
year since 1959 in which wage increases were not
put into effect for nonunion textile workers in the
South—textile increases usually are given in per­
centage terms.)
Generally, wage differentials between plants or
between men and women were reduced or elimi­
nated in companies with fewer than 2 percent of
the workers whose wages were increased as a result
of decisions during the year. Most of the changing
differentials occurred in major collective bargain­
ing agreements, many of which apply to more
than one plant of the same company.
In both 1961 and 1963 the minimum wage under
the FLSA was increased. Of the workers covered
by this study, only about 3 percent in 1961 and
3y2 percent in 1963 received wage increases that
were stated by employers to be directly related to
the new minimums. Considering only nonunion es­
tablishments, however, the proportions affected

were substantially higher—about 12 percent in
1961 and 10 percent in 1963.


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Escalator Provisions

From 1959 to 1966, cost-of-living escalator pro­
visions declined in importance; moreover, some of
the contracts that continued such provisions in­
corporated a maximum limit on the size of the
adjustment that could be made in any given year.
Until 1965-66 the CPI was relatively stable and,
hence, cost-of-living allowances did not change
very rapidly. The number of production workers
in manufacturing covered by escalation declined
from about 29 percent in 1959 to 15 percent in
1965. (The decline in coverage resulted from dis­
continuance in 1962 in the steel, aluminum, and can
industries, employing about 675,000 workers.)
Then the proportion increased slightly, to 17i/2
percent in 1966. In that year, provision for cost-ofliving escalators was adopted for approximately
275,000 workers. The number of workers covered
varied from 3 million in 1959 to a low of 1.7
million in 1963.

4:8
Escalator clauses in manufacturing are now con­
centrated in the automobile, automotive parts,
farm and construction equipment, electrical, aero­
space, and meatpacking industries. Of the workers
involved, from 90 to 97 percent are in union
plants.
Cost-of-living increases put into effect for most
workers varied from 3 cents in 6 of the 8 years
to 11 cents in 1966. They were 4 cents or less in all
years except 1966. (See table 3.)
Supplem entary Benefits

Not only do a large majority of factory produc­
tion workers receive general wage changes each
year, but about 1 out of 3 work at establishments
where one or more (usually two or three) supple­
mentary benefits are introduced or liberalized
during the year.5 The peak was recorded in 1965,
when more than 2 out of 5 workers were employed
in factories that liberalized or introduced bene­
fits. In that year, the large southern textile mills
improved supplementary benefits in addition to
increasing wages. (In a number of other years
southern textile mills increased wage rates but did
not revise benefits.) Also in 1965, the steel,
aluminum, aerospace, and rubber industries liber­
alized benefits for organized workers.
The proportion of nonunion workers affected by
changes in benefits exceeded that for union workers
only in 1965 and 1966. (See table 4.) Generally,
in each year two-fifths of the union workers (in­
cluding those under contracts negotiated in earlier
years as well as those covered by new contracts)
were employed where benefits were liberalized or
introduced, compared with one-fifth to one-fourth
of the nonunion workers.
In every year, the number of benefits changed
for union workers was greater than for nonunion
employees. Of the firms that changed benefits, non­
union establishments revised or added an average
of about 1.5 to 1.6 benefits while union plants re­
vised or added about three benefits. The number
for union establishments varied from about 2.3 in
1959 and 1960 to 4.1 in 1964, when the auto con­
tracts changed a wide variety of benefits.
The large majority of new union contracts
liberalize some benefits. In every year from 1959
through 1964, benefits were improved for at least
7 out of 10 workers covered by new contracts.


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

The proportion whose contracts improve benefits
has tended to increase somewhat since 1959, as has
the average number of benefits that have been
changed. In each year since 1963, benefits have
been liberalized for at least four-fifths of the
workers covered by the year’s contract negotiations.
Benefit changes are even more common under
major agreements than under smaller ones. In each
year, benefits were liberalized for about fourfifths to nine-tenths of the workers covered by
major agreements negotiated during the year.
Nonunion factories’ decisions to liberalize bene­
fits seem to be made in response to changes in the
unemployment rate more than those of union
factories. From 1959 through 1964 about onefourth to one-fifth of the nonunion workers were
employed where benefits were increased or es­
tablished, but this proportion jumped to almost
50 percent in 1965 and was about 40 percent in
1966. Union contracts are likely to change both
wages and benefits each time they are renegotiated,
but if they leave wages unchanged they almost
always liberalize benefits or add new ones.
There was no correlation between the size of
wage increases and the percent of workers receiv­
ing benefit changes. The percent of workers whose
benefits were improved or introduced was about
the same at all levels of wage change.
For both union and nonunion workers, health
and welfare benefits were those most frequently
improved or established. In each year, from 20 to
30 percent of all workers (22 to 33 percent of union
and 11 to 25 percent of nonunion workers) had
their health and welfare benefits improved or new
benefits introduced. Next in importance were paid
vacations, pensions, and holidays. There was little
variation in the number of nonunion workers for
whom these provisions were changed, the range
being 3 to 16 percent. Of the union workers, 11 to
27 percent were employed where vacations were
liberalized, and 12 to 25 percent were affected by
new or improved pension plans. The proportion
of workers covered by union agreements that im­
proved holiday provisions ranged from 9 to 21
percent.
5
Reductions in supplementary benefits are rare. Only in 1962
did they affect as many as % of 1 percent of the workers.
Among the workers in 1962 whose benefits were reduced were
some 23,000 workers in the ladies’ apparel industry whose
contracts specified a reduction in company payments to the
supplemental unemployment severance-benefit fund.

49

TECHNOLOGY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Technology and Labor
In the Textile Industry
t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y is undergoing technologi­
cal, managerial, and marketing changes that will
significantly affect its utilization of manpower in
the 1970’s. These developments are being stimu­
lated by competitive pressures and sustained by
relatively high profit rates of the last few years,
the emergence of larger, vertically integrated com­
panies, and substantial investments in plant and
equipment. The changes, however, are spearheaded
by large companies with necessary financial means
while thousands of small firms are only moderately
involved in modernization. Consequently the gap
in unit costs and productivity between the in­
dustry’s leading and marginal mills may widen,
placing the smaller plants under increasing com­
petitive pressure.
This article describes the general economic set­
ting and major technological developments in the
textile industry, as well as their impact on pro­
ductivity, employment, and skill requirements;
and discusses industry provisions for adjustments
to these changes.1

T he

The Setting for Change

Textile producers faced several critical postwar
readjustment problems which brought about a
severe contraction of employment that lasted until
1963. As textile capacity of the war-torn and the
developing countries expanded, the U.S. textile
export markets were cut back and the volume of
imports increased substantially. At home, textile
products encountered increasing competition from
paper and plastics, particularly in industrial mar­
kets, and traditional cotton and wool products
from manmade fiber products. Having been geared
to peak wartime output and large postwar mar­
kets, the industry found itself in the 1950’s with
overexpanded capacity, obsolete equipment, and
high unit costs. Many hundreds of high-cost mills,
unable to compete in the smaller postwar market,
were closed, or merged with, or were acquired
by, financially stronger companies. Low levels
of production and prices, small profits and
investment in plant and equipment, and sharp
declines in employment characterized the decade
of the 1950’s.


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Early in the 1960’s, the Federal Government,
after extensive congressional hearings, instituted
a seven-point program of aid to the textile indus­
try. Among the measures adopted were the 1962
Long Term Arrangement with leading textile na­
tions to provide for the orderly growth of cotton
imports over a 5-year period; more liberal depre­
ciation allowances to encourage investment; elimi­
nation of the two-price cotton system which had
handicapped domestic textile producers; 2 and an
expanded program of government-sponsored re­
search. These provisions, and subsequent favorable
economic conditions of the 1960’s, created a new
climate in the industry.
Expansion in the 1960’s

The industry’s growth in the first half of the
1960’s, reflecting increased demand for civilian
and defense purposes, encouraged optimism and
investment. From 1961 to 1966, according to Fed­
eral Reserve Board data, textile output grew at an
average annual rate of 5.9 percent. Although this
was still below the rate for manufacturing as a
whole, it was considerably above the average tex­
tile rate of 1.3 percent for the 1947-57 period and
2.6 percent for the 1957-61 years.
The financial position of the industry also im­
proved considerably in the 1960’s, although rela­
tive to all manufacturing, rates of return re­
mained substantially lower. Internal funds from
undistributed corporate profits and corporate cap­
ital consumption allowances (depreciation charges
and accidental damage to fixed capital) increased
from an average $420 million in the 1950-59 pe­
riod to $695 million in 1960-66, an increase of 65
percent.3
Demand for textiles is expected to grow at a
high rate in the 1970’s (but below the peak rate of
1962-66) because of larger proportions of teen-

1 T h is a r tic le sum m arizes th e fin dings of a stu d y based on m ill
v is its , in d u str y and labor con su lta tio n s, and second ary sources.
T he fu ll stu d y, in c lu d in g th e c ita tio n s of sou rces used, w ill bo
p resen ted in a fo rth co m in g B L S B u lle tin , T ech n ology an d M a n ­
p o w e r in th e T e x tile I n d u s tr y o f th e 1 9 I 0 ’s.
2 U nder th e G overn m en t’s program , raw c o tto n could be e x ­
ported a t 8V2 cen ts per pound below th e dom estic price. F oreign
te x tile m an u factu rers could buy raw co tto n a t th e low er price
and sell th e fin ish ed cloth in th e U n ited S ta tes.
3 T h e N a tio n a l In c o m e and P r o d u c t A cc o u n ts of th e U n ite d
S ta te s , 1 9 2 9 -1 9 6 5 (U .S . D ep artm en t of Commerce, Office o f B u s i­
n ess E c o n o m ic s). T he 1966 d ata are p relim in ary and unpublished.

50

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

agers and family-formation age groups (major
textile consumers), increased disposable income,
and greater promotional activities.
The volume of imports, a strategic and un­
certain factor in the outlook, has been sharply
increasing. The multilateral Long Term Arrange­
ment for cotton textiles has recently been extended
for a 3-year period. Wood and manmade fiber tex­
tile imports are unregulated. In 1966 imports
of semimanufactured and manufactured cotton
products constituted 10 percent of domestic con­
sumption compared with 2 percent in 1955.
Corresponding percentages in these 2 years for
apparel wool were 22 and 7, and manmade fibers,
3 and 0.4, respectively.
The anticipation of future growth and the need
to reduce unit costs in the textile industry are cur­
rently reflected in greater investment in new plants
and equipment. Between 1962 and 1966, expendi­
tures for these purposes were, on the average, more
than double those of the 1950-59 period, and
reached $1.13 billion in 1966. But the bulk of these
expenditures are being made by large companies.
In 1963, establishments of multiplant companies,
which constituted about one-fourth of all
establishments in the industry, spent about threefourths of the industry’s total capital expenditures
in that year, as shown in the following tabulation :
Percent of textile establishments and
capital expenditures in 1963, by—

Establishments................................
Capital expenditures......................

A ll
companies
100.0
100.0

Multiunit
companies
25.7
77.1

Single unit
companies
74.3
22.9

Source: Census of Manufactures, 1963 (U.S. Bureau of the Census).

The industry’s capacity increased by 23 percent
between 1962 and 1966. A survey of large com­
panies shows the change in the age composition of
equipment over this period. The proportion of
their equipment installed during the preceding 5
years was 38 percent in December 1966 as com­
pared with 27 percent in the spring of 1962.4 (See
chart.) However, the proportion of new equip­
ment maintained by smaller companies is probably
considerably less than that by larger companies.
An important factor in the changes taking place
in the textile industry is the development of larger
companies, through mergers and acquisitions, with
emphasis on vertical integration and professional
rather than family management. Traditionally,
production and marketing operations have been


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Age

of

Equipment of

Large

Textile

Companies,

1 9 6 2 ,1 9 6 6

Percent of
all equipment
50

5 years old
or less

6-10
years old

11-16
years old

Over 16
years old

highly fragmented, discouraging innovation. Al­
though the small independent mill may be more
flexible and responsive to fashion changes, it is
often too far removed from the sources of supply
and demand and, usually, is financially unable to
initiate major technological changes.
An increasing proportion of the textile indus­
try’s output is being concentrated in the largest
textile firms, although compared to many other
large industries, concentration ratios are relatively
low. In the cotton broadwoven sector, the value of
shipments by the four largest companies rose from
18 percent of that sector’s total shipments in 1954
to 30 percent in 1963; comparable data for the
manmade fiber broadwoven sector was 30 and 39
percent over this period. There is, however, con­
siderably less concentration in other textile sectors.
In the knit outerwear industry, for example, the
four largest companies accounted for 11 percent of
total shipments in 1963, compared with the 1954
4
H o w M o d ern is A m e ric a n I n d u s tr y (M cG raw -H ill,
N ovem ber 25, 1966. T he su rvey covers on ly la r g e com pan ies.

I n c .),

TECHNOLOGY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

ratio of 6 percent. Industry experts expect the
trend toward greater concentration to continue.5
Technology in the 1970’s

Three general types of technological changes are
taking place in the textile industry. One involves
improvements of conventional machines and instal­
lation of auxiliary equipment to increase machine
productivity and improve product quality. Many
of these are commonplace in larger modernized
mills and are being adopted by smaller mills.
Another line of development includes radi­
cally new methods of production which often
require costly equipment and, in some instances,
the building of a new mill. The third development
is the increasing use of manmade fibers.
Faster, larger capacity machines, and automatic
or highly mechanized machine cleaning and lubri­
cating devices sharply reduce unit labor require­
ments and cut downtime, i.e., the time the machine
is not operating. Automatic or highly mechanized
transfer of goods between stages of production,
reducing unskilled labor requirements, is being
widely adopted. Increased use of stop motion de­
vices and continuous automatic inspection and
recording instruments are improving quality con­
trol and data management techniques.
Consolidation of two processes or more—such as
attaching automatic winding to the loom—saves
several steps in manufacture and reduces unit la­
bor requirements substantially. Recently developed
automatic loading and unloading machinery, such
as the bobbin doffing machine in spinning, may also
significantly affect labor requirements.
New principles and methods of manufacture are
challenging conventional processes. The shuttleless
loom compared with the conventional loom oper­
ates at much higher speeds, requires less mainte­
nance work, and requires fewer preparatory
processes. Fabric-forming machines, which have
recently been made available in the United States,
stitch together fiber layers at 10 to 50 times the
output of conventional looms and bypass con­
ventional spinning processes. A revolutionary
technique, still in the developmental stage, is openend spinning which may lead to greater mill
automation.
5 K u rt Salm on A sso c ia te s, “M a n a g in g T ech n o lo g ica l C hange,”
T e x tile I n d u s tr ie s , A u g u st 1967, p. 87.


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51
Manufacturing of new products such as the socalled nonwovens (bonded web of fibers), textur­
ized and stretch yarns, foam laminates, and coated
fabrics involves new techniques, new skills, and
new machines. Some of these, like nonwoven fab­
rics, require fewer man-hours per unit of output
than do conventional fabrics; others, such as
stretch fabrics, may require additional labor.
The goal of continuous automatic manufacture
is becoming technically feasible in some branches
of textile production. A relatively new system of
yarn manufacture is capable of integrating several
of the processes (bale opening through carding)
which conventionally are discrete operations, and
linking together the remaining processes through
automatic transfer of material between machines.
Installed so far in only one or two mills, such sys­
tems are initially expensive and require greater
product uniformity, but output per man-hour, re­
portedly, ranges from 70 to 100 percent above
conventional mills.
In finishing mills, continuous automated sys­
tems, in which pressure, speed, temperature, and
other aspects of production are controlled from a
central console, are replacing older discontinuous
operations. The first computer-directed system for
use in a textile production process was recently
installed in a large finishing plant to control a
complex dyeing procedure.
One of the major developments is the modern
layout and design of the plant itself. Most of the
7,000 plants in the industry, built more than
25 years ago, are multistory mills, poorly adapted
to modern continuous-flow methods. New mills
usually have only one floor, with machines located
close to each other so that materials handling is
minimized. Moreover, faster and larger-capacity
machines, fewer processes, and three-shift opera­
tions have reduced the number of machines re­
quired for a given output.
Manmade fiber (cellulosic and noncellulosic) is,
perhaps, the most important and far-reaching
technological factor to have affected the textile in­
dustry. The particularly rapid growth of noncellulosics (nylon, polyester, acrylic, spandex, olefin,
and other fibers) reflects the chemical industry’s
outlays for R and D, and for promotion, and the
advantages to some processors of lower unit labor
requirements, relatively stable prices, and less
waste. As shown in table 1, manmade fibers ac­
counted for 57 percent of mill fiber consumption

52

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

in 1966 (cotton-equivalent basis), compared with
39 percent in 1957 and 23 percent in 1947. Despite
considerable research in and promotion of natural
fibers, manmade fibers may nevertheless account
for as much as 65 percent of all fibers consumed by
1975, with major growth in noncellulosics.

T a b l e 1.

T o ta l2___ ________

100.0

100.0

100.0

The Rate of Change

Manmade fiber__________
Rayon and acetate, _.
Noncellulosic_______
Glass_______________
Cotton___ _
______
Wool___ _______________

23.1
21.8
1.2
0.1
71.0
5.8

39.2
24.2
12.7
2.3
57.9
2.9

56.6
19.6
32.2
4.8
41.6
1.8

Definitive figures on productivity (i.e. output
per man-hour) which measure the rate of improve­
ment in manpower utilization are not available
because of special technical statistical problems.6
Some rough indication of overall improvement in
recent years, however, is suggested by the sharp
rise in output between 1960 and 1965. Various
measures of textile output indicate that it rose*
from 30-35 percent during this period. Estimated
all employee man-hours rose by only 4 percent.
These changes for the textile industry as a whole
reflect substantial variation among individual sec­
tors of the industry.
Productivity in the hosiery industry has been in­
creasing rapidly, according to the BLS official in­
dex 7 constructed with appropriate weights. Out­
put per man-hour for all employees rose at an aver­
age annual rate of 2.9 percent from 1947 to 1957,
but at a rate of 6.6 percent from 1957 to 1965.
From 1960 to 1965, the rate was 7.3 percent. The
sharp increase in productivity is associated with
a rapid rise in output and a major change from
full-fashioned to seamless hosiery.
Cotton and manmade fiber broad-woven produc­
tion, for example, was 25 percent greater in 1965
than in 1948, but there were 22 percent fewer
looms in place and 2 percent fewer loom hours
worked in 1965. Engineering studies of future
technology suggest a continuation in the reduction
of equipment per unit of output.
Increasing and more intensive use of modern­
ized equipment are reflected in the doubling of the
industry’s electric consumption over the postwar
period, despite a significant decline in real fixed
capital. Per production worker, consumption of
electric energy increased two and one-half times
from 1947 to 1965, rising at the average annual
rate of 4.4 percent. Compared with all manufac­
turing, however, the rate of electrification of tex­
tile mills per worker remains relatively low.


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P e r c e n t D is t r ib u t io n o f M il l F ib e r C o n ­
B a s e d o n C o tt o n E q u iv a l e n t s , 1 9 4 7 , 1 9 5 7 ,

s u m p t io n ,
and

1966

Type of fiber

Cotton-Equivalent Basis
1947

(percent)

1957

1966

1 Converted by the Department of Agriculture to enable fiber comparison
on the basis of the quantity of material realized. Adjustment was made for
differences in the waste involved in manufacturing fabric from various fibers,
and for differences in the average weight of generally comparable end products
made from the different fibers.
2 Does not include silk.

Source: Unpublished data, U .S. Department of Agriculture.

Lower capital requirements in relation to ca­
pacity or output is another partial indicator of
technological change, reflecting improvements in
textile machinery and more intensive utilization.
Real fixed capital in the textile industry declined
almost 40 percent from 1948 to 1963, while textile
mill capacity increased 13 percent, according to
the National Industrial Conference Board. Data
on selected types of machinery tend to confirm this
trend to a lower capital-output ratio.
Performance Potential. The potential for “effi­
ciency” increase can be assessed from the Com­
merce Department’s approximations of interplant
differences in performance. Measures of value
added per production worker (an approximate
indicator of “efficiency” for the “more efficient”,
“less efficient”, and average mill of 1958 indicate a
wide variance.8 Scattered data for 1963 appear to
indicate roughly similar differences.
The difference in average value added per pro­
duction worker man-hour between the “more effi­
cient” and the average mill ranged from 40 percent
0
In a d d itio n to th e u su a l problem s o f determ ining' th e best
m easure of o u tp u t fo r in d iv id u a l produ cts, a ssig n in g app rop riate
w e ig h ts and a c h ie v in g reason ab le com p arab ility betw een m an­
hou rs and ou tp u t, th ere are e sp ec ia lly com plex problem s of
ch an ges in q u a lity and produ ct m ix and ch an ges in th e degree
of in teg r a tio n of produ ction fa c ilitie s .
7 In d e x es of O u tp u t P e r M an -H ou r, S e le c te d I n d u s tr ie s , 1939
an d 191/7—66, (B L S B u lle tin No. 1572, 1 9 6 7 ).
8 T h is efficiency concept, developed by th e U .S. D ep artm en t of
Commerce, is based on th e ra tio o f p a yrolls to valu e added. T he
p la n t w ith th e lo w e st ra tio of p a y r o lls to valu e added w ou ld be
th e m ost efficient m ill. See U .S. I n d u s tr ia l O u tlook, 1967 (U .S .
D ep artm en t o f Commerce, B u sin e ss and D e fen se S ervices A d­
m in istr a tio n ), pp. 206—210.

53

TECHNOLOGY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
T a b l e 2.
T h e R a t io s o f M o r e E f f ic ie n t to L e s s
E f f i c ie n t P l a n t s a n d to A v e r a g e P l a n t s in V a l u e
A d d e d P e r P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r M a n - H o u r , 1 9 5 8
Ratios of—
Industry sector

Weaving mills, cotton___________
Weaving mills, synthetics________
Weaving finishing mills, wool____
Narrow fabric m ills_____________
Hosiery m ills___________________
Knit outerwear mills____________
Knit fabric m ills___ _
_______
Finishing plants, cotton_________
Tufted carpets and rugs_________
Yarn mills, excluding wool______

More efficient to
less efficient
plants 1

More efficient to
average plants 1

2.4
2.9
2.7
2.2
3.0
4.4
3.4
2.4
3.1
2.5

1.5
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.6
2.4
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.6

1 Plants in each industry sector were ranked by the ratio of payrolls to
value added. The plants in the lowest quartile of this ranking were considered
the “more efficient,” those in the highest quartile, the “less efficient.” Value
added is used as the measure of output or the net contribution of the manu­
facturing process in the industry. No adjustments is made for product mix,
degree of integration, or other variations among plants.

Source: U .S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services
Administration, U.S. Industrial Outlook, 1967.

in the narrow fabric sector to 140 percent in the
knit outerwear sector. In the “more efficient” cot­
ton and synthetic weaving mills, the ratio was 50
and 70 percent, respectively, greater than in the
average mill. (See table 2.) As would be expected,
differences between the “more efficient” and “less
efficient” mills were considerably greater—from
double in the narrow fabric sector to four and a
half times the ratio in the knit outerwear sector.
Study of hypothetical or model plants designed
by engineers also provides an indication of the
industry’s potential “efficiency”. Comparisons of
such model mills9 over time trace the progress
made in developing technological improvements,
without reference to the extent of their actual ap­
plication in the industry.
Output per man-hour in a model cotton-printcloth mill of 1910 was 3.1 pounds; in 1935 it was
4.6 pounds. By 1956, it had risen to 10.5 pounds,
and by 1966, to 14.6 pounds. The average annual
rate of technological progress was 1.6 percent be­
tween 1910 and 1935,4.1 percent between 1935 and
1956, and 3.4 percent between 1956 and 1966. Al­
though model cotton-print-cloth mill’s perform­
ance cannot be taken as representative of the in­
dustry, it is nevertheless a useful indicator of the
technological progress in the broadwoven sector.
a See “Mechanical Changes in the Cotton Textile Industry,
1910 to 1936,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , August 1937, pp. 316-341 :
and “The Modern P rint Cloth Mill, A Survey,” T h e W h i t i n R e ­
v i e w , June 1957, December 1961. See also American Textile Ma­
chinery Association. “The Modern P rint Cloth Mill, Ten-Year
Comparison,” February 28, 1967.


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The “productivity” potential can be derived
from a comparison of the level in the model printcloth mill in 1966 of 14.6 pounds per man-hour,
and the actual level of production in such mills
which was estimated by industry experts to aver­
age about 10 pounds per man-hour. The 46-percent
gap between the average and the model plant may
be taken to represent the approximate potential
growth that might occur if all plant and ma­
chinery were replaced by the most modern
equipment.
More realistically, should it take the average
mill 10 years to attain the level of the model mill,
the average annual rate of increase in the printcloth industry would be about 4 percent from 1966
to 1976. Should the catching-up period be less than
10 years, because of a continuation of today’s high
investment or extensive closing of less efficient
mills, the rate would exceed 4 percent a year.
Little Promise for Employment

Following its 1948 peak of 1,332,000, textile em­
ployment began the sharpest long-term decline in
its history. By 1963, the year of its postwar low,
employment had fallen 33.5 percent, or 2.7 percent
annually.
Although production increased in the early
1960’s, employment did not develop commensurately. At first, the additional man-hours required
were made up by lengthening the workweek. But
as production continued sharply upward in the
mid-1960’s, both employment and man-hours rose
significantly. From 1963 to 1966, employment
moved up at the average annual rate of 2.8 per­
cent—the first postwar employment increase of
more than 1 year’s duration. Overall, an average
of about 960,000 employees were working in the
textile industry in 1966—about 370,000 fewer than
in 1948, a decline of 27.8 percent.
Available monthly data for 1967 indicate some
reduction in employment associated with a cut­
back in production. But sizable decreases in over­
time and total weekly hours appeared to be
cushioning the employment decline.
The decline in employment in the postwar pe­
riod was accompanied by a relatively high rate of
unemployment among textile workers, particu­
larly in areas where mills were shut down. While
closures were more common in the sharp decline

54
of the 1950’s they continued to occur in the 1960’s,
particularly in the New England area.
The outlook is for a continuation of the long­
term decline, but at a slower rate. Because of the
continued prevalence of many small mills with
obsolete equipment, the industry will remain vul­
nerable to mass layoffs as plants are shut down
during short-term periods of slackening demand.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T a b l e 3.
E m p l o y m e n t C h a n g e s in T e x t il e I n d u s t r y
o f S o u t h C a r o l in a , b y S e x a n d C o l o r , 1 9 4 0 -6 5
[In th o u sa n d s]
Change in textile employment
Period
Total

1940-45________________
1945-50________________
1950-55_______ _______
1955-60________________
1960-65________________

16.8
15.0
2.6
- 4 .3
10.4

White
men
-0 .8
15.2
1.9
0.6
3.6

White
women
15.7
- 0 .6
0.9
- 4 .8
4.4

Negroes

1.8
.5
- 0 .1
-0 .2
2.5

Jobs for Women
Source: Annual Reports of the Department of Labor of South Carolina,
1940-65.

The textile industry has long been a source of
abundant job opportunities for women. More than
425,000 women were employed in mills in 1966,
about 45 percent of the industry’s employees,
compared with a ratio of 27 percent in all
manufacturing.
Job opportunities for women are being affected
by technological changes in winding, drawing, and
packaging which may reduce unit labor require­
ments. On the other hand, as jobs previously con­
sidered too arduous are more highly mechanized,
they become available to women workers.
Negro employment in the industry increased
from a total of 25,000 in 1940 to 44,000 in 1960,
despite the substantial decrease in overall textile
employment. The proportion rose from 2.1 to 4.6
percent of total textile employment. In some
southern centers, however, the ratio of Negro em­
ployment remained fairly stable until the mid1960’s. In South Carolina, one of the most impor­
tant textile States, the average ratio of Negro
textile employment for the last 30 years was less
than 5 percent with little variation from year to
year. In 1965, the proportion rose to slightly over
6 percent (still below the 1925 ratio), but in 1966
it jumped to 10 percent.
Although the generally low ratio of Negroes in
southern textile mills reflects social and economic
factors, there is evidence that some of these con­
ditions are changing. Generally, white men and
women sought jobs in southern textile mills be­
cause wages were higher than in many other lowpaying local industries. Moreover, since many lead­
ing southern industries employed only a small pro­
portion of women workers, the textile industry
stood out as an important source of jobs for white
women. When white male labor was not available,
as in the 1940-45 period, white women capable of
holding textile jobs were hired rather than Negro
men. (See table 3.)


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In recent years, the textile industry has had to
compete for male labor with higher paying indus­
tries which have moved into the South. Moreover,
employment opportunities, other than in textile
mills, have become available to white women. Be­
tween 1960 and 1965, only 25 percent of the net
increase in female employment in South Carolina
went into textile mills; between 1940 and 1945,
about 80 percent had gone into textile mills. The
shortage of white women workers may be one rea­
son for the increase in Negro employment in South
Carolina in the mid-1960’s.
Another factor in the improvement of the Ne­
groes’ position in textile employment of the South
is that the community-work relationship is chang­
ing. The isolation from large urban centers of the
socially cohesive mill communities and their de­
pendence on the mill is lessening. These factors
have tended to restrict Negro mill employment.
Greater mechanization, on the other hand, tends
to reduce demand for the unskilled workers (the
major Negro occupational group today) and may
adversely affect opportunities for Negro workers
in the future.
Changes in Job Content

Technological developments are altering job con­
tent and skill requirements for many occupations
in the modern mill. One or more of the operative’s
traditional manual duties (e.g., creeling [loading]
and doffing [unloading], repairing breaks, clean­
ing, and materials handling) are being entirely
eliminated or significantly reduced as a result of
transferral to a machine. Consequently, while the
operative’s manual skills are still required, the rel­
ative time allotted to these skills is being greatly
reduced. It is expected, for example, that techno­
logical changes will reduce the spinner’s tradi-

TECHNOLOGY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

tional manual duties from an average of about
three-quarters of his total time in the 1960’s to
about half in the 1970’s, and will increase the time
spent in patrolling the machines from about 25 to
50 percent. In the most advanced mills, where sev­
eral textile processes are very highly mechanized
or automatic, patrolling longer lines of machines
and watching for problems is the operative’s ma­
jor job requirement.
I t is difficult to generalize about the effect on the
worker of increased mechanization. Physically ar­
duous jobs are being mechanized and temperature
and humidity conditions are greatly improved in
modernized mills. The increase in patrolling re­
duces time spent on repetitive manipulative jobs,
but it may be more tiring generally. On faster,
more automatic machinery, downtime is more
costly and the worker has a greater responsibility
to monitor the machines closely. This may result
in pressure on the worker and greater anxiety.
Some automatic devices, on the other hand, may
lessen certain time stresses, but may require the
worker to be more alert to malfunctions.
A djustm ents to Change

Working conditions in the industry remain
largely a matter of management discretion. Only
about a fourth of all textile workers are in mills
covered by collective bargaining, compared with
over 60 percent in all manufacturing industries.
Contraction of the Northern textile industry,
where union organization is strongest, seriously
depleted union ranks. Attempts to organize South­
ern mills have been relatively unsuccessful. Nearly
seven-eighths of New England cotton workers and
only one-eighth of those in the Southeast were em­
ployed in mills having collective bargaining agree­
ments in 1065. In synthetic textile mills, threefifths of the workers were covered in New Eng­
land, two-fifths in the Middle Atlantic States and
1 percent in the Southeast.
Earnings are low in textiles relative to other
industries, in spite of sizable increases in the post­
war period. From 1947 to 1966, average weekly
earnings in textile mills rose 3.7 percent annually
10
M a jo r C o lle c tiv e B a rg a in in g A g re e m e n ts, S e v era n c e P a g and
L ayoff B en efit P la n s (B L S B u lle tin 1 4 2 5 -2 , 1 9 6 5 ). T hese data
are from 196 3 c o lle ctiv e b a rg a in in g agreem ents.


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55
compared with 4.4 percent in manufacturing. In
1966, average hourly and weekly earnings totaled
$1.96 and $82.12, respectively, compared with
averages of $2.71 and $112.19 in manufacturing.
Supplements to wages and salaries (including
such items as employer contributions to social in­
surance, private pension, and welfare funds) as a
percent of total compensation are also low in the
textile industry relative to those in manufacturing.
Formal provisions for worker adjustment to
technological change are found primarily in plants
with union agreements and even these are few in
number. Contracts usually provide for the princi­
ple of seniority as a measure of protection for the
employee displaced by technological develop­
ments, or other reasons, but limitations may be in­
cluded. Some contracts contain provisions which
require advance notice to the union, union consul­
tation, or a trial period for a proposed technologi­
cal change.
Machine changes which affect the pace of
work—'“speedup” (i.e., installing faster machines
or speeding up old ones) and “stretchout” (i.e.,
increasing the number of machines assigned to the
worker)—are a major topic of labor-management
discussion. In some contracts, workload assign­
ments are subject to review by the union and may
be submitted to arbitration.
Contract provisions designed to financially as­
sist the worker who is laid off as a result of a tech­
nological change are very limited. Provisions for
severance pay were included in 11 of the 28 con­
tracts studied by BLS,10 but only a few specified
technological displacement as a condition for pay­
ment. Several contracts required retirement as the
only condition for severance pay. Moreover, sup­
plemental unemployment benefits (SUB) intended
to supplement unemployment compensation dur­
ing temporary layoffs are nonexistent in the
industry.
In view of the limited scope of formal industry
arrangements for adjustment to technological
changes, Government institutions for unemploy­
ment insurance, placement, and retraining may
play a major role in assisting the textile worker
in the event of plant closings and mass layoffs.
— R ose N. Z eisel
Division of Technological Studies

56

Changing Manpower Needs
in Telephone Offices
T he success of a firm’s planning for introducing
technological change with a minimum of worker
displacement depends not only on social and eco­
nomic factors that affect the plant’s fortunes but
also on constraints on the individual worker’s abil­
ity to take full advantage of protective options of­
fered. This facet of adjustment is highlighted in a
study of manpower adjustments to technological
change in telephone offices.1
Since technical innovations in the telephone in­
dustry are made as part of long-term plans for ex­
pansion, such offices are in a better position to
minimize adverse effects on employees than plants
which are primarily concerned with self defense
in a contracting market. Telephone companies of
the Bell System have long followed carefully for­
mulated procedures for projecting the effect of
change on its office employees, for informing un­
ions and employees, and for developing appropri­
ate measures to transfer, retrain, or retire employ­
ees whose jobs are eliminated. This article de­
scribes how manpower adjustments were made in
four cases of shifts (cutovers) from manual to
automatic dialing for long distance and local serv­
ice combined and highlights the importance of a
diversity of measures to minimize the dislocation
of workers. For women telephone operators who
could not take advantage of interplant transfer
and retraining provisions, the most effective mech­
anism for adjustment proved to be severance pay
or early retirement.
Three of the offices affected (A, B, and C) were
located in towns of 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants in
the Appalachian region. Unemployment was rela­
tively high, ranging from 5 to 13 percent, during
the cutover period. The fourth (D) was the last
manual central office in a large Eastern city which
had several other offices to which employees could
be transferred.
The offices were units of three companies in the
Bell System. The operators in two offices (B and
C) were represented by the Communications
Workers of America; in the other two offices (A
and D), by a statewide independent union. Collec­
tive bargaining had been going on for at least a
decade prior to the conversion.
Labor requirements were reduced drastically: in
office A, by 40 percent; office B, by 47 percent; of­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

fice C, by 85 percent ; and office D was closed down.
The employees directly affected were operators,
service assistants, assistant chief operators, and
chief operators, all of whom were women.
A formal systemwide policy for coordinating
technical and manpower changes in dial conver­
sions had existed for several decades. The objec­
tives were to retain as many employees as possible,
to provide suitable transfer, to avoid downgrading
employees, and to avoid a surplus force after the
changeover. In practice, local management had to
adapt these systemwide policy guidelines to fit the
particular circumstances of the individual town
or office.
Advance planning of both the technology and
personnel adjustments began several years before
the cutover in all four cases. Planning in office C,
for example, began 3y2 years in advance. A spe­
cific management official was put in full charge
of coordinating cutover arrangements, both per­
sonnel and technical.
Looking Forward

Forecasting employment requirements was an
important phase of planning. Twenty-one months
before cutover, office C estimated turnover, retire­
ments, and work force required for each month
over the following 2 years. The number of em­
ployees who would have to transfer or be laid off
after the change was estimated and revised peri­
odically to take account of changes in turnover and
in employee decisions to transfer. These quantita­
tive estimates provided1a basis for planning the
use of attrition to phase out jobs.
The unions and employees were notified far in
advance of the change. The company favors in­
forming the union in advance of employees or the
public “so that there will be no misunderstanding
and so that questions or discussions among em­
ployees if taken to the union may be given answers
in accordance with the facts.” The union and em­
ployees in office A were informed and formal un­
ion-management meetings were begun about 20
months prior to conversion. Meetings began in of­
fice D a year prior to cutover ; in office C, 17 months
1
le tin ,

T h is a r tic le is a p a r tia l sum m ary o f a fo r th co m in g B L S B u l­
M a n p o w er

P la n n in g

fo r

T e c h n o lo g ic a l

C h a n g e :

T h e

C a se

w h ich is based on one of 29 ca se reports
prepared fo r th e O rgan ization fo r E con om ic C ooperation and D e­
velopm ent. F or an oth er OECD m anpow er stu d y see “A d ju stin g
M anpow er R equirem ents to C on stan t C hange,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , O ctober 1967, pp. 36—41.
o f

T e le p h o n e

O p e r a to r s ,

MANPOWER NEEDS IN TELEPHONE OFFICES

prior to cutover. Office B manager notified the lo­
cal of cutover plans 2 years prior to the date of
conversion.
Interviews were held with the employees to in­
form them of the choice in transfers, training, or
other adjustments. Since women are not expected
to put job or career above family convenience or
preference, even if they support the family (as was
the case for many of the women operators in these
case studies), this advance discussion was particu­
larly helpful in preparing for the change.
In order to reduce employment as much as pos­
sible through attrition rather than by means of
layoff, strict control over hiring was instituted at
an early date. Regular employees who left during
the year preceding the cutover were replaced with
temporary workers. Former telephone operators
who did not need training were preferred. Also,
temporary workers were hired to fill vacancies re­
sulting from transfers during the few months
prior to cutover. As a result, temporary employees
accounted for over a third of the total operator
force in offices C and D, and nearly a fourth of the
operating force of office B, by cutover time.
Union contracts in all four offices required that
the company notify the union of “an occasion for
the adoption of a program of mass or general lay­
offs or partdlming (less than a normal workweek)
or both” of regular employees. They also provided
that, within 30 days of such notice, either (1) a
special layoff or part-timing arrangement shall
have been negotiated, or (2) contract provisions
shall apply which require that inverse order of
seniority be observed in layoffs.
At the time of notification, planning in all four
offices had progressed to the point where manage­
ment was able to give the union the approximate
cutover date, the number of employees who would
be retained, and who would be transferred. Early
notice served to allay anxiety about job security
and to maintain employee morale during a transi­
tion period.
Bargaining for Change

Union and management representatives met
often to consider the application of contract pro­
visions. Management in office A proposed, as an
alternative to the contract provision regarding
layoff, that about half of the regular employees be
given part-time work—about 2y2 days a week,
that they also be offered transfers, and that some

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57
special temporary clerical projects be brought into
office A to absorb the surplus force immediately
after cutover. The union counterproposed that the
workday for all regular operators should be cut 1
hour, at no cut in pay; that employees should be
offered expense-paid transfers anywhere in the
system, by seniority; and that pensions be pro­
vided to all employees with 20 years of service.
The union was firmly opposed to part-timing,
partly because it would halve the operators’
income while preventing them from obtaining un­
employment compensation. After three negotiat­
ing sessions, the management agreed to pay trans­
portation and moving expenses to transferees.
Finally, since the union was firmly opposed, man­
agement withdrew its proposal for part-time
work and agreed to use the contract’s layoff
procedure.
Union-management meetings at office D, which
was to be closed, dealt with transfer provisions at
length. Instead of giving employees their choice
of office to which they would like to be transferred
in order of strict seniority, management proposed
that the seniority list be split into four groups and
the limited number of transfer openings in each
office be apportioned among the four groups.
Within the groups, choice would be by seniority.
The union proposed six groups, rather than four
groups, since it was concerned that the relative
position on the seniority roster of operators in the
offices receiving the transferred employees would
be lowered by an influx of more senior employees
from office D. This would adversely affect the re­
ceiving office operators’ choice of hours and vaca­
tions. The union’s proposal was ultimately
accepted.
Overtime was scheduled in all four offices to add
operator man-hours. Usually, operators were
scheduled for a 6-day week, rather than a longer
day. About one quarter of the total man-hours
required to operate office B were obtained through
use of temporary employees and overtime schedul­
ing. Also, the cutover was planned for the seasonal
traffic peak which would require extra operator
man-hours and therefore would result in fewer
layoffs immediately after cutover.
Offices B and C postponed vacations until after
the cutover. In office C, this measure added the
man-hour equivalent of five workers to the opera­
ting force, during the 3 months prior to conversion.
Office C had estimated its turnover during the year
of conversion as 35 percent; during the year pre-

58
ceding conversion, as 20 percent. I t began filling
the vacancies created by attrition with temporary
employees 2 years before cutover.
Transfers and Severance Pay

Transfers of some operators to other telephone
offices were arranged by the converting office. In
offices A, B, and C, a few jobs in other towns,
mostly within the State, were available; for office
D employees jobs were available within the city.
Nearly all of these jobs were in related types of
traffic work (usually toll, information, or intercept
operating). Only five employees were moved into
another department in the same town. To facili­
tate transfers, the company paid moving or trans­
portation costs of some of the employees who were
required to transfer.
Employees who moved to other offices retained
their seniority within the Bell System for pur­
poses of job security, vacation length, and pension
rights. They may temporarily lose rights based on
seniority to choose tours of duty and vacation.
In nearly all cases, transfers were arranged to
towns with the same wage scale for operators; only
a few transfers were to larger cities with a higher
wage scale. In office C, downgrading took place
primarily because the position “Service Assistant”
was no longer required after cutover. Eleven serv­
ice assistants and one assistant chief operator were
downgraded to operator positions at lower pay
rates. One assistant chief operator was moved to
another department to prevent her being down­
graded to operator.
Transfers to other cities and offices were not
effective immediately at the cutover, but were
spread out over a period of months preceding cut­
over, in order to lessen the training load on the
receiving office. Office C, for example, shifted 14
operators to a single small town, where they had to
be trained for toll operations. These moves were
spread out therefore over several months to pre­
vent a sudden influx of untrained operators into
one office. Similarly, office D shifted 132 operators
to other offices in the same city over a period of
several weeks, all of whom had to be retrained for
toll work. In both offices, as regular operators were
transferred, their duties were performed either by
hiring additional temporary employees or by
scheduling overtime. Two offices in the same State
also created openings for 26 operators of office C
by planning their hiring during the 3 months prior

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

to cutover. In office A, nonoperating departments
of the company (in the same town) restricted
hiring in certain occupations for 1 year preceding
cutover. These measures, however, produced only
one opening.
Although all regular employees had the option
of transferring, but not always to the city of their
choice, some layoffs took place because of the in­
ability of some operators to move. Family re­
sponsibilities and homeownership precluded most
of these regular employees from relocating. Un­
certainty about the new location was also a factor.
Transfers were rejected by 142 of the 222 regular
employees who would be laid off. Twenty-eight of
the 142 were able to retire, because of their length
of service or because of a decision by the Benefit
Committee. Eighteen took a leave of absence. The
remaining 96 operators who could1 not transfer
were laid off; all but 17 received layoff pay. In
offices A and C, about a third of the laid-off regu­
lar employees were rehired within a year or two
of cutover, due to increased business and turnover.
Some older workers found retraining particu­
larly difficult. Older operators who had trouble
adjusting to toll practices were given more time
to learn or were trained for the somewhat less rig­
orous intercept or information positions. A 54year-old operator, with 31 years of service, was not
interested in relocating or retiring but wanted to
work to finish paying for her house. She was fear­
ful, however, of the training for the position of
toll operator and of her efficiency on the new job.
Although this individual was finally able to adjust
to the change, others resigned or retired because of
inability to learn toll work.
Public Agencies

Although one office attempted to obtain jobs in
one other plant for some laid off employees, none
of the offices notified or worked with public agen­
cies in advance or during the changeover. The
offices tried to minimize employee adjustment
problems through internal planning, but their
greatly reduced operator requirements cut back
job opportunities in each community for young,
unskilled, female high school graduates. To this
extent, the problems of vocational guidance, place­
ment, counseling, and job creation were intensified
for public agencies in these communities.
— A

udrey

F

reedm an and

E

dgar

W

e in b e r g

Office o f P r o d u c tiv ity , T e c h n o lo g y , a n d G ro w th

Technical Note

Problems of Gathering
Occupational Data by Mail
D e n is M. G r u s k in *

T he B ureau of L abor Statistics is developing
a program to provide current estimates of em­
ployment by occupation, in response to recommen­
dations made by the President’s Committee to ap­
praise Employment and Unemployment Statistics
in 1962. The two objectives of the program are to
publish annual estimates of employment in the
United States in a selected list of important occu­
pations, and to study the changing occupational
composition of industries.
To aid in solving the many problems and ques­
tions that it was anticipated would arise in devel­
oping the program, a series of experimental stud­
ies was instituted in fiscal year 1966. This note
briefly describes the first of these experimental stu­
dies and presents the major results of an analysis
of responses received in the experiment.
The Problem

To collect data on employment by occupation
from industry at a reasonable cost, it must be done,
to the greatest extent possible, by mail rather than
personal visit. But occupational terminology is not
uniform in American industry, and in the industry
wage survey program—to make sure that the data
refer to the same occupations for all plants in a
survey—it has been necessary to send trained
agents to visit each plant and get wage data for
each occupation as defined in a standard manual.
In the Bureau’s community wage program, wage
surveys in all except a few large metropolitan
areas involve personal visits every second year
with partial collection by mail in intervening
years. In the mail process, the plant is sent a form
on which has been entered the information collected
from that plant a year earlier, so that the respond­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ent can identify exactly which occupations in his
own terminology fit each occupational category de­
fined by the Bureau. Personal visits are made to
establishments not responding to the mail request
and to those reporting unusual changes from yearearlier data.
Community wage data are used, so far as pos­
sible, in the occupational employment statistics
program. It is necessary, however, to collect data
on additional occupations and industries, in larger
samples, and in plants not located in the cities in­
cluded in the community wage survey program.
The experimental surveys were made to see what
problems would arise in collecting occupational
data by mail.
The Study

The first experimental study to test the feasi­
bility of collecting reliable occupational employ­
ment statistics from employers by mail was
conducted in the Computing and AccountingMachines Industry for its clerical and blue-collar
occupations. (It has already been demonstrated,
through the Bureau’s annual surveys of scientific
and technical personnel, that it is feasible to collect
reliable data on these professional and technical
occupations by mail.) The Computing and Ac­
counting Machines Industry was chosen because in
this industry (1) the experiment could be con­
ducted with a moderate expenditure of resources,
and (2) the occupational composition was under­
going marked changes.
Employers were asked to report the total num­
ber of workers employed in the establishment and
those employed in each of 48 occupations or oc­
cupational groups:
( 1 ) t h e m a jo r g ro u p h e a d in g , Total Clerical
Workers, w h ic h w a s f o llo w e d b y n in e d e ta ile d c le r i­
c a l o c c u p a tio n s a n d th e r e s id u a l c a te g o r y , Other
Clerical W orkers;
( 2 ) t h e o c c u p a tio n , Office Machine Salesman;
( 3 ) th e m a jo r g ro u p h e a d in g , Total Skilled Trades
and Other Manual Occupations, w h ic h w a s fo llo w e d
b y 33 d e t a ile d b lu e -c o lla r o c c u p a tio n s a n d th e r e s id ­
u a l c a te g o r y , Other Skilled Trades and Manual
Occupations ; an d
( 4 ) t h e m a jo r g ro u p h e a d in g , Service Workers,
w h ic h w a s n o t fo llo w e d b y a n y d e ta ile d s e r v ic e
o c c u p a tio n s.
♦F orm erly, of th e D iv isio n o f O ccupational E m p loym en t S ta ­
tis tic s , B ureau of L abor S ta tis tic s.

59

60
A booklet of definitions accompanied the question­
naires, which were mailed in August 1966 to 50
establishments. Replies were received from 38.
Major objectives of the response analysis effort
were to obtain information on company record­
keeping practices, to measure the deviations from
the requirements of the survey in the data re­
ported, and to determine the reasons for the de­
viations discovered.
Twenty reporting units for which reports were
submitted were included in the response analysis
survey subsample. These 20 reporting units rep­
resented 79,578 workers, or almost 48 percent of
the 166,100 employed in the industry in August
1966.
Nineteen units maintained records from which
counts of employment by detailed occupation
could be compiled. Records of the 20th establish­
ment, which employed 47 workers, showed only
total employment in each department; in this es­
tablishment the interviewee had based the detailed
occupational employment counts furnished by
mail on his personal knowledge.
Typically, employer records are set up for such
purposes as conducting cost studies or preparing
payrolls. Nevertheless, the response analysis in­
terviews point to the conclusion that employers
have the capability to furnish current occupa­
tional employment statistics.
The R esults

Detailed assessments of the accuracy of the data
reported were made for 19 units. All 19 required
quantitative adjustments to bring the data re­
ported into line with the instructions on the ques­
tionnaire, or with the occupational definitions that
accompanied the questionnaire.
Moreover, it should be kept in mind that the
quantitative adjustments were in some cases only
partial because of unavailability of necessary data.
Second, no adjustments were made for deviations
from the standard reference period. Last, no ad­
justments were made for differences in the cover­
age of a filed report from the scope of the report­
ing unit for which a report had been requested.
While the results have to be interpreted with
caution, they appear to suggest that: (1) for cer­
tain occupations the titles, definitions, instruc­
tions, and techniques used in the experimental sur­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

vey may be satisfactory as they now stand; (2) for
others they may have to be modified; and (3) for
still others, additional survey work is needed to
evaluate their adequacy.
Specifically, occupational totals compiled from
employer’s original reports for 21 of the 49 oc­
cupations on the questionnaire underwent a net
change of less than 5 percent due to the response
analysis work:
Occupational categories in which
revisions of specified amounts
were made
Percentage revision in number
reported, as result of response
analysis
0-4.9................. .............. ....................__
5.0-9.9....................................................
10.0-19.9__________________ _____
20.0-29.9............................................
30.0-49.9.................................................
50.0-69.9_____________ ___________
70.0-100.0_______________________
Total categories____________

Number
21
7
7
4
6
3
1

Cumulative
percent
42.9
57.2
71.5
79.7
91.9
98.0
100.0

49

The median change needed in the occupational
totals as a result of the response analysis work was
6.3 percent.
The only occupational total to change 100 per­
cent was office machine serviceman. In the two
cases involved, workers classified as office machine
servicemen were electronic computer servicemen,
an occupation which both BLS interviewers and
employer representatives believed to be better
classified as technician.
The reasons for the deviations discovered in­
cluded : (1) a tendency of employers to report dif­
ficult classification cases in the residual (“All
other . . . ”) categories; (2) “Forcing,” or the
tendency for employers to classify all employees,
including managerial, professional, and technical
personnel, within the occupational classifications
that appeared on the schedule; (3) clerical errors;
(4) conditioning caused by past reporting of simi­
lar statistics for other surveys with different con­
cepts and objectives; (5) faulty titles and defini­
tions; (6) use of more general job descriptions
within establishments than were used in the sur­
vey experiment; (7) inadequate understanding of
the objectives of the survey; and (8) misinterpre­
tation of titles, definitions, and instructions, and
failure to read titles, definitions, and instructions
carefully.
In sum then, preliminary results suggest strong­
ly that for certain occupations the Bureau can ex­
pect to obtain reliable data by this method, but a
great deal of additional survey and response anal-

61

GATHERING OCCUPATIONAL DATA BY MAIL

ysis work must be undertaken to determine which
and how many detailed occupations can be in­
cluded in surveys of other industries. To aid in
1
A comprehensive table or Matrix, with 156 specific occupa­
tions or groupings of occupations cross-classified w ith 137 indus­
tries, which makes it possible to see w hat proportion each
occupation is of total employment in an industry, and how total
employment in an occupation is distributed by industry. See
H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s fo r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s
(BLS Bulletin
1458, 1967), for a detailed description of the Matrix and how it
can be used to develop estim ates of employment by occupation
for later periods.

the solution of these problems, the Bureau is plan­
ning to begin within the next several months an
occupational employment survey in all of the me­
talworking industries, except primary metals.
The planned survey of the metalworking indus­
tries will also yield industry-occupational rela­
tionships that can be of immediate use in the in­
dustry-occupational Matriz,1 by providing more
current information than the 1960 census data
now used as a basis for the Matrix.

Errata
The following corrections should be made in “The Wage Calendar for 1968,”
Monthly Labor Review, January 1968: In the last sentence of paragraph 3
on page 20, about 1.4 (instead of 1.2) million workers are under agreements
that neither are subject to reopening nor provide a wage increase in 1968.
The last sentence of paragraph 2 on page 21 should read, “Most operating
unions and the clerks have already served notice of wage demands for about
275,000 workers.”
The number of workers covered by cost-of-living escalator provisions for
1968 (tabulation at the bottom of page 25) should be 2.25, instead of 2.5
million.

2 8 5 -7 9 6 0 - 6 8 - 5


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Foreign Labor Briefs*

and long-term recruitment policies; and by indi­
viduals in choosing a career or a training course,
or in moving to another part of the country.
United Kingdom —In te rn a tio n a l L a b o r

Many or t h e d e v e l o p m e n t s affecting labor
throughout the world during November were tied
to the battle against inflation. The British Govern­
ment devalued the pound and a number of other
countries devalued their currencies. In one of
these, Uruguay, trade union pressures had been
increasing in the face of an almost 93-percent rise
in the cost of living in the first 10 months of 1967,
unaccompanied by a parallel increase in wages.
In another, Denmark, to offset inflationary pres­
sures related to the devaluation of the kroner, the
Government asked the Federation of Danish
Trade Unions to forego wage raises tied to the cost
of living, and the Federation provisionally agreed,
on condition that other segments of the popula­
tion also make sacrifices.
Compulsory savings plans came to the fore in
Nigeria, the Sudan, and Chile. Nigeria’s plan be­
came operative December 1. In the Sudan, the Gov­
ernment’s plan was defeated in the Congress. In
Chile, a general strike was conducted in opposition
to proposed legislation for compulsory saving that
called for part of a scheduled wage increase to be
paid in bonds of a national workers’ capitalization
fund which will be used to finance economic de­
velopment of the country.
Canada —J o b Vacancies

A periodic survey to measure the demand for
labor and to pinpoint job vacancies on a nation­
wide scale was launched by the Dominion Bureau
of Statistics in September 1967. Contacts will be
made, through mailed questionnaires and personal
interviews, with a sample of 5,000 large firms
every month and 30,000 smaller ones every quarter.
The survey is expected to yield data on not only
the number and kinds of vacancies, including job
titles, but also on pay offered. The findings will
be available for use by the Federal Department
of Manpower and Immigration and its regional
manpower centers in connection with training and
retraining programs, vocational counseling, and
immigration policy; by industry for implementa­
tion of training plans, capital expansion projects,
62


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

An Overseas Labor Consultative Committee,
consisting of representatives of the Government,
management, and labor, has been established at the
suggestion of the Foreign Secretary. I t is to advise
the Government on foreign aid programs in the
labor field, labor policy in dependent territories,
and the work of the labor attaches in British em­
bassies around the world. The Confederation of
British Industry and the Trades Union Congress
have nominated prominent members to serve on
the Committee, which is scheduled to meet every
3 months.
Common Market —P u b lic E m p lo ye e s

State-owned enterprises of the six-member coun­
tries of the European Economic Community
(EEC) employ 4.5 million persons, or 10 percent
of the total industrial and commercial employ­
ment in those countries. A recent survey showed
that Italy had the highest proportion of industrial
and commercial labor force in the public sector—
11.6 percent, or 950,000 workers—followed by
France with 11 percent, or 1.4 million; West Ger­
many with 8.7 percent, or 1.8 million; the Nether­
lands and Belgium each with 8 percent, or 252,000
and 177,000, respectively; and Luxembourg with
6 percent, or 6,000. Of the total public sector em­
ployment in the EEC countries, more than half is
in transportation (including railroads and air­
lines) and telecommunications (including tele­
phone and telegraph services). The second largest
group of public employees is in finance, banking,
and insurance: 38 percent in Franee, 37 percent in
Italy, 34 percent in Germany, and 12 percent in
Belgium.
Eastern Europe —E m p lo y m e n t A g re e m e n ts

East Germany and Hungary recently signed
agreements providing for employment of some
100,000 Hungarian workers in East Germany for
periods of up to 3 years. The agreements appear
to have been stimulated by the labor shortage in
♦Prepared in the Office of Foreign Labor and Trade, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, on the basis of inform ation available in early
December 1967.

63

FOREIGN LABOR BRIEFS

East Germany, which is caused primarily by the
flight of millions to West Germany, and by antici­
pation of increased unemployment in Hungary
as a result of the economic reform there. At the
time of these agreements, some 3,000 Hungarian
physicians and technicians were already re­
portedly working in East Germany.
Yugoslavia —H o u rs o f W ork

A new system of working hours for Govern­
ment workers (civil servants) was to go into effect
on January 1, 1968. It changed the working sched­
ule (42 hours a week) from the 6-day week of 7
hours (7 a.m. to 2 p.m.) daily to a 5-day week of
8i/2 hours (8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through
Thursday and 8 hours on Friday). Although
workers now start at a later hour, they have to
forego eating the main meal of the day at home
in the afternoon with the entire family.
Ghana—M a n p o w er B o a rd

General dissatisfaction with the rate at which
Africans are attaining managerial positions in the
private sector, along with other factors, led the
Government to establish a National Manpower
Board to advise the Government on the develop­
ment of manpower resources. The Board will in­
clude representatives from both the private and
public sectors. According to the Commissioner for
Economic Affairs, the Government’s aim is to di­
rect future scholarship awards toward the train­
ing of high-level manpower for private firms.
Japan —L a b o r O rg a n iza tio n

A new national labor organization is being
planned by the Clean Government Party (Koineito), the political arm of the Sokka Gokkai
movement (a form of Buddhism with nationalist
overtones, whose membership is currently esti­
mated at 10 to 14 million and rapidly rising). The
new organization is expected to come into being


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

after the elections to the Diet early in 1968. In
addition, a committee will look into the possibility
of forming Sokka Gokkai groups within estab­
lished trade unions.
El Salvador —P en sion P la n

The country’s first pension plan negotiated
through collective bargaining was included in a
contract between the Electric Light Co. of El Sal­
vador and the Electrical Industry Union of El
Salvador. The company agreed to establish and
administer a retirement fund to which both the
employer and employees will contribute 6 and 2
percent, respectively, of basic wages and salaries.
The arrangement provides for two alternative
plans of retirement at age 65 after a minimum of
20 years of continuous service. Under Plan A, a
monthly pension is paid at the rate of 1.25 percent
of the average monthly pay earned during the last
5 years of work multiplied by the number of years
of service. Plan B provides a lump sum payment
of 1 month’s pay for each year of service plus a
reduced monthly pension. Under both plans, the
pension is payable until the death of the retired
employee. Should he die within 5 years of his re­
tirement, the pension will be paid to his heirs until
the completion of the 5-year period.
Chile —J o in t I n v e stm e n t F u n d

President Eduardo Frei in November sub­
mitted to the Congress a plan for a “capitaliza­
tion fund for national development” in which both
business firms and workers would make regular
investments. Under the plan, any firm issuing
stock in Chile would be required to invest 66 per­
cent of its earnings either in the fund or in the ex­
pansion of its own enterprise, and workers would
invest in the fund through deductions from pay
increases. The fund would be devoted initially to
housing development. Both business firms and la­
bor organizations opposed the plan, characterizing
it as a system of forced savings.

Research in Progress

T his month the Review initiates a new depart­
ment, to offer some indication of the scope of Gov­
ernment research in labor- and manpower-related
fields. Unless otherwise indicated, items refer to
research by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Projections—1980

Research is underway in the Division of
Economic Growth on projections to 1980 of gross
national product (GNP), the major components
of GNP, input-output relationships, and employ­
ment under selected alternative assumptions about
distribution of GNP. In making these projections,
a wide range of factors will be explored, such as
the effect of age-group population changes on State
and local spending for education, the effect of
changing technology on technical input-output co­
efficients, and the effect of varying industry growth
rates on an industry’s rate of change in labor
productivity.
Unpriced Item s

A study by the Division of Prices and Price In ­
dexes aims at improving the estimates for unpriced
items in the Wholesale Price Index (W PI) and
the Industrial Sector Price Indexes (IS P I). The
research takes two forms: (1) development of im­
proved techniques of making estimates included
with preliminary W PI as an advance indicator of
the W PI, and (2) development of better methods
for estimating prices of unsampled items in the
W PI and IS P I themselves, including studies of
price relationships at the same stage of processing
or by material composition (type of metal, species
of wood, etc.).
Getting the Worker to H is Job

Financed by the U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development (HUD), the Californiadirected Transportation-Employment Project is
now entering its third and final phase. Funded
with a $2.7 million grant under HUD’s Urban
64


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Mass Transportation Program, it is expected to
measure the relationship between the public trans­
portation system and employment opportunities
of the urban poor in Los Angeles. The Phase
Three operational tests will emphasize community
participation in meeting local transportation
needs through the formation of nonprofit, taxexempt, community based operations which will
operate large-scale motor pools to carry workers
to jobs formerly out of reach by public transporta­
tion. These tests are expected to demonstrate how
a community can manage and operate a muchneeded public facility which is not economically
feasible for the transit industry.
Computer Process Control

Implications of the use of electronic computers
for control of industrial processes are beingweighed by the Division of Technological Studies.
Based on a survey of 12 plants, the inquiry will
explore the effect of computer process control on
productivity, employment, occupations, skills,
training, and labor-management relations. The
project will supplement earlier reports on the use
of the electronic computer for office business data
processing.
M inority Em ployment Distribution

An effort jointly sponsored by the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission and the
Department of Labor will analyse 1966 minority
group employment distribution by industry,
geographic area, and sex. The analysis will proceed
from a review of information reports (EEO-1)
filed by employers subject to Title V II of the 1964
Civil Rights Act, and information supplied by
some Federal Government contractors and mem­
bers of Plans for Progress.
Effects of the Devaluation

The Research Division of the Office of Prices
will study results of the devaluation of the British
pound. The basis for the project will be data ob­
tained from U.S. importers and other sources, in­
cluding some in London. The full effects of the
devaluation are not yet reflected in U.S. import
and domestic prices, since a large proportion of
imports from the United Kingdom consists of
producer goods for which prices were negotiated
prior to the devaluation.

Summaries of Recent Studies

W here a v a i l a b l e , dates of publication are given
for the studies described briefly here. Additional
information may be obtained from the agencies
concerned.
Debt A djustm ent

The widespread use of consumer credit has re­
sulted in the over-indebtedness of a great number
of wage earners, and many have turned to debt­
pooling firms for help in extricating themselves
from debt and the harassment of creditors. These
firms (also known as debt adjusters) neither lend
money nor use their own funds to assist the debtor.
Instead, after arranging a repayment schedule
with his creditors, they set up a plan for regular
payments from the debtor to the firm, which in
turn transmits the money to the creditors. The
debtor is charged a fee, usually based on a per­
centage of his reported indebtedness.
Many believe the practice of commercial debt­
pooling should be prohibited, and 22 States have
outlawed it. On the other hand, 13 State laws pro­
vide for regulation. A 13-page report by the Wage
and Labor Standards Administration’s Bureau of
Labor Standards presents the approach of various
States. Copies of Summary of State Laws Pro­
hibiting or Regulating the Business of Debt Pool­
ing July 1967 are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Standards, U.S. Department of
Labor.

,

International Comparison

A study by the Office of Foreign Labor and
Trade compares unit labor cost in the iron and
steel industry in the United States during 1964
with those in France, Germany, and the United
Kingdom. Foreign output, expressed in tons, was
converted to U.S. composite tons in obtaining
labor cost per unit of output and output per man­
hour. Results for the three European countries are
presented as ranges (high and low estimates) in
order to account for gaps in available data.
Unit labor cost in each of the three European
countries was approximately two-thirds that in
the United States, and hourly labor cost was


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roughly one-third the U.S. level. Output per man­
hour was about one-half the U.S. level in France
and the United Kingdom, and somewhat higher
than one-half in Germany.
A BLS Bulletin on the study will be available
in early spring.
Wages in Men’s Suit and Coat Industry

Straight-time earnings of the 98,354 production
and related workers covered by a BLS survey 1
in men’s and boys’ suit and coat manufacturing
establishments averaged $2.28 an hour in April
1967. This was 7% percent above the average
($2.12) in October 1963 when a similar study was
made.2 Much of the increase was due to a general
wage adjustment granted under the terms of a
collective bargaining agreement between the
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
(ACWA) and the Clothing Manufacturers As­
sociation of the U.S.A., which covered a large
majority of the industry’s production workers. E f­
fective June 1, 1965, workers on a 40-hour week
received an increase of 12.5 cents an hour and
those on a 36-hour week, an increase of 13.9 cents.
(An additional wage increase effective June 5,
1967, is not reflected in the survey d ata: 10 cents
an hour for workers on a 40-hour week and 11.1
cents for those on a 36-hour week.)
Establishments having collective bargaining
agreements (nearly all were with ACWA) ac­
counted for nine-tenths of the industry’s work
force. The proportions of workers in union estab­
lishments were two-fifths in the Southeast, nearly
three-fifths in the Middle West, and nine-tenths
or more in the other regions for which separate
data were developed.
Workers in the Middle Atlantic region, slightly
more than one-half of the industry’s employment,
averaged $2.43 an hour in April 1967. Averages in
the Great Lakes and Border States, the only other
regions accounting for as much as a tenth of the
1 The survey covered establishm ents w ith 5 workers or more,
primarily engaged in m anufacturing men’s, youths’, and boys’
suits, coats, and overcoats. Earnings inform ation excludes pre­
mium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts.
A more comprehensive account of the survey w ill be presented
in a forthcom ing BLS Bulletin.
An advance release, providing national and regional tabula­
tions, was issued earlier, as well as separate releases for Ken­
tucky and 10 areas of industry concentration. These are available
from the Bureau or its regional offices.
2 See “Earnings in Men’s and B oys’ Suit and Coat Industry,”
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , September 1064, pp. 1035-1038.
65

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

66

work force, were $2.29 and $2.11, respectively.
Earnings levels also varied by size of community
and type and size of shop, as well as among the 10
areas of industry concentration selected for
separate study:
Area
B altim ore._ . . __________________ .
Boston_____________________________
C hicago.. _______________
_ ____
Cincinnati_________________________
Los Angeles-Long Beach____________
New York, N .Y ____________________
Philadelphia_______________________
Kochester__________
. ________
St. Louis__________________
____
Southern N ew Jersey-----------------------

Number of
Average hourly
production workers
earnings
$2.24
5,916
1,563
2.53
6,504
2.45
2.30
1,522
2.60
1,120
2.67
15,454
2.49
14,187
2.42
5,223
2.01
1,025
2.20
3,461

Earnings of over nine-tenths of the workers
covered by the survey were within a range of $1.40
to $3.50 an hour. The middle half of the workers
in the array earned from $1.71 to $2.70. Con­
tributing to this relatively wide dispersion of in­
dividual earnings was the extensive use of incen­
tive wage systems (nearly three-fourths of the
workers were paid individual piecework rates)
and the wide range of skill requirements in the
industry.
Sewing machine operators, mostly women and
usually paid piece rates, accounted for two-fifths
of the work force; they averaged $2.31 an hour
in coat fabrication, $2.11 in trouser fabrication,
and $1.81 in vest fabrication. Within these three
fabrication categories, earnings also varied ac­
cording to the specific sewing operation performed.
Cloth cutters and markers, nearly all men and
typically paid time rates, averaged $3.41 an hour,
the highest average among the jobs studied sepa­
rately. Lowest job averages were recorded for
janitors ($1.74) and work distributors ($1.75),
both usually staffed by men and paid time rates.


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A large majority of the industry’s workers were
provided 7 paid holidays a year and paid summer
and Christmas vacations. Life insurance, accident
and health insurance, medical care and hospitali­
zation, and retirement pension benefits were also
widespread in the industry and were largely pro­
vided by the Amalgamated Social Insurance and
Retirement Funds, to which employers contributed
a specified percent of gross wages each pay period.
More on E arly Retirement

The Social Security Administration is develop­
ing a new statistical series that will measure the
movement into payment status of conditional and
deferred awards under the old age, survivors, dis­
ability, and health insurance (OASDHI) pro­
gram. Meanwhile, an approximate series has been
created for each year beginning with 1956. (See
Monthly Labor Review, December 1967, p. 48.)
No regular statistical series has measured this
phenomenon—the movement from nonpayment
into payment status—because before Medicare the
number of conditional and deferred awards was
relatively small and deferments were usually for
brief periods, and it was believed that the num­
ber of these awards that moved to payment status
was more or less in balance with the number of
new awards coming into conditional and deferred
status.
Overstatement of the number of persons seeking
early retirement is possible unless the data take
into account the actual retirement of persons who
had earlier received conditional and deferred
awards. Such an overstatement may be significant
in future years because of the large number of per­
sons who initially came on the rolls to obtain en­
titlement to hospital benefits under Medicare.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Union Affairs

Unauthorized Practice of Law. The Supreme
Court held1 that a longstanding union practice of
retaining a salaried attorney to represent its mem­
bers in State workmen’s compensation cases was
constitutionally protected. In so doing, the Court
overruled a State court’s decision that this activity
was an unauthorized practice of law by the union.
In 1912, the union instituted the practice of hir­
ing an attorney and making him available to its
members if they wanted to use his services in
personal injury proceedings before the State In ­
dustrial Commission. The practice arose as the
result of frequently poor representation of mem*Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the
Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection
of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and adminis­
trative developm ents in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the
existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the
courts to the issue presented.
1 U n i t e d M i n e W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a , D i s t r i c t 1 2 v. I l l i n o i s B a r
A s s o c ia tio n
(U.S. Sup. Ct., December 5, 1967). For the State
court’s decision in th is case, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , March
1967, pp. 54-55.
3 The practice followed by the union is this :
The union provides injured members w ith form s entitled “Re­
port to Attorney on A ccidents,” which are filled by the members
and sent to the union’s legal department. Nothing in the form
specifically requests the union attorney to file with the State
Industrial Commission an application for the adjustm ent of the
workman’s compensation claim, but the attorney presumes that
the form constitutes such a request. The members may employ
other counsel if they so desire, and the union attorney often
suggests that they can do so. When th a t is done, the union at­
torney im mediately turns the member’s file over to the new
attorney.
A pplications for the adjustm ent of workmen’s compensation
claims are prepared in the union’s offices, and are forwarded to
the Industrial Commission. Follow ing this, the union attorney
prepares his case from the file, often w ithout discussing the claim
with the member involved. The attorney asserts the worth of
the claim, presents his views to the attorney of the responding
employer in prehearing negotiations, and attem pts to reach a
settlem ent. If an agreement is reached, the union attorney
notifies the injured member who then decides, in the ligh t of the
attorney’s advice, whether or not to accept the offer. If no agree­
ment is reached, a hearing is held before the Industrial Commis­
sion, in which the union attorney represents the member.
3 377 U.S. 1 (1964).
4 371 U.S. 514 (1963).
GN a s h v. F l o r i d a I n d u s t r i a l C o m m i s s i o n (U.S. Sup. Ct., Decem­
ber 5, 1967).


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bers’ interests before the commission and of the
high fees charged by private attorneys. The at­
torney is specifically instructed by the union that
his obligation is only to the person he represents ;
and since the attorney is salaried, the union mem­
ber retains the full amount of any award.2
In rejecting the union’s claim that the Constitu­
tion protected this practice, the State court held
this arrangement was not within the Supreme
Court’s rulings—either in Railroad Trainmen v.
Virginia Bar ,3 where the union was recommending
attorneys to union members, or in N A A C P v.
Button ,4 where the organization’s payment of fees
to the recommended attorney was protected as a
form of political activity.
The Supreme Court said that, this reading of
Trainmen and Button was too restrictive in that
Button did not limit the freedom of association to
that for political purposes, nor were there grounds
for distinguishing the present case from Train­
men. The Court found the degree of difference,
if any, between a union’s steering of members to
a particular attorney and retaining an attorney on
its payroll was “virtually imperceptible.” More­
over, there had been no showing of abuse under
the union plan.
The Court readily recognized that the State
had the power to supervise the practice of law be­
fore its courts. In this instance, however, State
action had come into conflict with rights protected
by the first and fourteenth amendments to the
Constitution; and since no abuse had actually
been shown and the possibility of prospective abuse
was remote, the State decision could not stand.
Constitution—Supremacy Clause

Denial of Unemployment Benefits. In a unani­
mous opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court held 5 that
the supremacy clause of the Federal Constitution
prohibits a State from denying a laid-off worker
unemployment compensation solely on the ground
that the applicant had filed with the National
Labor Relations Board an unfair labor practice
charge relative to the layoff. The Court invalidated
Florida’s unemployment compensation law that
provided for such denial of benefits.
The plaintiff had been reemployed after en­
gaging in a strike against her employer, but was
laid off about 5 weeks later allegedly for economic
reasons. She filed an unfair labor practice charge
with the Board, claiming that she was illegally
laid off because of her union activities, and seeking
67

68

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

reinstatement with backpay. Subsequently the com­
pany voluntarily called her back to work. She was
allowed unemployment compensation from the
date of discharge until the time she filed the unfair
labor practice charge, but was denied benefits from
the latter date to the time of reinstatement. The
Industrial Commission of Florida ruled that the
filing of the charge brought her within the pro­
vision of the State statute that disqualified
individuals from receiving benefits when the un­
employment was “due to a labor dispute.” The
State court of appeals affirmed without opinion.
In reversing, the Supreme Court held that the
State’s application of its law was invalid under the
supremacy clause of the Constitution (article 6
section 2) because it frustrated enforcement of
the National Labor Relations Act. The enforce­
ment of the act, the Court pointed out, depends
upon individuals’ freedom to file unfair labor
practice charges,6 and the law forbids coercive
action against persons for filing such charges. The
Court found that the State’s imposition of the fi­
nancial burden of loss of unemployment compen­
sation on those who file unfair labor practice
charges would “thwart congressional reliance on
individual actions” and must, therefore, fall.
Labor Relations

NLRB Jurisdiction: Hospitals. In two cases7
involving unions’ petitions for representation elec­
tions, the National Labor Relations Board asserted
jurisdiction over proprietary hospitals with a
yearly gross income of at least $250,000, and pro­
prietary nursing homes and related facilities with
a yearly gross income of at least $100,000. Pre­
viously,8 the Board had characterized proprietary
6 The Board can sta rt a proceeding only when a charge is filed
w ith it. See, e.g., N L R B v. N a t i o n a l L i c o r i c e C o . , 104 F. 2d 655,
4 (C.A. 2 ), modified on other grounds 309 U.S. 350, 6 ; L o c a l 1 3 8 ,
O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s ( S k u r a ), 148 NLRB 679, 681.
7 B u tte

M e d ic a l

P r o p e r tie s

a n d

B u ild in g

S e r v ic e

E m p lo y e e s

168 NLRB No. 52 (November 16, 1967) ; U n i ­
v e r s i t y N u r s i n g H o m e and L o c a l 1 , A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f S t a t e ,
C o u n t y a n d M u n i c i p a l E m p l o y e e s , 168 NLRB No. 53 (Novem­
ber 20, 1967).
8 F l a t b u s h G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , 126 NLRB 144 (January 1 3 ,1 9 6 0 ).
In this case, the Board noted th at it had asserted jurisdiction
over proprietary hospitals only where the hospital was located
in the D istrict of Columbia, or where the hospital vitally affected
national defense or was an integral part of an establishm ent
which met the Board’s jurisdictional standards. W ith regard to
other proprietary hospitals, the Board had characterized them
as local in nature because “they service local residents’’ and
“their operations are subject to close regulation by the States
for the protection of the health and safety of their residents.”
0 N L R B v. S . S . L o g a n P a c k i n g C o . (C.A. 4, October 27, 1967).
U n io n ,

L o cal

22,


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hospitals as local in nature and had declined to
take jurisdiction.
In neither of the two cases did the employer
seriously contend that it was beyond the Board’s
power to take jurisdiction. Rather, relying on its
decision in Flatbush, they argued that their re­
spective establishments and businesses did not
have a sufficient impact on interstate commerce
to warrant the Board’s assertion of jurisdiction.
However, the Board found—in the Butte case—
that a “marked” change had occurred during the
intervening years since the Flatbush decision.
While it did not question that hospitals are pri­
marily humanitarian institutions, it found that
“some aspects of their operations are essentially
business in character;” i.e., hospitals are involved
in a multibillion dollar industry and, as such,
secure operational personnel, obtain substantial
supplies, and engage in the receipt and transmis­
sion of large sums of money from private and
public health plans—activities conducted through
the use of interstate commerce. Therefore, the
Board reasoned, unregulated labor disputes would
inevitably affect commerce. The Board took note
of the States’ efforts to regulate proprietary hos­
pitals, but found them inadequate from the stand­
point of labor relations as “hav(ing) little, if any­
thing, to do with matters of union representation,
collective bargaining, the effective settlement of
labor disputes, or the stabilization and mainte­
nance of industrial peace.” Due to the potential
impact on commerce and the lack of adequate
State regulation, the Board overruled the Flat­
bush decision and asserted jurisdiction over pro­
prietary hospitals with a yearly gross income of at
least $250,000.
Similarly, the Board took jurisdiction over
“proprietary nursing homes and related facilities
providing skilled nursing, health care, and con­
valescent services, where the employer involved
receives at least $100,000 in gross revenues per
annum,” and ordered elections held in both cases.
Authorization Cards. Applying the principle
that a check of union authorization cards is not a
reliable indicator of employees’ wishes regarding
union representation, a Federal court of appeals
refused9 to enforce a bargaining order of the
NLRB despite the fact that the employer had
committed unfair labor practices subsequent to
the union’s bargaining request based on such au­
thorizations. The court held that the emplover’s

69

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

violations were “minimal” and were committed in
the process of verifying the union’s claim of ma­
jority status.
The union requested bargaining, claiming it
represented a majority of the employees and of­
fering to submit their authorization cards to a
neutral party for a count. The employer refused
to bargain and, instead, undertook interrogation
and surveillance of workers relative to the organi­
zational attempts. The Board found that the
employer’s conduct constituted an unfair labor
practice, that the union represented a clear ma­
jority of the employees at the time of the refusal
to bargain, and that the employer had no goodfaith doubt about this fact. In consequence of its
violation, the company was ordered to bargain
with the union without any further verification of
its status as the employees’ representative.
The court found that the evidence, although
minimal, supported the unfair labor practice find­
ing but did not support the finding that the union
represented a majority of the employees or that
the employer had no good-faith doubt as to the
union’s claim. After a lengthy discussion on the
subject of how the possibility of misrepresentation,
threats, and the absence of secrecy prevent a card
check from being a reliable indicator of employees’
wishes, the court said that it was with the inten­
tion of verifying the union’s claim of majority
that the employer engaged in actions, such as in­
terrogation of employees, which constituted mini­
mal infractions of the law.
Regarding the effect of the unfair labor prac­
tices on the question of the employer’s good-faith
doubt, the court stated that the natural response of
an employer with such doubt—investigation and
inaction on the request for bargaining—may be
some indication that he has no good-faith doubts.
But, the court said “The doubting employer,
seeking to inform himself, . . . technically has a
right to interrogate for the purpose of resolving
his doubts,” although in doing so he runs a risk
of violating the law.
The court found no need for a bargaining order
to remedy unfair labor practice violations in this
type of case because here, as in a great majority of
cases, cease-and-desist orders and employers’ no­
tices will eliminate any undue influences upon an
election. The opinion pointed out that the TaftHartley amendment restricts the Board to the use
of secret ballots for the resolution of representa­


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tion questions, and stated that bargaining orders
may be used only in “extraordinary cases.”
Hiring Hall Discrimination. The National Labor
Relations Board held 10 that a union and an em­
ployer association illegally maintained a hiring
and job referral system that, in effect, created a
“preferred class of white registrants and white
union members” and discriminated against Ne­
groes in union membership and employment be­
cause of their race.
An association of employers, by custom and
practice, made the union’s hiring hall the exclusive
referral agent for employment by the association’s
members. For many years the union followed a
policy of refusing to refer Negroes for work or to
accept their applications for membership. When
further exclusion of Negroes from the union be­
came difficult, the union declared its membership
“frozen,” stating it would accept no new appli­
cations from Negroes or whites. Several Negro
applicants who for years had attempted to obtain
work through the hiring hall filed charges against
the union and the association, alleging an unfair
labor practice in violation of the Labor Manage­
ment Relations Act.
The trial examiner found that the union and
the association had discriminated against Negro
applicants, and that the membership “freeze” was
employed as a means of furthering that discrimi­
nation. But, he held, since the charges had been
filed more than 6 months after the “freeze,” the
Board had no jurisdiction. (The act requires that
the charges be filed not later than 6 months after
the occurrence of an unfair labor practice.)
The Board held, on rehearing, that the union’s
discriminatory refusal to refer for employment
was a continuing violation of the act’s provision
for equal representation, and that the date the
“freeze” policy was initiated was not determi­
native of the violation. The union and employee
association had discriminated both before and
after that date.
So holding, the Board ordered the union to cease
discriminating, and the employer association to
take affirmative action to remove the effects of
the past discrimination. Specifically, the associa­
tion was ordered to accord the complainants
seniority and compensatory pay dating back to 6
months prior to the filing of the charges.
10
H o u s to n M a r itim e A s s o c ia tio n ,
NLRB No. 83, December 6, 1967.

In c . a n d

L eo n

H . P h e lp s ,

168

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

December 16
P r e s i d e n t Johnson signed into law two bills giving raises
to about 5.5 million Federal civilian and military person­
nel. The civilian authorization gives 3-step raises to all
classified employees and postal workers (October 1967,
and July 1 of 1968 and 1969). The military bill increased
pay in 1967 and provides for further adjustments equiva­
lent to the average of those of classified employees, should
Congress fail to act before July 1 in either of the next 2
years. ( See p. 77, this issue.)

December 5,1967
T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t held that a State cannot deny un­
employment compensation solely because a worker also
files a charge of unfair labor practice with the NLRB.
The petitioner was laid off 5 weeks after reinstatement
following a strike, and was unemployed from May 16 to
October 5, 1965. The State allowed compensation from
May 16 to June 17, but denied it thereafter on the grounds
that with the filing of the unfair labor practice charge,
her unemployment became “due to a labor dispute.” The
case was Nash v. Florida Industrial Commission. (See
pp. 67-68, this issue.)

December 18
N e w Y o r k C i t y Mayor John V. Lindsay signed a bill re­
quiring that companies pay their workers a minimum of
$1.75 an hour for all work performed under city contracts,
effective January 1, 1968. Both State and Federal minimums will be $1.60 effective February 1, 1968. (See p. 77,
this issue.)

December 26
J. H u g h e s of New Jersey signed a
bill requiring that farmers provide improvements in camp
housing and living conditions for migrant workers and
that each of the State’s 1,700 migrant camps be certified
by State inspectors before it is opened next spring.
G o v e r n o r R ic h a r d

United Mine Workers of America, D istrict 12 v. Illinois
‘S tate Bar Association, the Supreme Court held that a
union’s right to employ an attorney to represent members
and their dependents before the Illinois Workmen’s Com­
pensation Board is guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth
Amendments covering freedom of speech, petition, and
assembly. The Court remanded the case “for proceedings
not inconsistent with this opinion.” (See p. 67, this issue).
In

December 11
reemployment rights, as defined in the Univer­
sal Military Training and Service Act, include not only
protection of seniority rights, but any other benefit for
which a veteran would ordinarily qualify, the Supreme
Court ruled. The case, Eagar v. Magma Copper Co., in­
volved a returning veteran’s eligibility for paid vacations
and holidays. The Court held, in effect, that time in the
service is considered employment without interruption
rather than a leave of absence.

V eterans’

December 15
A b i l l prohibiting job discrimination against those age
40 to 65 by unions, employers, and employment agencies
was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. To be ad­
ministered by the Wage and Hour Division of the Depart­
ment of Labor, the act (Public Law 90-202) takes effect
180 days after signature, though the effective date can
be delayed another 90 days if the Secretary of Labor
determines extra time is needed for preparation. The
maximum which can be appropriated in any fiscal year
for administration of the law is $3 million. The Govern­
ment is required to try conciliation, conference, and
persuasion before going into court for a cease-and-desist
order.
70


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J. P. S t e v e n s Co. asked 69 dismissed workers to return
to work, after the Supreme Court refused on December
11 to hear an appeal of a lower court order for their
reinstatement. The NLRB had decided four cases against
Stevens, finding the company guilty of unfair labor prac­
tice in all of them. The first NLRB order, issued March
22, 1966 (see MLR, April 1966, p. 419), was the one
affected by the Court’s denial of a rehearing. In that
case, the Board found 71 employees were fired for their
union activity, and ordered the company to reinstate
them with back pay, and to mail copies of the Board’s
order to all its employees in 43 plants in North and South
Carolina, in addition to posting the order on company
bulletin boards and having it read aloud to employees by
company officials. A Circuit Court upheld the NLRB on
July 7, 1967, but modified the order by limiting it to the
20 plants where the Board actually found unfair labor
practice, and allowing the order to be read by an NLRB
official. (Of the original 71 workers, one man died and
another could not be found.)

December 29
G e n e r a l M o to r s C o r p . and the United Auto Workers
agreed on a 3-year national contract covering about
387,000 workers. The settlement provides hourly wage
increases of 20 cents for all workers and 50 cents for
skilled workers, both retroactive to October 16, plus 3percent increases in the second and third years. (See p.
72, this issue.)

Major Agreements Expiring in March
This is a listing of collective bargaining agreements ending during the month, and includes almost all
agreements 1 covering 1,000 workers or more.
Copies of Major Collective Bargaining Agreement Expirations, covering the entire year, are available
upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212, or
to any^of the Bureau’s regional offices.

Company and location
Associated General Contractors. (Idaho and Washington)______ ______
Associated General Contractors (Anchorage, Alaska)____ ____________
Associated General Contractors. (New Mexico).................................... ......
Beaunit Corp., Beaunit Fibers Division. (Elizabethton, Tenn.)...............
Brooklyn Union Gas Co. (Brooklyn, N .Y .)_________________ _____
Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co. (Virginia and North Carolina)______
Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co. (Louisville, Ky.)..................................
E. L. Bruce Co. (Interstate)............... ................... .....................................
Budd Co. 4 agreements. (Interstate)........................ ............................. ......

California Metal Trades Assn. (San Francisco, Calif, area)........... .............
Campbell Soup Co. (Camden, N.J.).............................................................
Carrier Corp., Elliott Division (Pennsylvania and Ohio)_____________
Celanese Corp. of America, Fibers Division (Rock Hill, S.C.)..................
Coal Producers Assn, of Illinois.....................................................................
Continental Oil Co. (Ponca City, Okla.)......................................................
Cutler-Hammer Inc. (Milwaukee, Wis.)......................................................
Dow Chemical Co. (Midland and Bay City, Mich.)..................................
Edition Bookbinders of New York, Inc., 2 agreements (New York, N.Y.
area).
Erwin Mills, Inc. (Cooleemee, N .C .)............................................................
Ex-Cell-0 Corp. (Detroit, Mich, area)....... ..................................................
Food Store Operators (Alameda County, Calif.)2................... ...................
Food Industry Inc. (Washington)............................................... .................
Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, Inc. (West Coast)____ _____

Industry

Union 2

Construction_____
Construction_____
Construction____
Textiles_________
U tilities................
Tobacco manu­
factures.
Tobacco manu­
factures.
Lumber and Wood
Products.
Transportation
equipment; and
fabricated metal
products.
Fabricated metal
products.
Food products____
Machinery_______
Chemicals...............
M ining...................
Petroleum_______

Laborers________ _____ ____________________
Carpenters_________ ____ ____________ ______
Carpenters_________________ _______ ___ ____
United Textile Worlkers___ ____________ ____
Transport Workers_______ ___________________
Tobacco Workers_________ ______ ____________

Number
of
workers
2, 600
3.000
2.000

2,600
2, 500
2, 600

Tobacco Workers______ ___________ _________

2, 500

Carpenters____________________ ____ ________

2,400

Auto Workers.......... ..................................................

13,600

Machinists______________ ____ ____ __________

6,000

Packing house Workers___________ _____ ____
Steelworkers_______________________ ________
Textile Workers U nion_____________ ____ ____
Progressive Mine Workers (Ind.)_____________
Independent Oil Workers’ Union of Oklahoma
(Ind.).
M achinists.......... ........................................................
Mine Workers, District 50 (Ind.)_____________
Bookbinders_________________ ______________

2,600
1,000

1,800
1,200
1,000

2.300
5,900
3,450

Hercules Inc., Parlin Plant (Parlin, N.J.)........................... ..................... .
I-A 4 Detroit Breweries and Distributors. (Detroit, Mich.)....... ................
I-A 4 Retail Food and Liquor Stores. (California)..... .................................

Electrical products
Chemicals...............
Printing and pub­
lishing.
T extiles..................
Machinery...............
Retail trade........... .
Retail trade______
Stone, clay, and
glass products.
Wholesale trade___
Construction_____
Transportation
equipment.
Chemicals...............
Food products____
Retail trade______

Kroehler Manufacturing Co. (Interstate)__________________ _________

F u rn iture..............

Upholsterers----------------- ------------------------------

3,350

Lenkurt Electric Co., Inc. (San Carlos, Calif.)............................. ...............

Electrical products

Electrical Workers (IBEW )----- --------- -------------

1,700

Miami Valley Foundrymens Assn. (Ohio and Kentucky)...........................
Munsingwear Inc. (Minnesota and Wisconsin)............................... ..........

Primary metals___
Textiles__________

Molders_________________________ __________
Textile Workers Union. _______ _______ _______

1.300
1, 350

Narragansett Electric Co. (Rhode Island)___ _______________________
Northern California Dairy Industry Labor Relations Assn. (California).

Utilities_________
Food products____

U tility Workers of N ew England (Ind.)_______
Teamsters (Ind.).................. .................. .............—

1.400
4.000

Outboard Marine Corp., Evinrude Motors Division (Milwaukee, W is.)...
Owens Illinois Inc., Closure Division (Illinois and New Jersey)________

Machinery_______
Primary m etals.. .

Steelworkers...............................................................
Glass Bottle Blowers____________ _____ ______ _

1,100
1,100

Painting and Decorating Contractors; and Northwest Drywall Con­
tractors.
Puget Sound Power and Light Co. (Seattle, Wash.)___________ _____

Construction_____

Painters and Paperhangers.....................................

3.000

U tilities...................

Electrical Workers (IBEW )-------- --------- ----------

1.300

Retail Grocers Assn. (San Jose, Calif, area)_____ _________ ______ ___

Retail trade______

Retail Clerks________ _____ ____________ _____

3.400

Santa Barbara Restaurant Assn.; and Ventura County Restaurant Own­
ers (California).
Southern California Gas Co. (California)............... ...... ........... ........... ........
Southern Counties Gas Co. of California..______ ___________________

Restaurants______

Hotel and Restaurant Employees_____________

2 , 000

U tilities...................
Utilities_________

U tility Workers_________________________ ____
Chemical Workers_________ ______ _______ ____

3,250
1,800

Textron, Inc. (Muskegon, Mich.).

Primary metals.

Auto Workers.

2,500

Steelworkers_______
Metal Trades Council.
Teamsters (Ind.)____

2,000

Grower-Shipper Vegetable Assn. (California)____________ _____ ____
Gulf Coast Piping Contractors Assn, and 1 other Assn. (Texas)________
Hayes International Corp. (Birmingham, Ala.)_______ ______ _______

Union Carbide Corp., Stellite Division (Kokomo, Ind.)...................... ........... Primary metals.
United Metal Trades Assn., Shop Work (Oregon)______________________ Primary metals.
United Parcel Service of N ew York, Inc. (New York and N ew Jersey). . . Trucking......... .
Washington Metal Trades, Inc., Repair Work (Seattle, Wash.).
Washington Metal Trades, Inc. (Seattle, Wash.)_____________
J. Weingarten, Inc. (Texas)..................... ................ ........................
T. C. Wheaton Co. and Wheaton Glass Co. (Millville, N . J .)..
White Motor Co. (Cleveland, Ohio)________________________

Fabricated metal
products.
Machinery______
Retail trade____
Stone, clay, and
glass products.
Transportation
equipment.

1 Excludes government, airlines, and railroads.
2 Unions affiliated with AFL-C IO except where noted as independent
(Ind.).


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United Textile Workers.............................. ............
Auto Workers........................................................... .
Retail Clerks................. ................................ ............
Retail C lerk s.____ __________________ ______
Glass Bottle Blowers.................................................

1,000
2,000

3.400
2.500
6,000

Packinghouse Workers.____ _______ __________
Plumbers and Pipefitters_________ ____ _____ ..
Auto Workers........ ......................... ...........................

1.500
3, 500

Chemical Workers_______ _______ _____ _______
Brewery Workers..-------------------------- ------------Retail Clerks______ ___ ___________________ _

1.300
3.000
1.300

1,200

1,800
3,050

Boilermakers...............

1, 700

Machinists_________
Retail Clerks_______
Glass Bottle Blowers.

1,600
2.500
1.500

Auto Workers...........

2.500

3 Information is from newspaper account of settlement.
4 Industry area (group of companies signing same contract).

71

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
A mid-December settlement at General Motors
Corp. ended the current round of negotiations for
national contracts between the Auto Workers and
the Big Three automakers. About 387,000 em­
ployees were included in the 3-year agreement
whose terms were substantially similar to earlier
Ford and Chrysler contracts. General Motors also
agreed with the Electrical Workers (IUE) on a
contract covering 30,000 workers providing like
terms. Meanwhile, the Dana Corp. became the first
major auto parts supplier to follow the Big Three
pattern by agreeing to a 3-year contract for 8,000
Auto Workers: Later, Deere and Co. also followed
the auto pattern as a 3-year contract covered
20,000 Auto Workers and ended a 34-day strike.
On December 16, President Lyndon B. Johnson
signed into law bills providing pay increases to
over 5.5 million Federal classified and postal em­
ployees and members of the Armed Forces.
Strike idleness in November rose to 3,060,000
man-days, or 0.26 percent of the estimated total
working time, compared with 0.19 percent in No­
vember 1966, and 0.13 percent in November1 1965.
M etalworking

A December 15 agreement at General Motors
Corp. covered 387,000 Automobile Workers and
ended 1967 bargaining for national contracts with
the Big Three automakers. Economic terms were
closely patterned after the settlements reached at
Ford Motor Co. and Chrysler Corp.2
In noneconomic matters, GM agreed to increase
by an hour a day the amount of company-paid
time that the union’s 2,050 shop stewards could
devote to union affairs. As a result, about half of
the stewards will be allowed 8 hours a day, and
the balance 6 hours a day, for union work. (At
Ford and Chrysler, stewards spend their full work­
day on union affairs.) Relief time was increased
by 10 minutes a day (to 46 minutes) at GM, com­
pared with a 12-minute increase (to 48 minutes) at
72


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Ford and Chrysler, but the improvement applied
to a larger proportion of the work force at GM
than at the other firms. GM also agreed to short­
term training of workers displaced by automation
and to establishment of a joint committee to iden­
tify future problems resulting from technological
change. Arbitration procedures were established
to resolve disputes regarding jurisdiction of the
skilled trades and subcontracting of maintenance
work. The apprentice program was improved and
now will be administered jointly.
On December 19, the Electrical Workers (IUE)
also agreed to a 3-year contract with GM. The
agreement, which covered 30,000 workers, gen­
erally followed terms of the GM-UAW settlement.
The Ford Motor Co. on December 7 announced
a $35- to $87-a-month pay increase for its general
salaried employees, retroactive to November 1. In
addition, $31.20 of the $119.60 quarterly cost-ofliving allowance was transferred to base salaries,
an additional holiday was granted, and improve­
ments were made in pensions and in medical, life
and disability insurance.
Dana Corp. in early December became the first
major automotive parts supplier to reach agree­
ment with the Automobile Workers. The 3-year
contract, which was similar to those with the Big
Three automobile manufacturers, included an im­
mediate wage increase of 47 cents an hour for
skilled workers and 17 cents for others.
A strike by 20,000 Auto Workers at Deere and
Co., that began on November 18, ended in late De­
cember with agreement on a 3-year contract that
followed the pattern of the October settlements
with Ford' Motor Co. and Caterpillar Tractor Co.
Meanwhile, negotiations were continuing with
International Harvester Co. and Allis-Chalmers
Manufacturing Co.
A $l-an-hour immediate wage increase featured
a November settlement between the Michigan Pat­
tern Manufacturers’ Association and the Detroit
affiliate of the Pattern Makers League. This
brought the minimum hourly rate to $6.16. Other
provisions of the 3-year contract included 35-cent
wage increases in both the second and third years,
»Prepared in the D ivision of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
S tatistics, on the basis of published m aterial available in late
December.
1 Figures for November 1967 are preliminary.
3 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1967, p. 53, and Jan­
uary 1968, p. 69.

73

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

continuation of the cost-of-living clause, with no
maximum limits on the increases, a 4-cent raise
in the 18-cent hourly payment in lieu of paid holi­
days, a 10-cent-an-hour increase in the employers’
pension contribution, and a $2-a-week increase in
the contribution to the insurance fund.
The settlement, preceded by a 6-week strike by
the 900 workers, was expected to set a pattern for
independent shops.
Otis Elevator Co. and the Electrical Workers
(IUE) settled October 31, ending a 2-month strike
by 3,000 workers at plants in Yonkers, N.Y. and
Harrison, N.J. The 3-year contract provided wage
increases of 8 to 17 cents for hourly employees
and 4 percent for salaried employees effective im­
mediately, matching increases in 1968, and 8 to
17 cents and 3%-percent increases in 1969. Other
terms included additional wage adjustments for
some classifications, and improved pension, sick­
ness and accident, and severance benefits.
In San Diego, Calif., a 4-month strike that had
idled 5,000 shipbuilding workers at its peak ended
in late October, when the Iron Workers settled
with National Steel and Shipbuilding Co. (NASSCO) on a 3-year contract. The six other unions 3
involved in the walkout agreed to 3- or 5-year
contracts with the 20 firms, including NASSCO.
The 3-year agreements specified an immediate
14-cent-an-hour wage increase, 13 cents in the
second year, and 12 cents in the third; established
a pension plan giving a $62.50-a-month benefit
after 25 years of service and portability of pen­
sion credits among the yards; provided a 5-centan-hour tool allowance for journeymen, and
improved hospital and medical benefits. The 5year agreements matched these wage and benefit
changes during the first 3 years but included 12cent wage increases in both the fourth and fifth
years, and, effective in the fifth year, an $81.50
pension and a cost-of-living clause.
Wages were increased 18 to 28 cents an hour ef­
fective immediately and 15 to 25 cents in 1968
undter a 2-year agreement between the Machinists
and the Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing Co. for
2,000 workers in Providence, Greystone, and North
3 The Operating Engineers, Teamsters, Painters, Electrical
Workers (IB E W ), Carpenters, and M achinists.
4 The contracts are with four employer associations, the Allied
Underwear Association, Inc., the Lingerie Manufacturers As­
sociation of New York, Inc., the Negligee M anufacturers Associa­
tion of New York, Inc., and the Undergarment Accessories
Association, Inc.


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Kingstown, R.I. The incentive system was elimi­
nated and replaced by straight hourly rates calcu­
lated at the worker’s average earnings for the
second or third quarter of 1967 (whichever was
higher), plus 13 cents an hour effective immedi­
ately and an additional 10 cents in 1968. Changes
in supplementary benefits included a 5-cent in­
crease in shift differentials, improved insurance
and vacations, and adoption of a 10th paid holi­
day and a major medical plan.
About 25,000 hourly employees of Texas Instru­
ments, Inc., will be paid on a salaried basis on
January 1,1968, according to a late November an­
nouncement by the company. In contrast to sala­
ried workers, hourly paid employees had not been
paid for absences but could earn overtime pay.
Under the new plan, all employees would be eligi­
ble for paid absences ranging from 3 days for em­
ployees with 1 year of service to 26 weeks for
those with 5 years. Those with 5 years of service
may receive 75 percent of base pay for up to 26
weeks of absence because of disability after 5
days at 100 percent of base pay. All employees
would be paid for overtime work—up to a maxi­
mum of $1,100 a month including base pay.
The company refused to speculate on the effect
of the conversion on attempts to organize the
firm’s employees. The company’s operations are
primarily in the Dallas, Tex. area with major
facilities in Attleboro, Mass., Versailles, Ky., and
Sherman, Tex.
United Aircraft Corp. on December 1 an­
nounced a 4-percent pay increase for 31,000 non­
union salaried employees, effective December 15.
Other M anufacturing

Bargaining under a cost-of-living wage re­
opener, Local 62 of the Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Union in October negotiated a 4-percent wage in­
crease for 15,000 workers in the undergarment and
negligee industry in the New York City area. The
increase will be effective February 1, 1968, when
workers will also receive a 4-percent deferred
wage increase provided by their existing 3-year
contracts,4 which expire June 30, 1969.
Annual length-of-service bonuses were to begin
in March 1969. The bonuses, equal to 2 percent of
yearly earnings, will be paid to employees who
have worked in the same shop for the 3 precedingyears.

74
Even though bargaining on this benefit was not
scheduled until 1968, employers agreed to in­
crease their health and welfare contributions to
5.5 from 5 percent of weekly payroll for inside
shops, and to 4.125 from 3.75 percent for con­
tracting shops. Using the additional financing, the
sickness and accident benefit maximum was raised
to $55 a week from $50 and the minimum was set
at $28 regardless of earnings, hospital benefits
were increased to 200 days from 75, and improve­
ments were made in benefits for extended illness
and for hospitalization of minors.
About 4,000 workers in three States were af­
fected by a November 27 settlement between six
pottery firms5 and the Potters union. The 3-year,
26-cent package included annual wage increases,
improved pensions, and a $500 increase in life
insurance.
A 9i/£-week strike by 3,500 members of Local
6-75 of the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers
ended in late November with ratification of a 3year agreement covering Minnesota Mining and
Manufacturing Co. plants in St. Paul and Hast­
ings, Minn. The first-year wage increase was 12 to
16i/2 cents an hour for production and noncraft
maintenance workers, with 25- and 26-cent in­
creases for craftworkers.
In the second and third years, the company will
continue the practice of basing wage scales on sur­
veys of area wage rates, but with a minimum in­
crease in each year of 17 cents for production and
noncraft maintenance workers and 18 cents for
craftworkers. In addition, improvements were
made in holiday, vacation, pension, and sickness
and accident benefits.
The Upholsterers’ International Union and
Simmons Co. agreed on a 3-year contract on
November 8, ending a 15-day strike. Employees
had struck eight plants6 after rejecting a tentative
settlement negotiated in late October. Two other
Simons plants (in San Leandro and Los Angeles,
Calif.) were not involved in the negotiations.
The agreement, covering 4,500 employees, pro­
vided wage increases of 14 cents an hour for piece­
workers and 19 cents for hourly rated employees
retroactive to October 12, 1967, with additional
12-cent increases for all employees in the second
and third years. An additional paid holiday was
provided and pensions and health and welfare
benefits were improved/
In early December, the United Papermakers
and Paperworkers reached agreement with the

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co. on a 2-year
contract covering 1,800 workers in three plants.7
The agreement provided a 13-cent-an-hour imme­
diate wage increase and a 5-percent increase in the
second year. Other terms included a sixth week of
vacation after 30 years, an eighth paid holiday,
and improved hospitalization and pension benefits.
A 5-percent wage increase, additional 4- to 8cent-an-hour adjustments for skilled workers, a
3-cent increase in the night-shift differential, a
ninth paid holiday, and a reopening clause for
wage bargaining after 1 year were provided in a
2-year contract for 1,950 production employees of
Armstrong Cork Co. The agreement was reached
in November for the Lancaster, Pa. floor plant by
Local 285 of the Rubber Workers. The company
also settled with the Machinists on a generally
similar contract that provided additional improve­
ments for 400 maintenance workers.
The directors of the Eastman Kodak Co. on No­
vember 16 approved the annual wage dividend to
be paid on March 22,1968, to the company’s 68,500
employees throughout the United States. The divi­
dend, which will total $77.6 million, will amount
to $36 for each $1,000 an employee earned from
1963 through 1967. Employees with at least 5 years
of service had the option of investing part or all of
their bonus in the company’s savings and invest­
ment plan.
Freund’s Bakery in Glendale, Calif, will pay
personal automobile insurance for its 40 employees
as a result of a settlement in late November with
Teamsters Local 986. Under the provision,
Freund’s will pay $20 a month per employee into
a fund from which premium payments will be
made.
Construction

In New York State, the Associated General Con­
tractors and five locals of the Operating Engineers
reached agreement in November on contracts for
8,000 workers in heavy and highway construction
in 46 counties outside New York City. The settle­
ment for the Albany, Binghamton, Syracuse, and
Rochester locals provided wage and benefit in5 Canonsburg P ottery Co., Canonsburg, Pa., H all China Co.,
E ast Liverpool, Ohio, Harker P ottery Co., Chester, W. Va., Homer
Laughlin P ottery Co., Newall, W. Va., Royal China Co., Sebring,
Ohio, and Taylor, Smith and Taylor China Co., Chester, W. Va.
6 Located in Medford, M a ss.; Elizabeth, N .J .; A tlanta, G a .;
Jacksonville, F la .; Dallas, T e x .; Columbus, Ohio ; Munster, Ind. ;
and Kansas City, Kans.
7 Located in Luke, Md., Williamsburg, Pa., and Covington, Va.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

creases over 3'% years ranging from $1.50 an hour
for lower rated classifications to $1.70 an hour for
top-rated! classifications. The Buffalo local ac­
cepted a 1-year agreement that provided a 75-cent
package. The settlements were preceded by 1month strikes.
Nine locals of the Boilermakers and an employer
committee representing construction contractors
in seven southeastern States8 negotiated a 3-year
agreement providing an estimated $1.09 package
for 2,500 workers.
Transportation and U tilities

The 29,000-member New York City Taxi
Drivers Union reached a 3-year agreement with
the Metropolitan Taxicab Board of Trade in late
November. The driver’s share of fares was in­
creased to 49 percent for those with 10 years of
full-time service (including the last 3 years with
one fleet) and to 48 percent for other drivers, effec­
tive when the city approves an “adequate” fare
increase. After 18 months these rates would be in­
creased to 50 and 49 percent, respectively. The
previous rate was 47 percent for all drivers. In
addition, reduction in the requirement for classi­
fication as a full-time driver to 230 days’ work in
a year from 240 days enabled more drivers to
qualify for the quarterly attendance bonus (1 per­
cent of gross receipts). Other terms included $2instead of $1.50-an-hour breakdown pay, a third
week of paid vacation after 10 years of service for
full-time drivers whose last 3 years were with one
fleet, and, for all drivers, 2 weeks, after 3 years of
full-time service instead of 4. Estimates of driver
earnings prior to the settlement were $100 (includ­
ing tips) for a 50-hour week, according to the
union, and $125 for 45 hours, according to
management.
About 1,200 inside employees received wage in­
creases of 5 percent in each year of the contract
along with improved holidays, vacations and
industrywide seniority provisions.
Base pay for about 2,200 stewardesses was in­
creased $17 to $85 a month retroactive to October
8
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
M ississippi, and Tennessee. For earlier Boilermakers area agree­
ments, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , January 1968, pp. 70-71.
0
Incentive pay is compensation for each hour of flight time in
excess of 67 a month on straight jet aircraft and 70 hours on
other aircraft.
10 M assachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Delaware.
11 F ive cents in November of both 1967 and 1968 and 4 cents in
November 1969.


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75
1, and between $20 to $55 a month effective Sep­
tember 1, 1968, by an early November settlement
between Eastern Airlines, Inc., and the Transport
Workers. The 28-month pact also gave the
stewardesses a lump-sum retroactive payment of
5 1 /2 percent of gross earnings for the period from
May 1, 1967, to September 30, 1967. Incentive pay
(pay for extra flying hours) 9 was increased by
amounts ranging from 12 cents to $3.62 an hour
retroactive to October 1, and 36 cents to $1.76 on
September 1,1968. Other terms included improved
vacations, pensions, and health and welfare
benefits.
On November 19, members of 11 Teamsters
locals ratified a 3-year contract with the Eastern
Labor Advisory Association that affected 2,500 oil
and chemical tank truckdrivers in five Eastern
States.10Wages were increased’by 25 cents an hour
retroactive to November 15, 15 cents on Novem­
ber 15 of both 1968 and 1969, and 14 cents for
drivers and 5 cents for mechanics effective May 1,
1970. These increases included adjustments sched­
uled under a November 1966 settlement.11 The cur­
rent settlement also brought the number of paid
holidays to 9 from the previous 7 or 8, provided
double time instead of time and one-half pay for
Sunday and holiday work, 4 weeks of vacation
after 15 instead of 16 years of service, improved
pensions, and made other benefit changes.
About 4,000 employees were covered by a No­
vember 29 settlement between the Bailway Yardmasters and the Class I Railroads. The 18-month
contract provided 5-percent wage increases retro­
active to January 1, 1967, and 2!/2 percent on
January 1, 1968, an eighth paid holiday, and 3
weeks’ paid vacation after 10 instead of 15 years
of service.
The first reported collective bargaining agree­
ment covering privately employed physicians was
reached in November when the National Maritime
Union and the Grace Lines agreed to terms for 10
ship’s surgeons on passenger ships. Salaries were
increased $82 a month, resulting in base salaries
ranging from $1,008 to $1,208 a month. Payment
for work in excess of 8 hours a day and for holiday
and weekends was reinstituted at $4.23 an hour,
which, the union said, would raise monthly at-sea
earnings at least $500. Other terms included for­
mal recognition of equality in rank between ship’s
surgeons and first officers and provision for full
coverage under the union’s pension, health and
welfare, and other security plans.

76
A 3-year agreement was reached in midNovember between the Dayton Power and Light
Co. and Local 175 of the Utility Workers Union,
representing 1,950 workers. Wages were increased
5.83 percent retroactive to October 29, with 3-per­
cent plus 3-cent increases to become effective in
both 1968 and 1969. A cost-of-living provision was
to become operative on November 3, 1968, with a
maximum accumulation of 15 cents over the term
of the contract. Pension and group insurance plans
were improved and meal allowances and Sunday
and holiday premium pay were increased.
Trade and Services

Collective bargaining activity in November and
December was at a high level in the food store
industry. In southern California, the Food Em­
ployers Council, Inc., and the Teamsters agreed in
November on a 3-year contract for 6,000 drivers,
warehousemen, and clerical employees. Terms in­
cluded wage increases of 20 cents an hour retro­
active to September 4, and 14 cents in both 1968
and 1969, improved health and welfare benefits, a
reduction in the service requirement, effective in
1969, for 4 weeks of vacation to 15 years from 20,
a 5-cent-an-hour increase in the employer pension
contribution, and the establishment of a vision care
plan costing the employers 1V2 cents a man-hour.
The Food Employers Council and the Meat Cut­
ters reached agreement on December 12 on a 3year contract, ending a 4-week strike against 1,100
food markets in southern California. Total pay
increases ranged from 32 cents an hour for wrap­
pers and cashiers to 40 cents for head meatcutters
and journeymen.
Other provisions included a reduction to 15
from 20 years in the service required1for 4 weeks of
vacation and, effective July 1, 1968, the vacation
plan will be converted to a funded basis, with em­
ployers paying in 3y2 cents per hour worked; in­
creased pension benefits, improved health and wel­
fare coverage with the addition of a new visioncare plan, major medical coverage, and an annual
physical examination, increased sick leave; and im­
proved travel pay for employees required to work
in more than one store in 1 day.
The Food Employers Labor Relations Associa­
tion negotiated a 3-year agreement in mid-Novem­
ber with the Meat Cutters for 10,000 meat depart­
ment employees in food stores in the San Francisco
Bay area. Total wage increases over the contract

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

term were 45 cents for department heads, 42^
cents for journeymen, and 35 cents for wrappers.
Other benefits included a cost-of-living clause,
time and three-quarters pay for overtime work, a
ninth paid holiday, a fifth week of vacation after
20 years of service, a 5-cent-an-hour increase in
employer pension contributions, and a 10-cent in­
crease in health and welfare contributions.
Agreement between First National Stores in
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and
Maine, and six locals of the Meat Cutters ended
a 17-day strike-lockout of 8,000 workers on No­
vember 29. Wages increased by varying amounts,
as the contracts differed in length from 27 to 42
months. Supplemental benefits (essentially the
same for all locals) included liberalized health
and welfare benefits, increased sick leave, and im­
proved funeral leave.
In the Chicago area, 10,000 meat department em­
ployees of chain and independent grocery stores
were affected by a settlement with the Meat Cut­
ters. Weekly wages were increased by $12 effective
immediately, by $8 in 1968, and by $7 in 1969. A
“wrapper” job classification was established, pay­
ing $90 a week, increasing to $93 in 1968 and to
$96 in 1969. Other terms included adoption of a
seventh paid holiday, a reduction to 18, from 20,
in the years of service required for 4 weeks of va­
cation, a change in the pension plan to provide
vesting after 10 years of service, and a $4-a-month
increase in the employer’s health and welfare
contribution.
In the Detroit, Mich, area, Retail Clerks Local
876 negotiated contracts in mid-November for
1,500 employees of Montgomery Ward Co. and
1,000 employees of E. J. Korvette.
The Ward contract provided for wage increases
of at least 30 cents an hour over the 3-year term,
a $7.40-a-week cost-of-living allowance for com­
mission employees, improved health and welfare
benefits, a reduction to 20 from 25 years of service
required for 4 weeks of paid vacation, and a sev­
enth paid holiday.
The 41-month Korvette contract specified wage
increases of at least 40 cents, increased company
contributions to the health and welfare plan, a
seventh paid holiday, and improved vacation and
funeral leave benefits.
A 9-week strike ended in late November when
the National Association of Broadcast Employees
and Technicians (NABET) ratified a 4-year con­
tract with the American Broadcasting Company.

77

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Covering 1,400 employees in various major cities,
the pact provided semiannual increases in weekly
pay for about 1,200 engineering employees:
Bate
Apr. 1, 1967....................................... - ........................... - .........
Oct. 1, 1967 and Apr. 1,1968................................................Oct. 1, 1968 and Oct. 1,1969..................................................
Apr. 1, 1969_...................................... - .......................................
Apr. 1, 1970...........- .................................. - .............................
Oct. 1, 1970.................................................................................

Amount
$8 to $16
3 to 5
2 to 5
2 to 6
5 to 16
2 to 3

Size of the increases for about 200 nonengineering
employees was not reported. In addition, working
hours will be reduced to 3 7 1 / 2 hours a week (from
40) on April 1,1969, and to 3614 hours on October
1, 1970. (This will be accomplished by providing
paid lunch periods.) Holidays and sick leave were
improved.
Earlier, NABET agreed to a 3-year contract
with the National Broadcasting Company. This
contract, covering about 1,500 employees, was rati­
fied in October by about 1,300 engineering em­
ployees, but about 200 nonengineering employees
waited until November. Terms of the settlement
included weekly wage increases for the engineer­
ing employees ranging from $7 to $16 retroactive
to April 1, $4 to $9 on October 1, and $5 to $11 on
October 1 of both 1968 and 1969. The other em­
ployees received weekly increases ranging from $5
to $25, $3 to $7.89, $3 to $10.08, and $3 to $10 on
the same dates. Working hours were reduced to
3714> hours (from 40) on November 1, 1968, by
providing a half-hour paid lunch period. Sick
leave was also improved.
Government

On December 16, President Johnson signed bills
providing wage increases for 5.5 million Federal
employees. The 1.3 million classified (white-collar)
and 750,000 postal employees received increases
of 4.5 and 6 percent, respectively, retroactive to
the first pay period in October 1967. In addition,
effective July 1, 1968, classified employees will
receive an increase expected to be between 4.5 and
5 percent and postal workers will receive a 5percent increase. Both groups will receive an in­
crease of undetermined size effective July 1, 1969.
Group life insurance was improved by the adop­
tion of a $10,000 minimum coverage for employees
earning $8,000 or less a year and by increasing
the coverage for other employees by $2,000, bring­
ing the maximum benefit to $32,000. The 800,000
Federal blue-collar employees were not affected by
285-796 0 - 6 8 - 6


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the pay legislation; their wage levels are deter­
mined locally by comparisons with those of similar
trades in private industry.
The 3.5 million military personnel on active duty
received a 5.6-percent increase in base pay, retro­
active to October 1. This bill also provided that
servicemen will receive increases on July 1 of 1968
and 1969 matching those for the classified em­
ployees, if Congress does not legislate otherwise.
On December 2, the Washington, D.C., School
Board and the Washington Teachers Union (affil­
iate of the American Federation of Teachers)
reached agreement on a contract for the city's 7,000
public school teachers. The contract, the first
negotiated by the union since it gained representa­
tion rights in an election held in April 1967, was to
expire in January 1969. Salaries were not an issue
but the school board and the union agreed to work
for passage of 1 of 2 teacher paybills before Con­
gress. The settlement also provides for a 182-day
school year, instead of the previous 181 to 183
days, for an 8 :45 a.m. to 3 :15 p.m. work day, and
for relieving teachers of some clerical duties.
In late November the Harris County, Texas,
Commissioners voted to increase the salaries of the
county’s 3,050 employees by 5 percent on January
1, 1968. The increase was granted to offset a rise
in the employees’ retirement contribution sched­
uled to become effective January 1.
After more than a year of bargaining, the city
of Detroit and Teamsters Local 214 reached agree­
ment on an initial contract for the city’s 1,500 truck
drivers and equipment operators. The contract
committed the city to pay prevailing area rates
for comparable work in private industry, with
the stipulation that the commitment be waived if
“for financial reasons not within the city’s control,
it shall not be within the ability of the city to do
so.” The agreement also provided for binding ar­
bitration of disputes between the union and the
city and required members of the union to main­
tain their membership for the 3-year contract
period.
Minimum Wage

On December 18, New York City’s Mayor
Lindsay signed a bill requiring all concerns doing
business with the city to pay a minimum wage of
$1.75 an hour. The New York State minimum
of $1.50 and the Federal minimum of $1.40 were
scheduled to rise to $1.60 effective February 1,
1968.

78

An increase in the Wisconsin minimum wage,
and provision for future adjustments in accord­
ance with changes in the Consumer Price Index,
were announced by the State’s Department of In ­
dustry, Labor and Human Relations. The mini­
mum for those age 18 through 20 and for adult
women will be increased to $1.30 an hour, from
$1.25, effective July 1, 1968. The figure will there­
after be adjusted at 2-year intervals by 5 cents
for each 4 -point change in the CPI. Any result­
ing adjustment will also affect minors under age
18; their minimum will be revised to maintain the
85-percent relationship their current $1.10 rate
bears to $1.30. The “tip-credit” was increased to
15 from 10 percent, that is, employers can now pay
their workers 15 percent less than the minimum
if their tips make up the difference. The Wiscon­
sin minimum wage law does not apply to adult
men.
Yearend Bonuses

Auto Workers at General Motors Corp. and
Ford Motor Co. and Rubber Workers at the Big
Four rubber companies received Christmas bon­
uses paid from company-financed SUB funds.
At General Motors, 370,000 workers with at least
1 year of seniority received bonuses of about $35
on the last payday before Christmas. (GM paid
bonuses of $43 a worker in 1965 but none in 1966.)
Some 136,000 Auto Workers at Ford also received
bonuses of about $35, compared with $53.38 last
year. Chrysler’s 1964 agreement with the Auto
Workers did not contain a bonus clause, and pro­
visions for bonuses were eliminated from the re­
cently negotiated Ford and GM contracts with the
Auto Workers. About 51,000 production workers
at Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Firestone Tire
and Rubber Co., General Tire and Rubber Co., and
B. F. Goodrich Co. received bonuses ranging from
$40 to $95.
On Wall Street, brokerage houses distributed
Christmas bonuses believed to be their largest in
history. The largest reported payout was at Mer­
rill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner and Smith, where $23.5
million was distributed to about 10,500 employees,
compared with $18 million a year earlier.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

Other Developments

In a keynote speech to nearly 1,000 delegates to
the AFL-CIO’s seventh biennial convention at
Miami Beach (Bal Harbour), Fla., Federation
President George Meany stated that “The trade
union movement is a more vital, a more vigorous
and a more effective force for progress than ever
before in its history.” Mr. Meany cited the steady
growth of the labor movement (an increase of
nearly 1.5 million members since the 1965 con­
vention) as evidence of labor’s vitality. Also
mentioned were organizing gains among public
employees, farm workers, and professional em­
ployees, gains in wages and fringe benefits result­
ing from negotiations, and legislative successes in
civil rights, medicare, education, and other social

causes. Auto Worker President Walter Reuther
did not attend the convention (bargaining for a
new contract between his union and General
Motors Corp. was still in progress). George Meany,
Secretary-Treasurer William F. Schnitzler, and
the 27-member Executive Council were reelected
unanimously.
At the Executive Council’s regular quarterly
meeting prior to the convention, a special nonferrous metals strike fund was established with an
initial $50,000 contribution from the AFL-CIO
itself. In an attempt to aid 60,000 copper workers
who have been on strike for over 5 months, the
Council issued a call to affiliated unions to con­
tribute to the fund.
Also at Bal Harbour, prior to the AFL-CIO
Convention, I. W. Abel, president of the Steel­
workers, declared on December 2, that a pro­
posed arbitration plan for the 1968 collective
bargaining in the basic steel industry had been
disapproved by both union and management
representatives. The plan, under discussion since
a Labor Day statement by Mr. Abel, proposed that
strikes and lockouts be given up during bargain­
ing for a new contract and that government
intervention be discouraged. To achieve a settle­
ment, good faith bargaining would include final
and binding arbitration by an impartial panel es­
tablished by the parties. The plan was intended to
avoid crisis bargaining, with ensuing layoffs and
permanent loss of steelworker jobs.

79

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

On December 20, Albert Shanker, president of
the New York City United Federation of Teachers
(UFT) began serving a 15-day jail sentence im­
posed as a result of his role in the New York City
teachers’ strike of September 1967.12 Mr. Shanker
was the first person to be convicted under New
York’s Taylor Act,13 which prohibits strikes by
public employees. The act went into effect on Sep­
tember 1, 1967. In addition to the jail sentence,
Mr. Shanker was fined $250 and the union was
fined $150,000.
Two days earlier, the New Jersey Supreme
Court ruled that strikes by public school teachers
were unlawful and upheld the criminal convic­
tions of a number of teachers who had led teacher
strikes in New Jersey in 1966 and early 1967.
On December 6, the Nation’s railroads and rail­
road brotherhoods representing about 650,000 cur­
rent employees agreed to ask Congress to amend
the Railroad Retirement Act and the Railroad Un­

employment Insurance Act. The proposal would
raise retirement benefits by 10 percent more than
the increase under the recently enacted revision in
social security benefits. Currently, benefits range
from $48.40 to $237 a month, depending on length
of service and earnings during working years. Re­
tirees with 25 or 30 years of service receive an ad­
ditional $45 or $70 a month.
The proposal would also raise the unemploy­
ment benefit to $12.70 a day, from $10.20, and ex­
tend maximum coverage to 2 years, from 6 months.
The improvements in unemployment benefits,
which are financed by the carriers, would affect
650,000 active employees, and the improvement in
the retirement system, which is jointly financed,
would apply to active employees, to 435,000 pres­
ent retirees, and to 510,000 survivors.
12 See M o n t h l y L a b o r
13 See M o n t h l y L a b o r
of the Taylor Act.

R e v ie w ,
R e v ie w ,

November 1967, pp. 57-58.
June 1967, p. 79, for provisions

Technological change is not an abnormal condition of industrial society.
These changes are intimately linked to economic growth and to impede them
would seriously threaten our future welfare. The economist presupposes that
these changes which have been identified will happen at a faster rate in the
future. In the long run these changes make for a healthier, more viable
economy. It is the shortrun consequences of these changes—temporary disloca­
tion from jobs, skill shortages in certain occupations, and the need for job
changes—that make up the set of problems that a modem industrial society
must face.


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—William Haber.

Book Reviews
and Notes

In Defense of Training

Toward a Manpower Policy. Edited by Robert
Aaron Gordon. New York, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1967. 372 pp. $8.95.
Job Corps: Dollars and Dropouts. By Christopher
Weeks. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1967.
241 pp. $4.95.
Both manpower and full employment policies
have the common objective of efficient utilization
of labor resources. In terms of American experi­
ence, full employment policies, when properly
used, have been successful, but the case for ag­
gressive manpower policies is still being made.
In Dr. Gordon’s book, the papers and discus­
sions by labor economists, government administra­
tors, and others at the Fourth Conference on Un­
employment held at the University of California
at Berkeley in 1966, present generally realistic
but not enthusiastic appraisals of existing man­
power programs.
Garth L. Mangum in his review of the emer­
gence of national programs pointed to occasional
successes but more frequent disappointments that
resulted from limited dollar allocations, lack of
coordination among agencies, and confusion over
objectives. The absence of providing tests of the
effectiveness of various training programs and
measuring cost-benefit relationships was stressed
by Gerald G. Somers in his evaluation of studies
of retraining programs.
The question of objectives of manpower policy
received a variety of answers. Philip Arnow pre­
sented the official position of “creating jobs, train­
ing people for jobs, and matching people and
jobs.” Frederick Harbison’s definition was the “de­
velopment, maintenance, and utilization of actual
and potential members of the labor force.” More
analytical was John T. Dunlop’s distinction be­
tween a “pure” labor market policy within given
institutional constraints, and “gross” manpower
policy that included institutional change.
80


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These broad objectives contrasted sharply with
the actual proposals for action. Bertil Olsson’s de­
scription of the effective, integrated manpower
service programs of Sweden made the gap even
plainer. The mood of the conference was one of
consolidation and retrenchment to safe positions.
For example, discussions of the policy recommen­
dations of the Employment Service Task Force
skirted the issue of a nationalized Employment
Service to replace the Federal-State arrangement.
Without an effective national agency, it is difficult
to see how the American pluralistic system can
work better, even if management and labor accept
the responsibilities of active participation dis­
cussed by Charles A. Myers and Richard A. Lester.
The difficulty of breaking away from older, in­
effective manpower programs is the underlying
theme of the second book. Mr. Weeks describes the
difficulties encountered in an attempt to use Fed­
eral resources to attack directly the problems of
disadvantaged youth. He discusses the develop­
ment of the Job Corps from the idea of the
Civilian Conservation Corps of the thirties, the
legislative battle for the bill’s passage, and the
prodigious efforts of its protagonist, Sargent
Shriver, and his dedicated staff to organize the
job centers.
Mr. Weeks, a close associate of Mr. Shriver in
the program, defends the Corps against many of
its criticisms so far, including the relatively high
trainee cost. Youthful dropouts from slum schools
of the ghettoes were ignored by every manpower
agency until the Job Corps came along. But as the
author puts it, the Corps was not attempting to
wipe out teenage poverty and unemployment. It
was trying to find a way to solve it. If it accom­
plishes that objective the training cost will be low
indeed.
— E v e r e t t J. B u r t t , Jr.
Department of Economics
Boston University

Form ula for Success

The American Occupational Structure. By Peter
M. Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan. New York,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1967. 520 pp. $14.95.
A sample of over 20,000 men, age 20-64, was ob­
tained for this study from a special questionnaire
attached to the Current Population Survey of the
Census Bureau in March 1962. Since the CPS rep-

81

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

resents a universe covering the entire United
States, the information acquired about mobility
can be assumed to be representative of the entire
adult male population. Thus, because of its size
alone, the study is useful. In addition, the authors
were able to measure statistically the relative im­
portance of various determinants of occupational
mobility.
The objective of the study was to determine
“how various factors condition the influence of
origins on occupational success.” Professors Blau
and Duncan chose to limit their analysis to five
factors of an individual’s occupational mobility:
father’s educational attainment and occupation
when the subject was 16 years old; subject’s own
educational attainment; prestige status of first
job; and prestige status of the present (1962) job.
(All Census occupations were assigned prestige
scores on the basis of educational attainment and
income distribution in 1949-50 using the relation­
ships derived from a 1947 study of prestige ratings
for 45 occupations.)
The results are generally not out of line with
previous studies of occupational mobility. The
most important determinant of an individual’s
1962 occupational status was found to be his level
of educational attainment, with status of the first
job next in importance. The authors concluded
that “most of the influence of social origins on oc­
cupational achievements is mediated by education
and early experience,” with the latter becoming
dominant as the individual gets older. Father’s
education and occupation did not contribute any
significant independent explanation of the 1962
occupation.
Authors Blau and Duncan then proceeded to
crossclassify the subjects by several additional
socioeconomic factors in order to discover the ef­
fects of these factors on occupational mobility.
The interesting findings pertain to the whitenonwhite division. It is hardly surprising to learn
that the 1962 job status of nonwhite males remains
inferior to that of white males even when educa­
tion, first job, region of birth (South vs. nonsouth)
and father’s occupational status are held constant.
It would seem that discrimination is still a crucial
determinant of occupation. But what is unusual is
the finding that “the difference between Negroes
and whites in occupational status as well as in­
come is even greater among the better educated
than among the less educated, with the partial ex­
ception of the minority who complete a college ed­

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ucation.” It was also found that Negroes experi­
ence less upward occupation mobility (measured
as the difference between 1962 job status and
father’s job status) than whites.
One would expect education to be a dominant
factor in 1962 occupational status. Higher levels
of educational attainment tend to be a necessary
condition of entrance into higher prestige occupa­
tions. To a large extent, job experience such as onthe-job training can adequately compensate for
lack of education in the lower status occupations
but not in the upper status ones.
However, even when education is combined with
the other three variables studied, less than 50 per­
cent of the variation in status of 1962 job is ex­
plained. One omitted f actor that suggests itself is
the existing job market conditions. The relative
demands for labor in various occupations are a
crucial determinant of employment, for hiring
standards, including that for education, tend to
tighten or loosen depending on the state of the
particular job markets. The major trends in occu­
pational mobility, i.e., out of farming and into
white-collar occupations, are clearly a function of
changes in the demand for labor. Unfortunately,
the analysis in this book does not offer much in­
sight into the interaction between the individual’s
socioeconomic attributes and the given state of
the job market which yields the observed occupa­
tional achievement. Ideally, one would want de­
tailed work history information, an impossible job
given the sample size. At the very least, however,
the omission of age at entry into first job makes
this kind of analysis virtually impossible for any­
one wishing to further use the findings of the
study.
—B tjth F abricant
Federal Reserve Board

Measuring Space

Impact of the Space Program on a Local Economy.
By William H. Miernyk and others. Morgan­
town, W. Va., West Virginia University
Foundation, 1967. 167 pp. $6.
The National Aeronautics and Space Adminis­
tration is deeply interested in determining the im­
pact of its programs on society. Contributors to
Social Indicators, a book published in 1966 based
on a study and financed by NASA, indicated the
need for greater research in the area of defining
and quantifying both the direct and indirect effects
of technological change.

82

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

The volume under review reports on another
NASA financed impact study, one aimed at the
more narrowly defined problem of determining
the economic impact of space and space-related
activities on the Boulder, Colorado area. The re­
sults buttress the argument that economics has
come further in establishing and measuring im­
pact than the other social sciences.
Professor Miernyk and his associates are re­
sponsible for probably the most intensive small
area input-output study yet conducted. Based on
local data collected from both business firms and
households in the Boulder region they have pre­
pared the usual 1-0 flow, technical coefficient, and
inverse tables in an effort to show the direct and
indirect economic impacts associated with some 31
intermediate and 11 final demand sectors. “Type
I ” income multipliers are computed for each in­
termediate sector as the ratio of direct plus in­
direct income change to direct income change. To
measure direct, indirect, and induced income
change, “Type I I ” multipliers are computed by
including households as an intermediate sector.
Because of the open nature of a small region the
addition of induced effects increases substantially
the size of the multipliers. The Type I multiplier
for the space sector is only 1.20, for example, while
the Type I I multiplier is 1.61.
The conceptual innovation of this study rests on
the calculation of a modification of the Type II
multiplier. From the detailed household data col­
lected, the authors have developed a “Type I I I ”
multiplier which abandons the homogeneous con­
sumption function assumption used to compute
Type I I multipliers. Based on smaller marginal
propensities to consume, induced effects are re­
duced, and Type I I I multiplier values range be­
tween Type I and Type I I in magnitude. Space
activity is associated with a Type I I I multiplier
of 1.43.
While one might find fault with minor incon­
sistencies between figures in the tables and the text,
and with the absence of discussion of the signifi­
cance of the triangularized matrices in the context
of the study, this book will be welcomed by spe­
cialists in the input-output field and by planners
and economists primarily interested in the prob­
lems of urban areas and small regions who will
find the methodology and insights most valuable.


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— J o h n R . M oore
Department of Economics
University of Tennessee

Proving a Point

The Human Organization: Its Management and
Value. By Rensis Likert. New York, McGrawHill Book Co., 1967. 258 pp. $7.95.
Thirty years ago Rensis Likert in an early study
of attitudes expressed a philosophy and goal
noting :
What is really difficult is to get one’s analyses and
technique clear enough to permit real insight into
the problem and to permit other investigators to
criticize or to repeat every aspect of the inquiry.

Nearly a quarter of a century later in his New
Patterns of Management, Mr. Likert presented a
progress report emphasizing a theory of human
interaction in a permissive environment as a su­
perior tool for effective management.
This present treatise demonstrates the achieve­
ment of his 1938 goal. The author reports the find­
ings from the Institute for Social Research which
investigated his earlier theory and bolstered it
through deeper insights and empirical testing.
The process of effective management is discussed
in a manner facilitating further criticism and sci­
entific testing.
Mr. Likert’s central thesis remains unchanged.
Assuming management’s principal task to be di­
recting the human element (since all else depends
on how well this is done), the author believes that
most successful managers are employee-centered
and rely on group participation rather than on au­
thority-centered technique. Moving from a short
statement on the need for more scientific study of
management, Likert sets the tone of his report :
Tbugh-minded examination of the evidence and rig­
orous separation of the objective quantified data from
impressions, expressed judgment or fads can signifi­
cantly improve the art of management.

Four alternative systems of management are
then presented in tabular form. Three are essen­
tially authoritative patterns (exploitative, benev­
olent, and consultative) and the fourth involves
participative patterns (the participative group).
Focusing on a poorly managed pajama manu­
facturer, the Weldon Company, the author found
its employees perceiving the company as an exploitative-authoritatively managed type. After
reorganization of existing management toward
patterns of participatory leadership, these results
followed : a 30 percent increase in net earnings ; a
20 percent decline in manufacturing costs; a 50
percent drop in employee turnover; substantial re-

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

duction in employee training periods ; a move from
a loss of 17 percent on investment to a 15 percent
profit ; and a marked improvement in labor
relations.
If such management is superior, why do many
authoritatively-managed firms report high profits ?
Mr. Likert finds his answer in the use of inade­
quate accounting procedures :
So long as no quantitative surveillance is maintained,
over a firm’s human assets, its management can read­
ily derive a substantial proportion of its earnings , . .
from liquidating these human assets.

Such spurious short-run gains are offset by longrange costs.
Thus the author has built his models on the man­
agement process, established his hypothesis, tested
it objectively, and reported on a superior manage­
ment pattern. He then extends the hypothesis (in­
completely substantiated as yet) that executives
exhibit remarkable capacity to change from au­
thoritative to participatory leadership styles. The
data show that managers who wish to do so can
learn better systems of management.
The book exudes high optimism. I t is not the
“last word.” Another report on efforts to change
management patterns in a number of companies
is promised. The present treatise speaks well for
progress in building the science of management
at the expense of the ever-popular, but less effec­
tive, intuitive approach. Serious students and prac­
ticing managers will find a substantial- contribu­
tion in this science-based study.
—D on V . P lantz
Department of Economics
Arizona State University

Summaries of Recent Books
The Alaska Railroad. By Edwin M. Fitch. New
York, Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, 1967.
326 pp., bibliography. $5.95.
One of the first of many in a new series entitled
the Praeger Library of U.S. Government Depart­
ments and Agencies, this volume describes the de­
velopment of this government-owned railroad. Its
significance to the economy of Alaska and to the
Federal Government, particularly the Department


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of Defense, is included. Besides the history, there
is a chapter on the effects of containerization,
piggybacking, and pipelines, and one on collective
bargaining rights.
In the Service of Man: Technology and the F u­
ture of Human Values. By J. V. Langmead
Casserley. Chicago, Henry Regnery Co., 1967.
204 pp. $4.95.
According to the author, technology will set
man free to become truly human—“free from the
grinding necessity of dull economic labor and
dreary job hunting.” In order to take advantage
of this situation, however, a new economic system
must be developed to meet the new circumstances.
Dr. Casserley suggests that the main economic
problem is that of financing consumption in a sys­
tem that has outgrown its need for labor. But just
as important as economic novelty and development
is cultural continuity. The author goes on to dis­
cuss the institutions of our society, the present
cultural attitudes of our youth, the future of edu­
cation and religion, and, of course, society’s future
dependence on the computer.
Industriad Workers in the U.S.S.R. Edited by Rob­
ert Conquest. New York, Frederick A. Prae­
ger, Publishers, 1967. 203 pp., bibliography.
$6.25.
The grading of jobs, overtime payments (timeand-a-half for the first 2 hours and double time
for each hour after 2 for timeworkers), and gen­
eral wage policy are discussed in this concise book.
The volume demonstrates that comprehensive la­
bor legislation is much needed in the Soviet Un­
ion—women continue to be employed in heavy
manual work (digging trenches for foundations
of houses, handling heavy sacks of sugar, etc.), in
some places juveniles still work long hours, and
“sometimes managements apply pressure and bul­
lying tactics to compel rest-day [Sunday] work­
ing.” Since the introduction of the economic re­
forms in October 1965, an attempt has been made
to increase the importance of the Collective Agree­
ments; however, in practice the Agreements have
provided little protection of the workers’ interests.
Besides offering a good deal of information in
itself, this book contains an extensive bibliography
to send the reader even further into the legal ma­
chinery affecting the Soviet worker, if he so
desires.

84

Other Recent Publications
Education and Training
Education in Community Development: Its Function in
Technical Assistance. By James J. Shields, Jr. New
York, Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, 1967. 127 pp.,
bibliography. (Praeger Special Studies in Interna­
tional Economics and Development.) $10.
School Integration: A Comprehensive Classified Bibliog­
raphy of 3,100 References. Edited by Meyer Wein­
berg. Chicago, Integrated Education Associates, 1967.
137 pp. $3.95, cloth; $1.95, paperbound.
Community Work and Training Program. Report to Con­
gress by Department of Health, Education and Wel­
fare, Bureau of Family Services. Washington, U.S.
Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on
ways and Means, 1967. 55 pp. (House Doc. No. 76;
90th Cong., 1st sess.)
Universities and the Training of Industrial and Business
Management. By S. L. Kirloskar. Poona, India, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, 1967. 15 pp.
(R. R. Kale Memorial Lecture, 1967.) 50 cents, Taplinger Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
Work Training Program: Experimental Demonstration
Project. Final Report; period covered, December
1964 through August 1967. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Office of Manpower Policy, Evalua­
tion, and Research, 1967. 50 pp.
Upgrading the Low-Wage Worker—An Ergonomic Ap­
proach: Volume IV, Use of Job Vacancies to Select
Promising Industries for Training Programs. Re­
search conducted for Office of Manpower Policy, Eval­
uation, and Research of the U.S. Department of La­
bor. New York, Skill Advancement, Inc., 1967. 300 pp.
Apprenticeship Opportunities for Youth. By Hugh C.
Murphy. {In Occupational Outlook Quarterly, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, De­
cember 1967, pp. 1-4. 35 cents, Superintendent of Doc­
uments, Washington.)
Rehabilitation for the Unwanted. By Julius A. Roth and
Elizabeth M. Eddy. New York, Atherton Press, 1967.
232 pp. $7.50.
Opportunities in a Drafting Career. By Benjamin J. Stern.
New York, Universal Publishing and Distribution
Corp., 1967. 96 pp., bibliography. (Vocational Guid­
ance Manuals.) $2.95.
Careers and Opportunities in Computer Science. By John
M. Carroll. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1967.
191 pp., bibliography. $3.95.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
Fashion Designing. By Annette Grant. New York,
Alumnae Advisory Center, 1967. 6 pp. (College and
Career Information Series, 296 ; reprinted from
Mademoiselle.) 25 cents.
Secretarial Jobs. By Rita Hoffmann. New York, Alumnae
Advisory Center,, 1967. 4 pp. (College and Career In­
formation Series, 298 ; reprinted from Mademoiselle. )
25 cents.

H ealth and S afety
Work Injuries and Accident Causes in Hotels. By T. H.
Rockwell and Donald Nameche. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1967. 90 pp. (BLS Report 329.)
Private Health Insurance: Coverage and Financial Expe­
rience, 1940-66. {In Social Security Bulletin, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Social Security Administration, Washington, Novem­
ber 1967, pp. 3-22. 25 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)
Hearing Levels of Adults by Race, Region, and Area of
Residence, United States, 1960-1962. Washington,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Public Health Service, 1967. 33 pp. (Vital and Health
Statistics Data from the National Health Survey.
PHS Publication No. 1000-Series 11-No. 26.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Industrial Relations
The Analytics of Voluntary Arbitration: Contract Dis­
putes. By Carl M. Stevens. {In Industrial Relations:
A Journal of Economy & Society, University of Cali­
fornia, Institute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley,
October 1967, pp. 68-79. $1.50.)
“Take I t or Leave I t ” as a Bargaining Technique. By
Morris D. Forkosch. {In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
November 1967, pp. 676-698. $1.35.)
Educational Opportunity : A New Fringe Benefit for Col­
lective Bargaining. By Herbert A. Levine. {In Chang­
ing Education, American Federation of Teachers,
AFL-CIO, Washington, Fall 1967, pp. 42-^6. 75
cents. )
NLRB in a Changing Industrial Society. Edited by Don R.
Sheriff and Viola M. Kuebler. Iowa City, University
of Iowa, Center for Labor and Management, 1967.
47 pp. (Conference Series, 11.) $1.
Processing Grievances When Bargaining Units Are Com­
bined: Conflict w ith the Doctrine of Exclusive Repre­
sentation? By Bruce S. Feldacker. {In Labor Law
Journal, Chicago, November 1967, pp. 649-664. $1.35.)

85

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Public Employee Strikes: An Operational Solution. By
H. L. Fusilier and Lawrence Steinmetz. (In Quar­
terly Review of Economics and Business, University
of Illinois, Urbana, 111., Autumn 1967, pp. 29-36.
$1.50.)
Statistics on Work Stoppages, New York State, 1966. By
Jack Herbst. New York, State Department of Labor,
1967. 20 pp.

Labor Force
Employment Patterns in the Drug Industry, 1966. Wash­
ington, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,
Office of Research and Reports, 1967. 45 pp. (Research
Report 1967-20.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.
Seminar on Manpower Policy and Program: Womanpower
Policies for the 1970’s. By Wilbur J. Cohen. Washing­
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower
Policy, Evaluation, and Research, 1967. 40 pp.
Women’s Employment and Conditions of Work in S w itzer­
land. By Marion Janjic. (In International Labor Re­
view, Geneva, September 1967, pp. 292-317. 60 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
Scientists, Engineers, and Technological Obsolescence.
By Newton Margulies and Anthony P. Raia. (In Cali­
fornia Management Review, University of California,
Graduate Schools of Business Administration, Berke­
ley and Los Angeles, Winter 1967, pp. 43—48. $2, Uni­
versity of California Press, Berkeley.)
Agricultural Workers in Great Britain: Earnings and
Hours. (In Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, Octo­
ber 1967, pp. 200-801. 5s., H.M. Stationery Office,
London.)
Employment for Older Workers, No. 4- Promoting the
Placement of Older Workers. Paris, Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development, Manpower
and Social Affairs Directorate, 1967. 96 pp. $2.30. Dis­
tributed in United States by OECD Publications Cen­
ter, Washington.
Age Discrimination in Employment. Hearings before the
General Subcommittee on Labor of the Committee
on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representa­
tives, 90th Congress, 1st sess. Washington, 1967.
519 pp.
Youth Employment in the Slums: A Proposal for Change.
By Richard F. Kaufman. (In Employment Service
Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Em­
ployment Security, Washington, October 1967, pp.


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10-13, 19. 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Workshop on Job Development for Disadvantaged Youth:
Summary of Proceedings. New York, New York Uni­
versity, Graduate School of Social Work, Center for
the Study of Unemployed Youth, 1967. 102 pp. $1.
Skilled Trades for Girls. By Janice Neipert Hedges. (In
Occupational Outlook Quarterly, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, De­
cember 1967, pp. 9-13. 35 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
Die Entwicklung des Bedarfs an Hochschulabsolventen in
der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. By Hajo Riese.
Wiesbaden, Germany, Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH,
1967.155 pp. DM 22.
Part-Time Employment. By Jack M. Starling. (In Busi­
ness Studies, North Texas State University, Denton,
Tex., Fall 1967, pp. 138-155. $1.25.)
To Each His Own: The Manpower Potential in our Ethnic
Groups. By Edward T. Hall. (In Employment Service
Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Em­
ployment Security, Washington, October 1967, pp.
24-29. 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington. )
A New Source of Manpower: The Mentally Retarded. By
Bernard Rosenberg. (In Personnel Administration,
Washington, November-December 1967, pp. 15-18.
$1.25.)
Manpower Perspective of Colombia. By Dieter K. Zschock.
Fourth in a series of studies of human resources in
developing countries sponsored by Inter-University
Study of Labor Problems in Economic Development.
Princeton, N.J., Princeton University, Industrial Re­
lations Section, 1967. 151 pp., bibliography. (Research
Report Series, 110.) $3.

Labor Organizations
The Economics of Trade Unions. By Albert Rees. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, Phoenix Books, 1967.
208 pp. $1.50 paperbound.
Trade Unionism in Greece: A Study in Political Paternal­
ism. By Christos Jecchinis. Chicago, 111., Roosevelt
University, Labor Education Division, 1967. 205 pp.,
bibliography. $2.95.
The ILO and Japanese Public Employee Unions. By Mor­
rison and Marjorie Handsaker. (In Industrial Re­
lations : A Journal of Economy & Society, University
of California, Institute of Industrial Relations,
Berkeley, October 1967, pp. 80-91. $1.50.)

86
Personnel Management
Guidelines in the Search for Effective Appraisals. By
Stanley L. Sokolik, (In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., November 1967, pp. 660-668. 75 cents.)
Safeguards Against Arbitrary Dismissal. (In Ministry of
Labor Gazette, London, October 1967, pp. 782-785. 5s,,
H.M. Stationery Office, London.)

Prices and Consumption Economics
Designing the Future: The Role of Technological Fore­
casting. By Robert W. Prenoda. Philadelphia, Chilton
Book Co., 1967. 310 pp., bibliography. $8.50.
What’s Ahead in the Consumer Market? By Fabian Lin­
den. {In Conference Board Record, National Indus­
trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, December
1967, pp. 34-37.)
The Social and Economic Characteristics of the College
Market, 1967-68. By Lourie Colvin, H. Spencer Nilson, Lewis Rashmir. North Hollywood, Calif., Mar­
ket Compilation and Research Bureau, 1967. 17 pp.

Productivity and Technological Change

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
Washington, November 1967, pp. 1-6. 30 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.)
Medicare Countdown in Canada. By Roger Charron. {In
Conference Board Record, National Industrial Con­
ference Board, Inc., New York, December 1967, pp.
28-33.)

Urban Affairs
Governing Urban Society: New Scientific Approaches.
Edited by Stephen B. Sweeney and James C. Charlesworth. Philadelphia, Pa., American Academy of Po­
litical and Social Science, 1967. 254 pp. (Monograph
7.)
The Concept and Causes of Urban Blight. By G. E. Breger.
{In Land Economics, Madison, Wis., November 1967.
pp. 369-376. $2.50, University of Wisconsin Press,
Madison.)
The Urban Choices: The City and Its Critics. By Roger
Starr. Baltimore, Md., Penguin Books, 1967 (first pa­
perback edition). 284 pp. $1.45.
Aerospace Talents Turned to Urban Problems. By Leon B.
Sager. {In Business and Society, Roosevelt Univer­
sity, Business Research Center, Chicago, Autumn
1967, pp. 30-36. $1.)

Computer Technology—Applications for Management.
New York, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.,
1967. 106 pp. (Monograph Series, 28.)

The Politics of Housing. By Chester W. Hartman. {In
Dissent, New York, November-December 1967, pp.
701-714. 95 cents.)

International Conference on Automation, Full Employ­
ment, and a Balanced Economy, Rome, Italy, 1967.
London, Foundation on Automation and Employment
Ltd, 1967. 106 pp. 6s.6d.

Wages and Hours

Pathway to Tomorrow: The Impact of Automation on
People. (A Survey of the International Conference
on Automation, Full Employment, and a Balanced
Economy at Rome in June 1967.) By Trevor Evans
and Margaret Stewart. London, Newman Neame Ltd.,
1967. 123 pp. 15s. Distributed by Pergamon Press
Ltd., Oxford, England.

Social Security
Social Security: D rifting off Course. By Dan Cordts. {In
Fortune, Chicago, December 1967, pp. 104-107, 207,
et seq. $1.50.)
The Processing of Workmen’s Compensation Cases. By
Monroe Berkowitz. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1967.196 pp. (Bul­
letin 310.) 70 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
VI Research Outside Government. By Saul J. Blaustein.
{In Unemployment Insurance Review, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,


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Labor Issues in Perspective: Trends in Labor Compensa­
tion in the United States, 191^6-1966. By H. M. Douty.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of La­
bor Statistics, 1967. 34 pp. (First study in a series.) 20
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Industry Wage Survey—Machinery Manufacturing, M id1966. By Frederick L. Bauer. Washington, U.S. De­
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967.
139 pp. (Bulletin 1563.) 70 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Industry Wage Survey—Life Insurance, October-Novem­
ber 1966. By Charles E. Scott, Jr. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1967. 40 pp. (Bulletin 1569.) 30 cents, Superintend­
ent of Documents, Washington.
Incomes in Postwar Europe: A Study of Policies, Growth
and Distribution. (Economic Survey of Europe in
1965, Part 2.) Geneva, United Nations, Economic
Commission for Europe. 1967. xv, 433 pp. $6.50.
Wages in the U.S.S.R., 1950-1966: Construction. By S.
Joseph Cerniglia. Washington, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1967. 36 pp. (Inter­
national Population Reports, Series P-95, No. 63.)

BOOK REVIEAVS AND NOTES
Compensation Expenditures and Payroll Hours: Air
Transportation, 1961t. By Abraham Zucker. Washing­
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1967. 33 pp. (Bulletin 1571.) 30 cents, Su­
perintendent of Documents, Washington.
Pay Differentials by Size of Establishment. By Richard
Lester. (In Industrial Relations: A Journal of Econ­
omy & Society, University of California, Institute of
Industrial Relations, Berkeley, October 1967, pp.
57-67. $1.50.)
Pay Rates in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii Employers Coun­
cil, 1967. 158 pp. (Research Report 1007.)
Overtime Pay for Exempt Employees. By David A. Weeks.
New York, National Industrial Conference Board,
Inc., 1967. 41 pp. (Personnel Policy Study 208.)
Wage P arity in Canada Not Possible Without Equal In­
crease in Productivity. By M. Pierre Delagrave. (In
Canadian Vocational Journal, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Summer 1967, pp. 4-14.)

M iscellaneous
Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United
States, 1909-67. Washington, U.S. Department of La­
bor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 852 pp. (Bul­
letin 1312-5.) $4.75, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Storm Over the States. By Terry Sanford. New York, Mc­
Graw-Hill Book Co., 1967. 218 pp. $5.95.
T h e I n sid e S to r y o f S te e l W ages a n d P rice s, 1959-1967.

By George J. McManus. New York, Chilton Book Co.,
1967. 240 pp. $5.25.
The Economic Outlook for 1968. By Gerhard Colm and
Kate A. Arbogast. Washington, National Planning
Association, Center for Economic Projections, 1967.
23 pp. (Report No. 67-J^l.)

87
Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan, Bureau of In­
dustrial Relations, 1967. 138 pp., bibliography. $6.
Effect of Federal Programs on Rural America. Hearings
before the Subcommittee on Rural Development of
the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Repre­
sentatives, 90th Congress, 1st session. Washington,
1967. 876 pp.
White Americans in Rural Poverty. By Alan R. Bird and
John L. McCoy. Washington, U.S. Department of Agri­
culture, Economic Research Service, 1967. 18 pp.
(Agriculture Economic Report 124.)
The People Left Behind. A report by the President’s Na­
tional Advisory Commission on Rural Poverty. Wash­
ington, 1967.160 pp. $1, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Appalachia: The Dismal Land. By Harry Caudill. (In
Dissent, New York, November-December 1967, pp.
715-722. 95 cents.)
Dilemmas of Social Reform: Poverty and Community Ac­
tion in the United States. By Peter Marris and Martin
Rein. London. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967. 248 pp.
35s.
Report of the United States Delegation to the 51st Session
of the International Labor Conference, Geneva, June
7-29, 1967. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
1967. 90 pp.
The 51st Session of the International Labor Conference,
June 1967. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
October 1967, pp. 341-363. 60 cents. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
M atrix Methods in Economics. By Clopper Almon, Jr.
Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1967.
164 pp.

The Age of the Economic Revolution, 1876-1900. By Carl
N. Degler. Glenview, 111., Scott, Foresman and Co.,
1967. 213 pp.

U.S. Timber Resources in a World Economy. By John A.
Zivnuska. Washington, Resources for the Future,
Inc., 1967. 125 pp. $3.50, Johns Hopkins Press, Bal­
timore, Md.

Management Development: Design, Evaluation, and Im­
plementation. By Robert J. House and others. Ann

Issues in Community Action Research. New York, Com­
munity Council of Greater New York, 1967. 72 pp. $2.


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Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—Labor Force and Employment
89 A -l.
89 A-2.
90 A-3.
90 A-4.
91 A-5.
91 A-6.
92 A-7.
92 A-8.
93 A-9.
97 A-10.
101 A - l l .
102 A - l2.
103 A-13.

B.
104

B - l.

Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted1
Total employment and unemployment rates, by occupation, seasonally adjusted 1
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

—Labor Turnover
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

C.—Earnings and Hours
107
120

C—1.
C-2.

120
121

C-3.
C-4.

122

C-5.
C-6.

124

D.
125

D -l.

126

D -2.

127
128
130
131

D -3.
D -4.
D -5.
D -6.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagri­
cultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry
group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities

—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, all items,
groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index-—-U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups,
subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted
Consumer Price Index—-U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E. —Work Stoppages
132

E - l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

1 Tables A-7 and A-8 appear quarterly in th e February, May, August, and November issues of the Review.

N ote: With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys
and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966).

88


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89

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

A.—Labor Force and Employment
T able A -l. Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Employment status, age, and sex
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1966

1965

82,051
78, 582
75, 681
4, 264
71,417
2,901

81, 576
78,106
75, 083
3,829
71,254
3,023

81, 460
77,997
74,630
3, 707
70,923
3,367

81,259
77,803
74, 625
3,676
70,949
3,178

81,160
77, 701
74, 718
3,992
70,726
2,983

80,954
77,505
74,489
3,856
70,633
3,016

80,681
77,237
74,147
3,727
70,420
3,090

79, 645
76,189
73, 289
3,652
69,637
2,900

80,189
76,740
73,910
3,890
70,020
2,830

79,959
76,523
73, 747
3,855
69,892
2,776

80,443
77,025
74,137
3,890
70,247
2,888

80,473
77,087
74,255
4,015
70,240
2,832

80,154
76,764
73,893
4,011
69,882
2,871

79,934
76,612
73,897
3,892
70,005
2,715

78,893
75,770
72,895
3,979
68,915
2,875

77,178
74,455
71,088
4,361
66,726
3,366

48, 584
45,811
44, 798
2,974
41, 824
1,013

48,336
45, 563
44, 480
2,808
41, 672
1,083

48,280
45, 513
44,375
2,791
41, 584
1,138

48,238
45, 476
44,435
2,806
41,629
1,041

48, 365
45, 559
44,479
2,835
41,644
1,080

48,273
45,433
44,338
2,791
41,547
1,095

48,196
45,314
44,156
2,726
41,430
1,158

47,920
45,021
43,922
2,753
431,169
1,099

48,033
45,140
44,092
2,870
41,222
1,048

47,921
45,047
44,010
2,795
41, 215
1,037

48,605
45,222
44,236
2,875
41,361
986

48,591
45,239
44,227
2,861
41,366
1,012

47,842
44,987
43,898
2,884
41,014
1,089

47,604
44,797
43,711
2,807
40,904
1,086

47,437
44,787
43,667
2,894
40,773
1,119

47,115
44,857
43,422
3,174
40,246
1,435

26, 420 26,134 26,092 26,051 25, 557 25,516 25,177 24,730 25,023 24,862 25,071 25,221 25,139 25,145 24,427
25,348 25,093 24,827 24,781 24, 558 24,421 24,094 23,773 24,002 23,834 24,057 24,128 24,167 24,278 23,507
675
729
663
702
636
628
625
852
624
537
512
581
705
634
567
24, 496 24,459 24,260 24,269 23,853 23,797 23,513 23,236 23,377 23,206 23,421 23,426 23,438 23,615 22,832
972
867
919
1,072 1,041 1,265 1,270
957 1,021 1,028 1,014 1,093
999 1,095 1,083

23,687
22,630
748
21,882
1,056

6,557
5,721
410
5,310
836

5,910
5,036
439
4,598
874

T otal
Total labor force. _______________
Civilian labor force_______________
Employed_____________________
Agriculture__ ______________
Nonagricultural industries____
Unemployed__________________
Me n , 20 Y ears and Over
Total labor force_________________
Civilian labor force_______________
Employed_____________________
Agriculture___ ______________
Nonagricultural industries____
U n em p lo y ed ______ ____ ______
Women , 20 Y ears and Over
Civilian labor force ________ _.
Employed_____________________
Agriculture... . .
. . .
Nonagricultural industries___
U n em p lo y ed _____ __________
B oth S exe s , 16-19 Y ears
Civilian labor force_______________ 6,351
Employed________________ ____ 5, 535
438
Nonagricultural industries____ 5,097
816
Unemployed___________________

6,409
5,510
387
5,123
899

T able A-2.

6,392
5,428
349
5,079
964

6,276
5, 409
358
5,051
867

6,585
5,681
452
5,229
904

6,556
5,730
441
5,289
826

6,746
5,897
420
5,477
849

6,438
5,594
362
5,232
844

6,577
5,816
395
5,421
761

6,614
5,903
432
5,471
711

6,732
5,844
379
5,465
888

6,627
5,900
452
5,448
727

6,638
5,828
398
5,430
810

6,670
5,908
422
5,486
762

Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Annual
average

1966

1967
Selected unemployment rates

Total (all civilian workers) ______
Men, 20 years and over_________
Women, 20 years and over______
Both sexes, 16-19 years.. --------White workers ______________
Nonwhite workers_________ .
Married men . . . . .
...
Full-time workers . . . . . .
Blue-collar workers_____________
Experienced wage and salary
Labor force time lo st1______ •>------

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1966

3.7
2.2
4.1
12.8
3.3
6.9
1.7
3.3
4.3

3.9
2.4
4.0
14.0
3.4
7.3
1.7
3.6
4.4

4.3
2.5
4.8
15.1
3.8
8.8
1.9
3.9
4.9

4.1
2.3
4.9
13.8
3.6
7.9
1.8
3.8
4.6

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.7
3. 5
6.9
2.0
3.6
4.4

3.9
2.4
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.2
1.8
3.6
4.7

4.0
2.6
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.8
2.0
3.9
4.7

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.1
3.3
7.8
1.9
3.5
4.6

3.7
2.3
4.1
11.6
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.3
4.6

3.6
2.3
4.1
10.7
3.1
7.4
1.7
3.1
4.2

3.7
2.2
4.0
13.2
3.3
7.1
1.6
3.0
4.1

3.7
2.2
4.3
11.0
3.3
6.6
1.7
3.1
4.2

3.7
2.4
3.9
12. 2
3.3
7.6
1. 1
3.3
4.3

3.5
2.4
3.4
11.4
3.1
6.9
1.7
3.4
4.3

3.8
2.5
3.8
12.7
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.4
4.3

3.5
4.1

3.6
4.1

4.1
4.7

4.0
4.6

3.6
4. 3

3.7
4.3

3.8
4.5

3.6
3.8

3.4
4.0

3.4
4.1

3.4
4.0

3.5
4.1

3.5
4.1

3.4
3.8

3.5
4. 2

1 Man-hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force man-hours.

Beginning in the March issue, the 1965 and 1966 statistics on the labor force were revised to
take account of the lower age limit change from 14 to 16 years of age. The 1967 data reflect all
the definitional changes which became effective in January 1967. (See the February 1967 E m ­
p l o y m e n t a n d E arnings a n d M o n th ly R eport on the Labor Force, Vol. 13, No. 8.) Although
these data are not strictly comparable with those published prior to January 1967, they may be
treated by most users as continuing the previous series.


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1965
4.
4.
14.
8.
2A
3.
5.
4.
5.

90

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

A-3.

Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
1967

1966

Annual
average

Age and sex
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1966

1965

T otal
16 years and over......... ................ .......
16 to 19 years_________ _________
16 and 17 years........ .............. .......
18 and 19 years_______________
20 to 24 years_________ ____ ____
25 years and over_______ _____ _ _
25 to 54 years________________
55 years and over_________ ___

3.7

3.9

4.3

4.1

3.8

3.9

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.5

3.8

4.5

12.8
14.5
11.4
5.7
2.5
2.5
2.5

14.0
16.2
12.0
5.6
2.6
2.6
2.4

15.1
16.5
13.9
6.5
2.9
3.0
2.5

13.8
15.6
12.6
6.6
2.7
2.8
2.3

13.7
15.3
12.7
5.5
2.5
2.6
2.5

12.6
14.4
11.4
6.2
2.6
2.7
2.3

12.6
14.0
13.1
5.8
2.8
2.9
2.3

13.1
13.7
12.8
5.2
2.6
2.7
2.7

11.6
14.8
10.9
5.1
2.6
2.7
2.5

10.7
12.0
9.8
5.4
2.6
2.6
2.5

13.2
16.4
11.0
5.2
2.5
2.6
2.2

11.0
13.1
9.5
5.6
2.6
2.6
2.9

12.2
13.8
10.8
5.6
2.6
2.5
2.5

11.4
12.9
10.6
5.0
2.5
2.5
2.4

12.7
14.8
11.3
5.3
2.6
2.6
2.6

14.8
16.5
13.5
6.7
3.2
3.2
3.2

2.9
12.0
13.6
10.4
4.8
1.9
1.7
2.6

3.3
14.5
16.1
12.0
5.4
2.0
1.8
2.6

3.4
15.0
17.3
12.9
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.5

3.0
12.4
13.2
11.4
4.9
1.9
1.9
2.0

3.1
12.4
15.3
10.2
5.0
2.0
2.0
2.4

3.1
11.6
14.5
9.2
5.0
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.3
12.3
14.2
10.3
5.1
2.2
2.1
2.5

3.2
12.9
14.5
11.8
4.9
2.1
2.0
2.8

3.0
11.8
16.8
10.8
4.0
2.1
2.0
2.6

2.9
10.1
11.3
9.0
4.2
2.1
2.0
2.4

3.0
12.6
14.8
10.3
3.6
2.0
1.9
2.2

2.9
11.1
13.9
8.8
4.2
2.0
1.8
2.8

3.2
12.2
13.8
10.8
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.0
10.5
11.5
9.7
4.9
2.2
2.1
2.4

3.2
11.7
13.7
10.2
4.6
2.2
2.1
2.7

4.0
14.1
16.1
12.4
6.3
2.8
2.7
3.3

5.0
13.9
15.9
12.4
6.7
3.6
3.9
2.3

4.9
13.4
16.3
12.0
5.9
3.6
4.1
2.1

5.8
15.1
15.3
15.1
8.0
4.3
5.0
2.6

5.9
15.6
19.3
13.8
8.8
4.1
4.5
2.9

5.1
15.4
15.4
15.4
6.1
3.5
3.7
2.7

5.3
13.8
14.3
13.8
7.6
3.7
4.1
2.2

5.2
13.0
13.8
12.4
6.8
3.9
4.5
1.7

4.8
13.4
12.4
13.8
5.5
3.4
4.0
2.6

4.9
11.3
12.0
11.0
6.6
3.6
3.9
2.4

4.9
11.6
13.1
10.7
6.9
3.6
3.9
2.8

5.1
13.9
18.7
11.7
7.3
3.5
3.7
2.1

5.0
10.8
11.9
10.2
7.4
3.8
4.0
3.3

4.7
12.2
13.7
10.7
6.1
3.5
3.6
3.0

4.4
12.6
14.9
11.5
5.2
3.1
3.4
2.3

4.8
14.1
16.6
12.6
6.3
3.3
3.6
2.4

5.5
15.7
17.2
14.8
7.3
4.0
4.3
2.8

Male
16 years and over________ ________
16 to 19 years___________ ____ ___
16 and 17 years__________ ____
18 and 19 years_______________
20 to 24 years_______ __________
25 years and over_______ __ ___
25 to 54 years_________________
55 years and over...
.
. .
F emale
16 years and over________________
16 to 19 years__________________
16 and 17 years_________ _____
18 and 19 years_______________
20 to 24 years__________________
25 years and over..................................
25 to 54 years.. . _______________
55 years and over..............................

T able

A-4.

Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Age and sex
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

1966

1965

75,681
5,535
2,371
3,224
8,693
61,407
47,642
13,805

75,083
5, 510
2,316
3,192
8, 699
60,872
47,106
13, 782

74, 630
5, 428
2,288
3,106
8,514
60, 718
46,876
13, 712

74, 625
5,409
2,246
3,148
8,522
60, 724
46, 768
13, 698

74, 718
5,681
2,341
3,331
8, 612
60, 393
46, 709
13, 632

74,489
5,730
2,322
3, 402
8,604
60,128
46, 471
13, 563

74,147
5,897
2,363
3,491
8, 571
59, 678
46, 062
13, 627

73,289
5, 594
2,201
3,358
8,420
59, 300
46, 044
13,244

73,910
4, 816
2,346
3,470
8,418
59, 650
46,295
13,360

73, 747
5,903
2,478
3,465
8,348
59,516
46,391
13,224

74,137
5,844
2,399
3,465
8,355
60,000
46, 616
13,450

74,255
5,900
2,389
3,516
8,228
60,125
46, 742
13,468

73,893
5,828
2,427
3,487
8,126
59,886
46, 541
13,405

73,987
5,908
2,362
3,537
8, 062
59,925
46,399
13, 544

72,895
5,721
2,269
3,452
7,963
59,212
45,944
13,268

71,088
5,036
2,074
2,962
7, 702
58,351
45,318
13,033

47,892 47, 548 47, 425 47, 479 47, 712 47,555 47,448 47,050 47,273 47,358 47,475 47,533 47,116 47, Oil 46,919
3,094 3,068 3, 050 3,044 3,233 3, 217 3,292 3,128 3,176 3,348 3, 239 3,306 3,218 3,300 3,252
1,467 1,439 1,400 1,409 1,436 1,399 1,403 1,324 1,351 1,512 1,444 1,453 1,463 1,451 1,380
1,666 1,644 1,639 1,653 1,786 1,810 1,856 1,766 1,825 1,854 1,852 1,867 1,802 1,858 1,862
4,792 4,792 4,806 4,849 4,891 4,856 4,881 4, 750 4, 771 4, 762 4,812 4, 721 4,588 4,594 4,599
39,959 39,669 39, 588 39, 589 39, 566 39,468 29,266 39,177 39,306 39,276 39,474 39,493 39,259 39,098 39,069
31,036 30,765 30, 637 30, 648 30, 638 30, 584 30,425 30,402 30, 558 30, 645 30, 697 30, 776 30,519 30,331 30,378
8,953 8,941 8,915 8,898 8,889 8,860 8,870 8, 738 8, 717 8, 670 8, 777 8,758 8, 767 8,805 8,691

46,340
2,918
1,284
1,634
4,583
38,839
30,240
8, 599

27,789 27,535 27,205 27,146 27,006 26,934 26, 699 26,239 26, 637 26,389 26, 662 26,722 26, 777 26,887 25,976
2,441 2,442 2, 378 2,365 2, 448 2,513 2, 605 2,466 2,640 2,555 2,605 2,594 2, 610 2, 608 2,469
904
879
955
964
911
905
923
960
877
995
966
936
877
888
837
1,558 1,548 1,467 1,495 1,545 1,592 1,635 1,592 1,645 1,611 1,643 1,649 1,685 1,679 1,590
3,901 3,907 3, 708 3, 673 3,721 3,748 3,690 3, 670 3,647 3,586 3,543 3, 507 3,538 3,68 8 3,364
21,448 21,203 21,130 21,135 20,827 20, 660 20,412 20,123 20,344 20,240 20,526 20, 632 20, 627 20,827 20,143
16,606 16,341 16,239 16,120 16, 071 15,887 15,638 15, 642 15, 737 15, 746 15,919 159, 66 16,022 16,068 15, 566
4,852 4,841 4,797 4,800 4, 743 4, 703 4, 757 4, 506 4,643 4, 554 4, 673 4,710 4,638 4,739 4, 577

24,748
2,118
790
1,328
3,119
19,512
15,078
4,434

T otal
16 years and over________________
16 to 19 years. ________________
16 and 17 years_______________
18 and 19 years_______________
20 to 24 years__________________
25 years and o v e r ______________
25 to 54 years________________
55 years and over_____________

Male
16 years and over________________
16 to 19 years__________________
16 and 17 years_______________
18 and 19 years_______________
20 to 24 years___________ _______
25 years and over_______________
25 to 54 years________________
55 years and over_____________

F emale
16 years and over________________
16 to 19 y e a r s _________________
16 and 17 years____ _________
18 and 19 years_______________
20 to 24 y e a r s __________ _______
25 years and over______________
25 to 54 y e a r s ...............................
55 years and over___ . . .


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91

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-5.

Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Duration of unemployment
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May i Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1966

1965

1,471
Less than 5 weeks
.....
954
5 to 14 weeks.
___
. .
453
15 weeks and over. _.
....
261
15 to 26 w eek s..
... .
192
27 weeks and over--------- . ----15 weeks and over as a percent of
.6
civilian labor force--------------- . .

1,586
918
487
310
177

1,847
1,153
489
313
176

1,889
945
437
278
159

1,660
945
441
231
210

1,805
876
435
265
170

1,649
919
444
298
146

1,371
877
414
271
143

1,468
900
436
251
185

1,408
986
560
354
206

1,678
771
439
249
190

1,542
787
485
282
203

1,562
760
496
269
227

1,397
789
484
287
197

1,535
804
536
245
241

1,628
983
755
404
351

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

1.0

T able A-6.

Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1967
Full- and part-time
employment status

December

November

October

September

August

67,135

67,170

67,309

67,950

71,134

February

1966

1965

July

June

May

April

March

71,058

70,195

65,538

65,640

65,425

65,445

66,943

66,145

60,793

62,734

61,144

F ull T ime
Civilian labor force........—
Employed:
Full-time schedules
Part time for
economic reasons. -Unemployed, looking
for full-time work___
Unemployment rate____

63,122

63,063

63,267

63,747

66,264

65,909

64,688

61,978

61,447

60,916

2,000

2,072

1,934

2,117

2,486

2,499

2,507

1,573

2,079

2,209

2,283

1,894

2,209

2,315
3.5

2,792
4. 2

2, 013
3.0

2,034
3.0

2,108
3.1

2,086
3.1

2,384
3.4

2,650
3.7

3,000
4.3

1,987
3.0

2,114
3.2

2,300
3.5

2,369
3.6

P art T ime
Civilian labor force...........
Employed (voluntary
part tim e)__________
Unemployed, looking
for part-time work__
Unemployment rate.........
1

10,923

10,943

10,823

9,576

7,978

8,413

8,825

10,557

10,471

10,088

10,246

8,830

8,310

10,216

10,083

9,980
843

8,767
809

7,421

7,813

8,197

10,086

9,920

9,433

9,432

8,279

7,735

707
6.5

860
7.9

557
7.0

600
7.1

628
7.1

471
4.5

551
5.3

655
6.5

814
7.9

560
6.2

575
6.9

7.8

8.4

Employed persons with a job but not at work are distributed proportionately among the full- and part-time employed categories.


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92

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1968
T able

A-7.

Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted
[I n th o u sa n d s]
Quarterly averages

Characteristics

1967
4th

1966

1965

1964

Annual
averages

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

1966

1965

68,899
40, 498
22, 291
5, 661
66, 477
40,061
21,408
5,008
2, 422
887
883
652
3.5
2.2
4.0
11.5

68,053
40, 628
21,648
5,777
65, 751
39, 722
20,852
5,177
2,302
906
796
600
3.4
2.2
3.7
10.4

68. 410
40,712
21, 726
5,972
66,190
39,897
20,924
5,370
2,220
815
803
602
3.2
2.0
3.7
10.1

67,999
40,365
21,724
5,911
65, 794
39,512
21,011
5,271
2,205
853
713
640
3.2
2.1
3.3
10.8

67,293
40,239
21,239
5,814
65,058
39,347
20, 540
5,171
2,235
892
699
644
3.3
2.2
3.3
11.1

66,926
40,311
20,829
5,785
64,650
39,419
20,119
5,112
2,276
892
710
673
3.4
2.2
3.4
11.6

66,829
40,349
20,733
5,747
74,570
39,405
20,043
5,122
2,259
944
690
624
3.4
2.3
3.3
10.9

66,539
40,227
20,664
5,648
64,075
39,208
19,903
4,964
2,464
1,019
761
684
3.7
2.5
3.7
12.1

66,204
40,362
20,519
5,324
63,599
39,241
19,729
4,630
2,605
1,121
790
694
3.9
2.8
3.9
13.0

66,057
40,523
20,410
5,124
63,240
39,273
19,572
4,395
2,817
1,250
838
729
4.3
3.1
4.1
14.2

65,683
40,469
20,276
4,939
62,841
39,218
19,405
4,219
2,842
1,251
871
720
4.3
3.1
4.3
14.6

65,134
40,283
20,002
4,850
62,232
38,967
19,146
4,120
2,902
1,316
856
730
4.5
3.3
4.3
15.1

67,274
40,318
21,128
5,828
65,019
39,417
20,426
5,176
2,253
901
703
651
3.3
2.2
3.3
11.2

66,136
4,0401
20,468
5,265
63.445
39,232
19,652
4,562
2,691
1,169
817
703
4.1
2.9
4.0
13.4

8, 628
4,499
3,342
787
7,994
4, 320
3,095
579
634
178
247
209
7.3
4.0
7.4
26.6

8,622
4, 506
3,334
782
7,962
4,304
3,104
554
660
202
230
228
7.6
4.5
6.9
29.2

8,638
4,515
3,381
741
8,030
4,314
3,150
567
608
201
232
175
7.0
4.5
6.9
23.6

8, 534
4,490
3,327
717
7,911
4,264
3,098
549
623
226
229
168
7.3
5.0
6.9
23.4

8,534
4,478
3,292
765
7,885
4,260
3,055
570
649
217
237
195
7.6
4.8
7.2
25.5

8,431
4,429
3,289
713
7,812
4,213
3,080
519
619
216
209
194
7.3
4.9
7.4
27.2

8,475
4,480
3,290
706
7,885
4,265
3,096
524
590
215
194
181
7.0
4.8
5.9
25.6

8,400
4,466
3,265
668
7, 775
4,247
3,040
488
625
219
225
180
7.4
4.9
6.9
26.9

8,339
4,422
3,249
668
7,669
4,164
3,003
502
670
258
246
166
8.0
5.8
7.6
24.9

8,266
4,460
3,180
626
7,603
4,203
2,937
463
663
257
243
163
8.0
5.8
7.6
26.0

8,244
4,462
3,174
606
7,514
4,148
2,930
436
730
315
244
170
8.9
7.1
7.7
28.1

8,259
4,447
3,199
613
7,505
4,127
2,925
454
754
320
274
159
9.1
7.2
8.6
25.9

8,496
4,468
3,299
729
7,875
4,249
3,082
544
621
219
217
185
7.3
4.9
6.6
25.4

8,319
4,456
3,218
644
7,643
4,190
2,979
475
676
267
239
169
8.1
6.0
7.4
26.2

W H ITE

Civilian labor force______ _ .
_ ____ 69, 512
Men, 20 years and over
41,154
Women, 20 years and over___ . . . . __ 22, 745
Both sexes, 16-19 years. _
. . .
5, 613
Employed __________________ ________ 67,089
Men, 20 years and over. . . . . _
40,274
Women, 20 years and o v e r ______
21,881
Both sexes, 16-19 years..
_ _
4,934
Unemployed____ _ . . . . .
_ _ . . . . . . 2,423
Men, 20 years and o v e r _____
880
Women, 20 years and over............... ...
863
Both sexes, 16-19 years. _____ __
679
Unemployment rate_____ _
_. ___
3.5
Men, 20 years and over. .
2.1
Women, 20 years and over____________
3.8
Both sexes, 16-19 years. . . . . . . . _. 12.1
N O N W H ITE

Civilian labor force____
__________ .
Men, 20 years and o v e r .___ _
Women, 20 years and over____ __ . .
Both sexes, 16-19 years . . . ..
Em ployed______ . . . . . . ______________
Men, 20 years and o v e r...
_ _
_
Women, 20 years and over . _ . _
Both sexes, 16-19 years. . . . . . . _ . ._
U nem ployed.. __ . . . . . . . _____ _____
Men, 20 years and over__________
Women, 20 years and over. _
Both sexes, 16-19 years.. .
. . . . . . .
Unemployment rate______________ ____ .
M en,'20 years and over.. . . .
___
Women, 20 years and over_____
Both sexes, 16-19 years.

T able

A-8.

8, 728
4,494
3,451
783
8, 060
4, 299
3,191
570
667
194
260
213
7.6
4.3
7.5
27.2

Total employment and unemployment rates, by occupation, seasonally adjusted1
Quarterly averages

Characteristics

Annual
averages

1967

1964

1965

1966

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

1966

1965

34, 957
10, 064
7,626
12, 700
4, 568
27, 222
9, 825
13,886
3,511
9, 378
3,623

34, 512
9, 967
7,699
12,303
4, 543
27,369
9,758
14,026
3,585
9,225
3,560

33,945
9,786
7,458
12,238
4,463
27,102
9,798
13, 764
3,539
9,251
3,459

33,534
9,722
7,189
12,095
4,528
27,384
10,029
13,870
3,486
9,443
3,650

33, 751
9,599
7,427
12,220
4,505
26,914
9,697
13,804
3,413
9,442
3,589

33,435
9,456
7,547
11,923
4,510
26,964
9,652
13,742
3,570
9,189
3,592

32,785
9,235
7,382
11,635
4, 533
26,944
9,554
13,884
3,506
9,042
3,720

32,307
8,972
7,246
11,471
4,618
27,015
9,464
13,901
3,650
9,172
3,818

32,136
8,919
7,157
11,473
4,586
26,628
9,415
13,525
3, 687
9,177
3,892

32,007
8,994
7,369
11,149
4,495
26,278
9,300
13,336
3,642
9,034
4,017

31,857
8,820
7,530
11,004
4,503
25,953
8,982
13,309
3, 662
8,785
4,220

31,391
8,818
7,293
10,884
4,395
26,166
9,204
13,189
3, 773
8,749
4,106

31,200
8,747
7,428
10,673
4,353
25,575
9,068
13,001
3,506
8,830
4,167

33,065
9,310
7,403
11,812
4,540
26,952
9,591
13,829
3,532
9,212
3,667

31,849
8,883
7,340
11,129
4,497
26,246
9,222
13,336
3,688
8,936
4,057

2.3
1.2
1.0
3.4
3.2
4.6
2.5
5.1
8.0
5.0
2.4

2.3
1.4
.9
3.4
3.7
4.5
2.3
5.2
7.9
4.6
2.7

2.0
1.4
.9
2.7
2.9
4.6
2.8
5.0
7.9
4.2
2.5

2.1
1.3
.9
3.0
3.2
4.1
2.3
4.7
7.0
4.4
2.0

2.0
1.3
.9
3.0
2.4
4.2
2.9
4.2
7.6
4.6
2.0

2.1
1.5
1.0
3.0
2.8
4.3
2.7
4.5
7.8
4.6
2.0

2.0
1.2
1.1
2.7
3.0
4.2
2.7
4.4
7.5
4.9
2.6

2.0
1.3
1.1
2.7
2.9
4.2
3.0
4.3
7.0
4.5
2.2

2.2
1.4
1.1
2.9
3.5
4.6
2.8
4.9
7.7
4.7
2.8

2.2
1.3
1.1
3.1
3.3
5.2
3.6
5.4
8.3
5.2
2.7

2.4
1.5
1.1
3.5
3.3
5.6
4.0
5.9
8.4
5.4
2.5

2.5
1.7
1.2
3.5
3.7
5.6
3.8
5.7
9.5
5.8
2.6

2.4
1.4
1.3
3.5
3.4
6.0
4.2
6.1
10.0
5.7
3.0

2.0
1.3
1.0
2.9
2.8
4.2
2.9
4.3
7.5
4.6
2.2

2.3
1.5
1.1
3.3
3.4
5.3
3.6
5.5
8.7
5.3
2.7

E mployed (in thousands)
White-collar workers.. _
Professional and technical__
Managers, officials, and proprietors
Clerical workers..
Sales w orkers.. .
Blue-collar workers.
Craftsmen and foremen.. _
Operatives____
Nonfarm laborers.
Service workers_____
Farmers and farm laborers
U nemployment R ate
White-collar workers
Professional and technical .
Managers, officials, and proprietors__
Clerical workers .
Sales workers___
Blue-collar workers
Craftsmen and foremen .
O peratives...
Nonfarm laborers
Service workers___
Farmers and farm managers

1 The data in this table have been revised from those carried in earlier issues. Current data excludes 14- and 15-year olds.


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93

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

68,004 67,479 66,914 66, 672 66,408 66,129 66, 514 65,594 65,215 64,843 64,491 64,531 66, 087 63,982 60,832

Total employees________________________
Mining ____________
M etal m in in g .. . .
Iron ores.
_______

596

C oalm ining. .
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.

Contract construction___

N ov.

_

3,199

Painting, paperhanging, decorating___

Manufacturing___
Durable goods______________________
Nondurable goods _ ________________

600
64.6
27.2
10.9
144.5
137.7
267.2
147.4
119.8
123.2
43.1
40.5

601
65.2
27. 6
11.0
143.6
136.1
266.6
147.5
119.1
125.4
43.6
41.9

609
66.7
28.2
11.2
143.9
137.1
270.8
151.2
119.6
127.3
44.3
42.6

620
70.2
28.4
13.8
142.7
135.8
278.2
154.4
123.8
128.5
44.6
43.2

636
90.4
28.5
33.0
140.0
133.2
277.5
154.5
123.0
127.6
44.1
42.7

633
90. 6
28.8
33. 0
142.4
135.4
273.6
152.4
121.2
126.0
43.2
42.2

618
88.3
27.9
32.2
140.2
133.2
267.9
148.6
119.3
121.8
43.0
39.1

614
87.4
27.1
32.2
139.0
131.8
269.1
148.8
120.3
118.4
41.3
37.3

607
87.7
27.2
32.3
140.2
132.9
266.1
148.7
117.4
112.5
38.4
34.5

606
86.9
26.9
32.1
141.4
133.8
267.3
148.5
118.8
110.1
37.2
33.5

611
85.9
26.1
31.9
141.5
134.1
272.1
148.6
123.5
111.6
37.7
34.2

622
86.3
26.6
31.6
142. 0
134.6
275.8
148.7
127.1
117.9
40.9
37.0

625
86.5
26.3
31.7
137.7
129.9
279.8
152.4
127.4
120.8
41.6
39.1

632
83.8
25.9
30.0
141.4
131.8
287.1
156.6
130.5
119.6
41.0
40.0

3,388 3,463 3,513 3,594 3,548 3,407 3,227 3,106 2,922 2,863 2,947 3,146 3,292 3,186
1,074.3 1,080.7 ], 091.3 1,119.4 1,095. 9 1, 057.1 1, 0(35.9 979.1 942.4 931.3 962.9 1, 028. 0 1,047.3 994.0
703.9 748.7 ' 774.1 793.5 782.8 744.9 677.5 614.9 538.2 518.9 530.9 593.3 673.9 648.5
341.6 380.1 403.5 414.3 405.3 380.2 335.6 286.4 224.8 211.7 216.2 262.4 326.8 324.4
362.3 368.6 370.6 379.2 377.5 364.7 341.9 328.5 313.4 307.2 314.7 330.9 347.1 324.1
1,610.1 1, 634.0 1, 647.8 1,681.5 1.668. 8 1,605. 0 1,543. 7 1, 511.8 1,441. 0 1,413.1 1, 452.7 1,525. 0 1, 570.9 1, 543.4
' 381.8 384.7 384. 6 387.7 383.2 372. 0 358.4 358.0 357.7 360.6 366.7 371.3 373.1 366.2
134.8 143.8 148.7 155.5 152.0 144.5 136.5 127.3 115.6 109.7 111.6 128.5 141.0 143.1
271.6 272.5 272.9 275.0 273.3 265.3 254.9 252.9 248.5 248. 5 251.9 255.9 250.4 233.7
219.9 228.1 231.0 241.9 241.6 233.4 227.1 218. 5 207.9 196.2 200.0 213.1 235.0 238.8
121.2 121.3 122.7 125.8 122.4 118. 0 112. 6 110.8 102. 9
98.8 106.2 113.5 112.2 110.2

19,476 19,548 19,388 19,443 19,435 19,156 19,382 19,133 19,181 19,263 19,297 19,333 19,534 19,186 18,062
11,400 11, 422 11, 223 11, 249 11, 266 11,213 11,383 11,282 11, 298 11,359 11,389 11,413 11,516 11, 256 10,406
8,076 8,126 8,165 8,194 8,169 7,943 7,999 7,851 7,883 7,904 7,908 7,920 8, 018 7,930 7,656

D u r a b le go o d s

Ordnance and accessories.
Ammunition, except for small arms __.
Sighting and fire control equipm ent__
Other ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products___ _ _ ___
Logging camps & logging contractors _ _
■Sawmills and planing mills
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers. ________ _____ .
Miscellaneous wood products _ . _
Furniture and fixtures_________ ____ .
Household furniture ___ _. _______ _
Partitions and fixtures
Other furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products. . . .

308.0
236.3
55.3
586.8
82.3
226.8
164.0
35.1
78.6
465.6
331.4
49.5
629.4

305.4
232.8
16.5
56.1
594.4
85.1
232.1
163.4
35.0
68.8
463.6
329.6
36.4
47.4
50.2
637.9
31.8
124.4
36.5
64.9
42.0

310.3
227.9
17.1
56.3
599.6
86.3
233.8
165.5
34.8
79.2
461.3
324.6
37.2
48.1
51.4
635.8
28.4
123.6
36.6
65.3
41.8

299.0
225.2
16.8
57.0
603.2
87.8
234.3
166.9
34.8
79.4
456.8
318.9
37.2
48.9
51.8
639.8
27.7
123.6
37.6
65.8
41.9

296.1
222.9
16.4
56.8
611.8
89.0
236.8
170.4
35.6
80.0
456.2
318.6
37.0
49.8
50.8
646.9
30.1
123.5
38.0
67.6
41.8

291.0
219.4
16.0
55.6
610.1
91.4
237.5
166.9
36.5
77.8
442.5
307.5
35.8
48.8
50.4
643.9
30.3
123.3
36.9
67.7
41.1

288.7
215.9
15.7
57.1
613.5
.91.9
239.1
166.9
37.1
78.5
451.6
313.9
35.8
48.8
53.1
641.9
29. 7
124.5
37.7
68.3
41.7

285.1
213.1
15.5
56.5
584.8
78.0
233.4
160.4
36.3
76.7
448.3
313.2
36.4
47.3
51.4
628.4
30.4
122.0
36.7
66.6
41.4

285.8
214.1
15.3
56.4
579.6
74.0
231.6
159.7
35.8
78.5
451.0
316.7
36. 6
47.6
50.1
624.5
30.9
122.2
36.5
65.4
42.0

285.3
213.2
15.0
57.1
577. 6
74.0
231.4
157.3
35.9
79.0
455.8
319.8
37.2
47.5
51.3
617.7
32.3
122. 1
35.4
64.1
42.3

283.2
211.5
14.6
57.1
576.8
76.4
230.8
154.9
35.9
78.8
459.4
323.3
37.4
47.4
51.3
612.6
31.8
121.6
34.9
63.0
42.5

279.2
207.9
14.3
57.0
577.1
77.0
230.4
155.2
36.1
78.4
462.4
324.8
37.5
48.1
52.0
616.5
32.5
122.3
35.4
63.1
42.2

272.7
201.9
14.2
56.6
584.3
78.0
232.1
159.2
35.6
79.4
471.6
332.6
37.4
48.3
53.3
629.4
32.7
123.4
36.5
66.0
42.7

256.0
192.6
13.4
50.0
612.6
81.3
244.9
171.3
35.5
79.6
461.7
328.1
34.8
47.2
51.6
644.6
32.7
122.6
38.0
70.3
43.3

225.8
173.0
12.2
40.7
606.9
84.2
249.4
164.7
34.4
74.2
430.7
309.2
30.2
43.5
47.8
628.3
32.3
115.4
38.0
69.7
43.4

Glass and glassware, pressed or blown _ 124.1
36.0
Cement, hydraulic___ __ __________
64.1
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod174.8 180.1 182.0 184.2 186.0 185.4 181.2 175.5 171.8 165.2 162.1 164.1 170.2 178.9 177.8
ucts______________________________
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
133.5 134.7 134.8 136.0 137.5 137.2 136.7 134.1 133.7 134.1 134.0 133.7 134.6 135.7 130.0
products.._ ______________________
Primary metal industries _____________ 1,272. 4 1,270.5 ,, 251.3 1,266.3 1,288.6 1,297.0 1,319.9 1,310.2 1,314.1 1,330.9 1,338.2 1,348.2 1, 347.4 1,345.4 1,301.0
Blast furnace and basic steel products. _ 627.0 625.0 617.0 623.9 632.7 635.3 634.6 628.5 630.1 636.0 635.6 639.6 640.1 651.3 657.3
Iron and steel foundries______________ 222.2 221.9 208.9 214.6 224.7 212.5 228.8 227.4 227.8 232.3 237.2 241.4 239.2 238.5 227.0
73.9
65.3
66.4
67.1
80.0
78.1
81.2
80.7
80.6
81.1
Nonferrous m etals. _________________
81.9
80.9
68.0
69.8
82.3
Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______ 198.0 198.6 200.9 201.3 200.4 207.6 210.4 211.2 212.1 215.5 217.4 218.6 219.9 215.0 196.5
81.5
87.8
90.5
89.9
88.9
93.0
93.3
90.5
89.2
89.4
91.5
92.7
Nonferrous foundries________________
89.2
88.5
87.5
64.8
70.0
69.7
69.6
72.1
74.6
74.4
75.0
74.9
73.7
73.0
73.6
Miscellaneous primary metal products.
70.0
71.8
71.8
Fabricated metal products ___________ 1,361.9 1,360.7 1,344.1 1,342.5 1,356.3 1,340. 9 1,369.1 1,345.6 1,346. 7 1,350.2 1,358.5 1,364. 6 1,379.5 1,349.1 1,269. 0
65.2
61.0
67.8
65.6
64.8
63.5
63.7
62.9
Metal cans . _ __
68.1
66.5
66.0
64.9
66.6
68.2
68.7
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____ 164.2 164.0 163.5 161.5 156.9 153.6 159.2 156.2 157.1 158.4 162.0 163.4 165.2 161.3 155.1
79.9
79.3
79.8
80.2
79.7
77.2
79.4
76.3
77.3
78.1
Plumbing and heating, except electric .
79.1
78.5
79.1
77.3
77.7
399.5 400.9 402.7 403.8 406.8 406.9 407.7 396.8 395.9 391.3 393.0 394.4 400.2 397.7 375.1
Fabricated structural metal products
112.0 110.9 110.8 111.3 112.1 111.4 113.3 112.7 113.6 115.2 115.3 115.0 114.6 107.9
97.8
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
231.8 234.3 216.8 216.3 229.4 221.4 236.6 234.9 233.4 235.9 239.9 243.2 247.3 235.9 220.9
M etal stampings___ ______
______
86.0
86.7
77.3
86.6
85.0
85.2
85.2
85.5
86.3
84.2
84.1
86.1
M etal services, n e c ...
85.9
85.9
85.6
66.8
66.9
66.8
66.2
61.9
68.5
67.2
68.4
68.6
68.8
65.9
65.7
66.3
66.0
Misc. fabricated wire products_______
66.1
154.1
152.5
151.5
139.9
150.2
151.9 152.4 151.8 152.9 151.1 152.0 152.7 153.3 153.9 154.2
Misc. fabricated metal products _ _
Machinery, except electrical____________ 1,936. 6 1,958.7 1,917. 4 1, 959. 6 1,969. 6 1,973.4 1,988.1 1,977. 6 1,988.7 1,994.0 1,988.4 1,985.8 1,975.8 1,911.1 1,735.3
107.8 106.4 105.2 103.5 104.9 103.4 104.5 103.1 104.3 105.1 104.6 104.9
91.1
99.1
98.4
Engines and turbines________________
140.5 138.8 140. 9 143 7 146 8 152.0 154.3 157. 4 158. 8 156.7 154. 6 151.9 148.0 135.7
270.5
244.4
256.2
270.3
277.8
274.0 274.3 276.7 278.1 275.8 277.9 279.3 279.3 280.6 282.4
Construction arid related machinery__
339.1 344.1 341.0 342.2 344.3 346.2 349.5 348.1 350.8 351.6 350.8 349.7 347.7 335.5 304.2
Metal working machinery____________
Special industry m achinery................... 198.8 198.4 198.8 200.5 202.7 203.5 205.7 204.8 208.3 208.7 209.0 209.3 209.0 205.5 193.3
291.1 290.7 289.7 292.7 294.2 292.4 296.0 292.1 293.7 290.4 291.2 294.8 294.2 284.7 261.0
General industrial machinery _______
244.0 242.2 235.9 241.2 241.5 237.8 234.3 234.3 231.5 233.6 232.4 230.8 229.8 217.1 190.5
Office and computing m a c h in es_____
132.7 131.8 129.0 129.6 130.2 133.2 134.5 133.3 132.4 132.6 131.3 130.6 131.4 126.2 114.1
Service industry m achines......................
Miscellaneous machinery, except elec233.5 234.1 234.6 235.0 233.8 233.4 233.5 231.8 232.4 233.9 233.1 230.5 231.0 217.3 189.3
trical_____________________________
See footnotes at end of table.

285-796 0

-

68-7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

94

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

T able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Industry
D e c.2 Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,946.4
Electric test & distributing equipment. 201.1
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
218.6
Household appliances________________ 188.3
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 194.4
Radio and TV receiving equipment___ 152.8
Communication equip m ent.................
518.5
Electronic components and accessories. 353.6
Mise, electrical equipment & supplies.. 118.1
Transportation equipment_____________ 2,007.1
Motor vehicles and equipment________
Aircraft and parts..... ................................ 854.5
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 169.5
Railroad equipm ent______ ___________
Other transportation equipment______
Instruments and related products______
Engineering & scientific instrum ents...
Mechanical measuring & control devices, 108.4
50.5
Optical and ophthalmic goods..............
Ophthalmic goods..................................
Medical instruments and supplies_____
6 6 .6
Photographic equipment and supplies. 103.4
Watches, clocks, and watchcases______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 428.7
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
51.2
Toys and sporting goods_____________
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
Costume jewelry and n otion s................
Other manufacturing industries............ 171.4
Musical instruments and parts______

941.3 , 919.4 , 897.3 , 907.5 ,871.5 , 868.1 1, 885.0 1,902.9 1,933. 4 1,954.7 1,962.0 1,974.2 1,896.4 1,659.2
200.4 198.2 199.7 200.4 199.7 200.7 198. C 198.6 197.0 196.6 194.3 196.9 189.8 170.0
216.4 215.6 217.9 220.6 218.6 221.0 220.3 221.6 224.6 226. C 226.6 220.6 214. a 192.3
186.4 183.5 168.9 174.8 169.8 177.9 174.4 174.8 178.3 181.6 184.5 192.2 1 8 1 . a 165.3
194.0 191.4 191.3 191.1 188.4 192.3 191.9 193.4 192.1 194. a 196.7 1 9 7 . a 193.1 173.0
156.8 156.9 154.2 148.6 138.2 117.9 134.8 138.5 154.1 162.7 170.2 174.9 159.8 133.4
515.2 509.7 503.4 503.9 502.5 499.0 497. C 497.1 494.6 491.7 478.7 476.9 465.5 416.8
353.8 353.8 351.8 351.5 342.4 344.4 354.9 365.3 378.0 385.8 393.2 395.9 381.5 307.1
118.3 110.3 110.1 116.6 111.9 114.9 113.7 113.6 114.7 116. C 117.8 119.5 i n . a 101.4
984.8 , 885.7 , 882.2 ,834.6 866.4 , 952.6 1,938.1 1,927.6 1,941.2 1,947. 7 1,951.4 1,995.9 1,911.5 1, 740. 6
847.7 758.8 759.3 717.2 749.9 829.8 826.9 813.3 837.2 845.4 854.7 887.9 859.2 842.7
843.2 836.9 833.0 823.4 824.1 820.3 812.5 812.8 810.1 805.2 805.2 810.0 750.5 624.2
169.0 167.9 167.0 165.8 161.4 172.5 174.6 176.4 171.1 175.6 174.6 175.4 176.4 160.2
52.1
57.1
57.4
62.1
59.1
59.3
58.1
50.6
60.7
55.2
63.8
56.2
52.2
61.6
72.8
72.9
71.5
67.0
66.0
63.5
72.6
73.0
60.8
54.8
58.8
63.8
57.3
70.7
456.9 455.0 455.3 457.9 454.8 456.0 451.0 453.2 453.8 452.8 451.2 452.3 433.1 389.0
87.6
85.9
85.7
88.1
87.2
84.2
85.3
88.1
87.5
85.0
83.9
71.7
80.1
87.5
107.5 106.5 106.5 107.6 108.2 107.6 107.5 108.6 109.4 109.7 110.5 111.5 108.5
99.4
50.6
50.5
50.5
49.9
50.3
50.8
50.8
50.8
51.0
50.2
50.8
49.1
45.5
50.2
31.4
31.9
32.1
31.1
31.2
32.1
31.7
31.6
31.2
32.0
32.0
31.6
30. f
31.3
66.0
65.2
64.8
65.5
64.4
65.2
66.0
65.8
64.0
64.3
56.4
65.5
61.6
65.4
103.5 103.5 103.7 105.3 104.1 102.9 101.0 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.2 101.9
84.1
96.8
41.7
40.5
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.9
41.7
41.3
39.9
37.0
31.9
41.0
42.0
447.6 452.4 447.4 440.6 421.3 433.5 428.1 424.2 419.3 417.0 414.5 432.9 434.5 419.5
52.4
51.4
51.4
47.6
51.9
50.8
51.4
51.0
51.5
50.8
51.0
49.2
45.7
51.5
128.8 132.5 128.7 124.5 116.4 117.5 114.5 109.5 103.4 100.4
98.2 111.6 117.9 116.7
34.4
34.6
34.3
34.9
34.9
35.1
34.2
34.8
34.6
35.1
34.6
33.3
35.0
34.2
59.9
55.7
57.7
58.2
60.4
60.5
58.2
57.5
59.3
56.4
57.4
57.5
58.9
60.3
172.1 173.2 172.7 170.7 167.0 171.3 170.0 170.8 172.1 172.6 173.4 175.5 174.0 167.4
26.4
24.
25.9
26.4
25.4
24.4
27.5
27.3
27.2
24.7
25.7
26.8
28.0
25.7

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred p rodu cts...................... ,777.8 ,811.4 ,871.6 1 917. 1,880.6 , 830. 8 , 792.9 1,731.8 1,713.8 1,713.0 1,708.3 1,725.4 1,779.2 1,778.9 1, 756. 7
Meat products______________________
334.1 335.8 334.6 334.
337.6 334.3 329.3 321.4 318.0 321.4 322.3 325.1 333.4 323.8 318.4
Dairy products..........................................
263.4 264.4 266.8; 272.
280.2 273.5 271.4 268.8 267.4 268.0 269.7 277.5 285.8
280.4 281
Canned, cured, and frozen food s...........
275.6 334.6 387.
335.7 294.5 264.9 241.0 236.1 232.9 228.4 233.4 252.5 275.7 260.2
Grain mill products__ _____ _________ 127.9 127.3 129.5 130.
133.0 132.9 132.1 128.2 126.5 127.2 126.4 126.7 127.0 127.8 126.9
289.5 292.2 294.1 294.
Bakery products..................................... .
296.2 295.7 295.0 288.9 286.4 287.7 286.7 285.8 287.4 284.4 287.4
Sugar____________ _____ ____ ________
47.0
28.4
32.4
43.9
36.2
29.8
43.3
39.0
27.5
29.1
30.6
29.6
35.6
31.
Confectionery and related products___
85.1
86.1
73.7
90.3
77.2
74.6
74.3
77.2
75.1
79.6
84.7
78.9
80.0
80.7
82.
Beverages__________________________
233.6 235.0 237.7 238.
244.0 245.3 242.7 232.1 230.3 225.9 223.0 223.9 228.4 229.3 221.5
Mise, foods and kindred products_____ 147.1 148.0 146.3 145.
144.5 144.4 143.0 142.3 143.3 142.8 142.8 143.5 146.6 144.1 143.2
Tobacco manufactures________ ________
88.1
98.4 100.3
77.3
76.2
92.6
86.8
74.9
75.3
90.5
81.5
88.6
83.9
77.0
96.
Cigarettes................................ ................ .
41.0
41.2
41.1
39.7
38.6
41.3
40.8
39.6
39.0
40.1
39.8
41.
39.6
40.0
C ig a r s........................... .............................
21.0
21.2
21.4
24.2
21.2
21.7
21.6
21.8
21.
21.8
21.8
22.0
21.6
21.8
963.9 963.7 960.9 957.
Textile mill products..................................
955.4 933.5 957.0 941.0 944.1 948.1 945.2 950.8 960.0 961.5 925.6
239.4 237.8 236.5 236.
Weaving mills, cotton_______________
232.9 234.7 237.8 235.9 236.4 238.1 237.2 240.0 240.5 237.2 229.2
95.4
Weaving mills, synthetics____________
96.5
92.7
92.4
94.4
95.4
95.8
97.5
94.4
95.0
95.9
96.8
95.2
95.
97.0
44.8
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
44.3
44.8
44.5
45.5
45.9
44.9
45.
44.5
44.2
43.5
45.4
44.9
44.8
44.6
31.9
Narrow fabric mills_____ _______ _____
31.9
30.0
31.7
29.4
31.9
31.7
32.1
31.4
32.3
32.6
31.6
31.8
31.9
31.
226.6 230.9 232.9 231.
Knitting m ills_________ ____________
233.9 225.9 232.9 227.5 226.1 224.9 220.9 219.9 226.2 234.4 229.1
81.7
Textile finishing, except w ool________
81.3
79.6
80.8
76.9
81.0
79.6
77.3
80.3
81.7
80.
80.0
80.3
80.8
79.9
Floor covering m ills ._____ __________
43.2
47.7
47.2
41.4
43.2
43.4
44.3
46.0
46.
44.3
44.9
43.5
43.2
43.8
116.4 115.3 114.3 113.
Yarn and thread mills_______________
112.9 111.0 113.9 112.3 112.6 113.5 114.3 115.8 116.4 115.9 109.2
79.1
Miscellaneous textile goods......................
71.6
78.0
77.2
76.7
72.6
73.6
77.
76.5
77.2
77.6
77.2
73.9
74.9
76.2
Apparel and other textile products_____ , 391.3 ,404.3 , 401.7 398. 1,405.5 , 338.9 , 395. 4 1,382.2 1,376.2 1,396. 3 1, 407. 5 1,392.4 1,405. 0 1,398.8 1,354. 2
122.7 119.5 118.9 120.
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
121.1 116.6 123.9 123.1 121.1 122.8 122.9 123.3 124.3 122.9 119.3
364.5 364.9 366.3 366.
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_________
370.5 357.2 369.8 365.7 366.0 366.9 367.7 369.1 369.9 370.6 351.9
426.0 434.2 432.2 426.
Women’s and misses’ outerwear______
430.1 409.2 424.6 423.0 421.0 431.6 436.6 423.7 422.7 423.5 417.1
Women’s and children’s undergar­
122.1 123.1 122.6 122.9 122.4 118.2 122.4 123.1 124.1 125.1 126.0 124.9 127.6 125.2 120.8
m ents____________________________
Hats, caps, and millinery............ ............
23.1
24.2
29.1
25.9
28.3
28.0
23.8
23.9
29.3
28.9
22.6
22.6
24.6
27.7
Children’s outerwear________________
75.8
76.8
78.4
78.2
76.6
80.2
79.1
78.1
77.4
78.5
80.5
79.9
78.0
81.7
76.5
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel__
83.5
84.1
76.3
82.7
79.5
74.6
80.0
76.6
77.4
79.0
83.9
77.5
75.8
77.0
Mise, fabricated textile products_____
175.7 179.2 176.8 176.3 174.6 160.7 170.2 168.2 166.4 167.4 167.0 167.6 174.1 169.0 161.4
Paper and allied products______________ 691.7 690.2 687.6 688.5 694.6 689.4 693.6 674.2 675.6 676.8 674.3 674.3 680.2 667.5 639.1
Paper and pulp mills________________
220.0 219.4 219.4 222.1 224.5 223.5 223.9 215.6 216.9 216.2 215.8 215.3 216.6 215.2 211.9
74.0
Paperboard mills____________________
73.3
72.8
68.1
74.3
75.0
74.2
71.8
73.5
74.0
73.6
75.1
73.6
73.6
73.9
Mise, converted paper products______
182.6 181.8 180.7 180.2 181.7 179.4 180.3 176.0 »177.0 176.7 175.3 174.6 176.7 171.7 159.6
215.1 215.7 214.7 212.7 213.4 212.2 214.3 209.0 208.1 210.0 209.2 210.2 213.3 208.8 199.6
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing and publishing..____ _________ , 075.7 ,072.8 ,068.4 , 066.1 , 067.9 , 066. 0 , 067.3 1, 059.3 1, 060.8 1,060.4 1, 052.9 1, 047.3 1, 050. 6 1,021.8 979.4
Newspapers________________________
362.9 362.5 362.5 362.9 363.7 364.3 365.7 363.4 361.7 361.0 359.1 357.5 360.5 353.1 345.4
Periodicals_________________________
76.5
75.4
76.2
75.8
69.7
73.3
71.7
74.4
75.5
73.5
74.1
74.9
73.7
74.7
Books______________________________
97.2
96.7
93.5
93.8
81.3
94.7
89.3
96.2
94.4
93.1
97.4
97.0
97.5
97.1
Commercial printing________________
346.9 344.6 342.1 339.3 335.9 334.4 335.3 332.5 334.7 335.8 331.8 331.5 331.8 322.8 309.3
Blankbooks and bookbinding________
56.2
56.0
56.4
51.2
58.4
59.0
56.6
56.3
54.9
56.2
55.8
57.6
56.7
56.9
56.7
Other publishing & printing indus­
tries_______________________
138.6 139.0 138.5 137.1 136.4 136.3 136.7 135.3 135.3 135.4 135.9 134.6 135.6 130.0 122.5

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-9.

95

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Industry
D e c.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

988.6
308.5
201.8
133.3
110.7
68.0
64.4
101.9
185.9
150.4
35.5
517.0
109.2
177.6
130.2
346.1
30.1
226.1
89.9

980.1
307.7
199.4
132.2
111. 1
67.8
61.0
100.9
182.8
149.0
33.8
518.4
109.6
178.3
230.5
351.4
30.4
229.6
91.4

36.7

37.8

39.1

4,174 4,191
695.3 693.4
603.6 602.0
275.4 276.8
82.2
80.7
111.0 111.7
42.5
41.8
959.6 1,000.1
80.5
83.9
285.2 281.1
257.5 253.9
18.1
18.1
352.6 335.8
959.4 958.1
802.2 800.7
33.5
33.7
114.2 114.7
628.0 627.2
257.8 257.4
150. 1 150.1
176.9 176.8
43.2
42.9

4,175
695.7
603.6
276.2
82.1
111.7
41.5
994.1
86.3
276.4
250.0
18.1
334.2
953.9
796.9
33.6
114.3
625.9
257.1
149.8
176.5
42.5

Annual
average

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

976.3
307.1
203.1
131.6
109.8
67.4
57.1
100.2
183.0
149.4
33.6
521.4
109.2
181.7
230.5
357.8
30.7
234.7
92.4

973.9
306.5
205.3
131.7
110.2
66.9
54.5
98.8
182.5
149.1
33.4
526.8
109.4
185.2
232.2
357.5
31.0
235.4
91.1

972.5
305.6
206.6
130.5
112.3
67.0
52.8
97.7
184.2
149.7
34.5
531.4
110.0
185.2
236.2
362.3
31.5
239.0
91.8

957.9
301.5
205.4
126.9
109.7
67.6
54.7
92.1
186.0
149.6
36.4
509.8
107.2
178.7
223.9
363.5
31.7
240.6
91.2

907.8
290.1
193.7
118.1
105.6
66.3
53.2
80.8
182.9
148.1
34.8
470.8
101.8
171.6
197.5
352.9
31.6
234.5
86.8

38.4

38.9

38.6

36.3

4,183 4,222 4,151
699.4 714.9 718. 5
608.0 619.1 624.9
276.6 275.6 268.7
82.2
82.1
82.0
111.7 110.8 108.7
42.1
42.2
41.8
998.9 1,030.4 1, 007. 5
87.0
91.3
84.5
272.9 268.1 246.9
246.6 241.9 221.9
18.2
18.3
18.8
341.2 341.3 335.1
950.1 947.4 927.0
793.6 790.8 773.4
33.0
33.3
33.6
114.2 114.1 112.2
625.7 625.9 628.2
257.1 256.5 256.7
149.8 150.7 152.2
176.3 176.5 177.4
42.2
42.5
41.9

4,036
735.3
640.1
268.8
82.5
109.5
41.8
963.5
82.0
229.0
205.9
19.5
315.4
880.8
735.2
31.8
106.9
623.4
253.0
153.6
176.5
40.4

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products_________ 1, 001. 2
308. 2
Industrial chem icals..___ ___________
208. 7
Plastics materials and synthetics_____
138. 7
Drugs______________________________
115. 4
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
68. 4
Paints and allied products___________
53. 6
Agricultural chemicals_______________
108. 2
Other chemical products_____________
190.
4
Petroleum and coal products___________
155. 0
Petroleum refining__________________
4
35.
Other petroleum and coal products___
540. 0
Rubber and plastics products, nec______
8
112
.
Tires and inner tu b e s...___ _________
183. 6
Other rubber products_______________
Miscellaneous plastics products_______ 243. 6
356. 1
Leather and leather products__________
31. 3
Leather tanning and finishing________
231. 2
Footwear, except rubber_____________
Other leather products______________
93. 6
Handbags and personal leather
goods_____________ ________ —

996.2
306.8
206.4
137.5
115.8

4,293

4,305
675.0
586.6.
278.2
82.9

Transportation and public utilities.........
Railroad transportation______________
Class I railroads 2__________________
Local and interurban passenger transit.
Local and suburban transportation...
Taxicabs_____________________ ____
Intercity highway transportation___
Trucking and warehousing___________
Public warehousing________________
Transportation by air........................ .......
Air transportation._______ _________
Pipe line transportation______________
Other transportation and services_____
Communication_____________________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication__________
Radio and television broadcasting___
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and system s____
Gas companies and system s________
Combination companies and systems.
Water, steam, & sanitary sy ste m s...

53.1
108.0
192.3
154.9
37.4
540.0
111.7
182.3
246.0
356.4
30.9
229.2

996.6
307.8
205.4
137.3
117.1
68.8
53.2
107.0
193.2
154.7
38.5
533.5
109.6
181.2
242.7
351.4
30.6
225.8

96.3
40.0

95.0
39.1

68.6

112.0

42.5
1,065.7
97.6
304.4
273.8
18.1
356.5
967.6
805.6
32.7
119.3
639.9
262.6
152.2
180.3
44.8

995.9 1, 003. 5
307.6 312.0
205.5 205.4
137.2 138.0
117.3 117.1
71.0
69.3
51.9
52.5
106.5 108.1
194.2 195.2
155.4 156.2
39.0
38.8
531.1 522.1
106.
5
109.4
181.4 177.2
238.4
240.3
349.6 354.0
30.5
30.6
225.4 230.1
93.4
93.6
38.4
38.3

999.0
312.6
203.7
137.3
114.1
70.8
51.9
108.6
194.5
155.9
38.6
471.7
79.8
161.5
230.4
342.3
29.7
223.3
89.3

993.6
311.9
202.3
135.6
113.0
70.2
55.2
105.4
192.3
154.0
38.3
478.7
79.3
164.5
234.9
351.7
30.7
228.1
92.9

985.3
307.7
200.1
134.2
110.7
68.4
61.2
103.0
187.4
150.9
36.5
469.1
77.5
162.3
229.3
345.6
30.1
226.1
89.4

36.0

37.9

35.9

4,281 4,317 4,330 4,335 4,304 4,250
679.3 690.2 702.4 7Ò6.5 706.9 697.2
590.7 600.1 612.7 616.5 616.6 606.7
276.2 275.9 255.6 256.4 269.1 277.3
81.0
82.2
81.2
82.2
82.0
82.7
110.5 109.5 108.3 108.1 108.5 110.1
45.1
44.2
43.2
44.5
45.1
42.9
1,050.4 1, 059.3 1, 055. 4 1,061.8 1,041. 5 1, 022.8
89.9
93.2
88.3
86.0
89.6
84.3
302.6 300.6 300.8 297.2 293.3 289.0
272.4 270.7 270.7 268.0 264.4 260.6
19.3
18.2
19.3
18.9
19.1
18.2
349.4 352.1 357.6 352.9 356.4 353.6
983.2
984.0 973.3 962.5
964.9 971.3
803.2 808.3 821.1 821.9 812.5 803.4
33.9
34.1
32.8
34.1
34.0
33.3
119.0 119.9 118.5 118.4 117.2 115.7
655.9
656. 5 644.2 629.4
640.3 648.5
262.5 265.6 266.0 269.3 263.8 257.6
152.5 154.5 158.2 158.0 155.4 150.6
180.5 182.9 185.1 183.1 179.7 177.4
46. 6
46.1
44.8
45.5
45.3
43.8

Wholesale and retail trade_______________ 14,775 14,113 13,808 13,689 13, 622 13,629 13,675 13,503 13,412 13,332 13,218 13,334 14,248 13,211 12, 716
Wholesale trade_______________________ 3,636 3,628 3,599 3,586 3,608 3,587 3,562 3,503 3,499 3,486 3,479 3,491 3,534 3,438 3,312
Motor vehicles, & automotive equip•
m e n t..__________________________ _
280.4 269.1 269.3 274.7 274.1 271.9 265.2 265.4 264.5 264.9 263.4 264.1 261.1 255.3
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
218.9 217.0 215.8 216.5 215.4 213.5 211.8 211.7 211.4 209.9 210.4 212.2 206.9 198.0
Dry goods and apparel_______________
153.4 153.0 152.5 153.7 151.9 149.9 147.7 147.9 149.0 147.3 147.0 146.3 142.8 139.4
Groceries and related products________
532.3 531.6 518.2 520.5 516.3 520.5 506.0 503.0 501.5 499.7 505.7 522.7 511.6 510.7
Electrical goods_____________________
287.6 285.0 284.9 289.3 290.6 288.4 285.1 285.4 283.5 281.8 279.2 280.1 272.0 256.0
Hardware, plumbing, & heating equip­
m ent__________________ ___________
158.6 157.4 158.1 158.9 157.8 157.5 155.6 155.2 155.2 154.5 154.8 155.7 154.5 150.1
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
674.9 673.4 679.5 677.0 677.1 666.8 657.6 653.6 641.0 639.9 643.7 641.5 623.8 579.4
Miscellaneous wholesalers____________
1.211.7 1, 208. 2 1, 208.2 1,218.1 1,213.9 1,208.1 1,188. 5 1,188.2 1,188.7 1,183. 0 1,182. 2 1,196.4 1,165. 0 1,122.3
Retail t r a d e ......_______________ ____ _ 11,139 10,485 10,209 10,103 10,014 10,042 10,113 10,000 9,913 9,846 9,739 9,843 10,714 9,773 9,404
Retail general merchandise___________
2.263.0 2,061. 7 1,991. 6 1,938.1 1,943.7 1,958. 2 1,942. 0 1,922.1 1,924.1 1,886.9 1,984.2 2,532.1 1,968. 8 1,873.4
Department stores__________ ________
1.460.7 1,310.0 1,257.5 1, 225. 7 1,236.1 1, 246. 8 1, 229. 6 1,219. 2 1, 217. 5 1,197. 7 1,266.3 1, 648. 7 1, 250. 6 1,173. 0
M ail order houses___________________
150.4 129.9 119.8 114.4 112.1 112.5 112.7 113.7 115.3 118.8 130.7 155.8 124.9 119.5
Variety stores__________ ____ ________
359.8 339.1 331.9 317.6 316.4 320.5 323.0 320.7 323.8 310.2 319.8 407.9 319.9 312.7
Food stores_____________________ ____ _
1.603.4 1, 605.5 1,582.0 1, 562.3 1,568. 5 1, 576. 0 1, 581. 4 1,577.1 1, 576. 7 1,576.9 1,571.0 1, 599. 2 1,538.3 1,468. 6
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores___
1.415.5 1,421.1 1, 399.6 1, 383.9 1,389.1 1,392.9 1,397. 2 1,397.0 1,395.1 1,395. 7 1,395.9 1,415.4 1,365. 2 1, 296.1
Apparel and accessory stores___________
717.2 690.4 680.1 655.0 656.3 682.3 675.8 667.7 682.7 650.4 676.8 807.4 665.5 640.2
M en’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings..
119.9 113.9 112.3 111.0 111.4 114.9 111.4 110.8 111.8 110.9 118.1 143.0 111.2 104.9
Women’s ready-to-wear stores________
261.3 252.3 245.7 238.7 239.3 246.2 247.7 244.8 245.3 235.1 244.1 291.9 246.6 237.7
Fam ily clothing stores______ _____ ___
121.6 113.6 112.4 109.1 110.6 114.5 112.1 110.6 112.9 110.8 116.8 144.6 109.6 104.4
Shoe stores_________________________
139.4 137.7 139.0 130.2 129.5 135.6 134.1 132.8 140.0 125.9 129.3 148.7 129.3 123.9
Furniture and home furnishings stores.. .
442.1 433.8 431.9 428.8 429.4 431.1 425.6 427.1 427.5 427.5 426.9 442.4 421.8 409.6
Furniture and home furnishings______
283.7 278.5 277.1 276.3 275.5 275.2 272.1 272.3 273.3 272.9 273.4 284.3 272.0 265.0
Eating and drinking places____________
2.185.5 2,187. 2 2,191.7 2,198. 4 2,205. 5 2,226.8 2,183.4 2,150. 4 2,097.7 2, 064. 7 2, 045.8 2, 085. 7 2, 063. 8 1,987. 9
Other retail trade_____________________
3, 273.4 3,230.1 3,225.6 3,231.8 3,238. 3 3,238.4 3,191.8 3,168.3 3,137. 2 3,132.4 3,138. 0 3,247.3 3,115.3 3, 023. 7
Building materials and farm equipment.
539.0 541.2 543.3 553.3 554.6 549.5 529.6 524.8 513.4 509.2 511.8 529.2 539.9 539.3
Automotive dealers & service stations..
1,542.4 1, 529.7 1, 539. 4 1, 542.1 1,548. 2 1, 533.3 1, 510. 0 1,504.3 1,486. 7 1,481.0 1,487.8 1,500.9 1,470. 0 1,424.2
Motor vehicle dealers___________ _
747.6 745.4 748.7 748.3 750.8 747.0 740.1 740.5 739.6 739.7 741.7 744.5 737.8 723.0
Other automotive
& accessory
dealers__________________________
209.2 206.2 207.3 210.7 211.6 208.5 204.9 201.7 195.7 192.6 195.4 206.3 193.3 179.3
Gasoline service stations___________
585.6 578.1 583.4 583.1 585.8 577.8 565.0 562.1 551.4 548.7 550.7 550.1 538.9 521.9
Miscellaneous retail stores____ _______
1.192.0 1,159. 2 1,142.9 1,136. 4 1,135. 5 1,155.6 1,152. 2 1,139. 2 1,137.1 1,142.2 1,138.4 1,217.2 1,105.4 1, 060.3
Drug stores and proprietory stores__
449.0 442.2 437.1 431.7 431.6 440.3 437.4 437.2 436.7 440.5 442.5 463.9 420.1 401.0
95.0
94.3
95.7
97.2
Farm and garden supply stores_____
94.7
96.2
95.2
99.4 102.0 105.2 100.9
97.9
99.1
95.8
Fuel and ice dealers_______ . ' .. . ____
113.7 108.0 104.7 102.8 102.9 104.8 104.5 107.6 113.5 115.9 116.5 115.8 109.0 108.5

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

96

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1968

T

able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
3,282
Banking____________________ ____ ___________
Credit agencies other than banks______________
Savings and loan associations________________
Personal credit institutions__ ____ __________
Security, commodity brokers, & services_______
Insurance carriers_________ ___________________
Life insurance______________________________
Accident and health insurance_______________
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance_________
Insurance agents, brokers, and service....................
Real estate__________________________________
Operative builders____ ___________ _________
Other finance, insurance, & real estate_________

3,274
874.7
347.0
100.4
185.9
165.1
967.7
507.6
76.5
343.3
255.7
581.7
42.9
82.5

Oct.
3,267
871.5
346.1
100.9
185.0
162.0
963.8
506.9
75.5
341.5
253.7
588.4
42.3
81.8

Sept.
3,274
872.1
347.3
100.2
187.1
160.0
965.1
507.9
75.3
342.0
253.1
593.8
42.2
82.1

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

3,305
882.0
348.4
100.7
187.5
160.6
971.8
510.0
76.2
345.4
255.8
603.3
43.3
83.1

3,289
877.6
349.5
101.2
187.9
158.0
962.3
503.4
75.6
343.4
254.4
605.0
42.0
81.9

3,253
865.6
345.9
98.9
187.5
153.1
952.6
500.9
74.0
338.7
252.0
601.4
41.1
82.1

3,202
851.1
341.6
97.0
185.6
149.2
943.0
497.5
72.3
334.9
247.0
588.5
38.8
81.6

3,181
848.0
340.4
96.7
184.9
147.9
939.2
496.3
71.8
333.0
246.2
578.2
37.3
81.5

Mar.
3,157
846.3
339.3
95.8
185.2
146.3
936.1
494.4
71.3
332.4
245.1
562.6
35.6
81.3

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

3,133
843.6
337.0
94.9
184.2
143.8
931.4
491.8
69.7
331.6
244.2
552.8
33.6
80.2

3,114
838.2
336.0
95.8
182.6
141.8
923.2
489.5
67.1
328.1
241.1
552.6
33.4
80.6

3,125
838.3
336.2
94.6
183.4
142.6
923.2
490.2
66.1
327.9
243.6
559.8
34.5
80.9

3,102
823.1
335.0
96.3
180.0
140.7
909.8
486.6
60.1
322.2
239.2
573.2
41.0
80.8

3,023
792.0
326.9
97.1
171.8
129.0
893.4
481.2
54.2
315.8
232.8
568.9
45.8
79.6

Services________________________________ 10,242 10,249 10,230 10,212 10,262 10,265 10,196 10,057 9,963 9,817 9,725
Hotels and other lodging places________
656.8 665.0 681.5 718.5 817.4 817. 3 733.5 687.8 671.9 647. 0 635.9
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels_____
606.7 619.7 643.5 681.7 683.3 656.2 621.6 611.0 590.8 580.5
Personal services______________________ 1,024. 7 1,031. 8 1,032.3 1, 028.3 1, 026.1 1,030. 5 1, 030.5 1, 022.1 1, 020. 7 1,016.2 1,010.5
Laundries and drycleaning plants____
552.5 554.4 554.8 557.0 563.6 564.0 556.5 556.0 552.8 548.9
M iscellaneous b u sin ess serv ices_________
1, 359. 5 1,355. 5 1,351.1 1,352.1 1,340. 3 1,331.6 1, 306. 4 1,300. 3 1,284.1 1,271.8
Advertising_________________________
112.7 112.2 112.6 112.8 113.5 113.1 112.9 112.5 112.9 112.1
Credit reporting and collection_______
71.8
71.1
70.3
70.6
71.0
70.1
69.6
69.1
68.5
70.9
M otion pictures_______________________
182.6 185.0 194.5 203.9 202.9 196.8 190.5 183.4 173.9 178.2
53.8
Motion picture filming & distributing.
52.8
53.2
56.8
55.4
47.3
52.8
53.5
49.3
47.3
128.8 132.2 141.3 147.1 147.5 143.3 141.2 136.1 126.6 125.4
Motion picture theaters and services.__
Medical and other health services______ 2,531.5 2,521.4 2,497.7 2, 485. 4 2,485. 6 2,476. 4 2,453. 5 2,400. 5 2,383. 5 2,367.1 2,343.3
1,585.9 1,575. 7 1, 566.4 1, 572.3 1, 569. 5 1,549. 7 1,525.3 1,516.1 1,506.6 1,493.3
Hospitals_____ ____ _________________
206.6 204.8 204.2 209.0 208.1 203.8 195.1 195.0 194.7 194.2
Legal services_________________________
Educational services__________________ 1,143.8 1,144.3 1,124. 3 1, 028.2 914.0 928.6 1, 000. 4 1, 068. 5 1, 066.1 1, 065.4 1, 057. 0
365.8 358.0 340.4 295.2 296. 6 335.3 346.9 346.4 345.8 345.1
Elementary and secondary schools____
696.3 685.5 611.0 546.0 557.6 588.7 644.9 642.9 643.4 636.1
Colleges and universities________ ____
518.0 514.9 518.7 526.5 523.3 515.8 498.7 500.6 501.4 500.7
Miscellaneous services_________________
279.3 278.2 279.6 286.0 284.7 282.7 272.8 270.5 269.8 268.0
Engineering and architectural services.
74.9
74.4
75.2
Nonprofit research agencies__________
75.0
75.4
73.4
73.6
73.5
73.7
74.6
Government_________________
Federal Government4______
Executive_________________
Department of Defense___
Post Office Department__
Other agencies___________
Legislative____________ ____
Judicial___________________
State and local governm ent5.
State government__________
State education__________
Other State government.2 .
Local government_________
Local education__________
Other local government___

9,643 9,693 9,545 9,087
625.3 629.7 684.6 659.1
570.1 572.5 610.1 584.2
1, 010.1 1,016.9 1,012.9 985.4
550.5 555.7 559.1 548.4
1, 268. 6 1,271. 6 1,220.2 1,109.1
111.5 111.5 111.9 112.5
69.4
68.4
68.3
65.7
180.3 187.8 190.2 185.1
55.2
48.5
59.5
54.0
125.1 128.3 136.2 136.6
2,312.1 2, 290.2 2,206. 5 2, 079.5
1,475. 5 1,465.1 1, 418.5 1,356.5
193.5 196.2 190.3 181.5
1, 046. 9 1,048.7 968.1 924.6
344.5 346.7 325.9 315.6
626.1 625.8 570.8 544.3
496.2 491.6 488.5 449. 0
266.5 266.8 264.9 242.4
68.2
73.4
73.6
73.7

12,141 12,002 11,876 11,615 11,240 11,271 11,664 11,604 11,584 11,554 11,474 11,366 11,497 10,871 10,091
2,819 2,709 2,707 2, 707 2,784 2,798 2, 766 2,690 2,683 2,669 2,652 2,643 2,769 2, 564 2,378
2,675. 2 2,673. 5 2, 673. 0 2,749.3 2,763. 4 2,731.8 2, 657. 2 2,650.3 2, 635. 7 2, 619. 7 2, 609.3 2,736.4 2, 531.9 2,346.7
1,103.9 1,104. 6 1,104.7 1,135. 5 1,144.1 1,135.3 1,103. 0 1,100.4 1, 098.1 1, 092. 7 1, 084. 3 1, 076.3 1, 023. 6 938.5
708.8 702.7 701.4 715.2 713.7 714.4 697.8 696.9 693.1 689.4 697.2 837.8 680.9 614.2
862.5 866.2 866.9 898.6 905.6 882.1 856.4 853.0 844.5 837.6 827.8 822.3 827.3 793.9
25.4
27.5
26.0
27.5
26.4
27.0
26.0
26.5
27.6
28.1
26.9
26.7
28.5
28.5
6.4
6.0
5.9
6.4
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
9,322 9,293 9,169 8,908 8,456 8,473 8,898 8,914 8,901 8,885 8,822 8,723 8,728 8,307 7,714
2,408. 2 2,379. 4 2, 293. 7 2,255. 7 2,265. 0 2,347. 5 2,342. 0 2,340.8 2,333.4 2,313. 4 2,289.8 2,282. 0 2,161.9 1,995.9
986.4 959.2 820.3 751.8 767.7 877.2 920.0 922.5 918.8 905.8 891.2 891.2 782.6 679.1
1,421.8 1,420. 2 1, 473.4 1, 503.9 1,497.3 1,470.3 1,422. 0 1,418.3 1,414. 6 1,407.6 1,398. 6 1,390.8 1,379.3 1,316.8
6,884. 4 6,789. 3 6,613.9 6,200. 5 6,208. 2 6, 550. 2 6,572.4 6, 560. 0 6,551.1 6,508.1 6,433. 0 6,445. 7 6,145. 0 5,717.6
4,001. 6 3,918.3 3, 697.6 3,196. 9 3,208. 3 3, 627. 0 3,762. 2 3,771.4 3,775.1 3, 747.8 3, 693.7 3,704. 5 3, 419.1 3,119.9
2,882.8 2,871.0 2,916.3 3, 003. 6 2,999. 9 2,923.2 2,810. 2 2, 788. 6 2,776. 0 2, 760.3 2,739.3 2,741. 2 2,726. 0 2,597. 7

1Beginning with the October 1967 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1966 bench­
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data,
see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-67 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-5). Statistics from April 1966 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or more.
4 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for
the last day of the month.
5 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre­
pared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission,

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-10.

97

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Industry
D ec.2 N ov.2
Total private_______________ ______ M ining.

-------------- . .

. . .

....

Sept.

Aug.

- 46,465 46,089 45,688 45,696 45, 785

. ..

451

Crude petroleum and natural gas fields

Contract construction...

Oct.

2,693

456
49.7
22.5
5.6
125.4
119.3
179.5
78.6
100.9
101.6
36.3

459
50.2
23.0
5.6
124.6
118.5
179.9
79.1
100.8
103.9
37.1

464
51.4
23.5
5.6
124.9
118.8
182.0
81.5
100.5
105.3
37.6

473
54.5
23.8
7.9
123.9
117.9
188.4
83.6
104.8
106.5
37.9

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

45.4 45, 545 44, 782 44,440 44,136 43,895 44, 079 45,517 44,234 42,309
490
74 6
23 8
26 9
121 6
115 5
188 6
84.4
104.2
105 3
3 7 .3

488
74.9
24.2
27.0
123.5
117.3
185. 4
83.4
102.0
104. 2
36. 6

476
73.1
23.3
26.5
121.8
115. 6
180. 5
80.2
100.3
100.3
36. 5

472
72.4
22. 6
26. 6
120. 6
114.3
181.8
80.5
101.3
96. 8
3 4 .9

465
72.5
22.6
26. 6
121.8
115.4
179. 0
80.4
98.6
91.3
32. 0

465
72.2
22.6
26.5
123.2
116.5
180.1
80.4
99. 7
89. 0
30. 7

471
71.1
21.8
26.3
123.5
116.9
185. 7
80.6
105.1
90 3
31 2

482
71.6
22.3
26.1
123. 7
117.1
190.1
81.3
108.8
96 6
34 3

485
71.8
22.1
26.1
119. 7
112 7
194 1
84.5
109 6
99 8
35 3

494
69 8
22 0
24 7
123 7
115 2
201 8
8 8 .4

113.4
99 1
34 9

2,881 2,958 3,005 3,081 3,033 2,893 2,724 2,603 2,425 2,369 2,451 2,648 2 ,7 9 9 2,710
923.2 932.1 940.6 968.7 945 9 907 3 859 4 832 4 796 2 784 8 817 5 881 4 902 0 852 7
612.4 657.0 680.6 698.4 686. 6 647.3 583. 4 522. 9 447 3 428. 4 440. 3 502. 4 581 2 560 1
304.1 342.9 365.0 375.5 366 1 340 5 296 9 249 1 188 6 176 3 180 6 226 4 290 2 289 2
308.3 314.1 315.6 322.9 320. 5 306.8 286. 5 273. 8 258. 7 252.1 259.7 276. 0 29l! 1 270 9
1,345.4 1,369.2 1,383.9 1,413.8 1,400 4 1 338 8 1 281 0 1 248 1 1 181 2 1 155 5 1 193 0 1 264 2 1 315 2 1 297 2
310.1 312.4 313. 4 314.5 310 5 ’ 298 7 1287 1 ’286 1 ’ 285 9 ’288 6 ’ 994 5 ’ 299 4 ’ 302 5 ’ 298 0
119.1 128.6 133.7 140.4 136.9 129 4 121 6 112 3 101 0
95 0
96 5 113 1 125 5 128 4
217.8 219.3 220.2 221.7 219.4 211 5 202 8 201 0 196 8 197 4 201 2 204 0 201 2 187 6
198.0 205.9 208.4 219.5 218.3 211 1 204 0 196 2 186 1 174 8 178 6 191 3 213 6 217. 6
99.2
99.3 100.3 103.3 100. 0
9.5 9
90 8
89 0
82 0
77 9
84 6
92 4
90 9
89 6

Manufacturing __
. . . ___
______ . 14,327 14,404 14,249 14,290 14,261 13,996 14,249 14,059 14,104 14,200 14,252 14,304 14,513 14,273 13,434
8,332 8,357 8,163 8,182 8,193 8,141 8,332 8,261 8,271 8,340 8,380 8,417 8, 528 8,349 7,715
__________ .
Durable goods.. .
Nondurable goods____ _
_ _____ 5,995 6,047 6; 086 6,108 6,068 5,855 5,917 5,798 5,833 5,860 5,872 5,887 5,985 5,925 5,719
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories______________
96.1
163.9 159.7 157.6 155.1 153.1 149.1 148.0 145.6 145.6 145.6 144.4 141.2 137.5 121.8
Ammunition, except for small arms___ 118.3 113.3 110.6 107.3 105.7 102.5 100.6
98.4
80.9
64.0
98.5
98.0
96.9
94.1
90.6
Sighting and fire control equipment___
6.4
6.2
6.0
5.6
4.9
6.7
6.7
6.6
6.0
68
74
7.0
7.3
Other ordnance and accessories___ ..
35.3
27.2
40.5
41.1
40.9
40.7
40.5
41.2
41.3
40.4
38.9
39.6
40.5
39.6
39.8
Lumber and wood products____ ______ 509.1 516.2 521.2 524.8 533.2 531.0 534.2 507.4 502.5 501.5 500.3 501.2 508.3 535.0 532.4
Sawmills and planing mills___ _____ 205.8 211.0 212.8 213.1 215.6 216. 5 217.7 212.2 209.9 209.9 209.2 209.1 210.9 223.4 228.0
Millwork, plywood, & related products___ _______ _______ ____ . 137.0 136.4 138.7 139.9 143.3 139. 6 140.0 134.2 133.4 131.4 128.8 129.2 132.6 143.9 138.8
Wooden containers____ . . ___ . . . . .
31.9
31.0
32.4
32.1
32.6
32.1
32.3
32.3
33.3
31.3
32.0
31.2
31.1
31.0
32.8
68.2
63.5
Miscellaneous wood p rodu cts... . . . ..
67.9
67.5
67.3
67.0
66.1
64.6
66.9
66.4
67.5
67.2
66.5
66.9
65.4
Furniture and fixtures_________________ 384.1 382.0 380.3 376.2 374.6 361.8 371.3 369.0 370.5 375.4 378.9 381.4 391.1 382.6 357.4
Household furniture.
280.6 279.3 274.7 269.7 268.6 257.9 264.7 264.5 267.4 270.9 274.2 275.5 283.3 280.3 264.6
Office furniture _
. _____
. . .
27.2
23.6
28.4
29.3
28.8
29. 0
29.2
29.3
29 1
29.1
27.7
28. 6
28 2
32.4
35.0
Partitions and fixtures.. .
. _ _____
Rß. 2
36.4
35 7
35.5
35.4
36.1
37.1
36.7
35.3
35.5
36.3
Other furniture and fixtures.. _ _ _ . . .
36.8
42.1
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.1
42.2
40.8
39.0
40.1
38.9
39.3
41.1
4o! 8
39! 7
Stone, clay, and glass products. __
501.4 509.5 506.5 509.8 516.5 513.8 512.4 499.0 495.3 489.6 483.8 489.1 502.6 517.5 504.6
Flat glass_______________ ___ _ . . _
25.9
26.1
22.8
23.4
25.5
25.9
25. 3
21 1
20.4
22.8
23.9
25. 2
24.7
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. 108.3 108.6 10 7 ! 7 107.5 107.5 107.1 107.9 105.8 105.9 105.8 105.4 106.1 107.1 107.0 100.7
29.2
29.4
Cement, hydraulic___ _____ _______
29.4
27.7
27.4
29.1
28.1
28.0
26.9
25.9
26.7
28.9
27.8
28.0
28.3
59.4
59.0
Structural clay products____ . . . . ..
56.2
55.0
55.2
54.2
52.6
51.3
51.8
52.7
53.4
54.6
56.9
54.2
56.5
36.9
Pottery and related products___
36.8
35.2
36.2
34. 6
35.6
35.5
35.2
35.1
35.7
35. 2
35.3
35.0
34.4
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____
..
.
_ ...
134.3 139.2 140.7 142.6 144,3 143.8 140.1 134.3 130.9 125.2 122.4 124.4 129.9 137.8 137.2
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
97.7
products___
.
......
. .
99.6 100.9 100.9 101.7 103.0 102.8 102.5
99.9
99.5 100.2
99.8 100.1 101.7 102.5
Primary metal industries_____ . . . .
1,013.8 1,012.8 993.0 1, 005.8 1,027. 6 1,036. 3 1,061.0 1, 054. 6 1,058.2 1, 073. 4 1,084.9 1, 093. 7 1,093.4 1, 095.7 1, 062. 0
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 501.4 499.0 490. 5 497.0 506.4 509.6 509.6 505.5 507.1 511.2 514.4 517.4 517.5 530.4 538.4
Iron and steel foundries
187.0 187.5 174.6 179.8 189.7 177.4 193.6 192.4 192.6 197.0 201.8 205.9 204.1 203.8 194.6
57.4
Nonferrous metals__
60.3
61.9
49.4
62.4
62.5
46.9
62.8
62.3
62.6
62.6
47.8
50.7
63.1
48.7
Nonferrous rolling and drawing___ . . .
148.1 149.3 151.2 151.2 149.9 156.9 160.6 161.5 162.3 165.7 167.9 169.0 170.4 166.6 151.1
68.3
76.3
Nonferrous foundries____ __________
78.8
73.0
78.2
74.8
74.0
75.2
74.2
74.5
76.9
77.8
73.8
72.1
72.8
52.2
Miscellaneous primary metal products.
55.4
58.3
60.4
60.7
55.6
55.2
59.2
59.3
60.0
60.7
58.7
55.2
57.1
57.2
Fabricated metal products. . . _
1,053.3 1,052. 5 1,035.8 1, 034.1 1,046.0 1,029.9 1,060.1 1, 039. 5 1,039.6 1, 044. 7 1, 053. 5 1, 060. 3 1, 075. 6 1, 050. 2 982.7
51.2
55.0
M etal can s... . . .
. .
56.8
53.9
55.2
55.2
54.1
53.3
58.1
58.5
57.0
56.5
59.0
58.4
55.8
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____ 131.0 130.7 130.2 128.3 123.6 119.6 125.6 123.0 123.7 124.9 128.4 129.8 131.5 127.9 122.5
60.0
60.4
Plumbing and heating, except electric.
59.6
58.5
58.3
58.2
58.5
57.5
56.6
57.5
57.1
58.7
58.6
57.8
57.4
Fabricated structural metal products.__ 287.3 288.8 290.6 291.5 293.7 293.5 295.5 285.4 284.7 281.2 282.9 284.6 289.7 289.4 270.9
77.4
85.8
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
88.0
91.9
92.4
92.2
89.0
88.0
92.3
90.0
89.6
90.6
87.8
88.6
88.0
M etal stampings____________________
188.6 191.0 173.2 172.8 185.3 176.6 191.8 190.8 188.7 191.2 195.4 198.3 203.4 192.5 180.5
64.8
72.1
71.7
M etal services, nec_____
________
72.9
72.3
72.1
71.6
72.8
71.9
71.9
70.3
71.1
71.7
72.6
70.5
50.1
53.9
52.9
55.9
Misc. fabricated wire products_______
55,5
55.6
53.7
53.7
53.2
54.0
55.3
52.7
52.9
53.7
52.5
Misc. fabricated metal products.. . .. 114.8 113.8 113.3 113.4 113.4 113.4 114.9 113.0 113.7 115.0 116.0 116.7 116.8 113.7 105.2
1,
214.8
1,344.8
Machinery, except electrical____________ 1,334.1 1,357.0 1,316. 2 1,358.0 1,364.2 1,365. 2 1,386.0 1,381.2 1, 391.9 1, 399.2 1,397.1 1,398.3 1, 391.5
62.2
68.5
67.2
Engines and turbines________________
70.8
72.9
73.5
72.5
74.6
72.2
72.1
72.3
72.1
72.4
73.1
70.1
99.0
Farm machinery ........................ ............
101.6
99.8 101.5 103.5 106 8 112.1 114. 5 117.4 118.9 117.3 115.4 113.3 109.6
Construction and related m achin ery... 179.5 180.4 154.8 182.4 182.7 184.8 186.8 185.7 187.1 188.3 188.8 190.3 191.9 190.3 175.6
Metal working machinery......................
254.6 258.9 255.4 256.9 258.1 259.9 264.3 263.3 266.2 267.9 267.2 266.3 264.9 254.7 229.4
Special industry machinery__________
134.6 133.7 134.1 135.5 136.6 137.1 139.9 140.0 142.7 143.1 143.7 144.1 144.2 142.2 133.7
General industrial machinery. _.......... 192.6 192.3 191.1 193.5 194.2 192.1 196.8 193.6 195.3 192.0 193.7 198.1 198.0 191.5 175.8
Office and computing m achines............. 143.5 142.6 136.1 142.8 143.2 139.8 135.9 135.9 134.4 137.4 137.0 136.8 135.8 128.3 112.2
79.4
88.4
90.4
93.2
Service industry machines___________
92.7
92.2
92.6
91.9
94.4
89.7
90.6
92.9
95.2
93.8
93.9
Misc. machinery, except electrical.......... 181.4 182.1 183.0 184.2 183.2 181.7 182.7 181.7 182.6 184.6 184.2 182.2 183.0 171.4 147.5

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

98

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
1966

1967
Industry
D ec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,314.3 1,312.9 1,294.2 1,272.9 1,283.8 1,247.1 1, 247.2 1, 267.4 1, 285.2 1,317.2 1,339.4 1,352.3 1,366.9 1, 316.8 1.140.5
Electric test & distributing equipment. 137.0 137.3 135.5 136.7 136.7 136.9 138.6 136.7 137.5 136.3 135.2 134.2 135.7 130.6 115.6
Electrical industrial apparatus_____ . .
153.2 150.9 150.1 152.5 155.2 153.5 155.9 155.6 156.6 159.6 161.3 162.4 156.7 152.6 134.9
Household appliances____ _______ _
151.1 149.5 146.6 131.4 137.9 130.7 139.6 136.6 136.4 139.6 142.6 145.7 152.7 142.8 129.7
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 148.1 148.3 146.5 146.1 146.0 143.4 147.2 147.0 148.7 147.3 149.6 152.4 153.5 150.8 134.6
Radio and TV receiving equipment___ 120.3 123.3 123.5 120.4 115.0 104.7
84.6 100.6 103.4 118.0 125.6 134.1 140.1 127.1 105.7
Communication equipment__________
258.9 257.3 253.2 248.3 249.0 247.3 247.4 248.1 248.3 247.9 246.9 235.7 234.6 234.5 209.2
Electronic components and accessories. 253.7 254.4 255.5 254.0 253.9 245.2 245.5 255.3 267.0 280.0 288.3 296.2 300.4 292.4 232.6
83.5
Mise, electrical equipment & supplies...
91.9
83.3
91.6
93.2
92.0
90.1
85.4
88.4
87.5
88.5
89.9
86.0
78.2
87.3
Transportation equipment...................... 1,433.9 1,411.6 1,313.0 1,304. 5 1,258.6 1,293.6 1,383.0 1,374.1 1, 360.8 1,375.7 1,382.2 1, 386.8 1, 430.3 1,361.0 1, 240.7
Motor vehicles and equipment _____
664.5 572.5 570.5 528.5 562.6 643.5 640.7 625.7 648.1 656.2 665.7 699.5 668.4 658.9
Aircraft and p a r ts __ _________ _____
520.5 508.8 505.3 499.1 490.9 493.5 492.6 490.5 489.5 488.9 484.9 484.5 488.7 444.7 356.3
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 137.9 137.7 137.3 136.8 136.4 131.2 141.7 143.4 145.4 140.6 144.2 143.9 143.8 146.8 134.3
40.3
39.6
49.0
50.7
44.1
42.5
45. 2
46.3
47.6
48.6
38.9
44. 6
44.3
46.1
60.3
58.5
43.7
Other transportation equipment............
60.3
55.2
49.3
47.6
52.5
47.1
59.0
61.1
60.6
54.1
51.8
Instruments and related products______
287.1 286.2 284.1 284.4 285.5 282.6 286.1 284.4 286.8 288.0 287.2 287.5 287.8 276.6 248.1
Engineering & scientific instrum ents...
45.5
44.5
41.7
45.6
45.2
44.0
36.8
45.7
45.2
45.0
44.5
45.3
45.6
45.1
Mechanical measuring & control de­
67.8
72.2
vices______ ____ __________________
72.7
71.0
69.5
68.5
68.7
69.0
70.4
71.0
71.1
65.1
67.9
68.8
68.8
35.7
36.2
36.0
35.0
32.5
Optical and ophthalmic goods..... ...........
35.7
36.0
35.5
36.2
36.5
35.8
35.9
36.1
35.5
35.0
24.2
23.8
24.3
24.2
23.2
Ophthalmic goods_________________
23.6
24.2
24.4
23.8
24.0
24.6
23.5
23.8
23.2
44.2
43.9
42.7
Medical instruments and supplies_____
44.4
44.3
39.0
45.0
44.7
44.8
44.3
44.4
44.5
44.8
45.1
43.5
55.9
56.7
57.3
58.0
48.9
Photographic equipment and supplies.
56.7
57.5
56.7
57.2
56.7
57.3
56.3
56.7
56.5
56.7
30.2
34.5
33.4
25.8
Watches, clocks, and watchcases______
33.8
34.0
32.8
34.6
34.0
33.5
33.5
33.6
34.5
33.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 336.6 356.7 361.4 356.8 349.8 330.5 342.8 338.3 334.7 329.6 327.9 325.4 343.0 346.8 335.5
39.4
39.4
38.4
36.0
40.3
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
39.3
39.1
39.7
39.6
39.4
39.4
39.8
40.6
39.9
36.0
97.4
90.9
98.2
Toys and sporting g o o d s...
_
. _
80.8
78.8
108.1 112.1 109.1 104.5
94.7
83.7
97.3
90.1
96.4
25.4
24.7
25.4
24.6
24.6
25.8
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
25.7
25.7
25.6
25.1
25.6
25.8
24.9
24.8
49.8
46.9
48.6
46.5
49.9
48.8
47.6
47.3
47.0
46.8
49.8
47.6
50.2
45.6
Other manufacturing industries______
132.0 133.1 134.3 133.8 131.7 127.7 132.7 131.3 132.1 133.7 134.3 134.9 137.2 136.2 131.1
22.5
20.5
23.2
20.5
19.4
22.4
22.3
21.2
20.5
20.2
21.8
21.2
20.9
19.2
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products____________ 1,181.9 1,214.2 1,270.8 1,310. 5 1,265.6 1, 216. 7 1,183.8 1,132.4 1,114.8 1,116.3 1,113.2 1,131.8 1,181.1 1,180.9 1,159.1
Meat products______________________
269.4 270.7 269.8 268.9 271.1 268 5 263.4 256.3 252.4 256.4 256.7 260.2 268.0 258.7 252.9
Dairy products . . . . . _____ ______
120.7 121.3 122.7 126.1 131.5 132 3 132.0 126.5 124.6 122.3 120.8 121.2 122.5 127.3 131.2
Canned, cured, and frozen foods______
231.6 288. 6 340.4 288. 6 247.9 219.8 197.9 192.8 189.7 186.1 191.0 210.1 233.3 219.7
92.0
89.6
89.1
Grain mill products_________________
89.2
89.3
89.2
88.4
88.7
88.8
90.1
89.3
93.6
90.6
94.3
94.3
Bakery products____________________
168.6 171.0 172.4 172.9 173.9 173.3 172.6 167.6 165.1 166.1 165.3 164.7 166.1 165.0 166.5
29.3
28.7
Sugar_____ ___________ ____ ________
24.7
31.9
36.9
25.4
22.1
20.5
39.8
23.3
22.6
22. 8
36.1
21.2
62.5
68.0
66.1
66.0
73.8
Confectionery and related products___
64.7
60.0
62.8
71.4
60.4
59.9
70.3
69.9
65.1
59.0
B everages... ______ _ ............. ........... 121.2 122.4 124.8 123.4 125.4 127 0 126.6 119.3 117.8 114.8 112.4 113.5 117.7 118.4 113.8
94.1
94.1
93.8
96.7
93.4
94.1
Mise, foods and kindred products_____
92.9
92.9
97.2
92.1
92.2
92.9
95.8
95.9
93. 2
71.5
74.8
83.7
76.2
80.0
Tobacco manufactures........ .............. ...........
69.5
65.0
85.2
63.3
64.1
62.9
87.1
78.1
75.7
65 1
32.1
32.0
34.3
32.7
32.6
Cigarettes._____________ ____________
32.6
32.6
33.9
32.9
32.8
34.4
33.8
33.8
34.0
20.4
22.5
20.3
20.5
Cigars______________________________
20.4
20.4
20.1
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
19.8
20.1
19.6
Textile mill products__________________
855.6 854.3 852.5 849.4 847.0 826. 6 849.2 835.0 837.5 841.7 839.7 844.7 854.3 857.1 826.7
Weaving mills, c o t t o n ....... ..................... 218.9 217.8 216.5 216.4 212.9 214.9 218.2 216.6 217.0 218.7 218.2 220.4 221.3 218.0 210.5
83.4
87.5
86.1
87.2
87.9
Weaving mills, synthetics_______ ____
86.4
86.4
84.8
85.6
84.8
86.6
86.0
85.5
86.7
83. 5
39.9
39.6
38.9
37.7
38.3
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
38.5
38.2
38.6
38.9
38.5
39.8
38.9
38.9
38.8
38. 7
26.2
27.9
28.2
28.9
28.8
Narrow fabric m ills____ ______ ______
28.4
28.5
28.5
28.3
28.2
28.4
28.3
28.4
28.2
26. 5
Knitting m ills______________________
201.5 205.3 207.4 206.2 208.6 201.0 207.5 202.6 201.0 199.9 195.9 195.2 201.3 209.8 205.8
65.4
67.3
68.5
68.0
67.7
67.6
Textile finishing, except w ool________
68.9
67.5
67.1
68.3
68.2
68.7
64.8
69.1
66.9
34.0
35.6
36.8
Floor covering m ills_________________
35.7
36.1
38.3
37.7
35.2
38.0
34.9
37.0
35.7
34.8
34.7
Yarn and thread m ills____ _. ______
107.8 106.6 105.6 104.5 104.2 102. 5 105.3 103.6 103.9 104.8 105.8 107.2 107.8 107.7 101.2
60.2
63.8
64.1
64.4
63.4
63.8
Miscellaneous textile goods___________
62.9
63.1
63.4
61.6
63.0
60.6
65.4
60.1
57 9
Apparel and other textile products. .
1,230. 6 1,243.0 1,240.4 1,237.2 1,245.2 1,183.0 1,235.0 1,223. 6 1,218.8 1,239. 5 1, 250. 7 1,235. 2 1,247. 7 1, 243. 0 1, 205.6
107.
0
109.7
110.5
105.4
109.9
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
109.3
106.5
108.8
105.1
107.1
107.5
108.3
103.1 109.8 108.9
M en’s and boys’ furnishings__ _______
326.0 326.7 329.1 329.4 333.4 321.0 333.1 329.5 329.4 331.1 332.0 333.1 334.0 334.9 319.3
373.
6
378.7
377.1
378.0
Women’s and misses’ outerwear______
386.6
390.2
378.9
383.9
382.9
374.8
385.7
378.8
363.1 376.8 376.3
Women’s and children’s undergar­
m ents_____
107.5 108.2 107.5 108.0 107.6 103.6 107.6 108.1 109.4 110.5 111.1 109.9 112.6 110.6 106.6
25.9
24.9
26. C 25.4
Hats, caps, and m illinery.. _
26.4
20.6
24.8
21.5
21.9
20.0
23.1
20.1
21. 0
21.2
70.2
71.8
70.0
Children’s outerwear________
68.2
70.9
72.6
69.3
67.9
69.7
69.9
67.2
68.0
73.0
71.6
70.1
66.1
68.9
69.5
65.4
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
73.4
67.3
67.2
74.0
66.8
72.5
66.8
69.1
73.8
65.1
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
uets_________ . _____ .
150.8 153.9 151.4 150.7 148.9 135.8 144.8 142.3 141.0 142.1 141.8 142.0 148.6 143.5 136.9
Paper and allied products____
537.2 536.8 534.7 534.2 540.3 534.3 539.5 521.6 522.5 524.1 522.2 522.7 528.5 519.0 497.7
Paper and pulp’ mills________________
172.4 172.2 172.3 174.6 176.9 175.6 176.7 169.0 170.1 169.8 169.7 169.2 170.6 170.0 168.2
54.1
56.4
57.5
57.7
Paperboard mills____
57.6
57.7
57.7
58.6
57.5
57.7
57.1
57.5
57.5
58.7
57.7
Miscellaneous converted paper prod­
116.8
125.8
129.4
128.2
ucts____ ____
_______
128.7
135.2 134.3 133.6 132.6 134.3 132.0 133.0 129.1 129.9 129.7
Paperboard containers and b o x e s____
171.9 172.6 171.7 169.5 170.5 169.0 171.1 166.0 165.0 166.9 166.2 167.6 171.0 166.8 158. 6
. . . 677.8 675.8 672.3 671.6 672.0 670.9 673.1 670.1 671.7 672.4 667.3 663.0 667.9 649. 5 620. 6
Printing and publishing____
Newspapers___
180.5 180.6 180.6 181.0 180.3 180.8 182.6 182.7 181.4 181.2 179.8 178.8 182.4 178.4 175.4
25.3
25.4
25.8
25.8
25.7
Periodicals____
.. .
26.0
26.3
25.8
25.9
25.8
25.3
25.7
25. 5
25. 4
50.1
55. a
56. t
Books_______
57.9
59.2
59.9
54.5
54.2
59.1
60. 0
55.9
57.9
58.4
58.6
241.9
253.4
260.6
259.6
260.1
Commercial printing__ . _
272.3 270.3 268.0 265.6 262.9 261.2 262.1 260.8 262.5 263. 3
4L 7
45.3
46.3
46.1
46.4
Blankbooks and bookbinding____ __ _
46.9
45.9
46.2
45.9
46.4
46.8
48.3
46.8
48.7
47.7
86.3
91.7
95.9
94.9
96.0
Other publishing & printing industries.
95.1
97.5
97.9
95.4
95.2
97.7
97.0
96.4
96.7
96.7
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

99

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products______ _ _
Industrial chemicals_________________
Plastics materials and synthetics____Drugs____ . . .
_ - ------Soap, cleaners, and toilet g o o d s ___ .
Paints and allied pro d u cts...
_ ____
Agricultural chemicals.
_ ... . _
Other chemical products.. _ _ ____
Petroleum and coal products___ ____. _
Petroleum refining.
. . .
Other petroleum and coal products.._ .
Rubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tubes _ . _ _ _ _____
Other rubber products. ._ _____ . . .
Miscellaneous plastics products______
Leather and leather pro d u cts... _ . .
Leather tanning and finishing________
Footwear, except rubber.. . . . . . . . .
Other leather products_____ . ____
Handbags and personal leather
g o o d s ____ ______
___

590.1
170.7
137.5
71.9
67.9
37.0
33.8
71.3
119.1
94.1
25.0
417.9
79.0
144.4
194.5
308.8
27.3
202.2
79.3

589.3
169.2
136.1
70.9
70.7
37.4
33.3
71.7
121.1
94.2
26.9
418.8
78.3
143.6
196.9
308.6
26.9
200.6
81.1

589.8
170.6
134.8
71.1
71.9
37.4
33.4
70.6
121.7
93.8
27.9
413.1
76.4
142.8
193.9
303.2
26.6
197.1
79.5

587.2
169.4
134.4
71.4
72.0
37.8
32.8
69.4
122.5
94.2
28.3
409.6
76.0
142.1
191.5
301.9
26.6
197.0
78.3

590.2
171.9
133.4
71.0
71.4
39.5
32.1
70.9
122.2
93.8
28.4
401.1
73.2
137.9
190.0
306.1
26.9
201.4
77.8

587.3
173.0
131.9
71.0
68.5
39.2
32.2
71.5
121.8
93.9
27.9
353.5
47.8
123.1
182.6
295.4
25.8
195.7
73.9

586.9
174.0
130.9
70.8
68.3
38.8
35.3
68.8
120.8
93.2
27.6
360.5
47.5
125.6
187.4
304.0
26.7
200.1
77.2

584.8
172.5
129.9
70.1
66.3
37.5
41.7
66.8
117.2
91.4
25.8
351.5
45.5
124.3
181.7
298.5
26.1
198.4
74.0

589.6
173.9
131.0
69.6
66.6
37.0
45.2
66.3
116.2
91.3
24.9
399.5
77.2
139.3
183.0
299.1
26.2
198.3
74.6

581.2
173.0
128,5
68.7
67.0
37.1
42.0
64.9
113.6
90.2
23.4
401.3
77.6
140.2
183.5
304.6
26.4
201.9
76.3

580.0
173.1
132.7
68.5
66.0
36.9
38.1
64.7
113.9
90.8
23.1
405.2
77.5
143.7
184.0
310.0
26.7
206.4
76.9

578.4
172.9
134.6
68.6
66.5
36.8
35.6
63.4
113.4
90.6
22.8
410.9
77.8
147.3
185.8
310.4
27.0
207.3
76.1

578.4
172.0
136. 5
68.2
68.4
37.0
33.9
62.4
115.3
91.2
24.1
415. 5
78.2
147.3
190.0
316.0
27.6
211.1
77.3

572.3
170.5
136.4
66.7
67.0
37.7
35. 5
58.7
115.8
90.1
25.7
397.2
76.0
141.7
179. 6
318.4
27.6
213.4
77.3

546.1
166.7
130.8
61. 6
64.8
37.1
34.7
50.5
112.9
88.7
24.3
365.9
72.7
135.7
157. 5
310. 0
27.5
208.8
73.8

34.6

33.6

32.8

32.9

30.5

32.5

30.4

31.3

32.5

33.9

33.2

33.8

33.6

31.4

78.6
38.8
967. 6
86. 2
15.0
762.2
640.9
22.3
95.5
552.5
223.9
130.4
159.0
39.2

77.8
89 3
952. 7
82.0
15.1
760. 0
639. 0
22.3
95.3
553.1
223.9
130. 7
159.1

78.3
40.9
961.1
78.4
15.7
765.4
642.5
22.8
96.7
561.1
226.8
132.6
161.6
40.1

76.8
41.5
957.8
78.6
16.2
777.5
655.5
23.0
95.6
568.4
227.2
136.3
163.7
41.2

77.0
41.4
964.1
77.4
16.2
778.8
656.2
23.3
96.1
569.0
230.2
136.4
161.7
40.7

78.0
40.6
946.0
73.8
16. 0
769.2
647.7
23.2
95.1
556.9
224. 9
133.9
158.1
40. 0

77.9
39.5
924.7
75.0
15.1
758.1
638.7
23.1
93.2
543.1
219. 0
129. 4
156. 2
38. 5

76.4
38.8
862.4
69. 6
15.1
756.3
638.0
23.0
92.1
541.7
219.2
129. 0
155.7
37.8

77.9
38.2
905.4
72.9
15.1
755.9
637.2
22.9
92.7
540.9
219.0
128.9
155. 6
37.4

77.8
37.8
900.5
75.2
15.1
752.1
634.3
22.9
91.8
539.8
218.5
128.9
155.5
36.9

78.0
38.7
905.6
76.2
15.2
748.9
631.3
22.8
91.7
540.1
218. 6
129.1
155.5
36.9

77.7
38.7
937.7
80.3
15.2
748.0
630.1
23.0
91.9
540.8
218.3
129.6
156.1
36.8

77.5
38.3
918.5
74.1
15.8
732.5
616.5
22.8
90.5
544.9
218.4
131.7
158,2
36.6

78.1
38.5
878.4
72.0
16.3
698.1
587.2
22.2
86.7
542.4
214.6
134.5
158.1
35.2

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:

39 4

13,233 12,578 12,285 12,177 12,124 12,132 12,184 12,019 11,937 11,858 11,750 11,874 12,780 11,786 11,358
Wholesale and retail trade . ___ . „
3,053 3,052 3,024 3,018 3,044 3,024 3, 004 2,947 2,948 2,940 2,935 2,947 2,992 2,911 2,814
____
Wholesale trade__ . .
Motor vehicles & automotive equipm ent___
_
233 3 221 8 9,9,3 1 999 7 229.3 227.3 221.6 221.7 221.2 221.6 220.7 221.5 218.8 214.3
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
181.0 179.2 178.6 17 9 .6 178.5 176.7 175.4 175.6 175.2 173.5 173.8 175.9 171.1 164.0
Dry goods and apparel ..
123 4 12.8 3 193 9 124 3 123.1 121.5 119.3 120.4 121.6 120.1 119.7 118.8 116. 0 112.9
Q 4fi4 4 451 9 454 7 450.7 454.7 441.0 437.7 437.0 435.7 441.7 458.8 449.1 450.2
235! 0 232.5 232.5 236.9 238.2 235. 6 232.2 232.7 232.5 231.6 229.7 229.6 224.0 213.1
Hardware, plumbing & heating equipm ent___ . . . ___ . . . . . .
______ _
134.2 132.9 134.2 135.1 134.1 133.9 131.8 131.6 131.7 131.1 131.4 132.2 131.2 127.8
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
565.9 565.0 573.1 572.0 571.7 566.6 556.2 554.5 543.2 542.6 545.8 545.0 529.1 490.8
Miscellaneous wholesalers___ _ . _ __
1,019.2 1,015. 4 1, 016.8 1,027.2 1,023.2 1,017.7 999.5 1, 000. 7 1,001.4 996.4 994.9 1,011.6 986. 6 954. 0
Retail trade___
_
....
10,180 ' 9,526 ' 9,261 ' 9,159 9,080 9,108 9,180 9,072 8,989 8,918 8,815 8,927 9,788 8,876 8, 544
Retail general merchandise__ .
2,097.1 1,898.9 1, 830.2 1, 780.1 1,786.7 1,800. 9 1, 782. 8 1, 763.1 1,765. C1, 728. 4 1,825.8 2,365.1 1,810.7 1, 719. 6
Department stores.
1,353.9 1,206.0 1, 154.7 l' 125. 0 1,135.1 1,145. 6 1,127. 7 1,117.6 1,115.8 1, 095. 6 1,164. 4 1, 540. 0 1,149. 6 1, 077. 6
Mail order houses... ____ ______ .
' 142.6 ' 122.1 112.0 106. 6 104.2 104.8 105.0 105.9 107.5 111.4 123. C 148.2 117.3 112.3
Variety stores. . . . . . . . . .
338. 7 318.1 310.7 297. 7 296.7 300.6 302.9 300.3 303.3 289.9 299. S 386.8 299.3 292.1
Food stores _______ _________ ____
1,485.2 1,487.0 1,464.4 1,445.7 1,451.5 1,459. 2 1,466. 7 1,463. 6 1,462. 0 1,462. 8 1, 458.1 1,487. 2 1,428.9 1,364.3
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
1,309.9 1,315.0 1,294.2 1, 279.5 1,284.1 1.288. 2 1,294. 2 1,295. 4 1, 291. 7 1,293.2 1,294.4 1,314.9 1,267.1 1,201.7
Apparel and accessory stores
'647.3 ' 619. 6 610.1 ' 586.7 587.9 613.0 606.9 598.1 613.4 582.1 607.6 738.3 598.9 577.1
M en’s & boys’ clothing & furnish94. 6
99.4 106.8 132.1 100.7
99.6
ings________ ______ _ _____
99. Ç 99.2
99.6
107.9 101.7 100. 4
99 9 103.2
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.........
236.4 227. 5 221.2 214.9 215. 5 222.2 223.6 220.4 221.5 211.6 220.6 268.2 223.5 215.6
97.2
101.6
136.3
108.
C
102.8
104.9
104.0
102.2
Fam ily clothing stores. . .
113.4 105.3 104.0 100.8 102. 4 106.3
Shoe stores
_
_____
123.1 120.8 122.5 113.8 112.9 118.6 117.4 116.3 123.7 109.5 112.5 131.5 112.6 108.2
Furniture and home furnishings stores.
388.3 380.6 378.8 375.9 376.7 377.2 373.0 375.3 375.5 376.1 376.1 390.7 371.0 362.3
Furniture and home furnishings. _
248.8 243.9 242.4 242.0 241.5 241.5 238.2 238.6 239.7 239.4 240.5 250.9 239.0 234. 2
2,042.1 2,046. 5 2,050.4 2,056. 3 2,062.3 2, 083.2 2, 039.1 2, 006. 6 1,958.1 1,926. 3 1,907. 7 1,944.0 1,926. 6 1,852.9
Other retail trade. .*
.... . ...
2,866.4 2,828.2 2,824.8 2 ,834.8 2,842. 7 2,846.9 2,803.1 2,782.4 2, 743.8 2,739.3 2,751.9 2,862.9 2,739. 2 2, 668. 0
Building materials and farm equipm e n t... .
466. E 477.1 477.6 472.4 453.2 448.5 437.6 431. f 435.5 452.9 464. 5 464.9
632.5 630.7 634.0 634.4 637.1 633.9 627.5 628.7 627.3 628.1 631.6 635.0 631.1 623.5
Other automotive & accessory
dealers...
____ . .
179. i 177.2 178. c 181.6 182.8 179.8 176.2 172. f 167.4 165. C 168.0 179. 6 167. 6 155.8
408.0 402.1 396.8 392.0 391.4 401.3 398.6 398.9 398. 7 402.8 405.7 426.4 382.7 366.3
Drug stores and proprietory stores..
95. 6
94. 8
93.2 1 99.0 101.6 1 102.2 101. 4
93.3
90.2
90.5
90.1
99.1
88.3
88.3
Fuel and ice dealers_______________ |------See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


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100

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
"7ov.2

Finance, insurance, and real estate 4_____

Banking______________ _____ _________
Credit agencies other than banks_______
Savings and loan associations________
Security, commodity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers_______ ____ _____ ___
Life insurance______________________
Accident and health insurance_________
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance___

2,608

2,603
728.4
274.3
80.5
144.8
679.8
295.2
66.4
284.8

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

2,487
700.5
266.8
75.5
125.5
654.5
283.7
60.9
278.4

2,472
696.6
266.2
76.6
123.4
647.8
282.8
58.3
274.9

Dec.

1966

1965

2,478
686.4
267.1
77. 8
123. 8
640. 7
282.9
51.9
271.7

2,426
663.5
263 4
79. 7
113.9
634. 0
282.9
4fi. 3
269.2

2,598
726.1
273.5
80.7
142.2
67Ô. 6
293.5
65. 6
283.7

2,605
726.4
275.2
80.3
140.3
677.6
294.3
65.5
284.9

564.0

576.5

599.0

635.9

637.7

613.3

580.5

570.0

549.7

540.9

531.9

534.7

571.1

546.8

501.2

503.1

503.8

505.7

511.9

511.7

504.8

503.7

499.9

496.8

498.0

503.1

505.2

492.0

33.1

31.9

32.1

34.0

34.4

33.8

31.3

29.8

31.0

31.6

34.0

37.2

33.5

30.4

2,640
736.3
276.7
80.8
141.2
685.3
296.8
66. 5
288.9

2,624
732.0
277.9
81.2
139.0
676.5
290.4
66.1
287.1

2,589
720.1
274.1
79.1
134.0
668.1
288.0
64.7
283.3

2,544
706.8
271.3
77.4
130.2
660.9
286.1
63.3
279.9

2,527
704.1
269.9
77.1
129.0
659.5
286.8
62.8
278.6

2,507
702.7
268.8
76.3
127.7
656.9
285.0
62.2
278.5

2,490
699.0
267.0
75.7
125.1
649.9
284.2
57.8
275.5

Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels.........
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing.

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Transportation and public utilities,
and services are included in total private but are not shown separately in this
table.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.

Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Nonoifice salesmen excluded from nonsupervisory count for all series in
this division.

CAUTION
The series on employment, hours, earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments
have been adjusted to March 1966 benchmarks and are not comparable with those published in the
Monthly Labor Review prior to the October 1967 issue, nor with those for periods after April 1965
appearing in the H an dbook o f L abor S ta tis tic s , 1967. (See footnote 1, table A-9, and “BLS Estab­
lishment Employment Estimates Revised to March 1966 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the Sep­
tember 1967 issue of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arnin gs a n d M o n th ly R ep o rt on th e L abor Force.)
Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue
should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable historical
data appear in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arnings S ta tis tic s for th e U n ited S ta te s , 1909-67 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-5).
Beginning with the October 1967 issue of the Monthly Laior Review, industry titles have been
changed, as necessary, to conform to the Bureau of the Budget’s Standard list of short SIC titles—
definitions are unchanged.


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101

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A -ll.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1966

1967
Industry division and group
Dec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Total employees___ ____ __________________ ___________ 67,128 66,929 66,243 66,055 66,190 65,939 65,903 65, 639 65, 653 65,749 65,692 65,564 65, 251
597

597

597

601

606

623

619

617

620

624

624

625

623

Contract construction........................... ...................................... 3,350

3,299

3,236

3,238

3,223

3,231

3,187

3,192

3, 276

3,313

3,352

3,311

3,291

Mining___________________ -- .................... .................... .........

Manufacturing------------------------------------------------------ ----- 19,469 19,418 19,169 19,142 19,318 19.169 19, 285 19, 238 19,331 19,445 19,507 19,558 19,526
Durable goods___________________ ___________- ..........
Ordnance and accessories_________ ____ ___________ .
Lumber and wood products_______________ _______
Furniture and fixtures__ _______ ______________ ____
Stone, clay, and glass products_____________________
Primary metal industries____ ______ ___________ . . .
Fabricated metal products_______ . . . . ______ ____
Machinery, except electrical___ __________ . ...............
Electrical equipment and supplies.—...........................
Transportation equip m ent..................................................
Instruments and related products _________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ _______

11,380 11,358 11,143 11,149 11,351 11,218 11,285 11, 283 11,322 11, 434 11,482 11, 507 11,496
272
292
286
283
277
290
286
288
307
303
300
297
299
602
607
596
584
592
603
593
585
590
599
592
585
585
465
469
452
459
466
464
458
447
453
455
455
451
451
640
642
640
625
624
628
638
640
635
626
628
622
626
1,287 1,290 1,267 1,262 1,281 1,280 1,295 1,299 1,305 1,332 1,348 1,362 1,364
1,357 1,349 1,332 1,331 1,356 1,350 1,357 1,348 1,354 1,364 1,372 1,374 1,374
1,939 1,979 1,932 1,966 1,976 1,969 1,972 1,972 1,979 1,984 1,984 1, 988 1,978
1,926 1,920 1,896 1,882 1,916 1,889 1,872 1,904 1,916 1,947 1,959 1, 958 1,955
1,970 1,950 1,862 1,873 1,980 1,896 1,947 1,927 1,916 1,932 1,938 1,938 1,959
455
454
453
451
455
454
454
454
456
457
452
456
456
442
438
434
436
434
430
432
433
426
425
427
430
426

Nondurable goods__________ . . . ____ _____________
Food and kindred products__________ ____ _________
Tobacco manufactures_____ _____ _
. . . . . ____
Textile mill products............................ .................................
Apparel and other textile products...................... ...........
Paper and allied products.______________ _________
Printing and publishing_______ ______ _____ ________
Chemicals and allied products_______ _____ ____ _ ..
Petroleum and coal products............... ...............................
Rubber and plastics products, nec....................... .............
Leather and leather products________ ______ ________

8,089
1,794
82
966
1,397
691
1,070
1,007
193
535
354

8,060
1,784
89
959
1,390
687
1,070
1,001
193
533
354

8,026
1,783
82
954
1,384
685
1,065
1,001
192
529
351

7,993
1,777
81
950
1,377
682
1,064
993
191
529
349

7,967
1,751
85
946
1,381
687
1,067
992
190
521
347

7,951
1,790
89
940
1,376
689
1,066
989
191
479
342

8,000
1,806
87
948
1,396
688
1,066
990
189
479
351

7,955
1,797
86
941
1,395
679
1, 064
982
187
472
352

8,009
1,800
86
945
1,390
680
1,063
984
187
520
354

8,011
1,803
84
952
1,384
684
1, 065
981
186
521
351

8,025
1,798
85
954
1, 401
681
1,056
984
187
523
356

8,051
1,795
89
963
1,414
680
1,053
983
187
527
360

8,030
1,795
86
962
1, 411
679
1,044
978
187
527
361

Transportation and public utilities__________ _________

4,289

4,288

4,251

4,262

4,283

4,292

4, 266

4,267

4,212

4,246

4,247

4,242

4, 218

Wholesale and retail trade._______ ______________ _____ 13,910 13,909 13,776 13,719 13,664 13,647 13, 648 13, 609 13, 572 13, 557 13, 541 13, 515 13,416
Wholesale trade____________ ____________ __________ 3,596 3,599 3,567 3, 565 3,569 3, 555 3, 555 3, 549 3,545 3,535 3, 521 3, 512 3, 496
Retail trade.____________________________ ___________ 10,314 10,310 10,209 10,154 10,095 10,092 10,093 10,060 10, 027 10, 022 10, 020 10, 003 9, 920
3,227

3,205

3,194

3,179

3,165

3,152

3,144

Services........................................................................................... 10,335 10,301 10,199 10,161 10,130 10,074 10,035

9,987

9,973

9,946

9,883

9,840

9,781

Finance, insurance, and real estate.......................................... 3,302

3,290

3,270

3,264

3,253

3,234

Government____________ _______________________ _____ 11,876 11,827 11,745 11,668 11,713 11, 669 11, 636 11, 524 11,475 11,439 11,373 11,321 11,252
Federal___________ ______ ________________________ _ 2,692 2,698 2,712 2,715 2,746 2, 759 2,747 2,698 2,688 2,685 2,673 2,667 2,653
State and local____________ _______________ _____ ____ 9,184 9,129 9,033 8,953 8,967 8,910 8, 889 8,826 8,787 8,754 8,700 8,654 8,599
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
2 Preliminary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A,
B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).

102

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

T able A-12.

Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 100

[In thousands]
1967

Major industry group
D ec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1966
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

M an u factu rin g ...___ . .
___ __________
________ 14,308 14,279 14,034 14,003 14,191 14,056 14,170 14,147 14,233 14,358 14,436 14,506 14,495
Durable goods _
.
_____ ____
8,305 8,293 8,083 8,091 8,299 8,170 8,240 8,254 8,286 8,407 8,459 8,502 8,501
Ordnance and accessories..
...
______. . .
162
158
154
157
155
151
149
147
147
146
143
140
136
Lumber and wood products___
.........
520
515
513
508
512
509
508
507
514
525
524
530
519
Furniture and fixtures____
__________________ .
382
377
374
370
369
371
374
366
375
379
384
385
389
Stone, clay, and glass products .
. . ___________
512
507
494
500
497
498
498
495
499
509
509
512
513
Primary metal industries_________ .
1,028 1,032 1,009 1,003 1,024 1,023 1,037 1,042 1,049 1,073 1,091 1,106 1,109
Fabricated metal products.. ........ ............................. _ 1,047 1,041 1,024 1,023 1,048 1,041 1,048 1,041 1,046 1,059 1,065 1,068 1,069
Machinery, except electrical.. ____ _ _ _ ______ _ __ 1,333 1,373 1,329 1,365 1,375 1,368 1,372 1,373 1,380 1,388 1,392 1,398 1,390
Electrical equipment and supplies____
1,295 1,291 1,270 1,260 1,290 1,265 1,251 1,284 1,298 1,332 1,345 1,348 1,347
Transportation equipment___ . . . . _____________ 1,398 1,379 1,289 1,297 1,410 1,326 1,377 1,361 1,347 1,363 1,371 1,373 L394
Instruments and related products.
. __________
284
286
283
281
285
285
285
287
289
289
288
289
286
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___ . . .
336
342
335
336
339
337
340
342
344
343
347
353
349
Nondurable g o o d s__________________________________ 6,003
Food and kindred products________________________ 1,196
Tobacco manufactures__________________. . . _______
70
Textile mill products. . . . .
.
________________
858
Apparel and other textile products_______ .
1,235
___________
Paper and allied products.
535
Printing and publishing__________ . . .
.... _
673
Chemicals and allied products_________ . _______ .
595
_______ _______
Petroleum and coal products.
Rubber and plastics products, nec____ . .
413
Leather and leather products_____ _ ______ ____
307

121

1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5,986
1,187
77
849
1,232
533
673
594

5,951
1,185
70
847
1,223
531
669
594

5,912
1,175
69
842
1,218
527
669
585

412
307

408
303

407
300

122

121

120

5,892
1,148
72
839
1,223
534
673
585
118
401
299

5,886
1,185
76
834

1,220
536
674
585
119
362
295

5,930

1,201

75
841
1,239
535
673
583
119
362
302

5,893
1,196
74
835
1,235
525
672
580
117
354
305

5,947
1,195
73
838
1,232
526
673
583
118
402
307

5,951

1,200

72
845
1,226
531
674
580
116
403
304

5,977
1,197
73
848
1,243
529
670
585
117
406
309

6,004
1,196
77
856
1,254
527

668

585
117
411
313

5,994
1,195
74
856
1,252
527
663
584
118
411
314

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A,
B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).

103

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-13. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1966

1967
Item
Nov.
Employm ent service:8
New applications for work.
Nonfarm placements_____

Oct.

800
460

844
540

881
552

820
558

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

967
487

Apr.

M ay

1,335
537

974
507

Mar.

859
476

Feb.

887
460

Jan.

853
407

N ov.

Dec.

966
440

721
420

794
513

State unemployment insurance programs:
1,087
915
1,005
1,061
1,346
1,280
1,218
803
848
872
910
798
663
Initial claims 34..............................................
Insured unem ploym ent«(average weekly
903
1,142
1,532
1,582
1,254
1,184
1,019
1,360
1,558
889
894
1,059
997
v o lu m e)6................................. ....................
2.4
3.4
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.3
3.3
2.1
2.7
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.8
Rate of insured unem ploym ent7----------4,663
6,323
5,398
2,960
4,977
5,615
3,808
4,071
3,971
4,351
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
3,414
3,139
3,186
Average weekly benefit amount for total
$41.19 $40. 70 $40.10 $41.08 $40.10 $39.99 $40.99 $41.81 $42.07 $41. 97 $41.73 $41. 39 $40.57
unem ployment............... ................. ..........
Total benefits paid ........... .........................- $134,877 $122,145 $122,614 $172,807 $147,307 $156,083 $183,645 $200, 588 $257,488 $219,480 $224,787 $157,566 $114,814
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 8 8
Initial claim s36.............. .............................. .
Insured unem ploym ent6 (average weekly
volum e).............................................. ..........
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid...... .......................... —

22

20

18

21

22

17

14

14

16

15

19

17

15

26
93
$3,960

22
82
$3,502

22
88
$3,715

25
106
$4, 443

24
75
$3,126

19
82
$3,471

19
81
$3,404

21
85
$3, 576

24
101
$4,199

25
93
$3,878

25
96
$3,963

21
72
$2,973

16
59
$2,450

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian em ployees:810
Initial claim s3..............................................Insured unem ploym ent3 (average weekly
v o lu m e).............................— ------ ------Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid____________________

10

11

9

9

12

9

9

8

8

9

15

10

9

21
85
$3,526

20
76
$3,164

18
73
$3,043

19
87
$3,581

20
67
$2, 752

18
81
$3,370

18
78
$3,237

19
81
$3,354

22
103
$4,192

24
91
$3,728

23
87
$3,581

20
75
$3,045

17
67
$2,752

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11............ ................................ Insured unemployment (average weekly
volum e)...................................................... Number of payments 12.................... ............
Average amount of benefit p aym en t13. . .
Total benefits paid 14------ ------ --------------

54

56

15

12

21

15

3

4

5

6

11

7

6

23
90
$47.63
$4,097

21
93
$45. 67
$4,176

21
46
$66.68
$2,910

18
45
$74.31
$3,181

17
32
$73. 45
$2,069

14
36
$73.44
$2,478

17
42
$71.29
$2,812

20
44
$74.10
$3,013

23
57
$77.16
$4,233

24
53
$75. 54
$3,784

25
48
$72.95
$3,499

19
4C
$76.70
$2,858

18
38
$73.80
$2,550

1,067

952

955

1,122

1,246

1,070

1,196

1,422

1,602

1,654

1,631

1,313

955

All programs:15
Insured unemployment «.

1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common­
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
3 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitions claims under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
5 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
« Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers.
7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
18 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
12 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
u Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

104

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
N ov. 2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

4.3

Nov.

1966

1965

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing_____ _______ ____________
Seasonally adjusted...................... . ..........

3.6
4 .4

4.7
4.7

5.3
4.3

5.4
4.3

4.6
4.2

5.9
4.6

4.6
4.6

3.9
4 2

3.9
4 1

3.6
4 6

2.9
43

3.9
hA

5.0

4.3

4 6

Durable goods____ _______ ____________
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products__________
Furniture and fixtures...... ... .................
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery, except electrical__________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment________ .
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

3.4
3.4
5.0
4.7
3.3
2.9
4.1
2.5
3.1
3.6
2.6
4.7

4.4
4.0
6.5
6.5
4.2
3.3
5.1
3.2
4.2
4.6
3.3
6.3

4.7
4.1
7.7
7.1
4.7
3.2
5.5
3.3
4.3
5.4
3.4
7.7

4.8
4.3
6.5
7.7
5.1
3.3
5.7
3.0
4.5
5.7
3.5
7.4

4.1
3.5
6.0
6.7
4.7
2.9
5.0
2.9
3.8
4.1
3.0
6.3

5.5
5.0
9.2
6.4
6.9
4.6
6.1
4.3
4.7
5.5
4.9
7.2

4.3
3.1
8.3
5.3
5.4
3.2
5.1
3.0
3.3
4.9
2.9
6.3

3.7
2.8
7.0
4.5
5.0
2.6
4.5
2.7
2.9
3.7
2.9
6.0

3.7
2.7
6.5
4.9
4.7
2.7
4.4
2.9
3.0
3.9
3.0
5.8

3.4
2.9
5.4
4.5
3.7
2.6
4.0
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.9
5.1

4.1
3.8
6.4
5.3
3.7
3.2
4.7
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.5
6.2

2.7
2.2
3.6
3.4
2.3
2.3
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.3
3.0

3.8
3.7
4.5
5.6
3.1
2.8
4.4
3.2
3.7
3.8
3.0
5.5

4.8
3.8
6.7
6.6
4.5
3.7
5.3
3.9
4.7
5.3
3.8
6.9

4.1
2.9
6.0
5.5
4.0
2.9
4.6
3.3
3.9
4.7
3.2
6.3

Nondurable goods____ . . . _______ _____
Foods and kindred products............. .
Tobacco manufactures.................. ...........
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products........................
Printing and publishing .........................
Chemicals and allied products____ ___
Petroleum and coal products... _ _ ----Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products..................

3.9
4.8
6.5
4.4
4.6
3.0
2.9
1.9
1.3
3.9
5.5

5.2
7.3
7.2
5.4
5.6
3.9
3.7
2.6
2.3
5.3
6.4

6.0
9.5
7.4
5.6
6.2
4.3
4.3
2.9
3.1
5.6
6.5

6.2
9.7
15.0
6.0
6.8
4.1
3.7
2.4
2.8
6.1
6.2

5.5
7.7
9.6
5.3
6.8
3.6
3.4
2.6
2.3
5.7
7.7

6.5
9.5
5.9
5.7
6.2
6.1
5.1
4.5
4.6
7.1
6.4

5.1
7.0
5.4
5.4
5.9
3.9
3.6
2.8
2.7
5.3
5.7

4.3
5.6
2.9
4.8
5.1
3.3
3.1
2.5
2.6
4.3
5.0

4.2
5.1
2.8
4.7
5.0
3.3
3.5
2.7
2.0
4.3
4.8

3.8
4.3
3.2
4.1
5.0
2.9
3.3
2.4
1.6
4.1
4.7

4.5
5.0
3.7
4.7
6.3
3.4
3.7
2.4
1.5
4.6
7.0

3.1
4.1
7.0
2.9
3.4
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.1
3.2
4.1

4.2
5.3
5.9
4.2
4.9
3.4
3.3
2.2
1.4
4.9
5.3

5.2
6.9
6.4
5.1
6.1
4.0
3.8
2.9
2.1
5.5
6.3

4.6
6.1
6.1
4.3
5.8
3.2
3.2
2.4
1.8
4.4
5.4

N onmanufacturing :
Metal mining..................... .........................
Coal m ining. .................................. ................

2.4
1.5

2.7
1.5

3.0
1.6

2.9
2.1

2.8
1.7

6.5
1.7

4.0
1.6

4.7
1.8

3.4
1.4

3.0
1.5

4.6
2.3

3.0
1.4

2.8
1.7

3.5
1.7

3.2
1.7

Accessions: N ew hires
Manufacturing__________________________
Seasonally adjusted........ .............................

2.7
3.3

3.7
3.5

4.1
3.2

4.0
5.1

3.3
3 0

4.5
3 2

3.3
3 2

2.8
3 1

2.8
3 2

2.7
3 4

3.0
3.6

2.1
3.6

3.1
3.7

3.8

3.1

Durable goods________________________
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood p rodu cts.. ____—
Furniture and fixtures___________ ___
Stone, clay, and glass products.. _____
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products._
_____
Machinery, except electrical__________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment___________
Industries and related p r o d u c t s ...----Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

2.5
2.8
4.3
4.0
2.5
1.7
3.4
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.2
3.8

3.4
3.5
5.8
5.6
3.4
2.1
4.1
2.4
3.2
3.2
2.8
5.5

3.7
3.4
6.6
6.2
3.8
2.3
4.5
2.5
3.2
3.6
2.8
6.7

3.5
3.5
5.7
6.3
4.0
2.3
4.5
2.3
3.0
3.6
3.0
6.2

2.9
2.9
5.3
5.1
3.6
1.7
3.4
2.1
2.4
2.7
2.6
4.2

4.1
4.3
7.8
5.3
5.4
3.1
4.9
3.4
3.3
3.7
4.2
5.6

3.0
2.6
6.5
4.3
4.0
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.4
4.7

2.6
2.3
5.5
3.8
3.3
1.5
3.3
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.4
4.1

2.7
2.2
4.8
4.2
2.9
1.7
3.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.6
4.0

2.5
2.5
3.9
3.8
2.2
1.7
3.1
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.6
3.8

2.9
3.1
4.2
4.5
2.3
2.0
3.5
3.0
2.8
2.1
3.0
3.9

2.1
1.8
2.9
3.0
1.6
1.5
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.0
2.5

3.1
3.1
3.8
5.1
2.5
2.1
3.7
2.7
3.1
2.8
2.7
4.9

3.8
3.2
5.7
5.9
3.5
2.7
4.3
3.3
3.8
3.4
3.4
5.5

3.0
1.8
4.7
4.6
2.7
2.0
3.5
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.6
4.5

Nondurable goods_________________ ___
Food and kindred products____ ______
Tobacco manufacturing. .....................
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and other textile products___
Paper and allied products____. . . . . .
Printing and publishing...........................
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal products_________
Rubber and plastics’ products, nec____
Leather and leather products..................

2.9
3.4
3.9
3.5
3.0
2.6
2.3
1.5
1.1
3.2
4.2

4.0
5.5
5.1
4.3
4.0
3.4
3.2
2.2
2.0
4.5
5.0

4.7
7.3
4.4
4.5
4.5
3.8
3.6
2.4
2.8
4.8
4.8

4.7
7.4
11.1
4.7
4.6
3.6
3.1
1.9
2.6
5.0
4.7

3.9
5.9
5.1
3.7
3.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
2.1
4.0
4.6

5.1
7.4
3.8
4.6
4.2
5.1
4.2
3.7
3.9
6.0
4.9

3.7
5.1
2.8
4.2
3.6
3.3
2.9
2.2
2.4
4.0
3.9

3.2
4.0
1.9
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.1
2.0
3.3
3.1

3.1
3.4
1.7
3.5
3.5
2.8
2.8
2.1
1.5
3.3
3.2

2.8
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.4
2.4
2.7
1.9
1.3
3.2
3.3

3.2
3.4
2.6
3.5
4.0
2.8
3.0
1.9
1.1
3.5
4.8

2.3
2.8
3.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.4
.9
2.6
3.1

3.3
3.9
4.6
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.8
1.8
1.2
4.1
4.1

4.0
5.0
3.7
4.1
4.2
3.5
3.2
2.4
1.7
4.6
4.8

3.2
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.7
2.5
2.6
1.9
1.4
3.4
3.9

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining___ ____ _________________
Coal m ining_______________ __________

1.6
1.0

2.0
.8

2.2
1.0

2.1
1.3

2.1
1.1

5.1
1.2

2.7
1.1

2.4
1.1

2.3
.9

2.1
1.0

2.7
1.2

2.0
1.0

2.0
1.1

2.5
1.1

2.2
.9

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

T able B - l.

105
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
N ov. 2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1966

1965

Separations: Total
Manufacturing________________ .
____
Seasonally adjusted__________________

4.7
4.5

6.2
4.7

5.3
4.3

4.8
4-4

4.3
4.8

4.2
4.6

4.3
4.7

4.6
5.2

4.0
4.9

4.5
4.6

4.2
4-4

4.3
4.6

4.6

4.1

4 .3

Durable goods________________________
___
Ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products__________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries__
____ _
Fabricated metal products______ ___
Machinery, except electrical___ _____
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipm ent_____ ___
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____ - - _______

3.6
2.1
5.6
4.8
4.0
2.6
4.1
2.6
3.3
3.7
2.4

4.2
3.1
6.7
5.5
4.4
3.5
5.2
3.2
3.8
4.3
3.5

5.7
4.5
9.4
7.6
6.3
5.0
6.7
4.5
5.0
5.6
4.5

4.9
3.6
8.2
7.0
5.5
3.9
5.8
3.8
4.3
5.1
3.7

4.7
2.8
5.9
5.8
4.3
3.1
5.2
3.4
3.3
8.1
2.7

4.1
2.9
5.9
5.6
4.6
3.2
5.3
3.5
3.4
4.3
3.0

3.9
2.8
6.5
5.8
4.2
3.1
4.5
3.1
3.7
3.8
2.9

4.1
3.3
6.4
5.8
4.2
3.3
4.8
3.3
4.3
4.1
2.9

4.4
3.0
6.8
6.4
4.5
3.6
5.0
3.5
4.8
4.3
3.0

3.9
2.4
5.3
5.2
4.2
3.0
4.9
2.8
4.0
4.5
2.7

4.4
2.6
6.3
6.2
5.2
3.6
4.9
3.1
4.2
5.1
2.9

3.9
1.7
6.4
4.9
4.8
2.9
4.3
2.5
3.2
3.8
2.4

3.9
2.1
7.3
5.7
4.5
3.1
4.7
2.6
3.4
3.7
2.4

4.4
2.6
7.1
6.3
4.6
3.2
5.1
3.4
3.8
4.9
3.1

3.8
2.5
6.0
5.1
3.9
3.0
4.2
2.8
3.1
4.3
2.7

7.1

6.7

7.8

6.4

6.0

5.3

5.4

5.1

5.4

5.0

5.7

12.2

8.6

6.9

5.9

Nondurable goods_______________ _____
Food and kindred products ________
Tobacco manufactures_______ - . . .
Textile mill products___ _ ___________
Apparel and other textile products........
Paper and allied products___ ________
Printing and publishing________
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal products___ ___
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products_________

4.6
7.3
8.9
4.4
5.2
3.1
2.9
1.9
1.9
4.0
5.1

5.3
8.6
5.9
4.9
5.7
3.8
3.5
2.4
2.5
4.9
5.4

7.0
10.4
4.6
6.2
6.8
6.3
5.1
4.3
4.4
6.8
7.7

5.8
7.6
7.7
6.2
6.5
4.8
4.2
3.1
2.7
6.2
6.9

5.0
6.1
3.8
5.4
7.4
3.5
3.2
2.2
1.8
5.3
8.1

4.5
5.4
3.6
4.8
5.9
3.5
3.6
2.7
1.8
5.0
5.0

4.5
5.6
4.2
4.8
5.8
3.5
3.3
2.5
1.9
5.0
5.7

4.6
5.6
4.8
5.0
6.2
3.6
3.1
2.3
1.8
4.9
6.1

4.7
5.5
7.7
5.2
6.4
3.5
3.3
2.4
1.7
5.1
6.2

4.1
5.0
7.2
4.6
5.0
3.0
3.0
2.1
1.5
5.1
5.6

4.8
6.0
8.1
5.2
5.7
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.0
5.3
6.2

4.6
7.1
6.0
4.2
5.5
3.0
3.0
2.1
1.8
4.2
6.4

4.7
7.2
6.5
4.8
5.4
3.5
3.0
2.0
1.9
4.5
5.2

5.0
6.8
6.0
5.1
6.1
3.8
3.4
2.5
2.1
5.0
6.4

4.4
6.1
6.4
4.1
5.8
3.1
3.1
2.2
1.9
4.2
5.3

3.5
1.5

3.8
1.5

6.8
2.1

3.9
2.1

3.1
1.9

3.1
1.6

3.5
1.9

4.0
2.2

3.5
2.1

2.9
1.6

3.8
2.3

3.3
1.4

3.4
1.6

3.5
1.8

3.1
1.9

2.1

2.6

1.9

2 .6

4.0

N onmanufacturing:

Metal mining________
...
______
Coal m ining________________________

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing---- ----------------------------------

2.4

1.9
2.4

4.0
2.3

3.2
2.3

2.1

2.3

2.2

2 .2

2 .1

2 .4

2. 2

2.2
2.3

2.1
2.4

1.9
2.5

2.1
2.5

1.7
2.7

Durable goods________________
___
O r d n a n c e a n d accessories___ _
__
Lumber and wood products_____ . . .
Furniture and fixtures________
___
Stone, clay, and glass products... ___
Primary metal industries_______
Fabricated metal products_____
___
Machinery, except electrical____ _____
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment___________
Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_________________
______

1.7
1.1
3.4
2.9
1.9
1.1
2.1
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.4

2.2
1.7
4.4
3.7
2.4
1.4
2.6
1.6
2.1
1.8
2.3

3.6
2.8
7.0
5.4
4.2
2.8
4.2
2.8
3.3
2.9
3.2

2.9
2.2
5.4
5.0
3.5
2.1
3.6
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.4

1.8
1.5
3.8
3.4
2.2
1.2
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

2.1
1.6
4.1
3.3
2.4
1.4
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8

2.0
1.4
4.5
3.5
2.2
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6

2.0
1.6
4.1
3.7
2.0
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.6

2.0
1.5
3.7
3.8
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.7

1.7
1.3
2.9
3.1
1.6
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.6

1.9
1.2
3.1
3.5
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.7

1.5
2.6
2.7
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3

1.9
1.1
3.4
3.6
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.5

2.4
1. 5
4.5
4.3
2.4
1.7
2.8
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0

1.7
1.1
3.4
3.1
1.7
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4

2.6

3.6

5.6

4.3

2.8

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.5

2.7

2.6

3.9

3.6

2.6

Nondurable goods_____________ . . .
Food and kindred products_____ ___
Tobacco manufactures___ _ _________
Textile mill products___ ____________
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products....... _ . . . . .
Printing and publishing____
...
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal p r o d u c ts...--------Rubber and plastics products, nec........

2.1
2.6
1.8
2.8
2.4
1.7
1.7

4.6
6.4
3.2
4.6
4.1
4.7
3.6
2.9
2.6
4.6
5.3

3.7
4.5
3.1
4.6
3.9
3.2
2.8
1.9
1.5
4.1
4.8

2.5
3.0
1.6
3.2
3.0
1.9
1.9
1.1

2.6
2.9
1.7
3.3
2.8
2.2
2.2
1.3

2.5
2.8
1.7
3.4
3.0
2.1
2.0
1.3

2.4
2.5
1.6
3.4
2.8
2.1
1.9
1.2

2.4
2.5
1.7
3.3
2.8
2.1
2.0
1.2

2.1
2.2
1.7
2.8
2.5
1.7
1.8
1.0

2.4
2.5
1.9
3.1
2.9
2.0
2.0
1.1

1.9
2.2
1.6
2.3
2.1
1.6
1.6

2.4
2.9
1.8
2.9
2.8
2.1
1.8
1.0

2.8
3.2
1.9
3.5
3.3
2.4
2.2
1.4

2.2
3.1

2.8
3.7
2.8
3.4
3.0
2.3
2.1
1.2
1.0
2.8
3. 8

2.1
2.4
1.5
2.5
2.6
1.7
1-7
1.0
.7
2.1
3.0

1.4

1.7

.6

.6

5.5
.9

2.8
1.0

.9
.7

.9

.8

.9

.9

.7

.7

.7

.7

.9
.6

.6

.9

2.6
3.6

3.1
3.3

2.9
3.4

2.7
3.3

2.7
3. 2

2.4
3.0

2.5
3.6

2.0
2.9

2.7
3.4

3.1
4.1

1.7

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.1

1.3

.5

.6

.6

.7

1.4
.7

1.7

.8

.6

.6

.6

2.0
.7

N onmanufacturing:

Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining_____________ ________

See footnotes a t end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.7
.6

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

106
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1966

1965

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing..
______ ____ ______ . .
Seasonally adjusted__ ________ _

1.2

1.3
1.3

1.2
1.3

1.9

1.6

1.1
1.4

1.1
1.4

1.3
1.5

1.5
1.7

1.3
1.5

1.5
1.4

1.8
1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.4

1 .1

Durable goods.________ ______ _______
Ordnance and accessories________ . .
Lumber and wood products... ____
Furniture and fixtures______ _______
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery, except electrical.. _______
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipm ent-. .
. ___
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________________
_______

1.1
.4
1.2
.9
1.4
.6
1.0
.6
.8
1.6
.4

1 1
.7
1.2
.6
1.1
1.2
1.5
.8
.7
1.6
.5

1.1
.7
1.1
.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
.8
.7
1.8
.6

1.0
.6
1.8
.8
.9
.9
1.0
.8
.8
1.8
.6

2.0
.6
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.0
2.1
1.1
1.0
5.8
.7

1.1
.4
.8
1.2
1.2
.9
1.8
.9
.7
1.7
.4

1.0
.6
.9
1.2
1.2
.9
1.0
.6
1.1
1.4
.6

1.2
.9
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
.7
1.4
1.8
.7

1.5
.8
2.1
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.6
.8
1.9
1.9
.5

1.4
.5
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.0
1.9
.5
1.2
2.4
.5

1.5
.5
2.3
1.5
2.6
1.0
1.6
.5
1.2
2.7
.5

1.5
.2
3.1
1.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
.5
.7
1.9
.4

1.1
.4
3.0
1.0
1.8
.8
1.3
.4
.5
1.3
.3

1.1
.4
1.6
.8
1.3
.6
1.2
.5
.5
2.1
.4

1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.4
.6
.8
2.2
.6

3.6

1.7

1.0

1.0

2.2

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.6

2.0

8.6

3.5

2.1

2.3

1.7
3.9
6.3
.8
2.0
.6

1.5
3.0
.5
.7
1.9
.7
.8

1.2
2.3
3.6
.6
1.6
.6

1.3
2.0
2.0
.6
2.1
.5

1.4
2.3
2.5
.7
2.6

.7
.7

1.0
.9
1.3

.7

.3
1.0
1.5

.6
.5
.5
1.1
1.9

1.6
3.5
4.0
1.1
1.8
.6
.6
.5

1.4
2.8
3.5
.7
2.1
.5

.7

1.3
2.1
4.9
.9
1.7
.5
.6
.5
.4
1.7
1.7

2.1
4.2
3.6
1.2
2.8

.5
.6
.9
1.2

1.5
2.3
5.2
.9
2.8
.6
.6
.6
.4
1.3
2.0

1.6
2.7
5.6
1.2
1.9

.7

1.8
2.4
1.5
1.5
3.5
.7
.8
.6
.3
1.5
3.6

1.2
1.7
1.1
.6
2.3
.4

1.0

1.7
4.1
2.2
.6
2.0
.5
.8
.5
.8
.8
.8

1.3
.4

1.3
.3

.5
.6

.3
.5

.7
.6

.5
.7

.7
.8

1.0
1.2

.6
.9

.7
.5

Nondurable goods____________ _ _ ___
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products__________ ____
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied p ro d u cts_____ _ . . .
Printing and publishing_____________
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal products_________
Rubber and plastics products, nec_____
Leather and leather products..............
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining___ ______ _____________
Coal mining________________________

1.3

.7

.5
.8
.7

1.1

.7

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.8
.3
.8

.7

.7

.7

.8
.6

.9

.7

1.5
1.7

.8
1.3
2.7

1.1
.8

1.0
.5

.7

.7

1.6
2.9
4.4
.8
2.4
.8
.9

1.0

.6
.6
.9
1.4

.6
1.2
1.5

1.5
.5

.7
.6

.7

.7
.7

.7

.9

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence
of such stoppages.
2 Preliminary.

107

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

C.—Earnings and Hours
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
D ec. 2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
$103.25 $103.
Total private------ -----------------------------140.18 139.
Mining.............................................................
137.
Metal mining.............. ...............................
142.
Iron ores...................................................
128.
Copper o r e s ...----------------------------153.
Coal m in ing.---------- ----------------------155.
Bituminous coal and lignite mining.
133.
Oil and gas extraction______ _____ _
136.
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
130.
Oil and gas field services------------------132.
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels..........
132.
Crushed and broken stone__________
154.03 160.
Contract construction__________________
152.
General building contractors__________
158.
H eavy construction contractors_______
152.
Highway and street construction____
163.
Heavy construction, nec____________
167.
Special trade contractors__________
176.
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning...
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
150.
ing..............................................- ............
198.
Electrical w ork.......................... ..............
152.
Masonry, stonework, and plastering...
137.
Roofing and sheet metal work-----------

$103.
139.
136.
137.
127.
149.
151.
134.
136.
133.
135.
134.
160.
149.
162.
159.
165.
166.
176.
150.94
197. 79
149.99
135.59

$104.
139.
136.
142.
127.
150.
152.
132.
137.
129.
137.
136.
162.
151.
166.
167.
165.
168.
178.
152.
195.
153.
140.

$103.
138.
135.
139.
131.
151.
153.
131.
133.
129.
136.
135.
159.
148.
164.
164.
163.
163.
172.
149.97
189. 73
148. 61
136. 44

$103.
139.
136.
139.
140.
156.
157.
133.
138.
129.
133.
132.
157.
146.
161.
163.
159.
164.
170.

$

101.
136.
137.
134.
145.
154.
156.
127.
133.

122.

131.
131.
153.
142.
154.
151.
156.
160.
167.

150. 47
192. 23
149.03
136.82

146. 65
188. 46
147. 74
132.75

$100.06
134.09
135. 98
134.37
142.35
148. 37
151.07
127.75
132. 51
124.24
128. 03
127.84
149. 54
141.12
144. 32
139.88
148. 52
157. 81
165.46

$99.41
134. 51
137.05
137. 67
142. 35
148.45
150.78
129.63
135.71
125. 27
124. 65
122.89
147. 23
139. 32
139.48
131.60
146.28
155.86
164.74

$99.56
132.09
137. 60
139.40
143. 55
145.39
147.68
127. 75
131.78
123. 52
119.03
115.84
146.83
139.26
138.90
126.86
147.75
154.64
164.35

$99. 30
131.14
136.00
136. 31
142.46
146.10
148.40
126.42
133.42
121.26
116.72
110.16
143.60
135.84
139. 26
127.40
147.45
150.73
162. 26

$99.70
134.09
136.00
138.65
142.79
153.38
155.77
127. 50
135. 62
120.96
119. 30
115.14
149.14
141.21
142. 56
130.28
150.88
157.14
166. 53

$99.97
133.45
136. 53
136.86
144.21
155.91
158. 30
124.91
129.65
121. 39
120. 94
120.19
148.83
141. 21
142. 04
129.75
151. 62
156.09
165. 36

130. 66
133.77
138.09
140.07
145.95
148.44
122. 69
128.11
118.63
123.39
123.45
145.89
136.49
145.14
142.80
147.97
153.22
161.44

$95.06
123. 52
127.30
129.24
136. 71
137. 51
140.26
116.18
123. 62
110. 31
117.45
116. 58
138. 38
128.16
137.90
136. 36
140.00
145. 39
152.47

145.40
187. 50
144.01
127. 53

140. 54
184.89
141. 45
122.88

140. 54
184. 78
138.58
118.72

138.80
181. 45
127. 00
116. 29

140.70
185.81
138. 43
125.25

141.60
186. 44
140.22
125.21

139. 59
179.79
138.75
123. 50

134. 61
170.28
133. 21
117. 30

Average weekly hours
Total private________________________
Mining.........................................................
Metal mining_________________ _____
Iron ores____________ _______ - .........
Copper ores______________________
Coal m in ing.. . ' . . . ------- ---------------Bituminous coal and lignite m ining_
Oil and gas extraction_______________
Oil and gas field services__________
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels----Crushed and broken stone________
Contract construction________________
General building contractors________
H eavy construction contractors______
Highway and street construction__
H eavy construction, nec.....................
Special trade contractors____________

38.1
43.0

36.5

Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
ing---------------------- ------------- Electrical work.................. ..............
Roofing and sheet metal work.

43.4
41.4
45.0
46,4
48.0
38.7
37.1
42.9
44.2
41.4
37.7
38.9

38.3
42.8
42.3
41.1
43.7
41.4
41.7
42.1
40.5
43.4
46.3
48.0
38.2
36.7
42.0
42.9
41.0
37.3
38.6

37.9
42.3
42.1
41.6
43.4
40.1
40.5
42.3
40.4
43.9
45.4
47.0
37.2
36. 0
40.2
40.9
39. 5
36.7
38.3

37.8
42.3
42.3
42.1
43.4
39.8
40.1
42.5
41.0
43.8
45. 0
46.2
36.9
36.0
39.4
40.0
38.8
36.5
38.4

38.0
41.8
42.6
42.5
43.9
39.4
39.7
42.3
40.3
43.8
43. 6
44.9
36.8
35.8
39.8
40.4
39.4
36.3
38.4

37.9
41.5
42.5
42.2
43.7
39.7
40.0
42.0
40.8
43.0
42.6
43.2
35.9
35.1
38.9
39.2
38.7
35.3
38.0

38.2
42.3
42.5
42.4
43.8
40.9
41.1
42.5
41.6
43.2
43.7
44.8
37.1
36.3
39.6
39.6
39.6
36.8
39.0

38.6
42.5
42.4
41.6
44.1
41.8
42.1
42.2
40.9
43.2
44.3
45.7
37.3
36.3
39.9
39.8
39.9
36.9
39.0

38.7
42.7
42.2
42.1
43.5
40.3
40.6
42.6
40.8
44.1
45.7
47.3
37.6
36.3
41.0
42.0
40.1
37.1
38.9

38.8
42.3
41.6
40.9
43.4
39.9
40.2
42.4
40.8
43.6
45.7
47.2
37.4
36.1
40.8
41.7
40.0
36.9
38.6

36.7
39.8
35.4
36.1

36.3
39.1
35.6
35.4

35.9
38.9
34.7
34.1

35.4
38.6
34.5
33.3

35.4
38.9
33.8
32.0

34.7
38.2
30.9
31.6

35.0
39.2
33.6
33.4

35.4
39.5
34.2
33.3

35.7
39.0
34.6
34.4

35.8
38.7
34.6
34.5

38.1
43.0
41.8
42.4
40.8
41.4
41.7
42.8
40.8
44.3
45.7
47.5
38.3
37.3
41.8
42.2
41.5
37.4
39.1

38.1
42.9
41.5
41.3
40.5
40.1
40.3
43.4
40.8
45.4
46.3
47.7
38.1
36.5
42.2
42.9
41.6
37.1
39.1

38.4
43.0
41.6
42.5
40.3
40.4
40.6
42.9
40.9
44.6
46.8
48.5
38.9
37.2
43.1
44. 3
41. 7
37.9
39.5

38.6
43.2
41.6
42.0
41.4
40.9
41.1
43.0
40.4
45.1
47.0
48.5
38.8
37.3
43.2
44.4
41.8
37. 6
39.0

38.5
43.3
42.1
42.6
42.9

35.7
39.6
35.4
34.9

35.6
39.4
34.8
34.5

36.5
39.2
36.0
36.2

36.4
39.2
35.3
36.0

Average hourly earnings

Total private................................................
Mining................................. ..........................
Metal mining..........................................
Iron ores......... .........................................
Copper ores............ ........ .......................
Coal mining................................................
Bituminous coal and lignite mining___
Oil and gas extraction________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services........................
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels...........
Crushed and broken stone__________
Contract construction.......... .........................
General building contractors__________
Heavy construction contractors________
Highway and street construction..........
Heavy construction, nec.... ....................
Special trade contractors______________
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
ing................... ................... ................
Electrical work...... ..................................
Masonry, stonework, and plastering__
Roofing and sheet metal work...............
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.71
3.26

4.22

3.08
3.35
2.88
2.87
2.77
4.08
3.94
3.76
3.69
3.86
4.35
4.39

$2.66
3.19
3.25
3. 27
3.32
3. 72
3. 75
3. 03
3.29
2.83
2.85
2. 73
4.02
3. 87
3.67
3. 54
3.82
4. 30
4.34

$2.64
3.17
3. 23
3.23
3.28
3. 70
3.73
3. 02
3.28
2.83
2.82
2. 72
4. 02
3.92
3. 59
3.42
3.76
4. 30
4.32

$2.63
3.18
3.24
3.27
3.28
3. 73
3. 76
3.05
3. 31
2.86
2. 77
2. 66
3.99
3. 87
3.54
3.29
3. 77
4.27
4.29

$2.62
3.16
3.23
3.28
3.27
3.69
3.72
3. 02
3.27
2. 82
2.73
2.58
3.99
3.89
3.49
3.14
3. 75
4.26
4.28

$2.62
3.16
3.20
3.23
3.26
3.68
3.71
3. 01
3.27
2. 82
2.74
2. 55
4.00
3.87
3.58
3. 25
3.81
4.27
4.27

$2.61
3.17
3.20
3.27
3.26
3.75
3.79
3.00
3.26
2.80
2.73
2. 57
4.02
3.89
3.60
3.29
3.81
4. 27
4.27

$2.59
3.14
3.22
3.29
3.27
3.73
3.76
2.96
3.17
2.81
2.73
2.63
3.99
3.89
3. 56
3. 26
3. 80
4.23
4. 24

$2. 55
3. 06
3.17
3.28
3.22
3.62
3.65
2.88
3.14
2.69
2.70
2. 61
3.88
3.76
3. 54
3. 40
3.69
4.13
4.15

$2.45
2.92
3. 06
3.16
3.15
3. 46
3.49
2.74
3.03
2.53
2.57
2.47
3.70
3. 55
3.38
3.27
3. 50
3.94
3.95

4.10
4.83
4.21
3.79

4.04
4. 82
4.15
3. 75

4.05
4.82
4.15
3. 74

3.97
4. 79
4.10
3.69

3.97
4. 75
4.10
3.71

4.00
4.75
4.11
3.68

4. 02
4. 74
4.12
3.75

4.00
4. 72
4.10
3.76

3.91
4. 61
4. 01
3.59

3.76
4.40
3.85
3.40

$2.72
3.24
3.29
3.36
3.14
3. 71
3.74
3.11
3.34
2.94
2.90
2.79
4.20
4.10
3. 78
3.62
3.94
4.48
4.52

$2. 71
3.24
3.29
3.34
3.16
3.72
3. 75
3.10
3.35
2.93
2.93
2.81
4.21
4.09
3.84
3.72
3.98
4.48
4. 52

$2. 71
3. 24
3.29
3. 36
3.17
3. 73
3. 76
3.10
3. 36
2.91
2.93
2. 81
4.18
4.06
3. 87
3.77
3.98
4.44
4. 51

$2.68
3.20
3.25
3.33
3.17
3.71
3. 74
3.05
3.30
2.87
2.90
2.79
4.10
3.97
3.80
3.71
3.92
4.36
4.42

$2.68
3.22
3.24
3.28
3.28

4.21
5.02
4.30
3.94

4.24
5.02
4.31
3.93

4.19
4.99
4. 27
3.89

4.12
4.84
4. 21
3.79

108

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Industry
Dec.2 N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing. ________________________ $119.19 $116.81 $116.28^116.57 $114. 77 $113.65 $114. 49 $113. 52 $112. 56 $112. 44 $111.88 $113.42 $114.40 $112. 34 $107. 53
Durable goods____________________ 128.44 125.66 125.44 126.05 123. 30 122. 40 123.19 122.89 121.18 121. 36 120.77 122.84 124.62 122. 09 117.18
Nondurable goods_________________ 106.13 105.06 104.14 104.66 102.80 102.03 101.63 100. 73 100.22 100. 08 99.18 99.65 100.25 98.49 94.44
Ordnance and accessories__ __ _. ______ 140.10 139. 68
Ammunition, except for small arms___ 141. 79 140.95
123.84
Sighting and fire control equipment___
Other ordnance and accessories. ____ 138.14 137.28

137.43
137.19
132.26
138.14

138.65
138.93
135.38
137.92

135.11
135.29
133.25
133.46

134.05
134. 64
137.15
131.99

132.25
131. 46
134. 96
133. 56

134.08
133. 72
135 98
133. 73

132.48
131. 46
140 51
133.22

133. 54
134. 55
137 60
130.20

133.22
134. 23
137 70
129.58

136. 63
135. 71
139 43
138. 03

Lumber and wood products____________ 98.25 99.80 99.55 99.72 96.88 96.64 97.27 95.18 94.77 93.09
Sawmills and planing m ills .................... 91.25 93.43 93. 61 94.48 93. 61 91.37 91.98 89.02 88.84 88.22
Millwork, plywood, & related products. 106.55 106. 71 106.30 106. 55 106. 40 103.68 103. 63 102. 41 103.41 101. 09
Wooden containers__________________
84.05 83.64 83.03 83.62 81.80 80.60 81.60 80. 36 79. 56 77.76
Miscellaneous wood products..... ............. 93.89 93.48 93.48 93.48 91. 76 90.85 91.88 90.20 89.35 88. 56

91.08
86.24
99. 70
76.00
86.83

90.80
85.75
99.38
75.44
86.88

138. 02 134.94 131.15
135.38 134.55 135. 66
135 46
143.28 135! 25 12l! 93
90.80
84. 53
99.47
76.36
88.37

91.80
86.07
99. 70
75.53
87.34

88.75
82.42
96.93
72.92
84.67

Furniture and fixtures_________________ 98.95 97.34 97.82 97.41 95.06 92.40 93.09 91. 25 90. 46 90.74 90.12 90.63 93. 79 91. 72 88.19
Household furniture_________________ 94.43 92.66 92.89 92.03 88.88 85.89 86.76 84.41 84.24 84.71 83.89 83.95 87.76 85.49 83.21
Office furniture .
_
......
112.83 112.14 114. 44 110.56 113.01 108 94 110 12 110 24 109 82 n o 5 i 114 01 115 61 112 32 104 06
Partitions and fixtures.
.
. . . _. ..
116.64 118.37 120.80 121.82 114.74 118.28 116. 69 113. 65 113 12 113 55 114 95 117 04 115 92 112 86
Other furniture and fixtures__________ 102.91 101.60 101.96 102 97 100.60 98.57 101.09 100.45 99.14 97.68 9L 10 95.75 101.10 97. 90 92! 18
Average weekly hours
Manufacturing__________________________
Durable goods.......... ...............................
Nondurable goods. _______________

41.1
41.7
40.2

40.7
41.2
40.1

40.8
41.4
39.9

40.9
41.6
40.1

40.7
41.1
40.0

40.3
40.8
39.7

40.6
41.2
39.7

40.4
41.1
39.5

40.2
40.8
39.3

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.1
40.8
39.2

40.8
41.5
39.7

41.3
42.1
40.1

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.2
42.0
40.1

Ordnance and accessories______________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment. . .
Other ordnance and accessories. _____

42.2
42.2
42.9

42.2
42.2
37.3
42.9

41.9
41.7
39.6
42.9

42.4
42.1
41.4
43.1

41.7
41.5
41.0
42.1

41.5
41.3
42. 2
41.9

41.2
40.7
41 4
42.4

41.9
41.4
42 1
43.0

41.4
40.7
43 1
42.7

41.6
41.4
42 6
42.0

41.5
41.3
42 5
41.8

42.3
41.5
42 9
44.1

42.6
41.4
42 2
45.2

42.3
41.4
41 8
4 4 .2

41.0
42.0
40 6
41.9

Lumber and wood products___________
Sawmills and planing m ills___________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood products. ______

40.6
40.2
41.3
41.0
41.0

40.9
40.8
41.2
40.6
41.0

40.8
40.7
41.2
40.5
41.0

40.7
40.9
41.3
40.2
41.0

40.2
40.7
41.4
40.1
40.6

40.1
39.9
40.5
40.3
40.2

40.7
40.7
40.8
40.8
41.2

40.5
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.0

40.5
40.2
41.2
40.8
40.8

40.3
40.1
40.6
40.5
41.0

39.6
39.2
40.2
40.0
40.2

40.0
39.7
40.4
41.0
40.6

40.0
39.5
40.6
41.5
41.1

40.8
40.6
41.2
41.5
41.2

40.9
40.6
41.6
41.2
41.3

Furniture and fixtures_________________
Household furniture_________________

41.4
41.6

Other furniture and fixtures_________

40.2

40.9
41.0
42.1
40.5
40.0

41.1
41.1
42.0
41.1
40.3

41.1
40.9
42.7
41.8
40.7

40.8
40.4
42.2
42.3
41.4

40.0
39.4
43.3
40.4
40.9

40.3
39.8
41 9
41 5
41.6

39.5
38.9
41 4
40 8
4L 0

39.5
39.0
41 6
40 3
4o! 8

39.8
39.4
41 6
40 4
4o! 7

39.7
39.2
41 7
40 7
40.8

40.1
39.6
42 7
41 2
40.4

41.5
41.2
43 3
41 8
42.3

41.5
41.1
43 2
42. 0
42.2

41.6
41.4
42 3
41. 8
41.9

Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing. _. _ ____________________
Durable goods_____________________
Nondurable goods_______________

$2.90
3.08
2.64

$2.87
3.05
2.62

$2.85
3.03
2.61

$2.85
3.03
2.61

$2.82
3.00
2.57

$2.82
3.00
2.57

$2.82
2.99
2. 56

$2.81
2.99
2. 55

$2.80
2.97
2. 55

$2.79
2.96
2. 54

$2.79
2.96
2.53

$2.78
2.96
2. 51

$2.77
2.96
2. 50

$2.72
2.90
2.45

$2.61
2. 79
2.36

Ordnance and accessories............. .. ........
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment. . .
Other ordnance and accessories_______

3.32
3.36
3.22

3.31
3.34
3.32
3.20

3.28
3.29
3.34
3.22

3.27
3.30
3.27
3.20

3.24
3. 26
3.25
3.17

3.23
3.26
3.25
3.15

3.21
3.23
3. 26
3.15

3.20
3.23
3 23
3.11

3.20
3.23
3 26
3.12

3.21
3. 25
3 23
3.10

3.21
3.25
3 24
3.10

3.23
3.27
3 25
3.13

3.24
3.27
3 21
3.17

3.19
3.25
3.13
3.06

3.13
3.23
3.13
2.91

Lumber and wood produ cts........... ...........
Sawmills and planing m ills__________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood products. _____

2.42
2.27
2.58
2.05
2.29

2.44
2.29
2.59
2.06
2.28

2.44
2.30
2.58
2.05
2.28

2.45
2.31
2.58
2.08
2.28

2.41
2.30
2.57
2.04
2.26

2.41
2.29
2.56

2. 39
2. 26
2.54

2.35

2.34

2.31

2.30

2 . 21

2 .2 0

2 .2 0

2 .0 0

2 .0 0

2.26

2. 51
1.96

2.23

2 .2 0

2.27
2.16
2. 46
1.84
2.14

2.27
2.14
2. 45
1.84
2.15

2.25

2 .2 2

2 .1 2

2.17
2.03
2.33
1.77
2.05

Furniture and fixtures_________________
Household furniture ________________
Office furniture____ _____ .
Partitions and fixtures .
Other furniture and fixtures__ _______

2.39
2.27

2.38
2.26

2.37
2.25

2.33
2. 62

2 .8 8

2.54

2.53

2.89
2.53

2. 31
2.18
2 60

2 .2 6
2 .1 2

2 .6 8

2.43

2.31
2.18
2,61
2.84
2 . 41

2. 31
2.17

2 .6 8
2 .8 8

2.38
2.26
2. 67

2.26
2.13
2 67
2.80
2.39

2.08
2. 60
2.76
2.32

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.56

2 .2 0
2 .8 8

2 86

2 66
2 86

2. 43

2. 45

2. 51
1.95
2.19
2.29
2.16
2 65
2 82
2.43

2.49
1.92
2.16
2.28
2.15
2 64
2 80
2 . 40

2.48
1.90
2.16
2.27
2.14
2 65
2 79
2 . 38

2 67
2 79
2.37

2 .1 2

2.42
1.82
2 .2 1

2 .1 2
2 . 01

2.46
2.70
2 .2 0

109

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

Average w eekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products-------------- $120.35 $122. 67 $121.25 $121.11
165.35 157.56 154. 76
GlasiTand glassware, pressed or blow n. _ 118.90 118.08 116.52 114. 29
Cement, hydraulic-------- ------ ------------ 138.42 143.72 137.78 136.95
Structural clay products---------------- - - - 100.44 101.93 101. 76 102.01
107. 60 103.88 103.62
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod121.54
128.76 129.34 132.24
ucts-------- --------------------------- --Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
122.06
120.35 120. 51
123.48
products...... ..............................................
Primary metal industries---------------------Blast furnace and basic steel products.Iron and steel foundries______________
Nonferrous metals ______________ . . .
Nonferrous rolling and drawing---------Nonferrous foundries---- ------ -----------Miscellaneous primary metal products.

142.61
149.24
134.62
138. 98
138.99
123.00
150.12

140.83
147.33
130.41
139.63
136.96
120. 69
149.94

137.90
142.88
128.96
138.13
135.15
120.69
145.20

138. 58
145. 89
127. 51
138. 22
134.93
120.07
146.20

$119.99 $118.01 $117.46 $116. 62 $115.23 $113. 70 $112.19 $113.71
151. 79 147.33 152. 46 149. 56 150.33 149. 24 150. 28 152. 64
113.20 114. 45 113.93 113.93 113. 24 115. 34 112. 59 114.26
131. 61 132.07 130. 70 130. 41 132.70 129.02 128.70 130.79
100. 45 100.04 100. 45 99. 72 99.55 97.77 96.07 95.92
102.83 99. 46 102. 57 102. 31 103.22 101. 26 100. 22 101.12

$115.23 $114.24
155.06 153.36
114. 68 111.93
131. 65 132. 61
96.48 97.00
101. 75 98.85

$110.04
149. 60
106.25
124. 42
94.02
95.12

130. 87 127.80 124. 60 121.05 116. 57 113.40 111.38 112. 44 114.90 117. 65 113.08
119.81 117.67 117.99 117. 71 116. 60 114.93 113.65 115. 36 116.76 115.64 110. 62
137.50
144. 00
128. 54
135.98
131.46
120. 66
146. 62

136.27
143.47
125.44
133.54
132.51
117.41
143.15

136.12
141. 55
128.74
134. 20
132. 71
119.95
143.85

134. 64
141. 20
125.86
131.88
130.09
120.95
144.14

133. 57
139. 35
123.11
132. 51
130. 40
117. 68
142.27

135.38
142. 31
124. 73
131.15
131.24
117. 27
147. 70

134.97
140.80
125.44
130. 21
133. 65
119. 25
148.12

138.69
144. 02
129.20
132. 60
136. 66
121.30
150. 66

137. 61
140.45
131.63
131.86
138.03
123. 77
152.14

138.09
144. 73
128. 57
129. 98
136. 27
120. 56
150.25

133.88
140.90
125.72
124.44
130. 07
113. 97
143. 52

40.9
41.0
40 9
40.7
40.4
39.4

40.5
41.4
40.5
40.6
39.7
39.3

41.2
42.4
41.4
41.0
39.8
39.5

41.6
42.6
41.4
41.4
40.2
39.9

42.0
42.6
41.0
41.7
41.1
39.7

42.0
42.5
40.4
41.2
41.6
39.8
44.0

Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products—. ..............

41.5

Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n ..
Cement, hydraulic....................... ..........
Structural clay products.......................

41.0
42.2
40.5

42.3
43.4
41.0
42.9
41.1
40.3

42.1
42.7
40.6
41.5
41.2
39.8

42.2
42.4
40.1
41.5
41.3
39.7

42.1
41.7
40.0
41.0
41.0
39.4

41.7
40.7
40.3
41.4
41.0
38.4

41.8
42.0
40.4
41.1
41.0
39.3

41.5
41.2
40.4
41.4
40.7
39.5

41.3
41.3
40.3
41.6
40.8
39.7

Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products............................................................Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products------ ------ --------------- ---------

42.2

44.4

44.6

45.6

45.6

45.0

44.5

43.7

42.7

42.0

41.1

41.8

42.4

43.9

42.0

41.8

41.5

41.7

41.6

41.0

41.4

41.3

41.2

40.9

40.3

41.2

41.7

41.9

41.9

Primary metal industries- ____ . . . . . .
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries..................... ... .
Nonferrous metals___________________
Nonferrous rolling and draw ing.______
Nonferrous foundries... ________ ___
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

41.7
41.0
42.2
42.5
43.3
41.0
41.7

41.3
40.7
41.4
42.7
42.8
40.5
42.0

40.8
39.8
41.6
42.5
42.5
40.5
40.9

41.0
40.3
41.4
42.4
42.7
40.7
41.3

40.8
40.0
41.6
42.1
42.0
40.9
41.3

40.8
40.3
41.4
41.6
42.2
39.8
40.9

41.0
40.1
41.8
42.2
42.4
40.8
41.1

40.8
40.0
41.4
42.0
42.1
41.0
41.3

40.6
39.7
40.9
42.2
42.2
40.3
41.0

40.9
40.2
41.3
41.9
42.2
40.3
42.2

40.9
40.0
41.4
41.6
42.7
40.7
42.2

41.9
40.8
42.5
42.5
43.8
41.4
42.8

41.7
39.9
43.3
42.4
44.1
42.1
43.1

42.1
41.0
43.0
42.2
44.1
42.3
43.3

42.1
41.2
43.5
41.9
43.5
41.9
43.1

$2.62
3. 52
2.63
3.02
2.26
2.39

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products_________

$2.90

Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n..
Cement, hydraulic_____ . . ----------Structural clay products ------- ------

2.90
3.28
2.48

$2.88
3.69
2.87
3.32
2.47
2.61

$2.87
3.65
2.85
3.30
2.47
2.61

• Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products________________ _______ ______
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products__________________________

$2.90
3.81
2.88
3.35
2.48
2.67

2.88

2.90

2.90

2.94

2.92

2.90

Primary metal industries______________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries.................. .........
Nonferrous m etals.. _____ _______ .
Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______
Nonferrous foundries— ______ ______
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

3.42
3.64
3.19
3.27
3.21
3.00
3.60

3.41
3.62
3.15
3.27
3.20
2.98
3.57

3.38
3.59
3.10
3.25
3.18
2.98
3.55

See footnotes at end of table.

2 8 5 -7 9 6 O

68 - 8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 81
3.63
2.82
3.15
2. 45
2.59

$2.79
3.64
2.81
3.19
2. 44
2.6C

$2.78
3.64
2.82
3.17
2. 42
2.57

$2.77
3.63
2.78
3.17
2.42
2.55

$2.76
3.6C
2.76
3.19
2.41
2.56

$2.77
3.64
2.77
3.18
2.40
2. 55

$2.72
3.60
2.73
3.18
2.36
2.49

2.80

2.77

2.73

2.7C

2.71

2.69

2.71

2.68

2. 57

2.85

2.85

2.83

2.81

2.82

2.80

2.80

2.76

2.64

3.32
3.53
3.08
3.18
3.13
2.94
3.50

3.30
3.53
3.04
3.14
3.09
2.95
3.49

3.29
3. 51
3.01
3.14
3.09
2.92
3.47

3.31
3.54
3.02
3.13
3.11
2.91
3.50

3.30
3. 52
3.03
3.13
3.13
2.93
3.51

3.31
3.53
3.04
3.12
3.12
2.93
3.52

3.30
3.52
3.04
3.11
3.13
2.94
3.53

3.28
3. 53
2.99
3.08
3.09
2.85
3.47

3.18
2.42
2.89
2.97
2.99
2.72
3.33

$2.85
3.64
2.83
3.21
2.45
2. 61

$2.83
3.62
2.84
3.19
2. 44
2.59

$2.81
3.63
2.82
3.18
2.45
2.61

2.90

2.87

2.84

2.89

2.88

2.87

3.38
3.62
3.08
3.26
3.16
2.95
3.54

3.37
3.60
3.09
3.23
3.13
2.95
3. 55

3.34
3.56
3.03
3.21
3.14
2.95
3.50

110

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Industry
D ec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products_____________
Metal cans__________ _____ ______ ___
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products _.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stampings____________________
Metal services, nec__________________
Misc. fabricated wire products________
Misc. fabricated metal products..............

122.43
117.22
124. 61
129.26
135.53
109.48
115. 79
124.86

Machinery, except electrical____________
Engines and turbines________________
Farm machinery____________________
Construction and related m achin ery...
Metal working machinery____________
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery________
Office and computing machines_______
Service industry machines__________ _
Misc. machinery, except electrical_____

139.20 137.05 135.46
149.10 142.45 144. 67
125.53 124.43
137.25 135.86 131.87
157.44 155.14 153.47
133.30 130.78 128. 71
137.80 134.92 133.76
135.26 133.35 131.46
124.20 121.47 119.95
135.10 133.42 133.61

$125.22
147.90
120.06
116.12
124.92
131.07
131.93
108.67
114.54
122.84

$124.38 $126. 00
144.48 148. 58
121.01 122.01
116.97 117.01
124.80 126.42
128. 70 128.87
132.19 136. 21
108.00 109. 20
112.19 112. 20
122.25 123. 02
136.10
148. 75
126.40
133.02
153.28
128.29
133.14
132. 72
121. 84
132. 62

$123.55
147. 50
117.96
113.93
124.15
125.67
133.12
109.20
110.16
119.72
132.82
141.86
125. 06
130.82
150.33
124. 80
132.40
129.90
117.62
130.42

$121.66 $122.84 $123.26
150. 75 147.84 147.94
113. 20 114. 62 116.16
111.72 113.81 111.56
121.84 122. 43 122.13
123.52 125.83 125.24
133. 63 134. 72 136.31
106.80 109. 06 108. 26
103.94 111.25 110. 03
118.15 118.20 119.77
133. 24
139. 26
123.80
129. 56
151. 80
125.10
132. 09
130.10
119.19
129.08

134.09
140.15
126. 32
129.78
153. 53
126.90
132.93
129. 78
117.96
130.90

134.30
141.93
128.30
130.73
154.35
126.78
133.88
128.34
118.24
129. 60

$121. 54 $120.72 $120.83 $122.89
143. 38 142.86 137.12 137.85
115.30 115.46 114. 74 116.60
110.88 109.14 108.31 109.02
121.25 122.13 121. 42 123.31
125.27 128.33 129.95 131.26
131.02 125.02 127.08 131.25
107.98 108. 39 106.92 108.21
108. 54 109. 75 108.27 111.10
119. 07 120.35 118.78 121. 51
134.82
142.27
130.38
130.52
156. 07
128.14
132. 29
130. 20
115.83
129.17

$124. 53 $121. 69 $116.20
139.40 140. 40 137.49
117.03 114. 54 111.64
111.35 110.16 105.06
125.83 120.83 114.26
133.18 128.13 120.73
133.76 133.61 129.03
109.20 107.26 100.43
112.71 110.88 104.92
121.09 119.43 113.84

136.20
146.20
135.14
131.57
156.29
128.01
133. 65
130.51
117.83
129.47

135.88
143.72
136.21
130.83
156. 52
127.41
131. 66
129.58
116.52
130.80

137.03
143. 48
136. 40
131.35
157. 42
129. 65
136.47
131. 75
115.26
133.20

138. 60
154.51
132.29
134. 08
157.17
132.61
138.92
133.85
119.81
132.46

134.90
142.95
129.89
133.92
153.72
127.16
135.21
131.33
117.18
128.91

127. 58
133.44
121. 72
126.39
144. 37
120.22

126.56
127.20
112.19
121.21

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products_____________
Metal cans__________________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stampings____________________
Metal services, nec................................... .
Misc. fabricated wire products________
Misc. fabricated metal products_______

41.7
44.1
41.5
40.7
41.4
42.8
41.7
40.7
41.5
41.9

41.6
43.5
41.4
40.6
41.5
43.4
41.1
40.7
41.2
41.5

41.6
43.0
41.3
40.9
41.6
42.9
42.1
40.3
40.5
41.3

42.0
43.7
41.5
41.2
42.0
43.1
42.7
40.9
40.8
41.7

41.6
43.9
41.1
40.4
41.8
42.6
41.6
40.9
40.5
41.0

41.1
44.6
40.0
39.9
41.3
42.3
41.5
40.0
40.2
40.6

41.5
44.0
40.5
40.5
41.5
42.8
42.1
41.0
40.9
40.9

41.5
43.9
40.9
39.7
41.4
42.6
42.2
40.7
40.6
41.3

41.2
42.8
40.6
39.6
41.1
42.9
41.2
40.9
40.5
41.2

41.2
42.9
40.8
39.4
41.4
43.8
40.2
40.9
40.8
41.5

41.1
41.3
40.4
39.1
41.3
44.2
40.6
40.5
40.4
41.1

41.8
41.9
41.2
39.5
41.8
44.8
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.9

42.5
42.5
41.5
40.2
42.8
45.3
42.6
42.0
41.9
41.9

42.4
43.2
41.5
40.5
42.1
44.8
43.1
41.9
42.0
42.2

42.1
43.1
41.5
40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41.7

Machinery, except electrical____________
Engines and turbines________________
Farm machinery____________________
Construction and related machinery__
Metal working machinery____________
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery________
Office and computing m achin es...
Service industry machines________
Misc. machinery, except electrical.

42.7
42.0

42.3
40.7
39.6
41.8
44.2
42.6
41.9
42.2
40.9
42.9

42.2
41.1
39.5
41.6
44.1
42.2
41.8
42.0
40.8
43.1

42.4
42.5
40.0
41.7
44.3
42.2
42.0
42.0
41.3
43.2

41.9
41.0
39.7
41.4
43.7
41.6
41.9
41.5
40.7
42.9

41.9
40.6
39.3
41.0
44.0
41.7
41.8
41.3
41.1
42.6

42.3
41.1
40.1
41.2
44.5
42.3
42.2
41.2
41.1
43.2

42.5
41.5
40.6
41.5
45.0
42.4
42.5
41.4
41.2
43.2

42.8
41.6
41.0
41.7
45.5
43.0
42.4
42.0
40.5
43.2

43.1
42.5
42.1
41.9
45.7
43.1
42.7
42.1
41.2
43.3

43.0
41.9
42.3
41.8
45.9
42.9
42.2
41.8
40.6
43.6

43.5
42.2
42.1
42.1
46.3
43.8
43.6
42.5
40.3
44.4

44.0
44.4
41.6
42.7
46.5
44.8
44.1
42.9
41.6
44.6

43.8
42.8
41.9
43.2
46.3
44.0
43.9
42.5
41.7
44.3

43.1
41.7
41.4
42.7
45.4
43.4
42.9
42.4
41.4
43.6

42.1
44. 6
43.0
42.4
42.4
41.4
43.3

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products_____
Metal cans_____ ______ __________ ” ’
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products. _
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings_______________ «__
Metal services, nec...... ....................
Misc. fabricated wire products................
Misc. fabricated metal products.............

$3.03
3.43
2.95
2.88
3.01
3.02
3.25
2.69
2.79
2.98

$3.01
3.40
2.90
2.86
3.01
3.02
3.21
2.67
2.78
2.96

$2.99
3.36
2.93
2.86
3.00
3.00
3.14
2.68
2.77
2.96

$3.00
3.40
2.94
2.84
3.01
2.99
3.19
2.67
2.75
2.95

$2.97
3.36
2.87
2.82
2.97
2.95
3.20
2.67
2.72
2.92

$2.96
3.38
2.83
2.80
2.95
2.92
3.22
2. 67
2. 71
2.91

$2.96
3.36
2.83
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.20
2.66
2. 72
2.89

$2.97
3.37
2.84
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.23
2.66
2. 71
2.90

$2.95
3.35
2.84
2.80
2.95
2.92
3.18
2.64
2.68
2.89

$2.93
3.33
2.83
2.77
2.95
2.93
3.11
2.65
2.69
2.90

$2.94
3.32
2.84
2.77
2.94
2.94
3.13
2.64
2.68
2.89

$2.94
3.29
2.83
2.76
2.95
2.93
3.14
2.62
2.69
2.90

$2.93
3.28
2.82
2.77
2.94
2.94
3.14
2.60
2.69
2.89

$2.87
3.25
2.76
2.72
2.87
2.86
3.10
2.56
2.64
2.83

$2.76
3.19
2.69
2.62
2.74
2. 75
2.98
2.42
2.51
2.73

Machinery, except electrical-.
Engines and turbines____________
Farm machinery______ ______ _______
Construction and related machinery
Metal working machinery. _
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery.... ..........
Office and computing machines
Service industry machines_____
Misc. machinery, except electrical

3.26
3.55

3.24
3.50
3.17
3.25
3.51
3.07
3.22
3.16
2.97
3.11

3.21
3.52
3.15
3.17
3.48
3.05
3.20
3.13
2.94
3.10

3.21
3. 50
3.16
3.19
3. 46
3. 04
3.17
3.16
2.95
3.07

3.17
3.46
3.15
3.16
3.44
3.00
3.16
3.13
2.89
3.04

3.18
3.43
3.15
3.16
3.45
3.00
3.16
3.15
2.90
3.03

3.17
3.41
3.15
3.15
3.45
3.00
3.15
3.15
2.87
3.03

3.16
3.42
3.16
3.15
3.43
2.99
3.15
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3.42
3.18
3.13
3.43
2.98
3.12
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3. 44
3.21
3.14
3.42
2.97
3.13
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3.43
3.22
3.13
3.41
2.97
3.12
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3.40
3.24
3.12
3. 40
2.96
3.13
3.10
2.86
3.00

3.15
3.48
3.18
3.14
3.38
2.96
3.15
3.12
2.88
2.97

3.08
3.34
3.10
3.10
3.32
2.89
3.08
3.09
2.81
2.91

2.96
3.20
2.94
2.96
3.18
2.77
2.95
3.00
2.71
2.78

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.26
3.53
3.10
3.25
3.19
3.00
3.12

111

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
$116.28
Electrical equipment and supplies----Electric test & distributing equipment— 126.24
122.25
Electrical industrial apparatus------____
Household appliances. .......................
Electric lighting and wiring equipment . 108.14
97.27
Radio and TV receiving equipm ent...
130.21
Communication equipment-------------98.55
Electronic components and accessories.
Misc. Electrical equipment & supplies. 126.88
Transportation equipment.......................
Motor vehicles and equipment.............
Aircraft and parts------------------ ------ Ship and boat building and repairing .
Railroad equipm ent________ _______
Other transportation equipment--------

$115.18 $114. 09
124.80 123.26
120.54 119.54
128.74 126.38
106.40: 104.28
95.99 ! 98.49
128.44 127.82
97.511 96.38
123.93: 120.54

150.88 140.59!
137.83
152.85 150.58
137.09 135.53
139.32
103.17,

146.86
162.15
148.75
136.61
135.72
107.74

$112.31 $111.76 $ 111.
122.01 119.19 119.
118.73 117. 05 118.
120.95 120. 30 121.
104.28 104. 66 102.
96.32 95.68 93.
126.38 125. 36 124.
95.11 94.62 94.
119.36 119.99 120.
147. 48
155.88
147.90
134.39
130.81
105. 63

143. 52
148.16
146. 70
131.34
133. 23
105. 06

$

119 48
116. 76
119. 39
104. 26,
92. 20,
126. 48;
93. 60
118. 80,

12

$108. 35 $108. !93 $107. 98 $109. 35 $111. 24 $109.18 $105.78
117. 46 113.02
119. 19 119. 36 120.] 118. 82 118. 43 123.
113.70
118.
116. 93 117. 62 117.26 116. 85 118. 85 119.
114. 54
118.
118. 70 111. 93 115. 15 114. 76 115. 63 116.
99. 55
102.
104.
103.
100.
104. 00 , 100. 74, 102.
91.54
92.
94.
94.
90.
91. 371 86. 76| 89.
125.
116. 47
120.
124.
123.
124. 03 123. 62 124.
89.28
92.
92.
91.
90.
92. 19 91. 48 91.
115.36
121.
125. 40 i 119.
115.
117. 91 116.13, 116.

111. 88 $ 110.

10

141.17| 141.78 137.30' 136.49
145.14 144.96 135.76 133.86
144.24 145.09 145.18 145.09
130.90 133.09 132.93 132.60
135.32 138.23 139.09 136.00
102.00 106.50, 102.97Ì 98.60, 98.891

140.29
144. 23
144. 67
127. 26
137. 54

136.21
135.63
143.06
127.59
139.19
94.75:

141.02
143.50
144.24
133.63
141.66
93.07!

144.931 141.86
150.80 147.23
144.14 143.32
136.21! 130.411
141.92, 137.09,
94.92 95.52

137.71
147.63
131.88
121.50
129.44
93.09

Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies.
Electric test & distributing equipment.
Electrical industrial apparatus----------Household appliances.---------------------Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving equipment—.
Communication equipment...................
Electronic components and accessories.
Misc. electrical equipment & supplies..Transportation equipment---------Motor vehicles and equipment ..
Aircraft and parts.................
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipm ent..................
Other transportation equipment.

40.8
41.8
41.3
40.5
39.7
41.6
39.9
41.6
42.5
43.3
40.8

40.7
41.6
41.0
41.8
40.0
39.5
41.3
39.8
40.9

40.6
41.5
40.8
41.3
39.8
40.2
41.1
39.5
41.0

40.4
41.5
40.8
41.0
39.8
39.8
40.9
39.3
40.6

40.2
41.1
40.5
40.1
40.1
39.7
40. 7
39.1
40.4

39.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
39.4
38.5
40.3
39.0
40.0

40.1
41.2
40.4
40.2
40.1
38.1
41.2
39.0
40.0

39.9
41.1
40.6
40.1
40.0
37.6
40.8
38.9
39.7

39.4
41.3
40.7
38.2
39.2
36.0
40.8
38.6
39.5

39.9
41.7
41.0
39.3
39.6
37.8
41.1
38.9
39.6

39.7
41.4
41.0
39.3
38.8
38.0
41.0
38.7
39.3

40.5
41.7
41.7
39.6
40.3
38.9
41.8
39.4
40.8

41.2
42.8
42.3
40.0
40.9
39.5
42.3
40.2
41.8

41.2
42.1
42.4
41. 4
40.8
39.8
41.7
40.4
41.2

41.0
41.4
41.8
41.2
40.8
39.8
41.3
40.4
41.2

40.4
38.5
42.9
40.7
40.5
40.3

42.2
42.5
42.5
40.9
39.8
41.6

42.5
43.3
42.5
40.6
38.7
41.1

41.6
41.5
42.4
39.8
39.3
41.2

40.9
40.4
42.3
38.8
40.1
40.0

41.4
41.0
42.3
40.4
39.8
41.6

41.7
41.3
42.8
40.7
40.3
40.7

40.5
38.9
42.7
40.9
40.2
39.6

40.5
38.8
42.8
40.8
40.0
39.4

40.3
39.2
42.2
39.5
40.7
37.9

41.6
41.0
42.8
41.5
41.3
38.3

42.5
42.6
42.9
42.3
40.9
38.9

42.6
42.8
43.3
41. 4
40.8
39.8

42.9
44.2
42.0
40.5
40.2
40.3

$2.70
2.84
2.85
2.92
2.58
2. 39
2.98
2.32
2.97

$2.70
2.89
2.83
2.92
2. 56
2.40
2. 97
2.31
3.00

$2.65
2.79
2.80
2.87
2. 51
2.37
2.90
. 28
2.91

$2.58
2. 73
2. 72
2.78
2.44
2.30
2.82

3. 39
3.50
3.37
3.22
3.43
2. 43

3.41
3. 54
3. 36
3.22
3.47
2.44

3.33
3.44
3. 31
3.15
3. 36
2. 40

3.21
3.34
3.14
3.00

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies.
Electric test & distributing equipment..
Electrical industrial apparatus..
Household a p p lia n ces......... .......
Electric lighting and wiring equipment
Radio and TV receiving equipment..
Communication equipment________
Electronic components and accessories.
Misc. electrical equipment & supplies. Transportation equipment—..........
Motor vehicles and equipment—
Aircraft and parts..... ........... .........
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment....... ...............
Other transportation equipment.
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.85
3.02
2.96
2.67
2.45
3.13
2.47
3.05
3.66
3.53
3.36

$2.83
3.00
2.94
3.08
. 66
2.43
3.11
2.45
3.03

2

3.48
3.58
3.51
3.33
3.44
2.56

$2.81
2.97
2.93
3.06
2.62
2.45
3.11
2.44
2.94
3.48
3.58
3.50
3.34
3.41
2.59

$2.78
2. 94
2.91
2.95
2.62
2.42
3.09
2.42
2.94

$2. 78
2. 90
2.89
3.00
. 61
2.41
3.08
2. 42
2.97

$2. 79
2.92
2.91
3.00
2. 59
2. 42
3.08
2. 42
3. 00

$2.79
2.90
2.89
2.97
2.60
2. 42
3.07
2.40
2.97

$2.76
2. 90
. 88
2.96
. 60
2.43
3.04
2.37
2.97

$2.75
2.89
2.89
2.93
2. 57
2. 41
3.03
2. 37
2.94

$2.73

2.93
2.59
2. 36
3.02
2.35
2.95

$2.72
2.87
2.85
2.92
2.58
2. 39
3.02
2.34
2.95

3. 47
3. 60
3.48
3.31
3.38
2. 57

3. 45
3. 57
3.46
3.30
3.33
2. 55

3.43
3.57
3. 42
3.23
3. 43
2. 55

3.41
3.54
3.41
3.24
3.40
2.56

3. 40
3. 51
3. 39
3. 27
3. 43
2.53

3. 39
3.49
3.40
3.25
3. 46
2.49

3.37
3.45
3.39
3. 25
3.40
2. 51

3.38
3.46
3. 39
3.23
3.42
2.50

2

2
2

2.88
2.86

2

2.21

2.80

8.22

2. 31

112

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Industry
D e c.2 N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products_____ $120. 35 $119.36 $118. 53 $118. 53 $117.14
Engineering & scientific instrum ents..
138. 24 137. 60 137.82 134.41
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices.................... ............. ..................... 117. 55 116.69 115.18 115. 75 112.16
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______ 112. 34 109.34 109. 08 108. 53 108. 09
Ophthalmic goods________________
97.36 96.38 95. 68 95.20
Medical instruments and supplies____
99. 65 100.35 100.75 100.90 99.05
Photographic equipment and supplies.
142.80 142. 04 141. 28 141. 53
Watches, clocks, and watchcases_____
95.11 94.89 94.83 94.00
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are..
Toys, and sporting goods.......................
Costume jewelry and notions_____
Other manufacturing industries___
Musical instruments and parts...

$116.28 $117.01 $115.90 $115. 77 $115.51 $114.11 $115. 65 $116.89 $114.93 $108. 47
136.00 137.90 137.14 138.85 137. 85 133.65 133.30 136.97 133.18 125.33
110. 25 110.92 113.24 111.20 112.72 110.92 116.06 117.88 115. 78 109.03
107. 04 107.94 105.82 105. 67 104.86 103.68 105.22 106.59 103. 66 99.30
94.96 94.80 94.09 '94.09 93.06 92.59 93. 20 94. 42 92.84 89.40
98. 46 98.40 98.74 98.33 97. 44 97.69 96. 64 97.68 95.24 90.63
140.10 141.67 137. 48 135.98 137.49 136.53 136.21 136.28 134.54 128.14
93.53 93.06 90.87 91.77 91.43 90.23 92.06 92.11 91.39 87.85

95.28 94.80 93.53 92.66 92.04 90.79 92.20 91.57 91.57 92.20 90.17 91.87 91.20 88.80
112. 06 112.19 110.42 108. 94 106.23 103. 22 104.26 105.30 105.18 104.52 100.47 103.38 108.
03 102.26
83.95 83. 56 83.13 82. 71 81.96 83.10 82.11 82.71 83.10 81.79 82.53 79.17 78.80
—
92. 23 90.91 90. 46 91.64 90.16 90.68 90.06 89.33 89.04 87.58 88.31 90.17 86.65
—
85.28 84.67 83.64 83.64 81. 75 85.36 84.07 84.46 83.42 81.32 82.47 82.35 81.39
102.80 102. 40 100.44 99. 65 98.36 96. 47 97.86 96.97 96.58 97.71 96.08 97.
66 97. 84 95. 68
103.97 102.26 102. 51 100.84 99.79 98.39 96.75 99.15 99.43 98.89 100. 85 103.91 100.53

85.39
95.53
76.44
82.82
77.62
92.46
97. 75

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products______
Engineering & scientific instrum ents...
Mechanical measuring & control de­
v ic e s.._______________ ______ _____
Optical and ophthalmic goods________
Ophthalmic goods.................................
Medical instruments and supplies____
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches, clocks, and watchcases______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re...
Toys and sporting goods__________
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies.
Costume jewelry and notions______
Other manufacturing industries____
Musical instruments and parts___

41.5

41.3
42.8

41.3
42.6

41.3
42.8

41.1
42.4

40.8
42.5

41.2
43.5

41.1
43.4

41.2
43.8

41.4
43.9

40.9
42.7

41.6
43.0

42.2
43.9

42.1
43.1

41.4
41.5

41.1
41.3

40.8
40.8
39.9
40.3
42.5
40.3

40.7
40.7
39.5
40.3
42.4
40.9

40.9
40.8
39.7
40.2
42.3
40.7

40.2
41.1
40.0
40.1
42.5
40.0

39.8
40.7
39.9
39.7
42.2
39.8

39.9
41.2
40.0
40.0
42.8
39.6

40.3
40.7
39.7
40.3
42.3
39.0

40.0
40.8
39.7
40.3
42.1
39.9

40.4
40.8
39.6
40.1
42.7
40.1

39.9
40.5
39.4
40.2
42.4
39.4

41.6
41.1
40.0
40.1
42.7
40.2

42.1
41.8
40.7
40.7
43.4
40.4

42.1
41.8
40.9
40.7
43.4
40.8

41.3
41.9
41.2
40.1
43.0
40.3

40.0
41.4
39.6
40.1
39.3
40.0
40.3

39.8
41.2
39.6
39.7
39.2
39.7
40.1

39.6
40.8
39.4
39.5
38.9
39.7
40.2

39.5
40.7
39.2
39.5
38.9
39.5
39.7

38.8
39.7
38.3
39.2
38.2
38.9
39.6

39.4
40.1
39.2
39.6
39.7
39.3
39.2

39.3
40.5
39.1
39.5
39.1
39.1
38.7

39.3
40.3
39.2
39.7
39.1
39.1
39.5

39.4
40.2
39.2
39.4
38.8
39.4
39.3

38.7
39.4
38.4
39.1
38.0
38.9
39.4

39.6
40.7
39.3
39.6
38.9
39.7
40.5

40.0
42.2
39.0
40.8
39.4
40.1
41.9

40.0
41.4
39.4
40.3
39.7
40.2
41.2

39.9
41.0
39.2
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.9

39.7

39.7
41.2

40.0

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products______
Engineering & scientific instrum ents...
Mechanical measuring & control de­
v ic e s............................. ............... ...........
Optical and ophthalmic goods________
Ophthalmic goods..................... .............
Medical instruments and supplies_____
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches, clocks, and watchcases______

$2.90

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Toys and sporting goods_____________
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
Costume jewelry and notions.................
Other manufacturing industries______
Musical instruments and parts_____

2.40
2.72

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.86
2. 72
2. 51

$2.89
3.23

$2.87
3.23

$2.87
3.22

$2.85
3.17

$2.85
3.20

$2.84
3.17

$2.82
3.16

$2.81
3.17

$2.79
3.14

$2.79
3.13

$2.78
3.10

$2. 77
3.12

$2.73
3.09

$2.62
3.02

2.86
2. 68
2. 44
2. 49
3. 36
2.36

2.83
2.68
2. 44
2.50
3 .3ö
2.32

2.83
2.66
2.41
2.51
3.34
2.33

2.79
2.63
2.38
2.47
3.33
2.35

2. 77
2.63
2.38
2.48
3.32
2.35

2.78
2.62
2.37
2.46
3.31
2.35

2.81
2.60
2.37
2.45
3.25
2.33

2.78
2.59
2.37
2.44
3.23
2.30

2.79
2.57
2.35
2.43
3.22
2.28

2.78
2. 56
2.35
2.43
3.22
2.29

2.79
2.56
2.33
2.41
3.19
2.29

2.80
2. 55
2.32
2.40
3.14
2.28

2.75
2.48
2.27
2.34
3.10
2.24

2.64
2.37
2.17
2.26
2.98
2.18

2.37
2. 71
2.12
2.30
2.17
2. 56
2. Ö8

2.35
2.68
2.11
2.29
2.16
2.53
2. 55

2.34
2. 67
2.11
2.29
2.15
2.51
2. 55

2.33
2.61
2.11
2.32
2.15
2.49
2. 54

2.34
2.60
2.14
2.30
2.14
2.48
2.52

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.29
2.15
2.49
2.51

2.33
2.60
2.10
2.28
2.15
2.48
2.50

2.33
2. 61
2.11
2.25
2.16
2. 47
2.51

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.26
2.15
2.48
2. 53

2.33
2.55
2.13
2.24
2.14
2.47
2.51

2.32
2.54
2.10
2.23
2.12
2.46
2.49

2.28
2. 56
2.03
2.21
2.09
2.44
2.48

2.22
2.47
2.00
2.15
2.05
2.38
2. 44

2.14
2.33
1.95
2.05
1.96
2.30
2.39

113

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
D ec .2

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products ___________
Meat products______________________
Dairy products,____________________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods ____
Grain mill products ________________
Bakery products____________________
Sugar______________________________
Confectionery and related products___
B everages,, _______________________
Misc. foods and kindred products..........
Tobacco manufactures_________________
Cigarettes__________________________
Cigars______________________________
Textile mill products___ ______________
Weaving mills, cotton________________
Weaving mills, synthetics____________
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
Narrow fabric mills ________________
Knitting m ills______________________
Textile finishing, except wool - ______
Floor covering mills ________________
Yarn and thread m ills, _____________
Miscellaneous textile goods___________

$109.88 $109.47 $107.98 $109. 67 $107.94 $108.62 $108.50 $107.18 $105.86 $106. 52 $105.18 $106.08 $106.14 $103.82
120.83 119.14 116.06 120.13 115.51 116.06 115.09 113.83 113.96 112.16 110. 76 115.64 116. 05 109.74
114.66 115.63 114. 66 115. 60 114.01 116.15 114.38 111.57 110.62 110.62 11 0 .8 8 110.46 110.56 109.13
81.99 87.19 92.21 85.53 82.84 83. 76 84.52 82.06 84.26 83.11 82.60 81.87 83. 35
125.65 127.18 127.42 127. 70 126. 67 126.40 120.50 120.39 118.53 1 2 0 .0 1 119.14 122.30 123.12 118. 61
109.21 110.43 109.87 109.48 108. 00 110.16 108.68 107.07 104.28 104.67 104.67 103.49 104.01 104.38
117.02 108.39 122.14 126.48 124.53 122.06 124. 64 126.59 127.30 115.53 1 1 0 .6 8 1 1 1 . 28 114.78
89.89 91.20 92. 06 94.48 94.76 92.34 92.86 91.94 87.85 91.66 90.45 88.80 87.85 87.34
127.51 125.86 124.12 125.87 125.93 127.44 127.26 123.42 123.93 122.91 119.20 117.89 122.36 119.60
109.98 110.33 108.78 108.16 107.68 108.26 107.78 106. 50 105.16 105.59 104.17 103.91 105.11 1 0 2 .1 2

$99.87
107.27
105.08
78.99
113.40
101.40
110.33
83.53
114.09
98.79

82.08 83.16 8 8 .1 0 84.97
98.19 103.95 112.47 105.45
64.78 64.98 6 8 .0 2 65.84

79.21
97.27
63.95

87.02

83.28 86.05 86 .33 87.75 91.44 94.41 90.30 91.33 87. 52
101.94 105. 64 105.36 109.69 113.24 113.98 107.48 110.25 105.71
72. 89 72.25 72.29 68.82 63.89 68.81 68.08 66 .97 64.80

89.03
90.95
93.53
92.87
86.32
79.39
101.18 100. 51
94.82
85.17 83.38
99.92 100.39
89.67
91.38
94.39
95.48
86.94

88.19
90.52
92. 66
93.93
84.25
77.80
98.04
96.12
82.17
99.92

86 . 73
88.62
91.38
93.72
83.23
77.41
96.90
95.03
80.54
99.96

83.84
83.42
86 . 31
93.09
82.42
76.64
91.10
93.72
76.92
95.76

82.82
83.42
83.43
91.16
81.81
74.88
94.81
88 . IS
75.39
94.62

81.41
81.40
84.46
91.81
80.80
74.69
88 .94
90.09
74.64
93.07

82.22
84.03
84.25
90.10
81.40
73. 72
94.38
87.15
74.24
92.43

81.20
84.23
83.43
87.99
79.40
72.75
93.94
83.43
72.93
92.89

77.82
71.80
90.91
79.39
72.73
90.98

81.61
86.28
83.84
87.57
80.15
70.68
90.27
82.01
74.37
93.44

82.40
87.29
84.84
87.78
81.34
70.88
93.31
83.82
75.48
93.66

82.12
85.54
87.03
87.54
80.26
71.60
91.58
83.36
77. 59
93.95

78.17
80.28
83.90
83.69
75.99
68.29
85.85
81.51
73.70
88.83

81.20
84.64
82.62
86.73
78.21
72.56
92.43
82. 42
72.91
91.88

80.60
85.04
82.62
8 6 .11

Average weekly hours
41.0
42.1
42.2
37. i
45.1
40.9
43.5
40.0
40.6
42.6

40.9
41.6
42.0
39.1
46.0
40.1
38.3
40.2
40.3
42.0

41.7
42.6
42.5
40.8
46.1
40.4
39.4
40.9
41.0
41.6

41.2
41.7
42.7
38.7
46.4
40.3
40.8
41.2
41.7
41.9

41.3
41.9
43.5
38.0
46.3
40.8
40.3
39.8
42.2
41.8

41.1
41.4
43.0
37.9
44.3
40.4
39.5
40.2
42.0
42.1

40.6
40.8
42.1
37.9
44.1
40.1
41.0
39.8
40.6
41.6

40.1
40.7
41.9
36.8
43.1
39.5
41.1
38.7
40.9
41.4

40.5
40.2
41.9
38.3
43.8
39.8
41.6
40.2
40.7
41.9

40.3
39.7
42.0
38.3
43.8
39.8
39.7
40.2
40.0
41.5

40.8
41.3
42.0
38.6
44.8
39.5
40.1
40.0
40.1
41.9

41.3
42.2
42.2
38.8
45.1
39.7
42.8
40.3
41.2
42.9

41.2
41.1
42.3
30.5
45.1
40.3
42.2
39.7
41.1
42.2

41.1
41.1
42.2
39.3
45.0
40.4
42.6
39.4
40.6
42.4

38.0

38.2
36.8
39.4

40.4
38.0
39.7

39.6
37.9
39.5

39.0
39.6
37.4

38.1
40.3
35.3

39.5
41.0
37.6

38.1
38.8
37.2

38.7
39.8
37.0

37.4
38.3
35.8

36.0
36.1
35.4

37.8
38.5
35.9

40.6
41.5
38.0

38.8
39.2
37.2

37.9
37.7
37.4

42.1
42.7
43.3
43.6
41.8

41.8
42.3
43.1
42.6
41.3
39.3
43.7
44.1
41. 9
42.9

41.6
42.3
42.9
42.5
40.7
38. 9
43.0
44.5
41.5
42.7

41.3
41.8
42.5
42.6
40.6
38.9
42.5
44.2
41.3
42.9

41.1
41.5
42.1
43.5
40.8
39.1
41.6
44.0
40.7
42.0

40.3
40.7
41.4
42.9
40.4
38.5
40.8
42.9
39.7
41.0

40.8
41.5
41.1
42.8
40.7
38.6
42.9
42.4
40.1
41.5

40.5
41.6
41.3
42.5
40.7
38.0
42.9
41.9
39.7
40.9

40.2
41.7
41.1
41.9
40.1
37.5
42.7
40.5
39.0
41.1

40.2
41.9
40.7
41.3
39.5
37.4
42.4
40.4
39.2
41.2

40.1
42.1
40.7
41.2
39.5
37.2
41.7
49.3
39.1
40.8

40.6
42.5
41.3
41.7
41.1
37.2
41.6
40.4
40.2
41.9

41.2
43.0
42.0
42.0
41.5
37.7
43.0
41.7
40.8
42.0

41.9
43.2

41.8
42.7
43.7
42.7
41.3
38.8
42.5
42.9
42.6
42.3

$2.60
2.80
2.63
2.14
2.73
2.62
2.76

$2.57
2.75
2.62

$2.52
2.67
2. 58

2.11

2.11

2.73
2.62
2.60
2.18
2.97
2.45

2.63
2.59
2.72
2.20

2.91
2.42

2.81
2.33

2.19
2.69
1.77

2.09
2.58
1.71

1.96
1.98

1.87

Food and kindred products____________
Meat products_____________________
Dairy products____________________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods..........
Grain mill products............................. .
Bakery products___________________
Sugar.____________________________
Confectionery and related p rod u cts...
Beverages. .......... ......................................
Misc. foods and kindred products____

41.0
42.1
42.0

Tobacco manufactures________________
Cigarettes....... ...........................................
Cigars.........................................................
Textile m ill products_________________
Weaving mills, cotton_______________
Weaving m ills, synthetics______ ____
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
Narrow fabrics m ills________________
Knitting m ills......................... ..................
Textile finishing, except w ool_______
Floor covering m ills________________
Yarn and thread m ills.............................
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

44.4
40.6
39.6
41.0
42.3

43.8
42.8
42.7

41.8
38.7
43.2
42.4

Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products........ .............. .
Meat products................................. ...........
Dairy products_____ ____ ___________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods______
Grain mill products_________________
Bakery products____________________
Sugar______________________________
Confectionery and related products___
B everages.................................... .............
Misc. foods and kindred products_____
Tobacco manufactures
Cigarettes..................
Cigars.......... ..............
extile mill products__________________
Weaving mills, cotton _ _ _ _______
Weaving mills, synthetics____________
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
Narrow fabric m ills__________________
Knitting m ills______________________
Textile finishing, except w ool........ .........
Floor covering m ills, _______________
Yarn and thread mills _ .
Miscellaneous textile goods___________

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.36
2.77
1.81

2.34
2.76
1.81

2.28
2.72
1.83

2.20

2.70
1.81

2.17
2.71
1.79

2.03

2.03

2.02
2.02

2.02

2.01

2.01

2.00

2.03
2.03

2.02

2.10

2.10

1.98
1.94
2.18
2.04

2. 04

2.13
2.14
2.18
2.19
2.08

2.13
2.15
2.17
2.18
2.09

2 .1 2

2 .2 1

2 .2 0

2. 14

2.07
2 .0 0

2.30
2.15
1.99
2.34

2.28
2.16
1.98
2.34

2.05
1.99
2.28
2.15
1.95
2.33

2. 02

2 .0 2

1.99
2.34

2.37
2.77
1.83

2 .1 0
2 .1 2

2.13
2.78
1.82

2.31

2.39
2.78
1.83

2.40
2.81
1.81

2.18
2.77
1.85

2.14
2.16

2.74
2.63
3.06
2.28
3.02
2.52

2.25
2.77
1.84

2.29

2. 27
3.11
2 . 60

2.72
2.69
3.09
2.31
3.03
2. 56

$2.61
2.79
2.64
2.17
2.72
2.63
2.91
2.25
2.98
2.51

2.18
2.78
1.83

2.82
2.70
2.69
2.28
3.10
2.59

2.21

2.83
2.69

$2.63
2.79
2.64

3.10
2.30
3.02
2. 57

$2.62
2.77
2. 67

$2.67
2.83
2.74

$2.64
2.80
2. 64
2.23
2.75
2.64
3.08
2.27
3.03
2. 54

$2.64
2.78

$2.63
2.82
2.72
2.26
2. 77
2. 71
3.10
2.31
3. 07
2.60

2.87
2.73

$2.64
2.79
2.65
2.23
2.73
2.67
3.04
2.31
3.04
2.56

$2.63
2.77
2.67
2.18
2.73
2.70
3.09
2.32
3.02
2.59

$2.64
2. 79
2.73
2.23
2. 77
2.74
2.83
2.29
3.08
2.59

$2.68

2.15

2.21

2.73
2.68

2.

2.02
01 2.00

2. 05

1.96

2. 19
2. 13

1.89

2. 28

2.66

2.21

2.01

2.02

2.04

2.03

2.04
2.14

2.03
2.13

2.00

2.01

1.94
2.18

1.94

1.94

1.98
1.94

2.21

2.20

2.20

2.10
1.88

2.08

2.27

2.28

2.08
1.87
2.26

2.06
1.87
2.26

1.88

2.12
2.00

2.20

2.02

2.03

1.86

2. 23

2.02
2.03
2.09
1.97
1.93
2.18

2.02
1.86
2.23

2.22

2.94
2.48

2.10

1.95
1.90
2.17
2.03
1.85
2.23

2.03
2.09
1.96
1.88

2.17
2 . 01

1.85
2.23

2.01

2.05
1.92
1.85
2.12
1.98
1.83
2.19

$2.43
2.61
2.49
2.01

2.52
2.51
2.59
2.12

1.88

1.92
1.96
1.84
1.76
2.02

1.90
1.73
2.10

114

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings

of

production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

IndustryD ec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M an u factu rin g —C o n tin u e d
N o n d u ra b le goods —C o n tin u e d

A p p a re l a n d o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts ______ $74.88 $75.14 $73. 75 $74.73 $74. 05 $72.16 $72.52 $71.80 $72.16 $71.80 $71.04 $70.40 $69.87 $68.80 $66. 61
M en’s a n d b o y s’ su its a n d c o a ts_______
92.64 91.72 89.06 90.40 87. 97 85.18 88.67 88. 22 87.75 87.00 85.70 88.09 87.78 85.79 81.86
M en’s a n d b o y s ’ fu rn is h in g s ___________
66.06 66.05 64.40 64.40 64. 18 63.49 63.66 62.78 62.97 62.80 63.15 61.42 61.34 59.15 57.90
W om en’s a n d m isses’ o u te rw e a r_______
76.16 76.73 75. 71 77.40 77. 97 76.81 74.58 74.43 75.99 75.77 74.21 72.08 71.02 71.34 68.68
W om en’s a n d c h ild re n ’s u n d e rg a rm e n ts 68.62 69.75 68.82 68.82 67. 52 65.88 65.88 65.70 65.51 65.70 64.98 63.89 63. 70 63.10 60.19
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry _____________
74.46 73.19 73. 54 75. 65 74.98 72. 62 68.75 69.58 71.75 75.90 74.16 72.27 71.18 70.08
C h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r__________________ 66.09 67.26 66.69 66.88 66. 36 66. 74 67.49 66. 01 65.08 64.40 65.14 64.62 62. 66 62.99 60.79
P u r goods a n d m iscellaneous a p p a re l-..
85.19 82.35 82.66 79. 35 77.96 77.83 78.12 76.96 75.75 75.18 74.57 76.34 74.70 71.18
Mise, fab ricate d te x tile p ro d u c ts _______
82.26 81.45 80.85 82.64 82. 43 75.11 78.00 78.83 76.84 77.25 75.85 77.29 79.15 76.02 74.11
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts _______________
P a p e r a n d p u lp m ills _________________
P a p e rb o a rd m ills _____________________
Mise, co n v e rted p a p e r p ro d u c ts _______
P a p e rb o a rd c o n tain ers a n d boxes______

128.03
146. 25
149.44
111.61
115.33

125. 85
142. 65
147. 93
108.47
114.90

125.85
143.09
147.03
108. 47
114.48

124. 41
141. 44
144. 38
108. 32
112. 41

123.69
141.96
144.13
107.38
110.12

122.41
139. 67
141.88
106.30
110.88

120.28
137.64
136.22
104.86
108.47

119.00
136.40
137.28
103.38
107.01

119.71
136.89
139.78
105. 22
107.38

119.14
136.75
137.90
104. 55
105.41

119.84
137.20
138.08
106.08
107.07

120.81
138.12
138. 57
105.84
109.65

119.35
135.30
138. 62
104.16
108.63

114.22
128.16
132.14
99.42
104.23

P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h in g ________________
N e w sp a p e rs _______ ___________________
P erio d icals____________________________
B o o ks________________________________
C o m m ercial p rin tin g __________________
B la n k b o o k s a n d b o o k b in d in g _________
O th e r p u b lish in g & p rin tin g i n d ______

130.42 127.97 127. 25
136.90 133.96 130. 68
137.90 142. 71
111.74 111.46
133.12 130.32 130. 99
100.88 98.69 98. 05
130.85 130.81 127.92

128.21
132.13
143.42
111.72
133.00
98.94
127.92

126. 28
129. 24
139. 47
114. 21
130. 41
96. 89
128. 15

124.91
128. 52
138. 23
111.84
128. 58
94. 75
125. 68

124.86
129.95
133.12
112.16
128. 58
96.64
125.68

124.86
129. 60
130.42
115. 65
127. 59
98.16
126.34

124.03
127.44
130.02
114.26
127.47
97.78
125.18

125.06
126.71
130.87
115. 51
129.17
96.75
127. 71

123.33
125. 65
129.81
113.71
126.75
93.99
128.43

123.97
124.95
129.63
115. 09
127.26
96.36
128.64

125.90
131.33
132.20
114. 54
128.08
96.72
127.14

122. 61
125. 24
130. 65
114.53
126. 56
95.16
124.94

118.12
119.85
126.23
110.68
120.96
91.57
120.90

125.99
142.88
147.35
109.56
114.48

Average weekly hours
A p p a re l a n d o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts ______
M en ’s a n d b o y s’ su its a n d c o a ts_______
M en’s a n d b o y s’ fu rn is h in g s ___________
W om en’s a n d m isses’ o u te rw e a r_______
W om en’s a n d c h ild re n ’s u n d e rg a rm e n ts .
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry _____________
C h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r__________________
F u r goods a n d m iscellaneous a p p a re l...
Mise, fab ricate d te x tile p ro d u c ts _______

36.0
38.6
36.7
33.7
36.5

38.8

36.3
37.9
36.9
34.1
37.1
36.5
35.4
37.2
38.6

35.8
36.8
36.8
33.5
36.8
35.7
35.1
36.6
38.5

36.1
37.2
36.8
33.8
37.0
35.7
35.2
36.9
38.8

36.3
36.5
37.1
34.5
37.1
36.9
35.3
36.4
38.7

35.9
36.4
36.7
34.6
36.2
36.4
35.5
35.6
37.0

35.9
37.1
36.8
33.9
36.2
35.6
35.9
35.7
37.5

35.9
37.7
36.5
34.3
35.9
34.9
35.3
36.0
37.9

35.9
37.5
36.4
34.7
35.8
35.5
34.8
36.3
37.3

35.9
37.5
36.3
34.6
36.1
35.0
35.0
35.9
37.5

35.7
37.1
36.5
34.2
35.9
35.8
35.4
35.8
37.0

36.1
38.3
37.0
34.0
36.3
36.0
36.1
36.2
37.7

36.2
38.5
37.4
33.5
36.4
36.5
35.4
36.7
38.8

36.4
38.3
37.2
34.3
36.9
36.5
36.2
36.8
38.2

36.4
37.9
37.6
34.0
36.7
36.5
36.4
36.5
38.4

P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts _______________
P a p e r a n d p u lp m ills _________________
P a p e rb o a rd m ills _____________________
Mise, co n v e rted p a p e r p ro d u c ts _______
P a p e rb o a rd c o n tain ers a n d b oxes______

43.4
45.0
45.7
41.8
42.4

43.0
44.1
45.2
41.5
42.4

43.1
44.3
45.1
41.4
42.4

43.1
44.3
45.1
41.4
42.4

42.9
44.2
44.7
41.5
42.1

42.8
44.5
44.9
41.3
41.4

42.8
44.2
44.9
41.2
42.0

42.5
44.4
43.8
40.8
41.4

42.2
44.0
44.0
40.7
41.0

42.6
44.3
44.8
41.1
41.3

42.4
44.4
44.2
41.0
40.7

42.8
44.4
44.4
41.6
41.5

43.3
44.7
44.7
42.0
42.5

43.4
44.8
45.3
42.0
42.6

43.1
44.5
45.1
41.6
42.2

P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g ________________
N e w sp a p e rs ___________________________
P erio d icals____________________________
B o o ks_________________________________
C o m m ercial p r in t in g __________________
B la n k b o o k s a n d b o o k b in d in g _________
O th e r p u b lish in g & p rin tin g i n d ______

38.7
37.0

38.2
36.5
39.4
38.4
38.9
38.4
38.7

38.1
35.9
40.2
38.7
39.1
38.3
38.3

38.5
36.4
40.4
39.2
39.7
38.8
38.3

38.5
36.1
40.9
40.5
39.4
38.6
38.6

38.2
36.0
40.3
39.8
39.2
37.9
38.2

38.3
36.3
39.5
40.2
39.2
38.5
38.2

38.3
36.2
38.7
41.6
38.9
38.8
38.4

38.4
36.0
39.4
41.4
39.1
38.8
38.4

38.6
36.1
39.3
41.7
39.5
38.7
38.7

38.3
35.9
39.1
41.2
39.0
37.9
38.8

38.5
35.7
39.4
41.4
39.4
38.7
39.1

39.1
37.1
39.7
41.2
39.9
39.0
39.0

38.8
36.3
40.2
41.8
39.8
39.0
38.8

38.6
36.1
40.2
41.3
39.4
38.8
39.0

$2.06
2.42
1.75
2. 26
1.87
2.05
1.90
2.25
2.10

$2.07
2.43
1.75
2.29
1.86
2.06
1.90
2.24
2.13

$2.04
2.41
1.73
2.26
1.82
2.05
1.88
2.18
2.13

$2.01
2.34
1.73
2.22
1.82
2.06
1.88
2.19
2.03

$2.02
2.39
1.73
2. 20
1.82
2.04
1.88
2.18
2.08

$2.00
2.34
1.72
2.17
1.83
1.97
1.87
2.17
2.08

$2.01
2.34
1.73
2.19
1.83
1.96
1.87
2.12
2.06

$2.00
2.32
1.73
2.19
1.82
2.05
1.84
2.11
2.06

$1.99
2.31
1.73
2.17
1.81
2.12
1.84
2.10
2.05

$1.95
2.30
1.66
2.12
1.76
2.06
1.79
2.06
2.05

$1.93
2.28
1.64
2.12
1.75
1.98
1.77
2.08
2.04

$1.89
2.24
1.59
2.08
1.71
1.95
1.74
2.03
1.99

$1.83
2.16
1.54
2.02
1.64
1.92
1.67
1.95
1.93

34.6

39.5
39.1
38.6

Average hourly earnings
A p p a re l a n d o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts ______
M en’s a n d b o y s ’ su its a n d c o a ts _______
M en’s and b o y s’ fu rn is h in g s ___________
W om en’s a n d m isses’ o u te rw e a r_______
W om en’s a n d c h ild re n ’s u n d e rg a rm e n ts .
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry _____________
C h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r__________________
F u r goods a n d m iscellaneous a p p a re l...
Mise, fab ricate d te x tile p ro d u c ts _______

$2.08
2.40
1.80
2.26
1.88

2.12

$2.07
2. 42
1.79
2. 25
1.88
2.04
1.90
2.29
2.11

P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts __________ ____
P a p e r a n d p u lp m ills __________ _______
P a p e rb o a rd m ills ________________ ____
Mise, co n v e rted p a p e r p ro d u c ts _______
P a p e rb o a rd co n tain ers a n d b oxes______

2.95
3.25
3.27
2. 67
2. 72

2.93
3.24
3. 26
2.64
2.70

2.92
3.22
3.28
2.62
2. 71

2.92
3.23
3.26
2.62
2.70

2.90
3.20
3.23
2.61
2.67

2.89
3.19
3.21
2.60
2. 66

2.86
3.16
3.16
2. 58
2.64

2.83
3.10
3.11
2.57
2.62

2.82
3.10
3.12
2. 54
2. 61

2.81
3.09
3.12
2. 56
2.60

2.81
3.08
3.12
2. 55
2.59

2.80
3.09
3.11
2. 55
2. 58

2.79
3.09
3.10
2. 52
2. 58

2.75
3.02
3.06
2.48
2.55

2.65
2.88
2.93
2.39
2.47

P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h in g ________________
N e w sp a p e rs___________________________
P erio d icals____________________________
B o o ks________________________________
C o m m ercial p rin tin g __________________
B la n k b o o k s a n d b o o k b in d in g _________
O th e r p u b lish in g & p rin tin g i n d ______

3.37
3.70

3.35
3. 67
3.50
2.91
3.35
2.57
3.38

3.34
3.64
3.55
2.88
3.35
2.56
3.34

3.33
3.63
3.55
2.85
3.35
2. 55
3.34

3.28
3.58
3.41
2.82
3.31
2. 51
3.32

3.27
3.57
3.43
2.81
3.28
2.50
3.29

3.26
3.58
3.37
2.79
3.28
2.51
3.29

3.26
3.58
3.37
2.78
3.28
2. 53
3.29

3.23
3.54
3.30
2. 76
3. 26
2. 52
3.26

3.24
3.51
3.33
2.77
3.27
2.50
3.30

3.22
3.50
3.32
2.76
3.25
2.48
3.31

3.22
3.50
3.29
2.78
3.23
2.49
3.29

3.22
3.54
3.33
2.78
3.21
2.48
3.26

3.16
3.45
3.25
2.74
3.18
2.44
3.22

3.06
3.32
3.14
2.68
3.07
2.36
3.10

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.91

3.37
2.58
3.39

115

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2 O c t.2 Sept.

July

Aug.

May

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products___
___ $132.82 $132.40 $130. 73
Industrial chem icals.. ___. . .
148.82 147. 70 147.35
Plastics materials and synthetics . . .
134. 28 130. 62
_______
120.18 119. 77 117. 68
Drugs_____________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ 124.64 124.03 124.03
Paints and allied products.. . . . . .
124.01 122.18 122.89
111.09 109. 56
Other chemical products.
128.33 128.41 124.64

$130. 31 $129.17
146. 23 143.59
129.27 130.62
116. 69 115.54
124.64 123.53
124.38 122.25
110.83 108.00
126.05 123.07

$129. 48 $128. 65
145. 74 143.72
129.89 128. 63
114.86 114.97
125. 26 124.34
121.18 122.47
110. 08 107.19
123.30 123.37

$127.10 $127.49 $126.88 $125. 25 $126.16 $127.68 $125.16 $121.09
142.12 142.80 142.04 140.19 141.20 143.65 140.86 136.08
126. 46 125.33 125.33 123.19 123.07 126. 78 125.08 120. 70
115. 26 118. 08 118. 24 117.96 117.55 117.01 113. 02 107. 04
125.05 123.32 122.61 122.10 122.29 120.83 119.94 113.15
120. 60 117.91 117. 50 115. 66 116.81 118.24 118.01 113.15
105.40 112.70 109. 31 105. 40 107. 75 106.32 105. 27 100. 69
121.13 122.43 121.84 119.95 120.30 123. 77 119.97 116. 48

. ...

153.91 155. 79 155. 23 155. 52 153.79 156. 67 152. 72 153.58 153.15 150.94 147.97 144.90 145.67 144.58 138.42
162.39 159. 56 159.18 157.88 163.07 159. 47 161.41 161.36 159.38 156.19 151.94 152.82 151.56 145.05
132.60 138. 77 143. 35 138.87 134.98 131. 24 126. 58 123.41 117. 04 114. 90 116.05 118.02 120. 22 115.90

Rubber and plastics products, nec___
Tires and inner tu b es.. _ _______ .
Other rubber products.
....
Miscellaneous plastics products___

121.11 120.12 119. 99 119. 71 116.89 105. 73 109.03 107. 57 110.30 110.16 109.35 112.19 113.13 112.14 109.62
185. 26 185. 26 187. 70 184.94 177.25 145.89 164.94 162.50 154.45 154. 76 154.03 161.62 165.10 163.39 158.06
115. 79 115.09 113. 99 114. 54 112.47 104. 54 107.30 105.18 106. 66 106.52 105.73 108. 09 110.09 107.74 103.82
98.74 98.01 97.44 98.16 96.76 95. 75 96.29 94.94 94.71 94. 54 93.43 94.37 94.30 94.39 92.77

Petroleum and coal products.___

Leather and leather products.
82. 71 82.92 80.43 80.26 80.11 79. 75 79.28 77.04 75.19 75.65 76.13 77.20 76.63 74.88
Leather tanning and finishing . . .
111.10 109. 20 109. 88 108. 39 105.99 103. 22 107.45 107.57 104.66 103.20 101.65 102. 66 104.19 101.75
Footwear, except rubber_____ _____ _ 80. 75 80. 75 77.52 77. 93 77.97 77.42 76.20 74.00 71.64 72.44 73.68 75.08 73.92 71.81
Other leather products..
.
.............. 78.13 78.97 77.75 76.76 77.00 77.14 76.73 74. 57 73.77 75.35 73.80 74.86 74.87 73.15
Handbags and personal leather goods. .
78.40 75.80 74. 45 73.50 74. 47 72.89 70.79 70.40 70.36 70.59 71.05 69.19 69.38

71.82
97.99
68.80
70.49
67.86

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products__
Industrial chemicals__
...
Plastics materials and synthetics...
Drugs___ _ _____ _____ ______ . . .
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
Paints and allied products . _
Agricultural chemicals.
Other chemical products. . . . _

41.9
42.4
40.6
40.6
41.2
41.8

41.9
42.2
42.9
40.6
40.8
41.0
42.4
42.1

41.5
42.1
42.0
40.3
40.8
41.1
42.3
41.0

41.5
41.9
41.7
40.1
41.0
41.6
42.3
41.6

41.4
41.5
42.0
40.4
40.5
41.3
41.7
41.3

41.5
42.0
41.9
40.3
40.8
41.5
42.5
41.1

41.5
41.9
41.9
40.2
40.9
41.8
42.2
41.4

41.4
41.8
41.6
40.3
41.0
41.3
42.5
41.2

41.8
42.0
41.5
41.0
40.7
40.8
46.0
41.5

41.6
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.6
40.8
44.8
41.3

41.2
41.6
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.3
42.5
40.8

41.5
41.9
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.7
43.1
41.2

42.0
42.5
42.4
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.7
42.1

42.0
42.3
42.4
40.8
41.5
41.7
43.5
41.8

41.9
42.0
42. 5
40.7
40.7
41.6
43.4
41.9

Petroleum and coal products___
.. .
Petroleum refining..
Other petroleum and coal products. . . .

42.4

42.8
42.4
44.2

43.0
42.1
45.8

43.2
42.0
47.0

43.2
42.1
46.6

43.4
42.8
45.6

42.9
42.3
45.1

42.9
42.7
43.8

42.9
42.8
43.3

42.4
42.5
41.8

41.8
42.1
40.6

41.4
41.4
41.3

42.1
42.1
42.0

42.4
42.1
43.4

42.2
41.8
43.9

Rubber and plastics products, nec__
Tires and inner tu b es.. . .
Other rubber products.
Miscellaneous plastics products__ ____

42.2
46.9
41.5
40.8

42.0
46.9
41.4
40.5

42.1
47.4
41.3
40.6

42.3
47.3
41.5
40.9

42.2
46.4
41.5
41.0

40.2
40.3
39.9
40.4

41.3
44.7
40.8
40.8

40.9
44.4
40.3
40.4

40.7
42.2
40.4
40.3

40.8
42.4
40.5
40.4

40.5
42.2
40.2
40.1

41.4
43.8
41.1
40.5

41.9
44.5
41.7
41.0

42.0
44. 4
41.6
41.4

42.0
44.4
41.2
41.6

Leather and leather products___________
Leather tanning and finishing... . _
Footwear, except rubber .
. . . .
Other leather products. . . .
............
Handbags and personal leather goods..

39.2
41.3
39.2
38.3

39.3
40.9
39.2
38.9
39.2

38.3
41.0
38.0
38.3
37.9

38.4
40.9
38.2
38.0
37.6

38.7
40.3
38.6
38.5
37.5

38.9
39.7
39.1
38.0
37.8

38.3
40.7
38.1
37.8
37.0

37.4
40.9
37.0
37.1
36.3

36.5
40.1
36.0
36.7
36.1

36.9
40.0
36.4
37.3
35.9

37.5
39.4
37.4
36.9
36.2

38.6
40.1
38.7
38.0
37.2

38.7
40.7
38.7
38.2
37.0

38.6
40.7
38.4
38.3
37.5

38.2
41.0
37.8
38.1
37.7

Average hourly earnings
$3.16
3.50
3.13
2.95
3.04
2.98
2. 62
3.05

$3.15
3.50
3.11
2.92
3.04
2.99
2.59
3.04

$3.14
3.49
3.10
2.91
3.04
2.99
2. 62
3.03

$3.12
3.46
3.11
2.86
3.05
2.96
2.59
2.98

$3.12
3.47
3.10
2.85
3.07
2.92
2. 59
3.00

$3.10
3.43
3.07
2.86
3.04
2.93
2.54
2.98

$3.07
3.40
3.04
2.86
3.05
2.92
2.48
2.94

$3.05
3.4C
3.02
2.88
3.03
2.8C
2. 45
2.95

$3.05
3.39
3.02
2.87
3.02
2.88
2. 44
2.95

$3.04
3.37
2.99
2.87
3 .0C
2.87
2.48
2.94

$3.04
3.37
2.98
2.86
2.99
2.87
2.5C
2.92

$3.04
3.38
2.99
2.84
2.94
2.87
2.49
2.94

$2.98
3.33
2.95
2.77
2.89
2.83
2.42
2.87

$2.89
3.24
2.84
2.63
2.78
2.72
2.32
2.78

3.63

3.64
3.83
3. 00

3.61
3. 79
3.03

3.60
3.79
3.05

3.56
3.75
2.98

3. 61
3.81
2.96

3.56
3.77
2.91

3.58
3.78
2.89

3.57
3. 77
2.85

3. 56
3.75
2.80

3.54
3.71
2.83

3. 50
3.67
2.81

3.46
3. 63
2.81

3. 41
3.60
2.77

3.28
3.47
2.64

Rubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tubes .
. ....
Other rubber products_____________ .
Miscellaneous plastics products....... . _ _

2.87
3.95
2.79
2.42

2.86
3.95
2.78
2.42

2.85
3.96
2.76
2.40

2.83
3.91
2.76
2.40

2.77
3.82
2.71
2.36

2.63
3.62
2. 62
2.37

2.64
3. 69
2.63
2.36

2.63
3.66
2.61
2.35

2.71
3.66
2.6^
2.35

2. 70
3.65
2.61
2.34

2.70
3. 65
2.63
2.33

2.71
3.69
2.63
2.33

2.70
3. 71
2.64
2.30

2.67
3.68
2.59
2. 28

2.61

Leather and leather products____ _
Leather tanning and finishing____
_
Footwear, except rubber
Other leather products.. . .
...
Handbags and personal leather goods.

2.11
2.69
2.06
2.04

2.11
2. 67
2.06
2.01
2.00

2.10
2.68
2.01
2.03
2.00

2.09
2.65
2. 04
2.02
1.98

2.07
2.63
2.02
2 .0C
1.96

2. 05
2.6C
1.98
2.03
1.97

2.07
2.64
2 .0C
2. OS
1.9"

2.06
2.63
2.0C
2 . o:
1.95

2.06
2.61
1.9S
2. 0:
1.95

2.05
2. 58
1.99
2.02
1.96

2.03
2.58
1.97
2. OC
1.95

2. OC
2. 56
1.94
1.97
1.91

1.98
2. 56
1.91
1.96
1.87

1.94
2. 50
1.87
1.91
1.85

1.88
2.39

Chemicals and allied products____ . . . _
Industrial chemicals___
Plastics materials and synthetics..
Drugs_________ . . . . . _____________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods
Paints and allied products___________
Agricultural chem icals._ . . . . . . ____
Other chemical products

$3.17
3.51

Petroleum and coal products____
Petroleum refining.
Other petroleum and coal produ cts__

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.96
3.07
3.01
3.07

1--------

2» 52
2. 23

1.85
1.80

116

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Industry
D ec.3 N ov.3

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_............................ .......
Local and suburban transportation____
Intercity highway transportation______
Trucking and warehousing.......................
Public warehousing________________
Pipe line transportation_________ ____
Communication___ __________________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication 4_________
Radio and television broadcasting___
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems_____
Gas companies and systems_________
Combination companies and system s.
Water, steam, & sanitary system s____

$ 121.

$ 120.

148.
142.
105.
160.
119.
113.
133.
155.
146.
148.
136.
158.

146.
143.

121.

162.

$117.
150.
144.
103.
162.

120.

121.

115.
134.
157.
146.
148.
136.
159.
116.

115.
135.
160.
144.
146.
135.
155.
115.

102.

$

120.

157.
142.

102.

156.
118.
111.

135.
155.
141.
144.
129.
153.
113.

$134.
119.
153.
141.
102.
160.

$140.
117.
150.
141.
101.
155.
119.
113.
135.
154.
142.
145.
128.
153.
113.

120.

114.
135.
157.
142.
146.
130.
152.
114.

$140.
117.
146.
136.
99.
159.
117.
112.
133.
154.
140.
144.
129.
151.
113.

$138.
113.
136.
135.
97.
155.
117.

$143.

112.

111.

128.
154.

128.
153.
139.
143.
128.
151.

114.
131.
154.
141.
143.
128.
156.
113.

$135.
114.
144.
121.

101.
166.
117.

140.

143.
129.
152.
113.

111.

$137.

$137.

112.

112.

112.

142.
134.
98.
157.

145.
132.
97.
161.
118.

143.
137.
99.
154.

120.

128.
152.
139.
141.
129.
150.

115.
128.
154.
140.
142.
128.
154.

$135.
112.
144.
135.
96.
151.
118.
113.
128.
151.
136.
139.
125.
149.

112.

111.

110.

112.

120.

$130.80
108. 20
133. 72
130. 48
93. 50
145.85
114. 62
109. 08
122.55
147. 63
131. 24
133. 31
120. 83
143. 79
105.16

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3____________
Local and suburban transportation_____
Intercity highway transportation_______
Trucking and warehousing_____________
Public warehousing................................
Pipeline transportation________________
Com m unication...........................................
Telephone communication___________
Telegraph communication 4__________
Radio and television broadcasting.........
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems_______ . . .
Combination companies and system s. .
Water, steam, & sanitary system s_____

42.9
42.3
42.3
41.9
41.5
39.4
39.3
42.5
39.1
41.8
41.5
41.6
42.3
42.2

42.7
42.3
42.3
40.5
41.2
39.8
39.7
42.8
39.4
41.6
41.4
41.5
42.1
40.6

41.9
43.1
42.7
40.1
41.9
39.8
39.7
43.1
39.9
41.5
41.3
41.7
41.8
40.4

43.0
44.4
42.8
40.4
41.3
39.3
39.0
43.0
40.1
41.3
41.5
40.9
41.7
40.3

$41.4
42.7
43.3
42.5
40.4
41.5
39.8
39.6
43.3
40.0
41.5
41.8
40.8
41.8
40.5

$43.9
42.2
43.2
42.7
40.5
41.1
39.6
39.4
42.9
39.9
41.4
41.7
40.4
41.9
40.4

44.1
42.5
42.7
41.8
39.5
41.0
39.1
38.9
43.9
39.5
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.5
40.4

41.9
41.8
42.9
38.2
40.4
42.7
39.3
39.1
42.6
39.9
41.3
41.5
40.5
41.9
40.6

43.7
41.8
41.0
41.7
39.4
41.0
39.0
38.8
42.5
39.6
41.3
41.4
40.9
41.7
40.4

44.1
41.5
42.9
41.8
40.0
41. 2
39.9
39.8
43.4
39.8
41.6
41.7
40.8
42.2
40.8

43.1
41.6
43.5
41.5
40.5
42.1
39.6
39.5
42.5
39.7
41.3
41.5
41.2
41.3
40.6

43.7
41.9
43.4
42.8
41.3
41.6
40.0
39.9
42.7
39.9
41.7
41.7
41.0
42.5
40.8

43.9
42.4
44.6
42.5
40.5
41.0
40. 6
40.6
43.1
39.8
41.5
41.7
41.1
41.7
41.2

43.6
42.1
43.7
42.5
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.4
43.0
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.4

$3. 17
2. 72
3. 32
3. 24
2. 4s
3. 80
3. 00
2. 87
3. 02
3. 88
3. 38
3. 46
3. 13
3. 63
2. 77

$3. 26
2. 72
3.32
3. 22
2. 46
3.82
3. 01

$3.19
2.71
3. 34
3.20
2.41
3.84
2.98

$3.14
2.69
3.30
3. 22
2.40
3.71
3. 01
2.89
3.01
3.87
3.36
3. 41
3.13
3.63
2.74

$3.09
2. 65
3. 25
3.18
2. 39
3.69
2.92
2. 79
2.97
3.80
3. 30
3.35
3.06
3. 59
2.68

$3.00
2. 57
3. 06
3. 07
2.32
3. 54
2.83
2.70
2.85
3.70
3.17
3. 22
2.94
3. 44
2.54

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3____________
Local and suburban transportation____
Intercity highway transportation_______
Trucking and warehousing_____________
Public warehousing_________________
Pipeline transportation________________
Communication______________________
Telephone communication___________
Telegraph communication 4__________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and sy stem s............
Gas companies and systems__________
Combination companies and.system s..
Water, steam, & sanitary system s_____

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.83
3.50
3.38
2.51
3.87
3.03
2.89
3.14
3.97
3.50
3.57
3.27
3. 75
2.88

$2.82
3.47
3.39
2.53
3.94
3.04
2.90
3.14
3.99
3. 52
3. 58
3.30
3.79
2.86

$2.80
3.49
3. 39
2. 59
3. 87
3.05
2. 90
3.14
4. 01
3. 48
3. 55
3. 24
3. 72
2. 85

$2.80
3. 54
3.33
2. 54
3.78
3. 01
2.87
3.14
3.89
3. 42
3.49
3.17
3.67
2.81

$3.25
2.79
3.55
3.33
2.54
3.86
3.02
2.88

3.14
3.93
3.43
3.51
3.21
3.66
2.83

$3.21
2.78
3.48
3.31
2. 51
3. 79
3. 02
2.89
3.15
3.88
3. 43
3.50
3.19
3. 67
2.81

$3.19
2. 77
3. 42
3. 26
2. 51
3.88
3. 01
2.88

3.05
3.91
3.41
3. 48
3.18
3. 66
2.80

$3.23
2.73
3.37
3.19
2.52
3. 90
3.00
2.87
3.01
3. 86
3. 41
3. 46
3.19
3.65
2. 79

2.88

2.86

3.02
3.88
3. 41
3.45
3.15
3.70
2.78

3. 02
3.83
3.37
3.41
3.15
3.65
2.76

117

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings

Motor vehicles & automotive equip-

$82. 63 $82.67 $82.90 $83. 45 $84.15 $84.15 $82.80 $81. 09 $80. 73 $80.59 $80.22 $80.30 $79.92 $79.02 $76. 53
119.18 118.48 118. 08 118. 08 116.64 117. 62 116.64 115. 66 115.26 114. 74 114. 05 114. 09 114.52 111.38 106. 49
112.14
121.57
115. 67
109. 76
131. 57

107.64
122.89
115.90
109.21
129.90

106.30
121. 79
115.06
111. 38
130.10

108.00
120.40
114.13
110.27
126.07

107.38
117.90
112.48
108. 79
129.63

107.23
120.99
114.90
111.76
129.86

106.97
117.51
112. 05
106.92
129.20

107. 23
118. 59
112.48
106. 25
129.20

105.32
117. 51
111.81
105. 73
132.98

104.65
118. 50
110. 58
105.59
130.85

105.41
117.89
109. 53
105.26
132.98

106.17
117.27
109.16
104.39
136.95

104.08
114.17
107.26
102.09
126.98

100.14
109.08
103.19
97.00
122.84

Hardware,“plumbing & heating equip-

114. 57 114.62 114.33 110.70 111.78 111.10 110.02 109.34 108. 27 108.14 108.68 108.81 107.30 101.91
132.28 131. 78 131.87 129.34 129.02 129. 51 128.30 127.80 126. 27 125. 05 124.24 125.97 121.66 115.23
116.61 116.32 116.22 114.91 115.89 114.80 113. 43 113.83 113.60 112.92 113. 08 114.05 110.95 107.20
71.66 71.34 71.55 71.66 72.96 72.96 71.56 69.80 69.80 69.30 69.10 69.15 69.65 68. 57 66.61
63.56 64.48 65. 01 66.05 65.86 64.35 62.99 62.34 61.88 61.18 61.05 62.24 60.94 59.15
66.78 68.48 68.76 69.47 69.89 68.31 66.65 65.81 65.04 64. 52 64.92 64.70 64.55 62.98
74.76 74.55 77.54 77.47 77.17 76.38 75.26 74.48 75.39 72.24 69. 42 83.83 71.51 71.00
49.69 49.53 50.18 51.68 51. 51 49.57 48.00 48.16 48.34 47.70 46.35 48. 77 46.19 44.10
74.81 74.58 75.60 77.48 77.70 75.70 73.14 72.37 72.49 72. 27 72.27 72.14 72. 21 70.66
76.03 76.03 76. 84 78.98 79.20 76.83 73.80 73.25 73.47 73.47 73.15 72.81 73.22 71.69
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. —
61.95 62.08 62.53 63.17 63. 65 62.59 60. 80 60.86 60.03 60.03 60.35 61.15 58.89 57.46
73.13 74.68 73.96 75.40 76.46 76.47 73.01 73.22 71.99 72.91 75.15 74.13 71.96 69.84
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings.
55.93 56. 56 56.82 57.25 58.10 56. 72 56.00 55.53 55. 21 55.01 55.38 55.78 52.97 51.46
60.26 60. 72 61.43 61.57 61.90 60.78 60.35 60.40 59. 52 58.06 57.22 59.43 58.21 56.28
63.96 63.45 64. 27 64.70 64.35 62.51 59.69 58.98 57.83 58.53 59.03 60.03 58. 40 56. 64
Average weekly hours
36.4
40.4

36.1
40.3

36.2
40.3

36.6
40.3

37.4
40.5

37.4
40.7

36.8
40.5

36.2
40.3

36.2
40.3

36.3
40.4

36.3
40.3

36.5
40.6

37.0
40.9

37.1
40.8

37.7
40.8

42.0
39.6
38.3
40. 5
41.9

41.4
39.9
38.0
40.6
41.5

41.2
39.8
38.1
41.1
41.7

41.7
40.0
38.3
41.3
41.2

41.4
39.8
38.3
41.7
42.3

41.3
39.3
38.0
40.9
42.5

41.3
39.3
37.6
40.5
42.5

41.4
39.4
38.0
40.4
42.5

41.3
39.7
37.9
40.2
43.6

41.2
39.9
38.0
40.3
42.9

41.5
40.1
37.9
40.8
43.6

41.8
40.3
38.3
41.1
44.9

41.8
40.2
37.9
41.0
42.9

41.9
40.4
37.8
41.1
42.8

40.2
40.7
39.8
34.8
32.1
31.8
35.6
30.3
33.1
33.2
32.1
33.7
31.6
32.4
31.2

40.5
40.8
39.7
34.9
32.4
32.3
35.0
30.2
33.0
33.2
32.0
34.1
31.6
32.3
30.8

40.4
40.7
39.8
35.3
33.0
32.9
35.9
30.6
33. 6
33.7
32.4
34.4
32.1
32. 5
31.2

40.4
40.8
39.9
36.3
33.7
33.4
35.7
31.9
34.9
35.1
33.6
35.4
32.9
33.1
33.7

40.5
40.7
40.1
36.3
33.6
33.6
35. 4
31. 6
35.0
35.2
33. 5
35.4
33.2
33.1
33.0

40.4
40.6
40.0
35.6
33.0
33.0
35.2
30.6
34.1
34.3
32.6
34.6
32.6
32.5
31.1

40.3
40.6
39.8
34.9
32.3
32.2
35.5
30.0
32.8
32.8
32.0
33.8
32.0
32.1
30.3

40.2
40.7
39.8
34.9
32.3
32.1
35.3
30.1
32.6
32.7
32.2
33.9
32.1
32.3
30.4

40.1
40.6
40.0
35.0
32.4
32.2
35.9
30.4
32.8
32.8
32.1
33.8
32.1
32.0
30.6

40.2
40.6
39.9
34.9
32.2
32.1
34.4
30. C
32.7
32.8
32.1
33.6
31.8
31. E
31.3

40.4
40.6
40.1
35.1
32.3
32.3
33.7
30.1
33. C
33.1
32.1
33.7
32.2
31.1
31.4

40.6
40. S
40.3
35. S
34.2
33.7
41.5
32.3
33.4
33.4
33.6
35.3
33.6
33.2
32.1

40.8
41.1
40.2
35.9
33.3
33.1
35.4
31.0
33.9
33.9
32.9
35.1
32.7
32.7
31.4

40.6
41.3
40.3
36.6
33.8
33.5
36.6
31.5
34.3
34.3
33.6
36.0
33.2
33.3
32.0

Motor vehicles & automotive equip-

Hardware, plumbing & heating equip-

35.3

Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings.

—

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade_______________
Wholesale trade_______________________
Motor vehicles & automotive equip­
ment _____________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products__
D ry goods and apparel_______________
Groceries and related products_______
Electrical goods_________________ v --Hardware, plumbing & heating equip­
ment _____________________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies.-Miscellaneous wholesalers____________
Retail trade__________________________
Retail general merchandise__________
Department stores_________________
Mail order houses__________________
Variety stores_____________________
Food stores_________ ____ __________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessory stores_________
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
Family clothing stores_____________
Shoe stores_______________________

See fo o tn o te s a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.27
2. 95

2. 03

$2.29
2.94

$2.29
2.93

$2.28
2.93

$2.25
2.88

$2.25
2.89

$2. 25
2.88

$2. 24
2.87

$2.23
2.86

$2.22
2.84

$2.21
2.83

$2.20
2.81

$2.16
2.80

$2.13
2.73

$2.03
2.61

2.67
3. 07
3.02
2. 71
3.14

2.60
3.08
3.05
2.69
3.13

2.58
3.06
3.02
2.71
3.12

2.59
3.01
2.98
2.67
3.06

2.59
3.04
3.00
2.68
3.07

2.60
3.00
2.96
2.66
3. 05

2.59
2.99
2.98
2. 64
3.04

2. 59
3.01
2.96
2.63
3.04

2. 55
2.96
2.95
2.63
3.05

2.54
2.97
2. 91
2. 62
3.05

2.54
2.94
2.89
2.58
3.05

2.54
2.91
2.85
2. 54
3. 05

2.49
2.84
2.83
2.49
2.96

2.39
2.70
2.73
2.36
2.87

2.85
3.25
2.93
2.05
1.98
2.10
2.10
1.64
2.26
2.29
1.93
2.17
1.77
1.86
2.05

2.83
3.23
2.93
2.05
1.99
2.12
2.13
1.64
2.26
2.29
1.94
2.19
1.79
1.88
2.06

2.83
3.24
2.92
2.03
1.97
2.09
2.16
1.64
2.25
2.28
1.93
2.15
1.77
1.89
2.06

2.74
3.17
2.88
2.01
1.96
2.08
2.17
1.62
2.22
2.25
1.88
2.13
1.74
1.86
1.92

2.76
3.17
2.89
2.01
1.96
2.08
2.18
1.63
2.22
2.25
1.90
2.16
1.75
1.87
1.95

2.75
3.19
2.87
2. 01
1.95
2.07
2.17
1.62
2. 22
2. 24
1.92
2.21
1.74
1.87
2.01

2.73
3.16
2.85
2.00
1.95
2. 07
2.12
1.60
2.23
2. 25
1.9C
2.16
1.75
1.88
1.97

2. 72
3.14
2.86
2.00
1.93
2. 05
2.11
1.60
2.22
2. 24
1.89
2.16
1.73
1.87
1.94

2.70
3.11
2.84
1.98
1.91
2.02
2.10
1.59
2.21
2.24
1.87
2.13
1.72
1.86
1.89

2.69
3.08
2.83
1.98
1.90
2.01
2.10
1.59
2. 21
2.24
1.87
2.17
1.73
1.82
1.87

2.69
3.06
2.82
1.97
1.89
2.01
2.06
1.54
2.19
2. 21
1.88
2. 23
1.72
1.84
1.88

2.68
3.08
2.83
1.94
1.82
1.92
2.02
1.51
2.16
2.18
1.82
2.10
1.66
1.79
1.87

2.63
2.96
2.76
1.91
1.83
1.95
2.02
1.49
2.13
2.16
1.79
2.05
1.62
1.78
1.86

2.51
2.79
2.66

1.82
1.75
1.88
1.94
1.40
2.06
2.09
1.71
1.94
1.55
1.69
1.77

118

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Industry
D ec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and home furnishings stores..
Furniture and home furnishings____
Eating and drinking places 5_________
Other retail trade_______________ . . . .
Building materials and farm equip­
m ent___________________________
Motor vehicle dealers______________
Other automotive & accessory dealers.
Drug stores and proprietary stores. _.
Fuel and ice dealers_______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
Banking____________________ ________
Credit agencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations_______
Security, commodity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers____________________
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance,.

$94. 98 $94.08 $95.20 $94. 53 $95.16 $93. 27 $91. 30 $90.92 $90.68 $89. 54 $91. 33 $95. 28 $90. 46 $88.18
94. 71 93.94 95. 31 93. 36 93.60 92. 58 90.48 90.09 89.01 89.24 89.63 93.60 89. 27 86.58
49.86 50.16 50.28 51.70 51.21 50.06 49. 32 48.84 48.80 48. 33 48.62 48. 72 47.60 45.76
89.15 88.76 88. 65 89.65 90.27 88. 93 87.02 87. 25 86.07 85.67 86.33 86.62 85.63 83. 23
97.06 97.29 98.05 97.48 97. 06 96.41 94.39 93. 56 92. 51 92.03 92.10 92.99 91.54 88.41
113. 28 112.44 111.45 113.10 115. 48 114. 48 111. 57 110.99 108. 45 107. 02 108.12 110. 59 108. 97 105. 75
95.87 95.44 95. 67 95.91 95.04 94. 61 92. 44 92.66 92.44 91. 37 90. 48 90. 05 89.38 85.70
65.66 65.13 65.96 67.94 67. 55 65. 43 63.22 63. 22 62.75 62.89 62. 79 63.83 63.14 61.60
112. 78 106.45 104. 55 100.85 103.22 102. 50 101.71 105. 32 104. 49 111. 71 107. 43 106. 07 101. 28 96.05
$99.53 98.42 98.69 97.31 96.83 97.20 96.20 96. 20 95.83 95.35 94.98 94. 61 93.62 92.50 88.91
87.08 87.56 86.35 86. 44 86.30 85. 47 85. 47 85. 93 84. 82 85.19 85.04 84.15 82.21 79. 24
90.88 91.61 90.51 90. 24 90.62 88.40 88.64 89. 25 88.50 88.60 89.44 87.00 85. 96 84. 29
90.04 91.63 90.28 89. 78 92.12 88. 56 89.28 90.38 88. 30 89.89 91.96 87.08 87. 05 84.67
153.97 151. 55 149.97 149. 65 154.22 152. 76 149. 71 148. 58 143. 64 138. 76 137. 63 132.47 138.38 127.43
103.88 103. 79 103. 04 102. 67 103.04 102. 77 102. 49 102. 58 102.12 102. 67 100.74 101. 08 99.32 95.86
105. 70 104.68 103.94 103.94 104.03 103. 66 103. 66 103. 09 103.49 103.49 100.08 101.02 99.19 95.27
88.81 88.93 89.17 88.70 89.92 88. 45 89.30 89.67 90. 65 90.27 90.27 90.13 89.41 85.38
105.38 106. 22 105. 46 104. 60 104. 71 104. 43 103.88 104. 63 103. 60 104. 71 103. 57 103.47 101.68 97.92
Average weekly hours

Furniture and home furnishings stores.
Furniture and home furnishings___
Eating and drinking places 5________
Other retail trade___________________
Building materials and farm equip­
m ent__________________________
Motor vehicle dealers__________ ___
Other automotive & accessory dealers
Drug stores and proprietary stores__
Fuel and ice dealers_______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
Banking____________________________
Credit agencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations________
Security, commodity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers____________________
Life insurance______________________
Accident and health insurance______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..

37.0

38.3
38. 5
32.8
39.1

38.4
38.5
33.0
39.1

38.7
38.9
33.3
39.4

38.9
38.9
34.7
40.2

39.0
39.0
34.6
40.3

38.7
38.9
33.6
39.7

38.2
38.5
33.1
39.2

38.2
38.5
33.0
39.3

38.1
38.2
33.2
39.3

38.1
38.3
33.1
39.3

38.7
38.8
33.3
39.6

39.7
40.0
33.6
40.1

39.5
39.5
34.0
40.2

39.9
39.9
35.2
40.8

41.3
41.8
42.8
33.5
42.4

41.4
41.8
42.8
33.4
41.1

41.9
41.9
42.9
34.0
41.0

42.2
42.2
43.4
35.2
40.5

42.2
42.3
43.2
35.0
40.8

42.1
42.4
43.2
33.9
41.0

41.4
42.1
42.6
33.1
40.2

41.4
42.2
42.9
33.1
41.3

41.3
42.2
43.4
33.2
41.3

40.9
42.3
43.1
33.1
43.3

41.3
42.4
43.5
33.4
42.8

41.7
42.7
43.5
34.5
42.6

41.8
42.9
43.6
34.5
42.2

42.1
43.7
43.5
35.4
42.5

37.0
36.9
37. 4
36.9
38.3
37.1
36. 7
36. 7
37.5

37.1
37.1
37.7
37.4
37.7
37.2
36.6
36.9
37.8

37.0
36.9
37.4
37.0
37.4
37.2
36.6
37.0
37.8

37.1
37.1
37.6
37.1
37.6
37.2
36.6
36.5
37.9

37.1
37.2
37.6
37.6
37.8
37.2
36.5
36.7
37.8

37.0
37.0
37.3
36.9
38.0
37.1
36.5
36.7
37.7

37.0
37.0
37.4
37.2
37.9
37.0
36.5
36.9
37.5

37.0
37.2
37.5
37.5
38.0
36.9
36.3
36.9
37.5

37.1
37.2
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.0
36.7
37.0
37.4

37.1
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.1
37.3
37.9
38.0
36.8
36.9
36.0
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.4
37.5
36.9
36.9
37.3
36.6
37.4
37.9

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.3
37.2
36.6
37.1
37.8

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36.5
36.8
38.1

Average hourly earnings
Furniture and home furnishings stores..
Furniture and home furnishings____
Eating and drinking places 5_________
Other retail trade___________________
Building materials and farm equip­
m ent___________________________
Motor vehicle dealers______________
Other automotive & accessory dealers.
Drug stores and proprietary stores...
Fuel and ice dealers_______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
Banking_______ ____ _________________
Credit agencies other than banks_______
Savings and loan associations________
Security, commodity brokers & services..
Insurance carriers. _ ________________
Life insurance______________________
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 69

—

$2.48
2. 46
1.52
2.28

$2. 45
2.44
1.52
2. 27

$2.46
2. 45
1.51
2.25

$2.43
2. 40
1.49
2.23

$2.44
2.40
1.48
2. 24

$2.41
2.38
1.49
2.24

$2.39
2. 35
1. 49
2. 22

$2.38
2.34
1.48
2. 22

$2.38
2. 33
1. 47
2.19

$2.35
2. 33
1.46
2.18

$2.36
2. 31
1.46
2.18

$2.40
2. 34
1.45
2.16

$2.29
2. 26
1.40
2.13

$2. 21
2.17
1.30
2.04

2.35
2. 71
2.24
1.96
2. 66

2.35
2. 69
2. 23
1.95
2. 59

2.34
2. 66
2.23
1.94
2. 55

2. 31
2.68
2. 21
1.93
2. 49

2.30
2.73
2.20
1.93
2. 53

2.29
2. 70
2.19
1.93
2. 50

2.28
2.65
2.17
1.91
2. 53

2.26
2.63
2.16
1.91
2. 55

2.24
2. 57
2.13
1.89
2. 53

2. 25
2. 53
2.12
1.90
2.58

2.23
2. 55
2.08
1.88
2. 51

2.23
2.59
2.07
1.85
2. 49

2.19
2.54
2.05
1. 83
2.40

2.10
2. 42
1.97
1.74
2.26

2.66
2.36
2.43
2. 44
4.02
2.80
2.88
2.42
2. 81

2. 66
2.36
2.43
2.45
4.02
2. 79
2.86
2.41
2.81

2.63
2. 34
2. 42
2. 44
4. 01
2. 77
2.84
2. 41
2.79

2.61
2.33
2. 40
2. 42
3.98
2.76
2. 84
2.43
2.76

2.62
2. 32
2. 41
2. 45
4.08
2.77
2.85
2. 45
2.77

2.60
2. 31
2.37
2.40
4. 02
2. 77
2. 84
2.41
2. 77

2.60
2. 31
2. 37
2. 40
3. 95
2. 77
2. 84
2. 42
2. 77

2. 59
2. 31
2.38
2. 41
3. 91
2.78
2. 84
2. 43
2.79

2.57
2.28
2. 36
2.38
3.80
2. 76
2.82
2. 45
2. 77

2. 56
2.29
2. 35
2.41
3. 72
2. 76
2.82
2.42
2. 77

2. 55
2.28
2. 36
2.42
3.74
2.73
2. 78
2.42
2. 74

2. 51
2.25
2.32
2. 36
3.59
2.71
2. 76
2. 41
2. 73

2.48
2. 21
2.28
2. 34
3.71
2.67
2.71
2.41
2.69

2.39
2.13
2. 23
2.27
3.38
2. 57
2. 61
2. 32
2. 57

119

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
D ec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m o tels6----Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants----Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing-.

$56. 76 $57. 04 $56. 68 $57.22 $56.92 $56.36 $56. 42 $55.85 $56.15 $56.00 $55.05 $55.72 $53.34 $51.54
66.04 66.20 65. 63 65.25 65.42 65.77 64.53 64.13 63.24 62.02 62.79 62.87 61.12 58.98
161.17 160. 74 159. 56 163.18 163.96 162.38 155.16 154.77 150.91 160.24 162.89 166.96 157.77 148.08
Average weekly hours

Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 5----Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants-----Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing

35.7
37.1
40.7

36.1
37.4
40.9

36.1
37.5
40. 6

37.4
37.5
41.0

37.2
37.6
41.3

36.6
37.8
40.8

36.4
37.3
40.3

36.5
37.5
40.2

36.7
37.2

36.6
36.7

36.7
37.6

36.9

37.3

37.9

38.1

38.2

38.8
39.7

$1.36

39.3

41.3

42.2

42.7

41.3

$1.43

Average hourly earnings
Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 5---Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants------ ____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing.

$1.59

$1.58

$1.57

$1.53

$1.53

$1.54

$1.55

$1.53

$1.53

$1.53

$1.50

$1.51

1.78

1.77

1.75

1.74

1.74

1.74

1.73

1.71

1.70

1.69

1.67

1.65

1.60

1.52

3.91

3.82

3.73

3.96

3.93

3. 93

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967 see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
2 Preliminary.
3 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received
pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.98

3.97

3.98

3.85

3.85

3.84

3.88

3.86

4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
5 Money payments only, tips not included.
....
3 Data for nonoffice salesmen excluded from all senes in this division.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

120
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

C-2.

Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonagricultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars 1
1967

1966

Item
N o v .2 O ct/

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Annual
average
1966

1965

Total private
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars.- __________
1957-59 dollars_____ __ __________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars_____ ____ _
1957-59 dollars. _____.
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars ____________
1957-59 dollars_______________ .

$103. 63 $103.25 $104.06 $103.45 $103.18 $101.88 $100. 06 $99.41 $99.56 $99.30 $99. 70 $99.97 $99.84 $98. 69 $95. 06
87.97 87.87
88.49
. 57 87. 83 86.56
. 22
. 57
. 50 86.92 87.16 87.12 87.26 86.50

88.86

88

86

86

86

84.74
71.94

84.45
71.87

85.07
72.65

84.61
72.38

84.40
72. 45

83.42
71.91

82.04
70.97

81.54
70.72

81. 66
71.01

81.46
70.96

81.76
71.28

82.17
71.64

82. 07
71.61

81.19
71.79

92.29
78.34

91.99
78.29

92.63
79.10

92.15
78.83

91.93
78.91

90.90
78.36

89.45
77.38

88.93
77.13

89.05
77.43

88.84
77.39

89.16
77.73

89.58
78.10

89.47
78. 07

88.55

78.29

78.99
71.87
86.30
78. 53

Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars___________
1957-59 dollars______ __________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current d o lla r s___ .
1957-59 dollars. _ ___. . . .
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars. ______
1957-59 dollars . . . . . _____

116.81 116.28 116. 57 114.77 113.65 114.49 113. 52 112.56 112.44
99.16 98. 96 99.55 98.18 97. 55 98.70 98.20 97.62 97.77
94.73
80. 42

94. 33
80.28

94. 55
80.74

93.19
79.72

92. 34
79.26

91.42
79. 50

91.00
79.27

92.16
80.35

102.80 102. 37 102.61 101.16 100.27 100.93 100.16
87. 27 87.12 87.63
. 54
. 07 87. 01 86.64

99.40
. 21

99.30
86.35

98.86

100. 08

86

1

C-3.

98.88

91.51
79.37

For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­

T able

97.46

92. 24
79.79

86

92.97
80.15

111.88 113.42

86

86.11

87.25

114.40 113.99 112.34 107. 53
99.74 99.47 99.33 97.84
92.82
80.99

91.57
80.96

89.08
81.06

101. 09 100. 76
88.13 87.92

99.45
87.93

96.78
88.06

93.13
81.19

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents and
(2) a married worker w ith 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “The Calculation and Uses of Spend­
able Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1966, pp. 406-410.

2

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
1967

Industry division and group
D e c -2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1966

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Mining______

43.0

43.5

42.3

42.8

42.8

43.2

42.2

42.0

42.7

42.4

42.2

42.6

42.5

Contract construction..

37.3

39.4

37.1

38.3

37.5

37.5

37.4

36.4

37.4

37.4

37.6

38.2

38.1

Manufacturing_____

.

40.8

40.7

40.7

40.8

40.7

40.4

40.3

40.3

40.5

40.4

40.3

41.0

41.0

Durable goods____
Ordnance and accessories
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtu res..
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

41.3
41.6
40.9
40.5
41.6
41.7
41.3
42.3
40.2
41.6
41.2
39.4

41.2
42.0
41.3
40.5
42.2
41.6
41.5
42.4
40.5
39.7
41.1
39.7

41.3
41.7
40.5
40.4
41.8
41.3
41.4
42.3
40.5
41.5
41.1
39.4

41.6
42.4
40.5
40.7
42.0
41.0
41.8
42.7
40.2
42.7
41.2
39.5

41.3
41.9
39.7
40.2
41.6
41.0
41.5
42.2
40.4
42.5
41.2
39.4

41.0
41.8
39.9
40.2
41.3
40.9
41.3
42.1
40.3
41.4
41.0
39.2

40.9
41.2
40.1
40.3
41.3
40.6
41.2
42.0
40.0
41.2
41.0
39.4

41.0
42.0
40.1
40.1
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.3
39.9
41.7
41.1
39.5

41.0
41.6
40.6
40.3
41.3
40.2
41.5
42.8
39.6
40.9
41.5
39.7

41.1
41.9
40.7
40.2
41.5
40.8
41.5
42.9
40.0
40.7
41.5
39.2

41.0
41.7
40.3
40.2
41.5
40.9
41.4
43.0
49.7
40.7
40.9
38.7

41.7
42.0
40.4
40.7
41.9
41.8
42.2
43.5
40.7
41.6
41.8
40.0

41.7
42.0
40.3
40.6
41.7
41.7
42.1
43.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
39.7

Nondurable goods .
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and plastics products, nec
Leather and leather products

40.0
40.7
36.5
41.8
36.2
43.2
38.2
41.8
42. 7
41.7
38.5

40.1
40.8
38.2
41.5
36.4
42.8
38.3
41.9
42.9
41.8
39.5

39.7
40.7
39.0
41.3
35.8
42.8
38.0
41.5
43.0
41.9
38.7

39.9
41.0
38.0
41.4
36.3
42.8
38.3
41.5
42.4
41.9
38.9

39.7
40.8
38.9
41.0
35.8
42.6
38.3
41.5
43.1
42.0
38.3

39.6
40.6
38.4
40.6
35.9
42.7
38.3
41.5
42.8
40.6
38.4

39.5
41.0
39.0
40.4
35.7
42.6
.38.3
41.3
42.6
41.2
37.9

39.5
40.6
38.3
40.5
35.9
42.5
38.3
41.2
42.6
40.9
37.7

39.8
40.8
39.4
40.8
36.2
42.5
38.6
41.5
42.6
41.1
37.7

39.5
41.1
38.2
40.2
35.5
42.8
38.5
41.6
43.0
41.0
37.0

39.5
41.0
38.2
40.2
35.6
42.8
38.6
41.4
42.6
40.9
37.1

40.0
41.1
38.7
40.9
36.6
43.2
38.8
41.8
42.0
41.5
38.3

39.9
41.0
39.0
40.9
36.4
43.1
38.6
41.9
42.4
41.4
38.0

36.1
40.1
35.0

36.5
40.3
35.2

36.3
40.3
35.1

36.7
40.3
35.4

36.7
40.5
35.5

36.7
40.5
35.4

36.7
40.5
35.4

36.3
40.3
35.2

36.4
40.4
35.1

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.8
40.7
35.5

36.7
40.6
35.6

Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
\ Eor, employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.


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N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A.
B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966).

121

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -4 .

Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
D ec.2 N ov.2

Manufacturing__________________________ $2.78
Durable goods________________________
Ordnance and accessories _ _________
Lumber and wood p ro d u cts______ _.
Furniture and fixtures__
______ .
Stone, clay, and glass products.. . ____
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical. . . _.
Electrical equipment and supplies____

Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

$2.76

$2.74

$2.73

$2.71

$2.71

$2.71

$2.70

$2.70

$2.69

$2.68

$2.67

$2.65

$2,59

$2.51

2.95

2.93
3.15
2.34
2.28
2.76
3.28
2.88
3.09
2.74
3.33
2.78
2.29

2.90
3.13
2.33
2.28
2.73
3.25
2.86
3.06
2.72
3. 31
2. 77
2.27

2.89
3.11
2.32
2.28
2. 71
3.25
2.86
3.05
2.69
3.29
2. 76
2. 26

2.88
3.10
2.30
2.24
2.70
3.25
2.84
3.03
2.70
3.28
2.75
2. 26

2.88
3.10
2.30
2.23
2.69
3.22
2.84
3. 03
2.71
3.28
2.75
2.28

2.88
3.09
2.29
2.23
2.68
3.20
2.83
3.02
2.71
3. 27
2.74
2.27

2.87
3.07
2.25
2.24
2.68
3.19
2.84
3.01
2.69
3.27
2.73
2.26

2.86
3.08
2.24
2.22
2.67
3.18
2.83
3.00
2.67
3.26
2.71
2.26

2.85
3.08
2.21
2.21
2.66
3.18
2.81
2.99
2.65
3.26
2.69
2.27

2.84
3.08
2.21
2.19
2.66
3.16
2.81
2.98
2.64
3.25
2.69
2.26

2.84
3.08
2.18
2.18
2.65
3.16
2.80
2.98
2. 61
3.26
2.67
2.25

2.82
3.08
2.18
2.16
2.64
3.15
2.79
2.96
2.60
3.25
2.66
2.21

2.76
3.05
2.15
2.11
2.59
3.13
2. 73
2.90
2.54
3.15
2.61
2.14

2. 67
3.03
2.07
2.03
2.49
3.04
2.64
2.81
2.49
3.04
2.53
2.07

2.53

2.52
2.55
2.13
2.02
2.03
2. 76
(3)
3.05
3.49
2.72
2.05

2.50
2.51
2. 07
2.02
2. 02
2. 75
(3)
3.04
3. 44
2.70
2.04

2.50
2. 50
2.12
2.00
2.03
2. 75
(2)
3.03
3.43
2.68
2.04

2.47
2.49
2.20
1.95
2.00
2.74
f3)
3.01
3.41
2.63
2.02

2.47
2.50
2.33
1.94
1.98
2.73
(3)
3.01
3.45
2.52
2. 00

2.46
2.51
2.32
1.94
1.98
2.70
(3)
2.99
3.42
2.52
2.02

2.46
2.52
2.32
1.94
1.97
2.68
(3)
2.97
3. 44
2.52
2.02

2.46
2.53
2.31
1.94
1.97
2. 67
C3)
2.94
3.43
2. 61
2.02

2.45
2.51
2.30
1.94
1.97
2.66
(3)
2.94
3.43
2.60
2.01

2.44
2.50
2.25
1.93
1.96
2.66
(3)
2.94
3. 41
2.59
1.98

2.42
2.48
2.17
1.93
1.91
2. 65
(3)
2.94
3.38
2. 59
1.95

2.40
2.45
2.12
1.91
1.90
2. 64
(3)
2.93
3.34
2.57
1.93

2.35
2.40
2.15
1.87
1.85
2.59
(3)
2.87
3.29
2.54
1.89

2.27
2.33
2. 06
1.78
1.80
2.50
(3)
2. 79
3.18
2. 49
1.84

Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Nondurable goods......................... ........... . _
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures______
Textile mill products__________
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products ..
Printing and publishing_____________
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products ..
Rubber and plastics' products, nee.
Leather and leather products.________

Oct.

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


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2 Preliminary.
3 N ot available because average overtime rates are significantly above time
and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods total
has little effect.

122
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

C-5.

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
1967

1966

Industry
D ec .2 N o v .2
Manufacturing_________________ ________
Durable goods____________________
Nondurable goods_________________

3.6
3.7
3.4

Oct.

Annual
average

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

3.4
3.5
3.3

3.5
3.7
3.4

3.7
3.9
3.6

3.4
3.5
3.3

3.2
3.3
3.1

3.3
3.4
3.1

3.2
3.3
3.0

3.1
3.2
2.9

3.2
3.4
3.0

3.2
3.4
2.9

3.4
3.7
3.0

3.7
4.1
3.3

3.9
4.3
3.4

3.6
3.9
3.2

4.2
4.4
2.4
4.0
3.7
3.9
3.6
3.2
3.6
3.3
3.4
3.7

4.0
4.0
3.3
4.3
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.3
3.8
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.5
3.2
4.5
4.4
4.4
2.7
3.6
2.4

4.4
4.2
3.4
4.9
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.4
3.7
3.6
3.4
4.2
4.3
3.6
4.9
4.0
4.3
2.5
3.9
2.4
7.8

3.8
3.6
3.7
4.2
3.8
4.1
4.0
3.0
3.6
3.1
2.9
3.0
4.6
3.8
4.6
2.3
4.2
2.4
3.6

3.5
3.4
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.5

3.2
2.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.6
2.9
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.7
4.3
3.1
4.3
2.4
3.6

3.4
3.1
3.9
4.2
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.8
2.4

3.2
2.7
4.9
4.1
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.5
2.5

3.4
3.2
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.4

4.0
3.3
4.5
5.4
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.7
3.5

2.1

2.2

2.4
3.3
2.9
3.3
3.7
3.2
4.0

3.9
3.2
3.4
5.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.6
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.2

3.3

2.0
6 .8

2.1
6 .2

3.4
2.9
3.2
3.9
3.2
3. 7
2.5
3.3
2.3
5.7

4.3
3.4
3.0
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
5.1
3.6
4.3
3.9
3.7
4.1
2.3

3.0
3.1

3.1
3.3
3.4
4.1

3.6
3.4
4.6
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.7

3.4
3.1
1.9
4.6
4.1
4.2
3.4
4.5
3.8
4.7
2.7
2.7
3.7
5.0
4.5
3.9
3.4
3.2
4.2
3.7

3.3

3.3

2.8
1.8

2.8
1.8

3.7
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.7
5.0

3.8
3.9
4.1
3.0
4.2
3.5
4.9

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories______________ ______
Ammunition, except for small arms...... ..........
Sighting and fire control equipment___
Other ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products____________’’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’
Sawmills and planing m ills__________ _______
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures_________________
Household furniture________________________
Office furniture_____________________
Partitions and fixtures_______________
Other furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Flat glass__________________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n. _
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products__________________________
Primary metal industries________ _____
Blast furnace and basic steel products._
Iron and steel foundries______________
Nonferrous m etals___________________
Nonferrous rolling and drawing_______
Nonferrous foundries________________
Miscellaneous primary metal products. _____
Fabricated metal products_____________
Metal cans__________________________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products.. _____
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___________
Metal stampings____________________ _______
Metal services, nec__________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire p ro d u cts.._____
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products._____
Machinery, except electrical____________
Engines and turbines________________ _______
Farm machinery____________________
Construction and related m achinery... ____
Metal working machinery____________ _______
Special industry machinery__________ _ _____
General industrial machinery________ _______
Office and computing machines______________
Service industry machines___________ _______
Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical . _____
Electrical equipment and supplies________ ____
Electrical test & distributing equip­
m ent____ __________________________ _____
Electrical industrial apparatus__________ ____
Household anpliances_______________________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment_______
Radio and TV receiving equipment__________
Communication equipment_________________
Electronic components and accessories........... .
Misc. electrical equipment & supplies________
Transportation equipment______ ______ _____
Motor vehicles and equipment_______________
Aircraft and parts____________________ ____
Ship and boat building and repairing________
Railroad equipment________________________
Other transportation equipment_____________
Instruments and related products______________
Engineering & scientific instrum ents... _____
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices_____________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______________
Ophthalmic goods________________________
Medical instruments and supplies__________ _
Photographic equipment and supplies________
Watches, clocks, and watchcases_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware_________
Toys and sporting goods____________________
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__ _______
Costume Jewelry and notions...... .........................
Other manufacturing industries______________
Musical instruments and parts_____________
See fo o tn o tes a t end o f tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.8

3.3
4.5
5.0
4.5
2.2

3.6
2.5
6.3
3.6
3.3
2.5
4.0
4.6
4.3
3.4
4.1
3.6
4.6
3.3

6 .8

3.4
3.1
2.0

3.3
5.9
4.0
3.6
3.0
2.9
5.3

4.3
4.4
4.2
3.5
3.9
3.9
4.3
3.6
3.0
3.7
5.0
4.2
3.8
3. 7
3.3
4.2
4.2
2.3
3.4
5.9
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.1
5.3

2.6

2.8

3.3

3.3

2.8

3.5
5.5
3.3
3.8
3.7
3.3
4.0
3.2
2.0

2.8

3.5
2.4
2.1
2.8

1.9
2.8

3.6
3.1
4.7
3.2
2.0

2.8

3.2
2.4
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.9
4.2
4.6
4.3
3.5

3.8
3.3
2.3
4.4
4.6
4.2
3.5
4.0
4.2
4.9
3.8
3.2
4.1
5.3
5.0
4.0
3.6
3.6
4.2
4.7
2.5
3.5
5.9
4.0
3.9
2.9
3.5
5.3
2.7
3.4
3.0
3.1
2.3
2.7
2.9
2.0
2.8

4. 7
5.3
4.8
3.2

3.1
3.0
4.2

1.6

1.8

3.8
3.1
4.2

3.9
3.1
4.0

3.0

3.0
2.3

3.1

2.1
1.6

2.4
3.5

1.8

2.8
2.1

2.4
3.6
2.3

2.9
4.6'
2.9
1.9
2.7

2.3
3.6
2.4
2.9
4.1
3.0
1.9
2.7

2.6
2.6

2.8

4.2
3.0
2.3
2.3
2.5

2.5

2.0

2.2

2.8

2.2

7.5
3.6
3.0
1.9
4.2
4.6
3.7
3.4
4.3
3.8
4.7
3.3
2.6

3.9
4.8
4.2
4.0
3.3
3.2
4.0
4.0
2.3
3.4
5.7
3.6
3.9
3.1

2.6
2.2

4.1
3.3
3.5
4.5
2.8

4.5
2.6

3.6
1.9
7.1
3.4
3.0
2.2

3.8
3.7
4.0
2.9
4.1
3.6
5.3
2.4
2.3
3.5
4.5
4.3
3.6
3.2
3.0
4.0
3.6
2.1

2.6

2.2

3.1
6.4
4.2
4.1
2.3
3.1
5.5
2.4

3.0
2.7
2.9

2.9
2.7
2.5

1.8
1.6

2.1
1.6

2.3
3.9
3.7
4.4
3.4

2.7
1.9
2.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.4

2.0

2.2

3.2
2.9
4.1

3.7
3.0
4.7

2.5
2.7
1.9

2.5

2.2

2.5
3.5

2.6

5.4
2.4
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
1.7
2.6

4.2
4.4
4.7
3.0
1.9
3.9
2.7
3.6

3.3
1.8
2.6

3.3
6 .0

3.7
3.7
2.6

3.2
5.2

1.8
2.2

2.6
2.0

2.0
2.0

3.4

2.5

2.8
1.8

2.2
2.0
1.6

2.5
2.3
1.5

1.9
1.4

2.8

4.4
2.2

2.8
2.1

2.8
2.0

3.6
4.9
4.5
3.8
3.2
3.3
4.3
4.1
3.1
3.2
6.5
4.3
4.2
2.3
3.1
5.3

3.4
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.1
4.5
4.0
3.4
3.2
7.0
4.8
4.2

2.2

2.1

2.9

3.1
3.1
1.7

2.8
2.2
2.1
1.0
2.6

2.2

3.0
2.2

5.1

4.9

3.2
3.3
2.3
4.0
3.9
4.7
3.2
5.2
3.7
4.1
3.1

3.0
3.4
4.4
3.8
5.2
3.6
5.3
3.7
3.5
3.1

3.1
3.7
2.4
4.9
4.1
5.3
4.3
5.4
3.9
3.2
3.2

2.0

3.6
6.5
3.5
4.0
3.6
3.6
5.0
4.7
4.5
3.6
7.6
5.2
4.6
3.2
2.9
2.5

2.8

3.6
3.3

3.4
3.5

2.1

1.8
2.2

2.3

.5
2.5
1.7

1.3
2.9
1.9

3.1
2.3

3.5
3.7
1.9
2.7
1.7
3.2

1.8

2.2

3.1

2.9
1.7
4.4
3.6
2.3
2.3
3.2
4.9

2.0

2.8

2.5
5.3

2.4
2.9

2.7

2.3

2.6

2 .1

1.9
2.4
3.4

2.8
2.1

2.2

2.1
2.8

3.0
4.9

2.3
3.7

2.9
2.9
2.1
2.2

4.0
2.3

1.8

1.6

1.6

2.4
3.2
2.5
1.7

2.4
3.6
2.3

3.7
2.5
2.3

2.6

2.4

2.4
3.6
2.4
1.9
2.4

2.3
1.7

2.2

2.1
1.6

2.5
2.4

1.7

2.2

2.6

2.3
4.6

2.2

4.2
3.6

2.0

2.0
2.6
2.2

2.8
2.6

4.4
2.7
3.3
3.5
3.8
3.6
2.3

3.5
5.9
3.4
4.2
3.6
3.6
4.8
5.1
4.1
3.4
7.3
5.0
4.5
3.2
3.0
5.5
2.4

1.7
1.9
3.6
3.2
4.2
3.5
2.3
3.2
3.0
4.5

2.4
3.5

2.6

2.6

2 .1

6 .0

1.8
1.2

3.1
2.2

4.4
3.2
3.6

2.6

2.6

3.0
3.5
2.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
1.6

2.6

3.4
3.0
2.2
2.2

4.0
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.3

2.2

2.2

2.5
2.3

2.5
2.4
2.3

2.2

5.4
4.0
5.8
4.7
5.6
4.3
3.1
3.4
4.5
7.1
4.3
4.9
4.0
3.9
5.6
6.7
3.6
4.2
7.9

3.3
4.1

2.2

2 .1

2 .1

1.8

2.5
3.1
2.4

4.9
3.7
3.8

3.8
6.7
3.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
5.2
4.5
4.2
3.6
7.7
5.4
5.1
3.6
2.5
6.4

3.1
4.3
3.0
2.3
2.3
4.1

2.8
2.6

6 .0

5.6
3.9
3.4
6.4
3.3
4.2
4.0
2.5
2.9
2.7
3.7
2.9
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.5
4.2
3.7
1.9
3.8
4.7
4.1
3.1
2.4
2.6

4.4

2.8

2.2

3.6
2.5
6.3

3.6

4.1
4.0
2.7
5.3
3.9
6 .0

4.7
5.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
2.7
4.1
6.9
5.3
4.9
4.3
4.2
5.5
5.4
3.8
4.9
7.8
5.6
5.5
4.0
3.4
6.3
3.3
3.8
4.4
3.4
3.0
2.8

3.3
3.0
3.3
4.7
4.9
5.0
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.7
4.3
4.1
3.2
2.7
2.7
4.6

2.8

2.6

2.9
4.8
2.4
3.1
2.7

3.0
4.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.9
3.2

2.6

3.5

1.6

2.9
3.8
3.7
4.0
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
4.2
4.1
4.0
2.2
6.2

3.5
3.8
2.8

5.5
3.5
5.1
3.9
5.2
4.0
4.5
3.4
2.3
3.6
5.4
5.3
4.3
3.8
3.5
4.6
4.1
2.9
4.2
6.7
4.8
4.4
3.4
2.9
5.4
2.8

3.0
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.4
3.2
4.8
6 .2

3.3
3.4
2.6

2.9
3.0
3.4
2.9
2.8

2.4

2 .1

4.1
2.4
2.7
3.6
2.6

2.3
2.5
2.7
3.0

123

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-5.

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

4.7
5.5
4.1
4.3
7.7
3.9
4.3
3.7
3.5
4.8
2.3
1.5
2.5
4.1
4.3
4.8
4.7
3.0
2.7
5.3
5.9
4.1
5.0
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.7
2.9
5.5
6.5
7.4
3.9
5.1
3.4
2.9
5.2
2.4
4.1
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.4
3.3
3.6
4.0
3.3
4.3
3.0
8.7
4.9
8.9
4.1
3.9
2.0
3.9
1.7
2.1
2.2

4.2
4.6
4.2
3.4
7.9
3.6
3.8
3.4
3.9
4.5
1.7
1.8
1.0
3.9
4.2
4.3
5.0
3.1
2.7
4.3
6.0
3.6
4.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
2.5
5.0
6.0
7.2
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.5
4.4
3.5
3.5
2.6
3.1
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.1
3.1
3.1
3.4
2.9
3.8
2.5
8.1
4.5
7.6
3.9
3.7
2.1
3.3
2.0
2.0
1.9

4.3
4.7
4.7
3.2
7.6
3.9
4.0
2.8
4.4
4.5
2.4
3.9
.6
3.3
3.5
3.6
4.9
2.7
2.2
3.8
5.0
2.9
3.4
1.2
.8
.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.6
5.1
6.5
7.0
3.7
4.2
3.0
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3
2.0
2.9
3.0
3.3
2.8
2.3
3.1
2.9
3.7
3.0
4.0
3.0
7.3
3.2
4.6
2.8
3.2
1.8
3.0
1.6
1.9
1.8

4.2
4.4
4.7
3.2
6.1
3.8
3.6
2.8
4.9
4.8
2.2
3.3
1.1
3.5
3.9
3.2
4.5
3.0
2.3
5.5
4.9
3.4
3.7
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.7
4.9
5.9
7.1
3.5
4.2
3.0
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.2
2.1
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
2.7
3.2
3.6
3.4
3.7
2.8
6.8
3.9
6.7
3.3
3.7
1.8
3.8
1.5
1.9
1.6

3.9
4.2
4.0
3.0
6.0
3.8
3.5
2.7
3.7
4.5
1.7
2.2
1.1
3.5
4.1
3.6
4.4
3.1
2.1
5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6
1.2
1.6
.9
1.2
1.0
.8
1.1
1.1
1.8
4.6
5.8
6.1
3.3
3.8
3.1
3.0
3.0
4.4
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.7
3.1
4.8
2.8
3.5
2.9
5.4
3.5
6.6
2.6
3.3
1.6
3.8
1.3
1.5
1.4

3.6
4.0
3.9
2.3
5.7
3.0
3.6
2.2
3.8
4.1
1.8
2.5
.9
3.4
4.4
3.4
3.9
2.8
1.9
5.0
3.3
3.0
3.6
1.2
1.4
.9
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.5
4.6
5.8
6.6
3.2
3.7
3.2
2.6
3.5
4.6
3.4
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.4
8.2
3.2
3.5
3.0
5.5
3.2
4.3
2.8
3.0
1.4
3.5
1.2
1.4
1.3

3.6
3.7
3.7
2.7
6.0
3.1
3.7
2.8
3.6
4.4
1.3
1.8
.9
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.5
2.8
1.9
4.7
3.3
2.8
3.5
1.3
1.5
.9
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.7
4.8
6.0
6.9
3.6
3.8
3.4
2.6
3.8
4.9
3.8
2.5
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.4
2.6
2.9
2.5
6.6
3.0
3.1
2.8
4.2
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.4
1.7
3.1
1.5
1.7
1.7

3.6
3.7
3.8
2.8
5.8
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.1
4.3
.9
1.0
.7
3.3
4.6
3.2
3.6
2.9
1.8
4.6
2.9
2.8
3.6
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.5
4.8
6.1
6.8
3.7
3.8
3.0
2.1
3.4
4.3
3.4
2.3
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.9
2.1
4.8
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.6
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.3
1.8
3.2
1.7
1.6
1.7

3.8
4.8
3.4
2.9
7.0
2.9
3.0
2.6
3.0
4.2
1.1
1.1
.6
3.5
4.6
3.5
4.0
3.5
1.8
4.4
3.5
3.3
4.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
3.9
4.0
3.1
2.0
3.7
4.5
3.5
2.8
3.3
2.9
3.2
2.3
3.2
2.7
2.1
4.6
2.8
2.7
2.5
3.7
3.9
6.1
3.3
3.3
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.7
1.6

4.0
5.1
3.7
2.9
6.7
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.5
4.7
1.9
2.2
1.0
3.8
5.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
1.9
5.1
4.3
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.6
2.2
5.2
6.1
7.0
3.9
4.6
3.7
3.4
3.4
4.4
4.0
2.7
3.5
3.1
3.3
2.9
3.1
2.8
2.4
4.2
3.3
3.0
2.6
4.4
4.2
6.6
3.6
3.6
2.1
3.7
1.9
2.1
1.7

4.0
4.3
3.7
3.1
6.8
3.5
3.9
2.7
3.8
4.4
1.4
1.7
1.1
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.7
4.1
2.5
5.3
4.5
4.8
4.9
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.1
5.5
6.3
7.5
4.1
4.9
3.5
2.8
4.2
4.9
3.9
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.8
3.3
3.0
5.2
3.3
3.2
2.5
5.4
4.4
6.2
3.8
4.1
2.1
3.5
1.9
2.3
2.2

1965

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products____________ _______
Meat products............ .................................. . . . . . .
Dairy products___ _______ _________________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods______ _______
Grain mill products............................. ..................
Bakery products___________________ ______
Sugar............................................ ................ ..............
Confectionery and related products___ ______
Beverages____________ ____ ________________
Mise, foods and kindred products_____ _______
Tobacco manufacturers..................... .........................
Cigarettes____ ______________ ______ _______
Cigars_____________________ _______________
Textile m ill products_______ __________________
Weaving mills, cotton .............................................
Weaving mills, synthetics___________________
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____________
Narrow fabric m ills.________ ________________
Knitting m i l l s . .. _________ _________________
Textile finishing, except w ool________________
Floor covering m ills....................................... .........
Yarn and thread m ills__ ______ ___ _________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________________
Apparel and other textile products_____________
Men’s and boys’'Suits and coats_____________
Men’s and boys’ furnishings____ ____ _______
Women’s and misses’ outerwear_____________
Women’s and children’s undergarments_______
Hats, caps, and millinery___________ ______
Children’s outerwear..... .................................. .......
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel_________
Mise, fabricated textile products-------------------Paper and allied products..................... ...................
Paper and pulp mills_______________________
Paperboard m ills._______________ __________
Mise, converted paper products_______. . ------Paperboard containers and boxes____________
Printing and publishing__________ _______ ___
Newspapers..... ..........................................................
Periodicals.......................... ................. ................
Books...................... ................................. ...................
Commercial printing________ _______ ________
Blankbooks and bookbinding________ _______
Other publishing & printing in d ____________
Chemicals and allied products________________
Industrial chemicals................... ...........................
Plastics materials and synthetics..---------------D r u g s ..____ _________________ ____ ________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______________
Paints and allied products._________________
Agricultural chem icals...........................................
Other chemicals products___________________
Petroleum and coal products____ ____ ________
Petroleum refining___________ ________ _____
Other petroleum and coal products__________
Rubber and plastics products, nec_____________
Tires and inner tubes______________________
Other rubber products_______ _______ _____Miscellaneous plastics products_______ ______
Leather and leather products______ ____ ______
Leather tanning and finishing________ ______
Footwear, except rubber........ .................. ..............
Other leather products______________________
Handbags and personal leather g o o d s .--------

3.9
4.7
3.8
2.3
6.5
3.9
4.0
2.8
3.0
4.9
1.7
1.2
1.6
4.3
4.6
5.0
4.2
3.5
2.9
5.5
6.1
4.4
4.8
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.6
.9
1.0
1.9
2.4
5.0
5.9
7.2
3.5
4.6
3.1
3.1
3.7
2.1
3.4
2.2
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.3
2.6
2.2
4.1
3.4
3.7
3.1
5.9
4.4
8.3
3.6
3.5
2.2
3.9
1.9
2.6
2.9

4.1
4.8
3.8
3.2
7.8
3.6
4.0
3.0
3.2
4.7
2.5
1.9
2.1
4.2
4.6
4.9
4.6
3.7
2.6
5.6
6.0
4.2
4.8
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.5
.8
1.0
1.7
2.4
5.3
6.0
7.4
3.8
5.1
3.1
2.7
4.7
2.1
3.7
2.4
2.9
3.0
3.4
2.7
2.4
3.0
3.1
3.8
3.1
4.3
3.2
7.8
4.7
9.2
3.8
3.6
2.1
4.0
1.8
2.2
2.2

1
For comparability of data w ith those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.8
4.2
3.6
2.9
6.6
3.3
4.0
2.4
3.3
4.3
1.1
.8
1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.1
5.1
6.0
7.0
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.4
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.5
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.7
4.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
5.5
4.1
6.1
3.3
4.0
1.8
3.3
1.6
2.0
1.9

either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.

124
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

C-6.

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957-59=100]
1967

1966

A ctivity
Dec.2 N ov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Annual
average

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

110.5
79.2
104.7
113.2
119.1
169.5
90.8
117.7
104.5
108.7
121.3
140.4
136.4

110.2

170.4
90.1

109.4
76.7
92.5
114.1
120.5
168.6
88.4

120.1

121.1

102.5
111.3

100.1

124.8
138.2
134.6
115.0
129.1
110.4

111.7
80.0
110.4
113.5
119.9
171.6
91.6
117.3
106.0
109.1
122.3
138.5
136.1
115.3
128.0
108.6

116.2
81.4
107.4
119.6
126.6
164.8
90.7
130.6
106.9
115.4
129.4
144.6
151.3
122.3
133.1
112.1

115.9
82.2
114.7
117.8
124.2
144.9
97.4
127.7
111.2
116.9
126.1
139.0
145.8
116.7
127.7
113.4

109.3
83.0
110.5
110.4
114.3
113.3
97.0
119.5
108.3
113.3
117.2
123.6
125.7
107.1
112.7
109.4

108.0
96.2
77.1

105.2
91.0
73.0

102.2

105.3
94.4
86.4

100.0

116.2
118.0
118.6
117.4
85.7
130.9
95.2

115.3
113.1
118.0
116.7
83.1
126.3
91.3

Man-hours
Total_____________ ____ ______________
Mining______________________________
Contract construction_________________
Manufacturing_______________________
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories__________
Lumber and wood products_______
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products_____
Primary metal industries__________
Fabricated metal products_________
Machinery, except electrical________
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipment_________
Instruments and related products....
Misc. manufacturing industries____
Nondurable goods_____________________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products_____________
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products____________
Printing and publishing_____________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum and coal products_________
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather p ro d u cts,,,........ .

114. 3
77. 0
107. 1
117. 4

116.0
77.8

115. 4
78. 2

120.2

122. 6

117.2

115. 9
119. 3
185.
94.
125. 7
109. 0
102. 6

122. 6

121.6

194. 5
92. 1
128. 0
106. 5
107. 1
124. 4
134. 5
144. 4
122. 6
130. 6
109. 0

189.5
94.2
125.8
110.2
106.0
123.9
135.3
143.8
114.9
129.6
116.4

110.7
96.1
87.6
106.4
116.3
119.1

111.4
98.6
99.3
105.6
118.2
117.8
118.5
119.0
85.6
154.7
99.2

120.6

119.1
83.5
155.1
99.0

122. 1

0

131.
141. 2
111. 5
128. 6
117. 4
111. 6

0

103.
107. 2
104. 7
116. 6
117. 5
117. 7
117. 9
86. 3
152. 9
95.

1

116. 8
79. 1
127. 1
116. 8
120. 0
184. 8
95. 2
124. 3
110. 1
104. 6
123. 1
135. 9
138. 3
111. 6
128. 8
115. 4

116.5
81.1
130.1
115.7
118.9
179.5
95.7
123.0
111.2
106.3
123.2
134.9
138.7
105.4
128.5
112.7

113.8
84.3
127.8
112.7
117.3
174.1
95.0
116.3
109.7
107.3

112.7
108.2

111.6

106.8
99.6
75.7
98.4
111.3
116.6
117.9
117.3
87.4
125.0
94.0

101.0

103.7
117.1
117.5
118.8
117.4
87.3
152.4
94.8

103.4
92.8
102.8

118.5
118.4
118.9
117.6
87.1
148.7
97.0

120.0

134.9
133.8
106.5
126.4
104.6

114.8
83.0
120.2

115.4
121.0

171.5
97.1
120.5
109.6
110.2

129.4
107.5

142.2
141.4
112.1
130.6
106.0

128.7
103.7

112.3
79.1
99.1
116.4
123.4
168.1
89.4
123.1
103.0
116.0
125.6
143.5
147.3
116.0
131.0
105.2

105.4
88.6
74.6
99.5
114.7
112.7
118.5
118.7
82.3
143.1
89.4

106.1
89.5
74.2
99.9
116.6
114.0
119.3
116.6
79.5
144.1
92.0

105.7
88.8
76.2
99.4
117.1
112.9
117.4
115.2
78.6
144.5
95.0

107.3
91.4
87.8
101.3
116.9
114.1
117.2
115.5
77.5
149.4
98.2

110.4
96.6
98.9
103.9
118.6
116.9
119.9
117.1
80.1
153.2

109.5
96.2
84.6
106.0
118.7
115.0
115.8
115.9
81.0
146.8

100.2

100.6

78.7
135.2
96.9

101.0
147.9
149.9

97.7
137.2
151.1

97.1
131.3
150.4

100.4
141.0
153.1

102.6
151.7
156.9

100.8
157.6
151.4

97.1
144.6
136.6

111.0

77.1
97.1
114.3
120.6

122.0

112.5
122.5
141.6
143.2
112.1

102.0

115.1
109.6
110.0

110.2

Payrolls
M in in g., . . __
Contract construction
Manufacturing____

100.8
160.2
161.2

101.0
178.9
159.3

101.5
182.8
156.5

102.8
188.3
157. 6

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

104.1
188.9
154.5

108.9
184.7
150.5

106.2
171.1
153.8

101.8
157.3
150.9

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.

125

D .— C O N S U M E R A N D W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T

able

D -l.

Consumer Price Index1—U . S . city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Group
D ec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1967

1966

118.2
All item s- - - ---All items (1947-49=100)__________________ 145.0

117.8
144.5

117.5
144.2

117.1
143.7

116.9
143.4

116.5
142.9

116.0
142.3

115.6
141.8,

115.3
141.5

115.0
141.1

114.8
140.9

114.7
140.7

114.7
140.7

116.3
142.7

113.1
138.8

116.2
112.9
118.4
111.2
118.1
119.6
102.2
132.4

115.6
112.3
118.4
111.4
117.8
116. 7
101.5
132.0

115.7
112.6
118.2
112.3
117.9
115.3
102.3
131.4

115.9
112.9
118.4
113.4
117.3
115.6
102.4
130.8

116.6
113.9
118.4
113.1
116.6
122.7
102.6
130.3

116.0
113.3
118.2
112.3
116.4
124.4
100.2
129.7

115.1
112.3
118.3
111.6
116.3
119.9
100.0
129.1

113.9
110.9
118.8
108.5
115.9
116.4
100.7
128.7

113.7
110.8
118.5
109.0
115.7
114.2
101.4
128.3

114.2
111.5
118.6
110.0
115.7
115.2
102.3
127.7

114.2
111. 7
118.5
110.7
116.1
114.2
102.5
127.4

114.7
112.3
118.8
110.3
116.4
115.3
104.9
127.0

114.8
112.6
118.8
110.9
116.5
114.3
105.7
126.3

115.2
112.3
118.5
111.2
116.7
117.5
101.9
129.6

114.2
112.6
115.8
114.1
111.8
117. 6
103.9
123.2

_____
Fuel oil and coal____ . . . . .
Gas and electricity___ ___________ _
Household furnishings and operation 6__

116.0
119.9
113.5
122.6
109.3
113.1
108.7
109.7

115.5
119.4
113.2
121.9
109.3
112.7
109.0
109.3

115.3
119.0
113.0
121.5
109.4
112.5
108.9
109.1

115.0
118. 7
112.8
121.1
109.4
112.3
108.9
108.8

114.7
118.4
112.6
120.8
109.1
111.7
108.5
108.3

114.3
117.9
112.4
120. 2
108.9
111.4
108.3
108.2

114.1
117.7
112.2
119.9
108.6
110.5
108.2
108.1

113.9
117.5
112.1
119.7
108.7
110.8
108.3
107.9

113.6
116.9
111.9
119.0
108.8
111.0
108.4
107.7

113.3
116.6
111.8
118. 6
108.7
111. 1
108.3
107.3

113.3
116.8
111.7
118.9
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.0

113.1
116.5
111.4
118.7
108.6
110.5
108.3
106.7

113.0
116.4
111.3
118.6
108.4
110.2
107.9
106.7

114.3
117.9
112.4
120.2
109.0
111.6
108.5
108.2

111.1
114.1
110.4
115.7
107.7
108.3
108.1
105. 0

Apparel and upkeep 7_______ . .
______
M en’s and boys’.
- - - - - - Women’s and girls’___ . . . ____ _
. .
Footwear____
. ________
_____

116.8
116.8
113.6
127.9

116.6
116.6
113.5
127.6

116.0
116.1
112.7
127.1

115.1
115.5
111.1
126.4

113.8
114.5
108.8
126.0

113.7
113.9
109.2
125.4

113.9
114.1
109.7
125.4

113.8
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.0
113.5
108.4
124.9

112.6
112.7
108.2
124.2

111.9
111.8
107.3
123.4

111.3
111.6
106.4
122.9

112.3
112.6
108.1
122.9

114.0
114.3
109.9
125.5

109.6
110.3
105.1
119. 6

—. . .
Transportation.. . . . ___ . . . .
Private .
.. _ . .
. . . ___
Public. __________ _ . ---------------------

117.9
115.8
134.9

118.3
116.2
134.6

117.7
115.7
133.0

116.8
114.8
133.0

116.4
114.4
132.8

116.2
114.1
132.7

115.7
113.7
132.2

115.5
113.6
130.9

115.1
113.2
130.6

114.2
112.2
130.5

113.8
111.8
130.0

113.4
111.4
129.8

113. 8
111.7
129.8

115.9
113. 9
132.1

112.7
111. 0
125.8

Health and recreation.. __ . ____________
Medical care.
. . .
............
Personal care.
. - - - - - - - - - . ...
Reading and recreation____ . . . _ . . .
Other goods and services 8 -_ _. _______

126.6
140.4
117.2
122.2
121.4

126.2
139.7
116.9
122.0
121.0

125.5
139.0
116.5
121.4
120.3

124.9
138.5
116.4
120.5
119.7

124.2
137.5
116.1
120.0
118.8

123.6
136.9
115.5
119.8
117.8

123.2
136.3
115.3
119.7
116.9

122.8
135.7
115.0
119.6
116.7

122.6
135.1
114.9
119.4
116.6

122.2
134.6
114.4
118.9
116.4

121.8
133.6
114.1
118.6
116.3

121.4
132.9
113.8
118.5
116.2

121.0
131.9
113.7
118.4
115.9

123.8
136.7
115.5
120.1
118.2

119.0
127. 7
112.2
117.1
114.9

Special groups:
All items less shelter---------------------------All items less food _ ___ . . __
____
All items less medical care---------- ---------

117.7
118.9
116.8

117.5
118.7
116.5

117.1
118.2
116.2

116.7
117.7
115.8

116.5
117.1
115.6

116.1
116.8
115.2

115.6
116.5
114.8

115.1
116.3
114.4

114.8
115.9
114.1

114.6
115.4
113.8

114.3
115.2
113.7

114.2
114.8
113.6

114.3
114.9
113.7

115.9
116.8
115.0

112.9
113. 0
112.3

Commodities
-----_____________ 112.9
Nondurables 8 . . . - -- --- . . . ____ 115.6
Durables 10_____ __________ _________ 106.1
Services 1112____ . . . __________ _______ 130.1

112.6
115.3
106.0
129.6

112.4
115.1
105.7
129.1

112.0
114.9
104.8
128.7

111.9
114.8
104.7
128.2

111.5
114.3
104.4
127.7

111.0
113.8
104.1
127.4

110.5
113.2
103.9
127.0

110.2
113.0
103.4
126.6

110.0
112.9
102.9
126.3

109.9
112.7
102.8
125.9

109.9
112.7
102.7
125.5

110.1
113.0
103.1
125.2

111.2
114.0
104.3
127.7

109.2
111. 8
102.7
122.3

Commodities less food _ - - - - - . ...
Nondurables less food_____ ______
Apparel com modities___ _ ________
Apparel commodities less footwear __
Nondurables less food and apparel.. _
...
... .
New cars__ . . . .
U sed ca rs..
__ _____ _
. ... ...
Household durables 13____ ._ ________
Housefurnishings_________________ _ _

111.1
115.2
115.9
113.5
114.7
101.3
124.8
99.1
102.1

111. 1
115.2
115.7
113.4
114.8
101.4
125. 6
98.8
101.8

110.6
114.5
115.1
112.7
114.2
101.1
126.0
98.7
101.5

110.0
114.1
114.1
111.7
114.1
96.1
126.2
98.4
101.2

109.4
113.2
112.7
110.0
113.4
96.9
125.2
98.2
100.8

109.1
112.8
112.6
110.0
113.0
97.0
124.8
98.1
100.8

108.9
112.7
112.8
110.3
112.7
96.8
122.4
98.0
100.7

108.7
112.7
112.7
110.2
112.6
96.9
121.4
98.1
100.6

108.4
112.4
111.9
109.4
112.7
97.0
118.8
98.0
100.6

107.8
111.8
111.5
109.0
112.0
97.2
115.9
97.8
100.3

107.6
111.6
110.7
108.2
111.9
97.3
114.0
97.7
100.0

107.3
111.0
110.1
107.6
111.6
97.6
113.0
97.6
99.7

107.7
111.4
111.2
108.8
111.6
98. 6
114.2
97.7
100.0

109.2
113.1
113.0
110.5
113.1
98.1
121.5
98.2
100.8

106.5
109.7
108. 5
106. 3
110. 3
97.2
117. 8
96.8
98.8

Services less r e n t11......................... . . . .
Household services less rent . . . _____
Transportation services___
._ ____ . .
Medical care services____ _ _ ____
Other services 14____ ______ _____

133.8
129.1
130.4
150.4
134.3

133.2
128.6
130.0
149.6
133.9

132.7
128.4
129.2
148.7
133.1

132.3
128.1
128.9
148.0
132.4

131.7
127.5
128.8
146.7
131.9

131.2
127.0
128.3
146.0
131.6

130.8
126.7
128.1
145.2
131.3

130.4
126.5
127.7
144.4
130.8

130.0
126.0
127.6
143.6
130.3

129.5
125.6
127.4
142.9
129.7

129.2
125.5
127.2
141.6
129.4

128.8
125.1
126.9
140.6
129.1

128.3
124.9
126.5
139.4
128.9

131.1
127.0
128.4
145.6
131.5

125.0
121. 5
124.3
133.9
126. 5

Food at hom e...
. _ . . _ ___Cereals and bakery products.. . . . ---Meats, Doultry, and fish___ _
_ ...
Dairy products. ___„ ____ _______ .
Fruits and vegetables____________ . .
Other foods at home 2. ______________
---Food'away from h om e..

Homeownership 4------- -- -----------------

1 The C PI measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
January 1964, the index structure was revised to reflect buying patterns of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
2 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
4 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
5 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
6 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
7 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.

8Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
2 Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and

285 -79 6 0 - 68 - 9


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
10 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
11 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
12 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto_ insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
>3 Does not include auto parts,durable toys, and sports equipment.
14 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services.

126
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1967

Group

1966

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Food__________ ______ ____ __________
Food at h om e.__________________ _
Meats, poultry, and fish___________
Dairy products___________ ____ ___
Fruits and vegetables.. . . _________
Other foods at home______________

116.5
113.4
111.8
117.4
123.4
101.3

116.1
112.9
111.3
117.0
121.1
100.9

115.8
112.7
111.2
117.3
120.5
101.1

115.6
112.5
111.1
117.1
119.7
101.3

115.8
112.9
112.1
116.6
120.6
102.5

115. 0
112.0
112. 2
117. 0
116. 0
.1

101

115.3
112.6
113.1
117.4
115.1
101.6

114.5
111.5
110.3
116.6
113.5
101.7

113.9
110.9
110.0
116.3
112.1
101.9

114.3
111.6
110.4
115.6
114.7
102.8

114. 0
111.4
110.4
115.9
114.4
102.3

114.9
112.5
110.4
115.8
118.5
104.4

115.3
113.1
111.3
115.9
117.6
104.9

Fuel and utilities 3___ ______________
Fuel oil and co a l4________________

109.0
111.2

109.1
112.1

109.4
112.8

109.5
113.8

109.5
113.9

109.3
113.7

108.8
112.4

108.8
112.4

108.7
110.3

108.4
109.4

108.7
108.9

108.2
108.3

108.0
108.3

Apparel and upkeep 3_________________
M en’s and boys’____________________
Women’s and girls’____ ____________
Footwear_____ ____________________

116.2
116.1
112.6
127.5

115.9
115.7
112.3
127.2

115.4
115.6
111.5
126.8

114.9
115.3
110.7
126.5

114.3
115.0
109.6
126.3

114.2
114.4
109.7
125.8

113.9
114.2
109.8
125.3

113.7
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.1
113.6
108.7
124.8

112.9
113.2
108.6
124.3

112.3
112.2
107.9
123.5

111.9
111.9
107.5
123.0

111.7
111.9
107.1
122.5

Transportation............. .............................. .
Private_______ _____ _______________

117.7
115. 6

117.8
115.6

117.3
115.4

117.0
115.1

116.3
114.3

116.0
113.9

115.9
113.8

115.6
113.7

115.3
113.4

114.5
112.7

114.3
112.2

113.2
111.3

113.3
111.4

Special groups:
Commodities •____ ___________________
Nondurables_____________________
Durables 6 7______ ____ ___ ____ _____

112.8
115.6
105.9

112.5
115.4
105.6

112.3
115.0
105.5

112.0
114.7
105.1

111.8
114.6
104.9

111. 3
113.7
104.4

113.9
104.1

110.6
113.4
103.9

110.3
113.1
103.4

110.1
113.0
103.0

110.0
112.7
103.0

110.1
112.9
102.7

110.1
113.1
102.9

Commodities less food 6_______________
Nondurables less food_______________
Apparel commodities______________
Apparel commodities less footwear.
New cars___________________________
Used cars________________________
Housefurnishings.................................

110.8
114.9
115.1
112.6
100.3
124.3
102.0

110.7
114.7
114.8
112.4
99.8
124.7
101.7

110.4
114.2
114.3
111.9
100.4
124.8
101.5

110.1
114.0
113.9
111.4
97.9
125.1
101.2

109.6
113.4
113.2
110.6
98.2
123. 3

109.2
113.0
113.2
110.6
98.0
123.1
100.9

108.9
112.8
112.9
110.4
97.2
120.9
100.6

108.8
112.8
112.6
110.2
97.1
121.9
100.5

108.4
112.5
112.1
109.6
96.8
119.4
100.4

108.0
112.0
111.9
109.4
97.1
117.9
100.2

107.9
111.8
111.3
108.9
96.9
117.2
100.2

107.4

107.4

110.8
108.4
96.9
115.1
100.0

110.5
108.0
97.5
114.0
100.0

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 Sinning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were comRu
for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes
for the year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes will be
shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are pubhshed. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made
available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes le.g.,
Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index:
selected Senes). The factors currently used were derived by the BLS


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.1

111.1

111.1 111.1

Seasonal Factor Method using data for 1956-66. These factors will be up­
dated at the end of each calendar year. A detailed description of the BLS
Seasonal Factor Method is provided in appendix A , B L S Handbook of Meth­
ods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).
3 See footnote 5, table D -l.
4 See footnote 6, table D -l.
5 See footnote 8, table D -l.
6 See footnote 10, table D -l.
7 See footnote 12, table D -l.

127

D — CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-3.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]

1967

1967

Annual
average

194749=100

Area 2
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Dec.
1967

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

115.0

114.8

114.7

114.7

113.1

109.9

145.0

All items
U.S. city average 3-----------------------

118.2

117.8

117.5

117.1

116.9

116.5

116.0

115.6

115.3

Atlanta, Ga-------------------------------Baltimore, Md._ _ ------------------ Boston, M a ss.. . ------- ------------Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963 = 100)____
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind___
Cincinnati, O h io -K e n tu c k y ...----

116.8
117.4
m
(4)
115.8
116.0

(4)
(4)
(4)
111.2
115.5
(4)

(4)
(4)
120.8
(4)
115.1
(4)

115.6
117.6
(4)
(4)
115.0
114.7

(4)
(4)
(4)
110.4
114.5
(4)

(4)
(4)
119.9
(4)
113.7
(4)

114.8
115.7
(4)
(4)
112.9
113.1

(4)
(4)
(4)
109.5
112.6
(4)

(4)
(4)
118.8
(4)
112.2
(4)

114.0
114.8
(4)
(4)
112.3
111.6

(4)
(4)
(4)
108.5
112.2
(4)

(4)
(4)
118.6
(4)
111.8
(4)

113.3 111.5
114.5 113.4
117.0
(4)
107.0
(4)
112.2 110.7
111.2 .110.3

108.1
109.6
113.2
103.5
107.6
107.2

144.6
145.7
(4)

Cleveland, Ohio____________ . . . .
Dallas, Tex. (N ov. 1963=100)_____
Detroit, Mich .
_
____
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100).
Houston, Tex--- ------------_ ...
Kansas City, M o.-K ansas... ------.

(4)
(4)
116.4
110.1
(4)
120.2

114.7
109.1
116.0
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
115.5
(4)
115. 6
(4)

(4)
(4)
115.3
108.7
(4)
120.1

113.2
108.9
115.3
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
115.0
(4)
114.3
(4)

(4)
(4)
114.7
107.9
(4)
117.4

111.8
107.5
114.5
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
114.6
(4)
113.6
(4)

(4)
(4)
114.3
106.7
(4)
117.9

111.5
107.0
113.5
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.3
(4)
113.0
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.3
106.6
(4)
117.3

109.7
105.0
111.1
105.1
111.5
116.3

106.9
101.4
106.4
102.1
108.5
113.3

(4)
(4)
143.5

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___ 119.9
Milwaukee, Wis_________ ____
.
(4)
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn.. —
(4)
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N .J. 120.8
Philadelphia, P a .- N .J ____ . ---- 118.7
Pittsburgh, P a___________ . (4)
Portland, Oreg.-Wash------------- . .
(4)

120.0
114. 5
(4)
120.3
118.6
(4)
(4)

118.9
(4)
118.4
120.2
118.3
115.5
119.4

119.1
(4)
(4)
119.7
117.9
(4)
(4)

118.3
113.6
(4)
119.4
117.4
(4)
(4)

117.5
(4)
115.6
119.1
116.7
115.0
118.2

117.3
(4)
(4)
118.7
116.6
(4)
(4)

116.9
112.2
(4)
118.4
116.0
(4)
(4)

116.3
(4)
114.2
118.2
115.8
114.2
117.4

115.4
(4)
(4)
118.2
115.5
(4)
(4)

115.7
111.4
(4)
118.0
115.3
(4)
(4)

115.8
(4)
113.4
117.5
115.0
114.0
117.1

116.3
(4)
(4)
117.6
115.3
(4)
(4)

114.7
110.6
112.2
116.0
113.7
113.0
116.3

112.5
108.2
109.5
112.2
110.6
110.2

149.5
(4)
(4)
145.6
145.8
(4)
(4)

St. Louis, M o .-Ill____ _________ 118.9
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100).
(4)
121.3
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif
.
Scranton, Pa_____ . . . . _______
(4)
Seattle, W ash___________________
(4)
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a . . . .
(4)

(4)
106.5
(4)
119.6
119.2
117.8

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

117.7
<4)
120.4
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
105.9
(4)
118.7
118.2
117.3

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

116.5
(4)
118.4
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
104.1
(4)
117.1
116.8
115.7

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

115.5
(4)
117.1
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
103.7
(4)
116.3
115.9
115.1

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

114.9
(4)
117.2
(4)
(4)
(4)

113.5
102.1
115.6
111 9
114.1
113.3

109.9
100.1
112.7

147.6

111.8
111.0

111.0
109.6

146.0
141.2

(4)
148.7

153.9
(4)
(4)
(4)

Food
116.2

115.6

115.7

115.9

116.6

116.0

115.1

113.9

113.7

114.2

114.2

114.7

114.8

114.2

108.8

114.3

114.1

115.0

116. 7

117. 6

119.9
110.8
116.5
112.3

119. 7
109.9
116.4
112.0

120.5
109 9
116.7
112.2

115.4
118.3
121.1
111.3
117.7
114.4

114.4
117.6
120.1
116.4
115.2

114.3
115. 5
119.0
110.6
114.5
113.7

113.6
114.9
118.3
108.9
113.9
111.9

112.9
114.8
117.7
108.9
113.1
111.3

113.6
114.9
118.4
109.4
114.1
111.4

113.5
115.2
118.2
109.3
114.7
111.2

114.1
115.3
119.0
109.7
114.1
111.5

113.8

1 1 6 .9

115.1
118.1
121.3
110.4
116.6
112.4

118.8
109.3
114.7
111.7

112.9
115.9
117.0
108.8
114.6
111.8

107.4
109.3
112.5
104.1
108.8
106.2

112.2
110.7
115.4
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100). 110.9
116.1
119.5

112.5
110.0
114. 7

112.1
110.2
114.7

111. 1

1 1 1 .1

115.9
118.9

116.1
118. 6

112.4
110.0
114.5
110.3
116.2
118.5

113.0
110.8
116.3
110.1
116.1
119.1

112.2
110.2
115.1
109.9
115.9
118.4

111.5
109.4
113.5
109.5
115.0
117.8

109.9
108.4
113.0
108.4
114.2
116.1

109.6
107.9
112.6
108.0
115. 5
116.0

110.3
108.9
113.2
108.3
115.7
116.6

110.0
109.8
112.7
107.7
116.0
117.2

110.9
110.5
113.0
108.1
116.6
118.0

111.5
110.9
113.1
108.0
116.9
117.8

110.9
110.0
112.2
107.0
115.4
117.2

104.8
103.9
105.0
103.5
109.2
111. 3

Los Angeles-Long Beach, C a lif___

117.1
115. 2
114.1
New York, N .Y .-Northeastern N .J. 116.6
Philadelphia, P a .-N .J ____________ 115.4
111.4

115.7
114. 7
113.5
116.0
115.1
111. 7

115.2
115.2
113.4
116.1
115.3
111.8
115.2

115.1
114.9
113.1
116.2
116.5
112.0

114.6
116.5
114.3
117.2
115.9
113.1

112.4
113.5
111.8
114.3
113.3
109.1

112.4

112.5

114.0

112.5
114.9
113.1
109.7

112.8
112.8
112.5
115.0
113.6
110.2
116.0

113.7

112.2
114.4
113.0
109.5
114.1

113.0
115.5
113.7
111.3
116.7

112.9
115.3
114.0
111.2
115.6

113.3
114.0
112.4
115.1
113.1
111.8
1117

110.7
107.7
107.1
109.8
107.2
107.5
109.5

120.7
110.4
116.2

119.2
108.9
115.1
114. 7
115.8
116.0

119.7
108 5
115. 4

119.0
108.6
115.7

118.1

119.2

113.2

118.5
105.9
113.3

119.3

113.0

114.4

113.1
114.8

113.3
115.3

113.5
114.7

114.0
114.7

114.4
118.1
114.3
114.7

117.8
106.5
114.2

115.2
117.8

117.4
106. 2
112.8
112.0
113.6
114.4

117.2

115. 2
116.8

120.0
109.1
116.4
116.0
115.2
118.0

111.5
102.7
110.2
107.7
110.3
108.4

U.S. city average 3. _____________

Buffalo N Y (N ov 1963—100)
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern In d ___

Washington, D .C .-M d.-V a_____

116.6
116.7

111. 1

114.3

113.6

113.1
116.5
114.7
112.9
115.9

112.3
115.5
114.5
111.6

119.9

118.8

116.1

114.4

115.4
116.3

114.4
115.7

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2 The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban
portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960
Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for N ew York and Chicago.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

112.1 112.6

1 1 6 .0

112.8
114.1
114.0

3 Average of 56 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places) beginning January 1966.
< All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.

128

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

D-4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1967

1966

Commodity group
Dec. N ov.
All commodities_______________________
Farm products and processed foods and feeds.
Farm products________________________ .
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables__
Grains____
___________________ .
Livestock__________________________
Live poultry__________ _ ___ _____
Plant and animal fibers_____________
Fluid m ilk_________________________
Eggs------------- --------- ----------------------- ---------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_________
Other farm products___ _ . . . ______
Processed foods and feeds______ 1________
Cereal and bakery products_________ ______ ________
Meats, poultry, and fish ___________
Dairy products. __________________
Processed fruits and vegetables___________ _______
Sugar and confectionery ___________
Beverages and beverage materials____
Animal fats and oils__ ___________ .

106.8
104.8
98.9
105.0
85.4
97.6
68.2
80.8
124.3
90.9
112.7
101.3
111.5
116.9
103.2
124.1
113.1
112.7
107.7
73.5
C ru d e v eg e tab le o ils _________________
83.9
Refined vegetable oils. ____________
87.0
Vegetable oil end products______ ______ ___________ 100.2
Miscellaneous processed foods____________ __________ 113.7
Manufactured animal feeds__________
119.6
All commodities except farm products___
107.7
Industrial commodities_______________ . .
107.4
Textile products and apparel. _______
103.8
C otton products.______ __________
104.2
Wool products. .
_______________
102.2
Manmade fiber textile products____ . . . .
88.6
Silk y a m s_______________________
189.7
Apparel_________________________
108.1
Textile housefurnishings__________
109.8
Miscellaneous textile products_____
114.0
Hides, skins, leather, and related products..
116.0
Hides and skins__________________
89.7
Leather____________________ . . . .
109.1
Footwear___________ _ _____ _
124.3
Other leather and related products..
111.5
Fuels and related products, arid power__________________ 102.6
Coal______________
. . .
104. 9
Coke___________ _ _
112.0
Gas fuels (Jan. 1958=100)_________ ________________ 133.1
Electric power (Jan. 1958=100)__________ ___________ 100.9
Crude petroleum__________ . . . .
99.0
Petroleum products, refined____ ____________
99.9
Chemicals and allied products________
98.4
Industrial chemicals____________ .
98.3
Prepared paint___________________
112.2
Paint materials__________________
91.3
Drags and pharmaceuticals ____________
93.8
Fats and oils, inedible____________
77.2
102.2
Agricultural chemicals and chemical products..
Plastic resins and materials______
86.6
Other chemicals and allied products___
108.5
Rubber and rubber products__
99.2
Crude rubber______
83.7
Tires and tu bes..
98.7
Miscellaneous rubber products..
105.9
Lumber and wood products__________
107.6
Lumber_________
111.8
Millwork ___
Plywood____
90.2
Other wood products (Dec. 1966=100) .
101.5
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106.2
103.4
96.4
102.9
81.3
96.2
65.6
74.9
123.6
80.7
109.9
100.9
110.9
117.0
102.2
123.0
112.0
113.9
107.4
70.8
82.7
87.5
101.5
113.1
118.8
107.3
107.1
103.0
101.2
102.2
88.1
183.9
108. 0
107.3
114. 5
115.4
90.4
106.5
123.7
111.9
102.8
104.8
112.0
132.8
100.9
99.0
100.4
98.2
98.3
109.9
91.4
93.7
77.9
101.7
86.3
108.6
99.1
83.8
98.7
105.6
106.7
110.9
113.5
87.8
101.5

Annual
average

Oct. Sept. Aug.

Juiy June M ay Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1966

1965

106.1
104.1
97.1
91.6
86.6
101.8
73.8
72.4
123.5
76.8
108.5
97.4
111.7
116.8
104.7
123.0
109.3
113.9
107.3
76.3
83.3
88.1
101.8
112.6
120.6
107.2
108.8
102.2
99.1
102.8
86.9
179. 5
107.5
107.4
115.9
114.8
86.8
104.7
123.6
111.9
103.0
103.8
112.0
132.7
100.8
99.0
101.0
98.2
98.3
109.9
91.0
93.6
78.5
101.6
86.1
108.8
98.8
84.2
98.7
104.8
107.3
111.2
113.4
90.2
101.5

106.5
107.3
102.8
107.9
92.6
107.4
91.9
70.9
121.3
86.0
117.1
99.7
113.1
116.9
109.9
122.0
107.0
113.7
106.4
77.4

105.7
104.6
99.6
98.4
99.9
97.4
90.8
70.3
119.0
90.8
120.5
99.5
110.6
117.5
101.7
120.7
104.2
112.5
105.6
89.6
94.2
96.9
101.8
112.0
124.8
106.3
106.0
101.8
101.3
104.0
86.9
164.1
106.0
105.1
120.8
116.9
98.9
114.6
121.7
114.4
103.7
102. 2
112.0
134.6
100.6
98.3
102.4
98.5
97.0
108.8
90.8
94.4
81.5
105.9
90.3
107.8
95.9
86.5
94.9
100.9
103.6
106.0
111.2
87.7
102.0

106.0
105.7
101.0
104.5
95.8
99.5
97.1
70.2
122.9
84.0
120.3
100.5
111.7
117.3
104.7
121.2
104.3
112.6
105.9
92.0
94.1
96.7
103.5
111.5
125.9
106.5
106.0
102.0
101.8
104.7
87.1
164.1
105.9
105.3
121.0
118.0
107.8
116.3
121.6
114.6
103.4
102.3
112.0
134.5
100.6
98.2
101.9
98.5
96.9
108.7
90.8
94.2
89.1
105.4
90.5
107.6
95.8
87.1
94.9
100.4
103.6
105.4
111.1
89.2
102.0

106.2
107.0
102.6
101.8
100.7
101.4
88.1
70.8
123.4
100.0
123.5
99.6
112.8
117.6
105.4
121.8
105.9
113.0
105.8
94.9
94.1
93.0
106.3
112.6
132.1
106.5
105.8
102.0
102.5
104.7
87.1
166.1
105.7
105.3
120.5
117.9
110.1
116.9
120.9
114. 5
102.6
102.3
112.0
134.6
100.6
98.2
100.3
98.4
96.6
108.7
90.6
94.7
92.3
104.2
90.3
107.4
95.6
87.6
94.9
99.7
102.6
104.5
110.3
87.3
102.0

105.9
106.7
101.8
101.3
101.5
97.9
77.2
71.0
124.0
109.0
124.5
100.5
112.8
118.0
104.4
122.3
105.8
112.6
105.8
97.5
98.1
101.2
106.3
113.7
132.0
106.3
105.5
101.8
102.7
104.8
86.9
163.2
105.4
105.3
119.7
117.3
109.2
116.2
120.3
114.2
102.4
102.4
112.0
132.0
100.8
98.1
100.2
98.2
96.4
108.5
90.6
94.7
95.1
103.1
90.2
107.0
95.0
87.6
93.9
99.3
102.5
104.5
110.3
87.4
100.0

105.9
108.9
105.6
102.5
97.3
110.0
91.4
82.3
117.6
107.9
122.9
101.5
113.0
115.4
110.2
118.5
104.8
110.5
105.8
113.1
107.2
108.7
104.6
114.0
126.6
105.8
104.7
102.1
102.5
106.0
89.5
153.6
105.0
104.4
122.6
119.7
140.8
121.1
118.2
114.4
101.3
98.6
109.8
129.3
100.3
97.5
99.5
97.8
95.7
106.8
90.1
94.5
102.8
102.8
89.0
106.6
94.8
89.2
93.3
98.8
105.6
108.5
110.0
92.8

102.5
102.1
98.4
101.8
89.6
100.5
87.2
91.1
103.5
93.5
112.9
97.6
106.7
109.0
101.0
108.5
102.1
109.0
105.7
113. 4
100.9
97.0
101.2
113.6
116.3
102.9
102.5
101.8
100.2
104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
103.1
123.0
109.2
111.2
108.1
110.7
106.1
98.9
96.5
107.3
124.1
100.8
96.8
95.9
97.4
95.0
105.4
89.8
94.4
112.7
101.8
88.4
105.3
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1
101.1
101.9
107.7
92.3

106.2
105.3
98.4
92.2
85.6
103.5
72.9
72.4
123.7
93.1
109.0
97.7
112.7
116.6
108.6
122.8
107.9
113.8
106.7
79.6
87.9
91.3
102.0
112.5
121.5
107.1
106.5
102.0
99.2
102.7
86.3
175.7
107.4
106.8
115.6
114.4
93.2
105.3
121.8
111.8
104.5
104.1
112.0
132.6
100.7
99.0
103.9
97.9
97.1
109.9
90.6
93.5
77.1
101.2
87.7
108.7
98.2
83.9
98.7
103.7
108.7
112.0
113.1
95.7
101.3

106.1
105.2
99.2
96.6
86.1
106.3
77.3
71.4
120.9
82.1
111.6
99.3
112.1
116.8
107.4
122.1
107.1
113.8
106.6
83.0
89.8
91.9

86.8

88.3

101 0 101.3

112.1
119.6
106.8
106.3
101.7
98.8
102.9
85.9
172.6
107.3
105.3
116.0
114.4
86.8
109.2
121.2
112.5
104.7
103.0
112.0
132.0
100.5
99.0
104.6
98.0
97.1
108.8
90.7
93.6
77.2
101.8
89.5
108.7
97.8
84.8
98.7
102.3
106.1
109.0
112.6
90.9
101.6

113.1
123.2
106.8
106.0
101.5
98.9
103.3
85.5
168.4
107.1
105.3
117.1
115.2
93.4
109.5
121.4
112.9
103.9
103.0
112.0
131.8
100.6
98.4
103.3
98.3
97.2
108.8
90.9
94.1
77.1
103.5
90.0
108.7
95.8
85.7
94.0
101.6
105.3
108.3
112.1
89.4
102.0

106.3
106.8
102.4
114.3
96.1
104.9
85.7
70.9
121.3
76.0
116.6
100.2
112.6
117.2
108.3
122.2
106.5
112.7
106.3
82.4
91.7
93.5
101.6
112.6
122.4
106.7
106.0
101.6
99.7
103.2
85.8
167.0
106.7
105.3
118.0
115.6
95.8
110.2
121.5
113.3
104.0
102.4
112.0
134.3
100.5
98.3
103.1
98.5
97.2
108.8
91.0
94.1
79.5
105.1
90.3
108.5
95.8
86.2
94.0
101.5
104.7
108.0
111.7
87.6
102.0

105.8
105.0
100.7
104.4
98.0
102.6
85.6
69.9
120.9
74.5
117.8
99.9
110.7
117.4
103.8
120.8
105.1
112.0
106.0
89.8
93.9
96.6
101.6
112.4
118.7
106.4
106.0
101.6
100.3
103.1
86.3
167.0
106.3
105.5
118.5
115.2
87.2
110.9
121.4
114.3
104.4
102.6
112.0
135.0
100.6
98.3
103.7
98.8
97.5
108.8
91. 0
94.1
82.9
105.2
90.7
108.7
95.8
85.9
94.0
101. 5
104.2
107.0
111.7
87.5
102.0

105.3
103.4
97.6
99.6
98.3
94.0
89.0
69.9
119.1
77.0
118.4
99.2
110.0
117.2
100.6
120.1
104.3
111.8
105.9
91.5
93.8
96.8
101.6
112.9
122.9
106.2
106.0
101.8
100.8
102.9
86.8
164.5
106.2
105.2
119.4
115.7
88.3
112.9
121.5
114.5
103.3
102.7
112.0
134.8
100.6
98.3
101.7
98.8
97.6
108.8
91.2
94.0
85.3
105.2
90.4
108.6
95.9
86.5
94.0
101.5
104.1
106.6
111.6
87.9
102.0

—

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-4.

129

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 b y group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3
1967

1966

Commodity group
Dec. Nov.
Industrial Commodities—Continued
P u Id . paper, and allied products----------------------------------Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper
arid board----- ------------------------------Woodpulp....................................................... ....................—Wastepaper_______________________________________
Paper___________________________ ____ ___________
Paperboard..-,
—
--------------Converted paper and paperboard products----------- Building paper and board-..
---- -Metals and metal products---------Iron and steel-------------------------------------------------------Steel mill products-----------------------------------------------Nonferrous metals---------- --------------------------Metal containers-- ____ ________ ___________ Hardware____ -- ----- - - - - - - - - Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings.-----------------------Heating equipment-----------------------------------------------Fabricated structural metal products----------------------Miscellaneous metal products---------------------------------Machinery and equipment------- ---- -Agricultural machinery and equipment.
-----Construction machinery and equipment------------------Metalworking machinery and equipment-----------------General purpose machinery and equipment-------------Special industry machinery and equipment (Jan.
1961-100)______________________________________
Electrical machinery and equipm ent..
Miscellaneous machinery---------------------------------------Furniture and household durables-------------------------------Household furniture------ .
----- ——
---Commercial furniture..
Floor coverings-- . --------- - - - - --------- - Household appliances—
Home electronic equipment-----------------------------------Other household durable goods------------------------------Nonmetallic mineral products —
----F la tg la s s ... - -.
- ---------------------------------------Concrete ingredients - - ---... Concrete products----- --------- --- - - - - ------- Structural clay products excluding refractories------ -Refractories___ .
------- - ---------- - - — ---- -Asphalt roofing__ _ . - .-- ------Gypsum products------ --------------- - - ------Glass containers_____
--------------Other nonmetallic minerals-------------------------------------

Oct. Sept. Aug.

July June May Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1966

104.8 104.6 104.3 104.1 104.0 104.1 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.6 103.3 103.1 103.0 102.6

1965

99.9

105.3
98.0
78.1
111.2
97.3
105.8
92.1
111.0
104.7
107.0
123.7
112.9
116.1
110.6
93.4
106.1
114.4
113.2
124.9
126.3
125.8
115.2

105.1
98.0
76.5
111.2
97.3
105.5
92.0
110.5
104.3
106.8
122.7
112.9
115.7
110.2
93.3
105.9
114.1
112.6
4123. 8
125.3
125.4
114.7

104.8
98.0
76.6
111.2
97.3
104.9
92.1
109.8
103.9
106.5
120.7
111.7
115.4
110.2
92.9
105.7
114.1
112.2
122.3
124. 3
124. 6
114.4

104.6
98.0
75.4
110.9
97.3
104.8
91.4
109.6
104.0
106.3
119.4
111.7
115.3
110.2
92.7
105.6
114.1
111.9
122.2
122.4
124.4
114.0

104.5
98.0
74.6
110.9
97.3
104.6
91.3
109.2
103.5
105.7
118.9
111.7
115.2
110.1
92.5
105.5
114.2
111.8
122.0
122.4
124.4
113.6

104.6
98.0
76.2
110.9
97.3
104.7
91.5
109.0
103.4
105.7
118.6
111.7
113.8
110.0
92.6
105.1
113.8
111.6
121.9
122.1
123.9
113.2

104.3
98.0
76.7
109.6
97.3
104.9
91.5
108.9
103.3
105.7
118.7
111.7
113.0
110.8
92.5
104.9
113.7
111.6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.1

104.3
98.0
77.5
109.5
97.3
104.9
91.7
108.9
103.2
105.7
118.9
111.7
112.9
110.7
92.0
105.1
113.7
111.6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.2

104.3
98.0
79.1
109.3
97.3
104.9
92.2
109.1
103.2
105.6
120.0
111.5
112.8
110.5
92.0
104.9
113.6
111.6
121.8
121.8
122.9
113.0

104.0
98.0
79.7
108.5
97.3
104.7
92.3
109.4
103.3
105.6
121.1
111.5
112.4
110.5
92.2
104.8
113.7
111.5
121.9
121.5
122.6
113.0

103.7
98.0
83.2
108.5
97.3
104.0
92.4
109.6
103.2
105.6
122.3
111.5
112.0
110.5
92.3
104.8
113.6
111.2
121.7
121.4
122.2
113.0

103.5
98.0
83.9
108.5
97.3
103.7
92.4
109.4
103.0
105.4
121.8
111.5
111.9
110.5
92.6
104.8
113.6
111.1
121.5
121.3
121.9
112.8

103.4
98.0
90.5
108.5
97.2
103.2
92.7
109.0
102.9
105.3
120.5
110.2
111.9
110.5
93.4
104.9
113.2
110.7
120.8
121.0
121.8
112.4

103.0
98.0
105.0
107.3
97.1
102.3
92.6
108.3
102.3
104.7
120.9
110.0
109.6
108.4
92.5
103.9
111.6
108.2
118.5
118.9
118.8
109.7

100.2
98.1
99.4
104.1
96.4
99.3
92.7
105.7
101.4
103.3
115.2
107.6
106.0
103.1
91.7
101.2
109.4
105.0
115.1
115.3
113.6
105.1

118.3
102.3
110.8
102.1
114.3
112.6
95.2
90.9
81.8
119.5
105.3
017.5
106.5
105.8
111.6
106.0
99.3
103.9
101.1
102.3
104.0
Motor vehicles and equipm ent_____________________ 104.8
Railroad equipment (Jan. 1961=100)------------------------ 110.7
106.4
Miscellaneous products___
. . .
114.8
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, amm unition..
102.2
Tobacco products. ------------------113.6
N otions___
..
. .
------- ---- ------Photographic equipment and supplies--------------- 109.2
Other miscellaneous products.
. . . ------- . . . —

118.3
101.6
110.4
102.0
114.3
112.3
94.9
90.8
82.2
118.9
105.1
107.0
106.4
105.6
111. 1
106.0
99.4
103.9
101.1
102.0

118.2
101.5
109.9
101.7
113.4
112.0
94.8
90.5
82.1
118.9
104.9
107.0
106.3
105.9
110.7
104.9
95.1
103.9
101.1
101.9

116.7
101.5
109.7
101.2
113.0
112.0
93.4
90.3
81.6
118.2
104.7
106.9
106.1
105.9
110.7
104.9
95.1
100.7
101. 1
101.7

116.7
101.6
109.4
101.0
112.8
111.9
92.6
90.1
81.8
117.9
104.5
106.9
106.0
105.8
110.4
104.9
91.8
100.7
101.1
101.8

116.3
101.7
109.1
100.9
112.6
111.9
92.9
90.1
81.8
116.6
104.2
104. 5
106.0
105.8
109. 9
104.9
91.6
100.7
101.1
102.2

116.1
101.8
109.1
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
90.0
82.0
115.9
103.9
103.3
105.9
105.7
109.7
104.9
88.3
100.9
101.0
102.2

116.1
101.9
108.9
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
89.7
82.9
115.8
103.8
103.3
105.9
105.2
109.7
104.9
88.3
102.3
101. C
102.1

115.8
102.3
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.1
89.8
83.3
115.7
103.9
103.3
106.0
104.6
109.4
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
102.0

115.4
102.2
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.8
89.8
83.3
115.2
103.8
103.3
105.8
104.5
109.3
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
101.8

115.1
101.8
108.7
100.4
112.0
109.3
93.9
89.7
83.5
114.8
103.7
103.3
105.6
104.4
109.3
104.8
94.8
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.8
101.9
108.5
100.4
111.9
108.7
94.1
89.6
83.6
114.8
103.6
103.3
105.8
103.9
109.3
104.8
95.7
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.3
101. 5
108.1
100.4
111.8
108.7
96.2
89.2
83.8
114.0
103.3
103.3
104.3
103.9
109.1
104.2
95.7
103.5
101.1
101.3

111.8
99.0
106.5
99.1
109.1
105.7
97.0
89.1
83.6
111.6
102.6
100.7
103.9
103.0
108.4
103.7
96.0
102.4
99.9
101.7

108.0
96.8
105.2
98.0
106.2
103.7
97.7
89.2
85.2
108.9
101.7
100.9
103.2
101.5
106.6
103.0
92.8
104.0
98.1
101.3

104.0
104.8
110.6
106.3
114.8
102.1
113.6
108.9

103.7
104.5
110.5
106.3
114.8
100.8
113.6
108.7

101.5
102.9
110.2
106.1
114.8
100.8
111.6
108.7

101.3
102.9
110.0
105.8
114.8
100.8
111.3
108.5

101.3
102.9
109.7
105.6
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.3

101.4
102.9
109.6
105.3
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.0

101.6
102.9
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.4

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.2
107.4

101.6
102.7
107.7
104.0
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.3

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.3
107.2

101.6
102.7
107.9
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.2

101.7
102.7
107.5
104.8
110.3
100.8
109.9
106.1

100.8
101.2
106.8
104.1
109.6
100.5
108.9
105.3

100.7
100.9
104.8
102.7
106.2
99.1
109.2
103.8

1 As of January 1967, the indexes incorporated a revised weighting structure
reflecting 1963 values of shipments. Changes also were made in the classi­
fication structure, and titles and composition of some indexes were changed.
Titles and indexes in this table conform with the revised classification struc­
ture, and m ay differ from data previously published. See Wholesale Prices
and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and February 1967 (final) for a descrip­
tion of the changes.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
3 N ot available.
4 Revised.

N ote : For a description of the general method of computing the m onthly
Wholesale Price Index, see B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies
(BLS Bulletin 1458, October 1966), Chapter 11.

130

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968
T able

D-5.

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1967

1966

Commodity group
Dec. Nov.
All commodities—less farm products___________________
All foods---------------------------------Processed foods________
—
------------------------Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber products.
Hosiery. __________
...
------------------Underwear and nightw ear.. --------------------------..
-------------Refined petroleum products___
East Coast, refined____
. . . . ----------.. ..
Mid-Continent, refined______ . . .
. _
Gulf Coast, refined_________ . . --------- . . . . . . . .
Pacific Coast, refined---------------------------- . . .
Midwest, refined (Jan. 1961=100)___________________
Pharmaceutical preparations--------------- . . . --------- Lumber and wood products excluding millwork and other
wood products 3___ . . . ...... ..........................
Special metals and metal products4____________________
Machinery and motive products_______________________
Machinery and equipment, except electrical_____________
Agricultural machinery, including tractors--------------------Metalworking machinery_______ . . . ______ _____
Total tractors.
Industrial valves___
.
.
___
Industrial fittings_________ _____ _____ __________ Abrasive grinding wheels____ . . . .
-----Construction materials___ _____
______.
. -----

107.7 107.3 107.2
109.1 108.0 107.5
109.6 110.4
99.1 97.6 96.4
91.9 91.8 91.6
109.9 109.9 109.9
99.9 100.4
104.3 104.3 104.3
100.9 100.9 97.9
102.3
99.2
91.3 91.3 91.3
95.2 95.0 96.3
95.8 95.7 95.6

110.2

101.0

100.8

107.1 106.8 106.8 106.7 106.4
109.3 108.8 110.7 110.3 107.8
111.4 109.6
96.1 95.6 95.5 95.9 96.3
91.6 91.6 91.3 91.3 91.7
109.9 109.7 109.7 109.7 108.7
103.9 104.6 103.3 103.1 103.7
104.3 104.3 104.3
103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0
107.0 108.6 107.0 107.0 107.2
91.3 92.2 92.2 92.1 95.6
98.8 98.8 95.2 95.2 95.2
95.5 95.6 96.1 96.1 96.2

106.2
106.4
108.2
96.7
91.6
108.4
101.7

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

106.3
107.3
108.8
97.0
91.6
107.7
102.4

106.5
108.5
109.9
97.3
91.6
107.5
101.9

106.5 106.3 105.8
109.5 109.8 110.7
111.5
97.5 97.5 98.5
91.4 91.4 92.0
107.5 107.1 106.8
100.3
99.5
99.9 99.9 97.5
98.7 97.9 98.6
102.5 102.5
94.8 94.8 90.7
92.7 92.7 92.7
96.9 97.1 96.8

101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6

105.1
107.5
108.5
118.2
123.9
131.5
123.7
121.9
105.6 103.0 103. C 101.5 101.5
98.2 94.6 94.6 94.6 94.6
106.7 106.2 106.2 106.3 105.3

120.0

June M ay Apr.

111.6 111.1 112.0

106.9 105.6 106.5 108.6
109.7 109.4 108.8 107.8
110.4
109.7 108.6
119.6 119.0 118.3
127.2 s 125.9 124.3 124.1
133.3 133.2 131.7 131.5
128.6 126.7 125.4 123.7

110.1

122.8 122.8 122.8 122.8

1See footnote 1, table D-4.
2See footnote 2, table D-4.
3Formerly titled “ Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork.”


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Oct. S e p t. Aug. July

4
5

104.1
107.4
108.4
117.8
123.9
130.6
123.4

103.4
107.3
108.4
117.6
123.8
130.4
123.3
121.5

103.0 103.0 100.9
102.5 104.1 104.1
95.6 95.6 95.6
94.0 94.7 93.4
95.9 96.4 96.3

102.6 102.5
107.5
108.5
117.6
123.7
130.5
123.3
122.7

107.6
108.5
117.3
123.7
129.5
123.0
122.7
101.7
94.6 94.6 94.7 94.7
104.9 104.6 104.4 104.7

121.8
102.6 102.6 102.6

Annual
average

101.9
107.7
108.4
117.2
123.8
129.2
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.5

Dec.

1966

110.6 110.6

100.2

102.2

102.0 100.7 100.8 105.1
107.9
108.3
117.0
123.7
128.4
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.4

107.8
108.2
116.8
123.4
128.1
123.0
122.4
101.7
94.7
104.1

107.5
108.0
116.4
122.7
128.2
122.7

106.7
106.0
114.0
120.3
124.1

1965
102.9
104.5
105.1
99.1
93.5
104.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
96.5
99.8
104.7
103.7

110.1

116.6
117.4
116.8
116.3 105.7
99.1 95.9 90.8
94.7 93.9 94.2
104.0 103.9

122.1

120.2

100.8

Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles and equipment.
Revised.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-6.

131

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2
1967

1966 A nnual average

Commodity group
Dec. Nov.
All commodities__________________________________

Oct.

Sept. Aug.

July June M ay

Apr. Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

106.8 106.2 106.1 106.2 106.1 106.5 106.3 105.8 105.3 105.7 106.0 106.2 105.9

1966

1965

105.9

102.5

105.3
107.2
101.9

98.9
98.3
99.8

Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing..............................
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs-------------------------Crude nonfood materials except f u e l ------------. . .
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing. - - -------------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
construction_____________________________
Crude fuel. ------------------------------ ------Crude fuel for manufacturing .
---------Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing __________
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
- ...
facturing.. . . . _____ - - - - - - Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing.. . . . . . . _ _ . ------ . . . .
Intermediate materials for durable manu­
facturing______ ________________________
Components for manufacturing_____________
Materials and components for construction_____
Processed fuels and lubricants ................................
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac­
turing. ________________________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu­
facturing..- ________________
_ --------Containers. _ - ______________________________
Su pplies.. . ________________________ __________
Supplies for manufacturing_________________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing_____________
Manufactured animal feeds_____________
Other supplies_________________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels).. ____________________________________
Consumer finished goods____________________ _
Consumer foods__ _______
______ ______
Consumer crude foods_________ _____ _
Consumer processed foods--------------------Consumer other nondurable goods__________
Consumer durable goods__________________
Producer finished goods_______________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing. __
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing.

98.6
98.3
98.4

96.5
96.1
95.9

97.9
99 1
94.2

98.5 99.5 101. 7 101.4 100.6
99.9 101.4 104. 7 104.2 103.1
94.3 94.5 94. 6 95.1 94.7

98.0 99.7 100.8 101.9 100.8
99.2 101.3 102.7 104.2 102.3
94.6 95.7 96.5 97.0 97.4

97.6

95.0

93.1

93.3

93.5

93. 7

94.2

93.7

93.6

94.9

95.8

96.3

96.8

101.8

99.5

106.9
111.5
111.2
112.0

106.8
111.3
111.0
111.9

106.6
110.9
110.7
111.3

106.1
111.0
110.7
111.5

106.0
110.3
110.0
110.8

105. 9
110.2
109.9
110.7

105.7
109.8
109.5
110.3

105.7
110.3
110.1
110.7

105.6
110.2
109.9
110.6

105.0
109.4
109.3
109.6

104.7
109.3
109.2
109.6

104.7
109.4
109.3
109.7

104.3
109.7
109.6
109.9

103.9
106.4
106.3
106.6

103.2
103.3
103.2
103.5

106.3 105.9 105.7 105.7 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.3 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.6 105.4

104.8

102.2

105.6 105.2 104.8 104.7 104.5 104.4 104.4 104.4 104.6 104.6 104.8 104.7 104.5
108.1 108.0 108.6 110.0 109.9 110.2 110.2 109.1 108.1 108.7 109.0 110.1 110.9

104.0
111.3

102.0
106.6

99.8

99.3

98.8

98.4

98.4

98.4

98.6

98.9

99.1

99.1

99.3

99.3

99.2

99.5

98.7

109.3
109.1
106.8
101.0

108.8
108.6
106.3
101.1

108.4
108.1
106.2
101.3

108.2
108.0
106.3
102.2

107.7
107.9
105.5
102.4

107.5
107. 5
105.2
102. 1

107.4
107.5
104.9
102.7

107.4
107.6
104.8
103.2

107.7
107-9
104.9
102.5

107.7
107.9
104.8
102.7

107.9
107.6
104.7
102.5

107.6
107.5
104.4
102.3

107.1
107.1
104.3
101.9

106.6
104.9
104.1
101.4

104.6
101.3
101.4
99.5

103.1 103.1 103.0 103.0 102.8 102.9 103.5 103.7 103.6 103.7 103.7 103.6 103.2

102.5

101.0

97.6
107.3
111.5
111.5
110.8
112.5
106.4

98.0
107.3
111.1
111.1
110.3
111.5
106.1

98.5
106.6
111.3
110.9
110.7
113.2
105.9

100.9
106.6
111.2
110.8
110.6
114.2
105.3

101.5
106.4
110.8
110.7
110.0
112.2
105.4

100.8
106.4
111. 5
110. 6
111. 1
115.9
105. 3

101.5
106.5
111.3
110.6
110.9
115.2
105.3

102.3
106.6
110.4
110.4
109.7
111.6
105.2

100-6
106-6
111.4
110-4
111.1
115.9
105-2

101.1
106.4
111.8
110.1
111.7
117.8
105.3

100.6
106.0
111.6
109.7
111.7
118.8
104.8

100.3
105.9
112.9
109.5
113.6
124.9
104.5

99.8
105.3
112.6
109.2
113.3
124.8
104.2

99.4
104.9
110.7
108.9
110.7
119.5
103.4

97.1
102.1
106.0
106.1
105.4
109.7
100.9

109.3
107.9
110.1
105.7
110.9
108.0
103.0
113.4
117.3
109.5

108.9
107.5
109.1
102.7
110.3
107.9
103.0
113.0
117.1
109.0

108.6
107.2
108.8
96.3
111.0
107.8
102.8
112.6
116.7
108.6

108.7
107.6
110.5
100.3
112.4
108.0
101.4
111.6
115.9
107.5

108.3
107.2
109.6
98.3
111.7
108.0
101.2
111.4
115.8
107.2

108.7
107.7
111.5
104.6
112.7
107.4
101. 1
111.2
115.4
107.2

108.4
107.4
110.9
104.4
112.1
107.2
101.0
111.2
115.3
107.1

107.6
106.4
108.5
99.9
110.0
106.9
101.3
111. 1
115.2
107.2

107.0
105-7
106-9
97.8
108-6
106-4
101-3
110.8
114-7
107-0

107.2
106.0
107.9
100.5
109.2
106.4
101.3
110.7
114.5
107.0

107.6
106.5
109.3
103.1
110.4
106.3
101.3
110.6
114.3
106.9

107.7
106.6
110.3
106.0
111.0
105.8
101.3
110.5
114.0
106.8

107.6
106.6
110.5
108.0
110.9
105.5
101.3
110.2
113.7
106 6

106.9
106.4
111.2
106.5
112.0
104.8
100.2
108.0
111.3
104.6

103.6
102.8
104.5
100.2
105.2
102.8
99.6
105.4
108.0
102.9

109.5
104.8
107.6
109.6
105.6
102.7
105.6
102.6

109.1
104.0
107.2
109.3
105.2
100.9
103.6
100.7

108.7
104.2
107.1
109.0
105.3
101.2
100.5
101.2

108.2
104.8
107.1
108.4
105.8
101.9
100.7
102.0

107.9
104.8
106.8
108.1
105.6
102.3
100.3
102.4

107.6
105. 6
106.8
107.9
105.8
104.5
99.4
104.8

107.5
105.4
106.6
107.7
105.6
104.4
99.6
104.7

107.5
104.6
106.3
107.7
105.0
103.1
99.9
103.3

107.6
103-7
106-2
107-8
104.6
101.0
99.2
101.1

107.6
104.2
106.3
107.7
104.8
102.5
102.0
102.4

107.6
104.7
106.4
107.7
105.1
103.6
103.4
103.6

107.4
105.2
106.4
107.5
105.3
104.7
104.1
104.7

107.1
104.9
106.2
107.2
105.2
104.0
103.9
104.1

106.0
105.6
105.7
106.0
105.3
106.5
109.0
106.4

103.7
101.5
102.8
103.7
101.9
100.7
104.7
ICO. 5

Durability of product
Total durable goods______ . . . _______________ ___
Total nondurable goods.. ____ ___________________
Total m anufactures_________ ________ . . . ______
Durable manufactures.-_ _ ________ _____ __ .
Nondurable manufactures_____________________
Total raw or slightly processed goods_______________
Durable raw or slightly processed goods_____
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods...
1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D -4.


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N ote : For description of the series by stage of processing, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and February 1967 (final);
and by durability of product and data beginning with 1947, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (BLS Bulletin 1235,1958).

132

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1968

E.—Work Stoppages
T able

E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages

Month and year

Beginning in
month or year

Workers involved in stoppages

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

1945__________________________________________
1946__________________________________________
1947 __________________________________________
1948__________________________________________
1949_____________________ ________________________
1950 .. _______________________________________
1951__________________________________________
1952______________________________________________
1953___________________________________________
1954_________________ _________________________
1955 .
__________________________________
1956 . ______________________________________
1957 ______ _____ ___________________________
1958 .
__________________________________
1959 ___
- __________________________
I960 _________ __________________ ______________
1961______________________________________________
1962 _________________________________________
1963 ____________________________________________
1964 ......... __ ................ .
.........
_______
1965 ____________________________________________
1966. ______ ____________________________________

4,750
41985
3,693
3 ,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3|694
3,708
3 ’333
3’367
3 ,614
3 ’362
3,655
3,963
4,405

1965: January_____________________________________
February____________________________________
March______________________________________
April----------- ------------------------------------------ -----May________________________________________
June------------------------------------------------------------July------- -----------------------------------------------------August------ ----------- -------------------------------------September___ _ _______________________ ..
October------------------------------------------ ------November___________________________________
December.____ ______________________________

244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158

404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371

98,800
45,100
180,000
141,000
127,000
268,000
156,000
109,000
155,000
101,000
140,000
24,300

1966: January_____________________________________
February____________________________________
March_______________________________________
April________________________________________
May______________________ __________________
June________________________________________
July________________________________________
August______________________________________
September___________________________________
October______________________________________
November___________________________________
December____________________________________

238
252
336
403
494
499
448
442
422
410
288
173

389
421
536
614
720
759
704
718
676
651
533
389

1967: January 2___ ___________________ ____________
February 2___________________ ____________ .
March 2____ __________________ ____ ____ _____
April2_______ ___ . ---------------------------May 2 ______________________________________
June 2_. ___ .. _____________________ ___
July 2__________ ___________________________
August2_____________________________________
September2. . . _________ _____________________
October 2_______________ _________ ___________ _
November2_______ ___________________________
December2_____________ ____ ___________ _____

275
325
430
440
535
430
375
385
405
405
300
190

440
465
575
600
695
670
630
655
670
645
530
400

1 The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect dur­
ing month

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

38,000 000
116,000,000
34,600 000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
2 S , 300’000
22,600,000
2 3 , 200’000
33,100,000
16,500,000
2 3 , 900j000
69| 000| 000
1 9 ) lOOj 000
16» 300j 000
18,600,000
16,100,000
22,900,000
23’, 300', 000
25,400,000

n 47
1 43
41
37
58
44
23
57
26

■183,000
149,000
274,000
194,000
201,000
354,000
334,000
229,000
250,000
209,000
192,000
75,800

1,740,000
1,440,000
1,770,000
1,840,000
1,850,000
2,590,000
3,670.000
2,23G, 000
2,110,000
1,770,000
1,380,000
907,000

.18
.15
.16
.17
.19
.23
.34
.20
.20
.16
.13
.08

113,000
101,000
217,000
227,000
240,000
161,000
286,000
117,000
132,000
191,000
126,000
49,000

140,000
138,000
265,000
392,000
340,000
265,000
347,000
310,000
226,000
255,000
234,000
158,000

1,090,000
928,000
1,410,000
2,600,000
2,870,000
2,220,000
3,100,000
3,370,000
1,780,000
2,190,000
2,150,000
1,670,000

.10
.09
.12
.24
.26
.19
.29
.27
.16
.19
.19
.15

98,000
106,000
141,000
409,000
255,000
177,000
804,000
86,000
375, 000
158,000
197, 000
64,700

190,000
151,000
202,000
443,000
402,000
350,000
1,010,000
231,000
484,000
440,000
388,000
194,000

1,270,000
1,280,000
1,490,000
2,170,000
3,900,000
4,360,000
4,710,000
2,840,000
6,320,060
6,510,000
3,060, 000
2,610,000

.11
.12
.12
.20
.33
.36
.43
.22
.57
.54
.26
.24

3,470,000
4j 600,000
2 , 170,000
1,960.000
3 , 030,000
2,410,000
2,220| 000
3 , 540,000
2 , 400,000
lj 530,000
2’ 650,000
1 , 900j 000
i; 390j 000
2 , 060,000
1 ) 880' 000
1 , 3 2 0 ; 000
1 ) 450| 000
1,230,000
' 941,000
1,640,000
1,550', 000
i; 960,000

21

26
.29
14

.22
.61
. 17
.14
.16
.13
.18
.18
. 19

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1968— 0 - 2 8 5 - 7 9 6


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U n it e d S t a t e s
G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f ic e
DIV IS IO N O F P U B L IC D O C U M E N T S

W ashington,

D.C. 20402

OFFICIAL BUSI NESS


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