Full text of Monthly Labor Review : February 1964, Vol. 87, No. 2

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Monthly
Labor

Review
FEBRUARY

1964

VOL.

87 N O .

Papers From the IRRAVAnnual Meeting

Organization of W hite-Collar Workers
Liberals and the Labor M ovem ent
Integration of Research

The Fifth Convention of the AFL-CIO
>

Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers

■ .

..

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

W. Willard Wirtz , Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lague,

Commissioner of Labor Statistics

R obert J. M y e r s,
I i. M . D
W. D

otjty ,

uane

Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics

Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications

E v a n s,

Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth

P a u l R . K er sc h bau m ,

Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations

J ack Alterman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
G ertrude B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
A rnold E . C hase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Deputy Associate Commissioner for ProgramJPlanning and Publications
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations
L awrence R. Klein, Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ewis, Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer, Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis
W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
K enneth G. Van A uken , Special Assistant to the Commissioner

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L aw rence R . K

l e in ,


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Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS

Special Articles
125
132
136
140
143
149

Papers From the IRRA Annual Meeting
Prospects for Organization of White-Collar Workers
Liberals and the Labor Movement
Toward an Integrated Approach for Industrial Relations Research
The Fifth Biennial Convention of the AFL-CIO
An Assessment of Apprenticeship: II—Public Policies and Programs
Special Labor Force Report: Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers,
March 1963

Summaries of Studies and Reports
161
168
173
178

Wages in Motor Vehicle and Parts Plants, April 1963
Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1963
Job Pay Levels and Trends in Metropolitan Areas, 1963
Wage Chronology: Western Greyhound Lines—Supplement No. 1—1954-63

Departments
h i

187
190
192
197
211

The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

February 1964 • Voi. 87 • No. 2

This Issue in Brief...

T h e question of why white-collar workers do not
flock into the ranks of organized labor, one that
vexes labor leaders and intrigues the social sci­
entist, was discussed at the last annual meeting of
the Industrial Relations Research Association in
Boston. Two of the papers are brought together
in Prospects of Organization of White-Collar
Workers (p. 125), one of this issue’s three
articles reporting on the IRRA meetings. Albert
A. Blum (Michigan State University) thinks that
white-collar workers are not as hostile toward
unions as is generally believed. He attributes
their unresponsiveness to the fact that most unions
have done very little to organize this segment of
labor, that what they did was wrong, and that
it came too late.
James W. Kuhn (Columbia University) bluntly
states that “Whatever may happen in the future,
at present there is little to encourage engineers to
organize for collective bargaining.” His study of
two engineers unions indicates, nevertheless, that
“professional engineers can and will support col­
lective bargaining if it provides a useful service
for them . . . .”
In Liberals and the Labor Movement (p. 132),
Joel Seidman (University of Chicago) applies
himself to the question of whether the liberals
and the labor movement have parted company
over the last several decades and comes to the
conclusion that to some extent they have. He
says the liberals took note of other institutions
which contribute to progress—and provide better
careers. In addition, he says, “When they find
unions denying democratic procedures or engag­
ing in other forms of antisocial behavior, lib­
erals criticize the offending unions, as they
should . . . .”
ii


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Sylvia B. Gottlieb (Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics) complains that “the role of the liberal union *
staff intellectual is complicated by the very nature
of union organization.” Unions, she contends,
do not fully appreciate the country’s academic
potential and seldom utilize professionals
properly.
As if in reply to this, Brendan Sexton (United
Automobile Workers) maintains that “the com­
plaint of many intellectuals is much less the fail­
ure of trade unions to perform effectively for their
members than the failure to fulfill the dreams of
the intellectual.” He accuses the intellectuals of
often being authoritarian and elitist in attitude *■
and of being more interested in ideas than people.
The BLS’ scrutiny of the movement of the work­
ingman’s earnings is focused in this issue on the
automotive industry and on trends in metropolitan
areas. Wages in Motor Vehicle and Parts Manu­
facturing, April 1963 (p. 161) shows that workers
who produce the whole automobile have superior
earnings to those who produce parts used in the
production and subsequent maintenance of the ve­
hicle. A die sinker in the vehicle industry, for
example, earned an average of $4.29 an hour at the
time of the study, while his counterpart in the
parts manufacturing received only an average of *.
$3.63.
The fourth annual BLS survey of Job Pay
Levels and Trends in Metropolitan Areas (p.
173) discloses that during the 1953-63 decade
median average annual wage increases of four
occupational groups—women clerks and indus- -«
trial nurses, and male skilled maintenance and
unskilled plant workers—rose considerably, the
increases varying from 3.9 to 4.5 percent. The
sharpest gains occurred during the first half of
the decade. The highest pay levels in 1963 were
found in public utilities and manufacturing, par- *
ticularly in the West.
With new skills becoming the key to industrial
progress, the task of training workers assumes
paramount importance. The second of the MLR
reports on apprenticeship, Public Policy and Pro- ^
grams (p. 143), reviews the history and the present
state of the Federal and State apprenticeship
legislation and programs.

The Labor Month
in Review
Industrywide Bargaining and the 1964 Teamster
Negotiations
T he 1964 T eamster master trucking contract is
one of the few current collective bargaining agree­
ments that can be called industrywide in scope.
In the sense that employers and the union negoti­
ated from the standpoint of the industry as a
whole, the master contract is certainly industry­
wide in effect, though it does not completely cover
the trucking industry.
I ndustryw ide bargaining on a national scale is
found in only a few industries; these industries,
like trucking, are generally characterized by a
large number of employers. Though the oldest
nationwide bargaining relationships, extending
from the earliest years of this century, are in the
pottery and glass industries, the best-known
practitioners of this form of collective bargaining
have been the coal and railroad industries.
Strong competition from unorganized mine
operators provided the major impetus to nation­
wide bargaining in the coal fields. The United
Mine Workers has long been accustomed to signing
a single agreement with the anthracite coal opera­
tors. Bargaining in bituminous coal, however, is
formally on a regional basis: the regional mine
operators’ associations, whose agreements with
the UMW expire on the same date, have accepted
the terms negotiated by the strongest regional
conference (currently the Bituminous Coal Opera­
tors Association, which represents northern com­
mercial coal producers and steel and utility
companies owning mines).
Evolution from local to systemwide to areawide
to national multiemployer bargaining in the rail­
road industry was hastened during World War I,
when the Federal Government applied national
standards in administering the railroads, and by
the depression of the 1930’s, when employers de­
cided that wage cuts could be imposed more


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rapidly if the unions could be assured, through
joint negotiations, that all systems would act
uniformly. The Railway Labor Act, which set
up a national board of adjustment made up of
carrier and labor representatives to settle grievance
or disputes over “interpretation or application of
agreements concerning rates of pay, rules, or work­
ing conditions,” also encouraged the development
of nationwide bargaining in this industry.
Although collectively bargained railroad con­
tracts continue to be signed on an individual
system basis, negotiations on wages and working
conditions are carried on by the Class I railroads
through the Association of American Railroads
and two groups of railroad unions: the 5 on-train
unions, and the 11 nonoperating unions, all 16 of
whom are members of the Railway Labor Execu­
tives Association.
The on-train, or operating unions, have
negotiated as a group for a long time, but the
nonoperating unions, though they jointly reach a
national wage and fringe benefit pattern, have
broken away from time to time to negotiate
separately on rules and working conditions, as
in the case of the 1962 Chicago & North Western
Railway Co. and the Order of Railroad Teleg­
raphers settlement. In January 1964, however,
there was an indication that the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen, one of the operating unions,
would seek separate negotiations with railroad
management over the current work rules dispute.
Charles Luna, president of the BRT, said that
“joint handling of . . . the dispute concurrently
with representatives of the other four organi­
zations has failed to bring about a settlement in
over 4 years;” on the other hand, management
officials reiterated that any agreement reached
must apply to all crew members.
T he formal distinctions between types of
multiemployer bargaining can disguise power
relationships which produce similar results.
Pattern bargaining—acceptance by most com­
panies in an industry of the wage and fringe
items negotiated by the wage leader—is common
in large mass production industries. For many
years, the steel industry followed U.S. Steel in
wages as in prices. Now, 11 major companies,
including U.S. Steel, bargain as a group, though
still negotiating local conditions and signing
agreements separately; this contract then serves
in

IV

as a pattern for union negotiations with most of
the remaining steel firms. With the formation of
the Human Relations Committee after the long
1959 strike, steel labor and management extended
the issues dealt with nationally in this industry
from wages and fringes to, for example, seniority,
job classifications, and incentive pay.
I n its drive from local rates to national wage
uniformity, the International Brotherhood of
Teamsters not only used the collective bargaining
and organizing techniques developed in other in­
dustries but also took advantage of the nature of
the trucking industry to make some innovations of
its own. For example, both IBT organizing and
bargaining have been facilitated by the inclusion
of hot-cargo clauses in Teamster contracts; this
inclusion gave the union virtual immunity from
the Taft-Hartley secondary boycott prohibition
until passage of the Landrum-Griffin Act. Since
all but the few transcontinental truckers must rely
on other trucking firms to interline their shipments
across country, trucking employers caught up in
a dispute are particularly vulnerable to both
secondary and tertiary pressures from the union.
The union also had to gain internal acceptance
of the idea of industrywide bargaining; this was
especially difficult because the IBT has a long
history of local autonomy, giving way with re­
luctance to supra local arrangements. At its 1961
convention, the union constitution was amended
to make all locals subject to area or trade con­
ference bargaining if a majority of the locals to be
covered voted for it, and to make collective
bargaining contracts negotiated by an area or
trade conference “ binding on all locals and their
members if approved by a majority of the total
votes cast by local union members. ” The execu­
tive board was empowered to decide whether a
union whose position was worsened under an area
contract would have to “ yield to the overall gains
of the proposed contract.”
Despite these changes, the new contract, which
will run to March 4, 1967, does not cover all
Teamster locals or all common carriers. Team­
ster locals in three areas—San Francisco, Chicago,
and 5 of the 15 locals in the New York metro­
politan area—are not covered, nor are those now
under the New England Freight Agreement, which
does not expire until 1967, though this contract
has provisions for matching the terms of the na­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

tional agreement. (The remaining regional agree­
ments will be superseded by the national master
contract as they expire.) And, of course, a mul­
titude of teamsters in construction, bakery, dairy,
and other industries that employ truckdrivers
without being primarily engaged in the trucking
business, are still outside the master contract.
Trucking Employers, Inc., newly formed to repre­
sent some 16,000 trucking firms, negotiated for
the employers.
The master contract does not cover all matters
agreed upon, either; area supplements were nego­
tiated to deal with working conditions, as well as
with narrowing area wage and fringe benefit dif­
ferentials. (Detailed provisions of the settlement
will be covered in the Developments in Industrial
Relations section of the March issue of the
Review.)
The new agreement also attempts to protect
the union from local revolts or raids by other
unions by providing that all employees covered
by the master contract “shall constitute one
bargaining unit.” In the case of a representa­
tion election, the National Labor Relations Board
will have to rule on the establishment of the
bargaining unit (in this instance, one with a
multiemployer base). Since the Board’s practice
has been to approve the unit set by the existing
contract, difficulties could arise for the local
seeking to break away, especially if the em­
ployer wished to remain in the national bargaining
group.
T he operations of the new IBT contract will
be closely watched to determine if the agreement
will profoundly alter the power balance in the
union and the industry, and in the many indus­
tries which are vulnerable to the economic power
potential of the truckers. Though little re­
search has been done in the area of industrywide
bargaining in the past decade, it seems clear
that, despite the fears of unrestricted union control
over industry expressed during the original
hearings on Taft-Hartley, the IBT is the only
major union in the postwar years to so extend
its bargaining powers. Indeed, further research
might bear out the conclusion reached by many
observers that formal nationwide bargaining has
been a declining rather than an expanding phe­
nomenon in U.S. collective bargaining.

Papers From the IRRA Annual Meeting
E ditor 's N ote .— The following

selections are excerpts from much longer papers
presented at the December 27—28, 1968, Industrial Relations Research
Association meeting in Boston. Space limitations necessitated omission of
substantial portions of these texts. Minor changes have been made in
wording to facilitate transitions, and signs to denote elisions have not been
employed. Full texts of the papers will be published in IR R A proceedings,
available in May from the association Social Science Building (Uni­
versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Ws.).

Prospects for Organization
of White-Collar Workers 1
(The excerpts which follow are from papers
prepared for the panel discussion of “The
Unionization of White-Collar and Profes­
sional Employees.”)

Albert A. Blum*
h e p r o b l e m o f u n i o n g r o w t h fascinates many
scholars of the labor movement. Some, perhaps
suffering from a form of infantile regression,
build models or theories to study labor’s potential
expansion or decline in which they use such sticks
as short-term and long-term trends to predict
what will happen. Then, the BLS, or some other
group, perhaps suffering from another infantile
regression, smashes the model by publishing sta­
tistics or introduces new trends. Others are prod­
ucts of an Age of Faith or perhaps still believe in
the inevitability of progress. They are convinced
that it is only a matter of time before the whitecollar employee will come to recognize that he
ought to sign a membership card in some trade
union. And there are those, of course, who believe
the complete reverse.

T

Money as a Carrot

“Do you know that a laborer who belongs to an
AFL-CIO Union gets paid more than a stenogra­


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pher who is not in a union?” asks a young lady in
a piece of union organizing literature. She also
sadly comments that “a union janitor gets more
than a class A typist.” The lesson to be learned
appears clear. Stenographers and typists ought
to sign a union membership card if they want to
be treated as well as laborers. Why is it then that
the office employees did not respond?
It is not that the facts in the pamphlet were
wrong. Surely, from 1939 until 1955 (the year of
the AFL-CIO merger), the gap between the sal­
aries and fringes paid office employees and those
paid blue-collar workers had grown more and
more narrow. And it was not that the whitecollar employees were unaware of this narrowing
gap.
There are many reasons, but only the major ones
will be discussed here. First, most unions did very
little. Second, what they did was wrong. Third,
they did it too late.
At the 1981 AFL-CIO Convention, George
Meany, repeating a demand that union leaders had
been steadily making, called upon the labor move­
ment to “intensify our organizing efforts . . . to
bring about a break-through into the major
groups, such as the white-collar workers, where
the benefits of union organization are largely un­
known.” Some 4 years earlier, 77 percent of these
♦A ssociate P ro fesso r an d A s sista n t to th e D irector, School of
L abor an d In d u s tria l R elations, M ichigan S ta te U niversity.
1 T h is p ap er stem s fro m a stu d y I have j u s t com pleted, Many
agem ent and th e W hite-C ollar Union, to be published by th e
A m erican M anagem ent A ssociation. Obviously, th e AMA is n o t
responsible fo r an y of my conclusions.

125

126
office employees surveyed by the Opinion Research
Corp. who did not belong to a labor organization
reported that they had not heard any talk about
a union where they worked.2
But even when labor tried to attract clerks with
a golden carrot, they used an approach that fre­
quently proved ineffective. Clerks perhaps wanted
less plebeian food. In the organizing literature
mentioned earlier, the union had compared cleri­
cal salaries with those of janitors and found the
latter higher. But why did they use the janitor
as an example? Because it added another in­
gredient—snob appeal.
When asked, in 1950, whether their salaries
(determined by management) were as high as they
should have been, 61 percent of the white-collar
people concluded that they were.3 Labor’s ap­
proach reinforced this feeling. Moreover, by em­
phasizing the snob appeal, unions probably added
still another dimension. White-collar people, be­
lieving that managers had been paying them as
much as they could, may have concluded that the
blame for their not getting more rested on unions.
Gradually, however, if attitude surveys are any
index, the white-collar employee became more and
more bitter. In 1957, a greater percentage than
in 1950 felt their salaries were too low and that
executives paid more concern to the production
worker.4 But this was more a reaction to the past
or to the period before 1955 than to the period
after the mid-1950’s. By then, management had
changed its course and for whatever reasons, be
they good personnel policies or fear of unions,
had begun to compensate their office employees
better. A consciousness grew among management
concerning the need for sound salary structure,
and company after company began to reevaluate
its salary scheme.
Salaries were and are a symbol of status for
salaried people. Taking credit for lessening their
value, and not blaming someone else for the
changed state of affairs, appears not to have
been a particularly successful organizing ap­
proach and offers little hope for future prospects
for office employee unionism.
Identification With Management

Unions’ fears concerning attacking management
stem from their justifiable concern with whitecollar identification with management. More

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

than three-fourths of the white-collar employees
in the 1957 study answered that they looked upon
themselves as belonging more with management
than with production workers.5 It is perhaps for
this reason that one union tells prospective mem­
bers that company executives “had indicated many
times” that they would join the union if they
worked in an office. Unions have been and are
perplexed concerning this issue: Should they try
to use or to destroy this identification with
management ?
But now, many labor leaders are convinced that
the question in the long run is being settled for
them. They are convinced that automation and
technological change are so altering the nature of
white-collar work that the white collar is now gray
and will soon turn blue. Many labor leaders are
convinced that this change in color will come about
as the clerk’s dream of upward mobility takes on a
greater and greater sense of unreality; as his work
becomes more and more like that of blue-collar
workers; as his fears mount concerning job se­
curity; as the individual treatment he desires is
manipulated by management to his disadvantage;
as he recognizes his lack of protection from uni­
lateral management action; and as he feels that
there is no loss in status involved in joining unions.
Upward Mobility. Surely one of the major sources
of practical discontent among white-collar em­
ployees is their possible awakening from their
dreams of upward mobility. In studies of whitecollar attitudes, the “opportunity to train for
higher skills” and “firm promotion policies” stand
near or at the top of the list of desirable manage­
ment programs. Unions recognize this and de­
mand the end of “red apple clubs” or favoritism in
promotions.6 Yet, labor has the disadvantage of
bearing the reputation of favoring mainly senior­
ity as a basis for promotion while white-collar
employees tend to favor merit. This issue remains
unsettled. Unions’ optimism continues the same:
2 W h ite Collar E m ployee L o y a lty , h e re a fte r cited as ORC, W h ite
Collar L o y a lty (P rin ceto n , N..T., O pinion R esearch Corp., 1957),
p. A -12.
8 W a rtim e Im p lica tio n s of W h ite Collar T h in kin g (P rin ceto n ,
N .J., Opinion R esearch C orporation, 1950), p. 2.
1 ORC, W h ite Collar L o y a lty , pp. A -6, an d A -7.
5 Ibid., p. A-8.
« C. W rig h t M ills, W h ite Collar (New York, O xford U niv ersity
P ress, 1956), p. 307 ; ORC, W h ite Collar L o ya lty, p. 9 ; C harles E.
G inder, “U nionization in th e Office,” Office E xecu tive, Vol. 36,
J a n u a ry 1961, p. 13.

PROSPECTS FOR ORGANIZATION OF WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS

Automation will block upward mobility and firms
will not promote fairly. But is tliis feeling of
euphoria justified?
First, many companies recognize this problem
and are trying to train their present staff for the
new jobs and to promote fairly. Second, many
office employees are women who do not aspire to
move upwards as much as men. Moreover, they
have historically been less susceptible to unionism.
A firm may need only a few people for higher
skilled jobs. If it promotes the men, and lets at­
trition (mainly of the women employees) take care
of the remainder, management need have less fear
and unions less hope that the white-collar em­
ployees will sign a union card.
Increased Similarity With Blue-Collar Jobs. But
unions not only believe that technological change
will block mobility; they also expect it to make
white- and blue-collar jobs more alike, and, in
addition, to increase worries concerning job secu­
rity, thereby prompting more union membership.
Unions emphasize this approach in organizing
literature.
While unions take hope, management appears
unafraid. Most industrial relations executives, in
our survey sponsored by the American Manage­
ment Association, did not believe that technologi­
cal change will prompt any substantial march into
unions, for companies will take steps to prevent job
losses and white-collar people will benefit from
these changes. But one thing troubles executives—
that at least partially as a result of many of these
changes, white-collar people will come in closer
contact with organized blue-collar workers, and
this, in turn, will bring about unionism. As prox­
imity with management has prevented white-col­
lar unionization, proximity with blue-collar people
may bring it about. But many executives are
convinced that proximity, like familiarity, may
instead breed contempt for the labor movement.
As a result, firms believing this regularly report
to their white-collar employees stories concerning
corruption in the labor movement and paint a
foreboding picture of frequent strikes.
Unions try to answer the latter argument by
playing down stoppages. The Office Employees
International Union takes pride in noting that
it is not a “strike-happy union.” In fact, one
7 ORC, W h ite Collar L o y a lty , pp. 5 a n d A -9 — A -19.


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127

organizer never refers to strikes, he calls them
“economic sanctions” instead.
Individual v. Collective Bargaining. One of the
other charges made against unions to which labor
feels impelled to respond is that collective bargain­
ing will destroy individualism. “One of the real
problems facing us,” comments the president of
the OEIU, “is in our inability to get across the
idea that unionization doesn’t mean the loss of
individuality.” But assuming this claim is true,
how does labor go about trying to convince the
white-collar employee while management is as yet
effectively denying the charge ?
First, unions use ridicule. They point out that
firms often talk about the need for individual bar­
gaining, but then refuse to talk about individual
situations because of overall company personnel
policies fixed in the headquarters of the firm. Or
they point to the fact that companies belong to
organized groups and therefore the clerks ought
to also. Or they argue that individual treatment
often results in unfair or arbitrary actions by
management, and emphasize the need for a griev­
ance procedure. Or they claim that management
fosters regimentation or manipulates the individ­
ual. (One labor union placed at the top of most
of its leaflets in an organizing drive this motto:
“Dedicated to the Dignity of the Individual.”)
And lastly, they assert that a union membership
card means a rise in individual status. After all,
labor points out to potential unionists, Gregory
Peck, Lawrence Welk, and even Princess Mar­
garet’s husband belong to a union.
Is this the hope for labor in the white collar
field—to sell unionism as industry sells soap; to
place spot ads on a national TV program, telling
how labor is 99 and 44/100’s percent pure? This
Madison Avenue type of program has been tried
and so far has not been particularly successful.
Other alternatives are needed, for the white-collar
employee is not as bitterly opposed to unionism
as generally believed. To put this in the most
cautious terms, a large proportion of white-collar
people are not committed to being antiunion.7
A Proposed Union Program

For these large numbers of as yet uncommitted
office employees to join unions, they have to be-

128

come discontended with their status, managers,
jobs, and society. An economic recession or a
tightening of the labor market for office employees
might provoke this discontent. Management
policies, or perhaps a lack of them, may also
weaken their clerks’ sense of self-importance en­
gendered by their belief that they are a part of
management. To many office employees, signing
a union card is proof of lack of success, of defeat—
an index of a decline of importance. Most execu­
tives, in the AMA survey, are resolved that this
feeling continue and believe that, as a result, they
must follow sound personnel policies. And many
do. Yet, a good share, when asked specifically
what they do do, answer in platitudes rather than
in specifics. Thus, if labor waits patiently, it
has one good hope; management errors and com­
placency. But there is something unions can do
themselves—namely, provide inspired and imagi­
native leadership.
Walter Reuther vaguely sets one of the courses
which unions ought to follow. To the question as
to “what kind of appeal the union movement could
make to a generation of technical and office work­
ers who have never experienced an economic de­
pression,” he responded that “. . . the labor
movement has to take on the character of a social
movement. I t is dealing more and more with the
problems of the whole community and will have to
enlist these people, give them a sense of consciously
participating in shaping the great issues that will
determine the kind of society in which we are all
going to be living.” 8 One indication that Reuther
is at least partially right is that those white-collar
people who are sympathetic to unionism are more
likely to be critical of the theoretical principles of
the free enterprise system and favor more govern­
ment intervention than do those who are opposed
to unionism.9
But besides developing political and economic
programs, unions must take into account the fact
that the white-collar employee does desire this
sense of importance; that he also wishes to “get
along,” to “sell himself,” and to identify with
others (as he has with management). These at­
titudes are labor’s opportunity and it need not only
wait for management errors. Poor salary sched­
ules and the impact of technological change will
not inevitably bring about unionism. Sound man­
agement policies can frequently prevent these

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

factors from having any major impact, and even
unsound policies may not, by themselves, prompt
any impressive march into unions. The hope is
in a massive labor drive to organize white-collar
people. But despite all the talk at union conven­
tions, there is little evidence that there exists a real
commitment by unions to organize white-collar
workers extensively.
But if office employees are going to see their
desires for self-importance and their tendencies
toward conformity satisfied by membership in a
labor organization, then unions are going to have
to stop merely glancing at the unorganized clerks
and instead must focus their attention on them.
This might involve the formation of a national
White-Collar Organization Committee (WCOC),
somewhat like the organizing committees set up
by the CIO in the 1930’s. The conforming whitecollar employee should have something to which
he can conform—that is, with other salaried peo­
ple who in large enough numbers are joining
unions; and with an organization publicly and
extensively committed to working for, with, and
by salaried employees, and not divided by the
jurisdictional disputes that would now hamper
any concerted program. As a result of such an
organizational drive, the number of unionized
white-collar people may increase. In fact, it may
be that what is needed is another CIO—another
labor federation, only for salaried employees.
But such an organization is not enough. I t has
to have a program. The social unrest that formed
the background for the CIO expansion in the
1930’s is not present today. But unrest among
groups differs at different times and does not have
to pervade a large part of society as it did in the
wake of the Great Depression. The fear that is
perhaps a needed component of white-collar union­
ization is one concerning loss of status, of im­
portance. For example, there are some indications
that companies are tightening up on their salaries.
If unions emphasize that it is management that is
cutting their income and thereby lowering their
status, and that the WCOC will be the mass or­
ganizing group that will help give them back their
status and salaries, then it may be that unions
among these employees may expand.
8 “T he C orporation an d th e U nion,” In te rv ie w s on th e A m erican
C haracter (S a n ta B a rb ara, Calif., C enter fo r th e S tudy of Demo­
c ra tic In stitu tio n s , 1962), pp. 22—23.
0 ORC, W a rtim e Im p lica tio n s, pp. A1-A 17.

PROSPECTS FOR ORGANIZATION OF WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS

Thus, a mass organizing drive that fosters dis­
content and focuses upon examples of management
malpractices, plus some of the changes that are
now taking place in white-collar work places and
in society, is perhaps the major hope for whitecollar unionization. But one must add that all
this appears quite unlikely. First, unions are not
as yet really committed to any such drive. Second,
management knows far more than it did in the
1930’s and is doing a much better job. And last,
there is the white-collar worker who even when
discontented may not move into unions. He did
not in the past.

James W. Kuhn*
A f t e r a b u r g e o n i n g b e g i n n i n g in the forties and
a national flowering in the fifties, most engineer­
ing unions in recent years have faded and a num­
ber have died. Whatever may happen in the
future, at present there is little to encourage en­
gineers to organize for collective bargaining. The
informality and loose procedural arrangements,
combined with the diffusion of authority within
engineering departments, provide a fertile ground
in which individual bargaining can flourish. Not
every engineer gains when he bargains for himself,
and merit is not always rewarded, true, but on the
whole, the system works tolerably well. Only a
minority of engineers see any need to supplant in­
dividual bargaining.

Active Unions

In a few exceptional situations, engineering
unions have been able to recruit into active mem­
bership an overwhelming portion of the men in
their bargaining unit.1 An examination of two of
these strong, militant unions—one with an 80-per­
cent membership and the other with a union shop
and thus 100 percent—throws additional light
upon the conditions that encourage and allow
unions to provide useful services for the workers
they represent.
In the active unions, collective bargaining was
a continuous process, not just negotiations of a
♦A ssociate P ro fesso r of I n d u s tria l R elations, G ra d u a te School
of B usiness, Colum bia U n iv ersity .
1 W here en g ineering un ions a re available, m em bership ty p ically
ru n s from ab o u t 20 p ercen t to barely 50 p ercen t of th e b arg ain in g
u n it. Only a v ery few exceptional unions enroll a s m any as 60
p ercen t.
718-358— 64-------2


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129

labor agreement from time to time. I t is rather
the daily administration, adjudication, and griev­
ance bargaming that makes up a full comprehen­
sive union service and is marked by the willingness
to strike. Each has struck in support of demands
several times. In fact, both have struck more times
than the production workers in the same plants.
Neither union was organized with the purpose
of militantly pursuing collective gains. Engi­
neers organized the first union to avoid inclusion in
a technician’s union. They hoped—
. . . to create a consultative board that could represent
[them] in discussions with management. It was envis­
ioned that these groups would serve as a “sounding
board”—without becoming involved in the complications
of formal “unionism.” Exploratory conferences with
company representatives, however, quickly dispelled any
thoughts of this type of idealized relationship—since the
company indicated that it could not (or would not) deal
with an organization of engineers unless it was officially
accredited . . . as a legal bargaining unit.

Grievance Procedures

At company insistence, the engineers formed a
union and then returned to negotiate a labor agree­
ment. According to the union’s newsletters, the
company also insisted “that the first step in our
negotiations shall be the setting up of a grievance
procedure.” If any disputes arose during the
course of negotiations, they could thus be settled
quickly and smoothly, without interrupting con­
sideration of the larger problems.
The engineers devised a rather sketchy kind of
grievance procedure which would have been little
different from the then current, informal methods
of bringing complaints to one’s supervisor. The
company rejected such a procedure as inadequate
and proposed instead the kind of detailed griev­
ance system commonly found in regular labor
agreements. Grievances were defined, time limits
set for processing, a hierarchy of hearing levels
established, and the form of records was set forth.
The company officials not only insisted upon a
grievance system but also established the rules,
standards, and procedures which in administration
and interpretation would give rise to grievances.
They began job analysis, job evaluation, and merit­
rating programs for engineers and other salaried
employees. Jointly, management and union
worked out factors on which engineers should be
rated and agreed that each man should receive a

130
record of his ratings. Any disagreement with the
rating could be grieved. The company also sug­
gested or accepted (the record is not clear) a layoff
system in which seniority was the dominant con­
sideration. Only at the insistence of the engineers
was weight given to education and ability, as well
as length of service in the seniority measurement.
The company—a large, leading electrical and
electronic equipment firm, well established, and
soundly administered by professional managers—
had fought union organization in the middle
thirties, provoking bitter conflict which led to the
death and injury of several strikers. Appalled
at the consequences of its antiunion policy, man­
agement decided to accept unions and live with
them in peace, if not always in harmony. From
then on, management made the union a stable,
regular part of the company, agreeing or insisting
that it should assume a recognized role in the daily
activities of the organization.
In the first 3 months after the agreement was
signed in early 1946, the parties processed eight
grievances, five on merit rating and two on re­
classification. In the succeeding years, grievance
work grew, becoming the mainstay of the union.
Active members performed their apprenticeship
for higher offices as grievance committeemen, and
all engineers learned that the union could help an
individual who had a question or complaint about
the way rules were enforced and standards
applied.
A comparison of the provisions in the union’s
agreement with those of a quiescent union’s agree­
ment emphasizes the potentially broader grounds
for raising and sustaining grievances. The qui­
escent union’s agreement states that merit-rating
decisions “represent the opinion of the [engineer’s]
administrative supervisors” ; and “the result of
each annual review will be discussed with
the employee” ; and “an employee may file a
grievance . . . [for] any violation in the admin­
istration of the [rating].” 2 Under the agreement
of the active union, supervisors are expected to
base their decisions upon reasonable and demon­
strable criteria, required to give a copy of the
rating to the engineer after he has read and signed
the company’s copy, and an engineer may grieve
the decision not merely the administration of the
rating procedure.
As engineers began to use the grievance pro­
cedure, at first skeptically and tentatively, their

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

familiarity with it increased as did management’s.
Handling and processing grievances became an
accepted part of daily work as did the shop ac­
tivities of union officers. There were many newly
hired engineers each year as the company ex­
panded its engineering department eightfold in 15
years, yet they quickly and readily took out
membership. The union conducted no member­
ship drives and has always used a soft-sell ap­
proach on new hires. The acceptance of the union
by engineers and management and the usefulness
of union services is apparent without any explicit
propaganda. From the first, joining the union
has been the thing to do.
The company whose engineers organized the sec­
ond union was not stable, well established, or
soundly administered. It had been a small engi­
neering and producing firm making special equip­
ment for the Navy until World War II. The two
founders ran the company out of their hats, in a
paternalistic and highly personal way. Personnel
policy was chaotic, subject to change any time a
new idea or a new advisor caught the fancy of the
two founders. After the war and the dropoff of
war contracts, the company nearly foundered. A
larger company took control and appointed new
managers, but the old policies or lack of policies
continued. By the late forties, the company had
recovered financial strength when it received gov­
ernment contracts to develop equipment which was
to become a vital part of nuclear submarines and
missiles.
As the company prospered from the additional
contracts given to it after the beginning of the
Korean War, the engineers and workers lan­
guished. The swift inflation of 1950-51 ate away
at wages and the absence of any coherent person­
nel, wage, and work policy produced confusion,
inequities, and bitterness among all employees.
When the American Federation of Technical En­
gineers and the International Union of Electrical
Workers attempted to enroll the engineers late in
1950, management encouraged the engineers to
form their own union. Disgruntled as they were,
they needed little encouragement. In early 1951,
they began their first negotiations.
The engineers negotiated with managers who
had been with the company less than a year and
who left a few months after the first agreement
2 Ita lic s added.

PROSPECTS FOR ORGANIZATION OF WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS

was signed. In general, whatever the engineers
asked for, including the union shop, they got ; and
they asked for a lot, having combed a variety of
union agreements to find items that looked worth­
while. Besides liberal pay increases and generous
overtime pay, vacations, and other fringe benefits,
they also received a full grievance procedure, arbi­
tration, and ample pay for union officers and com­
mittees performing grievance work.
For the next several years, the company did not
have stability or continuity in its management.
Manager followed manager; a soft policy suc­
ceeded a tough policy in labor relations and back
again.
For a new manager the job of finding out what
has gone on in the company is not hard, only em­
barrassing. He need only ask the union leaders;
they know company policy well, having devised
most of it, and administered it for a longer time
than has any manager. In this company, the engi­
neering union performs many of the personnel
activities usually carried on by managers in other
firms. The union, not management, has brought
order, stability, and regularity to wage, job, and
personnel policy. It has been responsible for most
of the procedures through which standards are
established and enforced; it has had to stabilize
and organize employment conditions in order to
survive. In the process, it has created for itself a
large and important role in the administration of
employment and personnel policies.
The imion participates in many activities other
than grievance handling. Jointly with manage­
ment, it works out job descriptions for technicians.
It helps administer the filling of all engineering


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131

vacancies, qualified engineers having the right to
bid for vacant positions by seniority. It even­
tually reviews major and minor personnel policies
and suggests changes which management has
sometimes found wise to adopt. The union also
examines all salary data and salary changes with
the aid of electronic computers, often making more
detailed, careful, and revealing analyses than the
company. The union is so active and so perceptive
in many of its criticisms of management that man­
agers have at times fallen back upon an argument
which hardly enhances their prestige—the right
to mismanage.
The two active imions demonstrate that profes­
sional engineers can and will support collective
bargaining if it provides a useful sendee for them
and if they are allowed to become familiar with
the nature of union service. Unions can win the
continued support of a large portion of the em­
ployees within their scope of organizing, however,
only if they can play a recognized role in regular
company processes, providing benefits to the em­
ployees, to management, or to both.
Unions can thrive in quite disorganized situa­
tions by providing procedures and a measure of
order which bring some stability and predict­
ability to the work scene as in the case of the sec­
ond active union. They can also flourish in highly
structured organizations as the first active union
has. But if unionists have to try to establish col­
lective bargaining in business organizations only
partly bureaucratized and have to operate within
a loosely defined management structure, they will
probably not enjoy much success. Too much scope
for individual bargaining is possible in such cases.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

132

Liberals and the
Labor Movement
{The current discussion of the relationship of
the intellectual to the labor movement has been
pointed up by the departure of a number of
union staff members to take other jobs. The
following papers principally discuss the rela­
tionship between union staff members and the
policymakers.')

Joel Seidman*
W e a r e t a l k i n g about a group who were attracted
to the labor movement in the 1930’s and 1940’s and
who left it during the 1950’s and early 1960’s.
Clearly any group of people would have changed
over this period of time; one would have to com­
pare changes in union staff men with changes over
a comparable period of time in college faculty,
government officials, management personnel, and
others before one could be sure that it was the in­
stitution of unionism, rather than the onset of
middle age, that was responsible.
We also have in mind, in all likelihood, a partic­
ular group of unions that have likewise matured
over this period of time. Intellectuals who ob­
tained union staff positions during the 1930’s went
for the most part to the emerging CIO unions,
which offered more exciting possibilities than the
more staid and conservative unions of the AFL
and which also, for the most part, valued the in­
tellectuals’ contributions more highly. Though
the mass production unions still tend to be more
innovating than the craft unions, the fiery zeal
that characterized them in their youth, the sense
of crashing barriers and challenging established
modes of behavior, seems to have largely evap­
orated.
Yet we are not merely considering a group of
people and a particular set of social institutions,
together making the transition from youth to ma­
turity, but also viewing them at particular points
in our history. The 1930’s offered a special cli­
mate, one never approximated before and, one may
hope, never to obtain again. Our economic sys­
tem, and with it our entire social structure, seemed
not merely sick but at the point of death.


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Unwanted by existing society, young intellec­
tuals in large numbers sought to change the so­
ciety that spurned them, gravitating toward one
or another of the reform or revolutionary move­
ments that sprang up or gathered strength. Many
of them looked upon the unions, particularly the
newly formed mass production unions, not merely
as agencies for collective bargaining, but as the
most likely vehicles for more fundamental social
change. If the CIO disappointed their hopes,
perhaps it was because, in the special climate of
the thirties, they expected too much of i t ; and yet
many of them can scarcely complain, since with
the recovery and substantial stabilization of the
economic system their own economic situation im­
proved. I t is hard to sustain an interest in a
social revolution wdiile scanning the financial
pages daily to see how one’s common stocks are
faring.
Prosperity and a New Image

We have now gone more than 20 years without a
major downturn in the economy, a better record
than we have enjoyed since the post-Civil War in­
dustrial boom ushered in our industrial system.
The record of economic achievement here, coupled
with the excesses in the U.S.S.R. in the Stalin pe­
riod and the failure of partial nationalization to
solve Britain’s economic problems, have reduced
the desire of all but the hardiest leftwingers to
achieve drastic change in our economic system.
Problems exist, needless to say, but they are not
likely to rekindle, in the heart of the aging and
well-paid intellectual, a desire to remount the
barricades of his youth.
Meanwhile, the labor movement has had its share
of troubles, with the result that its image no longer
burns so brightly. The investigations of the Mc­
Clellan Committee disclosed conditions of corrup­
tion, along with a host of other evils, in a relatively
small but significant portion of the labor move­
ment—disclosures that in the aggregate shocked
many who considered themselves hardened, if not
cynical, observers of the contemporary scene. In ­
stead of pointing to unions as agencies of industrial
democracy, it became fashionable to show that they
could hardly hope to remain democratic, with ad♦ P rofessor of I n d u s tria l R elations, G ra d u a te School of B usi­
ness, U n iv ersity of Chicago.

183

LIBERALS AND THE LABOR MOVEMENT

vancing age, in tlieir own internal structure and
operations. The labor movement became stabi­
lized as an important but hardly dynamic institu­
tion in our society. In a society concerned with
the issue of survival, the contribution of the labor
movement seemed partial and limited. Whereas
the revolution of the thirties was the rise of indus­
trial unionism in the mass production industries,
the revolution of the sixties was in the area of civil
rights; whereas a few unions participated actively
in this latter revolution, most watched from the
sidelines.
Along with this there came a growing dissatis­
faction, on the part of some union staff men, with
their position of influence, or perhaps lack of influ­
ence, within the union. Few staff men other than
lawyers found themselves influential when impor­
tant developments were underway, either within
the union or in the collective bargaining area.
With no independent base of power in the union,
they found themselves dispensable at best, and
ignored at worst, when important decisions were
being made by the power figures. Some found the
goals of the leadership of their union too limited,
or the leaders themselves too stodgy, too corrupt,
or too dictatorial; others found themselves with
little access to the union center of power; and still
others found themselves serving unions with lim­
ited power in the industry. Many suffered, in ad­
dition, from a routinization of their work, from a
feeling that challenge was lacking now that the
institution was securely established. Even worse
was the discovery that there was a “party line”
within many unions on internal union matters and
also on political issues in the community, and that
the staff man might lack the freedom of his aca­
demic colleagues to speak his mind on issues of the
day without jeopardizing his position or his hopes
for advancement.
This does not mean that all excitement had
vanished from the union scene. But the most ex­
citing developments seemed outside the union
sphere—in the civil rights movement, for ex­
ample, or in such government innovations as the
Peace Corps. And just at this time the colleges
and universities, with their swelling enrollments,
their traditions of academic freedom, and their
improved salary structures, offered opportunities
to a number of union educators and researchers
to teach in regular or in labor education programs.
Along with this went an opportunity to meet with


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and influence young people, to select one’s own
research or writing projects, and to think and
speak independently of any party line.
Have liberals and the labor movement then
parted company? Not in the sense that liberals
have lost interest in the labor movement or fail
to recognize and applaud its achievements.
Liberals may have found that other institutions
in society also contribute to progress and perhaps
offer even more satisfying careers. Where they
find unions tolerating corruption, denying demo­
cratic procedures, or engaging in other forms of
antisocial behavior, liberals criticize the offending
unions, as they should. No institution in society
is above scrutiny and criticism; unions, which
came into being as agencies that criticized man­
agement, should help to safeguard the right of
criticism, even when they are the objects of it.
Do the unions want to attract and hold staff
members of the highest quality ? There is a labor
market for such types of competence, and the
unions need merely meet the prevailing rates in
terms of salary, security, influence, and freedom.

Brendan Sexton*
I b e l i e v e the complaint of many intellectuals is
much less the failure of trade unions to perform
effectively for their members than for failure to
fulfill the dreams of the intellectual. I t is my
view that these men are often authoritarian, lack­
ing the will or capacity to cooperate with any who
do not accept their own apocalyptic view of events
and men. They are more interested in ideas than
people. They are strongly elitist in attitude.
They are drawn to, and often speak well of, the
tough guy who is as attractive to some of them as
was the strong man of radical politics. Associa­
tion with him—actual or intellectual—makes it
possible for one to live dangerously without ever
taking a real chance.
The authoritarian temper is opposed to the
democratic mood of the free and advanced sections
of organized labor. Those of this temperament
will accept effete nonconformity and trivial
bohemianism. They will welcome to their com­
pany the volunteers to poverty, the beat and the
^D irector, L eadership S tudies C enter, U nited A utom obile, A ir­
c r a f t & A g ric u ltu ra l Im plem ent W orkers of A m erica.

134
unwashed—but the ordinary worker who is trying
to improve his grammar, never. They charge that
trade unions are no longer “dynamic,” but they
truly mean that they are no longer so flamboyant
as they were in the hungry, anguished, and bloody
thirties. The efforts to devise novel solutions to
collective bargaining problems, as at Kaiser and
American Motors, the participation by unions in
community life, the creation of college scholar­
ship programs, the new educational ventures, the
vast array of union health centers, the involvement
in international affairs, the creation of overseas
labor colleges to help train trade unionists from
the economically underdeveloped countries, all
seem to me to be evidences of a true, if undramatic
dynamism.
True, trade unions have not done as much as
they might have—but they have done far more,
gone much further than all but the most arrant
Utopians would have hoped for 25 years ago. Yet,
in face of the record, the litany of discontent
continues to be recited.
For my own part, I hope criticism of the trade
union movement continues. I believe that most
critics serve us well, as they point to our lack of
imagination and will. I do not believe, however,
that democracy, the labor movement, or the in­
tellectual community are well served by those
whose every spoken word implies hatred for trade
unions, and a sense of betrayal by organizations
that have sensibly rejected their “prophetic”
leadership and bad advice.
Recently, for example, one of them wrote:
“. . . we may begin to wonder whether the new
prevailing tone of complaint is any more adequate
for talking about Walter Reuther’s labor move­
ment (by which he meant the Industrial Union
Department of the AFL-CIO) than was the old
tone of celebration. The inheritors of the old CIO
are not as used up and exhausted as fashion
thinks them. They may not even be as used up
as they think themselves.”
It may be, of course, that what this writer be­
lieved to be “the fashion,” was no more than a
vogue confined to the circle in which he traveled,
and that the leaders of the old CIO never re­
garded themselves as “used up.” I t could be, on
the other hand, that he has begun to suspect what
has seemed evident to many of us for a long time:
that the democratic social and ethical values he
treasures have some chance for survival in our

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

time, only because most—not all, but most—trade
unions and trade unionists hold to them also, and
use their influence and power to prevent their sub­
mersion in the sea of corruption and totalitarian
opinion that sometimes seems about to engulf us.

Sylvia B. Gottlieb*
T he r o l e of the liberal union intellectual is com­
plicated by the very nature of union organization.
Unions for the most part do not have well-defined
bureaucracies in which lines of organization, au­
thority, and responsibility are clear, established,
and accepted. The internal organization of many
unions is fluid, the power and control of individ­
uals below the very top level ebb and flow,
depending on many inconstant variables. The
professional employee is thus urged on the one
hand to remain aloof from internal union politics
and on the other to lend his special talents to se­
curing gain for an individual leader or an idea.
Some of this, of course, is unavoidable. A certain
amount of the interpersonal tensions which devel­
oped between union leaders and the professional
union staff during the 1950’s arose from the diffi­
cult if not impossible task of keeping union poli­
tics outside the area of professional staff activity.
Coupled with these developments was the atti­
tude, sometimes subconscious and sometimes de­
liberate, on the part of some trade union leaders
that the labor movement is a closed society in which
“the family” settles its own problems and never
exposes any weaknesses or difficulties to the un­
friendly outside world. Requests by professional
union staff personnel for leaves of absence to pur­
sue further academic studies or to work tempo­
rarily in other occupations are generally denied.
In fact, in some unions such requests are consid­
ered just short of treason. One does not move in
and out of a “movement.” It exacts a lifetime
commitment. Those of us who have suggested that
an interchange be permitted between not only the
unions and the academic community, but between
the company and the union, and between the union
and the government were given little or no encour­
agement. If the professional person is sponsored
by the union in his nonunion or union-related job,
the interchange is effected willingly and grace•S peeial A ssista n t, Office of P ro d u c tiv ity a n d T echnological
D evelopm ents, B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s . F o rm e r A s sista n t to
th e P re sid en t, C om m unications W orkers of A m erica.

LIBERALS AND THE LABOR MOVEMENT

fully. If, however, the union professional even
after many years of unbroken service seeks a leave
of absence, even if only to return to school to in­
crease his professional capabilities which will
enhance his union role at some future date, any
leave is generally discouraged or, indeed, prohib­
ited.
I think this has been an error on the part of trade
union leadership and represents a condition
susceptible to change.
Another important development is the fact that
it has become increasingly possible and desirable
for experienced trade union professionals to trans­
fer their skills to other institutions. The pro­
liferation of private and government grants for
special studies, the establishment of new Govern­
ment agencies such as the Peace Corps, expansion
of educational institutions and accelerated interest
in adult education are but a few examples of job­
generating forces which have given the social
scientist a chance to move with relative ease from
his union to a nonunion job. In addition, as
unions themselves have been upgraded and in­
tegrated into the broader community, the oppor­
tunity of professional union staff to transfer to
other jobs has been greatly enhanced. Further,
as unions and companies continue to maximize
their mutual purposes and minimize discord,
movement by the professional staff from the
union to the company or vice versa will be re­
garded less and less as treasonable action and more
and more as a logical development.
The union intellectual’s problem is also part of
the larger overall problem of the relationship be­
tween unions and academic institutions.
Unions have never recognized fully the poten­
tials of this country’s academic resources. This
lack of understanding of how to call upon the
academic community is reflected, in part, in the
current inability of unions generally to use their


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135
professional people appropriately. The kinds of
people the trade unions will have to organize in­
creasingly in the future are not very different from
the professional employees who now work for
them. I t’s a very difficult thing for a leader who
is accustomed to pointing with pride to the fact
that he spent many years working in the shop to
come to the realization that this claim will not
necessarily stand him in good stead when it comes
to organizing white-collar, technical, and profes­
sional workers.
The Future
We continue to live in a changing dynamic so­
ciety in which each tomorrow brings new chal­
lenging and exciting developments. The trade
union movement is inescapably part of this pic­
ture. In our kind of democratic society, there
will be a continuing need for organizations to
represent people who work. In fact, it has been
suggested that the need for proper vehicles for
communication and joint decisionmaking between
employees and management will increase as our
industrial, economic, social, and political systems
grow more complex and more impersonal. The
structure, the attitudes, and the activities of the
organizations now called unions may change, but
the fundamental need for industrial democracy
will continue. To the extent that the trade unions
of tomorrow increasingly represent white-collar,
technical, and professional employees, the profes­
sional staff will be recruited increasingly from the
industry itself. I t will be the professional person
who will be able to boast of his years “in the
trade.” As the level of education of the average
worker in the United States continues to increase,
the gap between the union member, the leaders he
elects, and the professional employee will be
narrowed.

136

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

Toward an Integrated Approach
for Industrial Relations Research
{The following is an excerpt from the IR R A
1963 Presidential Address of William F.
Whyte* of Cornell University.')
I s h a l l approach tills task of building “an inte­
grated approach for industrial relations research”
from the angle of research methodology. I take
this to be the operating end of the problem: The
methods we use to do our research determine the
types of data we gather and thus also to some ex­
tent the substantive conclusions we reach and the
theories we build. Unless we understand the im­
pact of research methods upon theory, we cannot
hope to achieve much progress toward an inte­
grated body of knowledge and theory in our field.
We all agree that the problem we study should
determine the methods of research. That maxim
is violated more often than it is observed. Our
field is full of one-method-men. Either we limit
ourselves to a problem that can be handled by our
favorite method, or else we squeeze the problem
into the framework of that method.
I first sought to argue this point several years
ago.1 At that time, I was in the position of
the proverbial man throwing stones from a glass­
house. While I was giving particular attention to
the practices of my questionnaire-addicted breth­
ren, I had to acknowledge that I was equally
vulnerable to the same criticism. I had my own
methodological approach of intensive interviewing
and observation, which I was so fond of that I
used it on any and all occasions.
I can now report to you that I have moved out
of the glasshouse. This move may encourage me
to talk with greater arrogance, but I hope it will
also provide me with a deeper understanding of
the possibilities and limitations of certain research
methods.
The move out of the glasshouse occurred during
the 14 months I spent in Peru where I carried out
♦C hairm an, D ep artm en t of O rg an izatio n al B ehavior, New
York S ta te School of In d u s tria l an d L abor R elations, Cornell
U n iv ersity .
1 “ Needs an d O p p o rtu n ities fo r In d u s tria l R elatio n s R esearch”
(New York S ta te School of I n d u s tria l a n d L abor R e la tio n s),
r e p rin t series No. 125.
2 W illiam F . W h y te a n d L aw rence K. W illiam s, “ S upervisory
L e a d e rs h ip : An I n te rn a tio n a l C om parison” (In te rn a tio n a l M an­
ag em en t Congress, 1963).


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two rather ambitious questionnaire surveys. One
of these involved a study of worker-management
relations in Lima Light and Power Company (in
comparison with a well studied U.S. utility). The
other involved a survey of the attitudes and values
of high school boys in areas that I took to be
related to economic development.
Possibilities of the Questionnaire

The questionnaire survey is particularly suit­
able for studies of attitudes, values, beliefs, and
perceptions of informants.
The method also lends itself readily to quanti­
fication. Here again, a word of caution should
be inserted. While it is now possible to correlate
everything with everything else and see what
comes out, this is not an efficient way of proceed­
ing. In fact, some of my colleagues refer to this
as the “gigo approach”—gigo standing for “gar­
bage in, garbage out.” Even with the computer,
we have to have a good strategy of analysis or we
will bury ourselves under our own figures.
The third great strength of the questionnaire
is the power it offers for comparative studies:
Comparisons among individuals, between groups,
between organizations within our own culture, and
even between organizations in different cultures.
In the comparative questionnaire survey of a U.S.
and Peruvian utility company, that I carried out
in collaboration with Professor Lawrence Wil­
liam,2 we found a reversal between the two cases
in certain important characteristics of a super­
visor regarded highly by his subordinates. In
Peru, it was the close supervisor and one who
exercised definite pressure for production who
was most highly regarded—the direct opposite of
the findings in this case in the United States and
opposite to what we find in general in our country.
This sort of finding seems important to us because
it suggests that we must check all our propositions
coming out of human relations research in the
United States to see whether they are universally
applicable.
I have come to the paradoxical conclusion that
the questionnaire survey has its greatest power
where it has been least used : The study of cultures,
for that has traditionally been the province of
anthropologists, and they have traditionally been
wedded to methods of interviewing and observa-

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS RESEARCH

tion. But now anthropologists themselves are be­
ginning to add the questionnaire to their arsenal
of methods. During my period in Peru, I col­
laborated with anthropologist John Hickman in
a study he was doing of six Indian communities
near Puno on Lake Titicaca. Using part of the
values questionnaire that we used in the high
schools and number of items he devised himself,
he developed his instrument, got it translated into
two Indian languages, and trained interviewers to
read the questions to informants and check their
responses. In this way, he got over 1,800 Indians
on punchcards, which I believe is the largest num­
ber of Indians ever to be processed and stored in
this manner.
We can also make comparisons through time,
determining how the psychological states of peo­
ple change with the changes in their social and
economic conditions.
Lim itations

As I have been pointing out, the questionnaire
is particularly useful for getting at the subjective
states of informants. But this very strength can
lead us into a dead end street. With the question­
naire, we can make elaborate analyses of the per­
ceptions our informants have of the world around
them, without having any independent data as to
the nature of that world they are perceiving.
However much we learn about how certain beliefs,
attitudes and perceptions are related to each other,
these findings remain within the subjective world
of informants and do not allow us to break out and
connect the subjective with the objective.
There are ways to break out, but, if we remain
within the confines of the questionnaire, the escape
may be more apparent than real.
One common strategy is to compare the sub­
jective responses of informants to “hard criterion
variables” such as figures for absenteeism, turn­
over, productivity, and so on. While such efforts
are certainly valuable, at best they provide only a
partial solution to our problem. In the industrial
plant, absenteeism, turnover, and productivity
(like attitudes, values, and perceptions) are them­
selves outcomes of the social process that is going
3
L ois R. D ean, “In te ra c tio n R eported an d O b serv ed : T he Case
of One L ocal U nio n ,” H u m a n O rganization, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.
36-44.


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137

on in the plant. We are thus comparing one out­
come with another. Ordinarily, we would rather
learn something about the social process that gives
rise to each type of outcome.
Can we get at the social process through the
questionnaire? Most organizational surveys at­
tempt to do this. Researchers do not confine them­
selves to attitudinal questions to determine how
the informant feels about the union or how he re­
gards his supervisor. They ask also questions re­
ferring to behavior and interaction, for example:
How often do you attend your union meeting?
How closely does the supervisor supervise you?
The procedure then is to correlate reported at­
tendance at union meetings with expressed atti­
tudes toward the union, toward the union leaders,
and toward other items that you suspect may be
related to meeting attendance. Similarly, you
correlate reported closeness of supervision with
attitudes toward supervisor in order to determine
whether the supervisor who is reported to super­
vise closely is highly regarded or poorly regarded
by his subordinates.
Objective R eality

So far so good, but we have skipped over a key
assumption on which the procedure is based. The
assumption is that in reporting how often they
attend union meetings or how closely their super­
visor supervises them, the informants are reason­
ably close to objective reality. So far as I know,
this assumption has been checked in practice in
only one study, and there the results were most
disturbing.
The case involved a local union of approxi­
mately 500 members, which was being studied,
through interviewing and observation, by George
Strauss. Attendance averaged approximately 30
members, so Strauss had no difficulty in making
his own observational record of attendance at each
meeting he attended through a year of field study.
Toward the end of this year, Lois Dean mailed a
questionnaire to all of the members.3 Exclusively
for our research purposes, we placed a code on the
questionnaire so that we could identify each
informant. This enabled us to compare the in­
formant’s questionnaire report on his meeting at­
tendance with what Strauss had observed during
the previous year.

188
Some small proportion of reporting error could
be disregarded, but the discrepancies discovered by
Dr. Dean were not small. Twenty-nine percent of
the informants reported falsely on their meeting
attendance : 26 percent reported some frequency of
attendance yet had never been observed at the
meeting, 3 percent denied attending meetings but
had actually been observed at such meetings.
We have much the same problem with questions
regarding closeness of supervision and other as­
pects of the supervisor’s behavior. Our Peruvian
utility questionnaire clearly shows us that the
workers in the plant we studied prefer a super­
visor that they see as supervising them closely.
What does this finding mean ? Are they reporting
that they like the type of behavior that U.S.
workers generally dislike ? Or, do they have a dif­
ferent conception from the United States as to the
nature of close supervision ? We can never expect
to answer those questions until we get in and ob­
serve a supervisor in action with his subordinates
and interview both parties regarding the super­
visory relationship.
The need for checking the relationship between
reported behavior and observed behavior is obvious
enough in a culture different from our own, but
are we on safe ground in assuming that we know
what a U.S. worker means when he says that his
supervisor supervises him closely? Observation
might well lead us to discovering more than one
type of close supervisor and more than one type of
general supervisor. I t might show us that we had
been submerging significant differences through
lumping together distinguishably different super­
visory styles.
Observation might also tell us a good deal about
the conditions in a work environment conducive
to close supervision and those conducive to general
supervision. In this way, we could distinguish
between leadership style which may be a personal
phenomenon and the environing conditions which
may promote one or another type of supervision.
Oversimplified Assum ptions

There is another limitation to the questionnaire
survey method which may not be inherent in the
method itself but tends to be associated with the
way the method is generally used. The problem
is that the method tends to lead us toward


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

an oversimplified distorted view of the nature
of organizations. If we examine the literature
of organizational surveys, we find that the ques­
tionnaire has been used primarily for the study
of the man-boss relationship. This condition
probably arises in part out of the requirements of
the questionnaire method itself.
There are three things wrong with this kind of
an approach.
1. If we implicitly assume that all foremen posi­
tions in the organization are much alike, we may
attribute to supervisory style differences among
foremen that are more properly explained in terms
of the nature of the technology, work flow, and
nature of work in their departments.
2. We may limit our comparisons to super­
visory jobs that are as near to identical as possible,
and this has been done in some cases. This takes
care of the criticism on point one, but it leaves
out of account the differences in supervisory be­
havior that are related to differences in the nature
of the supervisory jobs, and this we are coming
to think is an important area of investigation.
3. While we cannot deny that the man-boss rela­
tionship is an important one, it is not worth the
preponderant attention it has been receiving. The
organization is made up of an interdependent net­
work of human relations. I t is unrealistic and
misleading to single out the vertical line of au­
thority for such exclusive attention.
Norms
I have earlier said that the questionnaire has
its greatest power in the measurement of subjec­
tive states of the informants. I do not intend to
take back this accolade, but we still have to contend
with a knotty problem of the relationship between
what informants report about their feelings and
what they “really feel”—or what we might find
out about their feelings if we could interview them
intensively and observe them in action. We have
to recognize that informants do not necessarily tell
us how they feel. They may be reporting how
they have learned they ought to feel—in other
words, the norms they have learned about how
the world is to be regarded. This is not necessarily
a matter of conscious falsification. There are
simply two different types of responses that may
be elicited, and the researcher may have quite a
problem in distinguishing between them.

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS RESEARCH

With the questionnaire survey, we do not ob­
serve behavior directly. We do not even get di­
rectly at the subjective states of informants. On
the other hand, we do subject these informants to
uniform stimuli, whose effects we have measured
in other situations. Furthermore, this is not a
random bombardment of a number of separate
and unrelated stimuli. We can now measure the
pattern among the stimuli that has emerged in
previous studies and check this pattern against
our current population. Thus, as we measure the
reactions to the stimuli we present, we make in­
ferences regarding the subjective states of in­
formants and even regarding their behavior.
Interpreting the meaning of these reactions can­
not be resolved simply by con-elating one question­
naire item with another nor even by more complex
patterns of analysis such as scaling and factor
analysis. If we are not to remain forever impris­
oned within the limitations of the questionnaire,
we need to calibrate the questionnaire instrument
itself against data obtained by other research
methods, and we need to learn to use the question­
naire survey in conjunction with other methods.
Dependence of Theory on Method

The questionnaire survey provides a wealth of
data upon attitudes, values, beliefs, and percep­
tions. I t is not an efficient instrument for the
study of social processes. Naturally, therefore,
those who rely entirely upon the questionnaire tend
to theorize regarding the subjective states of
people and to neglect social processes. The
methods of interviewing and observation, on the
other hand, readily yield data upon sequences of


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139

events and interpersonal interactions, and natu­
rally lead researchers to develop hypotheses and
theories regarding social processes and the orga­
nization of human interactions and activities.
In physical science, if A finds fault with the
theory of B, he seeks to bring his research to bear
on some crucial point of B’s theory. This con­
fronting and testing process has not gone on in
our field because, by and large, opposing theorists
have not dealt with the same types of data and
therefore have not been able to test each others’
formulations. If we are to push our field ahead
theoretically, we shall need to achieve an integra­
tion of methods and a flexible use of methods that
is rarely found today. Of course, I accept the
standard maxim that the nature of the research
problem should determine the method or methods
used. I am simply pointing out that, far oftener
than is generally recognized, this maxim should
lead the researcher to use a combination of methods
or to switch from one method to another as he
moves from one stage to another in his research
program.
We can seek to provide graduate training in
laboratory and field experiments, interviewing and
observation, questionnaire surveys, and perhaps
other methods also. It is this type of training
program in research methods that we are in process
of establishing in our School of Industrial and
Labor Relations at Cornell. We can hardly ex­
pect all of our students to become competent in
all of the methods the professors might be pre­
pared to teach. We can reasonably hope soon to
make today’s popular model, the one-method-man,
methodologically obsolescent.

The Fifth Biennial
Convention of the
AFL-CIO
J oseph W. B loch*

C

iv il

r ig h t s ,

u n em plo y m en t

,

and

a u t o m a t io n

were the dominant issues discussed at the Fifth
Biennial Convention of the AFL-CIO, meeting
in New York City, November 14r-20, 1963. With
internal organizational problems seemingly under
control, the Federation turned its attention out­
ward to the numerous domestic and international
problems of concern to the labor movement. Some
250 resolutions were adopted, many of them
lengthy statements of AFL-CIO reasoning and
position. Under this pressure, only a few received
that extra attention from officers and delegates
that kindles more than routine interest on the part
of the convention.
If there is a crisis in the trade union movement,
as many critics have suggested, this convention
took little note of it, except to ridicule the notion.
This was the aim of President Meany, who de­
voted a substantial portion of his opening speech
to an unusual counterattack on the “disenchanted
liberals” and the “disillusioned friends of labor”
The continuing decline in union membership was
accorded less attention than at the 1961 convention.
In the absence of any outward sign of disharmony,
a visitor to this convention or one who reads the
record could not fail to be impressed by the sweep
of the resolutions and with reason assume that the
AFL-CIO was operating at the height of its
authority and influence.
Civil Rights
Reacting to the events of the past 2 years, the
Federation’s emphasis in the civil rights field
shifted from concern with discriminatory prac­
tices within the Federation, which was stressed in
140


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previous conventions, to the wider scope of the
issue in the community and country at large and
to the role of trade unions in the civil rights move­
ment. The 1961 convention had adopted a com­
prehensive civil rights resolution which, among
other things, strengthened the AFL-CIO Civil
Rights Committee and established a compliance
procedure to handle complaints of discrimination.
A report on these activities was given to the 1963
convention, and the convention renewed the pledge
to remove “the last vestiges of racial discrimina­
tion from within the ranks of the AFL-CIO.” A
second area was marked out for action : “We must
cooperate with our neighbors in the general com­
munity to assure every American the full right
of citizenship.” The resolutions offered to the
convention, Vice President A. Phillip Randolph’s
speech and the convention’s reaction, President
Meany’s report on a special task force, and other
statements, defined the scope of this commitment
in both general and specific terms.
The resolution on civil rights adopted by the
convention urged enactment of civil rights legis­
lation in the Congress (H.R. 7152) and in State
and local governments. It urged the elimination
of discrimination in housing, hospitals, and other
health care units built with Federal funds, loans,
guarantees, or insurance. It asked the U.S. Em­
ployment Service to enlist community wide partici­
pation in achieving fuller utilization of the skills
of minority workers. It pledged the AFL-CIO to
cooperate with the President’s Committee on Equal
Employment Opportunity and called for the es­
tablishment of local apprenticeship information
centers in every community to facilitate access to
apprenticeship training for all qualified appli­
cants. Affiliates were again urged to negotiate
effective antidiscrimination clauses in all collective
bargaining agreements.
President Meany reported that a special task
force—Secretary-Treasurer Schnitzler, Vice Presi­
dents Randolph and Walter P. Reuther, C. J. Hag­
gerty of the Building Trades Department, and
himself—was established in the summer of 1963
after a White House meeting. Its purpose is “to
assist AFL-CIO local central bodies to initiate the
establishment of biracial human rights committees,
or civil rights committees, in the major cities . . .
*Of th e D ivision of I n d u s tria l an d L abor R elations, B u reau of
L abor S ta tistic s.

THE FIFTH BIENNIAL AFL-CIO CONVENTION

where none exists, to initiate the action, and where
they do exist to help support and strengthen these
committees. The idea was to have a broadly based
committee involving every important segment of
the community . . . to fight discrimination every
place, not just on the job, but in the schools, in
housing, in stores, in theaters, in local recreation
areas.” This work had begun in eight cities.
Vice President Randolph, in a major address,
urged support and expansion of the special task
force, but he emphasized two other proposals: (1)
establishment of a representative committee of
Negro trade unionists and officers of the AFL-CIO
to plan programs and evolve new techniques to deal
with discriminatory practices at the local level, and
(2) appointment of a committee of the AFL-CIO
leadership to meet periodically with leaders of the
six national civil rights organizations to work out
mutually beneficial policies. He also suggested
that President Meany, Vice President Reuther,
and other leaders of the AFL-CIO go into areas of
racial tension “and speak to the rank and file in the
moral and economic terms they can understand.”
One of the delegates moved to incorporate Mr.
Randolph’s proposals into the civil rights resolu­
tion, but this was not acceptable to Mr. Meany or
to the convention. At the conclusion of his ad­
dress, Mr. Randolph received a standing ovation
from the officials on the stage and the assembled
delegates—a meaningful and moving gesture.
Economic Issues

Unemployment and automation were held up as
the major domestic problems facing the country
and the trade union movement.1 The inability of
collective bargaining to cope with these problems
and their effects and, thus, the need for Federal
action was expressed in one resolution 2 as follows:
The economic environment of recent years has been
impeding collective bargaining. High unemployment
poses a serious threat to the entire economy—par­
ticularly to those millions of working people for
whom joblessness is a reality or a tangible threat.
Rapid technological change presents problems of labor
displacement, as well as the urgent need to develop
procedures to protect workers against the disrup­
tions of spreading automation. These economic de­
velopments have placed a heavy, and often undue,
burden upon collective bargaining.
While collective bargaining and strong trade unions
are essential to cushion the blows of radical tech­
nological change on the work force, in a slowly grow­

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141
ing economy collective bargaining, alone, cannot
solve the economywide problems of high unemploy­
ment, labor displacement, and changes in skill re­
quirements. Job-creating measures by the Federal
Government are required to provide a full-employ­
ment basis for the effective application of collective
bargaining solutions to the hazards of rapidly spread­
ing automation.

Tlie measures advocated by the Federation
covered a wide front:
Automation. A seven-point program was ad­
vanced, comprised of (1) appointment of a
Presidential Commission on Automation in ac­
cordance with the intentions expressed in Presi­
dent Kennedy’s July message on the railroad dis­
pute; (2) establishment of a technological clearing
house to gather information about impending
changes and their impact on jobs, on the location
of industry, on training needs, etc.; (3) measures
for economic growth, including an immediate and
sizable tax cut, a major increase in public spend­
ing, and an appropriate monetary policy; (4) im­
provements in the unemployment compensation
program; (5) greater efforts to match workers
and jobs (a more effective employment service,
expanded retraining programs, relocation allow­
ances, and more resources for our education sys­
tem) ; (6) efforts along the collective bargaining
front, including higher wages and other benefits;
and (7) establishment of a comprehensive Federal
information and guidance service to assist unions
and employers, upon request, in developing solu­
tions to the problems created by technological
change.
Hours of Work and Minimum Wages. The Fed­
eration reaffirmed its goal of amending the Fair
Labor Standards Act to provide for a standard
1 As m ig h t be expected, th e reso lu tio n s an d some of th e ad ­
dresses to th e convention stressed th e t h r e a t of au to m atio n as
a g a in s t i ts blessings. P re sid e n t M eany w as w idely quoted as
calling au to m atio n a “cu rse,” b u t h is w ords em phasized th e th r e a t
r a th e r th a n th e a c tu a lity . H e s a i d : “. . . th e re is no longer
an y question in m y m ind as to th e direction in w hich au to m atio n
is going today. T h ere is no elem ent of blessing in it. I t is
ra p id ly becoming a real curse to th is society. W hen you stu d y
w h a t’s happening, you realize t h a t th is is a real th rea t. T his
could bring us to a n a tio n a l c a tastro p h e. . . .” ( Ita lic s added.)
I n m ore fo rm al term s, th e reso lu tio n on a u to m atio n sta te d “A m er­
ica h as m ade enorm ous p rogress in science an d technology b u t
i t h as done little to solve th e serious social an d econom ic problem s
created by t h a t progress. In ste a d of th e g re a t prom ise of th e
new technology, w e a re co nfronted w ith idle m en an d idle m a­
chines, in ad eq u ate public services, w idespread poverty, an d risin g
social ten sio n .”
2 R esolution 226— C ollective B argaining.

142
35-hour workweek, without reduction in takehome pay. It also seeks an increase in the over­
time premium rate from time and one-half to
double time, a minimum rate of $2 an hour, and
the extension of FLSA coverage to 16 million
uncovered workers.
Low-Income Families. An “all-out war on the
shameful persistence of poverty” requires, in addi­
tion to the FLSA amendments above, higher
social security benefits, reduced retirement age,
hospital insurance for the aged under social secu­
rity, improved unemployment compensation sys­
tem, adequate assistance payments, low-rent public
housing, and adequate opportunities for education.
Among other actions, the Federation endorsed
the Administration tax-cut proposal, but urged
modification so that its benefits are more concen­
trated among low- and moderate-income taxpay­
ers. It urged enactment of the Youth Employ­
ment Opportunities program, a policy of monetary
ease and low interest rates on long-term loans, a
Federal law prohibiting discriminatory employ­
ment practices, and various measures to solve the
balance-of-payments difficulty.
Organizing and Elections

In the matter of organizing, emphasis was
placed on the integrated community approach


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

which President Meany described as “a very sig­
nificant breakthrough on the question of relations
between unions within the structure of the A FLCIO.” The first target in 1963 under a plan
drawn up by a special committee of the Executive
Council was Los Angeles. The Federation sup­
plied the supervisory staff, the research, office
quarters, and publicity; the cooperating locals and
about 50 internationals provided the manpower
and some of the finances. Out of a potential of
about 750,000 unorganized workers in the area,
about 28,000 had been enrolled by November 1.
“We have won some elections,” President Meany
reported. “But the important thing about it, even
over and above the question of organizing, is that
it shows that by using good will and good common
sense we can find a way to live together. . . .”
The issue of the readmission of the Teamsters,
expelled in 1957, was disposed of in the same man­
ner as at the 1961 convention—an application for
reaffiliation from the Teamsters would be given
consideration.
President Kennedy addressed the convention.
Among other speakers were Secretary of Labor
Wirtz, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Serv­
ice Director William E. Simkin, and John I.
Snyder, Jr., president and chairman of the Board,
U.S. Industries, Inc.
All incumbent officers were reelected by
acclamation.

An Assessment of Apprenticeship
E ditor ’s N ote .— The following

article is the second in a series of reports on
apprenticeship. The first article, which appeared in the January issue of
the Review, examined the validity of apprenticeship as a form of skill training
from the point of view of employers, unions, and apprentices; a third, to
appear in a forthcoming issue, will cover the size of apprenticeship programs
in selected trades, and industries.

4

II. Public Policies and Programs
Martha F. R iche*
•*

P ublic policy toward apprenticeship in the
United States is aimed at developing a supply of
skilled manpower adequate to an advancing
economy. In this respect apprenticeship policy,
along with other public policies such as those em­
bodied in the Manpower Development and Train­
ing Act, the Smith-TIughes Vocational Education
Act, and the Employment Act of 1946, forms part
of an overall national manpower and training
effort. However, unlike job retraining, which is
receiving new impetus under the M DTA1 and
the Area Redevelopment Acts, and vocational edu­
cation, which seems destined to expand as a result
of the Vocational Education Act of 1963, appren­
ticeship policy has remained basically static since
its initial formulation during the depressed years
before World War II. Recent concern over un­
employment that has helped bring about the re­
training and vocational education renaissance,
however, is now bringing apprenticeship under
new scrutiny too.
*Of the Division of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 A lthough MDTA fu n d s can be used to su p p o rt up to a y ear
of ap p ren tice tra in in g , only a few p reap p ren tic e a n d ap p ren tice­
ship pro g ram s a re p resen tly being financed th is way.
2 29 U.S.C. 50.
»A rizona, A rk an sas, C alifornia, Colorado, H aw aii, K entucky,
L o u isian a, M aine, M assach usetts, M innesota, M ontana, N evada,
New York, N o rth C arolina, V irginia, an d W ashington.
1 D istric t of Colum bia, F lo rid a, New H am pshire, New Mexico,
U tah , an d V erm ont.
5 C onnecticut, M aryland, New Jersey, Ohio, an d P ennsylvania.


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As a part of this reappraisal, this article
summarizes the legislative framework for appren­
ticeship to provide a factual background for dis­
cussion of our goals for apprenticeship, and
consideration of whether they can be advanced by
changes in current State and Federal legislation
bearing on apprenticeship.
Promotional Legislation

Although both Wisconsin and Oregon enacted
early laws promoting apprenticeship (Wisconsin
in 1911, Oregon in 1932), a national apprentice­
ship policy was not inaugurated until 1937 when
the National Apprenticeship Act (Fitzgerald
Act) 2 was passed. One of a number of laws de­
signed to improve employment and economic
activity, the Fitzgerald Act did not directly estab­
lish a program; rather, it sought to encourage
private industry and labor groups that had not al­
ready done so to set up apprenticeship programs
and to maintain a minimum level of apprentice
welfare. Sixteen States3 followed suit in the next
few years (Arkansas later repealed its law).
After World War II, six more States4 and
Puerto Rico passed apprenticeship laws with the
intention of expanding training opportunities for
veterans taking advantage of the GI bill. Five
additional States5 and the Virgin Islands have
143

144
passed similar laws in the past few years, although
New Jersey has yet to appoint a staff to carry out
its law. Typical among the aims set by these State
laws (30 in all) is that enunciated by the New
York law, which says:
Skilled manpower constitutes a great resource in this
State. Apprenticeship programs, through supervised
training and education, develop skilled craftsmen and
help meet the increasing needs for such workers in the
State’s labor force. . . . To these ends, it is the declared
public policy of the State of New York to develop sound
apprenticeship standards and to encourage industry and
labor to institute training programs.

(Though not all States have laws promoting
apprenticeship programs, there are laws requiring
that an apprenticeship be served preparatory to
State licensing or registration in certain occupa­
tions in approximately 3 out of 4 States. The oc­
cupations most commonly covered include bar­
bers and beauticians, dispensing opticians, funeral
directors and embalmers, and pharmacists.)
Administration. The Fitzgerald Act is adminis­
tered by the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Train­
ing of the U.S. Department of Labor. The
Bureau’s principal function is the promotion of
apprenticeship through both technical assistance
to employers and unions developing or conducting
apprenticeship programs, and dissemination of
apprenticeship information through, for example,
periodic conferences held throughout the country.
To carry out the act’s mandate of promoting ap­
prentice welfare, the Bureau also reviews appren­
ticeship programs in States that have not
established their own apprenticeship agencies. If
these programs meet certain minimum standards,
the Bureau issues them a certificate of registration.
I t also issues certificates of completion to individ­
uals who successfully fulfill the requirements of a
registered program in States that do not have
certification programs.
The Fitzgerald Act authorized the Secretary of
Labor to appoint a national advisory committee
to provide guidance on policy matters. The Fed­
eral Committee on Apprenticeship is composed
of five representatives each from management and
labor and one from the Office of Education; it
determines, among other things, what occupations
are apprenticeable.
Apprenticeship councils are established by all of
the State laws but Wisconsin’s, as well as by Iowa,

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

Kansas, and Rhode Island, which do not have ap­
prenticeship legislation. Their members are ap­
pointed by either the governor or the director of
the State agency responsible for labor matters and
represent management and labor, as well as the
public. The responsibilities of the council gen­
erally include formulation of policies; establish­
ment of standards for apprenticeship agreements;
and issuance of any rules and regulations necessary
to carry out the intent of the legislation. Almost
half of the State laws give the apprenticeship
council more specific duties, such as registering
programs that meet the council’s standards; regis­
tering, suspending, or canceling agreements be­
tween the apprentice and the employer; issuing
certificates of apprenticeship completion; record­
ing apprenticeship programs and agreements (and
their disposition); establishing a list of appren­
ticeable trades; settling disputes between parties
to an apprenticeship agreement; and gathering
and compiling data on trends in employment op­
portunity in various trades.
An apprenticeship director or division, located
within the State department of labor, supplements
the activities of the council in all apprenticeship
council States but Arizona, Maine, Maryland, and
New Hampshire. Maryland’s apprenticeship act
is administered by the State department of educa­
tion rather than of labor, and consequently is not
recognized by the Federal Committee on Appren­
ticeship. This group considers that apprentice­
ship, being predominantly a labor-management
affair, should be administered by the State depart­
ment responsible for labor and/or industry.
In most States the appointment of the director
of apprenticeship by the labor commissioner must
be confirmed by a majority vote of the apprentice­
ship council. (In Oregon and Utah, the appren­
ticeship council can appoint, fix, and supervise the
duties of the apprenticeship director.) On the
other hand, several States (the District of Co­
lumbia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Min­
nesota, and New York) make the activities of the
State apprenticeship council subject to the ap­
proval of the State commissioner of labor (Puerto
Rico allows the labor commissioner to remove
members of the apprenticeship council).
State and local joint apprenticeship committees
for particular trades and industries are appointed
or approved by State apprenticeship councils,

AN ASSESSMENT OF APPRENTICESHIP

though, in contrast with the other States, Califor­
nia and New York place their joint committees
under the supervision of the State labor depart­
ment, rather than the State apprenticeship council.
Joint apprenticeship committees are composed
of equal numbers of employer and employee rep­
resentatives chosen by their respective trade orga­
nizations. In a few States, such as Arizona, Colo­
rado, and Virginia, these committees perform the
specific tasks involved in directing an apprentice­
ship program: establishing schedules for work
experience and training; assisting in developing
apprentice wage rates and working conditions; as­
certaining employer needs in the trade; specifying
the appropriate ratio of apprentices to journey­
men, or the number to be employed in the trade;
cooperating with school authorities in educating
the apprentices; and adjusting disputes. In other
States, such as California, Florida, and Minnesota,
the committees act in an advisory capacity to em­
ployers and employee organizations responsible
for carrying out each program, while in still others,
including New York and New Jersey, the joint
apprenticeship committees are merely directed to
devise craft or trade standards for apprenticeship
agreements, and to give any aid necessary for their
operation. At present, there are about 7,000 joint
apprenticeship committees; in 11 States, including
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania,
there are no legal provisions for their appointment.
Apprenticeship Agreements. To be approved by
the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training and
by State apprenticeship agencies, apprenticeship
agreements must conform to certain minimum
standards. The Federal law does not specify mini­
mum standards for federally approved apprentice­
ship agreements; instead, the Federal Committee
on Apprenticeship has recommended that valid
apprenticeship agreements contain provisions for
the following:
1. A starting age of not less than 16.
2. A schedule of the work processes to be taught.
3. Organized instruction to provide knowledge
in technical subjects related to the trade.
4. A progressively increasing schedule of wages.
5. Proper supervision of on-the-job training
with adequate training facilities.
0 A p p ren ticesh ip P a st and P resent (U.S. B u reau of A pprentice­
ship, 1955), p. 33.


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145
6. Periodic evaluation of the apprentice’s prog­
ress, both in job performance and related instruc­
tion, and the maintenance of appropriate records.
7. Employee-employer cooperation.
8. Recognition for successful completions.6
A ninth standard, that of providing equality of
opportunity for all qualified applicants, has re­
cently been adopted, and will be discussed later.
For State-recognized agreements, basic stand­
ards are frequently fixed by the apprenticeship
law; the State council and the joint committees
then build upon them to fit individual trades.
Agreements conforming to recognized standards
generally cover these areas: (1) Apprentice quali­
fications (e.g., apprentices must be at least 16 years
of age, and must have at least 2 years of high
school, if not a diploma) ; (2) apprenticeship term
(e.g., 2,000-8,000 hours of continuous employ­
ment) ; (3) probationary period (during which
time either party may terminate the agreement) ;
(4) work schedule (specifying the number of hours
at each operation) ; (5) related school instruction
(in most States apprentices must take at least 144
hours of instruction a year) ; (6) hours and work­
ing conditions (the same as those for journeymen
unless a collectively bargained contract specifies
otherwise) ; (7) wages (a graduated scale) ; (8)
examinations (periodic) ; and (9) apprenticejourneyman ratio (e.g., 1 apprentice for every 10
journeymen). State laws also often specify the
parties who must sign and approve the agreement,
and the procedure for determining a violation of
the agreement or any other disagreement. Some
States, recognizing the problems of the construc­
tion industry, where employment and employer
specialization makes a broad and unified training
program difficult, also provide for rotation of an
apprentice among a group of employers.
Other Legislation

Related Training. Most State apprenticeship
laws specifically provide that “the administration
and supervision of related and supplemental in­
struction for apprentices, coordination of instruc­
tion with job experiences, and the selection and
training of teachers and coordinators for such
instruction” be assigned to the State and local
boards responsible for vocational education.
(Vermont’s law was amended in 1961 to shift these

146
duties from the State department of education to
the department of industrial relations.)
Classroom training related to his trade gives
the apprentice the theoretical equipment to
broaden and supplement the knowledge he gains
through on-the-job training. Most State ap­
prenticeship laws specify a minimum of 144 hours
of related instruction a year; the joint apprentice­
ship committees may require any additional train­
ing that learning their trade requires.
Apprentice education through the public school
system is financed through State, local, and Fed­
eral funds. Federal funds authorized by the
S m ith-H ughes (1917)7 and G eorge-B arden
(1946)8Vocational Education Acts provide partial
reimbursement for salaries of teachers and voca­
tional administrators to States with approved
vocational education plans. In fiscal 1961,132,027
of the 963,609 persons enrolled in publicly
sponsored vocational trades and industry classes
were apprentices taking instruction related to
their work; 109,659 of these were participants in
registered apprenticeship programs. Information
on the number of apprentices who received class
instruction outside the public school system is not
readily available.
Antidiscrimination P rovisions. Charges that
certain apprentice selection procedures have ef­
fectively prevented qualified Negro applicants
from training for skilled employment have re­
sulted in attempts to ensure equality of appren­
ticeship opportunity. On J une 4,1963, President
John F. Kennedy directed the Secretary of Labor
“in the conduct of his duties under the Federal
Apprenticeship Act . . . to require that the ad­
mission of young workers to apprenticeship pro­
grams be on a completely nondiscriminatory
basis.” In accordance with this directive, on De­
cember 17, 1963, Secretary W. Willard Wirtz ap­
proved new standards and compliance procedures
for programs registered with the Federal Govern­
ment, which became effective on January 17, 1964.
Under these standards, there is to be “selection
of apprentices on the basis of qualifications
alone, . . . unless the selections otherwise made
would themselves demonstrate that there is equal­
ity of opportunity, . . . [action] to remove the
effects of previous practices under which dis­
criminatory patterns of employment may have


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

resulted, . . . [and] nondiscrimination in all
phases of apprenticeship and employment during
apprenticeship after selections are made.” While
noncomplying programs will be deregistered after
a thorough review and hearing procedure, the
regulations emphasize a voluntary approach, con­
sistent with the original policy of the Fitzgerald
Act. Deregistration could have a material effect
on Federal projects, where an apprenticeship pro­
gram must be registered in order for an employer
to pay less than journeyman rates to apprentices.
BAT regional directors were also instructed to
encourage State Apprenticeship Council States to
adopt the equal opportunity standards for appren­
ticeship. In States with such standards, enforce­
ment responsibility will be divided between State
and Federal personnel; in other States, Federal
apprenticeship officials will consider withdrawing
Federal recognition of programs registered by the
State apprenticeship agency.
Nevada and Maine have the only apprenticeship
laws that require that standards for apprentice
agreements include a nondiscrimination provi­
sion. California makes it unlawful for employers
or labor unions to refuse to accept qualified em­
ployees as apprentices on public works on the
grounds of race, creed, or color; and the Colorado
State Apprenticeship Council recommends that a
nondiscriminatory policy be included in approved
apprenticeship agreements.
Twenty-five States9 and Puerto Rico make job
discrimination unlawful through mandatory fair
employment practice acts; these lawTs provide en­
forcement procedures. Two other States, Nevada
and Virginia, have acts providing for voluntary
rather than mandatory compliance. All of the
State F E P laws prohibit discrimination by em­
ployers, and all but Idaho prevent labor or­
ganizations from discriminatorily excluding or
expelling persons from membership.
Wage Regulation. To promote apprenticeship
and protect apprentices, the Federal and State
laws that set minimum wages often allow an
* 20 U.S.C. 11—15, 16-28.
8 20 U.S.C. 15i-15m , 15o-15q.
9 A laska, C alifornia, Colorado, C onnecticut, D elaw are, H aw aii,
Idaho, Illinois, In d ian a, Iow a, K ansas, M assachusetts, M ichigan,
M innesota, M issouri, New Jersey , New Mexico, New York, Ohio,
Oregon, P ennsylvania, Khode Islan d , V erm ont, W ashington, an d
W isconsin.

147

AN ASSESSMENT OF APPRENTICESHIP

employer to pay lower wages to apprentices
participating in Federal- or State-registered ap­
prenticeship programs. These provisions prevent
wage minimums from pricing apprentices out of
employment; an indirect effect is their encourage­
ment of apprentice registration, without which
wage exceptions cannot be granted.
But little use apparently is being made for this
purpose of either the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938 10 or the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act
of 1936.11 The FLSA provides that minimum
wages lower than the present $1.25 rate may be
granted to apprentices, provided that special cer­
tificates are first obtained from the Wage and Hour
Administrator. In fiscal 1962, when the minimum
wage was $1.15 an hour, employment at special
minimum wage rates was authorized for only 372
apprentices—242 of those were in Puerto Rico and
the Virgin Islands. Exceptions for apprentices
are also authorized under the Walsh-Healey Act,
where the Secretary of Labor ensures that Gov­
ernment contracts for more than $10,000 are not
awarded to firms that pay substandard wages
through determining and requiring payment of the
prevailing minimum wage in the industry. As of
June 30, 1962, only one exception for apprentices
had been made under this act that had not already
been made under the FLSA, and that was for ap­
prentices in the iron and steel industry effective
from 1949.
A third Federal act, the Davis-Bacon Act of
1931,12 which regulates wages for laborers and
mechanics employed on Federal construction proj­
ects, also provides that registered apprentices
may be employed at subjoumeymen rates.
Equally important, however, is the act’s provision
that payrolls of contractors and subcontractors for
Federal construction projects be examined to en­
sure that disproportionate numbers of laborers,
helpers, and apprentices are not employed. This
requirement is met if the ratio of apprentices to
« 2 9 U.S.C. 201-219.
M 41 U.S.C. 35-45.
« 40 U.S.C. 276a e t seq.
M R ep o rt o / th e C om m issioner (Richm ond, Va., S ta te D ep art­
m en t of L abor an d In d u stry , 1962), p. 100.
u A rizona, C alifo rn ia, D istric t of Colum bia, H aw aii, Idaho,
K entucky, M aine, M assachusetts, M innesota, New H am pshire,
New Jersey , New York, N o rth D akota, Ohio, P ennsylvania, P u e rto
Rico, Rhode Islan d , U tah , an d W ashington.
u> A rizona, C alifo rn ia, D istric t of Colum bia, K entucky, M inne­
so ta , New Jersey , N o rth D akota, Ohio, an d U tah.


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skilled workers on the covered project is not
greater than the same ratio allowed the contractor
for his entire work force, by either the craft col­
lective-bargaining ratio under a State council and
joint committee arrangement, or by the prevailing
area practice as determined by the Solicitor of
Labor. Contracts let under the National Housing
Act, Hospital Survey and Construction Act, Fed­
eral Airport Act, Housing Act of 1949, School
Survey and Construction Act, and Defense Hous­
ing and Communities Facilities and Services Act
of 1951, also come under these regulations. Dur­
ing fiscal 1962, the Office of the Solicitor of Labor,
which administers these laws, made 44,558 wage
determinations of all kinds.
Though these laws are designed to protect ap­
prentices, they may have the opposite effect. For
example, the necessity to indenture apprentices
working on Davis-Bacon jobs without benefit of a
probation period was cited by the Virginia Divi­
sion of Apprentice Training13 as a major cause
for the large numbers of apprentice cancellations
relative to completions recorded in the State.
(There were roughly three times as many cancella­
tions as completions for the period 1940-61, and
almost twice as many in 1962.)
Of the 29 State and territory minimum wage
laws now in operation, 1914 allow for payment of
less than the minimum rate to registered appren­
tices, generally for a specified length of time. For
example, apprentices in the building trades in the
District of Columbia may be paid 80 percent of
the minimum wage for 1 year. In nine of these
States,15 however, the law only applies to appren­
tices while they are minors. In these same nine
States, minimum wages must be set by wage board
orders for specific industries; the industries most
frequently covered are in service fields, where apprenctices are rarely encountered. (In the State
of Washington, the statutory minimum does not
apply to minors, who come under wage board
procedure.)
Taking Stock
Legislated apprenticeship policy is a fairly
recent phenomenon, dating on a national level
from only 1937. As this discussion has shown,
such policy has been directed toward promoting
the development of apprenticeship programs, and
encouraging the adoption of certain standards for

148

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

apprentice protection. In view of the persistent
decline in apprentice registrations and certifica­
tions, to be discussed in the next article in this
series, the question of whether changes ought to
be made in apprenticeship laws merits public dis­
cussion. For instance, is there a need for legis­
lation to broaden the scope of apprenticeship to
include additional occupations? Have the cur­
rent laws effectively promoted enough skilled
graduates that employers have no need to resort to
insufficiently trained workers ? Or, have the laws
allowed the system enough flexibility to adjust
to technological change? Further, have appren­
ticeship standards fixed by State law erected un­
necessary barriers to full utilization of appren­
ticeship as a system of training? And, has the

overlap of Federal and State apprenticeship
jurisdiction hampered the working of the ap­
prenticeship system? Does the need for skilled
manpower call for government to require em­
ployers and unions to train apprentices or offer
them subsidies for such instruction? Or, should
government agencies enforce minimum standards
for all apprenticeship programs rather than just
for voluntarily registered programs? These and
other questions may well be explored at the midJanuary Los Angeles conference of the Federal
Committee on Apprenticeship, the first of a pos­
sible series of public meetings sponsored by this
group to explore the rapidly changing training
needs of workers on a national as well as a regional
basis.

That the construction industry, which has been in the forefront in recent
years in apprenticeship activities in this country, used the formalized in­
denture over a century ago, is evidenced by a “house carpenter” indenture,
dated 1832. This indenture bound a 16-year-old apprentice in New Bedford,
Massachusetts, to his master until 1837, exactly 100 years before the enact­
ment of today’s national apprenticeship law. The indenture states that
John Slocum, “doth by these Presents bind Lymand Slocum, his son, a
minor . . . to Thomas Remington . . . to learn the art, trade, and mystery
of a house carpenter.” The master, according to the indenture, promised
“to teach and instruct or cause the said apprentice to be instructed, in the
art, trade or calling of a house carpenter . . . (if said apprentice is capable
to learn).”


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—A p p r e n tic e s h ip — P a s t a n d P r e s e n t (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Apprenticeship, 3d ed., 1955), p. 15.

Special Labor Force Report
E ditor ’s N ote .— Other

articles in this series of special labor force reports
cover such subjects as the work experience of the population, multiple job­
holders, and the employment of high school graduates and students. Reprints
of all articles in the series, including in most cases additional detailed tables
and explanatory notes, are available upon request to the Bureau or to any
of its regional offices (listed on the inside front cover of this issue).

March 1963

Marital and Family
Characteristics of Workers
V era C. P errella*

accounted for approximately 50
percent of the 1.1 million net increase in the labor
force between March 1962 and March 1963; mar­
ried men accounted for about 30 percent, and sin­
gle men and women, about 10 percent each (table
l ) .1 The number of other persons (widowed, di­
vorced, or separated) in the labor force showed
little net change over the year.
The number of additional jobs was not sufficient
to reduce unemployment between March 1962 and
March 1963. Unemployment rates, as well as the
number of unemployed, were about the same for
married persons at both dates; about 1.6 million
married men and 750,000 married women were
unemployed, and the unemployment rates for these
men and women were nearly 4.5 and 5.5 percent,
respectively (table 2). However, in March 1963,
over 400,000 more married men and nearly 600,000
more married women had jobs than in March 1962.
Virtually all of the increase for men and 85 per­
cent of the increase for women was in full-time
jobs.
In the months following March 1963, the em­
ployment situation of married men improved fur­
ther. Their unemployment rates ranged between
2.3 and 3.6 percent from April through December,
compared with 4.3 percent in March.
Although married men were the largest single
group (34.3 million) among the employed in
M arried W omen


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March 1963, they constituted only 51 percent of
all employed workers. Employed wives, at 13.3
million, accounted for 20 percent. Single men and
women, in that order, represented the next largest
proportions of the employed. Widowed, divorced,
and separated persons accounted for 11 percent.
Single men had a significantly higher unemploy­
ment rate in 1963 than in 1962—up from 11.4 to
13.6 percent. Most of these were teenagers whose
difficulties in the job market had been increasing
over the year.
Participation of Married Women

Labor force net accessions of married women
from 1962 to 1963—about 600,000—exceeded pop­
ulation increases by 18 percent, in contrast to the
1961-62 period when the labor force gains of mar­
ried women were only 32 percent of the population
increase. The largest portion of the labor force
•O f th e D ivision of P o p u latio n an d L ab o r F orce Studies,
B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s.
1 R eferences to m arried persons, unless otherw ise indicated,
re la te to those liv in g w ith th e ir spouses. T he discussion on
fam ilies a n d th e ir heads refe rs only to husband-w ife fam ilies. By
definition, th e h usband in th ese fam ilies is considered th e head.
A m arried couple or a p aren t-c h ild group re la te d to th e h ead of
th e fam ily an d sh a rin g h is living q u a rte rs is tre a te d a s p a r t of
th e h ead ’s fam ily.
T he an aly sis is based p rim a rily on in fo rm atio n from supple­
m en tary questions in th e M arch 1963 m onthly survey of th e lab o r
force, conducted fo r th e B u reau of L abor S ta tis tic s by th e B ureau
of th e C ensus th ro u g h its C u rre n t P o p u la tio n Survey.
P revious survey findings w ere published in th e M o n th ly Labor
R eview of M arch an d A u g u st 1960, A pril 1961, Ja n u a ry 1962,
an d J a n u a ry 1963, an d re p rin te d w ith a d d itio n a l ta b u la r m ate­
ria l an d ex p lan ato ry notes as Special L abor F o rce R ep o rts Nos.
2, 7, 13, 20, an d 26, respectively.
M ost of th e m onthly d a ta p resen ted here re la te to th e popula­
tio n 14 y e a rs old a n d over, including in m ates of in s titu tio n s and
those m em bers of th e A rm ed F orces liv in g off p o st or w ith th e ir
fam ilies on p ost (964,000 in M arch 1963). A nnual av erage d a ta
in th is re p o rt re fe r to th e civilian n o n in stitu tio n a l population.

149

150

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964
T

able

1.

E

m plo y m en t

Sta tu s,

by

M a r it a l S t a t u s a n d S e x , M
[Numbers in thousands]

arch

1962

and

1963

Labor
force1

Marital status and sex

Employed

Unem­
ployment
rate2
Percent
Number distribu­
tion
100.0

6.2

47,939

43,962

65.5

6.3

36, 740
11.199
2,932
1, 231
751
950
8,267

34,305
9. 657
2, 598
1,084
685
829
7,059

61.1
14. 4
3.9
1.6
1.0
1. 2
10.5

4.3
12.9
11.0
11. 4
8. 5
12.4
13.6

F emale
Total_______________________ ______ _______________ _____

24,675

23,186

34.5

6.0

Married, husband present___. . . . . .
...
_______ —
Other, except married, husband present_____ _____ __ __ ___ _____
Other ever married________ . . . ... . ______ _ — ------ ------Married, husband absent in Armed Forces_______ ___________
Married, husband absent for other reasons____________ . . . . .
Widowed_______________ ______ _____________ _. . __ ._
Divorced________________________ . ---- ----------- ------Single______ ____________ ______ _ ________________________

14,061
10,614
5,000
100
1,201
2.306
1.393
5,614

13, 303
9, SS3
4, 665
86
1,066
2, 206
1,307
5, 218

19.8
14.7
6.9
.1
1.6
3.3
1.9
7.8

5.4
6.9
6.7
14 0
11.2
4.3
6.2
7.1

____ _

M ale
TotaL. ___________ _ _____

_
.

____
— ______

—
- -

_—
------

Married, wife present__________ __ _
..
—. .
_____
Other, except married, wife present—
. _. _ _ . _
__
Other ever married_________ . __________ ______ __________
Married, w ifeabsent.. _
.
.. _
— .. ... —
Widowed____________
______ _
_
. . . __
Divorced_________ _ .
._ ------- —
. .. . . .
Single__________ _________ . . . . . . . -------------------- -- . . .

72,614

1962

67,148

Total workers______

1963

Employed
Labor
force i

Percent
Number distribu­
tion

Unem­
ployment
rate 2

66,139

100.0

6.1

47, 506

43,646

66.0

6.1

36,396
11. 110
2.989
1, 257
765
967
8.121

33, 883
9. 763
2,629
1, 112
692
825
7,134

51.2
14.8
4.0
1.7
1.0
1.2
10.8

4.4
11.5
11.9
11.5
9.5
14.3
11.4

23.978

22.493

34.0

6.2

13. 485
10, 493
5,012
119
1.166
2,454
1,273
5, 481

12.716
9, 777
4,681
111
1,041
2,346
1.183
5,096

19. 2
14.8
7.1
.2
1.6
3.5
1.8
7.7

5.7
6.8
6.6
6.7
10. 7
4.4
7.1
7.0

71,484

i The male labor force Apr1ires include members of the Armed Forces living
off post or with their families on post, not shown separately.

! Unemployed as a percent of labor force,
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

increase among married women was among those
45 years old and over, with no children under 18
years of age. The continuing increase of older
married women in the labor force, now especially
noteworthy among those 55 to 59 years old, has
gradually raised the median age of married women
workers. In 1962 and 1963, the median age of
married women in the labor force was 42 years,
compared with 38 years in 1947 (chart 1). The
interplay of part-time work opportunities and in­
creased longevity, together with some shortage of
younger workers during the 1950’s, has undoubt­
edly been instrumental in fostering this growth,
A dramatic contrast can be made with the situa­
tion at the start of the century. In 1900, the aver­
age life span of women was about 51 years; today,
an appreciable number of women are taking jobs
at that age and later. Generally, the age pattern
of working married women has closely followed
that of all married women, but whereas in the past
the slight difference was in terms of a higher me­
dian age for all married women, those in the labor
force now tend to have the higher median age.

Since an appreciable part of the pay of married
women is spent for services they would perform if
they w^ere at home and for servicing of modem
laborsaving equipment, the fact that they are
working generates job increases in these service
occupations. The number of service workers, in­
cluding private household workers, rose 5 percent
from 1962 to 1963; 60 percent of the increase was
accounted for by women, most of whom were mar­
ried.
But this is not the whole story. Working wives
have not been completely relegated to unskilled or
semiskilled work, as evidenced by the increasing
number in clerical and sales groups, as well as in
professional, technical, and kindred occupations.
As a result of changes in the occupational structure
since the end of World War II, more married
women are now employed in clerical occupations
than in any other occupation group, whereas for­
merly the largest proportion were employed as
operatives and kindred workers. Although there
was little change in the proportion of clerical
workers between 1962 and 1963, this group in­
creased from 21 percent in 1947 to 30 percent in
1963 (chart 2). In contrast, operatives decreased
from 26 percent in 1947 to 16 percent in 1963. The
proportion of married women employed as sales
workers has remained fairly steady since 1947—

Occupations of Married Women. During the
post-World War I I years, there has been a strong
growth of service occupations along with the
growth of married women in the labor force.

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MARITAL AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS

between 8 and 10 percent. The number in profes­
sional, technical, and kindred occupations did not
change significantly from 1962 to 1963, but a
growth of 5.5 percentage points took place from
1947 to 1963 in the proportions employed in these
fields; the number is almost 3.5 times as large.
This increase, particularly among younger mar­
ried women, is a function both of the higher edu­
cation afforded women today and of a reluctance—
once the effort, time, and money to acquire an edu­
cation have been expended—to forego the mone­
tary returns and stimulation of interesting work.
Also, resumption of work in these areas after a
prolonged absence poses greater difficulties than
in other occupations, and as a consequence, more
of the women in these fields tend not to interrupt
their careers upon marriage or family rearing for
other than minimal periods.
Significantly, in 1940, when many school sys­
tems barred married women from teaching in pub­
lic elementary and secondary schools, about 50
percent of the women classified in professional and
kindred occupations were elementary and second­
ary school teachers; by 1960, when married women
were no longer barred, the percentage dropped to
Chart 1. M edian A ge of Married Women, Husband
Present, in the Labor Force and Population, 194763, and Percent of Married Women 55 to 59 Years
O ld in the Labor Force, 1952, 1953, and 1956-63
MEDIAN AGE

PERCENT

4 2 .0

40

41 .5
4 1.0

-

4 0.5

l e ft scale

3 9 .5

— /T T -

32

/

N *

/

30

®
/

^

a
v

* '
S T *

3 8 .5
3 8 .0

34

^ * 7 ^ 11»
M s d ic n c£ 0
in p o p u la fi on

4 0 .0

3 9 .0

36

d

f

/

r

/

V
X
Percent 55 to 59 years

«*€»7 ---------

f

«

k

9

\

¡rig h t scale)

24
»

in la b o r fo rce

3 7.0

/

\

( e ft scale

2 2

1

y
V *w
echan a ge

3 7.5

26

o ld in la b o r force

v

/

20

\

I8

3 6 .5
3 6 .0

2 8

____ i____

'9 4 7

19 4 9

j

____

1951

i

____i___ ____i___ ____1___ ___ 1___ ____1___

19 5 3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1955

19 57

1959

1961

1 96 3

151

Chart 2. M ajor Occupation Groups of Employed
Married Women, Husband Present, A p ril 1947
and March 19631
Percent in o ccup atio n g roup
10

T~

20

30

I-------------- 1—

Professional, technical, and
kindred workers
Managers, officials, and
proprietors, except farm

Clerical and kindred workers

Sales workers

O peratives and kind re d workers

Service workers

A ll others ^

¿3 Full time in 1963
13 Part time in 1963
I

Full time and p art time com bined In 1947

1
D a ta fo r th e 2 y ears a re n o t s tric tly com parable because of
changes in estim atin g procedures, an d inclusion of A laska and
H aw aii in 1003.
3 Includes craftsm en, farm ers, an d laborers.

40, although these occupations still constitute the
largest single field of professional work for
women. (The number of male elementary and
secondary school teachers, after dropping from 13
percent of the males in professional and allied oc­
cupations in 1940 to 7 percent in 1950, showed a
slight increase to 9 percent in 1960. More dra­
matically illustrated, the percent change in num­
bers from 1950 to 1960 for male elementary school
teachers was 130 percent, compared with 40 per­
cent for females; for male secondary school teach­
ers, 75 percent compared with 17 percent for fe­
males.) In nursing, another area where women
traditionally have been accepted, no significant
change has occurred; nurses represented about 23
percent of the women in professional and allied
occupations in both 1940 and 1960.
Although the ratio of married women working
in professional and kindred occupations has in­
creased slowly, expansion into professional areas
formerly reserved for men has occurred. More­
over, the proportions should grow at accelerating
rates, as more and more of the single women cur­
rently employed in these fields marry and as the
number of women entering these fields grows ever
larger. From 1950 to 1960, the number of women
in professional and allied fields rose 40 percent,

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

152
T a b l e 2. P o p u l a t i o n , L a b o r F o r c e , a n d E m p l o y m e n t
S t a t u s o f M a r r ie d P e r s o n s , S p o u s e P r e s e n t , by
S e x , M a r c h 1962 a n d 1963
[Numbers in thousands]
Male
Population, labor force, and
employment status

Population___________ _
Labor force:1
Total. ______________ -Change from previous year...
Rate 2___________________
Employed:
Total ___________________
Change from previous y ear...
Full time:
Total________ ______ _
Change from previous
year..............................
P art time:
Total____. . . -------------Change from previous
year------ -----------------Unemployed:
Total . . . -----------Change from previous y ear...
Unemployment rate 3--------

Female

1963

1962

1963

1962

41,705

41,218

41,705

41,218

36,740
344
88.1

36,396
195
88.3

14,061
576
33.7

13,485
219
32.7

34,305
422

33,883
803

13,303
587

12,716
379

33,001

32,580

9,840

9,341

421

992

499

214

1,304

1,303

3,463

3,375

1

-189

88

165

1,567
-3 8
4.3

1,605
-532
4.4

758
-11
5.4

769
-160
5.7

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 Labor force as a percent of population.
s Unemployed as a percent of labor force.

and present trends in education as well as the
acceptance of wives as workers point to greater
increases in the future.
Educational A ttainment. The high correlation be­
tween level of education and labor force participa­
tion of married women, as for other women, is very
strongly evidenced by March 1962 data on educa­
tional attainment of workers (table 3). As the
number of years of school completed increases, the
likelihood of participation in the labor force in­
creases for married women. Furthermore, com­
parison of data for 1959 and 1962 on the labor
force participation rates of married women indi­
cates a growing tendency for those with more
schooling to enter the labor force, while the pro­
portion of the less educated entering the labor
force remains fairly constant.
Commitment to the Labor Force. Approximately
75 percent of employed married women usually
work full time, and 25 percent usually work part
time. In 1962 and 1963, four major occupation
groups—clerical workers, operatives, professional
workers, and service workers, except those in pri­
vate households—accounted for about four-fifths
of those who usually work full time. More than
half of those who usually work part time were
clerical, service, and private household workers.


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In each year since 1959, a monthly average of
about half a million married women employed in
nonagricultural industries, either as normally full­
time workers or as normally part-time workers,
worked fewer hours than they would have liked, in
addition to those who did not work at all and were
looking for work. The annual average rate of
part-time work for economic reasons for these
workers ranged between 4.5 and 5.5 percent of the
total married women at work from 1959 through
1962 (table 4). The usually full-time workers
constituted 40 to 45 percent and the usually parttime workers, 55 to 60 percent, of those on parttime schedules for economic reasons.
For women who usually work full time at their
current job, it must be assumed that an appreciable
portion worked fairly close to full time most of the
year. In 1961 and 1962, for example, about 58
percent of the women with work experience during
the year who worked at full-time jobs worked 48
weeks or more, while the rest were scattered in a
range from 13 weeks or less to 40 to 47 weeks.
Accordingly, the number of full-time workers on
part-time schedules for economic reasons is com­
posed of a very fluid, changing population. Those
who usually work full time but worked part time
intermittently and for more or less protracted pe­
riods may be in the figures for a given period, but
are not necessarily in those for either prior or fol­
lowing periods. Nonetheless, since the number of
such married women at any one time is about a
quarter of a million, the overall involuntary loss
of income is not insignificant.
For women who usually work part time on the
current job but prefer full-time work, the situa­
tion is different and more stringent. Unless they
leave the labor force, become unemployed, obtain
full-time jobs, or have a change of mind and prefer
to work part time, they are, by definition, an in­
definitely continuing constituent of the part-timefor-economic-reasons total. For these, the usual
but involuntary maximum workweek is less than
35 hours. In 1962, among women at work during
the survey week, 2 percent of all the white women
normally worked part time for economic reasons,
compared with 10 percent of all the nonwhite; the
occupation group with the largest proportion of
normally part-time workers who worked part time
for economic reasons was the private household
workers group. The number of married women

MARITAL AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS
T able 3.

153

L abor F orce P articipation R ates op M arried W omen, H usband P resent ,
S chool C ompleted, M arch 1962

by

A ge

and

Y ears

op

Percent of population In labor force, by years of school completed
Age

Elementary

High school

College

Total
Less than
5 years 1

5 to 7
years

8 years

1 to 3
years

4 years

1 to 3
years

4 years
or more

Total, 18 years and over.

32.8

20.2

25.5

27.0

32.0

35.0

34.7

49.5

18 to 34 years______________
18 to 24 years___________
25 to 34 years___________
35 years and over___________
35 to 44 years___________
45 to 54 years___________
55 to 64 years___________
65 years and over...............

30.0
31.4
29.4
34.2
39.0
42.5
29.0
7.6

21.7
(2)
24.6
20.1
31.9
30.9
24.8
3.8

22.5
21.7
22.8
26.0
36.6
33.9
23.5
6.8

24.1
17.6
26.8
27.6
36.9
38.5
24.1
6.4

28.0
25.0
29.7
34.6
38.9
38.9
27.7
11.9

30.4
34.1
28.5
38.4
39.3
45.9
31.4
8.4

30.9
35.0
29.0
36.9
36.0
47.0
36.3
8.8

68.6
39.9
52.3
49.9
63.8
55.4
14.1

i Includes persons reporting no school years completed.

who usually work part time for economic reasons
averaged about 300,000 a month from 1959 to 1962.
Generally, they worked fewer hours than they
would have liked over longer periods than those
who normally worked full time on their current
job but had some part-time work for economic
reasons.
E xtent of Commitment

Implicit in this full-time part-time dichotomy
of labor force participation, to the extent that it
applies to married women, is the consideration of
the dimensions of their commitment to the work
world. On the surface, the figures support the
thesis that, in the preponderant majority of cases,
once they decide to enter the labor force, their com­
mitment to that course is total—for however long
they decide to work, they work full time. Despite
sharp increases since 1940, the number of married
women who usually work part time constitute only
about a quarter of the total married women at
work. Regardless of age,' presence or absence of
preschool children, or other circumstances, most
working wives work full time.
Therefore, while there are no figures available
to indicate the number of wives working on full­
time schedules who would prefer part-time work
despite the lesser income, the fact remains that,
whether through choice or necessity, they are com­
mitted to full-time work. The additional number
on part time who would prefer to be on full time
reaffirms the position, as does the fact that, on the
average, about 80 percent of the women looking for
work in any given month are looking for full-time
jobs. So, while the opportunity for part-time
7 18-358— 64--------3


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44.6

* Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.

work is important in terms of latitude of choice to
satisfy a variety of needs, the extent of the coinci­
dence of supply and demand for it is not deter­
minable.
The number of married women who, once they
are free to work full time, plan to do so for the
rest of their working lives is not known. While
it is a matter of common knowledge that married
women pick up or drop work careers for a variety
of reasons at various times in their lives to a
greater extent than other workers, except students,
the question of whether their working life is “selfperpetuating” can only be a matter for conjecture.
Does dependence on the additional income keep
them working longer than they had at first in­
tended ? Do the fringe benefits available to many
have a similar effect? And what of the other
aspects—variety and interest in the field of work,
for example?
Between 1950 and 1962, the percentage of the
women 35 years old and over who worked at
sometime during the year increased sharply, and
most markedly in the ages 45 to 64, as indicated
in the following tabulation:
Percent offemale civilian
noninstitutional popula­
tion who worked during—
A 0e

Total, 14 years and over_____
14 to 17 years---------------------------------18 and 19 years------------------------------20 to 24 years---------------------------------25 to 34 years--------------------------------35 to 44 years--------------------------------45 to 54 years--------------------------------55 to 64 years--------------------------------65 years and over__________________

1962

mo

46. 5
32. 5
67. 2
63. 3
47. 5
53. 2
59. 6
46. 3
14. 3

41. 1
33.3
61. 6
58.7
437
47.2
44.9
32.3
n g

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

154
However, there is no basis for determining their
interest in continued labor force participation.
Data on length of employment on the current
job also tend to confirm the increasing interest of
married women in continuity of work, as well as of
job tenure. As of January 1951, the median num­
ber of years on the current job was about 2 for
employed married women; however, comparisons
with later periods are somewhat difficult because
1951 data reflect the dislocations in job tenure at­
tributable to World War II. Many housewives
who normally were non workers took jobs, and
others undoubtedly left jobs, either to go to areas
closer to relatives in the service or to work in jobs
related to the war effort. After the war, with the
changeover from war production, some left the
labor force and others had to find jobs in civilian
production. As of January 1963, the median num­
ber of years on the current job had increased to 3.4
for all married women. For those 45 years old
and over, the median was 6.4 years. Data for 1951
are not available by age for married women, but
for all women 45 years old and over, the median
number of years on their current job had increased
between January of 1951 and 1963, despite the
three business recessions during the period, indi­
cating that women with no preschool children are
increasingly apt to work longer and more con­
tinuously than formerly (table 5).
Labor force participation on the part of wives
does not seem, at least on a concurrent basis, to be
necessarily dictated by unemployment of their
husbands, although the total number of wives in
the labor force whose initial entry was because of
T able 4. M arried W omen, H usband P resent, W ho
W orked P art T ime for E conomic R easons, A nnual
A verages, 1959-62 1
[Numbers in thousands]
Part-time employment for economic reasons

1962

1961

1960

1959

Total: Number____________________________
Percent of all women at work 2_________

514
4.5

610
5.5

541
5.0

508
4.9

267
43.8

240
44.4

210
41.3

343
56.2

301
55.6

298
58.7

Women at work part time who usually worked full
time:
Num ber__________ _________________
218
Percent of to ta l3____________ _____ ______ 42.4
Women at work part time who usually worked
part time:
Number ______________ _______________ 296
Percent of to ta l3_________________________ 57.6

1 Wage and salary workers in nonagricultural industries.
2 Represents percentage that number working part time for economic
reasons constitutes of all married women at work, regardless of full- or parttime status.
3 Represents percentage of total number of married women who worked
part time for economic reasons.


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T able 5. M edian Y ears on Current J ob,
and S ex , J anuary 1951 and 1963

by

A ge

Female

Male
Age
1963
Total, 14 years and over..................
14 to 19 years____ ___________________
20 to 24 years____________ _________
25 to 34 years________________ - ------35 to 44 years.-------------- -------------------45 to 54 years________________________
55 to 64 years.......... .............. ...... ............. 65 years and over........ ................................

5.7

1951
3.9

0.7
0.6
1.2
1.0
2.8
3.5
7.6
4.5
11.4
7.6
14.7
9.3
16.6 1 10.0+

1963

1951

3.0

2.2

0.5
1.1
2.0
3.6
6.1
7.8
8.8

0.5
1.4
1.8
3.1
4.0
4. 5
4.9

i Data for persons who started on current job prior to 1940 were not classified
by year job started.
N ote : D ata refer to civilian noninstitutional population.

their husbands’ unemployment may be substantial
(table 6). For example, as of the survey weeks
in March for the years 1960-63, only about 40 per­
cent of the wives of unemployed men were in the
labor force, compared with about a third of the
wives whose husbands were employed (table 7).
Moreover, length of unemployment of the hus­
band did not appreciably affect these percentages.
A factor here may be that wives do not enter the
labor force in depressed areas because they know
there are no jobs available. The extent to which
the presence or absence of unemployment compen­
sation for unemployed husbands may be a deter­
minant in labor force entry of wives is not known.
On the whole, however, the longer the husbands’
unemployment, the higher the percentage of wives
unemployed, probably because where unemploy­
ment is prevalent over fairly long periods, the
labor market is depressed for all. Other factors,
such as age, level of education and skills, and re­
cency of labor force entry, are also pertinent.
Work Expectations and Consequences

Any consideration of labor force participation
by the married woman should take into account
estimates both of the number of years she may
expect to live and how many of those years she
may expect to spend working. Since 9 out of 10
women marry, available data for all women serve
as good indicators for those who marry. Accordingly, women born in 1940 can expect, on the av­
erage, to live 15 years longer than women born in
1900, with 6 of the additional years increasing
working life to 12 years, and 9 increasing her life
outside the labor force to 54 years. Women born

MARITAL AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS

in 1950 and 1960 can expect even longer lives;
those bom in the latter year have an average life
expectancy of 73 years, with a work life expectancy
of 20 years. Contrast these prospects with those of
women born in 1900, who had an average work
life of 6 years and 44 years outside the labor force,2
and it becomes increasingly difficult to ascribe to
married women, of whom 1 out of every 3 works,
the role of dilettante labor force members.
Effect on the Labor Force. Some aspects of the
labor force participation of married women raise
the question whether their work patterns are
entirely beneficial to the rest of the labor force. In
a period when labor laws and practices have been
developing in the direction of minimum wages,
2
See Tables o f W orkin g L ife fo r W om en, 1950 (BLS B ulletin
1204, 1957).

T a b le 6.
ent

U

and

E

m plo y m en t

U

St a t u s

n em plo y ed ,

n em ploy m en t,

M

arch

of W if e , H u sba n d P r e s­
D u r a t io n o f H u s b a n d ’s
1 9 6 0 -6 3

by

[Percent distribution]
Duration of husband’s
unemployment
Year and employment status of wife

Total

1 to 4
weeks

5 to 14
15
weeks weeks
or more

1963
Total: Number (thousands)..
Percent_________

1,434
100. 0

418
100.0

552
100.0

514
100.0

41.3
35.8
5.5
58.7

41.6
38.5
3.1
58.4

40. 3
33.1
7.2
59.7

42 2
36. 6
56
57.8

1, 528
100.0

453
100.0

511
100.0

564
100.0

42.7
35.9
6.8
57.3

40.6
35.3
5.3
59.4

44.2
37.8
6. 5
55.8

43.0
34 6
8. 3
57.0

2,025
100.0

545
100.0

731
100.0

749
100.0

40.6
33.0
7.6
59.4

37.2
32.1
5.1
62.8

43.1
37. 8
5. 3
56.9

40. 7
29.1
11 6
59.3

Total: Number (thousands)..
Percent.....................

1,462
100.0

440
100.0

551
100.0

471
100.0

Wife in labor force____
Employed..............................
Unemployed...............
Wife not in labor force____

40.1
35.1
5.1
59.9

41. 4
37.7
3.6
58.6

40.5
35.0
5. 4
59.5

38 4
32 3
6.2
61.6

Wife in labor force..
Employed.........................
Unemployed____
Wife not in labor force____
1962
Total: Number (thousands)........
P ercent...................
Wife in labor force.
Em ployed.................
Unemployed___
Wife not in labor force.
1961
Total: Number (thousands).
Percent_______
Wife in labor force...
E m ployed.........
Unemployed__
Wife not in labor force
1960

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.


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155

overtime pay differentials, pensions, and other
benefits, a sizable proportion of married women
are acquiescing in, or at least accepting, the for­
feiture of such benefits for the immediate advan­
tage of part-time jobs which can be undertaken
concurrently with the responsibilities of home­
making and childrearing. Does the effect of their
availability on these terms constitute a disservice
to all workers in the long ran ? At any rate, their
labor force participation has had and will continue
to have far-reaching sociological and economic
effects.
Unem ployment Among Married Men

While the effects of unemployment should not
be minimized for any individual, their economic
and social impacts multiply and radiate through­
out the economy and in time to a greater extent
when the unemployed person is the prime bread­
winner of a family. In the American labor
force, for obvious demographic and social reasons,
these prime breadwinners, married men, over­
whelmingly outnumber every other category of
workers; furthermore, although continuation of
present trends in labor force participation of mar­
ried women and the anticipated increase in young
workers resulting from high postwar birth rates
foreshadow a change, married men have exceeded
or at least equaled all other groups combined from
1947 to 1963 (tableS).
Viewed in the undifferentiated mass of their
numbers, the situation in March 1963 was not
markedly different from what it was a year earlier
or even at the start of the decade. While in March
1963 their numbers increased, both in the popu­
lation and in the labor force, the rates of increase
are about the same as for the previous 2 years.
For those in the labor force, and 9 out of 10 are,
the median age is 42. The relative proportions in
the range of age groups remain fairly stable and
most heavily concentrated between 35 and 44 years.
For men in the central age groups, there has been
a slight decrease in labor force participation,
which is somewhat greater for nonwhite than for
white men. However, the participation rates for
married men in these age groups have not changed
significantly over recent years.
Historically, married men have had a lower un­
employment rate than any of their coworkers, even
though in number unemployed they are the largest

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

156

Although data for married men are not always
directly available by cross classifications, it is
nonetheless possible to approximate many of them
because they constitute so large a proportion of
the totals. For them, as for persons of other mari­
tal status, unemployment does not strike equally
at all ages; the youngest and the oldest are the
most likely to be unemployed. In 1962, for those
who were younger than 25 or older than 64, the
unemployment rate was higher than for those 25
to 64 years old. I f they were nonwhite, the
chances of being unemployed were appreciably
greater at every age than if they were white. For
example, among men in the labor force between 35
and 44, the ages in which married men constitute
more than 88 percent of the total, the unemploy­
ment rate in 1962 for nonwhites averaged 8.6 per­
cent, for whites, 3.1 percent. Comparison of the
rates for the years 1962,1955, and 1948 shows that

group. Except for 1961, the year of the fourth
general business downturn since World War I I
ended, the unemployment rate of married men
during March of the first years of this decade has
persisted at nearly 4.5 percent. If they are un­
employed, the chances are about 1 out of 3 that the
unemployment has lasted for at least 15 weeks, and
chances are about even that no other member in
the family is in the labor force.
Variations in Unem ploym ent Rates

Turning now from this mass view of married
men to one in somewhat greater depth, the per­
sistence of wide variations in their ranks, stem­
ming from circumstances of color, education,
occupation, residence, and age, spells the difference
between employment and unemployment, poverty
and economic sufficiency.

T able 7. E mployment S tatus

of

F amily H ead, Wife ,
and

M

Other F amily M embers, A pril 1955, M arch 1958,
1960-63

and

arch

[Husband-wife families]
Employment status and relationship to head
H ead

in

March 1963 4 March 1962 4 March 19614 March 1960 4 March 1958

April 1955 a

L abor F orce

Num ber (thousands)--------------------------------------------------------------Percent distribution__________________________________________

36,079
100.0

35,713
100.0

35,453
100.0

35,041
100.0

34,412
100.0

34,064
100.0

Wife or other member in labor force-------------------------------------------Wife o n ly .- ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------- Wife and other member____________________________________
Other member only. -------------------------------------------------------Wife or other member employed * 4---------------------------------------Wife or other member unemployed; none em ployed.------. .
Neither wife nor other member in labor force--------------------------------

46.5
28.7
6.9
10.8
43.3
3.2
53.5

45.0
28.1
6.5
10.4
42.0
3.0
55.0

45.0
27.6
6.6
10.8
41.2
3.8
55.0

43.0
25.8
6.2
11.1
40.1
2.9
57.0

41.9
26.0
5.4
10.5
38.8
3.0
58.1

39.9
23.9
4.9
11.2
38.2
1.8
60.1

34, 595
100.0

34,185
100.0

33,428
100.0

33,579
100.0

32,298
100.0

32,893
100.0

46.2
28.6
6.9
10.8
43.2
3.0
53.8

44.7
27.8
6.4
10.5
41.9
2.8
55.3

44.6
27.3
6.6
10.8
41.2
3.5
55.4

42.7
25.5
6.1
11.2
40.0
2.7
57.3

41.4
25.5
5.3
10.5
38.8
2.6
58.6

39.6
23.6
4.8
11.2
38.0
1.6
60.4

Number (thousands)--------------------------------------------------------------As percent of heads inlabor force........ ............ .......... - - -----------Percent distribution----------------------------------------------------------------

1,484
4.1
100.0

1,528
4.3
100.0

2,025
5.7
100.0

1,462
4.2
100.0

2,114
6.1
100.0

1,171
3.4
100.0

Wife or other member in labor force-------------------------------------------Wife only____
— -------------------------------------------------------Wife and other member............ ........................................... ...............
Other member only-----------------------------------------------------------Wife or other member employed s 4------ ------------ ------ ----------Wife or other member unemployed; none employed-----------------Neither wife nor other member in labor force--------------------------------

53.2
32.3
9.0
11.9
45.7
7.5
46.8

50.9
34.1
8.6
8.3
42.6
8.3
49.0

51.4
34.1
6.5
10.8
41.5
9.9
48.6

49.7
32.1
8.0
9.6
41.7
7.9
50.3

49.0
32.4
6.9
9.7
39.3
9.7
51.0

48.8
31.3
6.6
10.8
42.4
6.4
51.2

H ead E mployed 4
Number (thousands)--------------------------------------------------------------Percent distribution__________________________________________
Wife or other member in labor force_____________________________
Wife only. . ------ -------------------------------------------------------Wife and other member_______________________________ ____
Other member only_______________________________________
Wife or other member employed *4— -------- . -------- -. .
Wife or other member unemployed; none employed........................
Neither wife nor other member in labor force------------ - ----H ead U nemployed

i
D ata in this article for March 1962 and 1963 are not strictly comparable
with those for earlier years because of the introduction of 1960 census data
into the estimating procedure. Alaska and Hawaii are included in data
for 1960-63.
s Data for 1955 are not strictly comparable with data for 1958-63 because of
the reclassification of persons on temporary layoff and those waiting to start
new wage and salary jobs from the employed (with a job but not at work)


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mostly to the unemployed. In addition, 1955 data relate to all married
couples.
3 Data may also include a wife or other member unemployed.
4 The employed include members of the Armed Forces living off post or
with their families on post.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal
totals.

MARITAL AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS
T a b le 8.

C o m p o s it io n

op

L abor F

o r c e ,1 by

M

a r it a l

Sta t u s

157
and

Se x , Sel ec te d Y e a r s , 1947

to

1963

[Numbers in thousands]
Total

Married male, wife
present

Date

Male
Number

March 1963
March 1982
March 1961
March 1960
April 1955..
March 1950
April 1947..

All other persons

Married female,
husband present

72,614
71,484
72,066
69,591
65,470
62,221
59,385

Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Number

Percent

36,740
36,396
36,201
35, 757
34,064
32.912
30,927

Number

50.6
50.9
50.2
51.4
52.0
52.9
52.1

14,061
13,485
13,266
12,253
10,423
8, 550
6,676

Percent
19.4
18.9
18.4
17.6
15.9
13.7
11.2

Number
11,199
11,110

11, 666

11,318
11,252
11,514
12,135

Female

Percent
15.4
15.5
16.2
16.3
17.2
18.5
20.4

Number
10,614
10,493
10,933
10,262
9,730
9,245
9,647

Percent
14.6
14.7
15.2
14.7
14.9
14.9
16.2

1 The male labor force includes members of the Armed Forces living ofCpost
or with their families on post.

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

the gap persists (table 9). Continuation of
present trends in declining demand for unskilled
labor will undoubtedly further widen the gap for
some time to come, since the nonwhite is in a dis­
advantaged position both in schooling and job
training.
Married men typically support wholly or largely
three times their own number—themselves, their
wives, and their children under 18, or more than
3 out of every 4 persons in the country. Accord­
ing to the latest decennial census, the average num­
ber of children under 18 in families is 1.4.3

the family total, particularly since job-related ex­
penses may use up as much as 50 percent of a
working wife’s earnings if she has preschool chil­
dren, and about 40 percent if she does not.
Probing deeper, variations of considerable di­
mensions are found within the total. In 1962, if
the wife was in the paid labor force, the family’s
median total money income was about $1,700
higher than if she was not, and if the family was
nonfarm, the median was about $2,900 higher than
for the farm family, though here no value is im­
puted for the latter for farm products used for
family living. The family’s wage or salary in­
come is highest when the head is in his middle
years (35 to 54) and lowest when he is 55 years old
or older; the difference in the medians is about
$1,800.
Income levels may be a determinant in the geo­
graphic mobility of married men. Those who mi­
grated within their State of residence or moved
between States generally had lower median
incomes in 1960 than those who did not, but it is
not yet clear whether the difference is a cause or
result of the move or reflects only occupational
and age differentials.
For other characteristics by income, such as
number of dependent children, region, color, oc­
cupation, and industry, data are available only for
all families, but since married men are the heads
of 7 out of 8 families, the figures for all families
serve as good indicators for them and their fam­
ilies. In terms of number of children under 18
years of age, the median total money income in
1962 was highest for families with two or three
children and lowest for those with six children or
more.

Earnings and Occupations

In terms of the most telling indicator of
economic condition for families and individuals,
money income, the general averages overlie wide
variations in terms of both demographic and socio­
economic characteristics. In the broad mass, total
money income has increased over the years. In
1962, married men who were both family heads
and income recipients had a median income of
$5,238; if they were also year-round full-time
workers, the median was almost $800 higher.
Five years earlier, each of these medians was
about $1,000 lower (table 10). The median total
money income of families headed by married men
was $6,263 in 1962, and if they were year-round
full-time workers, another $900 was added to the
median.
Comparison of the average income of other fam­
ily members from 1947 to 1960 (table 11) reaffirms
the relative importance of the head’s income in
8 U n ite d S t a t e s C e n s u s o f P o p u l a t i o n , 1 9 6 0 : F in a l R e p o r t , PC
(1) ID U .S . S u m m a r y , D e ta ile d C h a r a c te r is t ic s (U.S. B ureau of
th e C ensus), tab les 155 an d 1S5.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

158
By region, median family income was highest
in the West and lowest in the South, as indicated
in the following tabulation which also points
up the marked differential between whites and
nonwhites:
Median family money income, 1962
Non­
white
as per­
Non- cent of
White white white

Total
All families:
United States..................................____ $5,956 $6, 237 $3,330
6,577 6,740 4,424
Northeast................ ...................... ____
6,250 6,384 4,339
N orth Central________________ ____
South................................ ............. ......... 4,627 5, 213 2,455
6,743 6,858 4,973
West.............................................. ____
Head year-round full-time worker:
United States_________________......... 7,054 7,260 4,502
Northeast............................ .......... ____
7,426 7,544 5,447
7,245 7,317 5,118
North Central................................____
South_______________________ ____
5,970 6,384 3,314
West......... . ..................................____
8,119 8,211 6,783

53

66
68

47
73
62
72
79
52
83

Significant differences are also present in terms
of the occupations and industries from which the
major portion of the income is derived. Among
occupations, the median wage or salary income
was highest for the professional, technical, and
kindred group, and lowest, after laborers, for serv­
ice workers. In the industries in which these oc­
cupations are followed, the median was highest in
insurance, banking, and real estate, and lowest,
after agricultural industries, in the personal serv­
ices industries.
Occupations of Married Men. Trends in the pro­
portions of married men in the various occupation
groups reflect the changing and differential as­
pects of the labor market. The occupational dif­
ferentials between married and single men, for ex­
ample, reflect the fact that married men, because
of their age (median age, 42 years), have had time
to complete their education, gain experience and
skills, or accumulate capital to a greater extent
than single men (median age, 23 years). Signifi­
cantly higher proportions of married men than of
single men are professional workers, managers,
proprietors, and craftsmen, whereas higher pro­
portions of single men are clerical, sales, and serv­
ice workers, and laborers. The proportions of op­
eratives, however, are about the same for both.
Between 1940 and 1963, the percentage of married
men who were farmers and farm managers de­
creased by two-thirds, continuing the long-term
trend in declining agricultural employment, as in­
dicated in the following tabulation :

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Percent distribution of em­
ployed married men, wife
present, among major oc­
cupation groups in—
March

March

i96s

Total..............................................
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers...
Farm occupations.................. .............................
Farmers and farm managers........... .............
Farm laborers and foremen..........................
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except
farm__________________________________
Clerical and sales workers_________________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers____
Operatives and kindred workers........... ............
Service workers, including private household..
Laborers, except farm and mine____________

mo

12.4
7.1
5.6
1.5

100.0
5.9
21.5
17. 9
3.6

16.3
11.8
20.8
19.8
6.4
5.4

12.0
12.1
16.7
18.3
5.7
7.8

Clerical, sales, and service occupations showed
considerable overall expansion, yet among mar­
ried men, the proportion working in these occupa­
tions remained about the same; the expansion was
largely based on the phenomenal increase in the
number of working wives. The percentage of
married men working in professional occupations
doubled, and the percentage of craftsmen increased
by a quarter, while the percentage of operatives
showed little change, thus indicating both the
strengthening emphasis on skills and the types of
occupations to which married men as well as
others may look for expanding employment op­
portunities.
The changes in the relative proportions in the
various industry groups are even more marked.
From an economy whose labor force was prepon­
derantly engaged in the production of physical
goods, with a large proportion working to produce
T

if e

9.
P

A

ge

a ble

W
by

U

R a t e s 1 f o r M a r r ie d M
A g e, fo r 1962, and fo r All M
C olor, fo r 1948, 1956, and 1962 2

n em plo ym en t

r esen t
and

,

by

en
en

,
,

[Annual averages]

A ge

M a rrie d
m en,
w ife
p re se n t
1962

A ll m e n
1962
W h ite

1955

N o n ­ W h ite
w h ite

1948

N o n ­ W h ite
w h ite

N on­
w h ite

T o ta l, 14
y ea rs a n d
o v er _____

3 .6

4 .6

11.0

3.4

8.2

3.1

5.1

14 to 19 y e a rs _______
20 to 24 y e a rs . . . .
25 to 34 y e a rs_______
35 to 44 y e a rs _______
45 to 64 y e a rs . ____
45 to 54 y e a rs __
55 to 64 y ea rs___
65 y ears a n d o v e r___

8.9
5.5
3.4
3.0
3.6
(3)
(3)
4.0

12.3
8.0
3.8
3.1
3.7
3.5
4.1
4.1

20.7
14.6
10.5
8.6
8.8
8.3
10.1
11.9

9.6
6.3
2.5
2.4
(3)
2.8
3.7
(3)

13.2
11.2
8.0
7.4
(3)
5.8
7.8
(3)

8.3
5.8
2.4
1.9
(3)
2.2
2.8
(3)

7.6
10.6
4.2
4.5
(3)
3.1
3.5
(3)

1 Unemployed as percent of civilian labor force.
2 Data for 1948 and 1955 not adjusted to reflect changes in definition of un­
employment adopted in 1957
3 Data not available.

159

MARITAL AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS
T

F
P

10.

M

e d ia n

a m il y

in

H

ercen t

I

a ble

T

n c rea se,

M

otal

u sba n d

-W

on et

if e

F

I

ncom e

a m il ie s

Total

Percent
increase
from previous year

1962___ $5,238
1961___ 5,046
1960___ 4,920
1959___ 4,715
1958___ 4,402
1957___ 4,326

3.8
2.6
4.3
7.1
1.8
3.5

ead

Y

and

early

1957-62 1
Family

Head
Year

H

of

and

Yearround,
full-time
worker
$6,032
5,871
5,656
5,477
5,176
4,953

Percent
increase
from previous year

Total

Head yearround,
full-time
worker

2.7
3.8
3.3
5.8
4.5
5.3

$6,263
6,037
5,873
5,662
5,315
5,157

$7,163
6,978
6,706
6,451
6,049
5,760

1 Total money income is the algebraic sum of money wages and salaries,
net income from self-employment, and income other than earnings; data are
for persons 14 years old and over in the civilian noninstitutional population in
families where both husband and wife are present in the household.
Source: C u rre n t P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts , Series P-60, Nos. 30, 33, 35, 37, 39,
and 41 (U.S. Bureau of the Census).

agricultural products, we, uniquely among major
nations, have shifted to one in which the propor­
tion of workers producing goods is somewhat lower
than the proportion providing services. In
March 1963, about 47 percent of the married men
were employed in goods-producing industries: 8
percent were employed in agriculture,4 31 percent
were in manufacturing, and construction, forestry,
fishing, and mining accounted for about 8 percent.
Accordingly, about 6 percent more married men
were employed in providing services than in pro­
ducing goods.
Job Stability and Working Life

Of the total number of married men who worked
at some time during 1962, approximately 15 per­
cent had some unemployment during the year,
compared with 25 percent of all other men. Of
the married men unemployed, 35 percent were un­
employed for 15 weeks or more; 19 percent had
two spells of unemployment and another 22 per­
cent had three spells or more. The rate of long­
term unemployment increased as age increased.
Married men living with their wives have lower
rates of unemployment and long-term unemploy­
ment than do other men who have been married.
While age is undoubtedly a factor for widowers,
they constitute less than half of the other evermarried group, so that the correlation between
broken homes and erratic work patterns for di­

vorced and separated men seems apparent, though
the roles of cause and effect remain indeterminate.
Since relatively more nonwhite than white men
had three spells of unemployment or more during
1962, and also more nonwhite than white men had
unemployment of 15 weeks’ duration or more, it
is obvious that nonwhite married men had higher
rates in these areas than did white married men.
On the whole, married men show greater stabil­
ity and job attachment than do other workers.
Their rate for job changes was 5 percentage points
lower than the rate for single and other ever-mar­
ried men in 1961; of those who changed jobs, 62
percent worked for only two employers during the
year, and 38 percent worked for more than two
employers.
Multiple Jobholding. As is to be expected, mar­
ried men are more likely than other workers to
hold more than one job at a time, probably because
of greater family responsibilities. In 1963, 8 per­
cent of employed married men had more than one
job, compared with 4 percent of the single men
and about 2 percent each of the married and single
women.
Educational Attainment. The educational level
of married men, like that of others, is improving
and will continue to advance. This upgrading in
educational level has been strongly influenced by
increasing demand for workers in occupations re­
quiring more skills and training. Between 1940
and 1962, among 35- to 44-year-old men, 86 per­
cent of whom are married, the proportions not
only of those with at least 4 years or more of high
school, but also of those with 4 years or more of
T

a ble

11.

Average

Year

1960___________
1959___________
1958___________
1955___________
1950___________
1947___________

I

n com e1

1947, 1950, 1955,
Head
married,
wife
present
$5,543
5,285
4,913
4,380
3,457
3,066

of

and

Wife of
head
$1,822
1,761
1,696
1,534
1,243
1,162

F

a m il y

M

em ber s,

1958-60
Other relative of h ead 2
Male
$1,915
1,908
1,818
1,770
1,576
1,551

Female
$1,456
1,445
1,336
1,417
1,218
1,230

1 Based on total money income—the algebraic sum of money wages and
salaries, net income from self-employment, and income other than earnings.
The means are based on the distribution of persons with income.
2 Refers to all family heads.
4 I n 1870, ab o u t 53 p e rcen t of all w orkers w ere in ag ricu ltu re, Source: T ren d s in the In co m e o f F a m ilies a n d P e rso n s in the U n ite d Stat.es:
in 1)910, 31 percent, an d in 1950, 12 percent.
191,7 to 1960 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1963), Technical Paper 8.


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160

college, doubled. Although nonwhite married
men still lag considerably behind white married
men in educational level, they too have made and
will continue to make substantial advances.
Increased Longevity. Advances in the related
fields of medicine and geriatrics have brought
continuing increases in life expectancy for all.
From 1900 to 1960, life expectancy for men in­
creased by more than a third, to an average of
66.5 years. Simultaneously, increases have taken
place both in the number of years spent at work,
and those at both ends of life outside the labor
force—from about 32 and 16 years, respectively,


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

for those born in 1900 to about 41 and 25 years,
respectively, for those born in I960.5 The impli­
cations of this increasing life span are particularly
important in relation to the amount of time prac­
ticably spent in acquiring an education. The eco­
nomic aspects of spending the time, money,
and effort for higher and specialized edu­
cation are much improved when not only the
length of time that the education may bring bet­
ter returns in one’s work, but also the length of
life remaining to enjoy retirement from that
work, with commensurately improved financial
status, are increased.
6See “Table of W orking L ife fo r Men, 1960,” M o n th ly L abor
R eview , J u ly 1963, pp. 820-823.

Summaries of Studies and Reports
Wages in Motor Vehicle
and Parts Plants, April 1963
a g e s a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r a c t i c e s that
prevailed in April 1963 in the motor vehicle and
the motor vehicle parts industries were surveyed
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as part of its in­
dustry wage studies program.1 The survey was
made in a period of high automobile production.
In 1962, approximately 6.9 million passenger cars
were produced in the United States, representing
the industry’s second highest production year at
that time. This output was exceeded in 1963, al­
though at the time of the report it appeared un­
likely that the 7.9-million mark of 1955 would be
topped.
Virtually all of the workers in the motor
vehicle industry were covered by collective bar­
gaining agreements with the United Automobile,
Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers
of America; four-fifths of the workers in parts
plants were in union establishments, and several
of these plants had agreements with unions other
than the UAW. Women accounted for less than
6 percent of the motor vehicle work force, com­
pared with 19 percent in the parts industry. In­
centive methods of wage payment applied to only
about 2 percent of the motor vehicle workers, com­
pared with 31 percent in the parts industry.

W

Motor Vehicles
Earnings. The vehicle industry’s 460,798 produc­
tion and related workers covered by the study av­
eraged $2.90 an hour.2 Approximately half of the
workers were in Michigan and averaged $2.92 an
hour; workers in the rest of the North Central re­
gion averaged $2.89, and those in the West, $2.83.
As indicated in table 1, average hourly earnings
of three-fifths of the workers were between $2.70
and $2.90. Belative dispersion (computed by
■dividing the interquartile range by the median)
718-358— 64-

-4


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was 6 percent. Thus, the wage rates of half of
the workers were within 3 percent of the median
rate ($2.80). This dispersion factor is the lowest
for any industry studied by the Bureau during the
past decade.
Earnings information was developed separately
for 27 occupational classifications which together
accounted for nearly three-fifths of the total pro­
duction workers in the industry (table 2).
Nationwide hourly earnings for these jobs ranged
from $4.29 for die sinkers (drop forge dies) and
$4.09 for patternmakers (wood and metal) to $2.52
for janitors, porters, and cleaners. Line and
bench assemblers, accounting for more than a sixth
of the work force, averaged $2.74 an hour.
Average hourly earnings for the skilled main­
tenance jobs represented in the survey fell within
a range of $3.35 (carpenters) to $3.50 (machine
repairmen). Millwrights, pipefitters, and sheetmetal workers all averaged $3.38 an hour. Among
toolroom jobs, the numerically important classi­
fications of machine-tool operators and tool and
1 A m ore com prehensive acco u n t of th e stu d y w ill be p resen ted
In BLS B u lletin 1393. In d iv id u a l releases pro v id in g earn in g s
a n d su p p lem en tary benefits d a ta fo r th e m otor vehicle p a r ts
in d u stry in Chicago, C leveland, D etro it, an d Toledo a re available
upon request.
T he stu d y differs from a sim ilar one conducted by th e B u reau
in Ju ly 1957 in one m ajo r respect. In 1957, d a ta fo r a few
m o to r vehicle com pany-operated p la n ts (em ploying ap p ro x im ately
46,000 pro d u ctio n w orkers) m a n u fa c tu rin g autom obile p a r ts sold
extensively to o th e r p roducers w ere included in th e m otor vehicle
p a r ts s t u d y ; in th e A pril 1963 study, these p la n ts w ere Included
in th e m otor vehicles study.
F o r re su lts of th e 1957 study, see “W ages in th e M otor Vehicle
In d u stry , 1957,” M o n th ly L abor R eview , N ovem ber 1957, pp.
1321—1329, an d “W ages in M otor V ehicle P a r ts M anufacture,
1957,” M o n th ly L abor R eview , F e b ru a ry 1958, pp. 161-167.
2 T he m otor vehicle survey covers a ll au tom otive o p eratio n s
(including m otor vehicle p a r ts o p eratio n s) of five p assen g er c a r
m an u factu re rs, w ith th e exception of th e tru c k division of one
firm an d steel an d glass o p eratio n s of a ll com panies. P la n ts p r i­
m arily producing tr a c to rs an d in d u s tria l engines w ere excluded,
a s w ere a ll p a r ts depots.
E a rn in g s d a ta rep o rted in th is segm ent of th e stu d y re la te to
stra ig h t-tim e hou rly earn in g s, excluding prem ium p ay fo r over­
tim e an d fo r w ork on weekends, holidays, an d la te sh ifts. Costof-living bonuses an d an n u a l im provem ent fa c to rs w ere included
as p a r t of th e w o rk ers’ re g u la r pay, b u t in cen tiv e pay m en ts
(applying to less th a n 2 p e rcen t of th e w orkers) a n d nonproduc­
tiv e bonuses w ere excluded.

161

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

162
T

1.
P ercen t
D is t r ib u t io n
of
P r o d u c t io n
W o r k e r s in
M o t o r V e h ic l e E s t a b l is h m e n t s , b y
A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s , 1 U n it e d
S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s , A p r i l 1963

Indexes (iaveraqe hourly
rate fo r ja n ito r s = 1 0 0 )

a ble

Average hourly earnings 1

Under $2.60__________________
$2.60 and under $2.70_________
$2.70 and under $2.80..................
$2.80 and under $2.90__________
$2.90 and under $3.00_________
$3.00 and under $3.10__________
$3.10 and under $3.20__________
$3.20 and under $3.30__________
$3.30 and under $3.40__________
$3.40 and under $3.50__________
$3.50 and under $3.60....................
$3.60 and under $3.70... _______
$3.70 and over________________

United
States2

5.8
10.6
35.4
24.0
6.2
.8
.9
.9
2.0
4.3
3.5
3.6
2.0

North Centrai3
Michigan

6.5
9.7
36.2
21.1
6.5
.5
.7
.7
1.8
4.9
4.2
4.3
2.9

Except
Michigan
3.3
12.8
34.0
27.3
5.4
1.2
1.1
1.2
2.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
1.2

West «

3.1
7.2
44.7
30.0
6.4
1.0
.8
1.2
1.1
3.3
.7
.5
(')

Total__________________

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Numbers of workers _____ _
Average hourly earnings i ____

460, 798
$2.90

231,265
$2.92

150,274
$2.89

15,117
$2.83

1 Excludes incentive payments and premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
8 Includes Illionis, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
4 Includes Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
{ Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

die makers averaged $3.49 and $3.62 an hour,
respectively.
There was comparatively little variation in oc­
cupational pay levels by region. A comparison
of averages in Michigan with those in other North
Central States indicates that identical average
rates were recorded for 4 of the 27 classifications,
and they varied by only 1 or 2 cents in 15 others.
Among the 18 jobs for which comparisons could
be made between Michigan and the West, identical
averages were recorded for 4, with differences of
only 1 or 2 cents noted in 6 others.
For nearly all of the selected occupations, in­
dividual wage rates were closely grouped about
the U.S. average for the occupations. In 23 of
the 27 jobs studied, rates for a majority of the
workers differed from the nationwide average by
no more than 2 percent. In a majority of the
jobs, four-fifths of the workers or more had rates
that fell within the ± 2 percent range.3
Occupational wage relationships in 1963 were
nearly the same as in 1957, but differed in several
instances from those in 1950. For each year, the
average hourly rate for janitors was used as a
base (100) ; averages for selected jobs were ex­
pressed as indexes of this base, as shown in the
following tabulation:

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O ccu p a tio n

Patternmakers, metal and wood----Tool and die makers ----- __ Machine-tool operators, toolroom—
Electricians__
— ----------Pipefitters-. __ — — — - -Millwrights.—
----Carpenters. _ _ _ — -------------Punch-press operators, _ Assemblers, line and bench-----------Truckers, power _ _ ----Laborers, material handling----------

1983

162
144
138
137
134
134
133
110
109
108
106

1957

164
143
136
136
133
133
132
111
110
108
105

1950

154
145
138
135
132
131
131
119
116
111
108

Metal and wood patternmakers averaged 62
percent more than janitors in 1963, compared with
64 percent in 1957 ; in 1950, the difference was 54
percent. Line and bench assemblers averaged 9
and 10 percent more than janitors in 1963 and 1957,
respectively ; in 1950, the difference was 16 percent.
Differentials between the average rates for skilled
maintenance and most toolroom jobs and the aver­
age rate for janitors were generally similar in all
3 years. The special wrage increase for skilled
workers in 1958 appears to have maintained the
wage relationship between these jobs and others.
Establishment Practices. Information was also
obtained on shift differential payments for produc­
tion workers and on selected supplementary bene­
fits for production and office workers.4
Premium pay for production workers assigned to
the second shift amounted to 5 percent of regular
pay, including overtime premium, in 4 of the 5
motor vehicle companies; in one of the smaller
companies, the second-shift differential was 8 per­
cent. In all five companies, the third-shift pre­
mium was 10 percent. Shift definitions, however,
varied considerably among the companies. In ­
formation was not available on the proportions of
workers employed on the various shifts at the time
of the study. Employment on extra shifts tends
to fluctuate throughout the year as the volume of
production changes.

8 T h e jo b d e s c rip tio n s u sed in c la s s if y in g w o rk e rs in th e stu d y
te n d to b e m o re g e n e ra liz e d th a n th o s e u sed in in d iv id u a l e s ta b ­
lis h m e n ts b e ca u s e a llo w a n c e h a d to be m ad e f o r m in o r d iffe re n c es
a m o n g e s ta b lis h m e n ts in sp e c ific d u tie s p e rfo rm e d . T h u s , th e
so m e w h a t g r e a te r r e la tiv e d is p e rs io n o f r a t e s n o te d in som e jo b s
m a y r e s u lt fro m th e m a tc h in g o f m o re th a n o n e co m p a n y jo b
c a te g o r y (a n d r a t e ) w ith th e o c c u p a tio n a s defined b y th e B u re a u .
* T h e s e p ro v is io n s w ill b e d e scrib ed in g r e a te r d e ta il in th e
fo r th c o m in g b u lle tin .

163

WAGES IN MOTOR VEHICLE AND PARTS MANUFACTURING

Provisions for paid holidays in each company
were the same for production workers as for office
workers. Four companies provided 6 full-day
and 2 half-day holidays annually. The fifth com­
pany provided 7 full days.
Vacation pay for production workers in four
companies was based on the following schedule :

ment anniversary dates. The payments ranged
from 2y2 percent for 1 but less than 5 years of
service to 7y2 percent for 15 years of service or
more. Vacation provisions for office employees
varied in certain details among the five companies.
In all, however, employees with 1 year of service
were provided 10 days’ vacation pay, and those
with 10 years of service or more received 15 days’
pay.
Each of the companies paid part of the cost of
life insurance (with permanent and total disabil­
ity provisions) and sickness and accident insur­
ance for their production workers. The cost of
these provisions for office workers was borne en­
tirely by one company and shared with the em­
ployees in the other four. Hospitalization, sur­
gical, and medical insurance plans were provided
without cost to both production and office workers
by companies employing a great majority of these
workers. Retirement pension plans, paid for en-

V a c a tio n p a y m e n t
(hours)

Y e a r s o f s e n io rity

1 and under 3 years_____________________
3 and under 5 years_____________________
5 and under 10 years____________________
10 and under 15 years___________________
15 years and over_______________________

40
60
80
100
120

These companies computed vacation pay on the
basis of the employees’ straight-time hourly rates,
exclusive of late-shift and overtime premiums.
The fifth company computed vacation payments
for production workers as a percentage of earn­
ings in the year preceding the workers’ employ­
T

a ble

2.

N

um ber

M

oto r

and

V

A

verage

e h ic l e

E

S t r a ig h t - T

im e

s t a b l is h m e n t s ,

U

H

E a r n in g s 1 o f W o r k e r s
S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g io

ourly

n it e d

S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s i n
A p r il 1 9 6 3

North C entral3

United States 2
Occupation

Michigan
Workers

in
n s,

Earnings1

Workers

W est4

Except Michigan

Earnings 1

Workers

Earnings1

Workers

Earnings 1

M aintenance
Carpenters, maintenance___________________________
Electricians, maintenance ____________________ _.
Machine repairmen____________________________ . . .
Millwrights. __________________ _____ ___________
Pipefitters, maintenance___________________________
Sheet-metal workers, maintenance (tinsmiths)________

682
6,038
6,159
6,475
3,846
1,247

$3.35
3.46
3. 50
3.38
3.38
3.38

435
3,300
3,554
3,568
2,025
738

$3.36
3.48
3. 50
3.39
3.39
3.39

156
1.743
1,927
1,945
1,143
325

$3. 35
3.44
3,51
3.37
3.37
3.38

24
174
15
174
100
10

$3.35
3.43
3.40
3.34
3.38
3.39

239
3,853
1,497
13,876

4.29
3. 49
4.09
3.62

148
2,344
894
7,809

4.31
3,49
4 .11
3. 62

75
1,132
'462
4,572

4.19
3, 49
4. 04
3.62

103

3.55

5,590
8,207
8,028
11,701

2. 76
2. 52
2. 66
2. 72

2,936
4,061
3,361
6,120

2. 76
2.52
2. 66
2.71

1,739
2,765
3,620
3,772

2. 76
2. 53
2.68
2. 73

233
303
260
376

2. 74
2.52
2.62
2.71

79,212
24,211

2. 74
2.79

34,237
12, 627

2.73
2.78

28, 587
8,332

2. 74
2.80

3,515
509

2. 75
2.85

1,643
'917
26,951
4,130
570
21,349
3,974
4,750
4,871
5,224
15,451

2.92
2.86
2. 76
2.89
2.89
2.76
2. 66
2.87
2.84
2.88
2.81

799
615
15,322
1,504
397
12,072
3,307
1,871
1,754
2,862
6,309

2.95
2.85
2. 76
2.89
2.89
2. 75
2. 67
2.87
2.86
2.88
2.79

668
184
9,428
1, 620
119
6,875
' 666
1,411
1,291
1,618
5,798

2.91
2.93
2.77
2.88
2.88
2.78
2. 60
2.87
2.85
2.89
2.82

243

2.89

389
1,030
222
853

2.88
2.79
2.89
2.82

T oolroom
Die sinkers, drop-forge dies___ _____________________
Machine-tool operators, toolroom_________ . . . ______
Patternmakers, metal and wood__________ __________
Tool and die m akers... ______ _________ _________
C ustodial and M aterial H andling
Checkers, receiving and shipping________ ________ _
Janitors, porters, and cleaners . . . __________________
Laborers, material handling___ _____ _______ ______
Truckers, power_________________ ______ __________
Other Selected O ccupations
Assemblers, line and bench _______________________
Inspectors, general production______________________
Machine-tool operators, production:
Bar stock screw-machine operators ______________
Crankshaft grinders________
O th e r_______________ ______ ____ _ . ._
Metal finishers__ ____ ______ ________ _____ _____
Molders, machine_____ ______ __________
. . ..
Punch-press o p e ra to rs .._____ ___ _ ._ . _____ _
Sewing machine operators. ________________ ______
Sprayers, body, fenders, and h o o d ______ ________
Trimmers__________________________________ __ _.
Welders, hand_____ __________________ _______ _
Welders, machine (resistance)__________ __________

1 Excludes incentive payments and premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 See footnote 3, table 1.


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* See footnote 4, table 1.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

164
tirely by the employer, were provided for both
production and office workers by all companies.
In addition, the large majority of the office em­
ployees were permitted to increase their retirement
benefits by membership in contributory plans to
which the employer paid part of the cost.
The five companies had virtually identical sup­
plemental unemployment benefit (SUB) plans for
production and related workers. Office employees
of one company were covered by the provisions of
the SUB plan for production workers. Short
workweek benefits for production workers were
included in the SUB plans. Companies typically
provided monetary allowances for both production
and office workers who were laid off or separated
from the company under certain circumstances
and met specified eligibility requirements. Al­
lowances toward expenses incurred by production
workers transferred from one plant location to
another were provided by most companies.5 The
incidence of such benefits was not determined for
office workers.
The union contracts of all the companies had
provisions for payment to workers serving on
juries. The most common payment for produc­
tion workers was a sum equal to the amount paid
by the court or $10 a day for a maximum of 60
days, whichever was greater. Office workers, in
most instances, could expect to receive their full
salary while serving on juries.
Motor Vehicle P arts
Earnings. Straight-time hourly earnings of the es­
timated 186,684 production and related workers in
establishments manufacturing motor vehicle parts
averaged $2.59 (table 3).6 Men, accounting for
four-fifths of the production workers in the in­
dustry, averaged $2.72 an hour, compared with
$2.01 for women. Production workers in the
North Central region, accounting for three-fourths
of the industry’s work force, averaged $2.68 an
hour (table 4). Corresponding averages in the
Northeast and South were $2.58 and $1.82,
respectively.
Production workers in establishments manu­
facturing motor vehicle parts and accessories, who
comprised two-thirds of the industry’s work force,
averaged $2.65 an hour. Workers in plants manu­
facturing automotive stampings averaged $2.68
an hour; those in plants making pistons, piston

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rings and carburetors, $2.58; and those in plants
manufacturing automotive electrical engine parts,
$ 2. 11.

Regional averages for workers in plants manu­
facturing motor vehicle parts and accessories
were $2.75 an hour in the North Central region,
$2.49 in the Northeast, and $1.95 in the South.
Data for other industry branches are provided
only for the North Central region, where nearly
identical averages ($2.68 and $2.69, respectively)
were recorded for the automotive stampings
branch and for plants manufacturing pistons, pis­
ton rings, and carburetors. Workers in plants
making electrical engine parts averaged $2.04 an
hour.
The national average for workers in plants with
1,000 employees or more was $2.93 an hour, com­
pared with $2.53 for workers in plants employing
500 but less than 1,000 persons, and $2.24 for
those in plants with fewer than 500. This general
relationship held in each of the regions for which
data are presented.
Individual earnings in the motor vehicle parts
industry, unlike those in the motor vehicle indus­
try, were widely dispersed—the largest concen­
tration within any 20-cent interval amounting to
one-sixth of the employees (in the $2.70 to $2.90
interval). In the earnings array, the middle half
of the workers earned between $2.17 and $2.98 an
hour. The index of dispersion was 31 percent,
compared with 6 percent in the motor vehicle
industry.
BSee P h ilip T a ft, “ In te rp la n t T ra n s fe rs in th e A utom obile
I n d u s try ,” M o n th ly L ahor R eview , M arch 1963, pp. 276—278.
8T he survey included estab lish m en ts (o th e r th a n those operated
by p assenger c a r m a n u fa c tu re rs ) em ploying 50 w orkers or m ore
an d p rim a rily engaged in m a n u fa c tu rin g autom otive h ard w are—
p a r t of in d u stry 34 2 9 ; autom otive stam pings— p a r t of in d u stry
3 4 6 1 ; a u to springs— p a r t of in d u stry 3 4 93; autom otive pistons,
p isto n rings, c arb u reto rs— p a r t of in d u stry 3 5 99; autom o tiv e
electrical in stru m e n ts— p a r t of in d u stry 3 6 1 1 ; autom obile
lig h ts— p a r t of in d u stry 3 6 42; autom otive electrical engine
p a r ts — p a r t of in d u stry 3694 ; p assenger c a r bodies— in d u stry
3 7 1 2 ; m o to r vehicle p a r ts an d accessories— in d u s try 3 7 1 4 ; an d
autom otive m echanical in stru m e n ts— p a r t of in d u stry 3821, as
defined in th e 1957 edition of th e S ta n d a rd In d u stria l Classifica­
tio n M anual p rep ared by th e U.S. B u reau of th e B udget. E sta b ­
lish m en ts p rim a rily engaged in m an u factu rin g any of th e abovenam ed p a r ts fo r use in tru c k s or buses w ere in c lu d e d ; however,
m a n u fa c tu re rs of la rg e tru c k u n its, such as w hole engines, bodies,
or chassis, w ere excluded. S ep arate a u x ilia ry u n its such as
c e n tra l offices w ere also excluded.
S tra ig h t-tim e ho u rly earn in g s fo r th is segm ent of th e stu d y
excludes prem ium p ay fo r overtim e an d fo r w ork on weekends,
holidays, an d la te sh ifts. In cen tiv e paym ents, such as th o se
re su ltin g from piecew ork or p roduction bonus system s, an d costof-living bonuses w ere included as p a r t of th e w o rk ers’ reg u lar
pay, b u t n onproduction bonuses w ere excluded.

WAGES IN MOTOR VEHICLE AND PARTS MANUFACTURING

Data were tabulated separately for a number of
occupational classifications, several of which are
listed in table 3.7 Nationwide averages for the
jobs studied separately ranged from $3.63 an hour
for die sinkers (drop forge dies) to $2.12 for rou­
tine (class C) assemblers. Tool and die makers,
numerically the largest skilled job studied sepa­
rately, averaged $3.31 an hour. With the excep­
tion of carpenters who averaged $2.90 an hour,
averages for the skilled maintenance jobs ranged
from $3.18 to $3.24.

Nearly a sixth of the workers were employed
as assemblers and slightly more than a tenth
were machine-tool operators engaged in produc­
tion work. Averages for assemblers ranged from
$2.90 an hour for a relatively small group (virtu­
ally all men) making complex or precision assem­
blies (class A) to $2.12 for a much larger group
of routine (class C) assemblers (dominated by
women 3 to 2). Similarly, averages for machinetool operators (production) ranged from $3.10
for those performing class A work to $2.55 for
class C workers. Men largely dominated the
machine-tool operator groups, especially classes
A and B.

1 D a ta fo r a d d itio n a l occupations w ill be provided in th e fo rth ­
com ing b u lletin .

T

3.

a ble
P arts

N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f P
E s t a b l i s h m e n t s , b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , U n it e d S t a t e s

Characteristic

United S tates3
Workers

Total__
Men___
Women.

165

r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n M o t o r
a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s ,2 A p r i l

Northeast

Earnings 1

Workers

North Central

Earnings 1

Workers

Earnings i

V e h ic l e

1963

South
Workers

E arnings1

All P roduction W orkers

E stablishment Size
50-499 workers_____________________
500-999 workers_____________________
1,000 workers or more_______________

186,684
151, 756
34,928

$2.59
2. 72
2.01

26,337
19, 287
7,050

$2. 58
2. 77
2.05

141,205
118,003
23,202

$2.68
2.80
2.10

15,995
11, 849
4,146

$1.82
.1.93
1. 52

71,088
34,949
80,647

$2.24
2.53
2.93

9,673
3, 245
13,419

$2.12
2.33
2. 97

47,949
26,028
67,228

$2.35
2.69
2.92

$10,781

$1.82

124,999
22,151
15,094
13,270

2. 65
2.68
2.58
2.11

13,652

2.49

98,864
14 320
12, 501

2. 75
2 OR
2* OQ

10,234

1. 95

1,168
6,882
5,142
1,740
20,350
8,041
12,309
254
1,536
1,087
1,308
3, 788
6,239
2,943
3,296
3,143
5,983

2.90
2. 81
3.04
2.12
2.12
2.40
1. 94
3.63
3.19
2.71
2. 92
2. 66
2.40
2. 57
2.24
2.25
2.23

201
928
729
199
3,447
773
2,674

2. 57
3.19
3.35
2.63
2.11
2.89
1.89
3.04
2.39
2.72
2.65
2.11
2.19
2.09
2.19
2.05

2.99
2.82
3.14
2.07
2.27
2. 55
2.06
3 94
3. 25
2.79
2.98
2.70
2.49
2.64
2.32
2.33
2.36

129
639
590
49
3,418
1,456
1,962

214
70
197
362
805
115
690
341
847

838
4,993
3,501
1,492
13,400
5,769
7,631
98
1,232
930
1,048
3,107
5,059
2,614
2,445
2,467
4,387

141
265
699

1.80
1.93
1.59
1. 61
1.69

5,375
9,688
6,747
2,536
10, 676
7,348
3,328
5,037
3,226
3,646

3.10
2.86
2. 55
3.24
2.40
2.58
2.02
3.31
2.49
3.09

756
1,240
765
355
835
535
300
1,076
164
227

2.85
2. 72
2.39
2. 92
2.39
2.54
2.11
3. 21
2.46
2.95

4,121
7,951
4,820
2,107
8,852
6,471
2,381
3,634
2,874
3,325

3.16
2.91
2.77
3.32
2.48
2.60
2.16
3.37
2.53
3.12

381
443
954
55
849

2.96
2.26
1.65
2.23
1.56

Selected I ndustry B ranches ‘
Motor vehicle parts and accessories_____________
Automotive stampings_______________________
Automotive pistons, piston rings, and carburetors.
Automotive electrical engine parts_____________
S elected Occupations
Assemblers, class A (1,154 men and 14 women)______
Assemblers, class B _______________________________
Men____________________________________
W omen.,_______________________________ ” ” ”
Assemblers, class O____________________________ III
Men_______________________________________ I
Women_____________________________________I
Die sinkers, drop-forge dies (all men)________________
Electricians, maintenance (all men)_________________
Heat treaters, class B (1,084 men and 3 women)_______
Inspectors, class A (1,279 men and 29 women)_______
Inspectors, class B (3,406 men and 382 women)________
Inspectors, class O_______________________________
M en_______________________________________ I
Women_________________________________ I ~ "Z
Janitors, porters, and cleaners (2,954 men and 189 women)!
Laborers, material handling (5,922 men and 61 women)..
Machine-tool operators, production:
Class A (5,335 men and 40 women)_______________
Class B (9,512 men and 176 women)______________
Class C (5,254 men and 1,493 women)____________
Machine-tool operators, toolroom (all men)___________
Punch-press operators, light and medium____________
Men________________________________________
Women______________________________________
Tool and die makers (all men)_____________________
Truckers, power (3,224 men and 2 women)____ _______
Welders, hand (3,585 men and 61 women)____________

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 The regions for which separate data are shown include: N o rth ea st—
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; N o rth C e n tra l— Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and Sou th —Alabama, Arkan­
sas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.


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76
74
54
189
352
211

202

647
259
148
67

2.82
2.07

2.12

1. 51
1.53
1.53
1.52
2.61
1.98
2.51

2.11

1.88

1.46
2.86

1.80
2.49

3 Includes data for the Western region in addition to those shown
separately.
4 Establishments were classified on the basis of major type(s) of produces)
manufactured. The all-production worker total shown above includes
data for establishments producing other types of parts in addition to those
for which separate data are shown. For definition of industry branches
see text footnote 6.
’
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet pub­
lication criteria.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

166
Highest occupational averages were usually re­
corded in the North Central region, although in a
few instances, averages in the Northeast were
highest. Almost without exception, occupational
averages were lowest in the South.
The North Central was the only region for
which separate data are presented for each of the
four major industry branches. Most commonly,
occupational averages in this region were highest
in the motor vehicle parts and accessories branch
and lowest among plants manufacturing automo­
tive electrical engine parts.
Highest nationwide occupational averages were
nearly always recorded for establishments employ­
ing 1,000 or more ; and averages in establishments
with 500 but less than 1,000 were usually higher
than those in establishments with fewer than 500
workers. This general relationship held in each
of the regions.
Workers paid on an incentive basis nearly al­
ways earned substantially more than time-rated
workers in the same job. The size of this wage
T

a ble
age

A

differential varied considerably by occupation.
Thus, for men class A assemblers, the nationwide
difference amounted to 12 cents an hour, compared
with 99 cents for men class B assemblers. In the
North Central region, the comparable differentials
were 4 and 83 cents, respectively.
Earnings of individual workers also varied
within the same job, location, and method of wage
payment. In many instances, particularly for jobs
paid on an incentive basis, hourly earnings of the
highest paid workers exceeded those of the lowest
paid in the same job and area by $1 or more.
Establishment Practices. Work schedules of 40
hours a week were in effect in motor vehicle parts
establishments employing slightly more than ninetenths of the production and office workers. At
the time of the study, second-shift operations em­
ployed about one-fourth of the workers; third or
other late shifts accounted for a comparatively
small proportion (5 percent) of the industry’s

4.
P e r c e n t D is t r ib u t i o n o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s in M o t o r V e h ic l e P a r t s E s t a b l is h m e n t s ,
S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s ,1 U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g io n s 2 a n d S e l e c t e d I n d u s t r y B

by

A

ver

­

r a n c h e s ,3

1963

p r il

Selected industry branches s

All industry branches4

Average hourly earnings1

United
States «

Northeast

North
Central

Motor
vehicle
parts and
accessoris

Automotive
stampings

South

Automotive
pistons,
piston rings,
and carbu­
retors

Automotive
electrical
engine
parts

United States United States United States United States
TJnHpr $1 50
$1.60 and under $1.70_____ __ _
_
$1 70 and under $1.80_____
____
$1 80 and under $1.90______
- _ ___
$1 90 and under $2.00____ _ __ ___ ___ __ __
$2 00 and under $2.10___ _ _
____
$2.10 and under $2.20___ _ - „ ___ _ _ __
$2.20 and under $2.30___
__ _
$2 30 and under $2.40___ _ __
_ _ _ _
$2.40 and under $2.50___
_- - _ _ ______
$2 50 and under $2.60 _
_ _ ______ ___
$2.60 and under $2.70___ _ _
___- ______
$2 70 and under $2.80____ _ _ __ _ _ ______
$2 80 and under $2.90___ __________ - - __
$2 90 and under $3.00__ _ _____ ____________
$3.00 and under $3.10_______ ________ __ ____
$3.10 and under $3.20____________
- - __
$3 20 and under $3.30 __
_ _ _ _ ___ _
$3 30 and under $3.40___
_
______
$3.40 and under $3.50_____ ____
_______
$3.50 and over. __ _ -------- _ _ _ _ _
Total___________.................. —_ -----Number of w o rk ers._______
Average h ourly ea rn in g s1

____- _____ -

__

___ _____

6.0
2. 7
2.9
2.5
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.0
3.4
4.1
5.8
7.6
7.8
8.1
8.6
4.9
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.4
7.3

3.9
2.4
4.7
4.9
3.0
2.7
3.6
5.2
3.1
3.8
5.2
6.4
7.0
5.6
7.0
5.0
3.4
4.2
4.4
3.3
4.0
7.2

31.5
12.0
7.9
8.3
10.9
5.4
2.8
2.2
2.5
2.5
1.8
2.6
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.1
.8
1.1
.7
.5
.4
1.7

4.7
2.3
2.9
1.9
2.1
2.5
3.0
2.6
3.2
3.3
5.9
8.2
7.8
8.9
9.3
5.1
4.0
3.7
3.3
3.8
3.9
7.8

8.8
2.0
.9
1.1
2.8
2.6
3.4
4. 6
4.2
5. 9
4.0
5.0
6.4
4.7
8.5
2.7
1.5
2.9
4.6
4.2
4.7
14.4

0.3
4. 5
5. 2
3.4
4. 5
3.8
4. 6
5 .9
7.5
6.7
11.3
9.7
8.7
8.0
4.9
3. 5
2.6
1.4
1. 5
1.9

16.7
12.1
8.2
5. 2
2.8
5. 6
3.9
2.9
1.7
3.4
3. 5
4. 6
7.9
6.2
3.1
3.4
2.8
2.3
2.1
.5
.8
.5

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

186,684
$2.59

26,337
$2.58

141,205
$2.68

15,995
$1.82

124,999
$2. 65

22,151

15,094

13,270
$2.11

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 For definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 3
s For definition of industry branches, see text footnote 6.
4Includes data for industry branches in addition to those shown separately.


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3.4
1.7
2.0
1.3
1.6
2.6
3.2
2.6
3.4
4.3
6.3
8.3
8.7
9.4
9.8
5.3
3.9
3.5
3.3
3.6
3.7
8.0

$2. 68

$2. 58

5 Includes data for the Western region in addition to regions shown
separately.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100.
’

WAGES IN MOTOR VEHICLE AND PARTS MANUFACTURING

workers. Nearly all late-shift workers received
pay differentials over day-shift rates, usually on a
cents-per-hour basis ranging from 3 to 16 cents for
second-shift work and from 5 to as much as 16 cents
for work on third or other late shifts. Most of the
other shift workers were paid a uniform percent­
age differential ranging from 4 to 11.5 percent.
Paid holidays were provided by plants employ­
ing virtually all of the workers in the industry.
Approximately two-fifths of the production and
office workers were provided 6 days plus 2 half
days annually ; 7 days were provided by establish­
ments employing a fourth of the production and
a fifth of the office workers.
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of serv­
ice were in effect in plants accounting for nearly
all workers in the industry. Seven-tenths of the
production workers were in plants having provi­
sions for 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year’s serv­
ice and for 2 weeks’ pay after 5 years ; about threefifths were provided 3 weeks’ pay after 20 years,
and a fifth were in plants with provisions for
4 weeks after 25 years. Three-fourths of the office
workers were in plants with provisions for 2 weeks’
paid vacation after 1 year’s service; slightly more
than four-fifths worked in plants with provisions
for 3 weeks after 15 years and three-tenths received
4 weeks after 25 years.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance for
which employers paid at least part of the cost
were available to virtually all production and office
workers. Somewhat more than nine-tenths of
both groups of workers were in plants providing


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

167

payments during illness or accident disability and
more than three-fourths were in plants having ac­
cidental death and dismemberment and medical
insurance.
Retirement pension benefits (other than those
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance) were provided by plants
employing about four-fifths of the production
workers and a slightly larger proportion of office
workers. Provisions for lump-sum retirement
severance payments were available in plants ac­
counting for about one-eighth of the production
employees. Less than 5 percent of the office work­
ers were in establishments providing such benefits
to these workers.
Supplemental unemployment benefits (SUB)
were available to a little more than two-fifths of
the production workers and to a tenth of the office
workers. Among the different types of plans, the
UAW plan in which the companies contribute to
companywide pooled funds was most common.
Short workweek benefits were also available to
three-tenths of the industry’s production workers
and to about 5 percent of the office workers. Pro­
visions for at least partial payment of moving ex­
penses to those required to move were available to
about an eighth of the production workers and to
5 percent of the office workers. Technological sev­
erance pay was practically nonexistent in the
industry.
—L. E arl L ewis

F rederick L. B auer
Division of Occupational Pay

and

168

Unemployment Insurance
Legislation in 1963
1963, over 140 bills were enacted which
made substantive changes in the unemployment
insurance programs of 40 States. While the
legislation dealt with nearly every aspect of State
unemployment insurance, one area of primary
concern can be identified. The levels of State
reserve funds from which unemployment com­
pensation benefits are paid have been declining
over the past few years, and concern for the
solvency of these funds was reflected in two
types of amendments adopted in 1963. One
approach to the problem was the enactment of
provisions which would increase revenue either
through an increase in the maximum tax rates or
in the taxable wage base, or both. The other
approach was enactment of increasingly severe
disqualification provisions and stricter eligibility
and availability requirements for special groups
of claimants. In addition, benefit amounts and
duration were reduced in a few States.
On the other hand, benefit provisions were
strengthened in some States to make them more
adequate to fulfill the dual functions of an un­
employment insurance program—sufficient com­
pensation to involuntarily unemployed workers
to cover weekly nondeferrable expenses and
maintenance of the economy’s purchasing power
during periods of substantial unemployment.
D tjking

Benefits

Significant amendments to benefit provisions
were made in 19 States. Ten States increased
their maximum weekly benefit amounts, and
seven increased their minimums (table 1). One
State, Wyoming, decreased its maximum from
55 to 50 percent of the State average weekly wage.
Arkansas and North Dakota adopted flexible
maximum weekly benefit amounts, computed at
50 percent of the State average weekly wage,
thus bringing to 11 the number of States which
have flexible maximums.1 As a result of flexible
maximums already in operation, six States and
the District of Columbia increased their maximum
weekly benefit amounts in accordance with in­
creases in their respective average weekly wages.2


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

Changes were’ made in minimum qualifying re­
quirements in 10 States and in the method of
computing the weekly benefit amount in 3.
With repeal of its waiting week provision,
Delaware joined Maryland, Nevada, and North
Carolina as the only States in which the first week
of unemployment in the benefit year is compensa­
ble. In Idaho and Tennessee, changes were made
in the requalifying requirements for a second bene­
fit year. The partial earnings allowance was
increased in South Dakota from $3 to half of the
claimant’s earnings in a week of less than full­
time work (but the combined earnings allowance
and benefit may not exceed 1){ times the claimant’s
weekly benefit amount); in Wyoming, a decrease
(for most claimants) in the allowance from half of
the claimant’s weekly benefit amount to $10 was
enacted. In addition, Wisconsin became the final
State to establish a “ benefit year.” Colorado
repealed a section of its law that permitted a
25-percent increase in the weekly benefit amount
for an eligible claimant who had worked in covered
employment in the State and had not received
benefits during the 5 consecutive calendar years
ending on the December 31 preceding the start of
his benefit year.
Four States changed the duration of benefits.
Colorado reduced its maximum potential duration
from the lesser of 32% times the weekly benefit
amount or half of base-period wages to the lesser
of 26 times the weekly benefit amount or a third of
base-period wages. A greater amount of wages is
thus required to qualify for the same potential
duration than was necessary under the prior
formula. In a variable duration formula such as
that in effect in Colorado, the fraction of baseperiod wages divided by the claimant’s weekly
benefit amount equals the number of weeks, up to
a specified maximum, for which benefits may be
drawn.
In North Dakota, uniform duration (the same
number of weeks for all claimants who qualify for
1 Excluded Is a Mississippi provision enacted in 1958 which sets the maxi­
mum at 55 percent of the State’s average weekly covered wage, hut not to
exceed $30.
2Maximum weekly benefit amounts were increased in 1963 as specified
in the following jurisdictions: District of Columbia—$50, Idaho—$45,
Kansas—$46, South Carolina—$37, Utah—$46, Vermont—$42, and Wiscon­
sin—$54. Except in South Carolina and Wisconsin, where the increases
amounted to $2, the new maximums represent a $1 increase over previously
effective maximum benefit amounts.

169

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE LEGISLATION IN 1963

Coverage

benefits) of 24 weeks was changed to a variable
formula which provides duration of 18 weeks with
earnings of at least 40 times the weekly benefit
amount, 22 weeks with 55 times the weekly benefit
amount, and 26 weeks with 70 times the weekly
benefit amount. Ohio changed from the lesser of
26 times the weekly benefit amount or total baseperiod wages to 20 times the weekly benefit amount
for the first and minimum qualifying 20 baseperiod credit weeks (weeks with wages of at least
$20) plus 1 additional week for each 2 credit weeks,
up to a maximum of 26 weeks. The change in
Tennessee was from uniform duration of 22 weeks
to variable duration of the lesser of 26 times the
weekly benefit amount or a third of base-period
wages.
T

able

1. S i g n i f i c a n t C h a n g e s

in

Several States enacted minor inclusions or ex­
clusions from coverage in 1963, but the changes are
significant in only two States. An amendment
was enacted in Nebraska allowing State political
subdivisions and their instrumentalities to elect
unemployment insurance coverage for their em­
ployees. Benefits will be financed by reimburse­
ment rather than by regular contributions.
Thirty-three States now provide some form of
coverage for some of their own or local government
employees. In Arkansas, coverage under the
State law was extended to services covered under
the 1960 amendments to the Federal Unemploy­
ment Tax Act.

B e n e f i t P r o v i s io n s

Maximum benefit

Minimum
benefit

Sta te U n em plo y m en t I n su r a n ce L a w s, 1 9 6 3

of

Minimum qualifying requirements

Method of computation

State
Prom
Arkansas

To

$30.......................... 50 percent of State
average weekly
wage (maxi­
mum—$35).

California____

From

To

$10

$15

$10

$25

Massachusetts. » $40........ ............... i $45____________
Michigan
NrGhrn.sk»

1$30-$55................. l $33-$60________
$34......................... $38..........................

New Ham p­
shire ______ $40....... ............. . $45— ......... .......... $12
North Dakota. $36......................... 50 percent of State $10
average weekly
wage (maxi­
mum—$43).
Ohio.................

O reg o n _____ $40.......................

$44........................

$15

South Dakota. $33............ ............ $34-___ _______
Tennessee.
$32.......................... $36.......................... $8

$13
$15

$12

Vermont_____
$35........................ . $10

Wyomine

50 percent of State
average weekly
wage (maxi­
mum—$45s).

_ . 55 percent of State
average weekly
wage (maxi­
mum—i $49$55).

To

For claimants with
more than 75 per­
cent of base period
wages in one quar­
ter, the lower of 30
times weekly bene­
fit amount or $750.
$650 base-period
wages.

For claimants with
more than 75 per­
cent of base period
wages in one quar­
ter, $630 base
period wages and
$458 high quarter
wages.
$700 base-period
wages.

$400 in two quarters
with at least $100
in each of such
quarters.

$600 base-period
wages with at least
$200 in each of two
quarters.

39 times weekly bene­
fit amount.

40 times weekly bene­
fit amount.

20 weeks of employ­
ment with $240.

20 weeks of employ­
ment with $20 in
each week.

$12

To

Mr toT54« of highquarter wages.

50 percent of
average weekly
wage in credit
weeks ($20 or
more).
1.25 percent of
base-period
wages.

wages.

40 to 60 times weekly 36 times weekly bene­
fit amount with
benefit amount
with $182 high
$286.01 high quar­
quarter wages.
ter wages.
$700 base-period
$400 base-period
wages and 19 weeks
wages and 19 weeks
with $20 in each.
with 16 hours or 2
full days in each.
30 times weekly bene­ 20 weeks with $20 in
each.
fit amount.
$500 base-period
wages.
154 high-quarter
wages.

i Higher figure includes dependents’ allowances. In Massachusetts,
higher amount not shown since augmented weekly benefit is limited to
claimant’s average weekly wage.


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From

Ut> of high-quarter

$20

U tah................

West Virginia. $32

From

542 to 54s

of highquarter wages.

$700 base-period
wages.
l) i high-quarter
wages and 26 weeks
with $18 and 24
hours in each.

s Provision for dependents’ allowances repealed,

50 percent of
average weekly
wage in 20 high­
est weeks.

170
Disqualifications

Disqualifications for at least one of the three
major causes—-voluntary leaving, misconduct, and
refusal of suitable work—-were increased in eight
States and reduced in one. In West Virginia, the
disqualification for misconduct was reduced from
the duration of the period of unemployment plus
30 days of insured work to a disqualification for
the week in which the disqualifying act occurred
plus 6 weeks.
Montana increased the minimum disqualification
for the three major causes from 1 to 2 weeks.
The disqualifications for voluntary leaving and
misconduct in Nebraska remain at the week of
occurrence plus 1 to 5 weeks but, in addition,
the total benefits payable are reduced by the
weekly benefit amount times the weeks of dis­
qualification. South Dakota increased its dis­
qualification for voluntary leaving from 1 to 5
weeks with reduction of benefits to 4 to 9 weeks
with benefit reduction, and disqualification for
misconduct was increased from 1 to 10 weeks
to 7 to 24 weeks with the reduction of benefits
continued.
North Dakota, Tennessee, and Wyoming
increased their disqualifications for the three
major causes to the duration of the period of
unemployment. The number of States which
impose a disqualification for the duration of the
period of unemployment or longer for at least
one of the three major causes now stands at
29. North Dakota requires earnings of 10 times
the weekly benefit amount before a claimant can
be eligible in a subsequent period of unemploy­
ment; in Tennessee, the earnings requirement is
set at 5 times the weekly benefit amount. Ohio,
which already disqualified for the duration for
the three major causes, increased its requirement
of earnings to purge the disqualification from the
amount of the weekly benefit to 6 weeks of work
and 6 times the weekly benefit amount.
In Colorado, an entirely new concept of
disqualification was instituted. The normal dis­
qualifications for voluntary leaving, misconduct,
and refusal of suitable work have been replaced
with a system of benefit awards. This involves
the granting of full awards, fifty percent awards,
optional and special awards, or no awards of
benefits for a long list of factual situations under
which a claimant may be separated. The provi­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

sion attempts to identify in the law as many as
possible of the specific situations upon which the
payment or denial of benefits could be based.
Provision is made for adjudicating factual situa­
tions which are not identified in the law by the
application of general regulations governing
optional awards of benefits.
The trend toward reducing benefit amounts
or singling out categories of claimants for special
treatment for various reasons not necessarily
related to the fact of their unemployment was
continued during 1963. Changes in laws were
adopted requiring presumptions of unavailability
for work (and thus ineligibility for benefits) for
claimants who reach age 65 or who are entitled
to file for old-age benefits under Title II of the
Social Security Act. A considerably stricter test
of attachment to the labor force—generally
satisfied by a more intensive work search—is
usually required to overcome the adverse pre­
sumption. Typical of this kind of provision is
a recent amendment to the Oregon law directing
that:
. . . an individual who is unemployed and eligible to
receive old-age insurance benefits under Title II of the
Federal Social Security Act is presumed to have withdrawn
from the labor force and shall be ineligible for unemploy­
ment compensation benefits unless and until it is demon­
strated to the Commissioner’s satisfaction that such
individual has not voluntarily withdrawn from the labor
force. . . .

Two additional States enacted amendments
reducing weekly benefit amounts for receipt of
old-age benefits under Title II of the Social
Security Act. Ohio deducts one-half the amount
of the old-age benefits received, prorated weekly,
while in Wyoming, the weekly benefit amount is
reduced by the total weekly prorated amount of
old-age benefits received. Thirteen States now
make some reduction for receipt of these benefits.
With adoption of amendments in New York, Ohio,
and Wyoming, the number of States which reduce
the benefit amount by the amount of payments
made under an employer’s pension plan was
increased to 32. In New York, the retirement
payment is deductible from the weekly benefit
amount only when such amount is chargeable to
the same employer who was the sole contributor,
or who contributed at least 50 percent, to the plan
under which the retirement payment is made.
If the employer was the sole contributor, the

171

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE LEGISLATION IN 1963

entire prorated weekly amount of the pension is
deductible; if the employer contributed at least
50 percent to the plan, the weekly benefit amount
is reduced by half the prorated weekly pension
payment. The weekly benefit amount in Ohio is
reduced by retirement payments wholly financed
by an employer or by half such payments if
financed by both employer and employee. Retire­
ment income financed at least in part by a baseperiod employer is deducted from the weekly
benefit amount in Wyoming.
Wisconsin liberalized its prior provision under
which all but $5 of the retirement payment was
deductible. Under the amended provision, the
part of the retirement payment financed by the
claimant, if it can be readily estimated, is non­
deductible; however, the prior provision continues
to apply in those instances where such estimate
cannot be readily made.
The practice of reducing weekly benefit amounts
paid to interstate claimants (individuals who file a
claim in one State against another State where
they have earned qualifying wages), initiated in
Alaska several years ago, has been adopted by
two other States. The original provision was
intended to cope with the special seasonal nature
of employment in Alaska and limits to $20 the
maximum weekly benefit amount that can be
paid to interstate claimants. Wyoming amended
its law to limit the maximum weekly benefit
amount of an interstate claimant to 75 percent of
what his weekly benefit would be if he had filed his
claim in Wyoming, but not to exceed the maximum
benefit amount payable in the State of filing.
In Ohio, a bill was enacted limiting the maximum
weekly benefit amount for an interstate claimant
to the lesser of the average weeldy benefit amount
of the State in which the claim was filed or the
amount payable under the Ohio law.
A particularly significant amendment, applica­
ble to individuals who earned $6,000 or more in
base-period wages, was adopted in South Dakota.
Such persons would be disqualified from benefits
for periods ranging from 7 to 13 weeks, depending
on how much they had earned. This amendment
incorporated a “ saving” clause which states that
if, prior to January 8, 1964, the Secretary of
Labor finds that the amendment is not in con­
formity with the requirements of the Social
Security Act and the Federal Unemployment
Tax Act, it will not become operative. The


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arguments of the Bureau of Employment Security
contending that the South Dakota amendment is
inconsistent with the Federal requirements and
the opposing arguments of the State of South
Dakota have been presented to the Secretary of
Labor, but at the time this article was written, a
decision had not been issued.
Training

Two additional States, Arkansas and Hawaii,
amended their availability-for-work requirements
to permit otherwise eligible claimants to attend
approved training or retraining courses without
being disqualified for the receipt of benefits.
There are now 25 States whose laws or formal
interpretations specifically permit the payment
of benefits to individuals undergoing approved
training. In Illinois, the limitation of 8 weeks of
benefit payments for claimants attending an
approved training course was deleted, permitting
receipt of benefits for the maximum duration if
necessary. This amendment, to be continued in
the law until July 1, 1965, also provided that such
a claimant be denied benefits for any week during
which extended benefits are payable under the
State law if he has exhausted his benefits or
terminated his benefit year, unless the exhaustion
or termination has occurred within 8 days of the
beginning of a period of extended benefit pay­
ments. Nebraska provided that, in addition to
the prior exemption from disqualification, an
otherwise eligible claimant enrolled in an approved
vocational training or retraining course shall be
considered available for work.
Financing

Changes in financing provisions were enacted in
over one-third of the States. Five States in­
creased their $3,000 taxable wage base-—Utah to
$4,200; Idaho, Michigan, and Vermont to $3,600;
and Tennessee to $3,300. A total of 14 States,
with about one-fourth of the Nation’s covered
payroll, now provide for a taxable wage base in
excess of $3,000.
Amendments designed to increase fund solvency
protection were enacted by eight States (table 2).
Eleven States raised the maximum tax rates
potentially payable by employers; in six of these
States, the statutory maximum rate was raised
above 2.7 percent for the first time. This brings

172
T

a ble

F

und

m en t

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964
2.
I n c r e a s e s in
M a x im u m T a x R a t e s
S o l v e n c y P r o t e c t io n U n d e r S t a t e U n e m
I n su r a n c e L a w s, 1963

Percent increase in maximum rate

State

From
Arkansas_____

2.7

■Florida

2.9

Hawaii
2.7
Idaho________ 3.375
Louisiana____
Michigan_____ 4.5

To

1 4.0 (four steps *— maximum
reached Jan. 1, 1966).
4.5 (three steps »—maximum
reached Jan. 1, 1966).
3.0 (reverts to 2.7 on July 1,1964).
i 5.1...... ..........................................
6.6 (five steps2—maximum
reached Jan. 1, 1968).

New Hamp­
shire.-...........
New M exico...
Ohio..................
U tah.................
Vermont . . .

2.7
2.7
3.2

1 4.0

2.7

Wisconsin

4.0

4.5 (three steps »—maximum
reached July 1, 1965).
1 4.4
(two steps »—maximum
reached Jan. 1, 1966).
3.2.............................................

Wyoming......... 2.7

_
3 .6 ...............................................
4.7_ _____
_

and
ploy­

Increased
fund
solvency
protection
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

1 Increase applies only to deficit-balance employers.
» Steps refer to proportionally spaced increases until the indicated maxi­
mum is reached at specified date.

to 33 the number of States with maximum rates
above 2.7 percent. Minimum tax rates were
increased in Florida, Hawaii, and Vermont; in
New Hampshire, the minimum rate was decreased.
In addition, the standard tax rate-—-the rate a new
employer must pay until he becomes eligible for a
rate calculated on the basis of his unemployment
experience—was increased in Ohio and Idaho.
The Idaho increase is based on a schedule varying
with the State reserve ratio.
Experience-rating systems were changed in
Oregon and New York. In Oregon, a reserve
ratio system was changed to one based on benefit
ratios. New York amended its law to eliminate
secondary adjustment factors, thus simplifying
its reserve ratio formula. Tax rate structures
were strengthened in Oregon, Utah, and Vermont
by the addition of “array” methods of rate assign­
ments which guarantee a specified, predetermined

tax yield per year. Reserve fund adequacy and
trigger points for signaling the application of
higher or lower tax yielding schedules are now
measured in terms of total, rather than taxable,
wages in Arkansas, Utah, and Vermont. In
Nevada, the use of total wages as indicators of
fund adequacy was retained as a result of a
gubernatorial veto of a bill which would have
provided for the use of taxable wage measures.
Total wage indicators are recommended because
they measure current potential benefit liability
more adequately than taxable wages, since tax­
able wages now represent only about 60 percent
of total wages in covered employment.
These changes, as well as the increases in the
taxable wage base, can be viewed as recognition
of the need for strengthening of the financial
structure of the unemployment insurance system.
An evaluation of State reserve funds in relation to
potential benefit costs reveals that in almost half
the States (24), current reserves are equivalent to
less than the recommended minimum for an
adequate fund—1.5 times the high 12-month
benefit cost rate during the last 10 years.3 In six
States,4 the multiple is equal to less than 1 times
such cost rate. This indicates that if periods of
unemployment as severe as the previous recent
high 12-month periods were to occur again, the
funds in these States may be inadequate to
provide assurance of reserve fund solvency.
— G ordon H . R u b in
Bureau of Employment Security
* Past experience Indicates that the unemployment Insurance reserve fund
should be at a level at which its ratio to annual covered payroll represents at
least
times the highest benefit cost ratio (benefit expenditures as a per­
cent of total covered payroll) experienced for a 12-month period during the
last 10 years.
* Alaska, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming.

Stabilization of employment agreements are [older than] the organized labor
movement. In 1647, in Providence, R.I., domestic workers enjoyed job security pro­
tection 129 years before the American Revolution. A Rhode Island law, designed to
curb unemployment, prohibited an employer from firing a servant without reasonable
cause and without the written approval of the chief officer of the town and “three or
four able and discreet men of the Common Council.” Even earlier, in 1642, Georgia’s
Governor Oglethorpe issued a decree providing for severance pay for domestic workers.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(Railway Labor Executives’
Association, November 14, 1961), p. 3.

— N e w s F r o m th e R L E A

JOB PAY LEVELS AND TRENDS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS

Job Pay Levels and Trends
in Metropolitan Areas, 1963
of office clerical w ork­
ers and of industrial nurses increased 2.9 and 3.3
percent, respectively, between February 1962 and
February 1963, according to the fourth annual
Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of nationwide
occupational pay levels in metropolitan areas.1
Average hourly earnings for skilled maintenance
men and unskilled plant workers rose 2.7 and 3.3
percent, respectively. Wage increases were
slightly smaller during the year ending Febru­
ary 1963 than in each of the 2 earlier years.
Seventeen metropolitan areas were surveyed in
each of the years 1953, 1958, and 1963. During
this decade, median average annual wage increases
computed for four occupational groups ranged
from 3.9 percent for women office clerical workers
to 4.5 percent for women industrial nurses. Aver­
age earnings of skilled maintenance men and un­
skilled plant workers increased 4.3 and 4.2 percent,
respectively. Sharpest advances occurred in the
first half of the decade.
Average pay levels were generally highest in
public utilities and next highest in manufacturing
among the six industry divisions included in the
survey program. Pay levels tended to be higher
in the West than in the other three regions. In ­
dividual employee earnings were widely dispersed
within each job; the highest individual rates were
commonly three and four times as high as the
lowest rates within the same job.

A verage w eekly salaries

Scope and Method of Survey
The data on wage levels in this article relate to
all 212 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in
the United States, as revised by the Bureau of the
Budget in 1961. The all-area estimates are based
on data for a sample of 80 areas.2
Each of the 80 labor markets was selected
from a stratum of areas similar in size, regional
location, and type of industrial activity. Insofar
as possible, probability sampling was used, with
each area having a chance of selection roughly
proportionate to its total nonagricultural employ­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

173

ment. Each of 37 large areas formed a
stratum by itself and was certain of inclusion in
the sample. Each of the 43 other areas repre­
sented itself and one similar area, or more, with
the data from each area weighted by the ratio of
total nonagricultural employment in the stratum
to that in the sample area in preparing estimates
for all areas combined.
Within each area, data were obtained from rep­
resentative establishments within six broad indus­
try divisions: Manufacturing; transportation,
communication, and other public utilities; whole­
sale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and
real estate; and selected services. Nearly 12,000
establishments employing 8.1 million workers were
included in the Bureau’s sample to represent more
than 63,000 establishments employing nearly 17.3
million workers within the scope of the studies in
all metropolitan areas. This total included 3.2
million nonsupervisory office workers and 10.8
million nonsupervisory plant workers. Excluded
from the scope of the studies were government
institutions and the construction and extractive
industries.
Pay Levels
Office Occupations. Average weekly salaries for
office jobs in all areas and industries combined
ranged from $112 for men tabulating machine
operators (class A) to $56.50 for women file clerks
(class C ). Nearly 9 out of every 10 workers were
women in the office clerical jobs selected for study.
Nationwide averages for the three numerically
most important women’s jobs were: Secretaries,
$96.50; general stenographers, $77.50; and typists
(class B), $65. (See table 1.)
The pay position of women in the five jobs
studied with typing as an important part of the
job were as shown in the tabulation on the follow­
ing page.
1 F e b ru a ry serves a s an av erag e of th e period to w hich th e
in d iv id u al are a d a ta refer. T he d a ta w ere collected d u rin g th e
fiscal y ear ending Ju n e 30, 1963. A m ore com plete re p o rt w ill
be issued as W a g e s a n d R e l a t e d B e n e f i t s i n M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s ,
U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d R e g i o n a l S u m m a r i e s , 1 9 6 2 —63 ( P a r t I I of BLS
B u lletin 1 3 4 5 -8 3 ).
2 T he 80 surveys w ere sp read th ro u g h o u t th e y ear. D a ta re­
la te to a single p ay ro ll period in th e m onth selected fo r stu d y in
each area.

174

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

a few exceptions, those found in each region and
industry division.
By industry, secretaries and senior stenogra­
phers were highest paid in public utilities, with
averages of $103 and $93.50, respectively; they
averaged $100.50 and $92 in manufacturing. Pay

P e rc en t o f secreta ries9
ea rn in g s

92
80
80
67

Senior stenographers________________
General stenographers_______________
Typists, class A____________________
Typists, class B ____________________

These relationships do not necessarily represent
earnings in identical establishments and may re­
flect differences in occupational requirements of
establishments with varying levels of pay.3 How­
ever, these relationships approximated, with only
T a b l e 1.

8F o r a sum m ary of occupational w age re latio n sh ip s fou n d
w ith in in d iv id u al estab lish m en ts, see “ O ccupational W age R ela­
tio n sh ip s in M etro p o litan A reas, 1961-62,” M o n th ly L abor R e­
view , Decem ber 1963, pp. 1426—1431.

A v e r a g e W e e k l y S a l a r ie s 1 f o r S e l e c t e d O f f i c e
M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y I n d u s t r y D i v i s i o n

and
and

P r o f e s s io n a l a n d T
R e g i o n ,2 F e b r u a r y

e c h n ic a l

Industry division
Sex and occupation

All
areas

Manu­ All non- Public
Whole­
facturing manufac­ utilities * sale trade
turing

Retail
trade

O c c u p a t io n s

in

19633
Region2
North­
east
South

North
Central

West

$102. 50 $108. 00 $107. 00
79. 00 89.50
86. 50
97. 50 86.00
59.00
61.50
58. 00

$114.50
91. 00
106. 00
65. 00

$111.00
95. 00
106. 50
69. 00

Finance 5 Services

Office C lerical
M en

Clerks:
Accounting, class A............
Accounting, class B ______
Order__________________
Office boys_________________
Tabulating machine operators:
Class A________________
Class B________________
Class C_................ ...............

$110.50
89.50
100.50
62.50

$116. 50
94.50
105. 00
64.50

$105. 00
86.50
98.00
61.50

$110.50
97.50

112. 00
94. 00
78. 00

115. 50
99. 00
82.50

108.50
91.00
76. 00

82. 00
66.50

86. 50
74. 50

91.00
72.00
63. 00
56. 50
73. 00
81. 00
78. 00

$100.50
77.00
93.00
60.50

$96. 00
76. 50

71.50

$106. 00
86.50
99. 00
63. 00

118. 00
99.50
89.50

114. 00
94. 00
79.00

102.50
88. 00
71.50

102.50
85. 50
71.50

113.50
96.50

108.00
90.50
74.50

109. 00
89. 00
71.50

115. 00
96.50
82. 00

112. 00
103. 00
88.00

79. 50
65. 00

87.50
77.00

85. 00
71.00

79.50
65.00

73.50
62.50

84. 00
73.50

81.00
67.00

74.50
61.50

84. 50
67.50

89.00
70.00

95. 00
77. 00
69. 00
63.50
76.50
81. 00
82.50

89. 00
69.50
61.00
55. 00
70. 00
81.00
75. 50

96.00
77.00
71. 50
67.50
81.50
88. 00
90.00

93. 00
74. 00
64. 50
57.50
74. 50
87. 00
76.50

84. 00
65.50
56.00
52. 00
62.50
73.50
71.00

83.50
64. 50
59. 00
54.50
82. 00
72. 00

89.50
69. 00
62. 00
54. 00
63. 50
77.50
75.50

89.50
71.00
64. 00
58.00
72. 50
78. 00
77.50

86. 00
67.50
58.50
52.50
66.00
75. 50
70. 00

93. 00
73. 00
63. 00
55. 00
73.50
84. 00
78.50

96.50
78. 00
64.50
62.50
82. 00
91.00
85.50

82.50
71.50
60.50
96. 50
77.50
89. 00
73. 00

85.50
76. 00
64. 50
100.50
80.50
92. 00
84. 00

80. 00
69. 00
59. 00
93.50
74. 50
86. 00
69. 50

89. 00
76.50
65. 00
103. 00
84.00
93. 50
88. 00

82. 00
73.00
61.00
95. 50
75.50
88.50
77.50

75. 00
66. 00
57.50
88. 00
69. 00
82. 00
60.50

74. 00
64. 00
57.00
89. 00
69.50
80.00
72.50

82.50
70.50
60.50
94. 00
76. 50
88. 00
59.50

81.00
69. 50
61.00
97.00
77.00
87.00
76. 00

78. 00
64.50
56. 00
88.50
72. 50
86. 50
62. 00

83.50
73.50
60. 00
98. 50
78. 00
90.50
74.00

88. 00
80. 00
64. 00
101. 00
84. 00
92. 00
77.00

86. 00
70. 50

93.50
81. 00

83. 00
68. 00

83. 00
68. 00

85. 00
70.00

83.50
70.50

81.50
65.50

84. 00
67.50

78.00
67.50

90.00
74.50

93.50
76.50

77.50
65. 00

81.50
70. 00

74. 50
62. 50

80.50
70.00

78.50
65.50

72. 50
61.50

71.00
60.00

78. 00
64. 50

76.50
64. 00

70. 50
58.00

80.00
65.50

80. 50
70.50

161. 50
131. 00
99.50

160.50
130. 00
99. 00

164. 00
133.50
101. 00

150. 00
127. 00
102.50

127. 00
94.50

129. 50

168 50
136. 00
101.50

160. 50
128. 50
97.50

159. 00
124. 00
90.50

166. 00
136. 00
104. 50

155. 00
130. 50
100.50

102.50

103. 00

101.00

109. 00

100.50

100.50

103. 00

110. 00

58.00

W o m en

B o o k k ee p in g m a c h in e op erato rs:
C lass A _______________________
C lass B _______ ____ __________
C lerks:
A cco u n tin g , class A ___________
A cco u n tin g , class B ___________
F ile , class B __________________
F ile, class C __________________
O rd er____ ____________________
P a y ro ll_______________________
C o m p to m e te r o p erato rs______ ____
K e y p u n c h op erato rs:
C lass A _______________________
C lass B .............................................
Office g irls________________________
S ecretarie s________________________
S ten o g ra p h ers, g en e ra l____________
S ten o g ra p h ers, sen io r_____________
S w itc h b o a rd o p e ra to rs____________
T a b u la tin g m acine operators:
C lass B _______________________
C lass C _______________________
T y p is ts :
C lass A .......................... ........... ........
C lass B _ -______ ______________

P rofessional

and

T echnical

M en

D ra fts m e n , le a d e r_________________
D ra fts m e n , sen io r_________________
D ra fts m e n , ju n io r_________________
W om en

N u rses, in d u s tria l (registered)...........

1 Earnings based on hours for which employees received their regular
straight-time salaries.
2 The regions in this study are: N o rth e a st —Connecticut, Maine, Massa­
chusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Vermont; Sou th — Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
and West Virginia; N o rth C en tra l —Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

88.00

97.50

Wisconsin; and W e st —Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
3
Average month of reference. Individual area surveys were conducted
from July 1, 1962 through June 30, 1963.
* Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
3 Finance, insurance, and real estate.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or insufficient data to meet
publication criteria.

175

JOB PAY LEVELS AND TRENDS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
T

a ble

2.

A

H

verage

ourly

E

a r n in g s

D

1

S

fo r

iv is io n

elected
and

R

P

lan t

e g io n

,2 F

O c c u p a t io n s in
1963 3

M

e t r o p o l it a n

A

Occupation

M

a in t e n a n c e a n d

T

*

M a c h i n e t o o l o p e r a t o r s ( t o o lr o o m )

Machinists
M e c h a n ic s , a u t o m o t iv e

Mechanics ________________

__________

M i ll w r i g h t s

____ _________________ _______

P ip e fitte r s
S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk ers
T o o l anrl d i e makers
C

u st o d ia l a n d

M

a t e r ia l

M

Public
utili­
ties 5

Whole­
sale
trade

Retail
trade

Fi­
nance 6

Serv­
ices

North­ South
east

North West
Central

O r d e r fille r s

.........................................

T r u c k e r s , p o w e r ( f o r t li f t )

$ 2 .9 8
3 .1 7
2 .4 6
3 .1 6
3 .1 6
2. 91
2 .9 9
3 .1 6
2 .9 2
3 .1 9
3 .1 6
3 .3 2

$ 2 .9 7
3 .1 7
2 .4 9
3 .1 7
3 .1 6
2 .8 9
2 .9 9
3 .1 6
2 .9 9
3 .1 9
3 .1 7
3 .3 2

$ 2 .9 8
3. 21
2. 37

$ 2 .7 7
3 .2 7
2. 43

$ 3 .0 0
2 .1 5

$ 3 .2 5
3 .1 6
1 .9 6

3 .1 4
2 .9 1
3. 0 0

3 .1 2
2 .9 3
3 .2 4

2 .8 6
2 .8 1

2. 80
2 .8 5

2. 77
3. 25
2 .9 8
3 .2 9

2 .9 4
3 .1 7

1 .8 7
1 .5 6
2 .2 4
2 .2 4
2. 64
2 .4 7

2. 08
1 .8 9
2 .1 9
2. 27
2 .6 1
2. 47

1 .6 6
1 .4 8
2 .2 9
2 .2 3
2. 66
2 .4 6

2 .0 2
1. 70
2 .5 9
2 .4 8
2 .8 5
2 .5 1

3. 04

$3. 09
3 .2 3
2 .4 6

$ 2 .7 9
2 .9 7
2 .0 9

2 .7 3
2. 56
2 .8 2

2. 46

3 .3 5

$ 2 .8 9
3. 04
2. 43
2 .9 6
3 .0 6
2 .8 6
2 .9 2
3. 09
2. 74
3. 02
3. 05
3 .1 5

$ 2 .8 7
3. 09
2. 39
3 .0 4
3 .1 2
2. 63
2. 85
3 .1 6
2 .8 4
3. 31
3 .2 1
3 .1 3

$3. 09
3 .2 7
2. 56
3 .2 5
3 .2 4
3. 00
3. 09
3 .1 9
3 .1 0
3. 23
3 .2 5
3. 43

$ 3 .1 5
3 .3 3
2 .5 7
3 .1 8
3 .3 0
3 .1 8
3 .1 4
3 .2 5
3 .1 3
3. 26
3 .1 3
3 .3 8

1 .9 0
1 .6 2
2 .2 7
2 .2 9
2 .7 8
2 .4 8

1 .4 5
1 .1 5
1 .7 7
1 .7 5
2 .1 4
2. 07

2. 04
1 .6 5
2 .3 9
2 .3 8
2 .8 2
2 .5 8

2. 01
1 .7 9
2 . 52
2 .5 3
2. 81
2. 66

ovem ent

Janitors, m en___________ ________________
Janitors, women____ - ------------------------- -Laborers, material handling
___ _______
Truckdrivers . . .

n d u str y

oolroom

Carpenters ______ - __________________
Electricians____________ ______ ___________
Helpers, trades______ __________ _______

Painters

Manu­ All nonfactur­ manufacturing
ing

I

Region2

Industry division
All
areas

rea s, b y

ebru a ry

1 .7 6
1 .5 1
2 .0 8
2 .1 8
2. 48
2. 38

1 .4 6
1 .2 2
2. 03
2. 32
2. 38
2 .5 1

1 .7 2
1 .4 9

1 .6 0
1 .4 9
1. 86

1 .9 9

2 .1 8

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 For definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
4 Data limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated.

s Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
6 Finance, insurance, and real estate.
N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or insufficient data to meet
publication criteria.

levels in wholesale trade and services were several
dollars below those in manufacturing but signifi­
cantly above salaries paid in finance and retail
trade. Shorter weekly work schedules partially
offset the lower weekly salary level in the finance
division.
By region, secretaries were highest paid in the
West. In the following tabulation, average week­
ly salaries in some of the larger areas are compared
with the regional averages for secretaries:

All-industry averages for men exceeded those
for women in each of the six jobs for which data
are shown for both sexes. The greatest differ­
ence between men’s and women’s earnings in the
same job category was for order clerks where men
averaged $100.50, compared with $73 for women.4

Northeast______________________
New York_________________________
Philadelphia________________
Boston_____________________
South__________________________
Atlanta____________________
Dallas_____________________
Washington, D.C____________
North Central__________________
Chicago___________________________
Detroit___________________________
West_________________________________
Los Angeles_______________________
San Francisco_____________________

$97. 00
94.
89.
88.
93.
90.
94.
98.

00
00
50
50
50
50
50

Professional and Technical Occupations. Sal­
aries of draftsmen averaged from $99.50 a week
for junior draftsmen to $161.50 for leader drafts­
men. Highest earnings for senior and leader
draftsmen were reported in the services industry
101.00
groups and in the North Central region.
Women industrial nurses averaged $102.50 a
week, $6 more than the average for secretaries.

Plant Occupations. Among the skilled craftsmen
studied, tool and die makers were the highest paid,
101.50
averaging $3.32 an hour while earnings of six of
110.00
the
101.00 maintenance trades—pipefitters, electricians,
machine-tool operators (toolroom), machinist,
105.00
102.50
millwrights, and sheet-metal workers—were clus­
tered at $3.16 to $3.19 an hour. Carpenters and
4
F o r an an aly sis of fa c to rs c o n trib u tin g to differences in e a rn ­ mechanics (machine repairmen) averaged $2.98
in g s of m en an d wom en in th e sam e jobs, see “Job P a y Levels,
and $2.99, respectively; auto mechanics and paint­
D ifferentials, an d T ren d s in 20 L abor M a rk ets,” M o n th ly Labor
ers averaged $2.91 and $2.92.
R eview , O ctober 1959, pp. 1120-1127.


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176

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

For most of the jobs included in the study, earn­
ings were typically lowest in retail trade and fi­
nance and in the South. Among the skilled trades,
however, carpenters and painters were highest
paid in retail trade, and pipefitters were highest
paid in the South. (See table 2.) In some areas,
retail stores paid construction rates to their main­
tenance carpenters and painters. The high rates
for pipefitters in the South reflect the high pro­
portion of these workers in the high-wage petro­
leum refining and chemical industries.
Among custodial and material movement jobs,
material-handling laborers—numerically the most
important workers—averaged $2.24 an hour.
Average earnings of laborers ranged from $1.86
in services to $2.59 in public utilities and, among
regions, from $1.77 in the South to $2.52 in the
West. Numerically, the next most important jobs
were those of truckdrivers and men janitors who
averaged $2.64 and $1.87, respectively. Average
hourly earnings of men janitors ranged from $1.46
in retail trade to $2.08 in manufacturing and from
T

a ble

3.

P

ercen

N In

c r e a s e in

7A

verage
by

E

$1.45 in the South to $2.04 in the North Central
region. Women janitors averaged $1.56 with earn­
ings highest in manufacturing ($1.89) and lowest
in retail trade ($1.22).
Industrial and Regional Variations

Pay levels within occupational groups showed
considerable variation among the industries and
regions studied. This variation was measured by
comparing aggregates obtained by multiplying na­
tional, regional, and industry division averages
for 19 office jobs (men and women combined), 8
skilled maintenance jobs (men),5 and 2 unskilled
plant jobs (men), by nationwide employment in
each job.
As shown in the tabulation on the following
page, unskilled plant workers had the greatest
range in industry pay levels—33 percent com­
pared with 21 percent for office workers.
5 An in d u stry com parison of p ay levels of skilled m ainten an ce
occupations w as n o t m ade because m o st w orkers w ere em ployed
in m an u factu rin g .

1 f o r S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n a l G
,3 f o r S e l e c t e d P e r io d s

a r n in g s

R

e g io n

r o u p s in

All industries
Period and region *

F ebruary 1962

to

to

to

F ebruary 1960

to

2

Manufacturing

Office
clerical
(men and
women)

Industrial
nurses
(men and
women)

2.9
2.8
3.2
2.5
3.4

3.3
3.6
3.2
2.8
4.4

2.7
26
26
2.7
27

3.3
Q ft
O3
3.2
A 1

3.3
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.3

3.6
4.0
3.3
3.3

3.1
3 2
3 4
6 2.9
33

3.3
3.6
3.2
2.8
3.7

3.7
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.4

9.7
10.1
10.1
8.6
10.8

11.0
11.6
10.6
10.4
11.8

Skilled
mainte­
nance
trades
(men)

Unskilled
plant
workers
(men)

Office
clerical
(men and
women)

Industrial
nurses
(men and
women)

Skilled
main tennance
trades
(men)

9Z . Q
O
9Q
Z.
o
2.9
9z. 0
oQ
0.0

9 09
0.
0. 0
3.0
2.8
4.5

2.5
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7

2.8
2.7
2.1
2.9
3.3

3.2
3 1
fl 4 K
69 o
Q9

3.2
9. 09
O
9 Z9
0.
9. 1i
O
o
0. oz

q. A$
O
0. ö
3.2
3.2
3.3

2.9
8 3.1
3.1
8 2.8
2.8

3.2
3.2
4.2
«3.0
2.6

3.6
3 7
3 6
3.6
3 6

3.6
63 6
«A l
9. 7Í
O

3.5
9. 7
O
/
9 0F
0.
99
9 4A
0.

3.7
3.4
3.9
a U
n
4.
3.3

0. 0
6 3.6
3.3
3.6
3.8

«3.7
3.7
3.0
«3.9
3.4

9.7
98
q9
9 5
99

10.5
10 6
98
10.5
11 4

9.7
in
1U. i1
Q
y. Q
y
Q i1
y.
in
1U. 09

in
IU. oq
11 z9
II.
10 3
11 0A
II.

9.3
9.1
9.2
9.6

Unskilled
plant
workers
(men)

F ebruary 1963 4

1 Earnings of office clerical workers and industrial nurses are based on
regular straight-time salaries that are paid for standard workweeks. Earn­
ings of skilled maintenance and unskilled plant workers are based on hourly
earnings excluding premium pay for overtime and work on weekends, holi­
days, and late shifts.
2188 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States, exclud­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

rea s,

F ebruary 19614

United States
Northeast_____
South_______
North Central—
W ests_____

United States______
Northeast_____
South —
North Central_______
W est5___

A

F ebruary 19624

United States-—
Northeast_____
South___
North Central- .
W e s t .
F ebruary 1960

e t r o p o l it a n

F ebruary 19634

United States____
Northeast_______
South_______
North Central___
W est5____ __
F ebruary 1961

M

9.9
9.6

ing Alaska and Hawaii, as revised by theBureau of the Budget thro ugh 1959.
3 For definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
4 Average months of reference. Individual area surveys were conducted
during the period July of one year through June of the next year.
5 Does not include Alaska and Hawaii.
®Revised estimate.

JOB PAY LEVELS AND TRENDS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
P e rc en t o f a ll-in ­
d u strie s p a y level
Office U n sk ille d
clerical
p l a n t ¡+,4

Manufacturing________________________
Transportation, communication, and other
public utilities______________________
Wholesale trade_______________________
Retail trade__________________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
Services______________________________

106

103

109
101
90
92
97

112
93
85
fl)
84

1Data do not meet publication criteria.

The highest regional pay level exceeded the lowest
by 14 percent for office workers, 9 percent for
skilled maintenance workers, and 41 percent for
unskilled plant workers.
P e r c e n t o f n a tio n a l p a y level
Office
S k ille d
U n sk ille d
clerica l m a in te n a n c e
p la n t

Northeast___ _ ___ _____
South____ _____
_____
North Central _ _
_____
W est__
__ _ ___ _____

99
93
102
106

96
96
103
105

101
78
108
110

Wage Trends
Between 1960 and 1963. Average weekly salaries
of office clerical workers and of industrial nurses
in metropolitan areas increased 2.9 and 3.3 percent,
respectively, between February of 1962 and 1963.
Average hourly pay rates for skilled maintenance
men rose 2.7 percent, and those for unskilled plant
workers rose 3.3 percent during that period. ( See
table 3.)
Pay rates for office clerical, skilled maintenance,
and unskilled plant workers rose less in manufac­
turing industries than in all industries combined.
Divergence between all-industry and manufactur­
ing estimates gives a clue to pay trends in non­
manufacturing, since the latter industry group
accounts for three-fifths of the office clerical work­
ers, nearly half of the unskilled plant workers,
and about a fifth of the skilled maintenance work­
ers included in this measurement of wage trends.
Percent increases during the year ending in Feb­
ruary 1963 were smaller than in each of the 2
earlier years for all four job groups in manufac­
turing and for all except unskilled plant workers
in the all-industry group.

« A tla n ta , B altim o re, B oston, Chicago, Cleveland, D allas, D en­
ver, Los A n geles-L ong Beach, M em phis, M ilwaukee, M inneapolisS t. P au l, N ew ark an d Je rse y C ity, New York City, P hiladelphia,
P o rtla n d (O reg .), S t. L ouis, an d San P ran cisco -O ak lan d .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

177

With only one exception, regional trends ex­
hibited the same pattern of equal or smaller per­
centage increases in manufacturing compared with
the increases in all industries. In all industries
and manufacturing, increases during the latest
year in the South and the Northeast, and North
Central regions were generally smaller than in the
earlier years. Except for the skilled maintenance
trades, however, pay rates in the West rose more
during 1962 than in 1961 for the occupational
groups studied.
Nationwide, the rise in pay rates between February 1960 and 1963 was greatest for industrial
nurses; unskilled plant worker rates in all indus­
tries rose 10.5 percent, compared with 9.7 percent
each for workers in office clerical jobs and skilled
maintenance trades.
In computing wage or salary trends, average
weekly salaries or hourly earnings for each of
the selected occupations of an occupational group
were multiplied by the 1961 employment in that
job within the area. These weighted earnings
were totaled and multiplied by the area weight
(the ratio of total nonagricultural employment
in the stratum to that in the area). The aggre­
gates thus obtained were totaled for all areas to
obtain an all-area aggregate. The all-area ag­
gregate for 1963 was compared with aggregates
for earlier years to arrive at the percentages of
change.
The percentages of change measure, principally,
the effects of (1) general salary and wage changes,
(2) merit or other increases in pay received by in­
dividual workers while in the same job, and (3)
changes in average wages due to changes in the
labor force resulting from labor turnover, force
expansions, and reductions, as well as changes in
the proportion of workers employed by establish­
ments with different pay levels.
The use of constant occupational employment
and area weights eliminates the effects of changes
in the proportion of workers represented in each
job or area included in the data. The percentages
of change are not influenced by changes in the
standard work schedules of salaried workers or in
premium pay for overtime, since they are based on
pay for straight-time hours.
Between 1953 and 1963. Seventeen metropolitan
areas 6 were studied in each of the years 1953,1958,

178

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

and 1963. Among these 17 areas, the time interval
between the 1953 and 1963 surveys ranged from
115 months in Boston to 128 months in Portland
(Oreg.). Correction of interarea variation in the
time interval between the first and last wage sur­
vey during the 10-year period was accomplished by
computing the average 12-month rate of increase
for each of the four occupational groups in each
area.
The following tabulation presents median an­
nual average increases by industry and occupational group :
I n d u s tr y a n d o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p

1953 1958
1953
to
to
to
1 9 6 3 1 1963 » 1 9 6 8 1

All industries

Office clerical (women)______________
Industrial nurses (women)___________
Skilled maintenance trades (men)_____
Unskilled plant (men)_______________

3.
4.
4.
4.

9
5
3
2

3.
3.
3.
3.

4
9
7
5

4. 5
5. 2
4. 8
5. 0

4.
4.
4.
4.

0
6
2
2

3.
4.
3.
3.

3
0
4
5

4. 6
5. 4
4. 8
4. 7

M anufacturing

Office clerical (women)______________
Industrial nurses (women)___________
Skilled maintenance trades (men)_____
Unskilled plant (men)_______________
1 Fiscal years ending June 30.

During this decade, median average annual in­
creases for the four occupational groups in all
industries ranged from 3.9 percent for women of­
fice clerical workers to 4.5 percent for women in­
dustrial nurses. Sharpest advances occurred in
the first half of the decade.
Salaries of women office clerical workers rose
less than the pay in any of the other occupational
groups, both over the 10-year span and the two
intervening 5-year periods. Industrial nurses’
salaries rose more than earnings in the other
groups studied. These patterns of high and low
rates of increase also prevailed among manufac­
turing workers. Hourly earnings of skilled main­
tenance workers rose about the same as earnings
of unskilled plant workers during the decade for
all industries and manufacturing.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N. J a r r e l l
Division of Ocupational Pay
— A

lexander

Wage Chronology:
Western Greyhound Lines1
Supplement No. 1—1954-632
E

N o t e .— This article, together with sup­
plemental tables tracing changes in related
wage practices, is available upon request to
the Bureau or any of its regional offices listed
on the inside front cover of this issue.

d i t o r ’s

D u r i n g the 9-year period 1954—
63, Western Grey­
hound Lines and the Amalgamated Association of
Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach Em­
ployes of America (SERMCE) amended the basic
document that governed company-union relations
and regulated working conditions five times.
Five agreements were also negotiated during that
period by the company and the International
Association of Machinists (IAM) for mainte­
nance employees in the San Francisco area.

The SERMCE Contracts
In mid-October 1954, the Pacific Greyhound
Lines1 and the SERMCE agreed on an 18-month
contract to replace the one that had expired on
September 30. The settlement provided for a
wage increase averaging 5y2 cents an hour—half
effective immediately and half on July 16, 1955—
for both operators and terminal employees in Cali­
fornia and six other western States. Operators
paid on a mileage basis received an immediate in­
crease of 1.37 mills per mile and an equivalent
amount in July 1955. The parties also reduced
service requirements for the third week of vacation
from 15 to 12 years. The contract, covering about
2,800 employees, was scheduled to expire March
1,1956.
In 1956, extended negotiations began on Janu­
ary 26 and culminated in a 2-year agreement on
1 T he Pacific G reyhound L ines changed its nam e to W estern
G reyhound L ines on Ju n e 1, 1957.
2 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1954, pp. 1340—1354.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN GREYHOUND LINES

March 29. Although settlement was not reached
by the scheduled expiration date of the previous
contract, service continued on a day-to-day basis.
The terms of the settlement, made retroactive to
March 2, provided a wage increase of 10 cents an
hour, or 4 mills a mile, for operators and $18 a
month for terminal employees. Additional in­
creases of 8 cents an hour, or 2.5 mills a mile, for
operators and $15 a month for terminal employees
were to be effective a year later. An employeepaid health and welfare plan was replaced by one
which the company and the employees would
finance by joint contributions until March 1957,
when the company was to assume the full cost of
the plan. Vacation benefits were liberalized and
certain other contract provisions were revised.
The agreement was to remain in force through
February 28,1958.
On June 1, 1957, Pacific Greyhound Lines
merged with Northwest Greyhound Lines and a
segment of Overland Greyhound Lines to form
Western Greyhound Lines.3 To facilitate bar­
gaining, the seven SEBMCE divisions of the
merged companies, in January 1958, organized a
Council of Western Amalgamated Divisions. In
addition to the classes of workers covered by the
previous agreement with Pacific Greyhound Lines,
the Council represented office workers throughout
the system and some of the maintenance employees
outside the San Francisco area. The 1958 agree­
ment, the first negotiated by the Council with
Western, was embodied in five separate contracts.
In 1960, the wages and working conditions for all
Western’s employees represented by the SERMCE
were incorporated into one document.
The first contracts between Western Greyhound
Lines and the SERMCE, agreed to in May 1958,
were made effective for 2 years from March 1,
1958. They varied the general wage increase in
order to standardize rates in all areas immediately.
The contracts also provided deferred increases,
effective March 1, 1959, of 8 cents an hour, or 3
mills a mile, for operators and $13.86 a month for
terminal employees. A number of existing sup­
plementary benefit provisions were improved, and
paid holidays were provided for the first time since
the parties started negotiating. A fourth week of
3
T h e new com pany operates over 17,529 ro u te m iles in A rizona,
C alifo rn ia, Idaho, M ontana, N evada, New Mexico, Oregon, T exas,
U tah , W ashin g to n , an d W yom ing.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

179
vacation after 25 years for operators and terminal
employees was also added to the growing list of
employee benefits. The company contribution to
the health and welfare plan was also increased
at this time. Improvements in the pension plan
were to be negotiated at a later date. The new
SERMCE contracts, covering about 4,700 employ­
ees, were scheduled to expire March 1, 1960.
On July 12,1960, after the 1958 agreement had
been extended three times, a 2-year contract, retro­
active to March 1, was signed. Terms of the set­
tlement included wage increases of 10 cents an
hour, or 4 mills a mile, for operators; 10 cents an
hour for maintenance employees; and $17.32 a
month for office and terminal employees. An ad­
ditional 8 cents an hour, 3 mills a mile, or $13.87
a month was to become effective on March 1, 1961.
The parties also agreed to an extensive reclassi­
fication of office jobs and increased holiday pay
for operators and terminal employees. A fourth
week of vacation was provided after 20 years, and
provisions for jury-duty pay were included in the
contract for the first time. Company contribu­
tions to the health and welfare fund were increased
and the pension plan improved. The agreement
was to remain in force through February 28,1962.
Beginning early in June and continuing be­
yond the February 28 expiration date of the exist­
ing contract, extended negotiations for a new
agreement culminated in a settlement on April 24,
1962. Before settlement was reached, members
of the SERMCE had voted to strike in support of
their demands, the parties had extended the term
of the agreement twice, and for a few days opera­
tions had continued without a contract.
Wage changes provided by the settlement in­
cluded increases of 8 cents an hour, 3 mills a mile,
or $13.87 a month retroactive to March 1, and
6 cents an hour, 2 mills a mile, or $10.40 a month
a year later. Office employees received additional
increases resulting from job classification adjust­
ments. Other contract changes included increased
holiday pay for operators and terminal employees
and a ninth paid holiday for office employees.
Meal allowances, subsistence pay for terminal em­
ployees, extra service pay for operators, and com­
pany contributions to the health and welfare plan
were increased in two steps over the term of the
agreement. Employees were permitted to accu-

180

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

mulate up to 7 days’ sick leave. The current con­
tract, covering 5,000 employees, was scheduled to
remain in effect through February 28,1964.
The IAM Contracts

Between June 1,1955, and June 1,1961, mainte­
nance employees in the San Francisco area, rep­
resented by the International Association of Ma­
chinists, received general wage increases totaling
almost $1.06 an hour. These increases, effective
June 1 of each year, were as follows: 15 cents,
1955; 12.5 cents, 1956; 8 cents, 1957; 16.25 cents,
1958; and 18 cents in each of the years 1959, 1960,
and 1961. In addition, the 1955 contract added a
ninth paid holiday and reduced service require­
ments for 3 weeks’ vacation. Both the 1958 and
1959 contracts provided for a further reduction
in the service requirements for 3 weeks’ vacation.
The 1959 contract was to remain in effect until
May 31,1962.
Negotiations between the IAM and the com­
pany for a new agreement began on April 1, 1962.
Economic demands of the union included a gen­

eral wage increase of $1.50 an hour spread over
3 years, a fourth week of vacation, increased pre­
mium pay for work on Smidays and paid holidays,
a new paid sick leave provision, and an improved
health and welfare plan. On May 30, the par­
ties agreed to extend the contract to June 30.
However, a work stoppage began at the end of
the extension period. Settlement was reached 12
days later, on July 11.
The new 3-year agreement provided for hourly
wage increases of 16, 14, and 12 cents an hour, ef­
fective June 1, 1962, 1963, and 1964, respectively.
Changes in supplementary benefits included a new
paid sick leave provision, increased premium pay
for work on paid holidays, a fourth week of vaca­
tion, and increased company contribution to an
improved health and welfare plan. The current
IAM contract covering 350 employees in the San
Francisco area, was to be effective from June 1,
1962, until May 31, 1965, with no reopening
provisions.
The following tables bring Western Greyhound
Lines basic wage chronology for both unions up
to date through 1963.

A-—General Wage Changes
Provisions

Effective date
Operators
March 1954—First pay
period beginning in month
(SERMCE agreement
dated May 12, 1952).
Oct. 12, 1954 (SERMCE
agreement of same date).
Mar. 1, 1955 (SERMCE
agreement dated Oct.
12, 1954).
June 1, 1955 (IAM agree­
ment dated Aug. 4, 1955).
July 16, 1955 (SERMCE
agreement dated Oct.
12, 1954).
Mar. 2, 1956 (SERMCE
agreement of same date).
June 1, 1956 (IAM agree­
ment dated July 12,
1956).
Mar. 1, 1957 (SERMCE
agreement dated Mar.
2, 1956).
March 1957—First pay
period beginning in month
(SERMCE agreement
dated Mar. 2, 1956).
See footnotes at end of tables.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Terminal

Maintenance

Cost-of-living adjustment increase of 1.14 percent of
the Oct. 1, 1953, rates.1
Increases of:
1.37 mill a mile or
I $4.77 a month.
2.75 cents an hour.
No change; annual cost-of-living review.

Increases of:
1.37 mills a mile or
$4.77 a month.
2.75 cents an hour.

15 cents an
hour.

Increases of:
4 mills a mile or 10 cents $18 a month,
an hour.
12.5 cents an
hour.
Increases 2 of :
2.5 mills a mile or 8 cents $15 a month.
an hour.
Cost-of-living adjustment increase of 3.14 percent of
Mar. 1, 1957, rates.1

Office

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN GREYHOUND LINES

181

A'—General Wage Changes—Continued
Provisions
Effective date
Operators
June 1, 1957 (IAM agree­
ment dated July 12,
1956).
Mar. 1, 1958 (SERMCE
agreements of same
date 3) .
June 1, 1958 (IAM agree­
ment dated Sept. 29,
1958).
Mar. 1, 1959 (SERMCE
agreement dated Mar. 1,
1958).
March 1959—First pay
period beginning in
month (SERMCE agrees
ment dated Mar. 1,
1958)
.
June 1, 1959 (IAM agree­
ment dated July 14,
1959)
.
Mar. 1, 1960 (SERMCE
agreement of same date).
June 1, 1960 (IAM agree­
ment dated July 14,
1959)
.
Mar. 1, 1961 (SERMCE
agreement dated Mar. 1,
1960)
.
March 1961—First pay
period beginning in
month (SERMCE agree­
ment dated Mar. 1,
1960).
June 1, 1961 (IAM agree­
ment dated July 14,
1959).
Mar. 1, 1962 (SERMCE
agreement dated Apr.
24, 1962).
June 1, 1962 (IAM agree­
ment dated Aug. 6,
1962).
Mar. 1, 1963 (SERMCE
agreement dated Apr.
24, 1962).
March 1963—First pay
period beginning in
month (SERMCE agree­
ment dated Apr. 24,
1962).
June 1, 1963 (IAM agree­
ment dated Aug. 6,
1962).

Maintenance

Office

8 cents an
hour.2
Varying increases with minimum of 5 mills a mile or 13 cents an hour, to provide standard­
ized rates in all areas.
16.25 cents an
hour.
Increases 2 of:
$13.86 a month_____
3 mills a mile or 8 cents
an hour.

8 cents an
hour.

$13.86 a month.

Cost-of-living adjustment increase of 1.23 percent of Mar. 1, 1959, rates.1

18 cents an
hour.
Increases of:
4 mills a mile or 10 cents $17.32 a month.
an hour.

Increases 2 of:
3 mills a mile or 8 cents
$13.87 a month_____
an hour.

10 cents an
hour.
18 cents an
hour.2

$17.32 a month.

8 cents an
hour.

$13.87 a month.

Cost-of-living adjustment increase of 1.595 percent of Mar. 1,1961, rates.1

18 cents an
hour.2
Increases of:
$13.87 a month.
3 mills a mile or 8 cents
an hour.

8 cents an
hour.

$13.87 a month.

16 cents an
hour.
Increases 2 of:
2 mills a mile or 6 cents
$10.40 a month______
an hour.

6 cents an
hour.

$10.40 a month.

Cost-of-living adjustment of 1.44 percent of Mar. 1, 1963, rates.1

1 The contracts of 1952,1954, and 1956 provided for annual increases in rates
of pay, effective on the first payroll period after March 1 of each year, equal
to the percent increase in the Consumer Price Index (1947-49=100) during
the year ending the preceding January 15; rates were not to be reduced if
the index had decreased. The 1958, 1960, and 1962 contracts provided for
similar adjustments in the years between negotiations—in 1959, 1961, and
1963. The 1962 agreement used the C P I with 1957-59=100.
2 Deferred increases.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Terminal

14 cents an
hour.24
2 These contracts—the first following the merger on June 1, 1957, of the
Pacific Greyhound Lines, the Northwest Greyhound Lines, and a part of
the Overland Greyhound Lines into the Western Greyhound Lines (Divi­
sion of the Greyhound Corp.)—also covered for the first time some mainte­
nance employees outside the San Francisco area and all office workers.
* Agreement also provided another deferred hourly increase of 12 cents on
July 1, 1964.

182

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

C—Minimum Guarantee Paid Bus Operators, 1953-63
Regular operator
Effective date and length of service

Extra operator

SemiRegular Relief day
runs, daily work, daily monthly

Chartered service
Daily

Oct. 1, 1953 3____ _ ________ _
First 6 months__
_______ _

$15. 05

Second 6 months__ _ _ ______
Thereafter____
_ __ _ __
Oct. 12, 1954___ ______
___
First 6 m o n th s.______ __ __

15. 44

Second 6 months______
Thereafter _____________
July 16, 1955- __ _______
First 6 months___ _ ____

Double
time.
15. 26 _ _ d o ___
15. 57 __do

Double
time.
_ d o_ __
15. 66
15. 98 __ do___
15. 66

Second 6 months _ ________
Thereafter
Mar. 2, 1956 3 __
___________
First 6 months _ _

15. 88
16. 20

Second 6 months __
__
Thereafter ________ _ __
Mar. 1, 1957 3
__ __ __ ___
First 6 months__________ _ _

16. 68
17. 00

Second 6 m onths__ _ _
Thereafter ___
__
___
Mar. 1, 1958 3___ __
_ _ __
First 6 months_____ ___ __ __
Second 6 months. ______ _ _
Thereafter___
__
____
Mar. 1, 1959 3____ ____________
First 6 months _ ________ _

16. 48

17. 64
17. 87
18. 20
18. 68
18. 90
19. 23
19. 56

Second 6 months
Thereafter
Mar. 1, 1960
- ________
First 6 m onths____ ___ ___

20. 36

Second 6 months
__ _ __
Thereafter___
_ __ ___
Mar. 1, 1961 3 ____
________
First 6 months ______

21. 33

Second 6 months.
Thereafter
Mar. 1, 1962 __ _ _
First 6 months___

_____ _ _
__ _

____

Second 6 months _ _ _ _ _ _
Thereafter. _ _
___
Mar. 1, 1963 ___
______
First 6 months __
Second 6 months
Thereafter

__

__

19. 80
20. 11

Double
time.
__do __
__do
Double
time.
_do_
__do_
Double
time.
do_
_do
Double
time.
_do _
_do
Double
time.
_do
_do

Double
time.
20. 58 __ d o ___
20. 91
_do_

21. 56
21. 89
21. 98
22. 20
22. 54

Double
time.
do
do_
Double
time.
do
__do___

22. 78

Double
time.
23. 01 _ -do _ _
do - »
23. 35

1 Daily expenses also paid regular operators when sent to factory for equip­
ment and terminal employees when held away from home overnight.
2 Defined as protection duty, assisting other drivers in loading, unloading,
and handling of passengers; collection of tickets, incidental flagging of buses;
assisting with the preparation of manifests and other routine duties.
3 Revised rates after applying cost-of-living factor to contract rates.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Expense

1

Daily
minimum

Stand
service 2

$121. 86

(9

$6. 67

$10. 00

$1. 18

135. 00

(9

6. 75

12. 00

1. 20

135. 00

(9

6. 75

12. 00

1. 20

140. 00

(9

7. 25

12. 00

1. 30

144. 40

(9

7. 48

12. 00

1. 39

150. 00

(9

8. 00

12. 00

1. 45

151. 85

(9

8. 35

12. 00

1. 52

175. 00

(9

8. 50

14. 00

1. 60

182. 86

(9

8. 89

14. 00

1. 68

190. 00

(9

9. 00

15. 00

1. 76

197. 81

(9

9. 38

15. 22

1. 85

* Extra service over same route as regular run was paid on same basis as
regular run. Regular mileage rate paid operators on irregular extra service
except where minimum rate was higher. Minimum compensation for
elapsed time of less than 8 hours was based on minimum hourly rate; over 8
hours but less than 9 hours, on minimum daily rate. For payment in
excess of minimum daily rate, see Extra Service Pay, table B which will be
included in the reprint of this article.

183

W A G E C H R O N O LO G Y : W E S T E R N G R E Y H O U N D L IN E S

D—Mileage and Hourly Rates Paid Bus Operators, 1953-63
Oct. 1,
1953 i

Type of payment
and length of service

Mileage rates:
Driving revenue or deadhead sched­
ule: 2
Less than 6 months of service... $0.06611
.07094
6 but less than 12 m onths______
.07603
12 hut less than 18 m onths_____
18 but less than 24 m onths..........
.08087
. 08623
24 months and over___________
Deadheaded passenger service:3
.03305
Less than 6 months of service...
.03547
6 but less than 12 months______
.03802
12 but less than 18 months_____
.04043
18 but less than 24 months_____
. 04311
24 months and over___________
Hourly rates:
Less than 6 months of service______ 1.777
6 but less than 12 m onths.................. 1.803
12 but less than 18 m onths________
1.829
1.868
18 months and over______________

Oct. 12,
1954

July 16,
1955

Mar. 2,
1956 i

Mar. 1,
1957 i

Mar. 1,
1958

Mar. 1,
1959 1

Mar. 1,
1960

Mar. 1,
1961 i

Mar. 1,
1962

Mar. 1,
1963

$0.06826
.07316
. 07831
. 08321
. 08863

$0.06963
. 07453
. 07968
.08458
. 09000

$0.07363
. 07853
. 08368
. 08858
. 09400

$0.07852
. 08358
. 08889
. 09394
. 09953

$0.08352
. 08858
. 09389
. 09894
. 10453

$0.08758
. 09271
. 09808
.10319
.10885

$0.09158
. 09670
. 10208
. 10719
. 11285

$0.09608
.10129
. 10675
. 11194
. 11769

$0.09909
.10429
.10976
.11495
.12070

$0.10255
. 10782
. 11337
. 11863
. 12447

.03413
. 03658
.03915
. 04160
. 04431

.03481
. 03726
.03984
04229
.04500

. 03681
. 03926
. 04184
. 04429
. 04700

. 03926
. 04178
. 04444
. 04697
. 04977

. 04176
.04428
.04694
. 04947
.05227

. 04379
. 04634
.04904
.05160
.05443

. 04579
.04835
.05104
. 05360
. 05643

. 04804
.05064
.05368
. 05598
. 05885

.04955
. 05214
. 05488
. 05747
. 06035

.05128
.05391
. 05668
.05931
.06223

1.8245
1.8525
1.8785
1. 9175

1.852
1.880
1.906
1.945

1.952
1.980
2.006
2.045

1 Revised rates after applying eost-of-living factor to contract rates.
2 Rates paid operators for driving loaded or empty coaches on scheduled
runs.

2.096
2.125
2.152
2.192

2.226
2.255
2.282
2.322

2.334
2.364
2.391
2.432

2.434
2.464
2.491
2.531

2. 554
2.584
2. 612
2.653

2.634
2. 665
2.692
2.733

2.733
2.764
2. 792
2.833

3
Rates paid operators who, under instructions of the company, rode in a
coach while another operator drove (deadheading on cushions).

E —-Basic Monthly Rates for Terminal Employees,1 1953-63
Effective date and class of terminal
Occupation and length of service

Oct. 1 1953 2

Oct. 12, 1954 2

July 16, 1955

Mar. 2, 1956 2

Mar. 1, 1957 2

M ar. 1, 1958 3

Class A Class B Class A Class B Class A Class B Class A Class B Class A Class B Class A Class B
Ticket agents and counter information
clerks:
1st year __________ __ __________ $271.32 $255.05
279.45
2d year__ _____________________ __ 295.72
295.72
3d year__________________________ 311.99
4th y e a r ____________________ ____ 328.26 303.86
4M y e a rs________________________
5th year and over
344. 53 320.13
5th year
6th year and over
336.40
360.80
Tour and tour information agents
Cashiers:
336.40
1st y e a r ______ ____ ______________ 360.80
2d v p n r
352.67
377.07
3d y e a r arid o v e r
393.33
360.80
Ticket "office clerks:
222.52
1st year___ _________________ ____ 238.78
238.78
2d year ________________________ 246.91
246.91
3d year ____________ _________ _
255.05
255.05
4th year_________________________
271.32
4M years and over. ______ _______
5th year and over . _
271.32
287.59
Telephone information clerks:
222.52
1st year__________________________ 238.78
238.78
2d year ________________________ 246.91
246.91
3d year__________________________ 255.05
271.32
255.05
4th year____________ _____ ______
4M years and o v e r __ _____________
271.32
5th year and over_______ __________ 287.59
Baggage" and express clerks,4 platform
loaders and unloaders:
1st year . . ___________ ___ ______
255.05
238.78
255.05
2d year. ________________________ 263.18
263.18
3d year ________________________ 271.32
279.45
271.32
4th year_________________________
4M y e a rs__________ ____________
5th year and over.. _________ _____
287. 59 279.45
5th year
287.59
6th year and over.. ___________ ___ 295.72
303.86
Chief baggage clerks_________ _______ 320.13
Express clerks_______________________
Janitors and porters:
206.25
1st year. __________ _____________
222.52
2d year____________ . _________
238. 78
3d year
____
3d year and over _
246.91
4th year and over.
Matrons and redcaps:
189.98
1st year___________________ _____
206.25
2d year
2d year and over__
222. 52
3d year and over
See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$262.79
287.48
303.95
312.17
328.63
345.09

$284.03
308.72
325.17
341.64
358.09
374.55

384. 78

360.09

389. 55

369.78
386.24
402. 69

345.09
361.55
369.78

374.55
391.01
407.46

246.34
254.56
262.79
279.26
295.71

229.88
246.34
254.56
262. 79
279.26

251.11
259.33
267.56
284.03
300.48

246.34
254.56
262.79
279.26
295.71

229.88
246.34
254.56
262.79
279.26

262.79
271.02
279.26
287.48
295.71
303.95
328.63

$279.26
303.95
320.40
336.87
353.32
369.78

$302.03
326.72
343.17
359.64
376.09
392.55

$285. 56
310.25
326.72
334.94
351.40
367.86

$326.99
352.45
369.42
386.41
403.38
420.35

$310.00
335.47
352.45
360.93
377.91
394.89

$349. 52
374.98
391.95
408.94
425.91
442.88

$332.53
358.00
374.98
383.46
400.44
417.42

364. 86

407. 55

382.86

435.82

410.36

457.88

432.42

349.86
366.32
374.55

392.55
409.01
425.46

367. 86
384.32
392.55

420.35
437.33
454.30

494.89
411.86
420.35

442.88
459.86
476.83

417.42
434.39
442.88

234.65
251.11
259.33
267. 56
284.03

269.11
277.33
285. 56
302.03
318.48

252.65
269.11
277.33
285.56
302.03

293.04
301.51
310.00
326.99
343.96

276.06
293.04
301. 51
310.00
326.99

315. 57
324.04
332.53
349.52
366.49

298. 59
315.57
324.04
332.53
349.52

251.11
259.33
267.56
284.03
300.48

234.65
251.11
259.33
267. 56
284.03

269.11
277.33
285.56
302.03
318.48

252.65
269.11
277.33
285.56
302.03

293.04
301. 51
310.00
326.99
343.96

276.06
293.04
301.51
310.00
326.99

315.57
324.04
332.53
349.52
366.49

298.59
315.57
324.04
332.53
349.52

246.34
262.79
271.02
279.26
287.48
295.71

267.56
275.79
284.03
292.25
300.48
308.72

251.11
267.56
275.79
284.03
292.25
300.48

285.56
293.79
302.03
310.25
318.48
326.72

269.11
285.56
293.79
302.03
310.25
318.48

310.00
318.49
326.99
335.47
343.96
352.45

293.04
310.00
318.49
326.99
335.47
343.96

332.53
341.02
349.52
358.00
366.49
374.98

315.57
332.53
341.02
349.52
358.00
366.49

312.17

333.40

316.94

351.40

334.94

377.91

360.93

400.44
«

383.46

$267.56
292.25
308.72
316. 94
333.40
349.86

217.42
229.88
246.34

21S.19
234.65
251.11

254.56

259.33

196.96
213. 42

201.73
218.19

229.88

234.65

252 .65
269.11

27€ .06
293.04

298 .59
315.57

277.33

301.51

324.04

236.19

259.08

281.61

252.65

276.06

298.59

184

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 19 6 4

E—Basic Monthly Rates for Terminal Employees,1 1953-63—Continued
Effective date and class of terminal
Occupation and length of service

Ticket agents and counter information
clerks:..........................................................
1st year...................................-...............
2d year........................................ ...........
3d year ..................................................
4th year.............................................. .
4H years......... . ...................................
5th year and over_________________
5th year___ _ ____________________
6th year and over................... ...............
Tour and tour information agents_______
Cashiers:
1st y e a r.................. .......................... .
2d year...... ..............................................
3d year and over....................................
Ticket office clerks:
1st year....................................................
2d year....................................................
3d year_________ ________________
4th year.................. ................................
4J4 years and over _ _
. . . ___
5th year and over......... .........................
Telephone information clerks:
1st year................................. .................
2d y e a r ..................................................
3d year_______ _ . ______________
4th year_________________________
4J^ years and o v e r ................................
5th year and over_________________
Baggage and express clerks,* platform
loaders and unloaders:
1st year........................... .....................
2d year............................ ...... ...............
3d year_________ _____ ___________
4th year_________________________
4V i years................... ..............................
5xh year and over_____________. . .
5th year_____ ___________________
6th year and over_________________
Chief baggage clerks.................................
Express clerks__ _____________________
Janitors and porters:
1st year..................................................
2d year__________________________
3d year______ ___________________
3d year and over__________________
4th year and over. . ______________
Matrons and redcaps:
1st year....................................................
2d year__________________________
2d year and o v e r_________________
3d year and over__________________

Mar. 1, 1959 2

Mar. 1,1960

Class A

Class B

Class A

$367.85
393.62
410.80
428.00
445.18
462.36

$350.65
376.43
393.62
402.21
419.40
436.58

$385.17
410.94
428.12
445.32
462.49
479.67

477.54

451.77

462.36
479.55
496.73

436.58
453.76
462.36

333.48
342.06
350.64
367.85
385.03

Class A

Class B

Mar. 1, 1962
Class A

$367.97
393.75
410.94
419.52
436.71
453.90

$405.40
431.59
449.04
466.51
483.96
501.41

$387.93
414.12
431.59
440.30
457.77
475.23

494.86

469.08

516.84

490.65

530.71

479.67
496.86
514.04

453.90
471.08
479.67

501.41
518.88
536.33

475.23
492.68
501.41

515.23
532.75
550.20

316.29
333.48
342.06
350.65
367.85

350.80
359.37
367.97
385.17
402.34

333.61
350.80
359.37
367.97
385.17

370.49
379.19
387.93
405.40
422.85

353.02
370.49
379.19
387.93
405.40

384.36
393.06
401.80
419.27
436.72

333.48
342.06
350.65
367.85
385.03

316.29
333.48
342.06
350.65
367.85

350.80
359.37
367.97
385.17
402.34

333.61
350.80
359.37
367.97
385.17

370.49
379.19
387.93
405.40
422.85

353.02
370.49
379.19
387.93
405.40

350.65
359.25
367.85
376.43
385.03
393.62

333.48
350.65
329.25
367.85
376.43
385.05

367.97
376.56
385.17
393.75
402.34
410.94

350.80
367.97
376. 56
385.17
393.75
402.34

387.93
396.66
405.40
414.12
422.85
431.59

419.40
402.21
(«)
316.29
333.48

436.71
(*)

419.52

457.77
0

Class B

$419.27
445.46
462.91
480.38
497.83
515.28

$401.80
427.99
445.46
454.17
471.64
489.10

Mar. 1,1963
Class A

Class B

$435.86
462.42
480.13
497.85
515.55
533.25

$418.14
444.70
462.42
471.26
488.98
506.69

504.52

548.90

522.33

489.10
506. 55
515.28

533.25
550.97
568.67

506.69
524.39
533.25

366.89
384.36
393.06
401.80
419.27

400.44
409.27
418.14
435.86
453.96

382.72
400. 44
409.27
418.14
435.86

389.36
398.06
406.90
424.27
441.72

371.89
389.36
398.06
406.80
424.27

405.52
414.34
423.21
440.93
458.63

387.79
405.52
414.34
423.21
440.93

370.49
387.93
396.66
405.40
414.12
422.85

401.80
410.53
419.27
427.99
436.72
445.46

384.36
401.80
410. 53
419.27
427.99
436.72

418.14
426.99
435.86
444.70
453.56
462.42

400.44
418.14
426.99
435.86
444.70
453.56

440.30

471.64
«

454.17

488.98
«

471.26

333.61
350.80

353.02
370.49

366.89
384.36

382.72
400.44

359.37

379.19

393.06

409.27

299.10

316.42

335.56

349.43

365.01

316.29

333.61

353.02

366.89

382.72

342.06

1 M onthly rates paid for 40-hour, 5-day week.
2 Revised monthly rates after applying cost-of-living factor to contract
rates.
* Basic monthly rates paid employees at the Spokane, Boise, Yakima,
Tacoma, Seattle, and some other terminals differed somewhat from those
shown for 1958 and subsequent dates.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Class B

Mar. , 19612

4
From 1957, rates for express clerks engaged exclusively in the handling
of express at class A terminals in Los Angeles, Portland, and San Francisco
were $15 a month more at each step than standard classifications.

185

W A G E CH R O N O LO G Y : W E S T E R N G R E Y H O U N D L IN E S

F —Basic Monthly Rates for Office Employees,11958-63 2
Effective date and rate range
Progres­
sion
group 3

Occupation

Mar. 1, 1958

Mar. 1, 1959 *

Mar. 1, 1960

Mar. 1,1961 *

Mar. 1,1962

Mar. 1, 1963

Hiring
rate

Maxi­
mum
rate

Hiring
rate

Maxi­
mum
rate

Hiring
rate

Maxi­
mum
rate

Hiring
rate

Maxi­
mum
rate

Hiring
rate

Maxi­
mum
rate

Hiring
rate

Maxi­
mum
rate

Clerk:
Junior, A_______ ________ V
Junior, B — ............................ V
Junior, C________________ V

$276.40
286.40
296.40

$296.40
306.40
316.40

$293.83
303.95
314.08

$314.08
324.20
334.32

$311.15
321.27
331.40

$331.40
341.52
351.64

$330.19
340.47
350.76

$350.76
361.04
371.32

$341. 79
352.44
363.09

$363.09
373. 73
384.07

$355.52
366.59
377.67

$377.67
388. 74
399.81

Intermediate, A .................... V
Intermediate, B ______ ____ V

306.40
331.40

331.40
356.40

324.20
349.51

349.51
374.81

341.52
366.82

366.82
392.13

361.04
386.76

386.74
412.46

373.73
400.34

400.34
426.96

388. 74
416.42

416.42
444.10

Senior,
Senior,
Senior,
Senior,
Senior,

IV
IV
IV
IV
IV

366.40
381.40
406.40
431.40
456.40

381.40
406.40
431.40
456.40
491.40

384.94
400.12
425.43
450.74
476.04

400.12
425.43
450.74
476.04
511.47

402.25
417.44
468.05

417.44
454.44
493.36

422.74
438.17
489.58

438.17
476.06
515.29

437.60
453.57
506.80

453.57
492. 79
533.41

455.18
471. 79
527.15

471.79
512.59
554.84

Accounting (A).....................
Counter..... .............................
Mail, part-time truckdriver.
Mail, messenger__________
Tour __ .

VII
V
V
III
IV

341.40

366.40

359.63

384.94

316.40
276.40

336.40
286.40

334.32
293.83

354.57
303.95

376.95
377.97
351.64
311.15
412.25

402.25
420 94
371.89
321.27
422.38

397.03
398 07
371.32
330.19
432.90

422. 74
441 72
391.89
340.47
448.33

410.99
419 36
398.87
341.79
448.12

437.60
519 01
420.16
352.44
464.09

427. 50
426 49
414.89
355.52
466.12

455.18
52Q 26
437Ì 03
366.55
482.73

Operator:
Bookkeeping machine_____
Calculator, A.........................
Calculator, B.........................
Duplicating m achine...........
Keypunch_____ _________
M ultilith machine________
Tabulating machine__
Telephone_________ _____
P .B .X ..................
Information

V
V
V
V
V
V
VII
VI
VI
VI

321.40
306.40
331.40
306.40
351.40
336.40
386.40
306.40

346.40
326.40
356.40
326.40
376.40
356.40
438.40
356.40

339.38
324.20
349. 51
324.20
369. 75
354.57
405.18
324.19

364.69
344.45
374.81
344.45
395.06
374.81
455.80
374.81

356. 70
341.52
366.82
341.52
387.07
371.89
422.50

382. 01
361. 76
392.13
361. 76
412.38
392.13
473.11

376.46
361.04
386.74
361.04
407.31
391.89
443.31

402.17
381.60
412.46
381.60
433.03
412.46
494. 72

389.70
373.73
400.34
444.53
421.63
475.38
458.89

416.31
395.01
426.96
465.09
448.25
495.95
512.12

405.35
388.74
416.42
462.38
438. 57
494.47
477.33

433.03
410.87
444.10
483. 77
466.26
515.87
532.69

341.52
346.52

392 13
397.13

361.04
366.12

412 46
417.53

373 73
388.67

426 96
442.87

222 74
404.28

460.66

382.01

381.62

402.17

395.01

416.31

410.87

433.03

A..... .......................
B ________________
C________________
D ................................
E ________________

Stenographer:
Group A................................ V
Group B______ __________ V

306.40
326.40

326.40
346.40

324.20
344.45

344.45
364.69

361.76

Supervisor:
Keypunch_______________ IV
Tabulating______________ IV

411.40
486.40

436.40
521.40

430.49
406.41

455.80
541.84

447.81
523.73

473.11
559.15

469. 01
546.15

494. 72
582.13

485.50
565.34

512.42
602.59

505.00
588.05

532.69
626.80

Trainees:
Bookkeeping machine_____ II
Keypunch_______________ II
Tabulating machine........... II

296.40
326.40
361.40

306.40
336.40
371.40

314.08
344.45
379.88

324.20
354.57
390.00

331.40
361.76
397.19

341.40
371. 89
407.32

350.76
381.60
417.60

361.04
391.89
427.89

363.09
395.01
432.28

373. 73
405.67
442.93

377.67
410.87
449.64

388.74
421.96
460.72

Typist:
Group A________________
Group B________________
Transcription........................

V
V
V

296.40
301.40
301.40

316.40
321.40
321.40

314.08
319.14
319.14

334.32
339.38
339.38

336.46

356.70

355.90

376.46

368.41

398.69

383.21

405.34

Truckdriver, mail____________

I

366.40

366.40

384.94

384.94

402.25

402.25

422.74

422. 74

489.35

489.35

509.01

509.01

1 Rates paid for 40-hour, 5-day week.
and third year of service; G ro u p V —4 steps, with wage-rate increases after
s Not applicable to General Accounting Department employees in Divi­
completion of 3 and 6 months, and first and second year of service; G ro u p V I —
sions 8A and 8B.
5 steps, with wage-rate increases after 6 months, and first, second, third, and
3
Progress from hiring to the maximum rate was as follows: G ro u p I—no fourth year of service; G ro u p V I I — 5 steps, with wage-rate increases after
progression; G ro u p I I — 2 steps, with wage-rate increases after 3 and 6 months
completion of 3 and 6 months, and first, second, and third year of service.
of service; G ro u p I I I — 2 steps, with wage-rate increases after first and second
4
Revised monthly rates after applying cost-of-living factor to contract
year of service; G ro u p I V — 3 steps, with wage-rate increases after first, second,
rates.
*

718-358- -64-

5


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 19 6 4

186

G—Basic Hourly Rates for Maintenance Employees Represented by the SERMCE, 1958-631
Occupation

Mar. 1, 1963

Mar. 1, 1958

Mar. 1, 1959 2

Mar. 1, 1960

Mar. 1, 1961 2

Mar. 1, 1962

$2.136
2.250
2.198
1.909

$2.243
2.359
2.306
2.013

$2,343
2.459
2.406
2.113

$2.462
2. 579
2.526
2.228

$2.542
2.659
2.606
2.304

$2.639
2.758
2.704
2.402

2.724
2.507
2.363
2.208
2.198

2.838
2. 619
2.473
2.316
2.306

2.938
2.719
2.573
2. 416
2.406

3.066
2.844
2.695
2.536
2.526

3.146
2.924
2.775
2.616
2.606

3.252
3.027
2.876
2.715
2.704

Cleaners:
In sid e _________________________________ ______
Steam.. ____________________ ___ ____________
Clerks, stockroom________ ____________________ . . .
Janitors______________ _______ . . . . ---------------- Mechanics:
First class_______________ ___ ______ ___________
Second class. ____ ____________
__- ..........—
Third class___ ___________ - ______ ____________
Helpers___________ _____ ___________ _______ Servicemen_____ _______________________ ________
i N o t ap p licab le to D iv isio n 1.

2 R e v ise d ra te s after a p p ly in g eost-of-living facto r to c o n tra c t r a te s .

H—-Basic Hourly Rates 1 for Maintenance Employees Represented by the IAM, 1953-64
E ffec tiv e d a te

Journeyman occupation

Machinists........... ........... ............. .............
Automobile mechanics___ _ _________
Electricians____________ _____ _____
Welders__________ . . -------------------Body, fender, and radiator repairmen—
Trimers__________ _______ ______
Body assemblers and dismantlers 2. . . . .

June 1,
1953

June 1,
1955

June 1,
1956

June 1,
1957

June 1,
1958

June 1,
1959

June 1,
1960

June 1,
1961

June 1,
1962

June 1,
1963

$2.5125
2.3875
2.3875
2.3875
2.5125
2.3875
1.725
to
2.5125

$2.6625
2.5375
2.5375
2.5375
2.6625
2.5375
1.875
to
2.6625

$2.7875
2.6625
2.6625
2.6625
2.7875
2.6625
2.00
to
2.7875

$2.8675
2.7425
2.7425
2.7425
2.8675
2.7425
2.08
to
2.8675

$3.030
2.905
2.905
2.905
3.030
2.905
2.2425
to
3.030

$3.21
. 3.085
3.085
3.085
3.21
3.085
2.41
to
3.21

$3,390
3.265
3.265
3.265
3.390
3.265
2.6025
to
3.390

$3.57
3.445
3.445
3.445
3.57
3.445
2.7825
to
3.57

$3.73
3.605
3.605
3.605
3.73
3.605
2.9425
to
3.73

$3.87
3.745
3.745
3.745
3.87
3.745
3.0825
to
3.87

l T e m p o ra ry em ployees, e.g., th o se em p lo y ed for p erio d s of less t h a n
1 w eek , to receive 10 p e rc e n t m ore t h a n th e ra te sh o w n .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June 1,
1964
$3.99
3.865
3.865
3.865
3.99
3.865
3.2025
to
3.99

2 P ro g ressio n from m in im u m to m a x im u m r a te b ased o n c o m p a n y ’s judgm e n t of in d iv id u a l’s co m p eten ce.

----W lLLM ON F

r IDIE

Division of Wage Economics

¥

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Fair Representation. The U.S. court of appeals
in New York, in a divided opinion, ruled1 that
neither a union’s insistence on reducing a mem­
ber’s seniority for taking premature leave of ab­
sence nor the employer’s acquiescence in the de­
mand constituted discrimination designed to pro­
mote union objectives in violation of the Labor
Management Relations Act.
A driver of a fuel company took slack-season
leave of absence 3 days before the date specified in
the union contract, but he left with the company’s
permission. Upon his return to work, the union
demanded that the company drop the driver to
the bottom of the seniority list, and the company
complied.
The National Labor Relations Board ordered2
that the driver be reinstated to his former seniority
position, with back pay. I t reasoned that the
union, by taking “hostile” action against one of
its members “for irrelevant, unfair, or invidious
reasons,” breached its duty under section 9 of the
LMRA to be a fair and impartial representative,
and that such action consisted of a series of unfair
labor practices prohibited by section 8 of the act.
Judge Medina rejected the Board’s theory and
stated that in order to constitute an unfair labor
practice, the discriminatory treatment must be
deliberately designed to encourage union mem­
bership. He added that the Board’s rationale—
that any kind of discrimination by a union, with
the employer’s cooperation, amounts to a failure
to provide fair representation—would vastly ex­
tend its jurisdiction and limit that of the courts.
Under such rationale, when considered “against
the background of the present nationwide interest
in discrimination for reasons of race, nationality,
color, or religion . . ., it seems inevitable that the
Board would be inundated with charges . . .” of
discrimination attributed to union representatives,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

the judge said. In his view, Congress has not yet
determined whether such controversies should be
channeled into the NLRB, where the remedy of
reinstatement with back pay is available.
Judge Lumbard concurred in the refusal to en­
force the Board’s order, but only on the basis that
there was no evidence that the union violated its
duty of fair representation. He thought it unnec­
essary, therefore, to consider whether invidious
discrimination by a union against one of its mem­
bers would be an unfair labor practice.
Judge Friendly, dissenting, found that the
Board could reasonably have concluded that arbi­
trary exercise of union power encourages member­
ship. He did not share the view that the Board’s
decision would have expanded its jurisdiction but
reasoned that grievances of union members as to
arbitrary union action properly belonged with the
Board. “This is particularly so,” he maintained,
“since the aggrieved employee’s ability to proceed
in court against the employer is seriously limited
by the usual arbitration provisions which only the
union can enforce.”
Jurisdictional Disputes. The U.S. Supreme
Court held3 that a State court may compel ar­
bitration of a union’s claim that work belonging
to the unit it represented was assigned, in viola­
tion of a collective bargaining agreement, to em­
ployees represented by another union. The LMRA
does not vest the NLRB with exclusive power to
grant a remedy in such disputes, it ruled.
The petitioning union (IU E ), certified to rep­
resent “all production and maintenance employ­
ees” at a Westinghouse Electric Corp. plant, had
a collective bargaining agreement with a provi­
sion for arbitration of unresolved disputes over
the “interpretation, application, or claimed vio­
lation” of the agreement. When the union filed
♦P rep ared in th e U.S. D ep artm en t of L abor, Office of th e So­
licito r. T he cases covered in th is a rtic le re p re se n t a selection of
th e significant decisions believed to be of special in te re st. No
a tte m p t h as been m ade to reflect all recen t ju d icial an d adm inis­
tr a tiv e developm ents in th e field of lab o r law or to ind icate the
effect of p a rtic u la r decisions in ju risd ic tio n s in w hich c o n tra ry
re su lts m ay be reached based upon local s ta tu to ry provisions, th e
existence of local precedents, or a different app ro ach by th e courts
to th e issue presented.
1 N a tio n a l L abor R elations B oard v. M iranda F uel Go. (C A 2
Dec. 11, 1963).
2 140 NLRB 181 (1962) ; see also M o n th ly L abor R eview , M arch
1963, p p . 305-306.
3Carey v. W estinghouse E lectric Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct., J a n 6
1964).

187

188
a grievance alleging that production and mainte­
nance work was being done by engineering labo­
ratory workers, represented by another union cer­
tified as bargaining agent for “all salaried, tech­
nical” employees, the company refused to arbitrate
because—it claimed—the controversy was over a
matter exclusively within the NLRB’s jurisdic­
tion. The Court of Appeals of New York sus­
tained this view and refused to compel arbitration.
The Supreme Court reversed the New York
court’s decision and ordered arbitration. Without
deciding which of two possible kinds of jurisdic­
tional dispute was involved, the Court noted that
this was either a controversy as to whether certain
work should be performed by workers in one bar­
gaining unit or by those in another; or one as to
which union should represent the employees doing
the work. Arbitration, the Court said, is to be
encouraged in either case.
In jurisdictional disputes over work assignment,
the Board has no authority to act prior to a strike.
Section 10 (k) of the act, under which the Board
is permitted to act in such cases, “actively encour­
ages voluntary settlements.” The Court con­
cluded, therefore, that “grievance procedures pur­
sued to arbitration further the policies of the
act” in such instances.
In jurisdictional disputes over representation,
the Court saw the existence of alternative remedies.
The fact that the Board can provide remedy for
an unfair labor practice or can clarify a certifica­
tion, the Court held, does not prevent an individ­
ual employee from seeking damages in a State
court for breach of a collective bargaining agree­
ment, as the Court had held in the Smith v. Eve­
ning News Association case.4 The Court said that
the policy considerations stated in the Smith case
were also applicable here; and that “a suit either
in the Federal courts, as provided by § 301(a) of
the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 . . .
or before such State tribunals as are authorized to
act . . . is proper, even though an alternative
remedy before the Board is available, which, if
invoked by the employer, will protect him.” The
possibility of conflict of an arbiter’s decision with
a later, overriding, Board decision is no barrier to
initial resort to arbitration rather than the Board.
Justice Black dissented on the grounds that
jurisdictional disputes of this kind should be han­
dled by the Board, which can provide final ad­

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 19 6 4

justment whereas arbitration cannot always do
so. Moreover, the dissent objected to the pos­
sibility of violating the due process rights of the
union not a party to the arbitration, in this case the
representative of the salaried, technical employees,
by having its interests determined in an arbitra­
tion in which it took no part.
Federal Preemption. The U.S. Supreme Court
unanimously held5 that a State court had no ju­
risdiction to enjoin a union’s peaceful picketing of
an open shop contractor who paid less than union
scale wages, since the dispute was arguably sub­
ject to the LMRA; and that the State appellate
court’s determination that the case had become
moot did not preclude review of the Federal ques­
tion by the Supreme Court.
A building trades council’s representative pick­
eted a construction site, carrying a sign which
stated that the contractor was not under contract
with the council. The company obtained an injunc­
tion from the Tennessee Chancery Court after fil­
ing a bond to indemnify the council in damages if
the injunction were “wrongly” sued out. Before
the State appellate court could render a decision
on the appeal, the construction at the site had been
completed. The court of appeals, therefore, ruled
that the issue in question had thus become moot,
and also affirmed the reasoning of the lower court
that the case did not involve a bona fide labor dis­
pute under the LMRA and the State court juris­
diction was not preempted by the NLRB.
In holding that the issuance of the injunction
was beyond the power of the Tennessee courts, the
High Court first turned its attention to the com­
pany’s argument that it (the Supreme Court) was
bound by the State court’s determination that the
case was moot. Noting that the council had “a
substantial stake in the judgment” due to the com­
pany’s bond for costs and damages if the injunc­
tion were held invalid, the Court said that “wheth­
er the injunction was wrongly sued out turns solely
upon the answer to the Federal question” of pre­
emption. Local rules which purportedly stop a
State appellate court from adjudicating the pre­
emption question “cannot conclusively render the
4 371 U.S. 195 (1962) ; see also M o n th ly L abor R eview , F eb ru ­
a ry 1963, pp. 174-175.
5 L i n e r v. J a f c o , I n c . (U.S. Sup. Ct., Ja n . 6, 1964).

D E C IS IO N S IN L A B O R C A S E S

case moot for the purposes of this Court’s review,”
the opinion went on to say. I t is very important,
the Court said, that State injunctions not be per­
mitted to frustrate Federal labor policy in situa­
tions the handling of which Congress has entrust­
ed exclusively to the Board. Here the policy
would be frustrated, the Court reasoned, since the
employer who had received the injunctive remedy
would be unlikely to initiate timely Board pro­
ceedings.
Turning to the merits, the Court held that
whether the facts showed a “labor dispute” with­
in the meaning of the LMRA was at least argua­
ble. Quoting from its decision in Local 4-38, Con­
struction and General Laborers Union v. Curry?
the Court said: “Consequently, ‘the State court
had no jurisdiction to issue an injunction or to
adjudicate this controversy, which lay within the
exclusive powers of the National Labor Relations
Board.’ ”
A ntitrust Laws

Union Violation. A U.S. court of appeals up­
held 7 a jury award of treble damages against the
United Mine Workers (UMW) resulting from the
union’s conspiracy with major companies to elimi­
nate smaller and weaker firms from trade, in viola­
tion of the Federal antitrust laws.
When the trustees of the UMW welfare and
retirement fund sued a small producer for royalties
on the coal produced under a wage agreement, the
producer cross-claimed for damages which, it
said, had resulted from the union’s allegedly il­
legal action. The producer charged that the union
had used armed men to keep its mine closed over
a period of time, and had conspired with large
coal producers to make it economically impossible
for smaller operators to meet union demands and
6 371 U.S. 542 (1963) ; see also M o n th ly L abor R eview , M arch
1963, pp. 306-307.
''P e n n in g to n v. U nited M ine W orkers (C.A. 6, Dec. 18, 1963).
8A llen B ra d ley Go. v. L ocal Union No. 3, I B E W , 325 U.S. 797
(1 9 4 5 ).


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189
to remain in business. A jury verdict awarded
damages to the producer.
In disposing of the union’s claim that it is not
subject to the antitrust laws, the court conceded
that an exemption exists “in cases where a labor
union acts alone in furtherance of its own pur­
poses.” However, citing a Supreme Court deci­
sion,8 the court asserted that the exemption “does
not exist in cases where a labor union combines
with a nonlabor organization to restrain competi­
tion in, or to monopolize the marketing of, goods
in interstate commerce.”
Even though there was no direct evidence that
a conspiracy existed, the court found enough cir­
cumstantial evidence to support the jury’s verdict.
Conspiracies, it said, may be inferred from the
acts of the parties since they can seldom be proved
by direct testimony. In reviewing past relations
between the UMW and major operators, the court
pointed out th a t: There was evidence of the union’s
realization that increased costs of wages and wel­
fare fund payments in successive UMW contracts
would eliminate small companies since they could
not mechanize their mines as could the larger
ones; major companies agreed not to buy or deal
in coal mined by smaller producers who failed to
pay the increased costs; the large operators agreed
that the wage agreement covered all mines owned
or held under lease by them, thus barring small
operators from large reserves of good coal land
also owned or held under lease by large com­
panies; the union made stock acquisitions that
possibly gave it controlling power in two coal
companies; the union and the major coal com­
panies successfully sought a minimum wage de­
termination by the Secretary of Labor higher than
that set in any other industry under the WalshHealey Act for work on Federal Government con­
tracts, thereby preventing the small operators
from bidding on certain contracts let by the Ten­
nessee Valley Authority; and that major opera­
tors made large offerings at depressed prices on
the TVA contracts not covered by the WalshHealey Act, thereby further eliminating the
smaller operators from competing in this market.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

December 13
A 1 - t e a r e x t e n s i o n of the Mexican farm labor importa­
tion program provided for under the Agricultural Act of
1949 was approved by the President. It is to terminate
December 31, 1964.

December 15
December 2, 1963
h e U.S. S u p r e m e C o u r t held State courts rather than
the NLRB have jurisdiction to enforce State laws banning
union security provisions in labor agreements. Arguing
that inconsistent penalties might be imposed by State
courts, the Retail Clerks Union had urged the NLRB be
given the jurisdiction. State courts may act only after
a union security agreement is signed and may not bar
picketing for such an agreement. The case was R e t a i l
C le r k s , L o c a l 1 6 2 5 v. S c h e r m e r h o r n .
(See also M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1963, p. Ill, and January 1964,
p. 65.)

T

B r a n i f f At r w a t s , I n c ., settled the first of seven contracts
reached during the month by major airlines with the
Machinists Union. The Braniff settlement provided 1,300
mechanics with 34 cents an hour in wage increases over
a 3-year term in addition to higher shift differentials,
establishment of severance pay, and full company pay­
ment of insurance premiums. Varying from 30 to 39
cents, wage increases for another 31,000 employees of
United, Continental, Eastern, National, Northwest, and
Trans World Airlines will equalize the top rates for
mechanics at $3.52 an hour in the final year; benefit pro­
visions in all agreements were similar, but retroactivity
differed at United. ( See p. 192 of this issue.)

December 4

December 16

S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r W. Willard Wirtz found a prevailing
minimum wage in the battery industry of $1.80 an hour
for the manufacture or furnishing of lead-acid storage
batteries or plates, $1.41 an hour for the manufacture or
furnishing of dry primary batteries, and $1.41 an hour for
the manufacture or furnishing of all other products of the
industry. Former industry minimums had ranged be­
tween $1.15 and $1.35 per hour.

F i v e maritime unions announced plans to integrate their
pension plans to give seamen credit for employment under
any of the plans. Some 70,000 members of the Masters,
Mates and Pilots; the Radio Association; and the Na­
tional Maritime Union and its two affiliates, the Brother­
hood of Marine Officers and the United Marine Division,
will be affected.

December 9
A F e d e r a l C o u r t in Washington, D .C ., voided minimum
wage rates set in the machine tool industry by Secretary
of Labor W. Willard Wirtz on May 13, 1963, holding that
the Walsh-Healey Act under which the rates were fixed
does not authorize a minimum wage for each covered
occupation. The Secretary’s determination had found
prevailing hourly rates of $1.65 for blueprint machine
operators or draftsmen and $1.80 for all other employees.
The case was B a r b e r - C o le m a n Co. v. W i r t z .

T h e Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen and the Order of
Railway Conductors agreed with major railroads on a new
health and welfare plan for a $23 monthly employer
contribution for each worker. Two days later, the same
settlement was consummated with the Switchmen’s Union
of North America, bringing the total number of workers
affected to about 123,000. Benefit coverage similar to
that provided the nonoperating unions is to be worked
out later. ( See also p. 192 of this issue.)

December 18
h e P r e s i d e n t signed the Vocational Education Act of
1983 (P.L. 88-210) providing assistance for the first time
to States for construction of vocational schools and
broadening training eligibility provisions. The law
permits Federal aid for training for occupations not pre­
viously covered, liberalizes individual eligibility require­
ments, strengthens in-service training for instructors,
provides for experimental w'ork-study programs, and
makes possible loans under the National Defense Educa­
tion Act to an estimated 70,000 college students not pre­
viously eligible.

T

December 11
h e New York U.S. appeals court denied enforcement of
a second NLRB decision that a Teamster’s local and the
Miranda Fuel Co. had both violated the Taft-Hartley Act
when the company reduced a member’s seniority at the
union’s insistence. The court rejected the Board’s holding
that the reduction violated employee rights to be pro­
tected from invidious treatment by their bargaining agent.
( See also p. 187 of this issue.)

T

190


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CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENT'S
S e c r e t a r y o f L abor W . W ellard W ir t z published final
standards and compliance procedures ensuring equality of
opportunity in federally registered apprenticeship and
training programs. Except for a new clause disclaiming
any interpretation that apprentices be selected from
minority groups by quotas, the regulations remain sub­
stantially as published in the Federal Register on October
23. (See Chron. item for Oct. 20, MLR, Dec. 1963.)
T h e C i n c i n n a t i appellate court upheld a treble-damage
award against the United Mine Workers for violating anti­
trust statutes by conspiring with several large producers
to drive the Phillips Bros. Coal Co. and others out of
business. The case was P e n n in g to n v. U n ite d M in e
W o rk ers.
T h e S l e e p in g C a r P o r ter s agreed with the Pullman Co.
and three carriers who operate their own sleeping car
service on a monthly hours reduction from 205 to 174 by
July 1, 1965. Wage increases of 2 cents and 3.14 cents
retroactive to February 1 and May 1, 1962, respectively,
and the right to transfer to any railroad presently under
contract with Pullman who elects to operate its own sleep­
ing car service were also provided. (See also p. 192 of
this issue.)

December 19
A d is p u t e between the National Maritime Union and the
Marine Engineers Beneficial Association over alleged
racial and religious discrimination aboard the United
States Liner “America” was resolved by an agreement
limiting the activities of the vessel’s first assistant engi­
neer. Sailing had been cancelled since September 14; the
ship is to return to sea February 7,1964. (See also p. 193
of this issue.)
T h e P r e s id e n t signed an amendment ( P .L . 88-214) to the
Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 which


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191
broadened eligibility, increased the maximum weekly
training allowance to $10 above the State Unemployment
Compensation average (the former maximum), and ex­
tends the act for an additional year through June 1966.
The law lowers the age to 17 from 19 for training allow­
ance eligibility, provides up to 20 weeks of instruction
in reading and writing for illiterates, and establishes a
pilot program for assisting in relocating jobless workers.
( See p. 196 of this issue.)

December 20
was appointed international affairs di­
rector of the AFL-CIO, replacing Michael Ross who died
in November.

J a y L o v e st o n e

December 21
T h e P r e s id e n t announced formation of a permanent Gov­
ernment committee to review and coordinate the work of
Federal agencies in appraising the economic impact of
changes in the level and pattern of defense spending. A
member of the Council of Economic Advisers will serve as
chairman of the committee and representation will be
from the Defense, Commerce, and Labor Departments as
well as the Atomic Energy Commission, National Aero­
nautics and Space Administration, U.S. Arms Control and
Disarmament Agency, Office of Emergency Planning, and
Bureau of the Budget.

December 29
of the International Union of Electrical
(AFL-CIO) announced a petition to recall A1
Hartnett as secretary-treasurer of the union had been
approved by the membership. Hartnett had been sus­
pended by the executive board on December 19, 1962, for
failing to comply with directives of IUE President James
B. Carey.
T r u stees
W o rk ers

Developments in
Industrial Relations*

W ages and Collective Bargaining

Transportation. Three railroad operating unions
(Brotherhood of Bailroad Trainmen, Order of
Bailway Conductors and Brakemen, and Switch­
men’s Union of North America), representing
about 123,000 workers, reached agreement with
th e N a tio n ’s ra ilro a d s on a h e a lth and w elfare

plan to go into effect January 1, 1964. The plan
will cost the carriers $23 a month. Benefits will
be similar to those in the plan covering members
of the 11 nonoperating unions, which provide
$4,000 life insurance and, for employees and de­
pendents, a surgical schedule up to $250, the full
cost of hospital room for up to 120 days, as well
as other benefits.
The Order of Bailway Conductors and Brakemen reached agreement with the Pullman Co. in
early December providing about 1,000 conductors
a reduction in monthly hours from 205 to 180
with no loss in pay, beginning January 1, 1964.
According to the Pullman Co., the reduction in
hours resulted in an increase in hourly rates of
about 39y2 cents an hour for workers with 15 years’
service. In addition, the contract made the in­
crease in hourly rates retroactive to January 1,
1963, so that the conductors were to receive a lump­
sum payment equivalent to the increase in the
straight-time hourly rate multiplied by the hours
for which they were compensated during 1963.
The Sleeping Car Porters agreed to a contract
on December 18 with the Pullman Co. and three
railroads which provided a 4-stage reduction in
hours from 205 to 174 a month by July 1, 1965.
The workers also received a 5.14-cent-an-hour wage
increase with 2 cents retroactive to February 1,
1962, and 3.14 cents retroactive to May 1, 1962.
The agreement also provided that if any carrier
takes over its own sleeping car operations from the
Pullman Co., it must give priority in hiring to
192

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Pullman porters in order of seniority and maintain
Pullman’s wages, working conditions, and senior­
ity. A Bailway Labor Act emergency board had
recommended a reduction to 180 hours over a 30month period.
Braniff Airways, Inc., broke the impasse in
negotiations between seven of the Nation’s air
carriers and the International Association of
Machinists on December 15 when it signed an
agreement calling for a 34-cent-an-hour wage in­
crease for about 1,300 mechanics and related em­
ployees. President Lyndon B. Johnson, acting
under the Bailway Labor Act, had appointed an
Emergency Board on December 11 for six of the
airlines; a similar board appointed for United
Air Lines, Inc., on October 9 recommended wage
increases totaling 36 cents.
Following the settlement with Braniff, the Ma­
chinists reached agreement with United for 13,000
workers and late in December and early in Jan­
uary, with the remaining five—Continental, East­
ern, National, Northwest, and Trans World
Airlines—for about 17,700 workers. All the
agreements set a top wage of $3.52 an hour for
mechanics over the contract term—December 31,
1965. Increases varied from 30 cents an hour at
Eastern where the top mechanic had received $3.22
an hour to 39 cents an hour at United whose top
had been $3.13 an hour. The first increase of 12
cents an hour was retroactive to January 1, 1963,
at all lines except United, where it was retroactive
to June 1,1962, with another 8 cents retroactive to
June 1, 1963. In addition, at Braniff some in­
equity adjustments were made. Also included in
the settlements were increased shift differentials
and company assumption of the full cost of the
premium for hospital, medical, and surgical
insurance.
The Masters, Mates, and Pilots on December 8
announced they had concluded negotiations with
shipowners on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts pro­
viding pensions of $300 a month at any age after
20 years’ service beginning January 1,1964. Pen­
sions of those already retired were raised to $200
a month. Pensions had been $150 monthly for
employees with 20 years’ service at age 65. The
liberalized benefits were financed by an increase in
•P re p a re d in th e D ivision of W age Econom ics, B u reau of L abor
S ta tistic s , on th e basis of published m a te ria l available in early
J a n u a ry .

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

company contributions to the benefit fund to $5.20
from $3.20 per man-day, but the 4,000 deck officers
took a $60 monthly ($2 daily) cutback in pay.
Plans for sailings of two ships that had been
involved in labor disputes were announced in
November and December. The United States
Lines and the National Maritime Union agreed
on December 19, 1963, to settlement of a dispute
that had laid up the liner America since September
1963, and the Maritime Association announced on
November 29 that the nuclear ship Savannah had
started up its reactor. The America settlement
devised by Theodore W. Kheel, permanent arbi­
trator under the contract between the NMU and
the United States Lines, provided for reinstate­
ment of Louis Neurohr, first assistant engineer of
the America whose alleged discrimination against
minority groups had led to a walkout. Under
the settlement terms Neurohr’s supervision was
limited to unlicensed seamen under his specific
authority, he was forbidden to use racial epithets,
ordered not to suggest that seamen file grievances
against other supervisors, and forbidden from in­
terfering in seamen’s personal and union busi­
ness. Joseph Curran, president of the NMU,
stated that the union would withdraw a suit for
back wages and an unfair labor practice complaint
before the NLRB. He stated that the line had
agreed to withdraw its objection to unemployment
benefits paid idle workers since September 14;
usually there is a 7-week waiting period for such
benefits in work stoppages in New York State.
As a result of the agreement, the ship was to re­
turn to service in February after its annual
overhaul.
A new crew of engineering and deck officers
who had recently graduated from the Merchant
Marine Academy commenced on-the-job training
December 4, 1963, on the Savannah at Galveston,
Tex., while a backup crew of Maritime Adminis­
tration personnel began training 2 days earlier at
the Maritime Academy. Pay differentials be­
tween engineering and deck officers contained in
an arbitration award had caused a work stoppage
in late 1962; at that time, the engineering and
deck officers were represented by the Marine Engi­
neers Beneficial Association and the Masters,
Mates and Pilots, respectively. The award was
1See

M o n th ly L abor R eview , Septem ber 1963, pp. 1076-1077.

718-358— 64-

-6


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193
upheld by the New York State Court of Appeals
in late November 1963.
A work stoppage by the National Marine Engi­
neers Association in May 1963 caused the Mari­
time Administration to cancel the contract with
the operating company, States Marine Line, and
to sign a new contract in July with American
Export Lines, Inc., whose deck and engineering
officers are both represented by the Brotherhood
of Marine Officers, an NMU affiliate. I t was from
these officers that the crew was drawn in Decem­
ber. Each officer, individually, as well as the
union and company, had given a pledge against
work stoppages to the Maritime Administration.
About 29,000 transit workers were to receive a
total wage increase of 10 percent by July 1, 1965,
under agreements signed on January 1, by the
Transport Workers Union and the Street, Elec­
tric Railway and Motor Coach Employes Union
with the New York City Transit Authority. The
agreement did not incorporate the 4-day 32-hour
workweek demanded by TWU President Michael
J. Quill. About a 4-percent (11.3 cents an hour)
wage increase was effective January 1, 1964, and
about 3-percent (8.5 cents) increases were sched­
uled for both January 1, and July 1, 1965. In
addition, 7 cents an hour was allocated for supple­
mental benefits beginning January 1, 1965. For
TWU members, the allocation was to provide a
3-cent hourly night-shift differential, a Blue Cross
plan for retired employees, and 4 weeks’ vacation
after 5 years (instead of 15) and 5 weeks after 25.
A similar agreement was signed by the TWU
for 7,000 workers of the Manhattan and Bronx
Surface Transit Operating Authority. How­
ever, these workers will receive an additional in­
crease on July 1,1964, to bring them up to Transit
Authority pay scales.
On January 3, five private New York bus lines
employing about 1,000 workers reached agreement
with the TWU on a 30-cent-an-hour wage increase
and 8 cents an hour in liberalized fringe benefits
over a 2-year period.
Metalworking. Kaiser Steel Corp. and the
United Steelworkers modified the extended vaca­
tion plan they had adopted in the summer of
19631 which was similar to the plan provided by
the Steelworkers settlement with 11 major basic

194
steel companies.2 Under the new Kaiser plan, 75
percent of the hourly workers, those with at least
6 years’ service, will receive a 13-week vacation
with 14 weeks’ pay every 5 years and most of the
other workers, will receive 7-week vacations with
8 weeks’ pay every 5 years. The modified vaca­
tion plan will be financed from the progress shar­
ing fund, which can be used to match changes in
benefits negotiated in other parts of the basic steel
industry, or to provide more liberal benefits, as
well as cash payments to individual workers.
The United Aircraft Corp. announced Novem­
ber 18 a 3-percent salary increase effective De­
cember 1,1963, for salaried employees working at
all of its divisions, including those at Pratt and
Whitney, Hamilton Standard, Sikorsky Aircraft,
an d N orden D ivisions, the Systems Center, and
Kesearcli Laboratory—all in Connecticut—as well
as employees in Florida and California. Some
20,000 hourly workers represented by the Machin­
ists at the Pratt and Whitney Division received 6to U-cent deferred increases December 2, 1963,
while 5,000 hourly workers represented by the
Teamsters at the Sikorsky Aircraft Division re­
ceived a deferred increase of 6 to 11 cents on
December 30.
The Hawthorn Works of Western Electric Co.
at Cicero, 111., and the Electrical Workers, IBEW,
representing 9,400 production and maintenance
workers agreed in early December to a 38-month
contract similar to the Michigan Bell Communi­
cations Workers settlement.3 An immediate 6- to
12-cent-an-hour wage increase and liberalized
benefits were provided.
Other Manufacturing. The Cleveland Knit
Goods Council of the International Ladies’ Gar­
ment Workers’ Union, on behalf of 1,500 members,
and representatives of six knitting mills in the
Cleveland area reached agreement in early Decem­
ber on a 3-year contract retroactive to September
3, 1963. It called for hourly wage increases of
from 12 to 30 cents during the term of the agree­
ment, which expires November 15,1966. In addi­
tion, minimums were raised to $1.60 an hour for
pieceworkers with craft minimums established for
the first time for operators, pressers, knitters, and
loopers.
Three major chemical companies in Kanawha
Valley, W. Va., granted wage increases in Novem­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

ber similar to those provided in a number of nego­
tiated settlements in the industry to approximately
9.000 nonunion employees. Hourly wage rates
were increased 8 cents for 2,000 workers at E. I.
du Pont’s Bell Works plant, effective November 4.
A similar increase was effected November 10 for
5.000 employees of Union Carbide Corp.’s chem­
icals, plastics, and olefins divisions; some shift
differential rates were reduced to conform with
prevailing rates in the valley. An 8-cent hourly
increase, plus a 25-percent increase in pensions
and a reduction in the cost of hospitalization in­
surance, was granted to 1,800 employees of FMC
Corp.’s Ordnance Division plant.
Government. In December, several large groups
of New York City employees received increases
as a result of negotiations or administrative action
during the month. The city reportedly agreed
with the Uniformed Firemen’s Association and
the Patrolman’s Benevolent Association on a
$345-a-year package increase—about 16.5 cents an
hour—retroactive to July 1,1963, for about 12,000
firemen and 26,000 policemen. Under the agree­
ments, salaries were increased $175 a year bringing
the maximum for policemen and firemen to
$7,806. Also included were two additional paid
holidays valued at $60 a year, bringing the total to
10, a $155 yearly uniform allowance instead of
$125, and an annual city contribution of $80
per worker to establish a health and welfare fund.
Almost 12,800 practical nurses and nurses’ aides
in the city received increases of annual pay of
$250 beginning January 1, 1964, under revised
pay schedules announced by the city’s career and
salary board of appeals on December 27, 1963.
Nurses’ aides were increased to $3,750-$4,830 from
$3,500-$4,580 and practical nurses to $4,000$5,080 from $3,750-$4,830. Pay scales were also
increased for 1,000 city elevator operators and
starters.
California’s State College Board of Trustees on
December 7 authorized pay increases of from 2 to
7 percent effective January 1,1964, for about 6,000
State university faculty members. Instructors
and assistant professors received the lowest in­
crease and associate and full professors the high2See M o n th ly
3See M o n th ly

L abor R eview , A ugust 1963, p. 959.
L abor R eview , Septem ber 1963, p. 1081.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

est. Librarians received similar raises according
to their academic classification.
A State and a local teachers’ association invoked
sanctions against local school systems in an effort
to obtain more funds for the schools. The Con­
necticut Education Association announced Decem­
ber 20 that effective January 1, it would impose
professional sanctions on the Waterbury, Con­
necticut school system. Any teacher who sought
employment in the city after that date would be
expelled from the association or denied admission
to it.
The Yonkers Teachers Association of Yonkers,
N.Y., an affiliate of the National Education Asso­
ciation, representing 1,250 teachers, commenced
January 2 a protest against Yonkers’ City Coun­
cil by arriving for morning classes just before they
began and leaving the school buildings within 30
minutes after the pupils were dismissed. The city
council by cutting the board of education’s budget
had reduced a proposed pay increase from 5 per­
cent to 2!/2 percent. The protest was to continue
indefinitely, and on February 1 the association
planned to discontinue playground and lunch­
room supervision which it contended were not re­
quired by law.
Other Developments
In December and early January, a number of
developments involved the international affilia­
tion of locals representing employees of the New
York Telephone Co., a subsidiary of American
Telephone and Telegraph Co. On December 23,
the Teamsters and the Brotherhood of Telephone
Workers (Ind.) filed petitions with the National
Labor Relations Board for a representation elec­
tion among the 24,000 plant department em­
ployees. They had been represented since 1961
by the Communications Workers but prior to that
were represented by two independent telephone
unions. On December 30, Local 1101, represent­
ing 10,000 of the plant employees in Manhattan,
Brooklyn, and the Bronx, voted to disaffiliate
from the CWA, and on January 2, the executive
board of the local voted unanimously to affiliate
with the Teamsters. Five locals representing
6,500 suburban telephone workers voted to remain
with the CWA. The officers of Local 1101 were
suspended by the international, and on January


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195
6, the CWA requested the New York Supreme
Court to order them to turn over the local’s assets
and vacate its offices. I t was announced on Jan­
uary 8 that the NLRB had ordered a union repre­
sentation election by mailed ballots which will
be sent out at the end of January and counted
February 18. The workers may choose the CWA,
the Teamsters, the Brotherhood of Telephone
Workers, or no union.
In January 1963, the CWA had defeated a
Teamster attempt to take over representation of
more than 17,000 Western Electric installers
throughout the country.
A petition by the Airline Pilots Association to
the National Mediation Board to extend their rep­
resentation rights to the entire crew of Eastern
Airlines jets was ruled by David L. Cole, im­
partial umpire under the AFL-CIO Internal Dis­
putes Machinery, to be an attempt to raid the
Flight Engineers International Association. The
ruling was regarded by the AFL-CIO as a step
toward the ultimate resolution of the conflict be­
tween the two unions, which officers of the fed­
eration reportedly hoped would merge. The
Engineers had been on strike against Eastern Air­
lines since June 23, 1962, in a dispute over the
qualifications and representation of the third man
in the cockpit of jet aircraft. Eastern Airlines
resumed operations a month later, filling the third
seat in the cockpit with flight engineers who re­
turned to work, with pilots, or with new
employees.
Federal Judge Allan K. Grim of the Philadel­
phia Federal Court dismissed in early December
a suit brought against the Mine Workers by rep­
resentatives of pensioned anthracite miners and
widows of miners for failure to collect royalty
payments from northeastern Pennsylvania coal
mine operators. Judge Grim concluded that the
court lacked jurisdiction.
Officials of the National Conference of Health,
Welfare, and Pension Funds filed suit December 2,
1963, in Federal District Court for the District
of Columbia for court approval of a plan to dis­
solve the organization. The nonprofit group,
which was initiated in 1954, acts as a clearing
house for information among trustees and admin­
istrators of jointly administered health, welfare
and pension funds; about 5 percent of all welfare
and pension funds are jointly administered. The

196
dissolution move was prompted by efforts of Team­
ster President James It. Hoff a to gain control of
the board of directors at the annual workshop of
the conference held in Miami Beach, Fla., in midNovember; of the almost 100 union members of
the conference, more are affiliated with the Team­
sters than with any other union. A temporary
restraining order was subsequently issued against
immediate efforts to end the organization.
Theodore H. Lang, Director of the New York
City Department of Personnel, announced on De­
cember 16 modification of experience requirements
for city jobs. The changes, although applying to
all applicants, were said to provide greater oppor­
tunities to Negroes and Puerto Ricans. In the
future, otherwise qualified applicants would re­
ceive their experience in trainee positions.
On December 9, 1963, the U.S. Supreme Court
affirmed the judgment of the U.S. District Court
that the Interstate Commerce Commission had
given adequate consideration to the public interest
in approving the merger of the Baltimore & Ohio
and Chesapeake & Ohio railroads and that the ICC
ruling had safeguarded the employment oppor­
tunities of the affected workers.4
On December 19, President Lyndon B. Johnson
signed amendments to the Manpower Development
and Training A c t5 which included provision for
special programs to fill in educational gaps for
youths 16 to 21 as well as for older employed


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

workers who needed such background for success­
ful completion of job training. Training allow­
ances were also liberalized: Maximum benefits
were raised to $10 more than the State average
unemployment benefit; full-time trainees were to
be allowed to work 20 hours a week without reduc­
tion in their benefits; and the amount of prior
unemployment required for eligibility for train­
ing was reduced to 2 from 3 years. Provision was
made for training 17-year-old high school drop
outs who had been out of school for a year and for
whom a regular academic or vocational program
was impracticable. Experiments were to be made
to determine whether unemployment would be re­
duced by payment of relocation allowances to
unemployed workers assured of full-time employ­
ment elsewhere. With only four States having
voted authorization to match Federal funds, the
date when States must contribute to training was
delayed a year and the Federal Government’s share
of the training cost was increased to two-thirds
from a half. Appropriations were authorized at
$407,000,000 in fiscal 1965 (instead of the former
$160,000,000) and $281,000,000 in fiscal year 1966.
The date of authority to initiate projects was ex­
tended 1 year to June 30,1966, and the completion
date for authorized projects was also extended a
year—to December 30, 1966.
* See M o n th ly L abor R eview , A pril 1963, p. 429.
M o n th ly L abor R eview , M ay 1962, pp. 532-534.

5See

Book Reviews
and Notes
In su rin g F u ll Em ploym ent: A
United States
Policy j o r Domestic Prosperity a nd World
Development. By John H. G. Pierson. New

York, Viking Press, 1964. 305 pp. $6.
As an official of the United Nations, John H. G.
Pierson—like Gunnar Myrdal in Challenge to
Affluence (Pantheon Books, 1963)—considers un­
employment in the United States an international
as well as domestic problem. Unlike Myrdal he
provides a detailed proposal for insuring full
employment in the United States.
His solution is a simple but ingenious one. The
President in his Economic Report would state
the number of jobs needed for full employment
and the gross national product commensurate
with that employment target. From full em­
ployment GNP would be subtracted the sum of
estimated governmental expenditures (assumedly
including an estimate of State and local spending),
gross private domestic investment, and net ex­
ports. The personal tax burden would then be
adjusted to assure a level of personal consumption
expenditure neither greater nor less than the
difference.
Pierson would prefer to adjust the level of total
consumer spending by a reversible Federal sales
tax which would discourage consumption when
inflationary pressures threatened and provide,
through a subsidy proportionate to spending, both
extra purchasing power and an added inducement
to exercise it when total expenditures threatened
to be deficient. Because of the unfamiliarity of
this more logical device, however, he would settle
for temporary variations in personal income tax
rates supplemented by some type of special sub­
sidy for the lowest income groups who pay little
or no income taxes.
Though the President, acting upon the advice
of his Council of Economic Advisers, would
recommend a full employment target and a level
of consumption expenditure, the definition of full
employment and effectuation of efforts to insure


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it would be the annual responsibility of Congress.
Once Congress had made its annual decision, ad­
justments in the level of consumption expenditures
would be made administratively based on the
Commerce Department’s estimate of the current
rate of personal consumption expenditures.
Pierson’s proposal is economically sound but
unfortunately it founders on political shoals.
Full employment GNP, once defined, can be
reached by increasing any combination of govern­
ment expenditures, business investment, or
personal consumption expenditures.
It is unrealistic to expect that the United States
Congress could in a brief period of debate each
year settle upon a definition of full employment,
the level of consumer spending commensurate
with that target, and a tax program for its accom­
plishment. The time may come when Congress
after due deliberation will see fit to delegate the
necessary powers to the President. The present
outlook is not promising.
There is much more to Pierson’s book. He re­
minds professional economists that most of the
esoterica of current economic debate is irrelevant
to policy issues. He traces the history of em­
ployment policy in the United States and explores
present policy alternatives and examines the inter­
national setting of United States economic prob­
lems. He discusses automation, inflation, the
balance of payments, and disarmament. But his
plan for insuring full employment is the central
issue around which all of the others revolve.
The book is not easy to read and it is not
destined for wide popularity. Concerned with
insuring an adequate level of total demand, it
extends little attention to the problem of fitting
the labor force to the structure of the demand
created. It does place programs for attacking
structural unemployment in their appropriate
perspective as measures to adjust supply to al­
ready existing demand rather than as a solution
to unemployment in a slack economy. The book
is a valuable contribution which not only reminds
us that full employment is among our available
choices but that the policies necessary to its
accomplishment are relatively simple ones eco­
nomically if not politically.
— G arth

L. M angum

Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower
U.S. Senate

197

198
The Strategy of Economic Policy. By Raymond J.
Saulnier. New York, Fordham University
Press, 1963. 81 pp. (Moorhouse I. X. Millar
Lecture Series, 5.) $3.
In these lucid essays, the former chairman of the
Council of Economic Advisers undertakes to relate
formulation of Federal Government economic
policy to what he considers the essence of American
national purpose—“ to provide maximum op­
portunities for self-directed personal develop­
ment.” Throughout this slender book, his pursuit
of this objective is admirably constant and
permeating. The strategy he offers, however, may
appear to some analysts incomplete and uncon­
vincing.
Professor Saulnier first presents his basic belief
of our major national purpose and finds it em­
bodied in the passage of the Employment Act of
1946 calling for economic policy that will “ foster
and promote free competitive enterprise.” Upon
this key assumption, he urges the need for three
policy “ imperatives”—anti-inflationism, conserva­
tive Federal budgeting, and noninflationary wage
policy—all of which are so closely interrelated in
his view that their observance requires shared
responsibility by government, business, and labor.
Without heed to these requirements, Professor
Saulnier fears, policy may not only retard eco­
nomic growth and opportunity but also undermine
“ institutions of privately owned, market-directed
competitive enterprise as the framework within
which to conduct our economic activity.”
The heart of the strategy is drawn from the
experiences of the late fifties and early sixties.
Professor Saulnier rejects use of fiscal measures as
emergency means to prevent recessions when
monetary policy is necessarily restrictive due to
balance of payments deficits. Instead, he feels
that solutions to the problem of growth and
stability without endangering the desired institu­
tional framework lie in (1) rigorous Federal ex­
penditure control, (2) immediate modest tax
reductions for corporate profits and for high and
intermediate personal incomes, (3) limitations of
labor cost increases “ within, rather than equal to,
productivity improvements,” and (4) increased efforts
to eliminate balance of payments difficulties.
Probably few would take issue with the plea to
relate national purpose, policy, and strategy (on
this point, Louis M. Spadaro has an insightful
foreword in the book). Many, however, before

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1964

accepting the Saulnier formulation would want a
more exact exposition of his conception of the
individual in society, particularly the premise that
government action, more than private action,
restricts “self-directed personal development.”
Even more liberal Keynesians than Saulnier could
agree with some elements of the strategy he offers.
However, they would find it difficult to accept
his proposals for tax cuts and cost increase limits
as the chief means for initiating longrun mainte­
nance of high production and employment levels.
These may appear to fly in the face of Professor
Saulnier’s very own plea for “shared responsibility”
in supporting and strengthening the national
purpose.
—S o l o m o n B. L e v i n e
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations
University of Illinois

Readings in Labor Economics. Edited by Gordon
F. Bloom, Herbert R. Northrup, Richard L.
Rowan. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin,
Inc., 1963. 709 pp. $10.60.
The editors of this new collection of readings
have presented 48 papers grouped into six major
divisions in the field of labor economics. The
first four divisions include an introductory section,
a section on the history of the American labor
movement, one on the structure and government
of unions, and another on collective bargaining.
The fifth concerns itself with economic problems
and labor relations, and the sixth with public
policy and labor relations. The editors have
further divided these groups and prefaced each
subdivision with a helpful introductory summary.
The part of the book devoted to collective bar­
gaining is very good. The selections show careful
choice in the presentation of both sides of problems
which are, at the very least, “sticky.” The con­
troversy over featherbedding, which involves
managerial prerogatives, property rights, and
sometimes company survival on the one hand, and
union fears, property rights, and job survival on
the other, is thoughtfully examined, included,
also, is a discerning article by James W. Kuhn
dealing with the “right-to-work” laws. Another
article worth special mention is that by George
Strauss which discusses the changing power
balance on the plant level. This is a penetrating
case study analyzing reasons why some unions
have “lost much of their vitality and forward
motion” in recent years.

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

There are readings of equal interest in other
areas throughout the book. The editors are to
be commended for reviving John R. Commons’
“American Shoemakers, 1648-1895.” It is a
fascinating exposition of the aims of earlier
worker associations, and the difficulties en­
countered by the shoemakers because of the exten­
sion of the market. There is George W. Taylor’s
fine essay “The Role of Labor Unions,” which
deals with the place of unions in the future, and
an analysis by A. H. Raskin of the direction of
investment by national unions of accumulated
union funds.
However, as a collection, the book is less than
satisfactory. The editors state that “Supple­
mentation of basic texts has been the major
criterion in the selection of articles.” On this
basis, several articles do not warrant inclusion—
among these, the two articles on manpower
economics, the article on the national union as a
governmental unit, and the article on the consti­
tution and government of the AFL-CIO. These
selections repeat material that is discussed at
some length in the newer texts.
Also, some important areas in labor economics
have not been adequately represented. There is
little dealing with the mobility of labor; there is
nothing dealing directly with the structural un­
employment problem; and there is nothing dealing
with unemployment compensation. These con­
troversial problems deserve more emphasis.
In the subsection “Productivity and Distribu­
tion of Income,” the editors’ choices could have
been more discriminating. Certainly, it is not
easy to understand why they chose this particular
version of Clark Kerr’s “Trade-Unionism and
Distributive Shares” rather than the expanded
version. In the latter, Dr. Kerr has supported
his views with quantitative evidence. Where an
argument requires the support of data, that data
should be included if it is feasible to do so. Also,
the editors have included an article by John W.
Kendrick summarizing his contribution to pro­
ductivity theory. In this case it might have been
preferable to have chosen an article on the CobbDouglas production function. Although well es­
tablished and widely used, the latter is discussed,
to any extent, in only one of the more recent texts.
It is a concept with which students of labor
economics should be familiar. —J oann S tew art


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Economics Department
Boston University

199
Keynesianism—Retrospect and Prospect: A Critical
Restatement of Basic Economic Principles.
By W. H. Hutt. Chicago, Henry Regnery
Co., 1963. 447 pp. $7.50.
This is a turgid and difficult book. As the
title would suggest the main target of the work is
Keynes’ general theory. This book is, the reader
is informed, the product of many years of reflection
and research, but it is poorly organized and end­
lessly repetitious. It makes many of the same
points in nearly every chapter, belaboring the
Keynesian “fallacies” from every conceivable
point of view. The footnotes constitute a kind
of memoir of the author as he traces the develop­
ment of his own ideas from his student days on­
ward, recording each rebuff and rebuke suffered
at the hands of the Keynesians and, finally, his
more recent encouragements which lead him to
believe the world is at last ready for his ideas.
Regrettably, the work taken as a whole does not
seem a particularly telling or effective technical
critique of Keynes’ original general theory or any
of the later versions. To begin with, by Keynesi­
anism, H utt does not mean simply those econo­
mists who still believe the general theory to be
oracular wisdom. He includes also mathematical
model builders (there is fine irony here remem­
bering Keynes’ views on mathematical economics),
national income statisticians, most business cycle
theorists, and virtually everyone else who has
done any serious work in the field since approxi­
mately 1930. His quarrel, in short, is with the
whole trend of economics for the last 30 years or
more. Even when he does get down to the busi­
ness of attacking Keynesian theory, the author’s
quarrel is not so much with the Keynesian system
as such but rather with its basic assumption that
aggregate equilibrium needs to be explained. In
Professor H utt’s judgment, Say’s Law is not only
valid but unshakable. Supply does create its
own demand and “leakages” from the system are
impossible. A decrease in consumption must
necessarily mean an increase in investment since
investment and savings are always equal to one
another. While the supply of productive re­
sources may vary over time, there can be no such
thing as involuntary unemployment of labor or
capital. If lapses from grace occur it can only be
because of union-induced wage or monopolyinduced price rigidities.
H utt’s position on
these theoretical issues is several miles to the
right of Pigou’s 1933 book on unemployment.

200

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

It was, of course, precisely this kind of economic
theorizing against which Keynes was reacting in
1937, But, H utt gives Keynes too much blame
and also too much credit. The general theory
did in fact constitute the analytical breakthrough
which permitted people to break out of the old
classical modes of thought. That he was the first
to construct such a model is the mark of Keynes’
genius. But, surely, if he had not provided such
a framework, another would have. The con­
ceptual ingredients—the multiplier, the acceler­
ator, the s avings-investment problem—were all
there, and so was the crying need, thanks to the
complete bankruptcy of the kind of economics
H utt would now have us return to. And, in that
case, one presumes H utt would be damning with
equal indignation the “Hansenites” or the
“Lernerians” or some other group.
On balance, I believe this book may be profitably
read by all serious students of economics. It
provides a fine example of pre-Keynesian scholas­
ticism, and shows the progress the discipline has
made in the last several decades.
— W arren

C. R obinson

Department of Economics
Pennsylvania State University

Factors in Economic Development. By A. K.
Cairncross. New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1962. 346 pp. $6.60.
Over the past decade, A. K. Cairncross has
practiced the economist’s craft in many different
settings—as professor at Glasgow, adviser to the
British Government, at the Organization for Eco­
nomic Cooperation and Development, and the
World Bank’s Development Institute. During
most of these years, problems of economic develop­
ment have been at the center of his interest.
The 20 essays in this volume all bear on the
development problem. The range of subjects
touched upon is wide, from observations on a visit
to Moscow to a discussion of capital formation in
the “takeoff.” The essays also vary widely in
their level of analysis. Some are speeches, fairly
casual in tone; others are closely reasoned tech­
nical discussions. Cairncross is aiming at “in­
formed onlookers” as well as professional econo­
mists, and although the general reader will find
one or two of the essays heavy going, most are


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admirably clear. Cairncross is one of that van­
ishing breed of economists whose writing manages
to combine lucidity with technical competence.
Discussion of investment and technical progress
occupies the largest portion of the book—almost
half the essays. One central theme runs through
the reflections in this portion: that capital accumu­
lation is not so fundamental a factor in develop­
ment as is generally argued. Though Cairncross
says in his preface that he has perhaps given it
too slight a role in the underdeveloped countries,
he nonetheless insists on innovation as the more
crucial factor, by which he apparently means
social and technical change in a broad sense.
This is an emphasis which finds its echo in much
recent writing on development problems.
The other major section of the book consists of
four essays on problems of international trade and
economic development. The author is on the side
of those who see international trade continuing to
play a major role in the development of poor
countries. He takes issue with the argument (put
forward cogently by Ragnar Nurkse in his Pat­
terns of' Trade and Development) that expansion
of foreign trade is not an adequate “engine of
growth” in today’s world, as it was in the 19th
century, so that special industrialization efforts
must be made by the underdeveloped countries.
Cairncross does show the uncertain basis of much
of this argument. His own explanation of de­
clining demand for the exports of primary pro­
ducing countries, however, is not convincing. He
suggests that much of the problem may be due to a
relative rise in prices of primary product exports
from nonindustrial countries, as compared with
prices of the same exports from industrial coun­
tries. This may be a relevant consideration for
some commodities in some parts of the world—
those competitive with exports from the industrial
countries. But the bulk of the underdeveloped
world is in the tropics, and his analysis is not
relevant to them, as he himself admits.
His argument, in any case, is one of caution to
those who would neglect agricultural development
in favor of forced industrialization. In principle
at least, it is hard to disagree.
— E lliot J. B erg
Center for International Affairs
Harvard University

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

A Positive Labor Market Policy: Policy Premises for
the Development, Operation, and Integration
of the Employment and Manpower Services.
By E. Wight Bakke. Columbus, Ohio,
Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc., 1963. 255 pp.
This book grew out of a set of working papers
which Professor Bakke prepared for a series of
biweekly conferences held at the Brookings
Institution in January and February 1963. The
conferences brought together 25 invitees from
government, business, labor, and universities for
the purpose of discussing their views on the opera­
tion and development of employment and man­
power services. Bakke defines these services as
the total range of employment-related manpower
and labor market activities conducted by govern­
ment, especially the National Government.
The general thesis, repeated frequently
throughout the book, is that the primary mission
of these services should be oriented towards the
Nation’s economic health and growth. A
secondary consideration is individuals’ social
welfare and relief; the latter being considered a
byproduct of the first. Defining the central
mission is important, Bakke argues, because it
has serious consequences on program direction
and emphasis and on the status of these services.
A second aspect of the mission of employment
and manpower services is to facilitate rational
movement of labor in a free labor market.
Bakke stresses that these services must be
geared to both local and national needs in effec­
tively carrying out their mission. Thus, the
operational field for employment and manpower
services can be defined in geographical as well
as in occupational and industrial terms. With
respect to the latter, the operational field should
be, in general, unlimited; “these services should
concern themselves with workers and employers
in every occupation and industry contributing
to the economic strength and growth of the econ­
omy, whether or not the occupation and in­
dustry is served in some places and to some
degree by other fee-charging or free facilities.”
Bakke wants the administrators of these
services to “provide dynamic initiative and
leadership, not only in setting their own course
and pursuing it, but in influencing the actions of
other groups and institutions in the community
and Nation.” Furthermore, there is need “to
harness the people who are responsible for the
administration of the Employment and Manpower

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201

Services, from the President clear down the line
into a team—an integrated team—for the per­
formance of the central mission of those services.”
He maintains that integration and coordination
of these services are required for effective end
results.
The author suggests that such integration and
coordination can take several forms. One possi­
bility is to have a Federal Labor Market Board
patterned after the Swedish model. A second
possibility is to have the U.S. Department of
Labor be the integrating authority with control
and direction of all employment and manpower
services. With respect to these two possibilities,
Bakke notes (and I agree heartily) that “the
practical political and jurisdictional problems at
this moment, however, make unreasonable a
blitzkrieg approach,” i.e., to have a super authority
to control and direct all of these services. He
makes two other suggestions: (1) To establish an
interdepartmental and agency coordinating man­
power services council and (2) to integrate better
within the Department of Labor those services
already assigned to it.
Given the politics of administration, the kind
of coordination and integration which Bakke pro­
poses will be difficult to achieve.
In the last chapter, Bakke reveals his concept
of a positive labor market policy. It involves
more than just having an array of employment
and manpower services but having them properly
coordinated and integrated with reference to a
positive labor market policy. He spells out in
bold and dramatic form the characteristics of
such a policy.
If the Bakke criteria for an active and positive
labor market policy are accepted, we are indeed a
very long way off from achieving such a policy.
Even during World War II, we did not have
anything approaching the high degree of ration­
ality with respect to manpower as Bakke envisions.
Through this provocative book, the author
has added another dimension to the current
discussions on the need for appropriate manpower
policies. The book has several shortcomings,
among which are much repetition of the author’s
thesis and lack of citations of source materials.
Despite these, students of labor market organiza­
tion will find this a book of interest.
— D a n ie l H. K ruger
School of Labor and Industrial Relations
Michigan State University

202

Minority Groups and Intergroup Relations in the
San Francisco Bay Area. By Wilson Record.
Berkeley, University of California, Institute
of Governmental Studies, 1963. 48 pp. $1.50.
This short paper by Professor Record of Sacra­
mento State College is one in the Franklin K. Lane
series, designed to envisage future trends in the
San Francisco Bay Area. Existing data form the
basis for a thoughtful analysis of present and future
Bay Area minority problems, particularly the
problem of the assimilation of Negro immigrants.
Since nearly every aspect of the Bay Area situation
is duplicated in other large cities all over the coun­
try, this careful detailing of factors and influences
is widely applicable elsewhere. The prognosis is
not a hopeful one.
Three main sections of the study review (1) the
size and distribution of the minorities by racial
group and the concentrations in certain parts of
the area; (2) specific social and economic problems
(employment, housing, education, indigence); and
(3) the existing action groups in the Bay Area. The
study finds that the recent rapid growth of Mexi­
can and Negro populations, especially the latter,
will probably continue, and that newcomers will
pile up even more in the central city areas. A
San Francisco fair employment practice ordinance
enacted in 1957 and followed by a State law in
1959 has contributed to a reduction of discrimina­
tion in its field. However, according to Record,
“Rapid automation of unskilled and semiskilled
jobs, in which a disproportionately high number
of Negroes are employed, coupled with the nearly
insurmountable task of retraining and relocating
those categories of workers, could conceivably
push the rate of Negro Unemployment to three
times that of the general population.” The in­
come gap between Negroes and others, which
narrowed during the forties, appears now to be
widening once more.
Those who suppose that the Bay Area has
solved its minority problems are mistaken. Nor
is the author optimistic that the Area—or by
extension, other areas—will successfully assimilate
the recent and the expected future inmigrants.
He states, “A new and equitable basis of Negrowhite relations in the Bay Area could develop out
of present tensions. Past experience offers little
hope that it will.” If the problem is not met on
the local level, he adds, pressure from the growing
number of persons who are at a disadvantage in

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1964

our increasingly complicated urban life will force
State and even Federal Government to accept a
larger role in the welfare field. Centralization
will be inevitable.
— M arion H ayes
Office of the Economic Consultant
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Managing Personnel. By Richard P. Calhoon.
New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1963.
599 pp. $7.75.
The author is Professor of Personnel Adminis­
tration at the University of North Carolina. He
proposes a text that “concentrates on research
findings, on new approaches, on concepts and
theories, and on analysis.” He emphasizes the
need for research. These are unquestionably the
right words for 1963. They rather effectively
summarize much of the current drive in educational
programs for both general management and
manpower management. The statement of ob­
jectives further proposes a “mature treatment”
with an accent “on the management of personnel
as a supervisory function” and a focus throughout
“on developing organizational effectiveness.”
These objectives and intentions are spelled out
in some detail in Part I, under the general title
of “Managerial Concepts.” Four chapters trace
the development of personnel departments, note
the field’s long relationships with, and dependence
on, the social sciences, and describe the major
responsibilities of modern personnel managers.
They discuss the evolution of management
philosophy and relate these developments to
modern personnel programs, the role of personnel
departments, the major functions of management,
and concepts of responsibility, authority, orga­
nization, and decisionmaking.
Parts II through VI deal with the usual
“personnel functions” or activities, including
selection, training and development, supervision
(including motivation, communication, and facili­
tating change), compensation, employee benefits
and services, and labor relations. Treatment
follows the traditional pattern rather closely,
except that the final section, Part VI, entitled
“The Management of Labor Relations,” is not
limited to the usual process of collective bargaining
and contract negotiation and administration.
Instead, the section introduces the concepts of
group dynamics, informal organization, and par­
ticipation. It devotes one chapter to the special

203

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

problems of older workers, women, ethnic groups,
the handicapped, ex-criminals, alcoholics, unwed
mothers, sexual deviates, and the mentally ill,
before its discussion of labor relations.
As a result, formal consideration of unionmanagement—bilateral policymaking—is post­
poned until the two final chapters of the book.
As a further result, bargained policy and public
policy developed largely in response to union
pressures receive little attention in earlier discus­
sions of the major personnel functions.
The author is realistic in his description of the
present state of the art. Although he considers
the personnel department as staff, he notes that
its status is confused. Its practitioners have, in
some firms, achieved recognition as full members
of the top management team. In other orga­
nizations, “fears and jealousies in line management
and among other staff divisions,” difficulties in
relating the personnel contribution to profits, and
the “caliber of personnel men” have blighted the
field’s blossoming process. Similarly, although
“personnel management is indisputably a pro­
fession and ought to be, many of its practitioners
do not measure up to the marks of the professional.”
Whether or not the book is truly “mature,” or
could be, raises a definitional and conceptual
question. Its treatment of the philosophy,
theory, and policy of modern personnel administra­
tion deserves commendation even if the philoso­
phy, theory, and policy are not in themselves
mature. It raises many of the right questions.
Discussions are easy to read and understand.
The author is perceptive as well as realistic and
candid.
The general objective—developing a closer inte­
gration of general management responsibilities
and those of the industrial relations or personnel
department—is in tune with the times. The
author effectively demonstrates the broad area
of coincident interest and responsibility shared
by general management and personnel manage­
ment. Who else but the personnel manager will
build and maintain the essential bridges between
dynamic organization, administration, and work
theory with their ongoing research, on the one
hand: and day-to-day administration, on the
other?


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— D ale Y oder
Industrial Relations Division
Stanford University

Two Years After the College Degree: Work and
Further Study Patterns. Report on a 1960
survey of 1958 college graduates, prepared by
the Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc.,
for the National Science Foundation. 1963.
335 pp. (NSF 63-26.) $1.75, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
This study is an invaluable source of informa­
tion about the educational and work patterns of
college graduates. It presents data on the work
and study activities of over 40,000 recent college
graduates (32,122 with bachelor’s degrees, 7,139
with master’s degrees, and 2,235 with graduatelevel professional degrees) 2 years after they
received their degrees. The information was
obtained by means of a self-administered mail
questionnaire answered in the spring of 1960 by
those receiving degrees in 1958.
The study shows that there is a close correlation
between the subject matter field chosen by the
college student and his field of employment fol­
lowing completion of his studies. Although the
degree of relationship varies among subject matter
fields, in most cases it could be said that when a
college student elects a college major, he is also
selecting a career pattern.
Equally valuable data is presented on the
graduate studies of the June 1958 college gradu­
ates, illustrating the growing importance students
attach to graduate work. Two years after re­
ceiving their degrees, over one-third of the bache­
lor’s degree graduates and one-fifth of the master’s
degree graduates were seeking further degrees.
Most often, the graduate and professional degrees
were sought in the field of undergraduate major
or in a closely related field. Of major significance
is the fact that over one-half of the men and twothirds of the women who had received master’s
degrees in 1958 indicated that they had received
their bachelor’s degrees in 1953 or earlier.
Other topics of interest covered by the report
include the personal and education background
of the graduates, the graduate’s evaluation of the
usefulness of his college training, job satisfaction,
and earnings.
Despite the major contribution which this re­
port makes to our understanding of the Nation’s
most important resource—highly trained man­
power—the report should be utilized with caution.
Even though great care appears to have been
taken in selecting a representative sample, design-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

204
ing an effective questionnaire, and analyzing and
editing the returns, it is clear that there are some
weaknesses in the report because of problems
presented in any survey of this size and scope.
Nonrespondents pose some problems to the valid­
ity of the survey’s results, since, as was deter­
mined by a telephone survey of nonrespondents,
a significantly smaller proportion of them appear
to obtain employment or continue with graduate
work. There are also some weaknesses in the
data on specific occupations or undergraduate
fields owing to the limited number of cases in­
cluded in the study. It is unfortunate that
Ph. D. recipients were excluded from the study
for the National Academy of Sciences—National
Research Council reports do not contain the depth
of information found in this study.
This National Science Foundation study is
well worth the attention of not only American
social scientists and manpower analysts, but also
all those who are concerned with the American
system of higher education.
— H oward Y . S tambler
Manpower and Employment Statistics
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Soldiers and Spruce: Origins of the Loyal Legion
of Loggers and Lumbermen. By Harold M.
Hyman. Los Angeles, University of Cali­
fornia, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1963.
341 pp. (Industrial Relations Monograph
10.) $3.
During World War I, spruce was considered
indispensable to the construction of airplanes. It
was a light, tough material used in airframes, and
its production for that purpose became an im­
portant element in the war effort. The account of
how spruce was obtained from the forests of the
Northwest forms the backdrop for a closely related
story—the early history of the Loyal Legion of
Loggers and Lumbermen, known as the 4 L’s.
This was an organization sponsored by the Army
in an attempt to end labor strife in an area where
strikes and slowdowns threatened to prevent the
production of an essential material. At the time,
working conditions in the lumber industry were
deplorable. As a result, the Industrial Workers
of the World was finding fertile ground for the
dissemination of its syndicalist doctrines and for
general condemnation of America’s participation
in the war. The government and the public were

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greatly worried by this development. The Ameri­
can Federation of Labor, which had not yet gained
strength in the area, denounced IWW ideas and
methods, while the IWW accused the A FL of
having sold out to the employers. The employers
were determined to prevent any union from gain­
ing a permanent foothold in their territory. This
was the atmosphere in which the 4 L’s was born.
The 4 L’s was not a union in the usual sense
of the term, because its membership was com­
prised of both employers and employees, and its
directors were commissioned, uniformed Army
officers who were advised by civilian lumbermen.
Yet it succeeded in establishing industrial peace
in the Northwest woods for a period during the
war, and thus fulfilled an important part of its
mission. The spruce was produced. The 4 L ’s
grew to a membership of over 100,000, but after
the war, its peculiar type of organization no longer
suited the needs of the workers, and in spite of
determined efforts to keep it alive, its member­
ship dwindled. I t was opposed by the AFL,
which did not consider it a legitimate labor union,
and disappeared during the 1930’s.
As told by Professor Hyman, the story of the
4 L ’s is a very dramatic one, filled with intrigues
and highlighted by the jealousies, suspicions, and
ambitions of the chief actors. The book reads
more like a novel than a history of an organiza­
tion which played a relatively minor part in the
evolution of the American labor movement. The
author takes care to develop the characters of his
actors, such as that of Colonel Brice P. Disque,
who was the person most active in building the
4 L’s, or that of Professor Carlton PI. Parker,
whose ideas influenced Disque, and who held the
unusual thesis—for that day—that the way to de­
feat the IW W was to improve working condi­
tions for the men rather than to subject them to
more abuse. This development of the characters
by the author helps to explain much which has
gone unexplained in previous writings on the sub­
ject. The author had access to material not
available to his predecessors, and he has been able
to correct some of the past misinterpretations.
He has produced a well-annotated, scholarly piece
of work and has made very interesting reading
of it.
— P aul L. K leinsorge
Professor of Economics
University of Oregon

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

The New Argument in Economics: The Public
Versus the Private Sector. Edited by Helmut
Schoeck and James W. Wiggins. Princeton,
N.J., D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1963. 264
pp. (William Volker Fund Series in the
Humane Studies.) $5.95.
Is there need to rebut the evidence used to sup­
port the rising spate of government intervention
and to present a strong restatement of the 19th
century liberals’ philosophy and economic policy
prescriptions for contemporary problems ? Twelve
scholars with established reputations—five econo­
mists, two specialists in jurisprudence, a political
scientist, a sociologist, a historian, a philosopher,
and a professor of business administration—have
pooled their talents under the direction of Helmut
Schoeck and James Wiggins to present such a
case. As promised on the dust jacket, “The chief
arguments currently advanced in favor of a fur­
ther enlargement of the area of centralized and
coercive economic decisionmaking are critically
examined . . . and are shown to be very weak or
altogether invalid.” The final product is neither
text nor thesis; rather, it is a collection of essays
endeavoring to deepen socioeconomic insights by
pointing up the subtle values and complex proc­
esses which underlie contemporary public policy
posture.
W. Allen Wallis sounds the keynote and sets the
tone for the series of articles in the opening over­
view of the public versus the private sector by
characterizing the increased emphasis on govern­
ment expenditures as a return to the principles of
mercantilism. Thus, he feels the “new argument”
in economics is a form of neomercantilism based
on a refurbishing of fallacious principles. Karl
Brandt then develops the point of view that the
public sector has expanded only because the public
was uninformed on full costs in terms of the sac­
rifice of free institutions and loss in efficiency ac­
companying the shift from private to public
ownership and management of enterprises. He
writes “Freedom and human dignity and their
vital role in man’s capacity to create and use
wealth for graceful living, assisting his fellow
man, and building a humane and open society must
orient the discussion of private versus the public
sector.”
In like fashion, evidence is presented and evalu­
ated to prove that the public sector is relatively
unworthy and unpromising as a general approach

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205
to the improvement of either economic or human
welfare. In exploring the accepted hypothesis
that people cannot be trusted to use natural re­
sources properly, J. W. Milliman concludes: “It is
perhaps ‘poetic,’ but true, that the heritage of un­
born generations will be enriched only if freedom
of individual choice is protected and preserved in
both the public and private sectors.” Wilson E.
Smidt, reviewing recent developments in public
policy and the foreign sector, finds “There is a
fundamental principle that the government has
violated: economic progress and national well­
being are best preserved by giving purchasers the
maximum freedom of choice and by buying in the
cheapest market, foreign or domestic . . . the pub­
lic sector should maximize its own freedom of
choice in order to increase, not its own well-being,
but that of the private sector . . . .” J. Fred
Hippy adds, “My personal belief is that the cre­
ative spirit and the energies of the individuals are
the major impulses of all progress, and that every
restraint imposed upon them not only retards pro­
gress but hampers pursuit of happiness as well.”
Sylvester Petro views with alarm the rise of the
trade union movement with its present aims and
objectives because they are strong proponents^ of
an expanding public sector: “All trade union
leaders are conscious that they, as individual per­
sons, owe their present power and position largely
to the kind of governmental favoritism that they
can expect only from those who favor expression
of the public sector.” On balance he believes the
record reveals that such an alliance leads to selfdestruction of the trade union movement: “Until
the theory of the free society as expressed in lais­
sez-faire doctrine prevails . . . the public sector
will expand at the expense of personal freedom;
and for a while, trade unions and their leaders
will possess enormous political influence and eco­
nomic power. But in the end . . . there will be
no independent trade unions at all.”
In this manner, an interdisciplinary approach
is brought to bear on the role competitive capital­
ism ought to play in a free society. The philo­
sophical position of the 19th century liberal (the
present-day conservative) is posited in its most
extreme form based on laissez faire in both the
domestic and international spheres and is accom­
panied by policy proposals that would substan­
tially curtail government intervention. The
attainment of economic welfare is then seen to

206

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

revolve on our ability to preserve and promote free
institutions.
Advocates of limited government will find much
to their liking in this collection, but proponents of
public policy measures will find themselves at odds
with both the fundamental premises and the con­
crete proposals presented. The liberal in the con­
temporary sense of the word will find much to
interest him in this work, although proposals on
the whole will seem naive, uninformed, based on
affirmation of faith, and potentially dangerous.
Nevertheless, these arguments should be thorough­
ly explored no matter what position one takes on
the issue of the public versus the private sector
for only thus can progress be made in sharpening
the focus, narrowing the issues, and improving
policymaking in the public interest.
— D on V . P lantz
College of Business Administration
Arizona State University

Free Men and Free Markets. By Robert Theo­
bald. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.,
1963.

203 pp.

$5.

Robert Theobald has written a controversial and
thought-provoking book. Starting with the
theme that we live in an economic society of
abundance rather than scarcity, he comes to the
startling conclusion that the way to avoid eco­
nomic chaos is by guaranteeing everyone a mini­
mum standard of living.
Mr. Theobald has strong views and forcefully
expresses them. As a reviewer, I have a responsi­
bility to give a fair exposition of a book’s views.
But I also have a responsibility to gage the pro­
fessional worth of a book and as a professional
economist, I believe that Theobald is wrong when
he argues that Western society is now and will
continue to be characterized by an excess supply
situation.
Theobald correctly shows that due to automa­
tion (or cybernation as he puts it) we are now
able to produce substantially more than formerly
with our given volume of productive resources.
But with demand expanding less rapidly than our
ability to produce, the result will be unemploy­
ment of large numbers of human resources. This
is all perfectly correct formal economic analysis.
The trouble comes with Theobald’s assumed weak­
ness of demand forces in the economy. He argues
that such traditional means of stimulating demand

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as tax cuts and increased expenditures to satisfy
public wants for social goods are inadequate.
Thus a dilemma is posed. With increasing un­
employment, poverty will result for the masses of
unemployed; traditional government and business
techniques to stimulate demand in the economy
will fail; the employed will not take enough goods
off the market to guarantee full employment.
How to solve the dilemma ? A radical solution is
proposed: “Guarantee to every citizen of the
United States . . . the right to an income from
the Federal Government sufficient to enable him to
live with dignity.”
I disagree with both Theobald’s economic views
and his implied political philosophy. I believe
that both economic freedom and equality of eco­
nomic opportunity are essential for political free­
dom. Despite his emphasis on individual
freedom, I cannot see that Theobald’s recommenda­
tions would enhance that freedom. Rather, I
believe they would place the State in too superior
a power position.
Restricting myself now to the economics of the
book: First, there are a number of glaring ele­
mentary errors of fact in the book. For example,
on page 13, Theobald states that for “a century
and a half, Western governments followed a policy
of nonintervention in the socioeconomic sys­
tem . . . .” This apparently came to an end with
the depression of the 1930’s. An elementary
knowledge of economic history would demonstrate
the contrary. There has been Federal interven­
tion in the market in the United States from the
beginning of our history as an independent
Nation.
Second, while Theobald outlines an extensive
program of how people in differing income groups
would be guaranteed different payments from the
government, he nowhere makes a precise quanti­
tative estimate of the cost of the proposal. In
fact, the chapter on “The Financing of Economic
Security” tends to pass off the whole problem of
financing. Most economists agree that with a pro­
gressive income tax structure, increased govern­
ment expenditures would lead to higher incomes
and hence greater tax revenues. But deficits
would ensue from Theobald’s program, of a mag­
nitude, I suspect, that could throw even an
abundance economy into hyperinflation.
And third, with respect to Theobald’s views on
excess supply: He feels that this is a permanent

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

problem which means that “our existing socio­
economic system is outmoded by abundance. A
collective judgment must now be made on the issue
of whether or not we are willing simply to await a
disastrous demonstration of the correctness of the
evidence.” I do not see that the economic situa­
tion Theobald describes is so unique as to raise
the awesome specter he fears.
In a market economy, it is the interaction be­
tween demand and supply forces that determine
prices and output. I do not believe that increased
automation and the increased work force of the
1960’s are sufficiently strong factors to cause the
permanent situation of excess supply he describes.
Free market forces are still at work. The influx
of workers into service industries and the in­
creased investment in the human resource in the
form of rapid expansions in higher education and
vocational training all point to the mobility and
adaptability of the human resource. People have
always tended to move from industries with low
employment opportunities to those that afford
greater opportunities. Sometimes the adjustment
process is slow and painful, but it does take place.
The results are evident in our present ability to
produce and consume.
Surely we do not have Dr. Pangloss’ “best of all
possible worlds,” but I view the problems Theo­
bald describes as affording an opportunity to
demonstrate the viability of our market economy
and our faith in individual freedom and initiative.
— J o h n J. K lein
Department of Economics
Fordliam University

What's Wrong With Our Labor Unions! By
Maurice P. Franks. New York, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1963. 256 pp. $5.
There has long been a need for a straight­
forward, reasoned statement of the principles of
that famous, but somewhat murky, philosophy of
industrial relations known as “voluntarism.”
While this book does not meet that need, it comes
closer than any attempt recently published.
Evoking the name and the spirit of Samuel
Gompers—to wdiom the work is dedicated—Mr.
Franks presents a free-swinging, bombastic, and
rhetorical attack on the “labor czars . . . punks,
pinks, and pantywaists” who, he contends, domi­
nate the American trade union movement. Closer
to the bone, he also has incidental criticism to
make of the “professors of union economics and
personnel relations [who] turn every discussion

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207
of organized labor into a fashion show for fanci­
ful prejudices.”
Specifically, the author argues that the law has
permitted union leaders to gather to themselves
a dangerous amount of power, the exercise of
which threatens disaster. The laws which are
most to blame are the Railway Labor Act (as
amended), the Wagner Act, the Taft-Hartley Act,
and, to a lesser degree, the Landrum-Griffin Act.
Mr. Franks also includes, but apparently does not
understand the significance of, section 6 of the
Clayton Act. In all of them, he sees a threat both
to the functioning of the economy and to the true
spirit of collective bargaining, which he conceives
to be that of industrial partnership. To this re­
viewer, it seems clear that management is to be
the very senior partner wTith largely inviolable
prerogatives.
There are three sources of this trade union
monopoly: Compulsory unionism, industrywide
bargaining, and the lack of rank-and-file control
over the decision to strike. The author’s position
on the union shop is the familiar, but nonetheless
powerful, argument that unions must be volun­
tary organizations both to protect individual
freedom and to insure internal policing. With­
out exploration, he dismisses as “doubletalk” the
contention that union security may be involved.
The complicated issue of the proper scope of
bargaining units is regarded solely as a question
of the vast power which concentrates in the hands
of the labor leader. The power which concen­
trates in management’s hands in the same situa­
tions is either not perceived or is viewed as benign.
Mr. Franks is enormously dismayed at the dis­
location caused by strikes; many observers feel
that a working time loss of less that 1 percent per
year is an eminently reasonable price to pay for
collective bargaining. The appendixes contain
proposals for reducing strikes, in general, and
wildcat strikes, in particular. The plan for the
latter, immediate expulsion from the union and
the job, is jarring in that it would remove what
has on occasion been the rank-and-file’s best
weapon against a dictatorial leadership.
The book states a point of view more widely
held in a simpler world. It is not likely that many
readers will be convinced, but those who already
share Mr. Frank’s opinions will be delighted.
— D onald J. M cC lueg
Department of Economics
University of Colorado

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

208
Education and Training
Wash­
ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1963. xvi, 792 pp. (Bulletin 1375; revi­
sion of Bulletin 1300.) $4.75, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.

O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k , 1 9 6 3 -6 4 E d i ti o n .

i n S p a c e . By Otto O. Binder. New York,
Walker and Co., 1963. 308 pp., bibliography. $6.50.

C a reers

By Joseph
Quarterly,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics, Washington, December 1963, pp. 9-14. 35 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)

N e w J o b H o r iz o n s in D e f e n s e - R e l a t e d W o r k .
F. Fulton. { I n Occupational Outlook

A b s t r a c t s : I n t e r n i s t (No. 263) ; D e n t i s t
(No. 264) ; S c ie n c e T e a c h e r (No. 265) ; S y s t e m s A n a ­
l y s t (No. 266) ; C o m p a r is o n S h o p p e r (No. 267) ; M e d i­
c a l S e c r e ta r y (No. 268). Jaffrey, N.H., Personnel
Services, Inc., 1963. 6 pp. each, bibliographies. 50
cents each ; 25 cents to students.

O c c u p a tio n a l

N o R o o m a t t h e B o t t o m : A u t o m a ti o n a n d th e R e lu c t a n t
L e a r n e r — A S y m p o s iu m . Edited by Goodwin Wat­

son. Washington, National Education Association,
Project on the Educational Implications of Auto­
mation, 1963. 102 pp. $3, cloth; $2, paper.
P la n n in g E d u c a tio n f o r E c o n o m ic a n d S o c ia l D e v e lo p m e n t.

Edited by Herbert S. Parnes. Paris, Oganization for
Economic Cooperation and Development, Mediter­
ranean Regional Office, 1963. 270 pp. Distributed
by OECD Regional Office, Washington.
E d u c a tio n f o r a C h a n g in g W o r ld o f W o r k : A p p e n d ix I ,
T e c h n ic a l T r a in in g in th e U n ite d S t a t e s . By Lynn A.

Emerson. Washington, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1963.
170 pp., bibliogaphy. (OE-80022.) $1.25, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.
E d u c a tio n f o r a C h a n g in g W o r ld o f W o r k : A p p e n d i x I I ,
M a n p o w e r in F a r m in g a n d R e l a t e d O c c u p a tio n s . By

C. E. Bishop and G. S. Tolley. Washington, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Of­
fice of Education, 1963. 51 pp. (OE-80025.) 35
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

T r a in in g D is a d v a n t a g e d G r o u p s U n d e r th e M a n p o w e r
D e v e lo p m e n t a n d T r a in in g A c t. Washington, U.S.

Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Automa­
tion and Training, 1963. 24 pp. (Manpower Evalua­
tion Report 1.)
A p p r e n tic e s h ip N o w : N o te s on th e T r a in in g o f Y o u n g
E n t r a n t s to I n d u s t r y . By Andrew Beveridge. Lon­

don, Chapman & Hall Ltd., 1963. 168 pp.
Princeton, N.J., Princeton
University, Industrial Relations Section, November
1963. 4 pp. (Selected References, 114.) 40 cents.

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Employee Benefits
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Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A .— ]

212
213
217
221

A -l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
221 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
222 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
B .— ■Labor
]

Turnover

223 B -l.

c.—
226 C -l.
238 C-2.
238 C-3.
by major industry group
239 0-4.
241 C-5.
activities
241

C-6.
D .— •Consumer

and Wholesale Prices

242 D -l. Consumer Price Index—All-city aver
groups of items
243 D-2.
244 D-3.
246 D-4.
247 D-5.
E .—
248 E -l.
F .— Work

F -l.

Injuries

Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries

i This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the

R eview .

N ote : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in
S ta tis tic a l S eries (BLS Bulletin 1168,1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.


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T echniques o f P r e p a r in g M a jo r B L S

211

212

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

A.—Employment
Table A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over»
Employment status

1963

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1962

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual aver­
age
1961

1960

Total, both sexes
Total labor force

_

Civilian labor force
_ .........
Unemployment...........................................
Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted2_________________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less...................
Unemployed 5-10 weeks.........................
Unemployed 11-14 weeks........................
Unemployed 15-26 weeks___________
Unemployed over 26 weeks............... .
E m ploym ent..______________________
Nonagricultural....................................
Worked 35 hours or more__________
Worked 15-34 hours..... .......................
Worked 1-14 hours_______________
With a job but not at work «_______
Agricultural...... .......................................
Worked 35 hours or m o re............. .
Worked 15-34 hours......... ....................
Worked 1-14 hours_______________
W ith a job but not at w ork2..............

75,201 76,000 76,086 75,811 77, 167 77,917 77, 901 75,864 74,897 74, 382 73,999 73,323 74. 142 74,175

73,126

72,461 73,261 73,344 73,062 74, 418 75,173 75,165 73,127 72,161 71, 650 71,275 70,607 71, 378 71,603
3,846 3,936 3,453 3,516 3, 857 4,322 4, 846 4,066 4,063 4, 501 4, 918 4,672 3, 817 4,806

70,612
3,931

5.9
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.9
5.7
5.6
6.1
5.8
5.6
6.7
, 670
1,955 1,623 1,682
1,907 2,802 1,833 1,597
1,814 1,996
1,897
, 553
, 697
767
662
617
806 1,221
806
679
672
963 1,315 1,162
964
840
349
332
430
251
222
260
262
371
485
411
598
361
300
401
443
382
439
502
376
649
743
684
696
612
728
525
463
476
503
510
557
514
643
681
691
619
541
453
804
69,325 69,891 69, 546 70, 561 70, 851 70, 319 69,061 68,097 67, 148 66, 358 65,935 67, 561 66, 796
64, 548 64.541 64,220 65, 065 64, 882 64, 365 63,883 63,424 62, 812 62,309 61,730 63, 495 61,333
46.129 50,960 50,462 47, 678 47,214 49,804 50,383 46,505 48, 669 47,063 48,480 49, 175 47,257
12,456 7,402 7,124 6, 985 6,556 7,015 7,261 10,455 7, 588 8, 573 7,235 7, 932 7,522
3,935 3,893 3,645 3, 261 3,332 3, 580 4,144 3,856 4, 119 4,238 3,845 4, 143 3,610
2,029 2,288 2,990 7, 142 7,780 3,966 2,093 2,608 2, 436 2,432 2,172 2, 243 2,946
4,777 5,350 5,326 5, 496 5,969 5,954 5,178 4,673 4, 337 4,049 4,206 4, 066 5,463
2,994 3,716 3,619 3, 702 4,130 4,199 3,489 3,198 2, 587 2,261 2,522 2, 352 3,540
1,196 1,094 1,170
, 155
1,237 1,226 1,196 1,041
, 042
1,040
987
907 1,245
411
442
424
444
466
413
415
305
467
483
444
490
477
176
112
98
196
137
119
80
129
241
267
249
200
316

5.6
1,799
823
353
502
454
66, 681
60,958
46,388
8,249
3,279
3,042
5,723
3,811
1,279
444
190

5.5
1,734
859
324
492
436
68,615
64,576
50,817
7,679
4,092
1,985
4,039
2,179
1,100
476
284

1

1

1

1

1

Males
Total labor force___________ ____

49,924 50,285 50,368 50, 602 52,060 52,477 52,204 50,483 50,010 49,675 49,503 49,269 49,574 49, 918

Civilian labor force_____________
Unemployment______________
Employment________________
Nonagricultural____________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours.................
W ith a job but not at work >.
Agricultural...............................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours.................
W ith a job but not at work s.

47,215
2,477
44,739
41,294
34,799
3,466
1,718
1,311
3,445
1,951
820
409
263

47,577
2,253
45,324
41,488
32,166
6,442
1,586
1,292
3,836
2,622
754
307
154

47,657
1,874
45,784
41,644
35,387
3,238
1,610
1,410
4,139
3,121
626
309
84

47,884
1,902
45,983
41,880
35,317
3,205
1, 552
1,808
4,103
3,067
631
301
102

49,342
2,224
47,118
42, 733
34,007
3,345
1,441
3.941
4,385
3,232
669
315
168

49, 765
2,516
47,249
42,538
33, 791
3,060
1,437
4,250
4,711
3, 591
681
329
111

49,500
2,779
46,722
42,078
35,283
3,256
1,551
1,988
4,644
3,634
637
276
96

47,778
2, 434
45,345
41,205
35,055
3,161
1,795
1,193
4,140
3,071
702
296
68

47,306
2,600
44,706
40, 762
32,806
4, 941
1,658
1,357
3, 945
2,888
700
247
112

46,975
3,013
43, 962
40,251
33,648
3,439
1,688
1,476
3,711
2,383
730
384
216

49,507

47,378
3,060
44,318
39,811
32,984
3, 587
1,511
1,729
4, 508
3,132
827
370
179

47,025
2,541
44, 485
39, 807
32,511
4.100
1,360
1,836
4, 678
3,365
792
348
172

Total labor force_______________

25,277 25,715 25,718 25,209 25,108 25,440 25,697 25,381 24,886 24,707 24, 492 24,054 24,568 24,257

23,619

Civilian labor force_____________
Unemployment______________
Employment.................................
Nonagricultural___ _________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work s.
Agricultural........ ........... ...........
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours________
W ith a job but not at work s.

25,246
1,369
23,877
23,282
16,020
4,213
2,377
674
594
224
280
69
21

46, 816
3,293
43, 523
39,994
32,710
4,026
1,779
1,481
3,529
2,074
786
423
246

46, 585
3,080
43, 505
39,839
33,648
3,251
1,593
1,351
3,666
2,281
751
400
232

46,841
2,522
44,319
40, 782
33, 946
3,612
1,760
1,461
3,537
2,181
656
424
276

Females

25,684
1,682
24.001
23,061
13,962
6,014
2,349
736
940
372
443
104
22

25,687
1,580
24,107
22,897
15,572
4,164
2,282
879
1,210
597
467
134
15

25,178
1,615
23,563
22,340
15,147
3,921
2,092
1,183
1,223
551
537
122
10

25,076
1,633
23, 443
22,332
13,672
3,640
1,819
3.202
1,111
467
485
129
28

1 Estimates are based on Information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons In institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
* Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
Instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had


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25,408
1,806
23,602
22,344
13, 424
3, 496
1, 895
3,529
1,258
539
556
137
26

25,665
2,067
23, 598
22,287
14, 522
3, 760
2,029
1,978
1,310
564
590
135
23

25,349
1,632
23,717
22,679
15,327
4,099
2,352
900
1,038
418
493
117
12

24,854
1,463
23,391
22,663
13,699
5,515
2,198
1,251
728
311
341
59
17

24,675
1,489
23,186
22, 560
15,022
4,149
2, 430
960
625
204
312
83
26

24,460
1,625
22,835
22,315
14, 356
4, 547
2, 459
950
520
187
255
57
20

24,022
1,592
22, 430
21,890
14,835
3, 983
2,252
820
540
243
236
44
17

24,537
1,295
23,242
22,714
15,228
4, 319
2,383
782
528
172
252
66
40

24,225 23, 587
1,747
1,390
22, 478 22,196
21, 523 21,151
14,273 13,877
3,934
4,149
2,098
1,919
1,217
1,206
955
1.045
445
408
419
486
107
96
22
17

new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in E m p lo y ­
m en t a n d E a rn in g s, U.8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti­
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em­
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.

213

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagrieultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series: see box,

[inthousands]

1962

1963
Industry
Dec.* Nov.*

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

p.

220.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Total employees............................................. 58,638 58,264 58,426 58,211 57,651 57,422 57,609 56,967 56,505 55, 714 55,374 55,409 57,044 55,841 54,224
632
82. 5
26.6
27.7

637
84.1
27.6
27.6

641
84.4
27.9
27.5

646
84.7
28.1
27.5

641
84.4
27.9
27.5

650
84.0
26.9
27.9

643
83.0
26.5
27.9

632
81.5
24.4
28.6

616
78.7
23.1
28.0

618
79.5
22.9
28.0

622
77.9
21.5
28.0

634
76.8
22.4
28.0

652
82.8
25.5
28.5

672
87.4
26.9
29.0

Coal mining________________________
Bitum inous.._____________________

136.1
124.9

136.0
125.0

134.5
123.8

135.1
124.5

125.9
114.5

138.8
128.0

141.5
130.5

142.8
131.9

141.7
130.5

147.3
135.8

148.1
136.6

147.9
136.2

151.7
139.8

161.3
147.1

Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services_____________

290.8
161.2
129.6

289.5
161.6
127.9

295.0
163.3
131.7

297.9
166.5
131.4

302.2
167.5
134.7

300.3
166.3
134.0

295.0
163.0
132.0

289.7
162.9
126.8

288.1
162.3
125.8

287.8
163.1
124.7

289.1
163.4
125.7

295.6
163.7
131.9

299.2
167.4
131.8

303.1
171.3
131.8

122.3

127.1

126.7

128.2

128.5

127.0

123.3

118.1

107.7

103.8

106.8

113.2

118.7

119.8

624
Mining __ _________________________
Mftt.al mining
Iron o re s_________________________
Copper ores_______________________ —

U Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____
Contract construction __
--------------General building contractors__________
TToavy construction
............. _
Highway and street construction_____
Other heavy construction___________
Special trade contractors______________

2,966

3,178 3,333 3,378 3,437 3,364 3,232 3,049 2,846 2,556 2,470 2,584 2,776 2,909 2,816
974.0 1,011.6 1,026. 4 1, 055.9 1.033.5 984.6 916.0 864.0 768.6 741.7 781.2 837.8 881.1 874.9
633.3 ' 706.3 ' 723.2 735.5 718.4 691.0 635.7 651.0 451.0 420.7 448.4 511.4 593.8 583.3
328.9 387.5 398.8 404.6 392.3 377.6 341.5 274.9 203.8 181.9 197.7 239.2 298.1 291.5
304.4 318.8 324.4 330.9 326.1 313.4 294.2 276.1 247.2 238.8 250.7 272.2 295.7 291.8
1,570.3 1,615.1 1,628.4 1,645.2 1,612.0 1,556.1 1,497.2 1,430.9 1,336.5 1,308.0 1,354.2 1,427.0 1,434.5 1,357.9

Manufacturing_______________________ 17,143 17,231 17,367 17,398 17,199 17,050 17,111 16,960 16,845 16,756 16,683 16,687 16,862 16,859 16,327
Durable goods......................................... 9, 766 9,788 9,811 9,801 9,609 9,666 9, 738 9,673 9,593 9, 508 9, 474 9, 481 9, 546 9,493 9,072
Nondurable g oods................................. 7,377 7,443 7,556 7,597 7,590 7,384 7,373 7,287 7,252 7,248 7,209 7,206 7,316 7,367 7,255
D u ra b le good»

59.1

277.4
194.7
23.7
59.0

276.7
193.3
24. 2
59.2

276.4
192.4
25.2
58.8

275.7
191.1
26.1
58.5

276.2
191.1
26.6
58.5

275.5
189.3
27.7
58.5

274.5
187.7
28.6
58.2

273.9
186.9
29.4
57.6

277.9
189.8
30.1
58.0

279.2
190.6
30.9
57.7

279.8
190.2
31.5
68.1

280.7
191.0
31.5
58.2

270.7
183.4
32 1
55.1

234.7
153.3
33.6
47.8

581.8
79.1
248.8

595.2
85.1
253.8

605.9
89.9
258.0

614.1
93.3
261.5

608.8
89.9
263.1

589.4
82.8
256.2

584.9
78.5
255.4

594.6
82.4
257.1

571.9
74.1
248.3

560.9
71.1
244.9

556.1
72.6
241.8

561.2
74.7
244.0

572.5
78.5
246.4

588.7
83.0
255.7

582.9
84.6
257.9

154. 5
35.2
64.2

156.6
35.0
64.7

157.6
35.0
65.4

158.3
35.7
65.3

154.7
36.5
64.6

150.6
36.4
63.4

149.9
36.6
64.5

155.1
36.0
64.0

151.7
35.0
62.8

148.0
34.3
62.6

146.4
34.0
61.3

147.3
34.2
61.0

150.8
35.2
61.6

151.9
36.4
61.8

143.2
38.4
69.0

Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture________________
Office furniture____________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures_________

395.3
289.9

397.7
291.0
27.2
37.8
41.7

399.7
291.5
27. 5
39.3
41.4

399.1
289.3
27.4
40.5
41.9

396.7
286.7
27.3
40.9
41.8

386.5
279.4
25.8
40.4
40.9

387.7
280.7
26.9
39.0
41.1

382.8
278.0
26.6
38.2
40.0

382.6
278.9
26.8
37.8
39.1

383.0
278.6
27.0
38.7
38.7

382.3
277.3
27.2
38.9
38.9

384.2
276.7
28.3
39.6
39.6

387.8
279.8
28.9
39.0
40.1

385.1
276.0
27.8
40.6
40.7

367.5
262.0
26.6
38.2
40.7

Stone, clay, and glass products....... .........
Flat glass_________________________
Glassand glassware, pressed or blown. .
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products---------------- Pottery and related products_____. . . .
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____

605.4

620.3
32.5
113.5
40.1
68.5
45.5
177.6
121.8

623.9
32.2
113.8
40.9
68.7
45.1
180.9
121.3

629.9
31.6
115.9
42.0
70.1
44.8
183.3
121.6

635.6
31.3
116.7
42.6
72.0
44.4
185. 4
122.8

630.0
30.3
116.1
42.7
71.3
43.7
184.0
122.4

626.8
30.2
115.6
42.3
71.1
43.5
183.3
121.3

615.3
30.1
113.6
41.0
69.8
43.7
177.3
120.3

599.6
29.9
112.6
40.0
67.7
43.6
168.0
118.5

574.1
29.3
110.9
36.3
63.9
43.0
154.8
116.5

563.2
29.5
109.5
35.4
62.9
42.7
148.6
115.5

567.7
29.7
107.6
37.0
64.2
42.8
150.8
116.2

583.1
30.7
108.7
38.7
66.8
43.2
157.9
117.7

594.0
30.4
109.6
40.1
68.3
43.8
164.4
118.9

682.0
29.9
106.6
40.2
70.4
42.9
158.5
116.4

Ordnance and accessories.........................
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories---------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................................................
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills................
Millwork, plywood, and related
products________________________
Wooden containers__________ ______
Miscellaneous wood products________

277.3
195.0

41.2
111.5
38.4
67.6
168.8
121.7

Prim ary metal industries...... .................... 1,160.9 1,152.6 1,152.7 1,166.0 1,170.8 1,195. 9 1,209.1 1,191. 6 1,174.8 1,151.9 1,136. 4 1,123.0 1,123.2 1,163.8 1,142.7
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 575.5 569.8 571.4 581.8 593.2 615.9 623.9 612.2 597.9 578.5 564.3 550.6 550.3 591.9 595.5
Iron and steel foundries_____________ 201.3 .201.4 200.0 201.7 196.2 198.4 200.5 198.4 197.2 195.1 194.4 193.4 193.5 193.6 186.7
67.6
66.7
66.5
67.0
67.8
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
70.2
68.4
68.1
70.0
69.7
66.6
69.7
70.3
70.3 69.6
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding_________ _____________ 183.6 182.5 182.7 182.7 183.5 183.0 185.4 183.1 182.0 181.4 181.0 180.9 180.9 181.3 174.4
71.9
71.5
71.9
63.7
71.4
71.5
71.5
71.3
71.1
71.3
70.0
71.0
71.3
70.4
Nonferrous foundries______________
70.9
68.7
59.2
58.8
58.1
58.3
58.6
58.7
58.9
55.7
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
59.2
58.3
57.2
58.2
57.9
57.4
Fabricated metal products......................... 1,176.9 1,178.0 1,182. 7 1,178.6 1,160.5 1,149.1 1,163.0 1,147. 6 1,133.7 1,121.5 1,119. 7 1,123.0 1,133.8 1,127. 5 1,084.5
57.4
58.8
62.0
60.2
58.1
61.3
59.9
60.7
61.0
61.6
64.2
65.5
64.6
65.0
63.0
Metal cans________________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardw are...................................................... 141.3 140.0 138.6 137.3 132.6 130.5 135.5 134.6 134.8 134.8 135.7 136.2 137.0 134.8 127.7
Heating equipment and plumbing
74.4
74.5
73.4
74.9
73.2
74.8
74.3
79.2
79.2
77.0
75.9
78.9
79.3
77.5
79.0
fixtures........... ......... ............ ..............
Fabricated structural metal products.. 340.2 344.2 347.4 351.4 352.0 346.6 344.3 335.9 327.5 320.8 319.7 322.6 328.0 331.5 332.7
88.4
88.5
87.9
82.1
88.3
88.9
88.8
89.4
89.2
88.7
89.1
88.5
88.7
88.8
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.......
87.6
206.0 205.8 205.4 198.8 187.4 189.0 196.8 196.1 194.4 192.7 193.1 196.1 197.9 190.4 177.2
Metal stampings__________________
67.9
68.7
66.9
66.8
67.2
62.5
71.5
70.2
69.7
67.1
72.9
73.6
72.3
70.3
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
69.1
57.7
56.7
53.3
57.0
57.9
57.7
57.3
57.3
56.8
59.6
58.8
59.5
58.4
58.0
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
57.0
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.. 129.0 127.7 128.5 127.8 127.0 126.8 127.6 126.2 125.9 125.6 125.2 124.4 125.0 122.9 115.8
See footnotes at end of table.


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214

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964
T a ble

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.

[in thousands]
1963

1962

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods— Continued

Machinery_________________________ 1,543.9 1, 530.4 1,527.5 1, 524.7 1,516.4 1,512.4 1,523.1 1, 516. 4 1,518.8 1,514.4 1,506.4 1, 501.8 1,496.8 1,489.8 1,419.0
86.1
86.1
86.2
86.3
85.4
84.7
84.4
84.5
85.7
85.9
86.2
84.9
79.3
85.7
84.0
Engines and turbines.............................
117.2 116.6 116.0 115.1 117.3 120.0 122.6 125.0 125.1 123.4 118.5 114.5 112.4 108.8
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related m achinery... 219.0 217.2 216.9 217.6 216.6 214.6 215.1 212.3 211.6 210.8 210.4 210.3 210.8 210.7 200.9
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m ent___________________________ 277.0 273.4 272.4 270.9 269.1 268.3 271.0 269.4 269.4 268.4 266.8 265.7 265.3 261.7 247.5
169.8 169.3 168.4 167.9 166.9 166.8 168.5 168.0 168.5 168.1 167.5 168.0 169.0 169.0 161.6
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery______ _ 233.3 231.5 232.2 233.4 232.2 231.0 231.1 229.2 229 5 229.3 228.6 229.7 227.9 227.6 217.2
Office, computing, and accounting
machines_______ ___________ ____ 154.1 153.9 154.4 153.9 153.6 152.8 153.0 152.3 153.5 153.9 153.8 154.8 155.1 156.3 152.0
99.7
98.7 101.2 102.9 103.3 101.9 100.1
98.3
101.2 100.3 100.3
98.8
98.4 100.8
95.4
Service industry machines__________
182.8 181.5 180.1 179.0 178.8 175.7 177.0 174.9 173.7 173.0 171.2 170.3 170.9 167.4 156.4
Miscellaneous machinery___________
Electrical equipment and supplies......... 1,583.8 1,586.9 1,595.4 1,590.5 1,571.7 1,566.3 1,580.4 1,572.8 1,572.4 1, 577.4 1, 586. 9 1, 597.3 1,610.4 1,579.2 1,474.7
Electric distribution equipment______ 171.4 170.5 169.0 169.5 170.5 168.6 168.5 167.8 167.6 167.4 168.0 168.9 170.3 167.8 162.8
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s______ 189.0 187.8 187.8 187.8 187.8 187.8 188.2 186.8 186.1 185.7 186.3 186.6 187.5 185. 4 176.6
Household appliances___________ . . . 160.7 161.8 160.8 157.9 153.9 152.6 155.0 153.4 151.0 149.2 149.8 150.0 150.8 150.2 148.2
Electric lighting and wiring equipment- 153.5 153.9 154.3 153.0 150.2 146.5 147.4 146.0 147.0 147.2 146.7 146.1 146.9 143.2 135.6
116.5 119.9 122.6 122.2 118.3 113.5 112.1 106.9 103.7 104.9 106.3 108.7 112.1 110.7 102.8
■Radio and TV receiving sets..
....
419.8 418.3 425.0 426.1 425.5 427.1 432.0 435.8 441.0 447.1 452.1 455.5 458.6 445.0 404.7
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories. 263.2 264.8 264.3 263.8 265.7 261.6 265.7 265.2 264.7 265.5 265.9 268.9 271.0 266.8 243.0
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
99.8 108.6 111.5 110.9 110.4 110.4 111.8 112.6 113.2 110.0 101.0
and supplies_____ _____ _________ 109.7 109.9 111.6 110.2
Transportation equipment....... ................ 1,666.3 1,656.6 1,650.4 1, 626.8 1,487.0 1.600.4 1,620. 7 1, 620.4 1.616. 5 1,603. 7 1,607.5 1,612.7 1,609.2 1, 542. 3 1.458.8
Motor vehicles and equipment_______ 783.1 777.2 768.3 752.3 617.6 732.1 747.0 745.8 738.9 727.4 730.8 740.3 741.5 691.6 633.1
Aircraft and parts_____________ ____ 659.1 653.2 652.1 648.6 644.5 643.3 644.9 644.5 647.6 649. 4 653.0 655.1 653.7 634.6 619.7
Ship and boat building and repairing. _ 137.5 139.5 142.1 140.4 141.6 141.8 144.0 148.9 149.4 149.3 147.2 145.6 142.4 141.3 141.2
44.3
45.1
44.1
44.7
42.3
40.0
39.3
43.0
42.3
41.6
40.6
34.6
47.1
47.3
Railroad equipment ______________
40.4
38.9
40.1
38.9
34.9
31.7
32.3
39.2
37.6
30.3
35.3
34.2
39.6
40.6
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices_________________________
Optical and ophthalmle goods...............
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
m ent..... ................................................
Photographic equipment and supplies.

375.8

377.0
73.1

375.8
73.2

375.5
73.1

376.2
73.9

372.0
73.1

373.5
73.9

368.1
73.4

367.3
73.6

366.0
74.1

364.8
74.1

364.8
75.2

365.3
75.3

360.4
73.9

347.4
74.4

97.5
42.3

97.0
42.6

96.5
42.2

97.1
42.0

98.0
41.2

97.9
41.1

97.9
42.0

97.0
41.5

97.4
41.0

97.5
40.9

97.3
40.9

96.8
40.4

96.3
40.5

95.0
40.6

89.7
39.2

54.1

54.0
78.6
31.7

53.8
78.2
31.9

54.0
77.8
31.5

53.8
78.3
31.0

52.3
77.7
29.9

53.6
76.0
30.1

53.0
74.3
28.9

52.7
73.8
28.8

52.3
73.1
28.1

52.1
72.7
27.7

51.7
72.9
27.8

51.4
73.4
28.4

50.1
72.4
28.3

48.1
69.4
26.4

398.1
43.6

416.0
43.9
116.4
33.2
58.2
164.3

420.2
43.4
122.8
32.2
58.8
163.0

419.2
43.1
120.1
32.4
60.1
163.5

409.3
41.9
116.0
32.0
59.9
159.5

388.2
38.8
106.3
31.3
56.5
155.3

393.2
41.7
105.2
31.9
58.0
156.4

388.7
41.5
103.6
32.1
56.1
155.4

381.2
41.6
96.8
31.7
55.2
155.9

377.0
41.5
92.3
31.4
66.1
155.7

371.6
41.9
86.7
30.8
56.4
155.8

365.7
41.7
82.2
30.9
55.8
155.1

383.1
42.6
92.4
31.6
58.3
158.2

391.2
42.3
102.5
31.0
57.8
157.6

378.2
42.4
97.7
30.0
56.7
151.4

W a t c h e s a n d c lo c k s

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware and plated ware__
Toys, amusement and sporting goods...
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions
Other manufacturing industries______

160.5

N o n d u ra b le goods

Food and kindred products___________ 1,714.8 1,754.2 1,832.8 1,872. 6 1,864.6 1,779.5 1, 732.0 1,679.9 1,659.4 1,658.2 1,648.7 1,671.1 1, 724.0 1, 759.9 1,775.2
312.3 313.6 314.0 313.6 312.9 310.7 307.8 303.6 300.6 299.1 301.8 305.4 313.1 312.9 319.5
Meat products____________________
Dairy products................ ...... ................ 287.3 289.4 293.5 298.9 305.8 307.9 305.2 297.5 294.2 292.0 290.6 291.4 294.6 303.4 310.5
Canned and preserved foods, except
meats__________________________
230.6 297.8 354.2 341.6 264.3 227.4 203.2 197.5 197.4 190.1 196.3 210.6 253.7 249.7
Grain mil! products_______________ _ 131.0 130.4 133.8 135.1 136.1 135.9 134.1 131.1 127.8 128.6 127.6 128.4 128.8 130.8 131.0
Bakery products..................................... 291.4 293.0 294.0 292.8 295.1 296.0 294.0 290.7 289.4 290.6 289.7 290.8 294.2 293.6 285.9
33.0
36.2
30.9
30.6
28.9
28.4
S u g ar................. ....................................
31.4
30.7
29.8
47.1
35.3
36.4
49.7
48.8
80.5
69.9
72.6
70.8
71.3
75.4
76.6
80.6
76.3
75.0
75.4
76.9
82.2
Confectionery and related products___
84.4
83.4
Beverages________________________
212.3 217.6 220.5 220.3 223. 9 223.9 219.9 213.2 209.5 206.7 202.4 204.6 210.3 212.3 213.1
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts........................................................ 143.5 145.5 147.0 144.2 141.5 140.2 140.1 139.2 140.2 140.4 141.3 141.4 144.7 142.4 142.3
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes__ _
Cigars_________________________

93.1

99.0
38.0
23.9

106.6
38.0
23.7

107. 5
38.6
23.4

100.5
38.6
23.0

74.9
38.2
21.9

75.6
38.1
22.8

76.5
37.5
22.8

78.6
37.8
23.0

80.8
37.6
23.3

86.1
37.1
23.3

89.1
37.4
23.2

94.8
37.5
24.2

91.0
37.5
23.9

90.7
38.0
25.5

Textile mill products..................................
Cotton broad woven fabrics____ _____
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting______________ _______
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.

887.3
234.7
85.0
45.7
27.2
208.0
74.8

895.2
234.1
85.1
45.8
27.3
216.4
75.0
38.7
106.0
66.8

897.7
234.2
84.3
47.2
27.4
219.7
74.4
38.5
105.5
66.5

895.8
233.7
83.7
47.8
27.2
219.6
74.3
37.9
105.5
66.1

896.5
234.0
84.1
49.0
27.0
219.5
74.3
37.8
105.7
65.1

884.0
232.4
82.5
49.5
26.1
216.4
73.6
37.0
101.9
64.6

895.1
233.0
83.6
50.4
27.2
218.3
74.5
37.1
104.9
66.1

887.6
232.5
82.6
50.2
26.9
215.3
74.1
37.1
103.6
65.3

886.9
233.0
82.1
50.7
26.8
213.3
74.5
37.7
103.1
65.7

884.8
233.5
81.9
50.8
26.7
212.1
74.4
37.7
102.4
65.3

881.2
233.4
81.9
50.7
26.8
208.8
74.1
38.3
102.4
64.8

881.4
234.9
82.3
49.1
26.9
207.1
74.3
38.6
102.2
66.0

893.1
236.8
82.8
49.3
27.5
212.5
75.3
38.fi
103.4
66.6

902.6
240.4
81.7
51.8
27.6
219.4
74.9
37.4
103.3
66.3

893.4
243.6
82.6
51.9
26.6
214.3
73.4
35.7
99.3
65.9

F lo o r c o v e r in g

Yarn and thread......... .................. ..........
Miscellaneous textile goods....................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106.8
66.2

A.—EMPLOYMENT

215

T a ble A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.

[in thousands]
1963

1962

Industry
Dec.8 Nov.s

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Annual
average

Apr.

Mar.

1,2 8 0 .2

1 ,3 0 1 .2

116 . a
3 2 6 .8

3 2 3 .6

1 1 7 .9
3 2 2 .5

1 1 7 .0
319. 4

1 1 8 .5
3 2 3 .6

7 1, 214 5
1 1 7 .2
114 3
296 .3
319. 0

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le goods —Continued

Apparel and related products. - ................
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats...........
M en's and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_____ _________________ ____
Women’s and children’s undergarments__________________________
Hats, caps, and millinery______ _____
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
I ur goods and miscellaneous apparelMiscellaneous fabricated textile" products.......................................................
Paper and allied products..___ _______
Paper and pulp"........................................
Paperboard_______________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries,__ ____________ _______ ____
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing____
Books____________________________
Commercial printing_______________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries......................... ...... .......................

1 ,3 0 1 .1 1 ,3 1 1 . 2 1 ,3 2 9 . 6 1 ,3 2 9 .0 1 ,3 3 1 .9 1 ,2 8 0 .0 1 ,2 8 9 .2 1, 288. 2
1 1 4 .9
1 1 3 .2
1 1 3 .5
116.1
1 1 6 .6
1 1 8 .8
117.9
1 1 3 .9
3 2 7 .0
3 2 9 .3
3 3 3 .6
335. 5
3 4 0 .2
3 3 0 .3
3 3 4 .1
3 3 0 .2

117.7

1,284. 0 1 ,2 5 1 .

2

3 9 0 .7

3 9 3 .4

3 9 9 .8

4 0 0 .6

4 0 4 .5

3 8 4 .9

3 8 0 .2

3 8 8 .4

3 9 0 .5

4 0 4 .8

3 9 6 .0

3 7 5 .1

1 2 2 .7

1 2 5 .4
3 0 .7
7 8 .8
7 6 .5

1 2 4 .9
3 3 .1
8 0 .0
7 8 .4

1 2 2 .9
3 3 .1
7 9 .6
77 . a

1 2 0 .8
34 7
8 1 .3
7 5 .6

1 1 3 .4

1 1 6 .1
20 5
79! 6
7 1 .4

1 1 6 .4
31 2

114.

7 1 .0

116. 5
35 8
8 1 .3
7 1 .5

1 1 5 .8

8 1 .2
7 2 .7

1 1 6 .0
30 7
8 2 .3
7 3 .0

1 6 1 .7

1 6 3 .9

1 6 6 .3

1 6 3 .9

1 5 8 .2

151.1

1 5 4 .1

1 5 5 .0

1 5 2 .6

6 2 6 .7
2 1 4 .6
6 9 .0

6 2 6 .3
2 1 5 .3
6 8 .1

6 2 6 .3
2 1 5 .5
6 7 .9

6 2 9 .0
2 1 6 .9
68. C

6 2 9 .3
2 1 9 .6
6 8 .3

6 2 0 .6
2 1 7 .2
6 7 .9

6 2 4 .1
2 1 7 .8
6 7 .9

6 1 5 .8
2 1 3 .6
6 7 .7

1 5 0 .9
1 9 2 .2

1 5 0 .1
1 9 2 .8

1 5 0 .3
1 9 2 .6

1 5 1 .9
1 9 2 .2

1 5 0 .8
1 9 0 .6

1 4 7 .6
1 8 7 .9

1 4 7 .9
1 9 0 .5

9 4 4 .4
3 2 6 .9

9 4 1 .7
3 2 6 .4
7 0 .6
75. 6
3 0 2 .7
5 0 .4

9 3 7 .8
3 2 5 .4
7 0 .0
7 6 .2
2 9 9 .9
5 0 .9

9 3 5 .1
3 2 5 .8
6 9 .1
76. 2
2 9 7 .2
5 1 .7

9 3 0 .5
3 2 5 .9

3 0 4 .7
5 0 .1

9 4 0 .4
3 2 4 .9
7 0 .8
7 5 .1
3 0 3 .4
4 9 .7

2 9 6 .2
51. 5

9 3 2 .8
3 2 5 .9
68. 8
74. 4
2 9 7 .7
5 1 .6

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .5

1 1 6 .0

1 1 5 .4

1 1 5 .1

1 1 4 .5

1 1 4 .4

1 1 3 .3

1 1 3 .4

8 7 5 .9
2 8 9 .4
1 7 2 .9
1 1 8 .3
1 0 1 .6

8 7 2 .3
2 8 8 .4
1 7 2 .6
1 1 7 .6
9 9 .5

4 6 .0
8 1 .6

4 6 .0
8 2 .1

8 7 0 .2
2 8 7 .6
1 7 0 .9
1 1 6 .8
9 9 .2
6 5 .3
4 8 .9
8 1 .5

8 6 9 .4
285. 2
1 6 8 .7
1 1 5 .4
9 7 .7
6 4 .1
5 6 .8
8 1 .5

8 7 0 .1
2 8 4 .6
1 6 6 .0
1 1 5 .1
9 8 .3
6 3 .6
6 1 .3
8 1 .2

7 9 .9

1, 267. 8 1, 266.

3 7 6 .7

3 8 1 .7

368 6

5

1 1 7 .7

116. 5

1 1 4 .3
3 2 .4

6 9 .4

7L 8
6 7 .8

76! 6
7 3 .7

78. 4
7 3 .9

1 5 0 .0

1 4 6 .4

1 4 5 .5

1 4 9 .8

1 4 7 .2

1 4 0 .9

6 1 4 .5
2 1 2 .9
6 6 .8

6 1 3 .2
2 1 2 .2
6 7 .4

6 0 9 .9
2 1 2 .2
6 7 .2

6 1 3 .0
2 1 4 .1
6 7 .5

6 1 8 .2
2 1 5 .4
67. 4

6 1 4 .5
2 1 7 .3
6 5 .8

601 3
219 6
66 3

1 4 6 .7
1 8 7 .8

1 4 7 .5
1 8 7 .3

1 4 6 .6
1 8 7 .0

145. 2
1 8 5 .3

1 4 5 .2
1 8 6 .2

1 4 6 .3
1 8 9 .1

144. 5
1 8 6 .9

137J
1 7 8 .3

0 2 7 .9
3 2 3 .4
6 9 .9
7 4 .1
2 9 6 .8
5 0 .4

9 2 5 .3
3 2 1 .3
7 0 .3
73. 7
2 9 6 .5
5 0 .1

907. 7
303. 0
7 1 .2
72 8
297. 5
4 9 .7

9 0 3 .3
3 0 2 .2
71 0
72 4
2 9 5 .2
4 9 .0

9 0 6 .0
3 0 2 .1
71 7
79 7
2 9 7 .3
4 9 .3

9 1 3 .7
3 0 5 .4
71 3

9 2 4 .9
3 2 4 .1

917 3
325 Q

3 0 0 .6
4 9 .7

296. 0
4 9 .1

292 4
47 7

1 1 3 .5

1 1 3 .5

1 1 2 .9

1 1 4 .1

113. 0

1 0 9 .6

8 5 8 .1
2 8 3 .2
1 6 4 .7
1 1 4 .6
9 8 .2
6 2 .8
5 3 .4
8 1 .2

8 5 0 .1
2 8 2 .2
164. 2
114. 0
9 7 .6
6 2 .4
4 9 .3
8 0 .4

8 4 6 .2
2 8 2 .2
1 6 4 .4
1 1 3 .4
9 7 .3
6 1 .8
4 7 .3
7 9 .8

8 4 6 .4
2 8 2 .5
1 6 3 .7
1 1 3 .4
9 8 .0
6 1 .9
4 5 .8
8 1 .1

846. 0
283. 4
1 6 1 .2
1 1 1 .3
9 6 .9
62. 9
4 8 .3
8 1 .9

827 2
281 8
153. 4
108 5
94 5
62* 1
46 Q
8 0 .0

75.4

80 I 6

76 1
7 1 .6

Chemicals and allied products. ................
Industrial chemicals________________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
D rugs......... .............................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals...........................
Other chemical products........................

8 6 6 .2
2 8 4 .4
1 7 3 .7
1 1 8 .1
9 8 .7
6 4 .4
4 7 .0
7 9 .9

8 6 6 .7
2 8 5 .1
1 7 2 .9
1 1 7 .5
9 9 .5
6 4 .3
4 6 .8
8 0 .6

8 7 0 .0
2 8 4 .7
1 7 2 .8
1 1 7 .1
1 0 1 .7
6 4 .5
4 8 .6
8 0 .6

8 7 1 .8
2 S 6 .8
172. 6
1 1 7 .1
1 0 1 .1
6 5 .0
4 7 .8
8 1 .4

Petroleum refining and related Industries.
Petroleum refining_________________
Other petroleum and coal products___

1 8 4 .3
1 5 1 .8
3 2 .5

1 8 6 .9
1 5 2 .4
3 4 .5

1 8 8 .8
1 5 3 .0
3 5 .8

1 9 1 .0
154. 6
3 6 .4

1 9 3 .1
155. 8
3 7 .3

19 1 .1
1 5 4 .4
3 6 .7

1 9 0 .4
1 5 3 .9
3 6 .5

1 8 8 .9
1 5 3 .4
3 5 .5

1 8 7 .0
1 5 3 .6
3 3 .4

1 8 5 .7
1 5 4 .3
3 1 .4

185. 6
153. 7
3 1 .9

1 8 4 .8
1 5 2 .1
3 2 .7

1 8 6 .2
152. 5
3 3 .7

1 9 5 .0
1 6 0 .5
3 4 .5

2 0 1 .9
168 4

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products------------------------------------------Tires and inner tubes_______________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

4 0 8 .7
9 3 .6
1 6 0 .6
1 5 4 .5

4 1 2 .9
9 4 .1
1 6 2 .9
1 5 5 .9

4 1 1 .6
9 1 .9
1 6 2 .3
1 5 7 .4

4 0 9 .4
9 1 .6
1 6 1 .5
1 5 6 .3

4 0 5 .0
1 5 9 .8
1 5 3 .9

400. 5
9 6 .0
1 5 5 .7
1 4 8 .8

4 1 2 .4
9 8 .7
1 6 2 .1
1 5 1 .6

4 1 0 .4
9 8 .4
1 6 1 .1
1 5 0 .9

4 0 8 .1
9 8 .3
1 6 0 .6
1 4 9 .2

4 0 6 .6
9 8 .1
1 6 0 .9
1 4 7 .6

4 0 6 .0
9 8 .4
1 6 1 .3
1 4 6 .3

4 1 2 .1
9 9 .3
163. 7
1 4 9 .1

4 1 3 .1
9 9 .8
1 6 4 .2
1 4 9 .1

4 0 5 .8
9 9 .2
1 6 0 .5
1 4 6 .0

375 3
97 7
148 6
1 2 8 .9

Heather and leather products. . . ...
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber____________
Other leather products______________

3 5 0 .8
3 1 .9
2 3 6 .9
8 2 .0

3 4 9 .9
3 1 .7
2 3 3 .4
8 4 .8

3 5 0 .8
3 1 .5
2 3 1 .7
8 7 .6

3 5 2 .7
3 1 .3
2 3 4 .2
8 7 .2

3 5 7 .9
3 1 .5
239. C
8 7 .4

3 5 0 .6
3 0 .7
2 3 6 .2
8 3 .7

3 5 0 .7
3 1 .5
2 3 5 .7
8 3 .5

3 4 2 .6
3 0 .9
2 3 2 .3
7 9 .4

3 4 2 .0
3 0 .6
2 3 2 .1
7 9 .3

3 5 1 .5
3 0 .8
2 3 7 .4
8 3 .3

3 5 3 .9
3 1 .2
2 3 9 .9
8 2 .8

3 5 0 .9
3 2 .0
2 3 8 .4
8 0 .5

3 5 8 .5
3 2 .2
2 4 0 .7
8 5 .6

3 6 0 .3
3 1 .9
241. 2
8 7 .2

3 5 8 .2
32 3
239. 6
8 6 .3

3 ,9 3 7

3 ,9 4 9
770. 7
6 7 5 .9
2 7 8 .8
8 7 .6
114 3
4 1 .3
9 2 7 .2
2 1 3 .1
1 9 2 .6
1 9 .6
3 0 1 .0
8 2 7 .1

3 ,9 6 8
776. 2
681. 4
2 7 7 .9
8 7 .8
1 1 3 .1
4 1 .8
9 3 5 .7

3 ,9 8 2
7 8 0 .2
6 8 5 .8
2 7 6 .2
8 7 .8

3 ,9 7 6
791 2
6 9 6 .9
2 5 8 .3

3 ,9 7 5

3 ,9 5 4
788. 9
6 94. 7
2 6 8 .9
8 7 .7
111. 7
4 2 .7
9 1 2 .3
210. 7
1 8 9 .5
2 0 .4
3 0 2 .4
831. 5
6 9 1 .8
3 4 .1
1 0 1 .3
6 1 9 .1
249. 2
1 5 6 .9
1 7 3 .8
3 9 .2

3 ,8 9 7
779. 7
6 8 4 .5
2 7 4 .4

3 ,8 5 9
768. 9
674. 4
2 7 3 .2
8 7 .3
113. 9
4 0 .5
8 6 8 .3
20,8 4
1 8 6 .7

3 ,8 4 7

3 ,8 4 4
767 3
664. 4
2 7 6 .6
8 7 .8

Transportation and public utilities_______
Railroad transportation ____________
Class I railroads___________________
Local and interurban passenger transit
Local and suburban transportation___
Taxicabs__ _____________________
Intercity and rural buslines__________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Air transportation__________________
Air transportation, common carriers__
Pipeline transportation_______________
Other transportation_________________
Communication___ _______________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication___________
Radio and television broadcasting___
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__ 1
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

212.0

686.2

1 9 1 .8
1 9 .7
3 0 2 .2
832. 5
6 9 0 .8

32. 9
1 0 3 .7
6 1 1 .0
2 4 6 .0
1 5 4 .4
1 7 1 .9
3 8 .7

1 0 4 .1
6 1 1 .3
2 4 6 .2
1 5 4 .3
1 7 2 .1
3 8 .7 !

33.3

112.2
4 3 .1
9 3 4 .2
211. 5

101.6
20.1
3 0 6 .4
8 3 5 .0
6 9 3 .2
3 3 .6
1 0 3 .9
6 1 7 .9
2 4 8 .8
1 5 5 .9
1 7 4 .2
3 9 .0

66.1

9i. a

66.1

258 4

86.8
111 1

87^0

4 3 .6
9 2 1 .1
212 4
1 9 1 .9
2 0 .4
3 0 5 .6
840. 0
6 9 8 .8
3 3 .6
1 0 3 .3
6 2 6 .5
251. 7
1 5 8 .4
176. 6
3 9 .8

4 3 .7
9 2 0 .1

101 3
2o! 5
3 0 5 .7
70L 4
.84 n

102 7
6 2 5 .9
251 5
158 8
1 7 6 .3
3 9 .8

88.1
112. 7
4 1 .6
8 7 7 .3
209 4
1 8 7 .8
1 9 .9
305. 6
824. 4
6 8 5 .8
3 4 .7
9 9 .6
6 0 6 .7
2 4 3 .8
153. 5
1 7 1 .0
3 8 .4

761 0
666. 9
2 7 5 .7
8 7 .8
116 9

39.7

117 6

39.9

3 ,7 7 5

3 ,9 1 4

3 ,9 0 3

3 ,9 0 3

663 4
277. 4

276 4

271 1
9 0 .5

9 8 .5

4 l! 1
8 5 3 .8

40! 8
8 9 3 .0

41. 4

88.2

88.4

8 7 9 .9

4 0 .9
8 4 5 .1

3 0 4 .8

2 1 .3
2 9 7 .1

303. 5

684! 1

6 8 7 .7

8 5 8 .6
207 8
186f 5

8 5 6 .7
207 3
186 6

2 9 7 .9
821 2
6 8 3 .1

3 0 2 .2
819 2
6 8 1 .0

187 0
20! 3

185 4

2 9 4 .0
823 7
6 8 4 .5
35. 0

2 3 6 .0
6 8 1 .6

99. 9

98. 8
6 0 5 .2
244. 7
152 9
1 7 0 .4
3 7 .2

98. 6
6 0 5 .0
244. 7
1 5 3 .0
1 7 0 .5
3 6 .8

97. 7
6 0 5 .6
244 7
153 3
1 7 0 .9
3 6 .7

20.0

6 0 2 .8
2 4 0 .9
1 5 3 .1
1 7 0 .8
3 8 .0

20.0

3/5 0

20.0

35 3

33! 6

35 6

20.6

36 3
98 2
6 0 7 .4
244 8
154 0
1 7 1 .7
3 6 .9

95 8
611. 1
246 5
155 1
1 7 2 .7
3 6 .7

22. 2
6 9 3 .3
37 5
q3

9

613. 7
948 6
1 5,5 6

175! c

34.5

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

216

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised

[In thousands]

SGTICSJ SG6

box» p. 220.

1962

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2
Wholesale anH retail trade
"WhinIp,sale trade___________________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment.
___________
Drugs* chemicals, and allied prod__ ___________
nets
Dry ynods and apparel— _________
Groceries and related products_____
Electrical goods
______________
Hardware^ plumbing and heating
goods __ _________ -________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies
__________ - ________
RetRil trade
_ ____ ________
General merchandise stores________
Department stores______________
Limited price variety stores______
Rood stores
_______________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
Apparel and accessories stores
__
M en’s and hoys' apparel stores __

O c t.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962

1961

12,745 12,170 12,014 11,942 11,878 11,832 11,848 11,720 11,740 11,497 11,433 11,535 12,420 11,582 11,337
3,221 3,205 3, 2Ó8 3,199 3,196 3,168 3,132 3,085 3,075 3,069 3,065 3,073 3,118 3,061 2,993
237.9 237.3 236.7 237.3 237.5 236.7 234.1 232.6 232.0 231.2 229.8 231.7 228.2 218.6
192.9
135.3
500.0
229.9

192.1
134.6
512.7
231.0

191.7
134.0
514.6
231.1

192.1
134.9
512.5
232.0

190.7
134.8
508.5
231.0

190.2
134.1
497.1
228.6

188.5
131.9
475.6
227.4

189.1
131. 7
472.4
226.4

189.2
131.9
476.9
224.6

188.8
131. 5
474.4
224.4

188.5
132.2
477.9
223.9

190.5
132. 7
489.0
223.0

187.0
131.5
487.1
218.1

181.5
129.4
485. 6
211.0

146.5

146.5

146.5

147.2

147.3

145.8

144.1

144.1

142.9

142.3

142.1

143.0

142.3

140.4

557.8 554.5 550.9 550.1 547.2 538.9 533.5 532.1 528.3 525.8 521.7 521.4 511.8 486.4
9, 524 8,965 8,806 8,743 8,682 3,664 3,716 8,635 8,665 8,428 8,368 8, 4b2 9,302 8,521 8,344
1,808.9 1,694.3 1, 652.1 1,602. 0 1,583.8 1,605. 4 1,590.2 1,617.5 1.537. 2 1,514. 5 1,588. 6 2,112.3 1,627.0 1, 578.1
1,072. 8 992.3 961.9 932.0 923.2 940.0 932.0 949.4 903.3 889.5 943.9 1,282.0 959. 6 924.6
—
343.0 329.7 325.4 309.9 306.0 311.2 312.0 328.1 307.5 300.2 311.2 414.2 325.3 323.4
1,435.0 1,425.1 1,414.1 L, 400.2 1,403.8 1,402.8 1,395. 2 1,401. 3 1,393.1 1,396. 6 1,385.1 1, 415. 2 1, 371. 4 1, 354. 6
1,262.1 1,255.0 1,243.4 L, 229. 7 1,233.3 1,230. 5 1,222. 7 1,221. 7 1,222. 5 1, 221. 2 1, 215. 8 1,236. 4 1, 202. 9 1,183.1
' 638. 2 620.9 614.5 589.4 583.6 610.7 608.5 665.7 586.5 576.9 602.8 731.4 617.2 611. 8
97.7 104. 4 130.3 100. 5 97.3
99.3 97.0
97. 5 100. 7 95.6
99.9
97.6 101.8
104.3
239.3 233.5 229.7 223.1 218.3 228. 2 229.3 238.6 221.9 215.4 223.3 269.6 229.3 228.5
95.8
96.1
94.3 121.0
88.9
88.5
92.9
91.8
91.2
86.8
90.0
87.5
93.1
97.8
Family clothing stores__________
124.7 123.3 126.1 119.6 118.5 122.6 124.1 156.4 115.2 111. 7 114. 6 132. 9 120. 9 118.3
Shoe stores
_________
389.
5
389.0
405.
4
390.2
388.9
386.8
387.5
393.6
392.4
387.2
390.3 389.7
401.1 397.4
Furniture and appliance stores ___
1,764.4 1,773. 6 1,781.3 1,801.5 1,809.9 1,817.9 1,789. 2 1,743. 9 1,713. 7 1,698. 7 1,693. 4 1, 736. 5 1,722. 8 1,664. 8
Eating and drinking p laces............... —
2,917. 2 2,894. 7 2,887.2 2,896. 4 2,892.8 2,889.6 2, 864. 2 2,849. 2 2, 808. 5 2,794. 7 2, 801. 5 2,901.1 2, 792. 5 2,745. 2
Other retail trade------------------------682.6 680.3 678.3 680.0 679.4 676.8 671.8 669.6 666.8 665.9 662.5 657.7 642.0 628.8
Motor vehicle dealers___________
170.8 165.8 166.3 168.7 168.3 167.9 163.4 161.7 155.6 153.8 155. 9 164.5 152.7 146. 6
Other vehicle and accessory dealers. . —
387.6 381.0 380.9 379.3 379.2 377.0 377.4 378.1 376.8 373.6 377.0 396.1 374.3 368.7
___________
Drug stores
2,879 2,879 2,884 2,887 2,919 2,916 2,885 2,858 2,842 2,825 2,813 2,806 2,811 2,798 2,731
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te ---------744.5 743.6 743.6 752.1 749.7 739.3 730.8 730.6 729.2 727.3 723.1 723.8 714.0 693.5
Banking
_______ _____________
296.6 295.6 294.2 295.4 295.6 291.6 289.3 288.0 286.3 285. 6 284.9 284.3 279. 4 270.9
Credit agencies other than banks. _
81.0
75.8
83.1
84.3
84.4
84.1
88.3
85.4
85.1
89.1
89.4
88.9
87.0
89.2
Savings and loan associations
-.
155.9 155.5 155.1 155.3 155.5 154.9 154. 4 153.8 153.3 153.1 152.0 152.7 150.8 151.1
Personal credit institutions
123.8 123.6 123.4 125. 3 125.7 124.3 123.5 123.0 123.6 122.9 122.0 123.1 131.8 128. 5
Security dealers and exchanges
871.1 868.6 869.8 878.4 874.2 865.3 861.6 860.0 861.3 859.3 855.7 856. 5 851.4 843.7
465.7 464.7 465.1 468.5 466.0 461.2 460.0 459.0 460.1 458.9 457.2 456. 2 454.1 455. 6
______
Life insurance
50.1
51.1
51. 3
51.1
51.4
51.3
51.4
51.4
52.0
52.6
51.9
52.6
51.9
52.1
Accident and health insurance........... —
311.4 310.2 311.1 314.9 313.5 310.8 309.3 308.8 309.0 308.3 306.8 308.3 305.7 298.5
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
203.9
211.9
215.
0
215.0
216.1
216.1
216.6
219.6
222.4
217.4
221.3
219.2
219.3
220.1
Insurance agents, brokers, and services.
546.9 557.1 559.0 568.4 571.3 569.2 559.5 548.2 533.3 526.9 529.9 532.4 532.9 514.3
Real estate
- _____ _
48.1
42.8
48.1
46.8
46.5
49.8
55.9
58.4
55.2
53.0
56.4
57.3
54.2
57.9
________
Operative builders
Other finance, insurance, and real
76.2
76.9
76.1
75.6
75.4
75.1
75.4
76.1
77.0
76.7
76.4
75.6
76.1
77.8
estate
_____________
8,425 8,442 8,472 8,436 8,457 8,474 8,423 8,294 8,199 8,076 7,997 7,956 8,014 7,949 7,610
577.
3
575.
5
596.
5
575.3
581.4
586.5
600.
2
672.
6
766.1
626.
C
692.7
639.8
766.3
632.9
Hotels and lodpinu places
588.9 592.8 615.6 659.9 662.0 633.8 575.7 554.7 545.1 540.7 534.8 532.2 539.9 521.2
Hotels tourist courts and motels.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
511.5 513.5 512.1 513.8 517.7 519.9 513.6 511.1 501.7 498.9 504.5 506.3 516.2 517.2
________________
plants
Miscellaneous business services:
110.1 109.7 108.6 108.9 108.9 107.6 108.1 107.7 108.0 107.3 108.1 108.6 107.9 107.2
Advertising
_ ______________
166.2 172.2 176.6 184.2 181.1 177.6 171.2 170.2 162.4 160.1 162.6 166.0 176.3 186.5
Motion pictures _______ ______ ___
Motion picture filming and distrib39.4
46.8
38.8
37.7
35.8
35.0
32.9
37.2
38.2
34.3
33.0
38.4
39.6
36.4
Ut-ing
.
____________
127.8 132.6 139.4 146.0 144.7 143.3 138.2 137.3 127.4 124.3 124.9 127.2 136.9 139.7
Motion picture theaters and services.
Medical services:
1,320.3 1,316.7 1,310.8 1,312.0 1,312.6 1,302.9 1,290.7 1,289.0 1,287.1 1,280. 4 1,268.5 1,265.3 1,246.7 1,188.9
Hospitals _ ___________________
8,828
G o v p rn m o n t
_______ ____ _____
9,919 9,783 9,751 9,547 9,139 9,17C 9,506 9,546 9,542 9,541 9,516 9,444 9,613 9,188 2,279
2,477 2,342 2,343 2,342 2,367 2,375 2,365 2,340 2,344 2, 334 2,332 2,327 2, 492 !2,340
Federal Government *____ __
2,250.9
2,462.
4
2,310.6
2,312.6 2,313.5 2,312.4 2,337.0 2,344.5 2,334. 4 2,311.0 2,314. 7 2,304.3 2,302.3 2,297.5
_______________
Executive
940.1 941.5 943. C 951.3 953.9 951.5 949.9 951.9 951.8 957.0 959.1 961.9 963.3 943.7
Department of Defense__________
593.3 588.5 586.3 588.7 588.7 585.7 582.8 583.3 582.2 580.6 582.5 742.7 597.2 596.7
Posit Office Departm ent-------------- —
779.2 783.5 783.1 797.0 801.9 797.2 778.3 779.5 770.3 764.7 755.9 757.8 750.2 710.5
Other agencies.
________ __
23. 7 23.2
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.8
23.8
24.5
24.4
23.7
24.5
24.1
24.1
24.6
Legislative
_______________
5.1
5.6
5. 5
5. 6
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
Judicial
___________________
7,442 7,441 7,408 7,205 6,772 6,795 7,141 7,206 7,198 7,207 7,184 7,117 7,121 6,849 6,548
a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t !
1,663.
6
1,
726.4
1,786.8
1,784.2
1,800.0
1,
803.6
1,805.
0
1,808.
7
1,801.6
1,744.8
1,790.
7
1,867.4 1,858.1
1,751.7
g t a t ft g o v e r n m e n t ____________________
676.9 663.9 591.1 5 2 1 . a 528. : 588. ( 634.8 631.9 636.5 627.6 619.2 619.7 567.7 530.8
S ta te e d u c a tio n
_____
1,132.8
1,158.8
1,167.6
1,164.5
1,172.4
1,173.1
1,167.1
1,223.5
1,173.9
1,210.5
1,202.
7
1,223. ‘
1,190. 5 1,194. 2
O t h e r S ta te, g o v e r n m e n t
5, 573. 5 5,549. < 5,403. ‘ 5,026. 7 5,043.! 5,349.9 5,397.3 5,393.2 5,403.2 5,383. 6 5,330.2 5,336.3 5,122.1 4,884. 5
L o c a l g o v e rn m e n t,
_____
3,054.8 2,832.3 2, 644.2
Local education------------------------- ....... 3,224. 3,197.3 3,023.4 2,590.7 2,601. 2,961.7 3,076. a 3,087. 4 3,110.2 3,095.5 3,050.0
2 ,3 4 9 .1 2,352.1 2,380.0 2,436.0 2,442.2 2,388.2 2,321. 2,305.8 2,293.0 2,288.1 2,280. 2 2,281.5 2,289.8 2,240.3
o t h e r lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t.

1

» Beginning with the October 1963 Issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1962 bench­
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data,
see E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s S ta tis tic s fo r the U n ite d S ta te s, 1909-69 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-1). Statistics from April 1962 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex­
cluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Preliminary.
» D ata relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for,
the last day of the month.
< State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S o u b c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

A.—EMPLOYMENT

217

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1
Revised series; see box, p. 220.

[in thousands]
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962

1961

Mining_____________ ____ . _____
Metal m ining_______ ___________
Iron ores_________________________
Copper ores_______________________

496
68.3
22.6
22.7

499
69.9
23.6
22.6

504
70.5
23.9
22.7

508
70.2
24.1
22.4

505
70.1
24.0
22.3

512
69.8
23.1
22.7

508
68.9
22.6
22.9

496
67.3
20.5
23.4

481
64. 5
19.2
22.9

482
64.9
19.0
22.9

485
63.2
17. 6
22.9

498
62.4
18. 4
23.0

514
67. 9
21.3
23. 4

532
71.7
22.3
23.8

Coal mining.................................................
Bituminous
.......

120.1
110.0

119.9
110.1

118.7
109.3

119.0
109.6

111. 5
101 3

122.3
112.7

124.0
114.3

125.8
116.1

124.7
114.9

129.8
119.7

130.6
120. 5

130.3
120.0

133.4
123. 0

141.8
129 3

Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services________ ____ —

206.3
93.4
112.9

204.2
93.3
110.9

209.4
95.3
114.1

211.7
97.8
113.9

215.6
98.5
117.1

214. 5
98.1
116.4

210.4
95.8
114.6

205.2
95.9
109.3

204.5
96.1
108.4

203.8
96.6
107.2

205.1
96.7
108.4

211.5
96.9
114.6

214.0
99.7
114.3

218.8
104.5
114.3

101.4

104.9

105.6

106.7

107.3

105.8

102.7

97.7

87.3

83.5

86.4

93.4

98.6

99.5

Quarrying and nonmetallic m ining.......... —
Cnntrari c o n s tr u c ti o n
General building contractors............. ......
Heavy construction___ ______________
Highway and street construction_____
Other heavy construction___________
Special trade contractors............................ —

2,722 2,879 2,921 2,977 2,90« 2.777 2,600 2,398 2,114 2,029 2,142 2,331 2,468 2,390
841.7 879.4 895.0 923.9 9Ô2.0 855.3 787.7 735. 4 641. 5 613.9 653.3 710. 0 754.9 752.6
554.4 626.8 645.0 656.4 639.3 613.1 558.6 474.0 376.1 346.2 372.8 434. 6 515.3 505. 7
295.2 353.4 365.5 370.9 359.3 345.4 309.8 243.5 173.4 151.9 167.8 208.9 267. 7 261.2
259.2 273.4 279.5 285.5 280.0 267.7 248.8 230.5 202.7 194.3 205. 0 225.7 247.6 244.5
1,326. 2 1,372.3 1,381.3 1,397. 0 1,364.6 1,308. 6 1,253.5 1,188. 5 1,096. 7 1,069. 3 1,115. 8 1,186. 2 1,197. 5 1,131.3

M anufacturing______________ _ __ __
1 2 , 670 12,763 12,895 12,923 12,705 12,571 12,852 12,526 12.428 12,344 12,276 12,286 12,459 12,494 12,085
Durable goods.. .................................. 7,153 7,182 7,204 7,193 6,995 7,056 7,138 7,083 7,010 6,919 6,884 6,890 6,962 6,946 6, 620
Nondurable goods........ ....................... 5, 517 5,581 5,691 5,730 5,710 5,515 5,514 5, 443 5,416 5, 425 5,392 5,390 5,497 5, 548 5,464
D u ra b le goodi

40.4

119.6
69.6
9.7
40.3

120.0
69.5
9.9
40.6

119.3
69.0
10.1
40.2

118.0
67.8
10.5
39.7

118.2
67.6
10.7
39.9

118.4
67.0
11.4
40.0

118.1
66.4
11.8
39.9

117.5
65.7
12.4
39.4

119.8
67.3
12.8
39.7

120.3
67.8
13.0
39.5

121.4
68.0
13.4
40.0

122.7
69.1
13.3
40.3

119.7
68.2
13. 5
38.0

106.8
58.9
14. 8
33.1

518.3
73.3
226.8

531.4
79.4
231.3

542.7
84.3
235.6

551.0
87.5
239.3

547.1
85.1
241.0

527.5
78.0
234.4

522.9
73.3
233.4

532.9
77.3
235.3

511.0
68.9
227.0

500.5
66.5
223.3

496.0
67.9
220.3

500.9
69.9
222.5

511.6
73.7
224.8

526.2
78.2
233.0

518.4
78.7
233.5

131.0
31.7
55. 5

133.0
31.6
56.1

134. 3
31.8
56.7

135.1
32.4
56.7

131.6
33.3
56.1

126.9
33.3
54.9

120.7
33.4
56.1

132.0
32.8
55.5

128.7
31.9
54.5

125.3
31.1
54.3

124.0
30.8
53.0

124.9
30.9
52.7

127.9
31.9
53.3

128.6
33.0
53.5

120.9
34.7
50.7

Furniture and fixtures...............................
Household furniture________________
Office fu rn itu re .__________ _ .
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures............ ......

329.8
248.4

332.0
249.6
21. 6
28.3
32.5

333.7
250.1
21 9
29. 6
32.1

333.3
248.1
21. 8
30.9
32.5

331.0
245.7
21.7
31.1
32.5

321.3
238.9
31.5

322.5
240.0
21.3
29.3
31.9

317.3
237.4
20 9
28.4
30.6

317.8
238.7
21.2
28.0
29.9

317.7
238.0
21. 4
28. 7
29.6

316.7
236.4
21 5
29. 0
29.8

319.0 322.7
236.1 239.2
22 7 23 2
29. 8
29. 4
30.4
30.9

319.7
235.7
22 3
30 5
31.3

303.9
223.5
21 n
28 2
31.2

Stone, clay, and glass products............... .
Flat glass.................................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n...
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_______ ___________________
Other stone and mineral products____

486.8
96.7
30.1
57.3

501.6
26.5
98.5
31.7
58.3
38.9

504.1
25.9
98.4
32.5
58.4
38.3

510.3
25.6
100.5
33.7
59.8
38.1

516.3
25.2
101.2
34.4
61.4
37.8

612.1
24.5
100.6
34.4
60.9
37.1

508.1
24.5
100.1
34.0
60.7
36.9

496.7
24.3
98.0
32.7
59. 6
37.1

482.4
24.2
96.9
31.8
57.4
37.2

457. 7
23.6
95.0
28.4
54.1
36.4

447.2
23.9
93.6
27.5
53.0
36.0

451.8
24.2
91.8
29.1
54.0
36.2

466.7
25.2
92.6
30. 7
56.9
36.4

479.1
25.2
93.2
32.1
58.3
37. 2

469.4
25.5
89.5
32.3
60.2
36. 4

130.8
91.0

139.6
91.0

142.8
90.5

145.0
90.8

147.8
91.8

147.6
91.2

145. 6
90.5

139.8
89.3

131.1
88.0

118.2
88.1

112.4
85.2

114.7
85.9

121.6
87.3

128.9
88.8

124.7
86.8

Primary metal industries...... ....................
Blast furnace and basic steel products—
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous smelting and refining
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading______ ______ ______ _____
Nonferrous foundries_________ . . . .
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries.................... .................................

936.8
464.8
171.3
54.3

929.5
460.2
171.4
53.8

929.1
461.9
169.8
53.8

942.0
472.2
171.4
54.2

945.6
482.6
168.0
54.2

970.0
505.0
168.3
54.3

984.4
513. 0
170.4
54.0

969.6
503.1
168.6
52.8

952.6
488.7
167.4
52.2

929.2
468.6
165.2
51.4

914.1
454. 5
164.5
51.1

899.8
439.8
163.7
51.5

899. 3
438.2
163.7
52.5

935.8
475.5
163. 7
52.6

914.6
478.4
156.6
51.0

139.8
59.4

139.0
59.0

139.0
58.8

138.9
59.2

139.5
58.4

138.7
58.8

141.8
59.3

140.0
59.2

138.8
59.3

138.3
59.4

138.0
59.5

138.3
59.7

138.3
59.9

139.1
58.1

132.5
52.3

47.2

46.1

45.8

46.1

44.9

44.9

45.9

45.9

46.2

46.3

46.5

46.8

46.7

46.7

43.7

Fabricated metal products...... ..................
Metal cans________________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware........... ................ ........... ...........
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_____ ________ _____________
Fabricated structural metal products.. .
Screw machine products, bolts, etc
Metal stampings___________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal productsSee footnotes a t end of table.

906.6
50.8

907.9
51.1

912.6
51.6

909.0
53.8

889.2
55.3

878.7
54.7

893.9
54.4

880.0
52.8

867.6
51.8

855.4
49.8

853.6
48.5

857.2
47.7

868.7
47.1

863.8
51.2

826.0
51.1

112.1

111.1

109.6

108.1

103.2

101.4

106.4

105.6

105.9

105.9

106.5

107.0

108.4

106.2

99.8

59.7
241.4
70.3
168.2
60.4
47.8
95.9

59.6
245.3
69.8
168.1
61.3
47.0
94.6

59.9
249.1
69.7
167.7
61.8
47.8
95.4

60.1
253.5
70.1
161.0
60.6
46.9
94.9

59.5
252.7
69.6
150.1
58.5
46.3
94.0

58.3
247.7
68.7
151.3
57.4
45.4
93.8

57.9
245.9
70.1
159.4
58.3
46.3
95.2

56.8
239.0
69.8
158.9
57.6
45.8
93.7

55.9
230.7
69.7
157.4
56.9
45.5
93.8

55.8
224.1
70.1
155. 7
55.3
45.4
93.3

55.7
223.1
70.2
155.9
55.4
45.0
93.3

54.6
226.0
69.9
158.9
55. 5
45.1
92.5

55.4
231.1
69.9
160.8
56.7
46.0
93.3

55.6
234.7
69.4
153.8
56.1
45.1
91.8

54.0
235.6
64.1
142.0
51.8
41.9
85.7

Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arm s___
Righting and fire control equipment
Other ordnance and accessories______
Lumber and wood products, except furniture____________________ _____
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and related products................. ............. ...................... .
Wooden containers________________
Miscellaneous wood products................

718-358— 64-

-7


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

119.5
69.7

32.1

30

4

218

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
tin thousands]

Revised Series; see box, p. 220.
1963

1962

Industry
Dec.s N ov.s

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1962

Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le good«—Continued
Machinery................................................... 1,070.6 1,058.7 1,056.5 1,055.1 1,043.8 1,040.9 1, 054.8 1,052.1 1,055.5 1,050.8 1,046.1 1,043.2 1, 039.8 1,036.0
56.2
57.0
57.1
57.2
56.8
55.6
55.4
55.4
Engines and turbines........- ............. ......
56.7
56.7
56.9
57.5
56.2
66.7
84.3
83.6
81.3
84.1
83.6
«0 4
86. 7 89.8
Farm machinery and equipment..........
91.9
91.9
90 4
Construction and related machinery— 147.3 146.0 145.4 146.4 144.8 142.7 144.1 141.6 141.0 140.2 139.4 139.6 139.7 139.6
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m ent............... ..................................... 207.7 204.1 203.4 201.7 199.9 199.1 202.4 201.3 201.4 199.5 199.2 197.9 197.9 185.4
Special industry machinery................... 116.0 115.7 115.0 115.2 113.6 113.8 115.6 115.3 116.0 115.4 114.9 115.5 116.9 116.8
General industrial machinery................ 154.6 152.7 153.6 154.7 153.5 153.3 153.8 152.8 153.2 153.3 153.1 154.3 152.5 153.8
Office, computing, and accounting ma­
89.6
90.4
89.9
88.5
89.6
89.0
89.8
92.1
90.3
93.0
93.5
94.9
95.7
97.4
c h in e s - ......... ................— ................
67.5
68.7
68.3
66.8
68.0
68.7
70.7
71.3
69.8
67.3
66.2
Service industry machines.....................
68.0
66.5
69.0
142.2
138.9
138.7
141.2
140.0
135.1
136.3
134.5
133.4
132.8 131.4 130.9 131.8 128.0
Miscellaneous machinery..................... .

1961

976.7
50.3
129.9
182.9
111.9
146.6
96.3
64,7
117.9

Electrical equipment and supplies........... 1,063.5 1,068. 4 1. 073.5 1,067.4 1,048.3 1,040.2 1,056.9 1,048.8 1,047.7 1,049.9 1,057.7 1,069.1 1,080.0 1,060.3
Electric distribution equipment______ 113.4 113.1 111.4 112.1 112.8 111. 1 111.4 110.8 110.9 110.4 111.1 112.3 113.3 111.3
Electrical industrial apparatus....... ...... 129.6 128.9 128.5 128.8 128.0 128.1 128.5 127.8 127.3 126. 5 127.1 127.3 128.0 126.7
Household appliances............................. 123.0 125.1 124.0 122.0 117.9 116.2 119.1 117.8 116.5 113.9 114.5 114.9 115.6 114.8
Electric lighting and wiring equip­
m ent___________________________ 120.0 120.8 121.1 119.8 117.1 113.6 115.0 113.4 114.4 114.4 114.3 114.0 114.7 111.6
93.7
91.1
91.0
95.6
88.0
93.7
76.4
84.8
78.7
75.2
77.6
Radio and TV receiving sets------------79.9
83.7
82.8
Communication equipment— .............. 211.1 209.8 214.7 214.8 214.8 214.3 218.8 221.9 226.2 230.3 233.5 236.6 237.8 230.4
Electronic components and accessories— 192.7 194.0 193.6 192.7 194.0 189.4 194.9 194.3 193.8 194.6 194.9 197.9 200.4 198.8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
83.5
82.7
84.6
72.6
83.0
81.5
84.4
83.4
84.1
83.4
84.7
86.2
86.5
84.0
supplies--------- ----------------------------

980.5
106.7
119.1
112.9

Transportation equipment------------------ 1,161.8 1,155.3 1,149.2 1,124.8
Motor vehicles and equipment---------- 612.9 607.7 599.2 583.8
Aircraft and parts— ...........— ............. 365.9 362.5 361.1 356.5
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 114.8 116.9 119.1 117.0
34.1
36.3
36.0
Railroad equipment______ ______ _
33.4
32.2
33.5
Other transportation equipment--------

984.1 1,098.9 1,121.1 1,120.7 1,118.0 1,104.4 1,104.8 1,112. 5 1,111.7 1,060.7
449.6 564.8 581.2 580.5 574.6 563.6 567.2 576.4 579.3 634.1
351.0 349.8 352.1 350.3 353.3 352.8 354.7 358.8 358.3 350.6
118.4 118.8 121.0 126.3 127.1 127.5 124.0 122.8 119.5 118.6
33.0 33.4
31. 7 30.9
29 9
33.8
31.6
32.3
29 3
28.8
32.1
32.1
27 fi
33.0
25.2
32.0
30.7
28.8
28.0
25.8

997.1
479.7
351.5
117.6

105.1
75.4
209.3
176.7
75.7

94 0
94 3

Instruments and related products--------Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control de­
vices___________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods----- -----Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
m ent___________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches and clocks________________

239.5

240.6
38.6

240.2
38.5

239.9
38.4

239.5
38.5

236.6
38.2

238.8
39.2

234.8
38.8

234.5
38.9

233.1
39.4

232.4
39.3

232.3
40.1

233. 3
40.3

230.4
39.3

223.1
40.7

63.3
30.4

63.0
30.6

62.7
30.3

63.1
30.2

63.4
29.4

63.7
29.3

64.0
29.8

63.3
29.5

63.7
29.6

63.7
29.5

63.7
29.5

63.3
29.1

63.0
29.3

62.1
29.6

58.7
29.1

38.0

37.9
44.5
26.0

37.8
44.6
26.3

37.9
44.3
26.0

37.8
45.1
25.3

36.8
44.2
24.4

37.6
43.7
24.5

37.4
42.3
23.5

37.2
41.8
23.3

36.8
41.2
22.5

36.6
41.1
22.2

36.1
41.3
22.4

35.8
42.2
22.7

34.9
41 6
22 9

33.4
40 2

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
Toys, amusement and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials . .
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______

320.0
33.7

336.8
34.1
98.5
24.9
48.4
130.9

342.1
33.8
105.1
24.5
48.8
129.9

341.2
33.3
103.9
24.6
50.0
130.4

331.9
32.3
98.7
24.3
50.0
126.6

311.7
29.7
88.7
23.7
47.0
122.6

316.3
32.0
88.2
24.3
48.2
123.6

312.0
31.9
87.1
24.1
46.4
122.5

304.9
32.3
80.1
23.8
45.6
123.1

300.3
31.9
75.5
23.6
46.3
123.0

294.6
32.4
70.1
22.9
46.6
122.6

288.6
32.3
65.4
22 8
46. Ì
122.0

305.5
33.1
75.0
23. 7
48.3
125.4

314.6
32.9
85 5
2H 2
48! 0
125.0

303.5
33.2
81 fi
92* 1
46! 8
119.8

127.9

20 Q

N o n d u r a b le goods

Food and kindred products____________ 1,132.5 1,170.8 1,248.0 1,285.3 1,271.5 1,188.2 1,145.8 1,097. 7 1,080. 5 1,080.9 1,072.0 1,093.5 1
Meat products_____________________ 252.3 253.3 253.9 ' 253.3 '252.4 250.6 ' 247. 5 243.0 240.3 239.0 241.3 244.6
Dairy products____________________ 139.3 141.1 143.6 147.7 153.4 154.9 153.6 147.3 145.4 143.0 142.0 142.4
Canned and preserved food, except
193.2 259.7 314.9 301. 5 225.0 189.4 165.6 159. 8 159.8 152.9 158.8
meats...................................................
94.2
94.2
95.1
Grain mill products................ ................
90.8
90.6
96.1
88.9
89.6
95.6
91.9
89.1
89.8
Bakery products___________________ 168.1 169.3 170.7 170.0 171.4 172.1 170.9 167.3 165.9 167.2 165.9 166.5
26.4
Sugar.................................... ....................
42.7
41.2
24.4
22 5 23 9 HO 4
23.8
24.0
24.0
22.5
67.9
65.4
Confectionery and related products___
65.7
57.4
67.9
61.0
55.0
65.7
56.1
59.7
60.1
61.1
Beverages.................. .............. ............
110.8 114.5 117.2 115.7 117.8 118.8 116.5 111.2 109.1 107.1 102.6 105.9
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
98.2
96.8
ucts................. ................. ...................
95.8
99.6
93.5
92.4
92.3
92.5
94.2
91.7
93.0
94.0

143 4 1 175 5 « 101 4
253.0 ’ 251. 6 ’ 256! 8
144.5 152.2 161.4
172 7 214 9
90.2
81.5
169.4 168.4
41 H 29 4
65.0
60! 1
110.2 111.7

211 7
9l! 4
169.1
60.4
113.9

97.1

95.8

96.5

Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars.......................................................

81.1

86.7
31.8
22.3

93.9
31.7
22.1

94.8
32.2
21.8

87.8
31.9
21.4

63.1
31.5
20.4

63.8
31. 5
21.2

64.8
31.0
21.2

66.9
31.2
21.4

68.8
31.2
21.6

74.1
31.0
21.6

77.2
31. 3
21. 5

82.7
31. 4
22 3

79.1
31 4
22 2

79.6
H2 4
2H fi

Textile mill products_________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics...................
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting_________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering..........................................
Y am and th re a d .................... ...............
Miscellaneous textile goods..................

795.0
217.3
76.9
40.2
23.8
186.2
64.2

802.5
216.7
76.9
40.1
24.1
194.2
64.4
32.2
98.0
55.9

804.4
216.7
76.0
41.4
24.1
197.3
63.6
32.2
97.3
55.8

802.7
216.5
75.5
41.9
23.9
197.4
63.6
31.5
97.2
55.2

803.1
216.5
75.7
43.1
23.7
197.4
63.5
31.4
87.3
54.5

791.6
215.2
74.3
43.6
22.8
194.8
62.8
30.6
93.5
54.0

802.5
215.8
75.4
44.5
23.8
196.7
63.6
30.6
96.6
55.5

796.0
215.4
74.5
44.4
23.6
194.0
63.2
30.7
95.2
55.0

795.3
215.6
74.0
44.7
23.5
192.2
63.6
31.4
94.9
55.4

793.6
216.3
73.8
45.0
23.4
191.0
63.4
31.3
94.4
55.0

790.1
216.4
73.9
44.9
23.4
187.6
63.3
31.7
94.4
54.5

790.1
218.1
74.3
43.2
23.6
185.7
63.4
32 0
94.2
55.6

801.6
219.8
74.8
43.4
24.2
190.9
64.3
32 5
95.6
56.1

812.4
223.4
73.9
45.9
24.2
198.1
64.3
31 2
95.6
55.9

805.0
227.7
74.7
45.8
23.2
193.8
63.1
HO 0
91.9
54.8

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

98.7
55.4

A.—EMPLOYMENT

219

Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.

[la thousands]
1963

1962

Industry
Dec.*

N o v .2

O ct.

S ep t.

A ug.

J u ly

Juno

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le goods— Continued

Apparel and related products_________ 1154. 7 1162.4 1180.3 1,179.6 1,182.9 1,132.9 1,139.6 1,141.7 1,135.3 1,157.2 1,141.2 1,109. 0 1,125.5 1,125.4 1, 079.6
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
102.8 100.9 101.3 103.7 104.5 102. C 106.2 105.4
103.9 105.1 105.4 ' 105.6 105.8 ' 104.0 ’ 102.4
Men’s and boys’ furnishings________
295.8 298.2 302.6 304.9 309.4 299.8 303.3 300.2 297.3 294.1 292.6 290.1 293.5 289.6 268.4
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer­
wear_______ ____ _____ ______
348.7 350.1 355.9 356.7 361.2 342.6 336.8 346.1 349.0 364.2 356.0 335.0 337.3 342.2
331.8
Women's and children’s undergar­
ments________________________
109.3 112.0 111.2 109.1 107.0
99.9 102.5 162.5 102.8 102.8 192.1
101.1 104.2 103.1 101.5
Hats, caps, and millinery___________ —
26. 9
29.1
28.9
30.6
28.6
27.6
26. e
27.3
31. £
31.3
29.2
27.5
29.2
29.0
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
71.8
70.2
71.3
70.9
72.6
72.4
73.6
71.1
66.9
72.6
72.4
69.3
68.6
70.2
68.0
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel—
66.3
68.2
67.5
65.5
62.9
61.4
62.8
61.2
62.1
60.3
58.3
64.0
63.9
61.9
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
ucts__________________________
135.8 137.8 140.7 137.9 132.1 124.8 127.3 129.0 126.9 124.4 121.1 120.4 124.6 122.4
116.7

Paper and allied products_____ _____ _
Paper and pulp_________ _________
Paperboard____________ __________
Converted paper and paperboard prod­
ucts__________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries............. ....................................... .
Newspaper publishing and printing-..
Periodical publishing and printing___
Books—................... ......................... .......
Commercial printing________ _____ _
Bookbinding and related industries__
Other publishing and printing indus­
tries.............................. ..............

490.8
171.8
54. 4

491.7
172.6
54.4

492.7
173.1
54.2

495.1
174.4
54.3

495.4
176.8
54.6

487.1
174.5
54.1

491.5
175.6
54.3

484.3
172.1
54.1

483.0
171.3
53.1

482.3
170.5
63.7

479.6
170.8
53.6

482.7
172.4
54.0

487.7
173.8
54.0

486.6
175.2
52.9

478.0
177.6
53.6

111.8
152.8

111.1
153. b

111.8
153.6

113.4
153.0

112.5
151.5

109.6
148.9

110.1
151.5

109.2
148.9

109.9
148.7

109.7
148.4

108.2
147.0

108.2
148.1

109.0
150.9

108.5
149.4

104.3
142.6

600.1
165.9

598.0
164.8
27.7
45.2
238.1
40.0

599.3
165.6
27.8
45.6
237.6
40.7

597.2
164.6
27.6
46.3
235.5
41.2

592.4
163.7
26.8
45.7
232.6
41.9

588.9
163.5
26.4
44.3
231.9
41.6

592.4
163.9
27.0
45.2
233.2
41.5

589.8
163.1
27.9
45.0
232.5
40.8

688.4
161.7
28.6
44.7
232.2
40.4

579.3
151.9
28.9
44.3
233.7
39.9

575.5
150.9
28.8
44.2
231.6
39.3

578.1
151.2
28.8
44.2
233.7
39.7

586.3
154.1
28.8
44.1
237.3
40.0

594.0
166.5
28.5
44.3
233.8
39.6

691.7
168.2
29.5
43.1
232.2
38.5

239.3
40.0
81.5

82.2

82.0

82.0

81.7

81.2

81.6

80.5

80.8

80.6

80.7

80.5

82.0

81.4

80.3

Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial chemicals_______________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass—
Drugs......................................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals_______ _____
Other chemical products..................... .

522.4
163.0
117.1
63.7
60. 5
36.4
31.0
50.7

523.0
163.4
116.7
63. b
60.8
36.4
30.8
51.4

526.1
163.1
116.1
63.2
63.2
36.6
32.2
51.7

527.3
164.3
115.8
63.3
62.8
37.1
31.4
52.6

527.5
165.8
115.5
63.8
62.0
38.0
29.5
52.9

524.7
165.5
115.1
63.4
60.1
38.1
29.1
53.4

527.3
166.5
115.0
63.2
59.7
37.6
32.3
63.0

530.0
165.1
113.5
62.5
58.7
36.8
40.3
63.1

531.9
164.8
111.3
62.2
59.3
36.4
44.9
53.0

521.5
163.9
110.7
61.5
59.6
35.6
37.4
52.8

515.9
163.0
111.0
61.4
59.3
35.2
33.4
52.6

513.8
163.3
111.7
61.1
58.9
34.9
31.5
52.4

513.6
163.3
111.3
61.0
59.5
34.9
30.2
53.4

517.2
165.0
110.0
60.0
58.6
36.0
32.9
54.6

504.3
163.3
103.6
59.1
56.7
35.4
32.2
54.0

Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries___________________________
Petroleum refining________________
Other petroleum and coal products___

116.0
93.4
22.6

118.1
93.7
24.4

120.0
94.3
25.7

121.4
95.3
26.1

123.3
96.6
26.8

122.1
95.7
26.4

121.7
95.5
26.2

120.6
95.2
25.4

119.1
95.8
23.3

117.4
96.1
21.3

117.3
95.5
21.8

116.9
94.3
22.6

118.5
94.9
23.6

125.3
100.9
24.3

129.0
106.1
23.8

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts____________________________
Tires and inner tubes______________
Other rubber products_____________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

314.7
66.6
125.9
122.2

318.5
67.0
128.1
123.4

317.0
64.8
127.2
125.0

314.9
64.5
126.5
123.9

310.1
64.0
124.6
121.5

306.7
68.9
120.8
117.0

319.1
71.9
127.3
119,9

317.0
71.5
126.2
119.3

315.2
71.4
125.9
117.9

313.9
71.3
126.1
116.5

313.1
71.4
126.5
115.2

318.9
72.3
129.1
117.5

320.2
72.6
129.7
117.9

314.3
72.1
126.6
115.6

288.3
70.6
116.6
101.1

Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing_______ !
Footwear, except rubber____________
Other leather products_____________

309.7
28.1
211.3
70.3

308.8
27.9
207.6
73.3

309.1
27.6
205.8
75.7

311.2
27.5
208.4
75.3

316.0
27.6
213.0
75.4

309.3
26.8
210.5
72.0

309.8
27.7
210.3
71.8

301.4
27.0
206.6
67.8

300.5
26.8
206.2
67.5

310.0
27.0
211.5
71.5

312.7
27.5
214.0
71.2

310.0
28.1
213.2
68.7

317.0
28.5
215.2
73.3

318.6
28.0
215.7
74.9

316.4
28.3
214.0
74.1

83.3
38.2
842.5
16.6

83.6
38.7
850.8
16.8

83 6
40.0
851.0
17.2

82 6
40.6
838.9
17.6

82 7
40.6
837.9
17.6

88 8
39' 8
829.6
17.6

88 9
38.5
796.0
17.1

787.2
17.2

36.8
777.9
17.2

36.8
775.9
17.1

38.2
773.7
17.4

37.8
814.1
17.7

38.5
803.9
18.2

38.2
772.9
18.7

549.5
23.2
84.6
532.8
209. 7
135.9
153.4
33.8

555.2
23.5
85.1
533.1
209 9
135.9
153.5
33.8

557 3

5fi4 4

5 fifí 5

fifiQ fi

23.8
85.7
539.3
212 2
137.4
155.6
34.1

23. Q

24Í1
84.4
547.8

24.7
81.5
529.5

24.9
81.3
526.4

25.1
81.2
528.5

25.3
80.9
528.8

25.7
80.4
530.2

26.3
80.3
532.8

Gr 9 G
26.9
79.9
537.1

541.3

135.4
152.7
33.6

135.2
152.3

135.0
151.9
32.4

135.2
152.3
32.1

135.5
153.3
32.1

136.5
154.4
32.1

137.6
156.2
32.0

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural buslines_________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Pipeline transportation_______________
Communication:
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication 2_________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

. . . ____

__
_______

85.3
548.0

215 n

214 Q

139.9
158.1
35.0

140.0
157.9
35.0

24! 3

83.6
541.3
218 0
138.7
155.3
34.3

83 0

37! 5

33.3

27.2

79.5

138.6
159.1

29.9

220

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 19 6 4

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box below.

[in thousands]

1962

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.* Nov.»
Wholesale and retail trade *______ __ ____
Wholesale trade_____________________
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
ment_________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products_
Dry goods and apparel_____________
Groceries and related products...........
Electrical goods____________________
Hardware,“ plumbing and heating
goods_________________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
Retail trade 8_______________________
General merchandise stores__________
Department stores_______________
Limited price variety stores______
Food stores!_________'.-----------------Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel *and accessories stores______
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores_____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_____
Family clothing stores____________
Shoe sto res.. . _________________
Furniture and appliance stores
Other retail trade
Motor vehicle dealers_____________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
Drug stores
_ _. _ . _
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking. __________________________
Security dealers and exchanges ..............
Insurance carriers____________________
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribution

Oet.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1961

9,271 9,115 9,041 8,966 8,914 8,926 8,829 8,898 8,687 8,646 8,760 9,601 8,805 8,674
2,745 2,750 2,741 2,739 2,714 2,680 2,636 2,630 2,625 2,621 2,633 2,681 2.630 2,684

...........

200.7
160.4
111.7
441.9
196.7

200.6 200.6
159.3
111. 3
453.1
198.1

159.0
110.7
454.2
198.2

201.3
159.6
111.9
452.7

200.1

201.8 201.0
158.2
111.7
448.8
199.3

157.8
110.9
437.8
197.9

198.3
156.5
109.0
418.4
197.0

197.1
157.1
108.8
415.9
196.7

196.3
157.1
109.3
420.2
195.6

195.5
156.8
108.3
418. 5
195.5

194.3
156.5
109.2
421.8
195.3

195.7
158.8

110.0

433.5
195.1

192.8
156.4
109.6
431.1
191.0

184.7
153.0

110.0

430.2
185.0

126.2 126.6 126.9 127.5 127.8 126.3 124.7 124.7 123.8 123.4 123.0 124.0 123.2 122.1
474.5 472.1 469.8 468.8 466.4 458.1 452.9 452.5 448.6 445.6 444.2 444.4 436.5 416.5
......... 6,526
6,365 6,300 6,227 6,200 6,246 6,193 6,268 6,062 6,025 6,127 6,920 6,175 6,090
1,664.8 1,551.2 1,513.3 1,466.3 1,448.7 1,469.4 1,453.0 1,480.1 1,401.2 1,379.6 1,453.4 1,972.1 1,496.8 1,453.9
987.6 907.6 879.5 852.7 843.6 860.3 851.7 869.9 824.1 810.7 S63.7 1,200.4 881.4 856.4
319.5 305.9 302.2 286.8 283.1 288.2 289.2 304.2 283.2 276.8 287.8 388.1 304.1 303.2
1,337.1 1.328.8 1,318.0 1.305.4 1,308.5 1.308.6 1,301.3 1,305.6 1,296.5 1,301.3 1,291.1 1,319.5 1,280.2 1,269.9
........... 1,172.6
1.166.8 1,155.7 1.143.4 1,146.4 1.144.6 1,137.2 1,135.2 1,135.2 1,134.6 1,130.6 1,150.0 1,120.5 1,106.0
561.7 ' 555.1 531.6 525.2 552.1 550.5 608.0 528.8 519.7 545.6 672.9 560.3 556.3
......... 578.9
92.4
88.2 91.4 86.2 88.5 95.1 120.5 91.4 88.5
94.6
90.3
87.3
89.5
87.9
218.2 212. 7 208.6 202.7 197.2 207.1 208.4 217.9 201.6 194.9 203.2 248.9 209.0 209.1
86.0 82.0 81.6 87.3 113.8 88.9 88. S
86.1 85.1 80.3 81.0 84.4 183.4
91.0
10.0 142.6 101.4 98.2 100.9 119.3 107.6 104.9
108.2
110.1 108.6 111.2 105.2 104.1 346.7
343.8 344.0 345.3 343.8 346.8 363.1 347.2 349.4
356.8 353.2 349.5 349.0 347.3
2,588. 8 2,570.4 2, 563.8 2,575.1 2,570.4 2,568.8 2,544.5 2,530. 7 2,490. 5 2,480.9 2,489. 9 2, 592.5 2,490.5 2,460.3
592.1 590.9 589.8 592.2 591.7 589.1 585.2 582.2 580.8 579.7 577.3 573.4 559.9 552.0
147.0 141.6 142.3 1+4.4 143.8 143.6 140.0 137.9 132.0 130.0 131.8 142.4 129.6 124.7
359.3 352.9 352.5 351.6 350.8 348.8 349.6 349.7 348.5 346.7 350.0 368.6 348.0 344.5
618.2
112.9
770.9
414.5
45.6
275.6

597.4

541.8

521.5

512.7

382.2

376.0

374.4

365.6

626.3
114.3
775.3
416.4
46.2
277.1

622.7

624.4

378.0

381.1

629.2
113. 4
777.0
419.1
46.2
275.8

553.0

557.2

580.7

374.7

376.4

376.0

24.7

24.8

23.7

23.9

23.6

629.3
113.3
778.7
419.8
46.3
276.9

618.2
113.4
772.6
415.6
45.8
276.1

636.2
115.6
783.8
420.8
46.9
279.8

629.6
113.5
778.2
419.2
46.4
276.8

1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Oetober
1963, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining, manufacturing, and laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
P ro d u c tio n a n d related w orkers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.

637.8
115.2
787.2
422.9
47.0
280.8

617.1
113.6
773.4
416.2
45.8
276.1

768. 5
413.8
45.5
274.1

112.2

614.1
113.1
770. 4
413.7
45.6
275.9

606.7
122.3
768.0
413.0
45.8
273.9

765.2
417.1
44.9
268.3

509.1

502.5

500.7

509.2

494.0

364.0

369.0

370.0

377.7

383.1

23.7

25.2

24.6

29.1

615.0
113. C
771.4
415.1
45.6
275.6

22.6 21.6 20.8 21.6 22.1I

611.7

591.1

120.6

C o n stru ctio n w orkers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
N o n su p e r v iso r y w orkers include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2Preliminary.
8Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
* Excludes eating and drinking places.

Caution
The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in non­
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to October 1963. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “Technical Note, Revision of Establish­
ment Employment Statistics, 1963,” appearing in the October 1963 M o n th ly L abor R e view ,
p. 1194.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data
presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect
the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arnin gs
S ta tis tic s for th e U n ited S ta te s , 1909-62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3.50. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the
Bureau.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1962

A .— E M P L O Y M E N T

221

T able À-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,

seasonally adjusted 1

Revised series; see b o x , p. 220.

[in thousands]
1963

Industry division and group
Dec.8 Nov.8 Oct.
T otal_________

Contract construction..............
_

Durable goods________________________
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
Furniture and fixtures______ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products____________
Primary metal industries_____________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery___ _ ____
Electrical equipment and supplies________
____
Transportation equipm ent..
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Nondurable goods............ .............. ...................
Food and kindred products_____________ _
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products______________
Apparel and related products.....................................
Paper and allied products..................................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries _
Chemicals and allied p roducts..........................
Petroleum refining and related Industries______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
Leather and leather products. ...........
Transportation and public utilities.................................
Wholesale and retail trade___________
Wholesale trade_____________
Retail trade................ ..........................
Finance, insurance, and real estate...... ...................
Service and miscellaneous_________ ___________
Government_______________
Federal........... ................................
State and local______________ ..

July

1962

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

57,060 56, 873 56,706 56,458 56,333 56,211

623

628

629

632

635

640

639

640

639

631

631

631

633

3,112

3,059

3,066

3,071

3,083

3,069

3,046

3,019

3,005

2,928

2,920

2,967

2,913

17,127 17,062 17,119 17,076 17,033 17,103 17,075 17,095 17,037 16,948 16,872
9,735 9,688 9, 718 9,705 9,652 9,701 9,685 9,683 9,660 9,586 9,546
275
275
276
277
275
277
278
276
274
278
279
5S8
596
593
589
578
564
559
592
588
597
590
392
393
392
391
393
392
390
388
387
388
386
613
614
610
611
616
615
612
612
597
607
590
1,163 1,156 1,155 1,164 1,176 1,208 1,202 1,184 1,174 1,145 1,133
1,170 1,162 1,164 1,165 1,162 1,159 1,156 1,151 1,148 1,136 1,131
1,549 1,547 1,545 1,531 1,525 1,512 1,508 1,506 1,504 1,501 1,499
1, 568 1,559 1, 571 1,574 1,574 1,587 1,593 1,597 1, 595 1,589 1,589
1, 630 1,617 1,647 1,635 1,580 1,618 1,623 1,614 1,623 1,597 1,595
374
373
373
373
375
375
375
370
370
368
366
404
398
399
395
398
394
389
393
390
390
388
7,392 7,374 7,401 7,371 7,381 7,402 7,390 7,412 7,377 7,362 7,326
1, 746 1,735 1, 742 1,723 1,728 1,730 1,732 1,743 1,738 1, 757 1,747
89
86 91 87
94
89
88 89 90 89
89
887
886 887 891
889
890
889
889
892
891
890
1,298 1,292 1,312 1,308 1,302 1,317 1,306 1,317 1,296 1,286 1,273
625
622
622
620
623
620
623
620
618
619
617
935
937
934
930
937
936
935
934
929
910
907
869
870
870
871
870
8
6
8
859
870
864
862
856
187
189
189
190
189
188
187
188
188
188
188
404
402
406
402
404
414
411
408
416
417
408
352
349
347
352
350
350
351
349
353
351
351
3,921 3,933 3,937 3,950 3,941 3,936 3,919 3,909 3,890 3,894 3,899

16,871 10,851
9,542
280
593
389
595
1,124
1,125
1,503
1,593
1, 586
365
389

9, 518
279
586
386
591
1,126
1,127
1,501
1,595
1,574
364
389

7,329
1,752
89
891
1,268
617
910
853
187
411
351

7,333
lj 756
91
893
1,265
616
908
851
189
408
356

3,821 3,898
11,935 11,945 11,935 11,922 11,907 11.884 11,864 11,825 11,784 11, 795 11, 729 11,685 11,629
3,173 3,173 3,173 3,170 3,155 3,159 3,148 3,129 3,119 3,106 3,093 3,085 3,072
8,762 8,772 8,762 8,752 8,752 8,725 8,716 8,696 8,665 8,689 8,636 8,600 8,557
2,891 2,888 2,887 2,873 2,873 2,870 2,865 2,864 2,853 2,848 2,839 2,834 2,822
8,493 8,459 8,430 8,377 8,373 8,349 8,282 8,228 8,199 8,207 8,144 8,110 8,079
9,703
2,349
7,354

9,649
2,347
7,302

9,643
2,352
7, 291

i For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
8 Preliminary.

T able

Aug.

57,805 57,623 57,646 57,453 57,344 57,340 57,194

____ . ____

Mining__________________

Manufacturing_________________________

Sept.

9,552
2,347
7,205

9,499
2,348
7,151

9,489
2,351
7,138

9, 504
2,349
7,155

9,480
2,345
7,135

9,466
2,339
7,127

9,455
2,340
7,115

9,424
2, 332
7,092

9,414
2,353
7,061

9, 386
2,349
7,037

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components," M o n th ly Labor
R e v ie w , August 1960, pp. 822-827.

A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 2 2 0 .

[In thousands]
1963

Major Industry group
Manufacturing. . __
Durable goods_____________________________
Ordnance and accessories...................... ................. .
Lumber and wood products, except furniture____
Furniture and fixtures...............................................
Stone, clay, and glass products
......
Prim ary metal industries_____________________
Fabricated metal products____________________
Machinery_____________ ____________ _______
Electrical equipment and supplies__ __________
Transportation equipm ent-......................................
Instruments and related products______________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................

Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

12,661 12, 599 12,649
7,129 7,084 7,110
119
118
120
532
529
526
328
325
325
495
496
491
939
934
931
900
892
895
1,075 1,074 1,074
1,049 1,044 1,051
1,128 1,114 1,143
238
238
237
326
320
317

12,611
7,097
119
525
326
490
939
895
1,061
1,049
1,136
237
320

12,575 12,650 12,628
7,051 7,103 7,086
.119 119
120
517 503
498
326 326
325
496 498
493
953 984
977
891
891
888
1,058 1.045 1,042
1,051 1,061 1,069
1,079 1,118 1,122
240 241
240
321 317
312

Nondurable goods........................................... ................ 5,532
Food and kindred products___________________ 1,160
78
Tobacco manufactures________________ ______
795
Textile mill products_________________________
1,153
ADDarel and related products.. . .........
490
Paper and allied products......... ........................ ......
595
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.______
525
Chemicals and allied products_________________
118
Petroleum refining and related industries...............
310
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products .
308
Leather and leather products........
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
prelim inary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5, 515
1,150
82
797
1,145
488
590
525
119
312
307

5, 539
1,159
77
795
1,164
488
591
527

5,514
1,143
73
793
1,159
488
593
526

308
310

309
310

120

120

July

5,524 5, 547
1,149 1,148
79
75
793 798
1,154 1,169
490 490
594
594
527 527

120 120

310
308

315
311

June

5,542
1,151
75
797
1,160
489
594
527
119
321
309

1962
May

Apr.

Mar.

12,647 12,604 12,521
7,081 7,070 6,994
119
119
118
530
538
528
323
322
322
492
489
480
962
952
922
883
881
868
1,040 1,041 1,038
1,068 1,067 1,061
1,112 1,123 1,099
236
234
237
315
313
313
5,566
1,158
77
798
1,171
488
595
625

5,534
1,152
78
800
1,153
486
591
524

324
310

323
307

120

120

5, 527
1,172
77
800
1,141
488
582
521
119
318
310

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

12,455 12,453 12,443
6,956 0,950 6,935

120

121

121

531
321
474
911
864
1,038
1,059
1,094
233
311

533
323
476
900
860
1,045
1,063
1,085
233
311

525
321
474
901
862
1,044
1,065
1,080
231
311

5,499
1,163
77
799
1,130
486
579
521
119
315
310

5,503
1,167
77
800
1,125
487
582
519
118
318
310

5, 508
1,170
79
802
1,123
486
581
516

121

315
315

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components," M o n th ly L a b o r
R e v ie w , August 1960, pp. 822-827.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

222

Table A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
{All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]

Nov.
Employment service:8
New applications for w o r k ......................
Nonfarm placem ents.._______ ________

1962

1963

Item
Oct.

827
493

Sept.

953
662

Aug.

878
664

July

829
611

928
572

Apr.

May

June

1,096
577

911
612

Mar.

904
581

Jan.

Feb.

861
496

904
423

Nov.

Dec.

1,097
459

766
434

907
533

State unemployment insurance programs:
1, 216 1,127 1,308 2,102 1,747 1,353
1,351
973
1,079
1,200 1,157
957 1,086
Initial claims s i . ................ .........................
Insured unemployment *(average weekly
1,625
1,624
2,298
2, 546
2, 591
2,063
1,918
1,542
1,261
1,419
1,493
1,333
1, 468
volume) 8..................................... ............
6.2 6.3
5.1
4.0
3.9
4.7
5.6
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.1
3.0
3.6
Rate of insured unemployment ' ...........
6,695
5,308
6, 732 7,919 9,091 9,025 10,002 0,307 5,702
4,923
5,368
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
4,733
4,650
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment_____ ________ _____ _ $35.37 $35.15 $34.93 $34.67 $34. 43 $34.34 $34.91 $35. 54 $35.80 $35.70 $35. 62 $35.11 $34.95
Total benefits paid___________________ $164,977 $171,957 $163,126 $186,814 $195,632 $188,189 $235,851 $274,798 $316,422 $313, 272 $342, 411 $214,203 $193, 551
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: *«
Initial claim ss.................................... ........
Insured unemployment « (average weekly
volume)....................................................
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits paid......................................
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:# u
Initial claim s3..............................................
Insured unem ploym ent8 (average weekly
volume)________________ _________
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits paid................ ........ ...........

29
48
164
$5,396

31
43
174
$5,857

29

31

22

20

23

45
184
$6,202

44
176
$5,909

42
181
$6,269

47
203
$6,760

58
267
$8, 797

28
42
170
$5,727

11

12

20

12

12

35
150
$5, 591

38
148
$5,433

37
156
$5, 744

31
116
$4,262

29
115
$4,282

4

5

7

19

11

12

15

15

46

11

4

45

37
41
85
90
$76. 9C $77.96
$6,416 $6,906

39
79
$76.07
$5,852

32
77
$73.87
$5, 563

39
99
$74. 44
$7,333

1,651

1,628

1, 799

$78.60
$6,672

All programs: »
Insured unemployment8......... .................

1,686

1,476

86

1,408

1,568

i Includes data for Puerto Kieo, beginning January 1961 when the com­
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State U I system.
8Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
* Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
* Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
» Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
« State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto
Rican sugar cane workers.
i The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
* Includes the Virgin Islands.
Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

13
31
137
$5, 241

120

41
98
$77.05
$7,475

57

222

11

12
29
123
$4,844

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications u .............................................
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)..................................................
Number of payments » ----------------------Average amount of benefit paym ent13__
Total benefits paid u ..................................

$7,298

28
119
$4,678

12
28
114
$4,540

$4,723

29

65
235
$7,679

12

14
29

111

31

27

26
30
11C 113
$4,387 $4,941

13
32

$4,297

39

77
77
71
303
306
338
$9,932 $10,027 $11,100

25

19

12

16

57
64
73
61
61
49
132
137
173
133
118
138
$77.11 $80.24 $80. 58 $79.97 $79. 56 $78. 73
$9,005 $11,004 $10, 881 $13, 732 $10,358 $10, 373
2,089

2, 465

2,72e

2,778

2,223

1, 780

u An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year,
n Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods,
i* The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
i* Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpay­
ments.
is Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
S o o b c e : U.S. Department o f Labor, Bureau o f Employment Security f o r
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

223

B.—Labor Turnover
T a ble

B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 220.

[Per 100 employees]
1963

1962

Annual
average

Major Industry group
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1962

1961

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual.......... ...... ..................................
Seasonally adjusted..................................
Durable goods....................... .....................
Ordnance and accessories......... ...........
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture..___________________. . . .
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products..........
Prim ary metal industries...... ................
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment.................
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries........ ........... ...... .................. ,.........

2.8
3.5

3.9
3.9

4.8
3.9

4.8
3.7

4.3
4.0

4.8
3.9

4.0
3.8

3.9
4.1

3.5
3.8

3.3
3.9

3.6
3.7

2.4
3.8

3.0
S.8

4.1

4.1

2.7
2.1

3.6
2.7

4.5
2.8

4.2
2.7

3.7
2.6

4.2
2.9

3.8
2.5

3.8
2.3

3.5
2.1

3.2
2.2

3.5
2.5

2.3
1.7

2.8
1.9

3.8
2.9

3.9
2.9

3.1
3.3
2.4
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.5
3.1
2.2

4.9
4.8
3.1
2.6
4.0
2.9
3.2
4.0
2.7

6.3
5.6
3.4
2.5
4.9
3.4
3.7
7.0
3.4

6.8
5.9
3.8
2.4
4.9
3,0
3.7
5.5
3.1

5.7
5.5
4.2
2.4
4.3
2.9
3.2
3.6
3.4

7.9
4.8
5.1
3.3
4.9
3.4
3.6
4.1
3.9

7.3
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.2
2.7
2.9
3.8
3.1

6.6
4.4
5.7
3.8
4.3
2.7
2.9
3.8
2.6

6.0
3.8
4.7
3.6
3.8
2.6
2.7
3.5
2.6

4.4
3.9
3.5
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.7
3.3
2.4

4.6
4.1
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.8
2.7

2.4
2.6
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.0
2.1
2.9
1.7

3.2
3.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.4
2.8
3.5
2.4

5.5
4.5
3.8
2.8
4.1
3.0
3.6
4.7
2.7

5.3
4.1
3.7
3.4
4.4
3.1
3.6
4.7
2.6

3.7

5.6

6.8

6.6

7.0

5.5

5.2

5.7

5.1

6.0

6.2

2.4

3.7

5.6

5.6

3.0
3.8
4.4
2.9
4.3
1.9

4.3
6.5
5.9
4.0
5.0
2.6

5.1
8.1
13.1
4.2
5.5
3.0

5.4
9.1
24.5
4.3
5.8
2.9

5.1
7.5
8.3
4.0
7.1
2.9

5.5
8.9
3.1
4.0
5.7
4.0

4.2
5.6
2.4
3.9
5.9
2.7

3.9
4.9
1.8
3.6
5.1
2.7

3.5
4.3
2.6
3.5
4.7
2.4

3.4
3.8
2.6
3.3
5.4
2.2

3.7
4.2
3.6
3.3
5.9
2.3

2.5
3.3
6.0
1.9
3.1
1.6

3.2
4.0
5.6
2.7
4.4
1.9

4.3
6.4
6.4
3.6
5.5
2.6

4.2
6.0
5.9
3.5
5.7
2.6

2.4
1.3

3.0
l.S

3.5
2.2

3.2
1.9

3.2
2.2

4.0
3.3

2.8
2.0

2.8
2.6

2.6
2.4

2.6
1.9

2.9
2.0

2.0
1.3

2.5
1.4

3.0
2.1

2.9
2.1

1.3

1.9

3.0

2.0

2.1

1.6

.9

1.3

.6

.8

1.4

1.3

4.3
5.4

4.5
6.6

4.0
6.3

3.7
5.6

3.8
4.4

3.4
4.1

3.0
4.2

3.2
5.9

2.3
3.5

3.1
4.4

3.8
5.0

3.9
5.0

2.7
2.1

3.8
1.5

3.6
2.1

5.7
2.2

2.9
2.5

2.8
2.2

3.2
2.2

2.0
1.4

2.9
1.5

2.9
1.7

2.7
2.2

Nondurable goods.......................................
Food and kindred products..............
Tobacco manufactures......... .................
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products................
Paper and allied products..... ................
Printing, publishing, and allied Indust r ie s ....... ........ ........... .....................
Chemicals and allied products...............
Petroleum refining and related Industries__________________ ______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products................ ...............................
Leather and leather products.................

.9

1.2

1.4

2.6
4.2

3.8
4.8

4.3
4.8

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining . . .

1.5
1.5

2.7
1.8

2.6
2.3

2.8
2.9

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
A c tu a l........
Seasonally adjusted

1.8
2.3

2.6
2.4

3.1

3.2
2.4

2.7
2.4

3.3
2.4

2.5
2.4

2.3
2.6

2.0
2.4

1.8
2.2

1.9
2.3

1.2
2.2

1.8
2.3

2.5

2.2

2 .5

1.7
1.4

2.4
1.8

2.8
2.0

2.6
1.9

2.3
1.7

2.9
1.9

2.3
1.4

2.2
1.3

1.8
1.1

1.7
1.3

1.7
1.4

l.°

1.1

1.8
1.2

2.3
2.0

1.9
2.1

2.5
2.7
1.4
.7
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.4

4.2
4.0
2.0
1.1
2.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.0

5.5
4.8
2.4
1.3
3.5
2.2
2.6
2.5
2.4

5.9
4.9
2.8
1.2
3.2
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.1

4.7
4.4
3.0
1.2
2.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.2

6.3
4.0
3.7
2.1
3.2
2.5
2.4
2.4
3.1

5.5
3.5
2.8
1.7
2.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.0

4.6
3.3
2.8
1.4
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.8

3.7
2.7
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.7

2.9
2.7
1.6
.9
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.6

2.6
2.7
1.3
.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.9

1.7
1.5
.9
.6
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1

2.5
2.5
1.3
.7
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.6

3.9
3.5
2.2
1.1
2.4
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.0

3.3
2.8
1.8
.9
2.1
1.6
2.1
1.6
1.7

trles----- ------------------------

2.6

4.4

5.2

4.8

4.1

3.7

3.2

3.2

2.6

2.7

2.6

1.5

2.5

3.8

3.6

Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures...........
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products...... ..........
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries_________ __________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries.......................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______ _________________
Leather and leather products________

1.9
2.1
2.4
2.0
2.4
1.3

2.9
4.0
3.8
2.9
3.4
2.1

3.5
5.3
8.5
3.1
3.8
2.4

3.8
6.5
14.4
3.2
3.9
2.2

3.2
4.6
3.3
2.8
4.0
2.1

3.8
5.9
1.8
3.0
3.6
3.1

2.7
3.5
1.3
2.8
3.6
1.9

2.4
2.8
1.1
2.5
3.4
1.7

2.2
2.2
1.6
2.2
3.2
1.5

2.0
1.9
1.1
2.0
3.1
1.3

2.1
2.1
1.9
1.9
3.2
1.3

1.3
1.7
3.4
1.2
1.5
.9

1.9
2.3
2.4
1.8
2.7
1.2

2.8
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.5
1.8

2.5
3.4
3.1
2.2
3.1
1.7

1.7
.9

2.4
1.3

2.9
1.6

2.5
1.4

2.5
1.6

3.0
2.6

2.1
1.4

2.0
1.8

1.9
1.6

1.8
1.2

2.1
1.2

1.3
.7

1.9
.9

2.3
1.5

2.1
1.4

Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures............... ..........
Stone, clay, and glass products_____
Prim ary metal industries......................
Fabricated metal products__ ________
. Machinery..
_
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus-

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.7

.8

1.1

1.0

1.6

2.4

1.5

1.3

.9

.5

.7

.4

.6

1.0

.9

1.7
2.5

2.8
3.4

3.2
3.6

2.9
3.9

2.6
4.2

2.7
3.9

2.4
3.2

2.1
2.6

1.9
2.3

1.8
2.4

1.7
3.3

1.2
2.1

1.8
2.7

2.4
3.1

2.0
2.8

1.1
.7

1.7
1.0

1.9
1.2

1.8
1.1

1.5
.9

2.7
.7

1.6
.8

1.7
.8

1.5
.8

1.4
.9

1.7
.6

1.2
.4

1.3
.6

1.5
.5

1.2

.6

224

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964
T able B - l .

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.

[Per 100 employees]
1963

Annual
average

1962

Major industry group
Nov.1 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1962

1961

4.1

4.0

Separations: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual.............. ......................................
S e a so n a lly a d ju s te d _______________
Durable goods.....................................
Ordnance and accessories.................... .
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture___________________ „
Furniture and fixtures...................
Stone, clay, and glass products ..........
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.....................
Machinery........ .......................................
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment.....................
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__________________________
Nondurable goods......................................
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures............................
Textile mill products_______ _____
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products.....................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________________________
Chemicals and allied products______
Petroleum refining and related industries________ ________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____ ____ _________________
Leather and leather products...............
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining................................... .........
Coal mining________________________

3.7

4.1

4.9

4.7

4.1

3.4

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.2

4.0

3.8

4.0

8 .6

8 .7

3 .9

4 .8

4 .0

8 .8

4 .0

4 .0

8 .8

5 .7

4 .0

S .8

8 .9

3.3
2.5

3.7
2.5

4.3
3.2

4.7
2.8

4.0
2.2

3.2
2.4

3.3
2.3

3.3
2.4

3.3
4.2

3.1
3.1

3.7
3.2

3.4
2.0

3.6
2.7

3.8
2.7

3.9
2.3

5.5
4.1
3.7
2.4
4.0
2.2
3.1
3.2
2.7

5.5
4.9
3.9
3.5
4.3
2.7
3.4
3.5
2.7

7.1
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.8
3.3
4.0
3.9
3.7

7.3
5.3
4.3
4.1
4.5
3.4
3.6
7.5
3.0

5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6
4.6
2.8
3.2
5.9
3.0

5.1
4.2
3.2
2.0
3.5
2.8
3.1
3.5
2.3

5.0
4.4
3.1
2.1
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.7
2.7

6.2
4.5
3.0
2.1
3.5
2.6
3.1
3.9
2.3

5.4
4.5
2.9
2.1
3.8
2.5
3.6
3.5
2.4

4.7
3.9
3.4
2.2
3.6
2.3
3.1
3.3
2.4

5.0
4.5
4.9
2.6
4.2
2.8
3.7
3.7
2.9

5.5
3.7
5.2
2.5
3.5
2.1
2.8
3.2
2.1

6.1
4.3
4.1
2.9
3.9
2.6
3.1
3.5
2.6

5.6
4.6
4.1
3.3
4.2
2.8
3.3
4.6
2.6

5.4
4.3
3.8
2.8
4.6
3.2
3.3
5.0
2.6

6.1

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.2

4.2

4.5

4.8

4.2

3.8

5.5

11.5

7.8

6.0

5.8

4.1
5.9
11.7
3.6
5.3
2.5

4.7
7.5
8.6
4.0
5.5
2.8

5.6
9.2
4.2
4.5
5.8
4.2

4.8
6.5
4.3
4.6
5.8
3.4

4,3
5.8
2.6
3.8
6.4
2.5

3.8
4.8
2.2
3.3
5.6
2.2

4.0
4.6
4.0
3.9
5.8
2.5

3.9
4.8
3.9
3.7
6.0
2.5

3.7
4.9
7.0
3.5
4.8
2.5

3.4
4.7
9.2
3.1
4.2
2.3

4.3
6.4
6.8
3.9
5.5
2.9

4.3
6.3
11.0
3.4
5.9
2.5

4.6
7.1
17.1
3.7
5.2
2.7

4.4
6.2
6.7
3.7
5.8
2.8

4.2
6.0
5.7
3.4
5.8
2.7

2.7
1.7

3.1
2.0

3.8
3.1

3.5
2.5

2.6
1.8

3.0
2.1

3.0
2.6

2.6
1.9

2.7
1.7

2.3
1.4

3.0
1.7

2.7
1.6

2.9
2.0

2.9
2.1

2.9
2.0

2.1

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.9

1.8

2.1

2.2

1.8

1.7

3.5
4.9

3.2
6.9

3.7
4.7

3.0
3.8

3.6
5.2

2.9
5.4

3.6
4.5

3.6
5.2

3.6
5.0

3.1
2.2

3.0
2.8

3.1
2.5

2.6
2.0

3.6
2.1

5.5
1.8

3.8
3.2

3.5
2.8

3.1
2.7

1.4

1.2

2.0

1.8

3.1

3.6
4.3

3.7
4.8

4.4
5.8

4.1
5.9

4.3
5.6

3.3
4.1

2.5
1.4

3.1
1.4

3.9
1.9

2.9
1.8

2.6
2.6

2.5
1.8

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual................... ...................................
S e a so n a lly a d ju ste d ___________
Durable goods............... ............................
Ordnance and accessories...... .................
Lumbar and wood products, except
furniture______________________
Furniture and fixtures...........................
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Primary metal industries.................... .
Fabricated metal products.....................
M achinery.......................... .............. .
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries----------------------------------------

1.1

1.5

2.4

2.1

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.0

1.1

0.3

1.1

1 .4

1 .4

l.S

1 .6

1 .4

1-4

1 .4

1 .4

1 .6

l.S

1 .4

l.S

1 .4

.9
.7

1.3
1.0

2.0
1.7

1.8
1.3

1.2
1.0

1.2
1.0

1.3
1.0

1.1
.8

1.0
.9

.9
.9

.9
1.0

.7
.7

1.0
.8

1.2
1.2

1.0
1.1

1.7
1.7
.9
.4
1.1
.8
1.1
.7
1.0

2.9
2.3
1.2
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
.9
1.1

4.5
3.0
2.2
1.2
2.2
1.6
2.0
1.5
2.0

4.9
3.1
1.9
1.1
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.6

2.9
2.1
1.3
.7
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.2

3.0
1.9
1.3
.6
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.1

3.0
2.3
1.3
.7
1.3
1.0
1.2
.9
1.3

2.6
2.2
1.1
.6
1.2
1.0
1.1
.8
1.0

2.2
1.9
.9
.5
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.0

1.6
1.5
.7
.4
.8
.7
1.0
.7
1.0

1.7
1.7
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.0
.7
1.1

1.3
1.1
.6
.3
.7
.6
.8
.5
.8

1.9
1.6
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.1
.7
1.0

2.4
2.1
1.2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.2

1.9
1.5
1.0
.5
1.0
.8
1.2
.8
1.0

1.5

2.3

3.0

2.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.3

1.3

1.0

1.6

2.0

1.8

1.3
1.4
.8
1.5
1.8
.8

1.8
2.2
1.0
2.2
2.3
1.2

2.8
3.8
1.3
2.8
2.8
2.6

2.4
2.8
1.5
2.8
3.1
1.9

1.7
1.9
.3
2.1
2.5
1.0

1.6
1.7
.7
1.9
2.2
1.0

1,7
1.6
.8
2.1
2.4
1.0

1.5
1.4
.8
2.0
2.3
1.0

1.4
1.4
.7
1,7
2.0
.9

1.2
1.2
.7
1.4
1.8
.7

1.3
1.3
.9
1.6
2.0
.8

1.0
1.1
.6
1.1
1.4
.8

1.3
1.3
.8
1.6
1.9
.8

1.7
1.9
.9
1.9
2.3
1.1

1.5
1.6
.8
1.6
2.0
1.0

1.2
.6

1.4
.7

2.2
1.9

2.0
1.3

1.3
.7

1.5
.7

1.5
.8

1.3
.7

1.2
.6

1.1
.5

1.2
.6

.9
.5

1.3
.5

1.5
.8

1.4

Nondurable goods_______ _____ ______
Food and kindred products...................
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related produets________
Paper and allied products.....................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries...... ............................................
Chemicals and allied products .............
Petroleum refining and related industries...... ........................... .................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products............. .....................................
Leather and leather products.................

.3

.6

1.7

1.1

.7

.8

.7

.6

.5

.5

.4

.4

.6

.7

.5

1.1
1.8

1.6
2.5

2.3
3.1

2.0
3.3

1.4
2.5

1.4
2.2

1.4
2.4

1.3
2.3

1.1
2.0

1.0
1.6

1.1
2.0

.8
1.5

1.1
1.9

1.4
2.3

1.2
2.0

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining....... .............. ......................
Coal m ining..................................... ..........

.8
.4

1.2

2.3
.6

1.9
.6

1.3
.5

1.4
.3

1.5
.4

1.4
.5

1.2
.4

1.2
.3

1.2
.3

.8
.3

.9
.3

1.2
.4

1.0
.4

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.5

.7

B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T a ble

225

B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.

[Per 100 employees]

Annual
average

1962

1963
Major industry group
N ov.2 Oet.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1962

2.0

2.2

1961

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual..—........................................
Seasonally adjusted...
Durable goods______________ _____
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture........................... ...........
Furniture and fixtures............................
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Prim ary metal industries...... .................
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery...........................................
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment............ ........
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries.—...................................... ........
Nondurable goods______________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco m anufactures..____________
Textile mill products______________
Apparel and related products..............
Paper and allied products......................
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries_________________________
Chemicals and allied products...............
Petroleum refining arid related industr ie s ..................................................
Bubber and miscellaneous plastic
products......... ........ .......................
Leather and leather products________
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining.
Coal mining___________________ _____

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.9

2.0

1.4

1.5

1.8

1.7

1.6

2.2

2.5

2.3

1 .7

1 .7

1 .8

2 .0

1 .9

1 .7

1 .8

1 .8

1 .8

1 .8

2 .0

3 .0

1 .9

1.7
1.2

1.6
.9

1.4
1.0

2.1
.9

2.1
.7

1.3
.9

1 .3

.8

1.4
1.1

1.0
2.7

1.6
1.8

2.0
1.7

2.2
1.0

2.0
1.3

1.9
.9

2.2
.7

3.1
1.7
2.3
1.5
2.3
.9
1.4
1.7
1.1

1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.6
.9

1.5
1.1
1.7
2.2
1.8
1.0
1.1
1.5
.8

1.4
1.3
1.6
2.3
1.7
1.3
1.1
5.4
.8

1.5
1.4
1.2
2.2
2.6
1.3
1.3
4.0
1.3

1.2
1.6
1.2
.7
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.7
.6

1.1
1.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.9
.7

1.8
1.5
1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.3
2.2
.7

2.5
1.8
1.4
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.7
1.9
.7

2.3
1.7
2.1
1.1
2.1
.9
1.4
1.9
.9

2.6
2.1
3.4
1.4
2.5
1.3
1.8
2.1
1.0

3.6
2.0
4.0
1.7
2.3
1.0
1.4
1.9
.8

3.5
2.1
2.8
2.0
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.1

2.4
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.2
1.1
2.8
.7

2.8
2.1
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.4
3.0
.9

3.9

2.1

1.6

1.7

2.6

1.7

2.0

2.4

2.0

1.8

3.6

9.9

5.5

3.1

3.2

2.3
3.9
10.5
1.5
2.9
1.2

2.3
4.6
7.0
1.2
2. 5
.9

2.2
4.6
2.5
1.0
2.3
.9

1.7
2.9
2.2
1.1
1.9
.9

1.9
3.2
1.3
1.1
3.0
.8

1.5
2.5
1.2
.8
2.6
.6

1.7
2.4
2.7
1.1
2.6
.9

1.8
2.8
2.6
1.1
3.0
.9

1.7
2.9
5.8
1.2
2.1
1.1

1.0
2.9
8.1
1.1
1.8
1.2

2.4
4.4
5.4
1.7
2.7
1.5

2.8
4.7
9.9
1.9
4.1
1.4

2.7
5.2
15.9
1.7
2.7
1.3

2.1
3.7
5.3
1.2
2.7
1.0

2.2
3.9
4.4
1.3
3.1
1.1

1.2
.9

1.2
.7

1.0
.7

1.0
.7

.8
.7

.9
.9

1.1
1.4

.9
.8

1.0
.6

.8
.5

1.3
.7

1.3
.8

1.2
1.1

1.0
.8

1.0
.9

1.1

.8

.8

.6

.4

.3

.5

.5

.7

.9

.8

.9

1.0

.0

.6

1.9
1.7

1.2
1.7

1.3
1.9

1.4
1.6

2.1
2.3

1.2
1.1

1.3
1.7

1.2
2.9

1.8
2.0

1.3
1.6

1.8
2.5

1.6
3.4

1.9
2.0

1.5

2.1

1.8
2.2

1.3
.6

1.2

.8
.8

.5

.6
1.6

.4
1.0

.8
1.4

.9
1.8

1.4
1.0

.9
1.3

1.3
1.4

4.1
1.1

2.2
2.2

1.5
1.9

1.4
1.9

.5

.7

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Month-to-month changes in total employment In manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes

718-358— 64-


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changed
from midmonth to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of
such stoppages.
* Preliminary.

226

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

C.—Earnings and Honrs
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1963

1962

Industry
Dec.» Nov.*

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Mining.....................
Metal m ining...
Iron ores___
Copper ores.

$113.99 $116.75 $117.04 $115.08 $112.06 $117.85 $114.39 $112.75 $110.97 $112.48 $111.66 $111.66 $110.70 $106.92
119.14 120.60 121.06 118.08 116.09 118.85 117.71 117.50 118.37 117.14 116.16 116.85 117.45 113. 44
117.80 120. 43 127.20 119.65 119.50 124.14 120.08 117.80 116.73 116.05 118.95 115.36 122.19 115. 50
128. 74 130.23 124. 66 125.27 121.98 122.69 122.55 124.12 125.71 121.69 121.12 121.41 120.70 119.03

Coal mining___
Bitu minons.

118.18 121.68 123.48 118.18 108.19 128.74 122.14 117.73 113.77 121.29 120.43 119.11 113.09 110.62
120.02 123.48 124.97 119.32 110.21 130.60 124.66 119.81 114. 56 122.77 120.90 119.88 114.50 112.01

Crode petroleum and natural gas____
Grade petroleum and natural gas
fields_______________________
Oil and gas field services..................

119.14 119.43 122.07 119.31 120.30 123.31 117.74 120,30 118.26 118.15 121.09 119.11 115.46 113.96
105.53 108.43 106. 64 107. 56 105.46 105.04 104.49 103.52 104.25 103.76 100.43 105.71 103.63 98.44

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___

108.93 115.04 114. 50 114.33 113.83 112.91 110.32 106.56 102.00

111. 72 113.05 113.67 113.32 112.36 113.36 110.62 111.45 110.77 110.51 110.09 111. 61 109.20 105.75

Contract construction________________
General building contractors....___
Heavy construction______________
Highway and street construction
Other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors.........................

124.87
116.20
124.00
120.29
127.66
131.38

Manufacturing......................................
Durable goods____ ________
Nondurable goo ds..................

90.17

134.98
124.58
138.65
137.81
140.34
139.49

132.90
121. 88
136.85
135.96
137.78
137.64

132.70
122.02
137.03
134.67
140.68
137.25

130.90
120.62
135.22
133.62
136.92
136.14

129. 79
118. 58
132.13
130.09
134. 60
135.75

128.06
117.85
126.96
123. 68
131.02
134.67

124. 58
115.84
122.36
117.74
127.98
131.40

122.72
113.34
117.30
109.42
123.80
130.31

98.77 100.14
118.33
108.85
110.70
99.72
119.19
125.93

121.07
111.11
115.82
107.54
123.13
128.47

98.25 105.43 100.09
118.67
108.55
112.00
104.60
118.24
127.40

122.47
112.50
122.31
118.37
126.48
128.50

118.08
108.83
120.09
113.81
127.12
123.44

100.85 100. 53 100. 53 98.42 99.23 100.37 99.23 97.36 98.09 97.20 97.44 98.01 96.56 92.34
110. 00 109.71 109.45 107.01 108.09 109.82 108.36 106.37 106.49 106.23 105.82 107. 53 104.70 100.35
89.10 88.98 89.38 88.40 88.36 88.36 87.52 85.97 86.68 85.85 86.24 86.94 85.54 82.92
Average weekly hours

Mining.....................
Metal m ining...
Iron ores___
Copper ores.

41.3
40.8
38.0
43.2

42.3
41.3
39.1
43.7

42.1
41.6
41.3
42.4

42.0
41.0
39.1
42.9

Ooal mining___
Bituminous.

38.0
38.1

39.0
39.2

39.2
39.3

38.0
38.0

Crude petroleum and natural gas.........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields....................... ..................... _
Oil and gas field services............ ...........
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.,

42.0

42.5

42.1

42.6

40.8
42.9

40.9
43.9

41.1
43.0

41.0
43.9

44.1

46.2

45.8

46.1

45.9

36.3
35.0
40.0
40.5
39.4
35.7

38.9
37.3
43.6
44.6
42.4
37.7

38.3
36.6
42.9
44.0
41.5
37.2

38.8
37.2
43.5
44.3
42.5
37.5

38.5
37.0
43.2
44.1
42.0
37.4

40.5
41.2
39.6

40.7
41.4
39.9

40.7
41.3
39.9

40.5
41.0
40.0

40.5
41.1
39.8

40.8
41.6
39.8

Contract construction__________________
General building contractors......... ........
Heavy construction______________
Highway and street construction.
Other heavy construction..............
Special trade contractors_______

___

M anufacturing..................................
Durable goods......................
Nondurable goods.________

40.8
41.5
39.9

41.2
40.8
38.8
42.8

42.7
41.7
40.7
42.9

41.9
41.3
39.5
43.0

41.3
40.8
38.0
43.4

40.5
41.1
37.9
43.8

40.9
41.1
37.8
43.0

40.9
40.9
39.0
42.8

40.9
41.0
37.7
42.9

41.0
41.5
39.8
42.8

40. B
41.4
38.5
43.6

41.0
41.2

39.4
39.7

38.1
38.4

38.7
36.6

39.0
39.1

39.1
39.0

38.3
38.3

36.6
36.7

35.8
35.9

42.4

42.3

41.9

41.9

41.8

41.7

41.7

42.6

42.0

41.8

41.2
43.4

41.8
42.7

40.6
43.0

41.2
42.8

40.5
42.9

40.6
42.7

41.9
41.5

41.5
43.5

40.8
43.0

40.7
42.8

45.9

45.4

44.4

42.5

41.5

41.9

40.6

44.3

43.9

38.4
36.6
42.9
43.8
41.8
37.5

38.0
36.6
41.9
42.5
41.2
37.1

37.3
36.2
41.2
41.9
40. 5
36.5

36.2
35.2
39.1
38. S
39.3
35.8

34.7
33.7
36.9
36.0
37.6
34.5

35.4
34.4
38.1
37.6
38.6
35.1

34.8
33.4
36.6
35.7
37.3
35.0

37.0
35.6
40.5
41.1
39.9
36.3

36.9
35.8
40.3
40.5
40.1
36.2

40.6
41.2
39.6

39.9
40.6
38.9

40.2
40.8
39.4

40.0
40.7
39.2

40.1
40.7
39.2

40.5
41.2
39.7

40.4
40.9
39.6

39.8
40.3
39.3

Average hourly earnings
Mining..................... .
Metal mining__
Iron ores___
Copper ores.

$2. 76
2.92
3.10
2.98

$2. 76
2.92
3.08
2.98

$2.78
2.91
3.08
2.94

$2.74
2.88
3.06
2.92

Coal mining___
Bituminous.

3.11
3.15

3.12
3.15

3.15
3.18

3.11
3.14

Crude petroleum and natural gas.........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields............................. ................
Oil and gas field services................

2.66

2.66

2.70

2.66

2. 92
2.46

2.92
2.47

2.97
2. 48

2.91
2.45

$2.72
2.86
3.08
2.85

$2.76
2.85
3.05
2.86

$2.73
2.85
3.04
2.85

$2. 73
2.88
3.10
2.86

$2.74
2.88
3.08
2.87

$2.75
2.85
3.07
2.83

$2.73
2.84
3.05
2.83

$2.73
2.85
3.06
2.83

$2.70
2.83
3.07
2.82

$2.64
2.74
3.00
2.73

3.14
3.17

3.10
3.14

3.09
3.12

3.10
3.13

3.11
3.14

3.08
3.10

3.11
3.13

3.09
3.12

3.09
3.12

2.65

2.68

2.64

2.66

2.65

2.65

2.64

2.62

2.60

2.53

2.92
2.43

2.95
2.46

2.90
2.43

2.92
2.43

2.92
2.43

2.91
2.43

2.89
2.42

2.87
2.43

2.83
2.41

2.80
2.30

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.

2.47

2.49

2.50

2.48

2.48

2.46

2.43

2.40

2.40

2.38

2.39

2.42

2.38

2.28

Contract construction___________ ______
General building contractors_________
Heavy construction________________
Highway and street construction__
Other heavy construction................
Special trade contractors____________

3.44
3.32
3.10
2.97
3.24
3.68

3. 47
3.34
3.18
3.09
3.31
3. 70

3.47
3.33
3.19
3.09
3.32
3.70

3.42
3.28
3.15
3.04
3.31
3.66

3.40
3.26
3.13
3.03
3.26
3.64

3.38
3.24
3.08
2.97
3.22
3.62

3.37
3.22
3.03
2.91
3.18
3.63

3.34
3.20
2.97
2.81
3.16
3.60

3.39
3.22
3.00
2.82
3.15
3.64

3.41
3.23
3.00
2.77
3.17
3.65

3.42
3.23
3.04
2.86
3.19
3.66

3.41
3.25
3.06
2.93
3.17
3.64

3.31
3.16
3.02
2.88
3.17
3.54

3.20
3.04
2.91
2.81
3.17
3.48

2.49
2.67
2.25

2.47
2. 65
2.23

2.47
2. 65
2.24

2.43
2.61
2.21

2.45
2.63
2.22

2.46
2.64
2.22

2.45
2.63
2.21

2.44
2.62
2.21

2.44
2.61
2.20

2.43
2.61
2.19

2.43
2.60
2.20

2.42
2.61
2.19

2.39
2.56
2.16

2.32
2.49
2.11

Manufacturing________________
Durable goods__________
Nondurable goods______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

_________

__________
—

$2. 50
2. 68
2.26

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

227

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1963

1962

Industry
D ec.3 Nov.3 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar,

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods

Ordnance and accessories___ _______ $122.25 $120.66 $121.13
Ammunition, except for small arms. 124.61 123.41 122.89
Sighting and fire control equipm p n t,
128.44 129.4?
Other ordnance and accessories___ 116.31 114.49 116.05
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................. ............ ................
Sawmills and planing mills.............
Millwork, plywood, and related
products_________ ___________
Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products____
Furniture and fixtures............. ...............
Household furniture----------- -----Office furniture________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______

$121.01 $119.31 $117. 74 $118.24 $117.67 $115 14 $118.20 $119.65 $119. 65 $120.10 $116 31 $113 29
121. 77 121.95 118.96 119.65 117. 50 116.24 117.86 119.31 119. 02 120.06 116.69 115.40
129.38 123.8S 121. Of 120.1C 122 01 119.2C 127 9£ 128 29 .128 35 131 24 126.18 117 27
116.90 114.24 114.93 115.36 116.90 112.19 116. 05 117.50 117. 74 116.06 112.34 108.39

81.78
75.25

81.97
75.62

85.68
78.34

86.5C 84.45
79.15 77.36

82.42
74.96

82.62
76.07

80.60
73.97

78. 41
71.82

77.81
71.16

77.22
70.62

77.03
70. 98

78. 40
71.23

79.20
71.71

76.83
68.99

91.27
68.68
75.95

90.20
67.89
76.14

90.64
70.18
76.07

91.27
70.00
76. 45

89.66
70.14
74.48

90.29
69.14
74. 85

90.07
68.31
73.89

87. 94
66. 73
72.36

87.94
65.01
73.12

86.88
64.91
72. 90

87.10
64.02
73.08

87. 94
64.29
72. 80

87.12
66.17
72. 54

84.44
63.12
69.77

90.06
69.64
74.89

83.43 84.03 84.03 83.20 81.19 81.39 79.60
79.87 80.26 80.06 78.62 76.52 76.70 74.99
94.37 97.34 98. 47 98.23 94.71 96.93 94.71
101.89 104.38 105.67 109.10 107.64 105.37 101. 75
88.40 86.30 85.68 86.11 85.90 82.21 82.82 82.42
84.85
81.25

78.01 79.19 79.19 79.00
74.21 75.36 74.96 74.19
92.63 93.16 92.29 94.07
9«. 39 101. 20 100.58 101.85
81.19 79.98 81.18 80. 78

81.58 79.37 76.40
78.02 75.07 71.46
95.40 92.57 90.54
99. 04 103.57 100. 53
81.81 81.41 79.99

Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories......................
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipm ent_______________________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______________________ _
Sawmills and planing m ills ...........
Millwork, plywood, and related
products.........................................
Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products..........
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture____________ ____
Partitions, office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures..........

41.3
41.4

40.9
41.0

41.2
41.1

41.3
41.0

41.0
41.2

40.6
40.6

41.2
41.4

41.0
40.8

40.4
40.5

40.9
40.5

41.4
41.0

41.4
40.9

41.7
41.4

41.1
40.8

40.9
41.1

41.1

41.3
40.6

41.5
41.3

42.0
41.6

40.6
40.8

39.7
40.9

39 9
41.2

40.4
41.6

39.6
40.5

42.1
41.3

42.2
41.7

42.5
41.9

43.6
41.6

42.2
41.3

40. 3
40.9

39.7
39.4

39.6
39.8

40.8
40.8

40.8
40.8

40.6
40.5

40.6
40.3

40.9
40.9

39.9
40.2

39.6
39.9

39.3
39.1

39.4
38.8

39.3
39.0

39.2
38.5

39.8
39.4

39.4
39.2

41.3
40.4
40.4

41.0
39.7
40.5

41.2
40.8
40.9

41.3
40.7
41.1

41.5
41.7
40.7

41.7
42.0
40.7

41.8
41.4
40.9

41.7
41.4
40.6

40.9
40.2
40.2

40.9
39.4
40.4

40.6
39.1
40.5

40.7
38.8
40.6

40.9
39.2
40.0

40.9
40.1
40.3

40.4
39.7
40.1

41.8
42.1

41.3
41.6
40. 5
39.8
40.9

41.6
41.8
41.6
40.3
40.8

41.6
41.7
41.9
40.8
41.4

41.6
41.6
41.3
41.8
41.9

40.8
40.7
41.0
41.4
40.3

40.9
40.8
41.6
41.0
40.8

40.2
40.1
41.0
39.9
40.4

39.8
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.8

40.2
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.4

40.2
40.3
40.3
39.6
39.6

40.1
40.1
40.9
40.1
39.6

41.2
41.5
41.3
39.3
40.3

40.7
40.8
40.6
41.1
40.3

40.0
39.7
40.6
40.7
40,4

41.5

Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories____________
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment________________________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture...................... .........................
Sawmills and planing mills......... .
Millwork, plywood, and related
products_____________________
Wooden containers............... ............
Miscellaneous wood products_____
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture_________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______
See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.96
3.01

$2.95
3.01

$2.94
2.99

$2. 93
2.97

$2.91
2.96

$2.90
2.93

$2. 87
2.89

$2.87
2.88

$2.85
2. 87

$2.89
2. 91

$2.89
2.91

$2.89
2.91

$2. 88
2.90

$2.83
2.86

$2. 77
2.81

2.83

3.11
2.82

3.12
2.81

3.08
2.81

3.05
2.80

3.05
2.81

3. 01
2.80

3.02
2.81

3.01
2. 77

3.04
2. 81

3. 04
2.82

3.02
2.81

3. 01
2.79

2.99
2.72

2.91
2.65

2.06
1.91

2.07
1.90

2.10
1.92

2.12
1.94

2.08
1.91

2.03
1.86

2.02
1.86

2.02
1.84

1.98
1.80

1.08
1.82

1.96
1.82

1.96
1.82

2.00
1.85

1.99
1.82

1. 95
1.76

2.21
1.70
1.88

2.20
1.71
1.88

2.20
1.72
1.86

2.21
1.72
1.86

2.17
1.67
1.84

2.15
1.67
1.83

2.15
1.67
1.83

2.16
1.65
1.82

2.15
1.66
1.80

2.15
1.65
1.81

2.14
1.66
1.80

2.14
1.65
1.80

2.15
1.64
1.82

2.13
1.65
1.80

2.09
1.59
1.74

2.03
1.93

2.02
1.92
2.33
2.56
2.11

2.02
1.92
2.34
2.59
2.10

2.02
1.92
2.35
2. 59
2.08

2.00
1.89
2.33
2.61
2.05

1.99
1.88
2.31
2.60
2.04

1.99
1.88
2.33
2.57
2.03

1.98
1.87
2.31
2. 55
2.04

1.96
1.86
2.31
2.51
2.04

1.97
1.87
2.30
2. 53
2.03

1.97
1.86
2.29
2.54
2.05

1.97
1.85
2.30
2.54
2.04

1.98
1.88
2.31
2.52
2.03

1.95
1.84
2.28
2.52
2.02

1.91
1.80
2.23
2.47
1.98

2.13

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

228
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1962

1963
Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct. Sept.

Aug.

June

July

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le

poods—Continued

pton«, elny, and glass products
Flat glass_____________________
Glass“ and glassware, pressed or
blown_______________________
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products.................
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products.........................................
Other stone and mineral products..

$101.09 $103. 75 $105.67 $104. 50 $104.33 $104.33 $104 41 $103.07 $101.11 $99. 47 $97 36 $97. 36 $97. 84 $98. 57 $95. 24
141.17 142.35 139.06 133.00 133.45 139.40 133.51 131.66 130.65 127.92 129.26 130.42 Í26.01 122.68

Primary metal industries........... ...........
Blast furnace and basic steel produ c ts................. .............................
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining ...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding________ ___ _______
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries....... ..................................

126.07 123.42 122.41 123.73 123.02 125. 77 129. 55 127.30 127.82 122.91 122. 21 120.80 120.39 119. 80 114.84

99.35 100. 50 100. 50 98.85 100.90 100.25 101.00 100.10 98.00 100.40 100. 65 100.15 99.14 98.33 95.44
115.62 120.01 117.83 118. 28 116.47 118.86 116.05 116. 48 119.99 112. 87 111. 63 112.16 111. 50 112.75 106.52
88.54 90.67 91.12 90.45 90.69 90.71 90. 92 90. 71 90.27 86. 67 84.77 85.41 85.41 86.69 84. 45
92.23 90.09 89.54 87.85 89.01 90.16 90. 46 88. 37 89.31 88.14 87.69 88.88 86.85 82.13
101.11 105. 78 112. 50 111.05 111.15 110. 45 110.01 108. 62 103. 92 99.48
104.17 103.09 104.92 104. 25 103.25 104.00 102.92 102.20 100. 61 100.12

93.93
99.23

94.40
98.00

95.60 100. 96
98. 74 98.33

97.19
95.24

132.07 128. 58 127. 59 130. 35 130.28 135.20 140. 70 138.28 141.70 131. 27 129. 89 128. 44 126.68 127. 40 122.92
119. 26 116. 20 115.08 114.39 111. 49 111. 78 115. 45 112.98 110.15 110.15 110.83 108.14 109.88 106.52 98.81
118.98 118. 98 118.98 120. 25 119.11 118.12 117. 45 118.43 120.12 117.31 116.33 116.20 117.32 114. 95 110.10
120.84 119.99 119.14 119.43 118.44 119.00 120.83 118.72 115.23 116.34 116.34 . 116.89 118. 43 116.05 111. 78
108.77 108.36 108. 21 107.42 106.71 105.41 107.38 106.45 105.01 106.45 106.45 107.38 106.81 104.55 100. 75
132. 09 130.83 130. 21 130. 52 125. 56 128.44 129.16 127.10 125.05 126.99 127.60 129.98 129.25 124.50 117.18
Average weekly hours

Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Flat glass_____________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown.................................... ........
Cement, hydraulic...........................
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products.........................................
Other stone and mineral products_

40.6

41.5
41.4

42.1
41. 5

41.8
40.9

41.9
39.7

41.9
39.6

42.1
41.0

41.9
39.5

41.1
39.3

40.6
39.0

39.9
38.3

39.9
38. 7

40.1
38.7

40.9
38.3

40.7
38.7

39.9
41.0
40.8

40.2
41.1
41.4
40.1

40.2
41.2
41.8
39.0

39.7
41.5
41.3
39.1

40.2
41.3
41.6
38.7

40.1
42.0
41.8
38.7

40.4
41.3
41.9
39.2

40.2
41.6
41.8
39.5

39.2
42.1
41.6
39.1

40.0
40.6
40.5
39.0

40.1
40.3
39.8
39.0

39.9
40.2
40.1
38.8

40.3
40.4
40.1
39. 5

40.3
41.0
40.7
39.3

40.1
40.5
40.6
38.2

41.1
41.5

43.0
41.4

45.0
41.8

44.6
41.7

45.0
41.3

44.9
41.6

44.9
41.5

44.7
41.4

43.3
40.9

41.8
40.7

39.8
40.5

40.0
40.0

40.0
40.3

42.6
40.8

42.4
40.7

Primary metal industries___________
Blast furnace and basic steel
products___ ___________ _____
Iron and steel foundries.............. .
Nonferrous smelting and refining__
Nonferrous roiling, drawing, and
extruding____________________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries_____________________

41.2

40.6

40.4

40.7

40.6

41,1

42.2

41.6

41.6

40.7

40.6

40.4

40.4

40.2

39.6
38.9
38.9
40.8

39.9
42.9
41.6

39.2
42.1
41.6

38.9
42.0
41.6

39.5
41.9
41.9

39.6
41.6
41.5

40.6
41.4
41.3

42.0
42.6
41.5

41.4
42.0
41.7

41.8
41.1
42.0

39.9
41.1
41.6

39.6
41.2
41.4

39.4
40.5
41.5

39.1
41.0
41.9

39.2
40.5
41.2

42.7
41.2

42.4
41.2

42.4
41.3

42.5
41.0

42.3
41.2

42.5
40.7

43.0
41.3

42.4
41.1

41.6
40.7

42.0
41.1

42.0
41.1

42.2
41.3

42.6
41.4

42.2
41.0

41.7
40.3

42.2

41.8

41.6

41.7

40.9

41.3

41.8

41.4

41.0

41.5

41.7

42.2

42.1

41.5

40.4

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Fiat glass.............. ............................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown.............................................
Cement, hydraulic................. ..........
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products
Concrete, gypsum, ’ and plaster
products...................................... .
Other stone and mineral products..

$2.49

$2.50
3.41

$2.51
3. 43

$2. 50
3.40

$2.49
3.35

$2.49
3.37

$2. 48
3. 40

$2. 46
3. 33

$2. 48
3.35

$2. 45
3.35

$2. 44
3.34

$2.44
3.34

$2. 44
3.37

$2.41
3. 28

$2.34
3.17

2.49
2.82
2.17

2.5C
2.92
2.19
2.30

2.50
2.86
2.18
2.31

2.49
2.85
2.19
2.2£

2.51
2.82
2.18
2.27

2. 50
2.83
2.17
2.30

2.50
2.81
2.17
2.3C

2.49
2.80
2.17
2. 29

2.5C
2.85
2.17
2.26

2. 51
2. 78
2.14
2.29

2.51
2. 77
2.13
2. 26

2.51
2. 7S
2.13
2. 26

2.46
2. 76
2.13
2. 25

2. 44
2. 75
2.13
2.21

2.38
2. 83
2.08
2.15

2.46
2.51

2.46
2.49

2. 50
2. 51

2.49
2.50

2.47
2.50

2. 46
2.50

2. 45
2. 48

2. 43
2. 47

2.40
2.46

2. 38
2. 46

2. 36
2.45

2.36
2.45

2.39
2. 45

2. 37
2. 41

2. 29
2. 34

Primary metal industries......................
Blast furnace and basic steel
products____ ______ _________
Iron and steel foundries...................
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding____________________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____________________

3. 06

3.04

3.03

3.04

3.03

3.06

3.07

3.06

3.08

3.02

3.01

2.99

2. 98

2.98

2.90

3.31
2.78
2.86

3. 28
2. 76
2.86

3.28
2.74
2.86

3.30
2.73
2.87

3.29
2.68
2.87

3.33
2.70
2.86

3. 35
2. 71
2.83

3.31
2. 69
2. 84

3.39
2. 68
2.86

3.29
2.68
2.82

3. 28
2. 69
2. 81

3.26
2.67
2.80

3. 24
2. 68
2.80

3.25
2. 63
2. 79

3.16
2.54
2.70

2.83
2. 64

2.83
2.63

2.81
2.62

2.81
2.62

2.80
2.59

2.80
2.59

2. 81
2.6C

2.80
2.59

2. 77
2. 58

2. 77
2. 59

2. 77
2. 59

2. 77
2.60

2. 78
2.58

2. 75
2. 55

2.68
2.50

3.13

3.13

3.13

3.13

3.07

3.11

3.09

3.07

3.05

3.06

3.06

3.08

3.07

3.00

2. 90

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

229

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1963

Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1962

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Average weekly earning s
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods —Continued
Fabricated metal products.....................
Metal cans.......................................
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware.....................................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures___ __________________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc
M etal stampings............ ..................
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products________ _____ ______
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products........................................ .

$110.51 $109.15 $109.93 $110.20 $108.32 $107. 53 $108.84 $108.32 $104. 75 $105. 67 $105. 01 $105.52 $106.30 $104. 81 $100.85
130.24 127.98 125.63 132.01 135.39 132.07 131.94 128. 65 125.14 122.59 120. 88 122.29 122. 48 126.30 121.80
109.62 108.42 105.32 104.81 101.50 100.35 103.98 104. 24 99. 70
102.72 102.87 105.06 104.04 102.82 102.47 103.22 100.15 97.86
109.18 108.09 109.25 109.93 109.78 108. 58 108.84 107.53 104. 64
109.46 108.10 109.56 109.65 108.45 106.75 108.80 108.38 105.08
120.55 119.28 120.25 117. 70 112.74 113.98 116. 75 116. 47 112.08
97.34 97.34 96.74 98.05 94.89 93. 73 95.63 95.63 92.80
98.88

97.34

97.82

98. 71

96.52

96.22

97.64

97.58

95.51

101. 75 101.59 102.59 103.09

99.14

93.53.

98.60 98.95 98.95 98. 60 98.55 94.95
104.12 103.60 103. 46 104.64 104.60 102.06
106.26 107.19 108. 46 10S. 46 106.00 98.49
113. 57 113.15 113.01 113. 82 111. 76 105. 41
94.12 91.53 92.39 93.98 93.34 90.32
97.34

106.75 104.75 107.53 108.05 106.08 105. 71 105.93 106. 45 104.23 104.86
Machinery.................... ..................... .
119.71 117.88 117.04 117.32 115. 23 115. 51 117. 04 115. 79 113.85 115.51
Engines and tu rb in e s................... . 126.89 127 92 123.93 126.48 121.50 122.21 123. 73 122. 41 119.30 124. 23
Farm machinery and equipm ent._ —
112.56 113.00 112.61 110.16 no. 28 111. 79 109.07 111. 66 112. 61
Construction and related machinery.. 119.71 117.18 116.90 116.90 116.20 115.93 117.18 115.93 113. 57 113.85
Metalworking machinery and
eq u ip m en t................................. . 133.32 130.03 128.44 127.71 125.83 128.30 130.52 128.90 128.17 130. 52
Special industry machinery______ 113.09 110.83 110.56 111.09 108.52 109.20 110.33 109.13 107.17 108.88
General industrial machinery____ 119.14 116.62 116.62 117.04 114.40 113.16 114. 54 112.61 110.16 110. 98
Office, computing, and accounting
machines....................... ................ 119.48 119.19 119.07 119.07 116.97 117.14 116. 57 115.59 114.33 115.30
Service industry machines_______ 105.78 103.83 103.83 104.86 104. 60 103. 22 103.57 103.98 101.15 102.31
Miscellaneous machinery_______ 114.70 112.25 112.46 111. 51 110.83 110.56 112.99 112.04 109.36 110. 72

96.93

98.06

97. 70

96. 64

94.07

104.09 104. 75 105. 67 103. 53 100.18
114.82
123.11
113.16
113. 44

114. 40
120.99
11Î.6G
112.75

114.53
122. 40
110. 43
112.88

113. 01
119.88
107.59
112.34

107. 42
114. SO
102. 66
106. 52

128. 76 127. 01 126.87 125.57 117.04
107.94 108. 71 109.31 106. 77 101. 43
110. 70 110.43 112.06 110.83 105.04
114. 90 114. 21 114. 49 113.15 111.24
100.90 100. 90 100.35 100.12 95.84
109. 62 111. 09 112.14 109.13 104.00

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal cans............... .............. .........
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware...... .................. ............ .
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_____________________
Fabricated structural metal produets.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings_______________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products............................ ............
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products_____________________
Machinery...............................................
Engines and tu rb in e s..___ _____
Farm machinery and equipment__
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equipment___________________
Special industry machinery.............
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
machines...... ................ ................
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery________

41.7
42.7

41.5
42.1

41.8
41.6

42.0

41.7

40.6
41.2
42.1
42.9
41.6

40.5
41.1
41.9
42.6
41.6

41.2
40.9
42.3
40.8

41.9
43.0

41.5
44.1

41.3

41.1

40.6

40.3

41.1

41.2

40.2

40.7

40.8

41.2

41.4

40.8

39.8

41.2
41.7
42.3
43.1
41.7

40.8
41.8
42.5
42.8
41.9

40.8
41.9

41.6
40.9

40.5
41.6
41.7
41.6
40.4

40.8
41.7
42.5
42,3
41.4

39.9
41.2
42.6
42.2
41.4

39.3
40.4
41.7
41.2
40.7

39.6
40.2
42.0
41.8
41.1

39.9
40.0
42.2
41.6
40.5

39.9
40.1
42.7
41.7
40.7

39.6
40.4
42.7
42.0
41.4

39.9
40.7
42.4
41.7
41.3

39.4
40.5
40.7
40.7
40.5

40.9

41.1

41.3

40.9

40.6

41.2

41.0

40.3

40.9

40.9

41.2

41.4

41.3

40.9

42.3

40.6
41.8
41.0
40.2
41.7

41.2
41.8
40.5
40.5
41.6

41.4
41.9
41.2
40.8
41.6

40.8
41.6
40.1
40.5
41.5

40.5
41.7
40.6
40.1
41.7

40.9
42.1
40.7
40.8
42.0

41.1
41.8
40.4
40.1
41.7

40.4
41.4
39.9
40.9
41.0

40.8
41.7
41.0
41.1
41.1

40.5
41.6
40.9
41.3
41.1

40.6
41.6
40.6
40.9
41.0

40.8
41.8
40.8
40.6
40.9

40.6
41.7
40.5
40.6
41.3

40.4
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.5

44.0
43.0
42.1

43.2
42.3
41.5

43.1
42.2
41.5

43.0
42.4
41.8

42.8
41.9
41.3

43.2
42.0
41.0

43.8
42.6
41.5

43.4
42.3
41.1

43.3
41.7
40.5

43.8
42.2
40.8

43.5
42.0
40.7

43.2
42.3
40.9

43.3
42.7
41.2

43.3
42.2
41.2

41.8
41.4
40.4

41.2
41.0
42.8

41.1
40.4
42.2

41.2
40.4
42.6

41.2
40.8
42.4

40.9
40.7
42.3

41.1
40.8
42.2

40.9
41.1
42.8

40.7
4L 1
42.6

40.4
40.3
41.9

40.6
40.6
42.1

40.6
40.2
42.0

40.5
40.2
42.4

40.6
40.3
42.8

40.7
40.7
42.3

41.2
40.1
41.6

$2.65
3.05

$2.63
3.04

$2.63
3.02

$2.63
3.07

$2.61
3.07

$2.61
3.05

$2.59
2.99

$2.58
2.97

$2.58
2.99

$2.58
2.98

$2.55
3.00

$2.49
2.90

2.61

2.60

2.55

2.55

2.50

2,53
2.65
2.60
2.81
2.34

2.54
2.63
2.58
2.80
2.34

2.55
2.62
2.59
2.79
2.32

2. 55
2.63
2. 58
2. 75
2.34

2.52
2.62
2.57
2.71
2.32

42 . 2

41.2
43.3

41.7
43.4

41.5
42.6

40.6
41.3

40.8
41.0

40.7
40.7

40.9
40.9

41.2
41.1

41.1
42.1

40.6
42.0

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal cans____________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware........................................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_____________________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings...............................
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products.............. ..........................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products_______ _____________
Machinery.............................. ............
Engines and turbines___________
Farm machinery and equipment__
Construction and related machinery. .
Metalworking machinery and
equipment............ .............. ..........
Special industry machinery______
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
machines............................. ..........
Service industry machines_____ _
Miscellaneous machinery...... .........
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.61
3.04

$2.61
3.02

$2.58
3.03

2.49

2.53

2.53

2.48

2.50

2.49

2.49

2.49

2.43

2.35

2.53
2.61
2.56
2. 74
2.32

2.53
2.61
2.56
2.70
2.31

2. 51
2.61
2.55
2.76
2.31

2.49
2.59
2.52
2.72
2.28

2.49
2. 59
2.53
2.73
2.29

2.48
2.59
2.54
2.72
2.26

2.48
2.58
2.54
2.71
2.27

2.49
2.59
2.54
2.71
2.27

2.47
2.57
2.50
2.68
2.26

2.41
2.52
2.42
2.59
2.23

2.40

2.38

2.38

2.39

2.36

2.37

2.37

2.38

2.37

2.38

2.37

2.38

2.36

2.34

2.30

2.61
2.83
3.11
2.83

2.58
2.82
3.12
2.80
2.81

2.61
2.80
3.06
2.79
2.81

2.61
2.80
3.07
2.76
2.81

2.60
2.77
3.03
2.72
2.80

2.61
2.77
3.01
2.75
2.78

2.59
2.78
3.04
2.74
2.79

2.59
2.77
3.03
2.72
2.78

2.58
2.75
2.99
2.73
2.77

2.57
2.77
3.03
2.74
2.77

2.57
2.76
3.01
2.74
2.76

2.58
2.76
2.98
2.73
2.75

2.59
2.74
3.00
2.72
2.76

2.55
2.71
2.96
2.65
2.72

2.48
2.62
2.87
2.56
2.63

3.03
2.63
2.83

3.01
2.62
2.81

2.98
2.62
2.81

2.97
2.62
2.80

2.94
2.59
2.77

2.97
2.60
2.76

2.98
2.59
2.76

2.97
2.58
2.74

2.96
2.57
2. 72

2.98
2.58
2.72

2. 96
2.57
2.72

2.94
2.57
2.70

2.93
2.56
2.72

2.90
2.53
2.69

2.80
2.45
2.60

2.90
2.59
2.68

2.90
2.57
2.66

2.89
2.57
2.64

2.89
2.57
2.63

2.86
2.57
2.62

2.85
2.53
2.62

2.85
2.52
2.64

2.84
2.53
2.63

2.83
2.51
2.61

2.84
2.52
2.63

2.83
2.51
2.61

2.82
2.51
2.62

2.82
2.49
2.62

2.78
2.46
2.58

2.70
2. 39
2.50

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

230

T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1962

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Dec. 2 Nov.s

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

$97.84
104.78
102.97
107.71

$98.09
104.23
104.14
104.52

$97.93 $100.21
102.91 107.12
102.82 102.97
103.74 107.94

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods— Continued

Electrical equipment and supplies.. . . $101.75 $100.35 $100.28 $100.53
Electric distribution equipment— 110.83 109.61 109.33 108.92
Electrical industrial apparatus----- 106.04 104.49 104. 60 106.30
Household appliances___________ 109.75 106. 67 108.39 110.92
Electric lighting and wiring equipTT lfYn t
94.64 94.87 94.37 95.06
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
88.65 87.02 86.72 86.33
Communication equipment______ 110.02 109.48 108.26 108. 67
Electronic components and acces85.20 84.19 84.40 82.97
series_______________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_________________ 113.79 110. 54 110.39 108.09
Transportation equipment---------------M otor vehicles and equipment----Aircraft and p arts.. --------------Ship and boat building and repairing_____________________
Railroad equipment____________
Other transportation equipm ent...

$98.74
109.18
104.04
107.71

$98.89
106.11
105.63
110.68

$99.88
107.98
105.73
111. 22

$98.74
106.11
104.81
108.39

$96.87
103.34
102.36
106.25

$97.44 $94.47
102.87 101.00
102.00 98.58
104.23 101.30

93.32 92.86 94.02 93.09 90.00 91.14 90.29 90.52 92,52 90.85 87.91
85.72 86.76 86.33 86.46 83.00 85.36 86.02 84.92 86.72 85.75 82.11
106.67 105.60 106.92 105.99 103.88 106.11 107.30 107.27 109.15 106.97 102.72
82.00

80.40

100.40 106.49 109.82 106.23 102.94 103.34 107.27 110.72 111. 41 106.66

97.11

82.37

81.72

82.76

82.97

82.14

83.58

82.35

82.37

83.20

133.73 132.68 131.52 127.80 121.58 125.58 126.90 125.76 121.54 123.85 123.14 124.74 129.73 122.22 113.40
144. 70 142. 65 139.60 132.19 122.51 130.54 132. 62 131.89 125.44 128.29 127,38 129.63 138.40 127.67 114. 69
123. 90 123. 90 124.38 124.68 122. 84 122.13 121.72 120.30 118.90 120.18 121. 76 122.64 123.94 119.97 114.68
121.10 122.40 123.30 124.01 122.10 120.39 121.77 122.01 119.25 119.95 118.55 118. 61 119.72 114.97 111.20
125.24 122. 71 124.34 116.79 125.36 122.91 119.80 119.10 121.88 115.84 118. 89 115.54 118.10 108.11
89. 50 93.60 94.73 94.02 94.02 93.86 93.21 91.17 88.66 87.60 85.46 86.72 86.22 83.71
Average weekly hours

Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances... _______
Electric lighting and wiring equipment________________________
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories_______________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_________________

40.7
41.2
41.1
40.8

40.3
40.9
40.5
40.1

40.6
41.1
40.7
40.9

40.7
41.1
41.2
41.7

40.3
41.2
40.8
40.8

40.2
40.5
41.1
41.3

40.6
40.9
41.3
41.5

40.3
40.5
41.1
40.9

39.7
39.9
40.3
40.4

40.1
40.3
40.7
40.8

40.2
40.4
41.0
40.2

40.3
40.2
40.8
39.9

40.9
41.2
40.7
41,2

40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4

40.2
40.4
40.4
40.2

40.1
39.4
40.9

40.2
39.2
40.7

40.5
39.6
40.7

40.8
39.6
40.7

40.4
39.5
40.1

40.2
39.8
40.0

40.7
39.6
40.5

40.3
39.3
40.3

39.3
37.9
39.8

39.8
38.8
40.5

39.6
39.1
40.8

39.7
38.6
41.1

40.4
39.6
41.6

40.2
39.7
41.3

39.6
39. 1
40. 6

40.0

39.9

40.0

39.7

39.6

39.1

39.6

39.7

39.3

39.8

39.4

39.6

40.0

40.0

40.2

42.3

41.4

41.5

41.1

40.0

40.8

41.6

40.7

39.9

39.9

41.1

42.1

42.2

41.5

39.8

Transportation equipment---------------Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts______________
Ship and boat building and repairing________________ ______
Railroad equipment____________
Other transportation equipm ent...

43.0
44.8
41.3

42.8
44.3
41.3

42.7
43.9
41.6

41.9
42.1
41.7

40.8
40.3
41.5

42.0
42.8
41.4

42.3
43.2
41.4

42.2
43.1
41.2

41.2
41.7
41.4 ■ 42.2
41.0
41.3

41.6
41.9
41.7

42.0
42.5
42.0

43 1
44.5
42.3

42.0
42.7
41.8

40.5
40.1
41.4

40.5

40.8
40.4
39.6

41.1
40.1
41.6

41.2
40.9
42.1

40.7
38.8
41.6

40.4
41.1
41.6

41.0
40.7
41.9

41.5
40.2
41.8

40.7
40.1
40.7

40.8
40.fi
40.3

40.6
39.4
40.0

40.9
40.3
39.2

41.0
39.3
39.6

40.2
39.9
40.1

40.0
38.2
39,3

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies.___
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent_______________________
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
C o m m u n ic a t io n e q u ip m e n t . .............

Electronic components and accesso rie s

....................... .......

Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies.._______________
T r a n s p o r t a tio n e q u ip m e n t

Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts________ _____
Ship and boat building and repairing__ _____ _____________
Railroad equipment____________
Other transportation equipm ent...

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.50
2.6!
2.58
2.69

$2.49
2.68
2. 58
2.66

2.36
2.25
2.69

2.36
2.22
2.6!

$2.47 $2.47
2. 65
2.66
2. 57 2.58
2. 65 2.66

$2.45
2.65
2.55
2.64

$2.46
2.62
2.57
2.68

$2.46
2.64
2.5!
2.68

$2.45
2.62
2.55
2.65

$2.44
2.59
2,54
2.63

$2.44
2.60
2.5 S
2.64

$2.44
2.5S
2.54
2.6C

$2.43
2.56
2.52
2.6C

$2.45
2.60
2.53
2.62

$2.40
2.54
2.5C
2.58

$2.35
2.60
2.44
2. 52

2.33
2.18
2. 67

2.31
2.17
2.66

2.31
2.18
2.64

2.31
2.18

2.31
2.20
2.6c

2.29
2.1Í
2. 61

2.29
2.2C
2.62

2.28
2.2C
2.6c

2.28
2.2C

2.64

2.61

2.29
2.19
2.63

2.26
2.16
2.5!

2.10
2. 53

2.3c
2.19
2.66

2 .2 2

2. lc

2.11

2.11

2.0!

2.08

2.05

2.0!

2.0!

2.0!

2.1C

2.0!

2.08

2.08

2.05

2.00

2.6!

2.67

2. 66

2.6c

2.51

2.61

2.64

2,61

2.68

2.5!

2.61

2.6c

2.64

2.67

2.44

3.11
3.23
3.00

3.10
3. 22
3.00

3.08
3.18
2.9!

3.05
3.14
2.9!

2.98
3.04
2.9t

2.99
3.05
2.95

3.00
3.07
2.94

2.98
3.06
2.92

2.95
3.03
2.9(

2.97
3.04
2.91

2.98
3.04
2.92

2.97
3.05
2.92

3.01
3.11
2.93

2.91
2.99
2.87

2.80
2.86
2.77

2.9!

3.0(
3.10
2.26

3.0Í
3.06
2.25

3.01
3.04
2.25

3.01
3.01
2.26

2.98
3.05
2.26

2.97
3.02
2.24

2.94
2.98
2.23

2.9Í
2.97
2.24

2.94
2.98
2.20

2.92
2.94
2.19

2.9C
2.95
2.18

2.92
2.94
2.19

2. 86
2.96
2.15

2.78
2.83
2.13

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

231

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1963

1962

Industry
Dec. * Nov.*

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le

pood*—Continued

Instruments and related products......... $103.16 $102. 50 $102. 75 $102.75 $101.34 $100.94 $101.84 $100.94
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments___________ ___________
119.36 120.22 19.65 118.94 116.85 119.11 115.87
Mechanical measuring and control
devices__________________ ___ 105.16 104.24 104.14 104.24 102.41 101.50 103.07 102.56
Optical and ophthalmic goods........ 05.11 94. 05 95.15 94.28 92.32 92.13 93.44 94.08
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment...................................... 86.24 86. 00 85.60 87.10 85.22 85.65 86.30 84.21
Photographic equipment and sup­
plies............................ ...................
117. 73 117. 31 116.33 113.70 114.80 113.40 113.15
Watches and clocks......................... ........... 81.93 82.78 83.79 83.35 82.32 82.50 84.14
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries____________________________
Jewcdry, silverware, and plated
w a re ...________ ____________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_______________________
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials.................. ............ ........
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions______________________
Other manufacturing industries__

$99.14 $101.18 $101.18 $99.88 $101.52 $99.80 $96.87
114.86 118.69 119.26 117.29 117.88 115.64 112.07
100.10 101.09
93.02 93.66
82.58

83.39

99.70
93.02

98.74 101.68
92.80 92.80

98.98
89.62

95.91
86.92

83.79

82.97

84.45

81.81

84.44

111.78 114.26 115.51 113.44 116.06 114.26 110. 09
82.50 83.53 83. 74 82.29 83.13 83.37 80.58

81.78

81.19

81.40

80.60

79.60

79.18

80.19

79.40

79.17

80.39

80.19

79.58

80.19

78.21

75.84

94.92

92.29

92.13

90.20

87.23

86.29

88.70

87.02

85.54

86.40

85.36

85.60

91.56

84.82

81.81

87.56

73. 32

73.68

72.71

71.74

71.42

72.17

72.37

71.63

73.14

73.34

73.15

71.44

71.37

70.17

76.43

78.76

76.64

79.38

77.81

79.38

77.41

76.43

77.02

78.59

76.44

76.76

74.82

72.86

74. 61
87.60

75. 76
88. 04

75.55
87.20

73.23
86.80

71.16
86.15

74.19
86.68

72.89
86.00

71.97
85.10

73.05
86.40

72.65
85.97

71.39
85.14

72.47
86.22

71.68
84.82

68.78
81.78

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products.........
41.1
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments_______________________ ...........
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___ _____ ____________
41.4
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
41.9
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment............ ...................
40.3
Photographic equipment and sup­
plies______ _________________
Watches and clocks_____________ ...........
Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus­
tries____________________________
39.7
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________________________
42.0
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_______________________
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials____________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions______________________
Other manufacturing industries___
39.8

41.0

41.1

41.1

40.7

40.7

40.9

40.7

40.3

40.8

40.8

40.6

41.1

40.9

40.7

41.3

41.6

41.4

41.3

41.0

41.5

40.8

40.3

41.5

41.7

41.3

41.8

41.3

40.9

41.2
41.8

41.0
42.1

41.2
41.9

40.8
41.4

40.6
41.5

40.9
41.9

40.7
42.0

40.2
41.9

40.6
42.0

40.2
41.9

40.3
41.8

41.0
41.8

40.4
41.3

40.3
41.0

40.0

40.0

40.7

40.2

40.4

40.9

40.1

39.7

39.9

39.9

39.7

40.4

40.6

40.3

41.6
39.2

41. 6
39.8

41.4
39.9

40 9
39.5

41 0
39.2

40 fi
39.1

40 7
39.5

39! 1

39! 4

39.5

39.0

39.4

39.7

39.5

39.8

40.1

39.9

39.8

39.2

39.7

39.5

39.0

39.6

39.5

39.2

39.7

39.7

39.5

41.2

41.5

41.0

40.2

39.4

40.5

40.1

39.6

40.0

39.7

40.0

42.0

40.2

40.3

39.0

39.4

39.3

39.2

38.4

38.8

38.7

38.1

38.7

38.4

38.3

38.0

39.0

39.2

39.6

40.6

39.1

40.5

39.7

40.5

39.9

39.6

39.7

40.3

39.4

40.4

39.8

39.6

39.9
40.0

40.3
40.2

40.4
40.0

39.8
40.0

39.1
39.7

40.1
39.9

39.4
40.0

38.9
39.4

39.7
40.0

39. 7
39.8

38 8
3 9 .6

30 fi
40.1

39 fi
4 0 !2

39Ó7

$2.38

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments_______________________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment___________________
Photographic equipment and sup­
plies________________________
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries___ ________________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_______________________
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.
Oostume jewelry, buttons, and
notions______________________
Other manufacturing industries___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 50

$2.50

$2.50

$2.49

$2.48

$2.49

$2.48

$2.46

$2.48

$2. 48

$2.46

$2.47

$2.44

2.89

2.89

2.89

2.88

2.85

2.87

2.84

2.85

2.86

2.86

2.84

2. 82

2.80

2.74

2.53
2.25

2.54
2.26

2.53
2.25

2.51
2.23

2.50
2.22

2. 52
2.23

2. 52
2.24

2.49
2.22

2.49
2.23

2.48
2.22

2.45
2.22

2.48
2. 22

2.45
2.17

2.38
2.12

2.15

2.14

2.14

2.12

2.12

2.11

2.10

2.08

2.09

2.10

2.09

2.09

2.08

2.03

2.83
2. 09

2.82
2.08

2.81
2.10

2.78
2.11

2.80
2.10

2.80
2.11

2.78
2.13

2.76
2.11

2. 78
2.12

2.70
2.12

2.76
2.11

2. 77
2.11

2.74
2.10

2.64
2.04

2. 04

2. 03

2.02

2.00

2.02

2. 02

2.01

2.03

2.03

2.03

2.03

2.02

1. 97

1.92

2.24

2.22

2.20

2.17

2.19

2.19

2.17

2.16

2.16

2.15

2.14

2.18

2.11

2.03

1. 88
1. 93

1.87
1.94

1.85
1.96

1.83
1.98

1.86
1.96

1.86
1.90

1. 87
1.94

1.88
1.93

1.89
1. 94

1.91
1.95

1.91
1.94

1.88
1. 90

1.83
1.88

1. 79
1.84

1.87
2.19

1.88
2.19

1.87
2.18

1.84
2.17

1.82
2.17

1.85
2.17

1. 85
2.15

1.85
2.16

1.84
2.16

1.83
2.16

1.84
2.15

1.83
2.15

1.81
2.11

1. 75
2.06

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

232
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
______________________________________ __________________________Revised series; see box, p. 220.

1963
In d u s tr y
Dec.* | N o v .J

O ct.

jS ep t.

A ug.

J u ly | J u n e j M a y j A p r.

j M a r. j F e b .

Jan.

1962

A nnual
averag e

D ec.

1962 j 1961

A v erag e w eek ly earn in g s

M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
N o n d u ra b le goods

$96.82 $95.94 $94.35 $95. 68 $93.98 $95. 63 $95.17 $94.66 $92.40 $93.32 $92.63 $92.52 $93.71 $91.62
109.40 108.20 101.84 104.58 99.22 100.94 101.43 101.11 97.66 98.85 97.46 100.19 102.26 98.66
99.72 99.01 99.48 101.15 98. 79 99.92 99.92 98.33 97.02 97.48 96.79 97.29 97.33 96.05
71.78 77.03 80.40 78.38 75.08 73.06 74.03 72.96 74.84
6 73.13 71.99 73.53
106.76 107.93 108.31 107.81 105.73 107.87 105.33 103.01 99.49 101.99 17032.2
.93 103.64 104.58 101.92
95.58 95.04 94.71 95.34 94.37 96.17 95.53 94.19 92.00 91.37 91.31 90.68 92.29 91.30
91.08 94.50 104.09 107.87 107.26 104.49 .14 105.18 104.75 101.18 96.93 96.30 97. 75
76.44 77.62 80.19 82.00 79.79 79.60 81.00 17170.6
2 75.64 77.62 76.64 76.44 77.59 76.61
107.74 107.20 108.26 107.59 108. 73 112.25 111.25 107.30 106.11 105.46 102.05 101.79 104.41 103.31
96.77 96.13 95.27 94.37 94.S3 93.66 92.57 92.60 90.67 91.76 92.86 92.65 92.88 91.38
71.46 73. 57 78. 76 81.81 78.17 68.71 73.11 69.70 73.15 75.20 71.41
76.61 73.33 71.46 93.06
97.29 89.55
97.06 93.37 98.75 96.29 82.95 88.22 85.51 90.32 95.53 89. 54
63.02 63.73 61.85 61.69 60.42 61.44 68.46 53.72 58.56 58.99 59.57 59.14 57.82
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ....................... ........... 72.34 72.28 71.04 69.83 69.19 68.68 69.70 69.02 67.26 68.51 68.00 67.26 68.45 68.21
C o tto n b ro a d w oven fabrics_______ 73.53 73.35 69.97 67.40 67.65 66. 66 67.32 66.99 66. 50 66.33 65.84 66.66 67.49 66.75

F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ___________
M e a t p ro d u c ts ____________________
D a iry p ro d u c ts .......................................
C a n n e d a n d p reserv ed food, except
m e a ts
_ ___
G ra in m ill p ro d u c ts _______________
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts ........................ ...........
S ugar
C o nfectionery a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts .
B everages_________________________
M iscellaneous food a n d k in d re d
p ro d u c ts _________ ______________
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s ________________
C ig a rettes
C igars „ _ , ...................... _ .

S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w o v en
fab rics...............................— ...............
W e av in g a n d finishing b ro ad
w oolens_____ ___________________
N a rro w fabrics a n d s m a llw a re s ...
K n itt in g ...............................................
F in is h in g tex tiles, except w ool a n d
k n it____________________________
F in e r envering
Y a rn a n d th re a d __________________
M iscellaneous te x tile goods________

F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u e t s .....................
M e a t p ro d u c ts ____________________
D a iry p ro d u c ts ............... .......................
C a n n e d a n d p reserv ed food, except
m e a ts ___________________________
G ra in m ill p ro d u c ts ..............................
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts ____________ _____
S u g ar_____________________________
C o n fectio n ery a n d re la te d p ro d u e ts .
B everages________________________
M iscellaneous food a n d k in d re d
p ro d u c ts ________________________
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s ___ ____ _______
C ig a re tte s ................ . . . ....
C ig a rs____________________________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ............................. ..
C o tto n b ro a d w o v en fabrics..............
S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w oven
fab rics.....................................................
W e av in g a n d finishing b ro ad
w oolens_________________________
N a rro w fabrics a n d sm allw ares........
K n ittin g __________________________
F in is h in g te x tiles, except w ool an d
k n it____________________________
F lo o r co vering ____________________
Y a rn a n d th re a d __________________
M iscellaneous te x tile goods________

56.02
65.04
63.20

78.84

78.84

75.52

74.30

4.04

73.10

74.39

74.91

72.49

73.35

73.35

73.35

74.99

73.44

68.72

75.81
73.63
62.12

71.94
73.10
64.30

73.71
72.10
65.30

74.85
71.58
64. SO

73.89
70.47
63.90

76.49
71.28
62. 76

77.04
72.04
63.41

76.31
71.28
62. 37

74.21
69.26
59.94

76.86
69.77
61.07

76.49
70.18
60.59

75.35
70.69
59.94

74.80
70.69
60.16

77.17
70.93
61.44

68.11

84.24
65.04
84.77

84.00
78.55
66.08
82.78

80.51
77.15
64.94
82.96

78.73
78.01
63.67
80.95

78.02
75.60
63.43
80.75

75.89
73. 75
63.90
80.95

80.89
75.30
64.53
83.95
A v erag e

80.09
76.50
62.56
79. 73

79.15
74.80
61.54
79.73

75.48
71.86
60.61
78.98

80.46
75.47
61.29
80.73

78.07
73.04
62.22
78.91

74.70
71.05
59.55
75.36

41.2
42.9
41.9

41.0
42.6
•41.6

41.2
41.4
41.8

41.6
42.0
42.5

41.4
41.0
42.4

41.4
41.2
42.7

41.2
41.4
42.7

40.8
41.1
42.2

40.0
39.7
42.0

40.4
39.7
42.2

40.1
39.3
41.9

40.4
40.4
42.3

41.1
41.4
42.5

40.9
40.6
42.5

40.9
40.9
42.5

37.0
44.6
40.1
41.4
39.6
40.0

39.1
45.7
40.3
42.0
40.5
40.7

40.4
45.3
40.4
40.5
41.0
40.6

40.4
44.8
40.5
42.3
40.3
41.5

38.9
45.9
41.1
41.9
39.6
42.2

36.9
45.4
41.0
41.3
40.5
42.3

37.2
44.4
40.6
42.2
39.2
40.8

36.3
42.7
40.0
40.3
38.2
40.5

37.8
43.4
39.9
41.9
39.6
40.1

37.0
43.8
39.7
40.8
39.3
39.4

37.5
44.1
39.6
40.9
39.4
39.3

37.3
44.5
40.3
46.3
40.2
39.7

38.7
44.7
40.4
42.5
39.9
40.2

38.2
44.8
40.2
43.5
39.9
40.1

43.5
39.7
38.6
39.1
41.3
41.9

42.7
39.7
39.6
38.9
40.6
40.6

42.2
40.2
41.3
38.8
40.7
41.0

42.0
38.8
39.9
38.0
40.4
40.4

41.7
40.3
42.2
38.4
41.0
40.8

41.9
38.7
40.8
37.0
40.6
40.6

41.4

41.1
42.5

43.3
38.8
41.4
38.9
41.3
42.4

34.7
35.6
34.0
39.8
40.3

41.9
37.3
37.7
37.3
40.3
40.2

42.4
36.3
36.7
37.1
40.0
39.9

42.5
38.5
39.1
37.7
39.8
40.4

43.0
40.0
41.0
38.4
40.5
40.9

42.7
38.6
39.1
37.3
40.6
40.7

39.0
39.5
37.6
39.9
40.0

43.8

43.8

43.4

42.7

42.8

42.5

43.0

43.3

41.9

42.4

42.4

42.4

43.1

42.7

41.4

41.2
41.6
37.2

39.1
41.3
38.5

40.5
41.2
39.1

40.9
40.9
38.8

40.6
40.5
39.2

41.8
41.2
38.5

42.1
41.4
38.9

41.7
41.2
38.5

41.0
40.5
37.0

42.0
40.8
37.7

41.8
40.8
37.4

41.4
41.1
37.0

41.1
41.1
37.6

42.4
41.0
38.4

41.3
40.3
38.2

43.2

43.3
43.4
41.3
41.6

42.6
43.1
41.1
41.9

42.1
43.1
40.3
41.3

41.5
42.0
40.4
41.2

40.8
41.2
40.7
41.3

42.6
42.5
40.1
41.1

42.1
42.5
39.7
41.1

40.8
40.6
39.1
40.5

42.8
42.4
39.8
41.4

42.2
41.5
40.4
41.1

41.5
40.6
39.7
40.3

$2.34
2.54
2.38

$2.29
2.46
2.38

$2.30
2. 49
2.38

$2.27
2.42
2.33

$2.31
2.45
2.34

$2.31
2. 45
2.34

$2.32
2.46
2.33

$2.31
2.46
2.31

$2.31
2. 49
2.31

$2.31
2.48
2.31

$2.29
2.48
2.30

$2.28
2.47
2.29

$2.24
2. 43
2.26

$2.17
2.36
2.19

1.94
2.42
2.37
2.20
1.96
2.68

1.97
2.37
2.35
2.25
1.98
2.66

1.99
2.38
2.36
2. 57
2.00
2.65

1.94
2.36
2.33
2. 55
1.98
2.62

1.93
2.35
2.34
2. 56
2.01
2.66

1.98
2.32
2.33
2.53
2.00
2.63

1.99
2.32
2.32
2.61
1.98
2. 63

2.01
2.33
2.30
2.61
1.98
2.62

1.98
2.35
2.29
2. 50
1.96
2.63

1.98
2.35
2.30
2.48
1.95
2.59

1.95
2.35
2.29
2.37
1.94
2.59

1.93
2.35
2.29
2.08
1.93
2.63

1.90
2.28
2.26
2.30
1.92
2. 57

1.85
2.21
2.19
2.19
1.84
2.49

2.22
1.89
2 35
1.62
1 75
1.73

2.19
1.80
2 32
1.63
1 72
1.67

2.21
1.80
2.35
1.59
1.72
1.66

2.24
1.83
2.35
1.59
1.70
1.65

2.23
2.03
2.34
1.59
1.70
1.65

2.22
2.03
2.34
1.60
1.70
1.65

2.21
2.02
2.36
1.58
1.70
1.65

2.19
1.98
2.33
1.58
1.69
1.65

2.19
1.96
2.34
1.57
1.70
1.65

2.19
1.92
2.33
1.59
1.70
1.65

2.18
1.90
2.31
1.58
1.69
1.65

2.16
1.88
2.33
1.54

2.14
1.85
2.29
1.55

2.06
1.78
2.17
1.49

1.69
1.65

1.68
1.64

1.63
1.58

1.80

1.74

1.74

1.73

1.72

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.74

1.72

1.66

1 84
1.77
1.67

1 82
1.75
1.67

1.83
1.75
1.67

1.82
1.74
1.63

1.83
1.73
1.63

1.83
1.74
1.63

1.83
1.73
1.62

1.81
1.71
1.62

1.83
1.71
1.62

1.83
1.72
1.62

1.82
1.72
1.62

1.82
1.72
1.60

1.82
1.73
1.60

1.75
1.69
1.55

1 Q4
1 81
1 £0
l! 99

1 8Q
1 79
1'58
L 98

1.87
1.81
1 58
1.96

1.88
1.80
1.57
1.96

1.86
1.79
1.57
1.96

1.89
1.81
1.57
1.98

1.87
1.79
1.56
1.96

1.87
1.78
1.55
1.94

1.88
1.80
1.56
1.94

1.88
1.76
1.55
1.94

1.85
1.77
1.55
1.95

1.88
1.78
1.54
1.95

1.85
1.76
1.54
1.92

1.80
1.75
1.80
1.57

44.3
40.5
39.2
40.2
43.2
39.9

40.4
42.6

F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u e ts ___________ $2.35
M e a t p ro d u c ts ____________________
2. 55
D a iry p ro d u c ts ......................... .............
2.38
C a n n e d a n d p reserv ed food, except
m e a ts ___________________________
G ra in m ill p ro d u c ts ____ _____ ____
2.41
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts __________________
2.36
S u g ar_____________________________
C o n fectio n ery a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts . 1.95
B everages.................................................. 2.68
M iscellaneous food a n d k in d re d
p ro d u c ts ________________________
2.24
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s ________________
1.92
C ig a rettes________________________
C ig a rs____________________________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts .___ _____________
1 7fi
P .nttnn h rn ad w oven fabrics
1.73
S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro ad w oven
fab rics....................................................
1.80
W e av in g a n d finishing b ro ad
w oolens_________________________
1 84
N a rro w fabrics a n d sm allw ares........
1 .7 7
TTnit.ting
1.67
F in is h in g te x tiles, except w ool a n d
k n it
1.95
F lo o r co vering__________________
Y a rn and th r e a d . . . . . . .
1 R1
M iscellaneous te x tile goods_______
L99
See footnotes a t en d of ta b le .
*


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$88.75
96.52
93.08
70.67
99.01
88.04
95.27
73.42
99.85
87.34
69.42
85.72

79.29 78.35
72.67 71.73
63.65 62.16
80.95 78.76
w eek ly h o u rs

42.4
41.9
42.8
40.3
41.6
40.6
41.1
40.8
40.1
42.4
41.3
40.6
A v erag e h o u rly ea rn in g s

72.28

59.21

42.4

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

233

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220»
1963

I n d u s tr y
D ec.2 N o v .2

O ct.

S ep t.

A ug.

J u ly

M a n u f ac t u rin g —C on tin u e d

Ju n e

1962
M ay

A p r.

M a r.

F eb.

Jan .

D ec.

A nnual
av erag e
1962

1961

A v erag e w eek ly earn in g s

N o n d u ra b le goods— C o n tin u e d

A p p arel a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts .................
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ su its a n d c o a ts ___
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ fu rn is h in g s .............
W o m e n ’s, m isses’, a n d ju n io rs ’
o u te rw e a r______________
W o m en ’s a n d c h ild re n ’s u n d erg arm ents_
___
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry ...................
G irls’ a n d c h ild re n 's o u te rw e a r____
F u r goods a n d m iscellaneous app a re l.......... .............................
M iscellaneous fa b ric a te d te x tile
p ro d u c ts ..........................
P a p e r a n d allie d p ro d u c ts __________
P a p e r a n d p u lp ............................
P a p e rb o a rd ......................................
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd
p r o d u c t s ..................
P a p e r b o a rd c o n tain ers a n d b o x e s ..
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d in d u str ie s ____ ___________________
N e w sp a p e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g .
P erio d ical p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g .
B ooks________________________
C om m ercial p rin tin g ..................
B o o k b in d in g a n d re la te d in d u s trie s .
O th e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g ind u s trie s _________________________

$63. 71 $63.01 $64.25 $64.25 $63.30 $61.71 $61.35 $61. 52 $60.16 $62.69 $61.54 $60.35 $60.31 $61.18
78.38 76. 59 77.38 76.38 77.07 74.37 78.17 74.03 70. 76 73.48 72.93 71.57 73.13 72.54
55.87 54. 96 55.87 56.17 55.01 54.58 54.05 53.91 52.48 53.28 52.91 52.85 52.82 53, 53

$58.06
67.78
49.87

65. 57

63.74

67.18

67.18

66.97

65.17

62.68

64.33

64.67

68.35

66.28

63.65

62.79

64.45

61.61

59.41
______
55.38

60.16
64.61
56.25

60.58
67.10
58.08

60. 64
67.26
57.32

58.59
68.07
56.27

55.94
66.79
56.15

58.00
64. 79
56.61

56.15
62.48
55.85

53. 86
60.16
52.44

56.52
69.38
55.54

55.02
66.76
55.85

54.11
63.70
54.67

55.33
64.97
52.50

55.48
65.52
54.72

54.02
63.19
52.75

70.29

69.55

68.98

65.87

64.62

64.80

63.19

58. 47

62.83

61.06

63.19

67.16

64.98

62.65

69. 63 70.02 69.27 69.60 66.78 64.53 66.85 66.47 64.90 65.02 64.47 64.18 65.88 64.28
108.11 107. 68 108.43 108.43 107.32 106.82 106.21 104.55 102.24 104.13 102.97 103.21 104.43 102.00
119.14 119.68 119. 51 119.34 119.34 120.42 117.31 116. 87 114.23 116.42 115.02 115.46 115.46 112.92
121. 55 120.67 121. 76 121.11 121.04 122.03 119.97 117.48 115.01 117.40 115.02 114.93 119.08 114.22

62. 75
99.45
109.69
109.44

97.94
98.88

95.30
98.05

95.76
99.88

95.99
99.64

94.92
97.67

92. 74
96.05

93.60
97.44

113.98 111. 16
118.24 114.61
116.22
101.27
Ï1 5 .92 112. 52
90.55 88.46

111.74
114.30
118.48
104.66
113.68
88.17

112.71
113.98
120.60
107.94
115.34
88.39

111.27
112.89
116.98
108 59
112.71
88.08

110.02
111.91
118.78
105 78
1Ì2.Ò3
87.40

110.69
113.20
115.49
1IÌ5 Q7
112! 32
88.24

91.84
94.99

90.64
94. 24

87.54
91.10

n o . 21 108.97 110.21 108.20 107.16 109.24 107.62
113.52 111.19 109.74 108.42 107.16 113.22 110.35
112. 58 113.58 116.18 112.97 106.65 113.15 111.95

105.05
107.45
109.81

112! 22 110.58 113.18 110.87 109.52 111.50 110.15
88.69 87.17 88.01 85. S5 86.71 87.01 85.91

106.20
82.35

116.82 113.28 113. 87 114.43 114.94 113.37 112.60 112.01 111.81 115. 71 114. 55 113.68 112.23 110.59
A verage w eek ly h o u rs
A p p arel a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts 36.2
35.8
36.3
36.3
36.8
36.3
38.3
36.4
35.6
36.2
35.5
35.9
36.2
36.6
37.5
M e n ’s a n d boys’ s u its a n d c o a ts___
36.3
36.5
36.2
36.7
36.1
37.4
37.2
37.4
37.5
37.2
36.1
37.3
36.7
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu rn ish in g s__
37.0
36.4
37.2
37.0
38.2
37.9
37.8
37.0
37.2
37.7
37.7
36.7
37.0
36.7
W o m e n ’s, m isses’, a n d ju n io rs ’
o u te rw e a r................
33.8
33.2
34.1
34.1
34.7
34.3
33.7
34.4
33.5
33.4
34.1
34.4
35.6
34.7
W o m en ’s a n d c h ild re n ’s un d erg arm e n ts ........................ .............
36.9
38.1
37.6
37.9
37.8
36.8
36.6
35.6
36.4
36. 5
36.7
35.2
36.2
36.7
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry _______
5
35.5
35.5
35.4
SR 0
36.4
36.4
35 7
33 8
37 1
35 7
36.1
G irls’ a n d c h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r____
35.5
35.6
36.3
35.6
36.3
36.7
3 7.0
36.5
35.0
36! 0
3 4.5
36.3
36.5
35!5
F u r goods a n d m iscellaneous appare!............................
36.8
36.8
36.4
36.8
35.9
36.0
35.5
36.3
36.1
3 4.6
35.5
3 5.7
35.7
M iscellaneous fab ricate d te x tile
p ro d u c ts ___________
38.9
38.9
38.7
39.1
38.6
37.3
38.2
38.2
37.3
38.3
37.8
37.8
3 7.1
37.7
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts______
42.9
42.9
43.2
43.2
43.1
42.9
43.0
42.5
41.9
42.3
42.5
42.5
42.8
42.2
Paper and p u lp ________ _____
43.8
44.0
44. 1
44.2
44.2
44.6
44.1
43.9
44.1
44.1
43.9
43.9
43.6
43.6
P a p e rb o a rd ____________
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.6
44.5
44.7
44.6
44.0
43.4
44.3
43.9
44.1
43.7
44.6
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd
p ro d u c ts ____ ____
42.4
41.8
42.0
42.1
42.0
41.4
41.6
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.0
41.6
41.2
40.8
P a p e rb o a rd co n tain ers a n d boxes
41.9
41.9
42.5
42.4
42.1
41.4
42.0
41.3
40.5
41.0
40.6
40.7
41.7
41.7
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d in d u str ie s __________ _________
38.9
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.5
38.2
38.3
38.3
38.4
38.0
38.6
38.1
38.4
38.1
N e w sp a p e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g . 37.3
36.5
36.4
36.3
36.3
36.1
37.0
36.3
36.4
36.5
35.9
35.6
36.1
36.1
P erio d ical p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g .
39.8
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.3
40.2
39.5
38.5
39.7
39.7
B oo k s................................ .
39.1
40 6
40.1
41.2
41 9
41 0
C o m m ercial p rin tin g __
39.7
38.8
39.2
39.5
39.0
38.9
3 9 ]ò
39! 1
39! 3
38^9
39.4
38.8
3A7
3a 2
B o o k b in d in g a n d re la te d in d u s trie s . 39.2
38.8
38.5
38.6
38.8
38.5
38.5
38.7
38.9
38.4
38.6
38.2
38.2
38.7
O th e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g ind u s tr ie s .._____ ________ ________
39.2
38.4
38.4
38.6
38.7
38.3
38.3
37.9
38.4
38.1
38.7
38.7
38.8
38.7
A verage h o u rly earn in g s
A p p arel a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s .. _
$1.76 $1. 76 $1.77 $1.77 $1.72 $1.70 $1.69 $1.69 $1.69 $1.71 $1.70 $1.70 $1.68 $1.69
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ su its a n d co a ts___
2.09
2.11
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.09
2.06
1.99
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.95
1.97
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ fu rn ish in g s______
1.51
1. 51
1.51
1.51
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.43
1.43
1. 44
1.43
1.42
1.42
W o m e n ’s, m isses’, a n d ju n io rs ’
o u te rw e a r.............................
1.94
1.92
1.97
1.97
1.90
1.89
1.93
1.90
1.86
1.91
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.92
W o m e n ’s a n d ch ild re n ’s u n d erg arm e n ts ............................ .
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.55
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.52
1.52
1.52
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry ___
1. 82
1.89
1.90
1 85
1 78
1 75
1 78
1 82
1 78
1 81
1 87
G irls’ a n d ch ild re n ’s outerw ear, ,..
1. 56
1. 58
1.60
1.61
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.53
l! 53
l! 53
1 .5 4
1.50
1.53
1.52
F u r goods a n d m iscellaneous app a r e l ..............................
1.91
1.89
1.84
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.80
1. 78
1.69
1.85
1.76
1.72
1 .7 7
M iscellaneous fab ricate d tex tile
p ro d u c ts ________ ________
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.78
1.70
1.73
1.73
1.75
1.74
1 .73
1.72
1.74
1.72
1.71
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts ............
2. 52
2. 51
2. 51
2.51
2.49
2.49
2. 47
2 .44
2.44
2. 40
2.46
2.44
2.45
2.44
P a p e r a n d p u lp ................................
2.72
2.72
2. 71
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.66
2.
59
2.65
2.62
2.62
2.63
2. 63
2.64
P a p e rb o a rd ................................ .
2.75
2.73
2. 73
2.74
2.72
2. 73
2.59
2.69
2.63
2.67
2.67
2.65
2.65
2.62
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd
p ro d u c ts ..........................
2.31
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.24
2.20
2.26
2.25
2.24
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.23
P a p e rb o a rd co n tain ers a n d boxes
2.36
2.34
2.35
2.35
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.30
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.27
2.26
2.29
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d in d u st r i e s . . ........................................
2.93
2. 91
2.91
2.92
2.88
2.89
2. 81
2.89
2.87
2.84
2.82
2.83
2.86
2.87
N e w sp a p e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g . 3.17
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.04
3.11
3,10
3.11
3.11
3.02
3.01
3.06
3.08
3.04
P erio d ical p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g . . . . . . . .
2.92
2.94
3.00
2.82
2.91
2.94
2.85
2.88
2.85
2.89
2.86
2.77
2.89
B ooks_____________________ .
2. 59
2.61
2. 59
2 58
2 57
2 55
2 57
2 55
2 54
2.62
2.61
2.52
2 49
C om m ercial p rin tin g ..............
2.92
2.90
2.90
2.92
2.83
2.83
2.89
2.88
2 .88
2.81
2.87
2.85
2 . 88
2.85
B ook b in d in g a n d re la te d in d u s trie s . 2.31
2.28
2.29
2.29
2.22
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.25
2.27
2.27
2.28
2.27
2.28
O th e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g ind u s trie s ................................... .............
2.98
2.95
2.95
2.93
2.98
2.94
2.88
2.97
2.96
2.94
2.95
2.99
2.96
2.90

108.96

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

90.09
92.75

91.43
94.30

90.98
92.97

91.84
92.80

92. 77
94.66

35.4
35.3
36.4
33.3
36.5
SR 7
3 5.4
3 5.8

37.8
42.6
43.7
43.6
41.1
41.6
38.2
30.3
39.5
4n ft
3a 9
38.3
38.5
$1.64
1.92
1.37
1.85
1.48
1 77
1.49
1.75
1.66
2 .34

2.51
2.51
2.13
2.16
2.75
2.96
2.78
2.44
2.73
2.15
2.83

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

234
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1963

1962

Industry
D ec.1 N ov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u ra b le poods — Continued
Chemicals and allied products_______ $114.40 $113.85 $113.85 $114.13 $113.02 $113.98 $113.42 $112. 69 $113.40 $111.37 $110.83 $111.10 $112 17 $109 98
Industrial chemicals____________ 129.58 128.96 129. 79 128.96 127. 71 128.33 127.60 126. 58 130.82 126.46 126.16 126.05 127. 56 124.68 120.93
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass ....
"D ru g s

112.88

112.32 114.09 113.94 111. 76 113. 55 110.27 109. 33 109. 59 111. 19 109.52 107.07
112. 74 112. 74 112.47
101.18 100.53 99.63 99.54 100.04 99.38 98.98 100.70 100.45 100.85
98.40 94.37
103.97 104.70 103.89 100.45

102.66 101.34

Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ 108.36 106.34 106.60 108.62 107.68 106.75 107.27 105.41 103.83 104. 49 103.86
Paints, varnishes, and allied products_____ _______ ___________ 105.26 105. 67 106. 71 106.14 105.98 107.84 106.60 108.36 103. 48 103. 38 102.21
Agricultural chemicals______ ____ 93. 70 93. 04 93.29 94.16 91.10 91.74 92. 44 97.83 99.70 91.08 89.68
Other chemical products________ _ 111.51 110.46 109.67 110.20 108.68 109.56 107.94 107. 59 105.37 104.45 104. 65

101.02

101.71 102 31 101. 59 97.85
89.68 90.30 88.39 84.38
105.83 107.10 103.75 100.77

Petroleum refining and related Industries____________________________ 130.56 133. 02 131. 77 134.20 130.21 133.98 133.25 131. 57 133.77 128. 61 126. 36 130.62 126.99 126. 88 124.31
Petroleum refining— ..................... 137. 09 140.11 136. 53 139.70 134.39 138.94 138. 53 137.03 140.95 134.97 132. 68 137. 52 132.48 131. 43 129.24
Other petroleum and coal products. 103.12 106.24 114. 04 113.26 115.20 115.26 113.09 110.12 104.83 99.10 97.96 102.25 105.34 107.75 102.10
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products________________. . . . ------ ------ 103.61 102.50 101.93 102.67 100.86
Tires and inner tubes___________ 137.45 137. 86 134. 06 134.97 132.84
Other rubber products__________
99.87 98.49 98. 81 99.46 96.63
Miscellaneous plastic products....... 89.86 88.17 87.98 89.25 88.62
Leather and leather products.............
Leather tanning and finishing-----Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather p ro ducts_______ . . .

68.92
94. 39
. 47
65.91

66

66

. 59
92. SO
63.51

66.12

67.66
93.52
64.21
67.86

67.13
91.94
64.03
66.09

67.41
90.23
65.15
65.49

100.12

100.04 100. 53 99.23 98.25
99. 88 100.37 101.76 100.04
130.73 128.88 124. 66 126.88 129.36 128.32 129. 52 134. 55 130. 47
94.40 97.27 96.22 94.40 96.22 96.22 96.29 97.23 95.53
87.76 87.56 87.13 85.24 87.13 86.51 86.72 86.61 85.90

66.12

90.23
64.39
63.07

66.70
93.76
64.30
64.09

64.42
91.76
61.20
62.66

62.13
89.38
59.33
60.52

96.15

121.88
91.53
83.03

64.58
88.58
61.88
63.04

64.70
88.36
62.33
62.87

65.60
88.84
63. 54
62.70

65.05
88.84
62.66
62.42

64.67
87. 42
62.66
62.58

62.83
84.35
60.15
61.07

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass________________________
Drugs............. ........ ...........................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod-

41.6
41.8

41.4
41.6

41.4
41.6

41.5
41.6

41.4
41.6

41.6
41.8

41.7
41.7

41.7
41.5

42.0
42.2

41.4
41.6

41.2
41.5

41.3
41.6

41.7
42.1

41.5
41.7

41.4
41.7

41.6
40.9
41.2

41.6
40.7
40.9

41.5
40.8
41.0

41.5
40.7
41.3

41.6
40.6
41.1

42.1
40.3
40.9

42.2
40.5
41.1

41.7
40.4
40.7

41.9
40.4
40.4

41.3
41.1
40.5

41.1
41.0
40.1

41.2
41.5
40.3

41.8
41.4
40.9

41.8
41.0
40.9

41.5
40.5
41.0

Agricultural chemicals....................
Other chemical products_________

40.8
42.4
42.4

40.8
42.1
42.0

41.2
42.6
41.7

41.3
42.8
41.9

41.4
41.6
41.8

41.8
41.7
42.3

41.6
42.6
42.0

42.0
45.5
41.7

40.9
48.4
41.0

40.7
44.0
40.8

40.4
42.5
41.2

40.2
42.3
41.5

40.6
42.0
42.0

40.8
42.7
41.6

40.6
42.4
41.3

Petroleum refining and related Industries_______________ ____________
Petroleum refining...........................
Other petroleum and coal products.

40.8
40.8
40.6

41.7
41.7
41.5

41.7
41.0
44.2

42.2
41.7
43.9

41.6
40.6
45.0

42.4
41.6
45.2

42.3
41. 6
44.7

41.9
41.4
43.7

42.2
42.2
42.1

40.7
40.9
39.8

40.5
40.7
39.5

41.6
41.8
40.9

41.5
41.4
41.8

41.6
41.2
43.1

41. 3
40.9
42.9

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products________________________ . . . .
Tires and inner tubes.......................
Other rubber products__________
Miscellaneous plastic products____

41.4
41.4
41.1
41.6

41.0
41.4
40.7
41.2

41.1
40.5
41.0
41.5

41.4
40.9
41.1
41.9

41.0
40.5
40.6
41.8

40.5
40.1
40.0
41.2

40.7
39.9
40.7
41.3

40.5
39.2
40.6
41.1

40.1
39.9
40.0
40.4

40.7
40.3
40.6
41.1

40.6
40.1
40.6
41.0

40.8
40.1
40.8
41.1

41.2
41.4
41.2
41.0

41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1

40.4
39.7
40.5
40.7

Leather and leather products.................
Leather tanning and finishing........
Footwear, except rubber..................
Other leather products----------------

38.5
41.4
38.2
38.1

37.2
40.7
36.5
38.0

37.8
41.2
36.9
39.0

37.5
40.5
36.8
38.2

38.3
40.1
38.1
38.3

38.0
40.1
38.1
37.1

37.9
41.3
37.6
37.7

36.8
40.6
36.0
36.8

35.5
39.9
34.9
35.6

36.9
39.9
36.4
37.3

37.4
39.8
37.1
37.2

37.1
40.2
37.6
37.1

37.6
40.2
37.3
37.6

37.6
40.1
37.3
37.7

37.4
39.6
36.9
37.7

$2.70
3.10

$2. 69
3.04

$2. 69
3.04

$2.69
3.03

$2.69
3.03

$2. 65
2.99

$2.58
2.90

2.45
2.59

2.43
2. 58

2.44
2.56

2. 40
2.54

. 68
2.33
2.45

A verage h o u rly ea rn in g s

Chémicals and allied products...............
Industrial chemicals_______ _____
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass............................... ................
Drags...............................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes and allied prod­
ucts..... ....................... ...... ........... .
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products_________

$2. 75
3.10

$2. 75
3.10

$2. 75
3.12

$2. 75
3.10

$2.73
3.07

$2.74
3.07

$2.72
3.06

$2.70
3.05

2. 71
2.51
2.63

2.71
2.49
2.60

2. 71
2. 48
2.60

2.72
2.47
2.63

2.70
2.46
2.62

2.71
2.47
2.61

2.70
2.47
2.61

2.46
2.59

2.71
2. 45
2.57

2.67
2. 45
2.58

2.58

2.59

2.56

2.20 2. 17
2.57

2.53
2.06
2.57

2.54
2.07
2.56

2.53

2.59

2.58
2.15
2.58

2.53

2.63

2.56
2.19
2.60

2.58

2.63

2. 59
2.19
2.63

2.57

2.63

2.11 2.12
2.54

2.55

2.52
2.16
2.55

2. 49
2.07
2.50

2.41
1.99
2.44

Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries_____________ ______________
Petroleum refining______________
Other petroleum and coal products.

3.20
3.36
2.54

3.19
3.36
2.56

3.16
3.33
2.58

3.18
3.35
2.58

3.13
3.31
2.56

3.16
3.34
2.55

3.15
3.33
2.63

3.14
3.31
2.52

3.17
3.34
2.49

3.16
3.30
2.49

3.12
3. 26
2. 48

3.14
3.29
2.50

3.06
3.20
2.52

3.05
3.19
2.50

3.01
3.16
2.38

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products___________
Miscellaneous plastic products........

2. 51
3.32
2.43
2.16

2.50
3.33
2.42
2.14

2.48
3. 31
2.41

2.12

2.48
3.30
2.42
2.13

2.46
3.28
2.38

2.12

2.47
3.26
2.36
2.13

2.47
3. 23
2.39

2.45
3.18
2.37

2.45
3.18
2.36

2.46
3.21
2.37

2.46
3.20
2.37

2.46
3.23
2.36

2.47
3.25
2.36

2.12 2.12 2.11 2.12 2.11 2.11 2.11

2.44
3.19
2.33
2.09

2.38
3.07
2.26
2.04

1. 79
2.28
1.74
1.73

1.79
. 28
1.74
1.74

1.79
2. 27
1.74
1.74

1.79
2.27
1.74
1.73

1.76
2.25
1.71
1.71

1.74
2.25
1.69
1.70

1.76
2.27
1.71
1.70

1.76
2.26
1.70
1.70

1.75
2. 24
1.70
1.70

1.75

1.73

1.74

1.73

1.72

1.68

1.70
1.69

Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing......
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products__________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.21 2.21

2

2.20

2.68

2.66 2.66 2.66 2. 62

2.22 2.22 2.21 2.21 2.18
1.68 1.69 1.68 1.68
1.69
1.69
1.66 1.66

2

2.13
1.63
1.82

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

235

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1963

1962

Industry
Dec.» Nov.»

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads
_____________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and storage........ _......................... ......................
Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication:
Telephone communication..............
Telegraph communication <.............
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and system s..____
Combined utility systems...............
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns................................................

$120.18 $116.48 $119.46 $118.25 $114.90 $121.67 $118.25 $116. 48 $115.87 $112. 94
$103.15 $102.48 $102.30 $103.28 103.09 103.63 102.48 100.38 99.72 100.32 98 83 100 01 100 11 98 24
123.68 126.44 138.70 134.06 133.44 124.27 122. 69 123.12 118. 29 121.39 123.52 115. 51 118.40 110.76
117.29 120.13 120.12 119.71 118.85 118. 58 117.31 115.36 114.95 114.39 111.93 115 23 113 30 108 58
138.45 136.49 140.15 134.94 138.65 140. 56 137.16 138.45 135.94 138.63 138. 58 139. 52 132.76 131.45
105.04
112.17
137.07
122.96
123.60
115.36
134.37

105.30
112.86
135. 93
123.37
124.01
116.47
134.92

102.26
112.71
132.10
121.42
123.26
111. 93
132.07

102.36
112.98
132.10
121.13
124.09
111. 93
130.19

102.00
113.25
132.10
121.42
123.55
112.74
131.14

101. 24
110.30
131.66
119. 72
121.66
112.20
129.15

99.94
108.16
135.04
119.31
Ï20.42
111. 24
129.05

100. 58
107.38
131.99
119.02
120.13
112.07
128.43

101.09
108.05
131.93
119.60
119. 43
113 44
129.68

99.94
108.05
134.30
119.19
120.42
111 38
128.64

101.35
106.97
130.93
120 77
121.60
113 98
130.94

98.95
107.78
127.20
116.86
118.24
108 63
126. 59

93.38
104.33
120.12
112 07
112 75
104.19
121. 77

100.67 100.14

98.06

97.88

97.64

97. 41

95. 94

96.70

96.93

98.06

97. 23

96.29

94.66

92.62

108.45
111.90
135.54
123.79
123.71
117.45
134.37

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads8...... ......... ..............
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and storftgfi__
Pipeline transportation_____________
Gommunicatiôn :
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication *______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitarv services____
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems_______
Water, steam, and sanitary systemS................................................ ...........

43.7

41.9

43.6

43.0

41.5

43.3

43.0

41.9

42.6

42.3

42.1
42.5

42.0
43.6

42.1
46.7

42.5
45.6

42.6
45.7

43.0
43.3

42.7
42.9

■12.0
42.9

41.9
41.8

41.8
43.2

41.7
43.8

42.2
41.4

42.6
42.9

42.9
42,6

41.3
40.6

42.3
40.5

42.0
41.1

42.3
4Ò.4

41.7
40.9

42.2
41.1

41.6
40.7

41.2
40.6

41. 2
40.1

41.0
40.3

40 7
41.0

41 6
41.4

41 5
40.6

41 8
40.2

41.1
41.6
39.4
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.6

40.4
41.7
39.5
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.6

40.5
41.8
39.4
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.9

40.1
41.9
39.2
41.3
41.5
40.7
41.4

40.3
42.0
39.2
41.2
41.5
40.7
41.2

40.0
42.1
39.2
41.3
41.6
40.7
41.6

39.7
42.1
39.3
41.0
41.1
40.8
41.0

39.5
41.6
39.6
41.0
41.1
40.6
41.1

39.6
41.3
39.4
40 9
4Ì.Ò
40.9
40.9

39.8
41.4
39.5
41 1
40.9
41.1
41.3

39.5
41.4
39.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.1

39 9
41.3
39.2
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.7

39 9
42.1
38.9
41.0
41.2
40.8
41.1

39.4
41.9
38.5
40. 9
41.0
40.7
41.0

41.6

41.9

41.2

41.8

41.2

41.1

41.0

40.8

40.9

41.2

41.2

40.8

40.8

40.8

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads *_______________
Local -and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines..... ......
Motor freight transportation and storage____________________________
Pipeline transportation
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 8______
Radio and television broadcasting™
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems_______
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns_______ ________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.75

$2.78

$2.74

$2.75

$2.77

$2.81

$2.75

$2.78

$2.72

$2.67

$2.45
2.91

$2.44
2.90

$2. 43
2.97

$2. 43
2.94

2.42
2.92

2.41
2.87

2.40
2,86

2.39
2.87

2.38
2.83

2.40
2.81

2.37
2.82

2.37
2.79

2.35
2.76

2.29
2.60

2.84
3.41

2.84
3.37

2.86
3.41

2.83
3.34

2.85
3.39

2.81
3.42

2.82
3.37

2.80
3.41

2.79
3.39

2.79
3.44

2.75
3.38

2.77
3.37

2.73
3.27

2.61
3.27

2.59
2.69
3.44
2.99
3.01
2.83
3.23

2.60
2.69
3.47
2.97
3.00
2.80
3.23

2.60
2.70
3.45
2.98
3.01
2.82
3.22

2. 55
2.69
3.37
2.94
2.97
2.75
3.19

2. 54
2.69
3.37
2. 94
2.99
2. 75
3.16

2.55
2.69
3.37
2.94
2.97
2.77
3.16

2.55
2.62
3.35
2.92
2.96
2.75
3.35

2.53
2.60
3.41
2.91
2.93
2.74
3.14

2.54
2.60
3.35
2.91
2.93
2.74
3.14

2.54
2.61
3.34
2.91
2.92
2.76
3.14

2.53
2.61
3.40
2.90
2.93
2.71
3.13

2.54
2.69
3.34
2.91
2 93
2.74
3.14

2.48
2.56
3.27
2.85
2.87
2.66
3.08

2.37
2.49
3.12
2.74
2.75
2.56
2.97

2.42

2.39

2.38

2.37

2.37

2.37

2.34

2.37

2.37

2.38

2.36

2.36

2.32

2.27

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

236
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 229.
1962

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.* Nov.*

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Mar.

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and rot,ail trade 6_____________
Wholesale trad e. ________________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment,
_ _________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prodll(*ts
______________-__
Drv goods and apparel---------------Groceries and related products.......
Electrical goods ______________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods
__________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplipfj
______________ _____
General merchandise stores-...........
Department stores.....................
"Limited price variety stores__
Food stores
_________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores - _________________
Apparel and accessories stores-----Men’s and bovs’ apparel storesWomen’s ready-to-wear storesFamily clothing stores...............
Shoe stores--------------- ----------

$77.75 $77.95 $78.36 $78.79 $78. 79 $78.19 $77.39 $76.62 $76.42 $76.03 $76.03 $75.47 $75.08
101.09 100.94 i00.69 99. 72 99. 55 100.12 99.47 98.58 98.58 97.93 97.36 98.74 96.22
92.82

89.46

102.51 102.26 102.36 100.65 100.60 100.65 99.75 99.50 99.75 99.75 98.65 99.29 97.84
93.00 93.99 94.49 92.37 90.86 90.86 90.64 92.38 91.48 91.96 91.10 92.83 92.48
95.04 93.75 94.43 93.83 94. 75 94.47 93.38 92.51 91.65 90. 58 90.64 92.00 89.86
107.18 105.04 104.26 103.06 102.40 102.77 101.85 101.71 102.21 102.87 102.56 103.48 101.59

94.24
92.72
86.53
97.53

96.79

96.33

96.33

95.11

94.89

94.66

94.66

94.24

93.15

92.74

92.96

93.83

$72.56
93.56

92.97

89.91

109.75 110.97 110.56 108.50 107.68 109.06 108.09 107.16 107.16 106.49 106.34 108.65 104.14
68.26 68.25 68. 61 69.30 69.30 68.96 67.68 67.48 66.75 66.75 66.93 66.29 65.95
53.72 54.54 54.86 55.22 55.38 54.79 53. 51 53.28 53.01 52.51 53.01 53.70 52.59
57.44 59.31 59.84 60.03 60.03 59.68 58.31 57.80 57.12 56. 45 57.12 57.70 57.10
40.19 40.00 40.13 4L 50 41.08 40.22 39.48 39.48 39.36 39.16 38.96 39.67 38.91
66.78 66.43 66. 85 67.68 67.68 66.93 65.58 65.26 65.24 64.73 64.91 65.31 64. 78
68.16 67.82 68.45 69.14 69. 50 68.74 66.82 66.66 66.47 66.12 66.69 66.36 66.22
54.42 54.08 54.90 55.11 55. 77 54.70 54.06 55.38 53.35 53.85 55.20 55.89 53.63
65.88 66.24 67.33 67.82 68.96 67.28 66.06 66.39 64.40 65.15 66.77 67.23 65.82
48.62 48.43 48.38 48.56 49.27 48.76 48.33 49.13 47. 52 47.71 48.67 49.84 47.46
53.69 52.17 53.51 64.62 55.34 54.32 63.40 54.01 52.10 53.44 53.82 54.87 52.45
54.70 55.01 55.53 66.11 66.45 54.15 54.78 58.35 55.26 55.44 56.28 57.61 55.61

101.59
64.01
50.52
55.04
37.28
63.01

96.80

96.39

97.10

95.82

95.65

96.05

95.65

95.00

93.96

93.50

94.66

95.30

64.44
51.90
64.67
45.77
51.91
52.97

Average weekly hours
Wbnlpsftle nnd retail trade 6_____________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment
___________
Drugs," chemicals, and allied prod__________ __________
nets
Drv goods and apparel-—....... ........
Groceries and related products........
Electrical goods..............- ................ _____
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
Machinery, equipment, and sup"Retail trade 5__ ______-_______ _____
Ocncrivl merchandise stores. ..
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores_—
Food stores.._________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores __________________
Apparel and accessories stores
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
Family clothing stores...............
Shoe stores..................................

38.3
40.6

38.4
40.7

41.9

41.7

40.2
37.5
41.5
40.6

40.1
37.9
41.3
40.4

40.5

40.5

40.8
37.3
34.0
33.2
31.9
34.6

41.1
37.5
34.3
33.7
32.0
34.6

34.6
33.8
36.6
33.3
34.2
31.8

34.6
33.8
36.8
33.4
34.1
31.8

38.6
40.6

39.2
40.7

39.2
40.8

38.9
40.7

41.7

41.9

41.8

41.7

40.3
38.1
41.6
40.1

40.1
37.7
41.7
40.1

40.4
37.7
42.3
40.0

40.1
37.7
41.8
40.3

40.8

40.6

40.7

40.7

41.1
37.7
34.5
34.0
32.1
35.0

41.1
38.5
35.4
34.7
33.2
36.0

41.1
38.5
35.5
34.7
33.4
36.0

41.0
38.1
34.9
34.3
32.7
35.6

35.1
34. b
37.2
33.6
34.3
32.1

36.2
35.1
38.1
34.2
35.7
33.8

36.2
35.3
38.1
34.7
35.7
33.8

35.8
34.4
37.8
34.1
35.5
31.3

38.5
40.4

38.4
40.4

38.4
40.3

38.4
40.4

38.9
40.8

38.7
40.6

38.8
40.5

41.7

41.7

41.4

41.4

41.5

41.7

42.0

42.0

39.9
37.3
41.5
40.1

39.8
37.4
41.3
40.2

39.9
37.8
41.1
40.4

39.9
38.0
40.8
40.5

40.1
37.8
41.2
40.7

40.2
38.2
42.2
40.9

40.1
37.9
41.6
40.8

40.1
38.0
41.4
40.3

40.7

40.6

40.5

40.3

40.8

40.9

40.6

40.5

41.1
37.6
34.3
33.9
32.1
34.7

40.9
37.7
34.6
34.2
32.9
34.9

40.9
37.5
34.2
33.8
32.0
34.7

40.8
37.5
34.1
33.6
32.1
34.8

40.9
37.6
34.2
33.6
32.2
34.9

41.0
38.1
35.8
35.4
34.2
35.3

41.0
37.9
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.4

40.8
38.1
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.8

34.8
34.0
36.7
33. S
34.9
31.3

34.9
34.6
37.3
34.6
35.3
32.6

34.8
34.2
36.8
33.7
34.6
32.7

34.8
34.3
36.6
33.6
34.7
33.6

35.1
34.5
37.3
33.8
34.5
33.5

35.3
35.6
38.2
35.1
36.1
33.3

35.6
34.6
37.4
33.9
35.2
33.3

36.0
34.6
37.6
33.9
dò. 8
32.9

$1.99
2.44

$1.98
2.43

$1.98
2.41

$1.94
2.42

$1.94
2. 37

$1.87
2.31

38.5
40.6

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale nnd retail trade 8
Wholesale trade___________________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equip m en t_____ ____________
Drugs^ chemicals, and allied produ c ts _______________________
Dry goods and apparel................. —
Groceries and related products
Electrical goods
Hardware,“ plumbing, and heating
goods _____________________
Machinery, equipment, and supnlies
Retail tra d e 6............................................
General merchandise stores______
Department stores..................—
Limited price variety stores...
Food stores__________ ____ ____
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores __________________
Apparel and accessories stores
* M en’s and bovs’ apparel stores
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing ¡stores__
Shoe stores_________________

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.99
2. 44

$2.01
2.46

$2.01
2. 45

2.27

2.27

2. 27

2. 26

2. 25

2.24

2. 24

2. 25

2.21

2.13

2. 49
2.41
2. 24
2.56

2. 51
2.41
2. 26
2.55

2. 50
2.43
2. 25
2. 54

2.50
2.47
2. 24
2. 53

2.50
2. 42
2. 23
2.53

2.50
2. 42
2. 22
2. 54

2.46
2.41
2.20
2. 52

2. 47
2. 43
2. IS
2. 53

2. 44
2. 44
2.16
2. 49

2. 44
2.09
2.42

2.35

2.36

2.35

2.34

2.32

2.32

2.32

2.33

2. 29

2.22

2.62
1.80
1.56
1.73
1.23
1.88

2.66
1.81
1.57
1. 74
1.23
1.88

2.63
1.80
1. 56
1.72
1.23
1.89

2.62
1.79
1.54
1.69
1.20
1.87

2.62
1.78
1. 55
1.69
1.23
1.88

2. Cl
1.78
1. 54
1.68
1.22
1.86

2.60
1.78
1. 55
1. 70
1.21
1.86

2.65
1.74
1.50
1.63
1.16
1.85

2. 54
1. 74
1. 52
1. 66
1.19
1.83

2.49
1.68
1. 46
1. 60
1.14
1. 76

1.92
1.59
1. 78
1. 43
1.53
1.73

1.92
1. 59
1.80
1.43
1. 53
1.75

1.91
1.60
1.78
1. 42
1.53
1.79

1.91
1.56
1.75
1.41
1.51
1.69

1.90
1. 57
1. 78
1.42
1.54
1.65

1.90
1.60
1.79
1.44
1. 56
1.68

1. 88
1. 57
1. 7o
1.42
1.52
1.73

1.86
1. 55
1.76
1.40
1. 49
1.67

1.79
1.50
1. 72
1.35
1.45
1.61

$2.03
2.49

$2.03
2.48

$2.03
2. 48

$2.01
2.45

$2.01
2.44

2.31

2.31

2.31

2.27

2. 55
2.48
2.29
2.64

2. 55
2.48
2. 27
2.60

2.54
2.48
2.27
2.60

2.51
2.45
2.25
2.57

2.39

2.38

2.38

2.36

2.69
1.83
1.58
1.73
1.26
1.93

2.70
1.82
1. 59
1. 76
1.25
1.92

2.69
1.82
1.59
1.76
1.25
1.91

2.64
1.80
1.56
1.73
1.25
1.88

1.97
1. 61
1.80
1.46
1. 57
1. 72

1.96
1.60
1.80
1.45
1. 53
1.73

1.95
1.61
1.81
1.44
1.56
1.73

1.91
1.57
1.78
1.42
1.53
1.66

1.92
1.58
1.81
1.42
1.55
1.67

2. óò

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

237

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p, 220.
1963

1962

Industry
Dec.* Nov.*

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan,

Dec.

Annual
average
1982

1961

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade s—Continued
Retail trade ‘—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade......... ....................
Motor vehicle dealers________
Other vehicle and accessory
d e a l e r s ___ _____________
Drug stores_______________ _
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__________________ _______
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance__________________
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty in- ...........
surance________ _____________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels •_
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants..............................................
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing______ _____________

$84.24 $83.22 $83.64 $84.05 $82. 42 $82. 62 $81.40 $80.60 $80. 79 $80.40 $82.21 $83.63 $80. 75
78.69 78.69 78.25 79.19 79.19 78. 81 78.06 77.64 76.63 76. 63 76.63 77.19 75.76
98.76 97.45 93.74 97.90 98.11 p» 9Q 98.33 97.45 94.18 93.30 92. 87 94. 61 93.08
81.97
59.17

82.16
58.32

82.78
59.29

83.10
60.54

84.23
60. 59

82.65
60.10

82.16
58.08

81.22
58.44

80.85
58.08

81.10
57.88

82.21
58. 24

81.84
58.30

$77.64
73.57
88.44

80.08
57. 41

78.32
55.80

75.35 74.97 75.14 74.40 74. 77 74.40 74.40 74.23 74.23
127. 74 126.92 121.55 115.80 118.84 123. 77 124.19 119.06 116.34 119.10 117.26 116.09 116. 95
96. 78 96.79 96.72 96.66 96.65 96.13 95. 57 95.44 95. 71 95.69 95.38 94.57 93.46
101. 91 102.14 102.15 102.57 102.45 101.21 100.25 100.23 100.83 100.64 100.98 100.14 99.08
82. 73 82.92 82.56 81.84 81.88 82.06 81.97 81.36 81.18 81.58 81.82 80.22 78.33

133.37
89.75
95.12
74.39

92.78

92.40

92.18

91.55

91.64

92.20

92.07

91.80

91.70

91.79

90. 51

89.63

88. 61

85.08

47.09

48.09

48.22

48.31

47.98

47.36

47.86

46.08

46.85

47.23

46. 85

47.23

46.14

45.14

52.13

51.87

52.00

51.48

52.00

52. 67

52.54

52.40

50.95

50.04

50.69

50.57

50.57

49.28

133.00 139. 96 132.89 132.65 130.01 128. 89 121.25 124.33 123. 98 125. 52 125. 74 130.20 122. 27

120.50

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
Retail trade »—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade.............................
Motor vehicle dealers________
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers. ................................
Drug stores________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking................... ........................... . .
Security dealers and exchanges..... ........
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance__________________
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance._____ _______________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «_
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants_______________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribu tin g ............................................

40.5
41.2
43.7

40.4
41.2
43.7

40.6
41.4
43.4

41.0
41.9
43.9

40.8
41.9
43.8

40.9
41.7
43.8

40. 7
41.3
43.7

40.5
41.3
43.7

40 6
41.2
43.6

40.4
41.2
43.6

40.7
41.2
43.6

41. 4
41.5
43.8

41 2
41.4
43.7

41.3
41.8
44 8

43.6
36.3

43.7
36.0

43.8
36.6

44.2
37.6

44.1
37.4

44.2
37.1

43.7
36.3

43.9
36.3

43.7
36.3

43.6
36.4

44.2
36.4

44.0
36.9

44.0
36.8

44.5
37.2

37.3

37.3

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.3

37.3

37.2

37.3

37.4

37.2

37.1

38.6

39.1

39.2

40.6

40.3

38.5

38.6

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.4

39.1

39.6

38.9

39.0

39.1

39.0

39.1

39.6

39.5

39.4

38.6

38.2

38.4

38.6

38.9

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
Retail trade »—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
$2.08 $2.06 $2.06 $2.05 $2.02 $2.02 $2.00 $1. 99 $1.99 $1.99 $2.02 $2.02 $1. 96 $1.88
Other retail trade_______________
1. 91
1. 91
1 89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.86
1. 86
1. 86
1.86
1. 83
1. 76
Motor vehicle dealers________
2. 26 2.23
2.16
2.23
2.24
2. 26
2.25
2. 23
2.16
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.13
2.01
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers__________________
1. 88
1. 88
1.89
1.88
1.91
1.87
1. 88
1. 85
1.85
1.86
1. 86
1. 86
1. 82
1.76
Drug stores________________
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.62
1. 61
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.59
1. 58
1.60
1. 56
1.50
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__________________________
2.02
2.02
2.00
2. 01
2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.99
2.00
1.99
1. 96
1.93
1.87
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers_________________
Life insurance.......... .........................
Accident and health insurance.......
Fire, marine, and casualty Insurance......... ........ ........ ........... .
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels »_
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.19
1.23
1.24
1.22
1.22
1.19
1.20
1.23
1.23
1.18
1.14
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants_______________________
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1. 33
1.33
1.32
1. 31
1.32
1. 31
1.30
1.27
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing_________________ _____
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
<D ata relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.
Â-3.
» Preliminary.
8 Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
8 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
tips not included.
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Source. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for al!
Group I).
series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.)


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238

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

T able C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1962

1963

Industry division and group
D ec.2 Nov.*

i
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

¡M

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Mining..............................................................................

40.6

41.8

41.8

41.5

40.9

42.2

41.9

41.6

41.0

41.5

41.3

40.8

Contract construction.____ ________ ____ ________

37.1

36.8

37.6

37.3

37.2

37.3

37.6

37.5

37.5

37.3

36.1

37.0

36.1

Manufacturing________________________ ______

40.5

40.5

40.6

40.7

40.3

40.4

40.5

40.5

40.1

40.5

40.3

40.4

40.2

Durable goods.................................................... ......
Ordnance and accessories.................................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures.................... .................
Stone, clay, and glass products.........................
Primary metal industries_____ ___________
Fabricated metal products................................
Machinery........................................... ..............
Electrical equipment and supplies........ ..........
Transportation eq u ip m en t.............................
Instruments and related products........... ........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.........

41.4
40.9
40.4
40.9
41.0
41.0
41.6
42.2
40.2
42.3
40.8
39.4

41.1
40.7
40.0
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.5
42.1
40.1
42.3
40.7
39.4

41.2
41.2
40.3
40.7
41.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
40.3
42.3
41.0
39.7

41.3
41.4
40.2
40.7
41.3
40.7
41.4
42.1
40.3
42.0
41.1
39.8

41.0
41.3
40.0
40.9
41.2
40.9
41.1
41.7
40.3
41.5
40.7
39.8

41.2
41.0
40.4
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.6
42.1
40.8
39.7

41.3
41.4
40.1
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.2
41.7
40.4
42.2
40.7
39.5

41.1
40.9
39.5
40.9
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.5
40.4
41.9
40.8
39.6

40.7
40.4
39.9
40.5
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.2
40.1
41.4
40.5
39.2

41.0
40.7
39.9
40.7
41.4
40.5
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.8
41.0
39.6

41.0
41.4
40.1
40.9
40.9
40.6
41.3
41.7
40.4
41.9
41.1
39.8

40.9
41.2
39.9
40.8
40.8
40.3
41.3
41.7
40.3
42.5
40. 6
39.6

41.1
41.2
39.9
40.4
40.5
40.2
41.1
41.7
40.4
42.4
40.8
39.4

Nondurable goods................... .........................................
Food and kindred products___________________
Tobacco manufactures________________________
Textile mill products_________ _______ _______
Apparel and related products__________________
Paper and allied products____________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______
Chemicals and allied products........................... .
Petroleum refining and related industries_______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products...........
Leather and leather products___ _______________

39.6
41.1
38.7
40.9
36.3
42.9
38.4
41.6
41.3
41.2
37.8

39.5
40.9
39.1
40.8
35.7
42.9
38.1
41.4
41.7
40.9
37.4

39.8
41.0
38.1
41.0
36.4
43.0
38.4
41.5
41.6
41.0
38.9

39.7
40.9
37.2
40.7
36.6
42.8
38.4
41.5
41.5
41.2
38.3

39.6
41.0
39.9
40.5
35.9
42.7
38.4
41.5
41.6
40.8
37.8

39.5
40.8
39.4
40.4
36.0
42.7
38.3
41.6
41.7
40.2
37.0

39.6
41.0
39.7
40.5
36.0
42.7
38.3
41.4
41.9
40.1
37.3

39.7
40.8
39.0
40.6
36.4
42.6
38.4
41.6
41.9
40.4
37.3

39.3
40.7
35.6
40.2
35.9
42.2
38.3
41.8
42.3
40.7
36.8

39.8
41.1
39.2
40.7
36.5
42.8
38.4
41.6
41.3
41.1
36.9

39.7
40.9
37.6
40.3
36.3
42.7
38.4
41.4
41.3
41.1
37.1

39.6
40.8
39.2
40.2
36.3
42.7
38.2
41.4
41.7
41.0
36.8

39.4
41.0
38.8
40.3
36.0
42.8
38.1
41.7
42.0
41.0
36.9

38.6
40.6
37.7

38.5
40.6
37.8

38.6
40.5
37.7

38.7
40.6
37.8

38.7
40.5
37.9

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.7
40.6
37.8

38.7
40.5
37.9

38.6
40.6
37.8

38.7
40.6
37.8

38.6
40.5
37.8

38.7
40.6
37.9

Wholesale and retail tra d e s.
Wholesale trade______
Retail trade8_________
! For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
* Preliminary.
>Excludes eating and drinking places.

T able

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” M o n th ly Labor
R e v iew , August 1960, pp. 822-827.

C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry g rou p 1
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1962

1963

Major industry group

Annual
average

Dec.2 N ov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962

Manufacturing------ ---------- --------------- . . .

$2 . 4 1

$2 .4 0

$2 .3 8

$ 2 .3 8

$ 2 .3 5

$2 .3 7

$2 . 3 7

$2 . 37

$2 . 3 7

$2 . 3 6

$2 . 3 5

$2 . 3 5

$2 .3 4

$2 .3 1

$2 .2 5

Durable goods............................................
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except

2 .5 8

2 .5 7
2 .8 8

2 . 55
2 .8 5

2 . 55
2 .8 4

2 .5 2
2 .8 2

2 . 54
2 .8 2

2 .6 4
2 . 79

2 . 54
2 .8 0

2 .5 4
2 .8 0

2 . 53
2 .8 2

2 . 52
2 .8 1

2 . 52
2 .8 0

2 . 51
2 .7 8

2 . 48
2 .7 5

2 .4 2
2 . 71

1 .9 9
1 .9 4
2 .3 9
2 .9 5
2 .5 4
2 .7 1
2 .4 3
2 .9 5
2 .4 3

2 .0 1
1 .9 4
2 .3 9
2 .9 4
2 .5 2
2 .7 0
2 .4 1
2 .9 3
2 .4 2

2 .0 3
1 .9 4
2 .3 9
2 .9 4
2 .5 2
2 .6 9
2 .4 0
2 .9 2
2 .4 2

1 .9 9
1 .9 2
2 .3 7
2 .9 4
2 .5 1
2 .6 7
2 .3 9
2 .8 7
2 .4 2

1 .9 5
1 .9 2
2 .3 7
2 .9 6
2 . 51
2 .6 7
2 .4 0
2 .8 8
2 .4 1

1 .9 3
1 .9 2
2 . 37
2 .9 6
2 .5 1
2 .6 7
2 .4 0
2 .8 7
2 .4 2

1 .9 4
1 .9 2
2 .3 5
2 .9 5
2 .5 2
2 .6 7
2 .4 0
2 .8 6
2 .4 1

1 .9 1
1 .9 1
2 .3 6
2 .9 8
2 .5 1
2 .6 7
2 . 40
2 . 86
2 .4 1

1 .9 0
1 .9 1
2 .3 6
2 .9 3
2 .5 0
2 .6 6
2 .3 9
2 .8 6
2 .4 1

1 .8 9
1 .9 1
2 .3 5
2 .9 2
2 . 50
2 .6 6
2 . 39
2 .8 6
2 .4 1

1 .9 0
1 .9 1
2 .3 6
2 .9 1
2 .4 9
2 .6 5
2 .3 8
2 .8 6
2 .3 9

1 .9 2
1 .9 0
2 .3 5
2 .9 0
2 . 49
2 .6 5
2 .3 8
2 .8 5
2 .3 9

1 .9 1
1 .8 8
2 . 31
2 .9 0
2 .4 7
2 .6 1
2 .3 4
2 .8 0
2 . 37

1 88
1 . 86
2 .2 6
2 84
2 .4 1
2 .5 4
2 .2 9
2 .7 2
2 .3 2

f u r n it u r e

Furniture and fixtures______________
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d glass products _
Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
M achinery_______________________
Electricarequipment and supplies____
Transportation equipm ent..'.!_______
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s

Miscellaneous manufacturing industr ie s

Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
T o b a cc o m a n u fa ctu res

2 .1 8

.

Textile mill products. ______________
Apparel and'related products________
Paper and allied produets___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________________________
(*)
Chemicals and allied products..........
Petroleum refining and related Industries__________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products
. . .
Leather and leather products________ ...........

1 .9 8

1 . 97

1 .9 6

1 .9 5

3 .9 7

R 97

1 .9 6

1 .9 8

1 ,9 7

1 .9 8

1 .9 8

1 .9 6

1 .9 2

1 87

2 .1 7
2 .2 4
1 .8 6
1 .6 8
1 .7 3
2 .3 8

2 .1 6
2 . 20
1 .7 8
1 .6 5
1 .7 4
2 .3 7

2 .1 6
2 .2 0
1 .7 7
1 .6 5
1 .7 3
2 .3 7

2 .1 3
2 .1 8
1 .8 0
1 .6 4
1 .6 9
2 .3 6

2 .1 5
2 .2 1
1. 99
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
2 .3 6

2 .1 4
2 .2 2
1 .9 9
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
2 .3 5

2 .1 4
2 .2 2
2 .0 0
1 .6 3
2 .3 4

2 .1 4
2 .2 3
1 .9 7
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
2 .3 4

2 .1 3
2 .2 2
1 .9 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 8
2 .3 3

2 .1 3
2 .2 2
1 .9 0
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
2 .3 2

2 .1 3
2 .2 1
1 .8 8
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
2 .3 3

2 .1 2
2 .1 9
1 .8 5
1 .6 3
1 .6 6
2 .3 2

2 .0 9
2 .1 5
1 .8 3
1 .6 2
1 .6 5
2 .2 9

2 .0 5
2 .0 9
1 . 75
1 . 58
1 .6 2
2 .2 2

(8)

(’)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

2 .6 4

2 .6 2

2 .6 0

2 .6 1

2 .6 2

2 .6 2

2 .6 1

2 .5 7

(3)

(3)

(»)

2 .6 7

2 .6 7

2 .6 6

2 .6 5

(’ 1
2 .6 6

3 .1 0

3 .0 7

3 .0 8

3 04

3 .0 5

3 .0 5

3 .0 4

3 .0 8

3 .0 9

3 .0 6

3 .0 7

2 . 99

2 .9 7

2 .9 4

2 .4 1
1 .7 6

2 .3 8
1 .7 5

2 .3 8
1 .7 5

2 .3 7
1 .7 2

2 .3 8
1 .7 1

2 .3 9
1 .7 3

2 . 38
1 .7 3

2 .3 8
1 .7 3

2 .3 8
1 .7 2

2 .3 8
1 .7 0

2 .3 8
1 .7 1

2 .3 8
1 .7 0

2 .3 5
1 .6 9

2 30

1For comparability of data with those published In issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
th at overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1961

(8)

(!)
2 .5 1

lie s

2Preliminary.
8Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

0 .—EARNINGS AND HOURS

239

T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry1
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1963

Industry
M anufacturing........
Durable goods_____________________
Nondurable goods..............

1 1962

D ec.2 j Nov.*

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

30
3.2
2.9

31
3. 2
3.0

29
3.0
2.8

29
2. 9
2.8

June
80
32
2.8

May
28
29
2.6

Apr.
24
2 fi
2.4

Mar.
9 fi
27
2.6

Feb.

3.0
3.1
2.8
2.2
2.6
1.1
1.8

2.5
2.9
1.1
2.2

2.6
2.7
2.3
2.5

2.7
2.8
2.0
2.6

2.4
2.8
.5
2.1

2.4
27
.7
2.4

2. 2
2 1
.9
2 6

1.6
16
1.2
1.6

32
3.2

36
3.5

38
3.6

4.0
3.9

37
3.8

39
3.9

32
3.2

35
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.7
1.8
2.1
3.2
3.8
37

35
3.0
3.1
3.5
3.7
2.6
2.7
3.0
41
3.2

39
3.2
3.3
3.7
3.8
2.8
3.2
39
40
2 fi

4.2
3.7
3.2
3.5
3.4
2.7
3.4
4.1
4.0
1.9

4. 0
4.2
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.0
4.0
2.2

39
3 5
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.3
2. 8
4.0
2 7

3.1
1.9
3.5
2.3

2.0
3.5
2.2
6.6

3.5

2.2

3.4

2.2
3.4
2.0

3.5

3.4
2.4
3.6

2.0

3.5
2.3
3.5
1.9

2
3.4

6.5
3.2

6.4
3.0

.5
3.1

6

2.1
3.4
2.0
6.2
3.0

2.7

2.4

2.7

3.3

3.1

3.0
3.2
2.8

Annual
average

Jan.

Dec.

9 fi
2.5

9 fi
2. 4

8 1
2.6

1962
98
9 8
2.7

2 1
1.9
2 1
2.4

2 fi
24
22
2.6

2 6
24
99
2.9

29
2 7
40
2.9

22
19
8n
2.5

18
l ’fi
22
2.1

29
3.0

a o
3.0

29
2.9

9 8
2.9

80
2.9

82
3.1

2 9
2.9

35
3 5
3.1
2.5
2.6
1. 8
1.8
2. 5
3 9
19

3 1
28
2 6
2.2
24
1. 3
1.2
1.9
34
t fi

82
2 6
2 9
2.6
29
18
13
2 1
31
18

8n
22
27
2.5
2 7
19
17
20
28
1 fi

28
19
2 fi
2.6
2 7
19
1.9
9 1
28
1 fi

88
24
2 7
3.3
36
22
16
29
30
18

88
29
29
2.9
3.0
2 1
30
2 fi
34

3.6

3.3
2.3

3.3
0
.6

2
2
1.8

3.3
1 7
2. 5

3.3
6
2 4
1,7

1

3.8
1 3
2 5
1.9

1
1
2.8
1.8

2 7
1.5

4. 5

2.8

2.6

3 7

3 5
2.4

3.8
2.4

5 4
2.7

fi 0
2.3

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.4

1.9
1.3
1
2.5

1961
2 4
2 8
2.5

D u ra b le goods

Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arms
Sighting and Are control equipment
Other ordnance and accessories______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____
Sawmills and planine mills
Millwork, plywood, and related prodnets.................. __................ .............
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products
Furniture and fixtures___
Household furniture
Office furniture _
Partitions; office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures_________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Flat glass_______ _______
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown...
Cement, hvdranlic
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products___________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_______________________
Other stone and mineral products____
Primary metal industries___
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries__________
Nonferrons smelting and refining
Nonferrous rolling, drawing and extrading_____
_______________
Nonferrous foundries. .
Miscellaneous primary metal industries___ ______ _______________
Fabricated metal products____________
Metal cans.................. .................
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware.............. ...............................
Heating equipment and plumbing fixturns-.__________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine Products, bolts, etc .
Metal stampings ..................... ............
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products................................ .................. .
Machinery_________________________
Engines and turbines................ ............
Farm machinery and equipment__
Construction and related machinery...
Metalworking machinery and equipment......................... ..........................
Special industry machinery...................
Genera! industrial machinery...... ........
Office, computing, and accounting machines_______________________ .
Service industry machines..
. .
Miscellaneous machinery............ ........
Electrical equipment and supplies...___
Electric distribution equipment______
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
Household appliances_____ _________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and T V receiving sets_________
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_____________________
Transportation equipment,..
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
Aircraft and parts. .................................
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment........ .......................
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices__________ _____ _______________
Optical end ophthalmic goods________
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment ________ _________ _____________
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches and clock’s_________ 2.*_____ .......
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5.7
3.0

3.4

2.5

2.4

3.3
2.4

6

2.8
1.6

5.6
2.5

2.8

1.6

7
3.5
8

2

8

9

fi

0
2.4
24
2n
94
20
82
9

3.6

1fi

3.4

1.5
3.5
3.2

2.1
3.3
2.9

2.7
4.3
2.9

2.8
39
2.9

2.8
3.1
2.9

1.8
3. 5
2.9

1.5
36
2.8

1.3
3 1
2. 8

1.1
35
3.0

2.3
1.4
2.9
2. 7

38
2.9

3.8
2.8

3.7
2.8

4,3
3.0

3.7
2.8

2.5
2.7

34
3.1

3.3
3.0

3.5
3.2

3.9
3.3

3. 6
2.9

31
2.3

3.5
3.4
2.9

3 8

35
4.1

2.9
3.3
5.1

3.3
3.1
4.1

3.3
3.3
4. 2

3.3
3. 0
3. 3

2. 7
2. 4
3,1

30
2, 7
2.3

30
2. 6
2.5

34
27
2.7

3.9
2.9
2. 4

32
2. 9
3.5

94
24
3.2

3.4

2.9

2.8

2.4

2.1

2.8

3.0

2.0

2.0

2.5

2.8

3.1

2.5

2.1

22
3.0

2.6
3.1
3.5
4.5

24
3. 5
4n

2.4
3.4
3.6

2.3
3.3
3.4

2.5
3.1
3.9

2.0
2.7
3.8

1.3
2.0
3.1

1. 7
2.2
3. 5

1. 8
2.1
3.9

1.9
2.0
4.0

2.1
2.3
4.3

19
2.5
4.0

1 fi
23
2 fi
9 9

1.2
42
2.8

1.2
3.8
3.1

38
30

3.7
3.1

33
3 2

3.3

3. fi
3 8
3.6
3.3

94

4.1
3.3

1.8

3 8

9

4 2
4.2
3.3

3.5
3.6
3.2

2.8

3.9
3.6
2.9

3. 7
3 .3
2.8

3 .0
2.6
2.2

3 .3
3.1
2.8

3. 2
2 .8
2.8

3 .4
3 .2
2.9

3. 6
3.5
3.0

3. 6
3 .3
3.0

3 0
3 3

2.4
3 .2
2.4
2.1
2.8

2. 5
3.4
2.6
2.1
3.1

2.7
3.1
2. 2
2.1
2.7

2. 2
2 .8
1.8
2.2
2 .2

2.6
3 .2
2. 7
2.6
2.4

2.3
3.0
2 6
2.5
2 .3

2. 4
2.9
2 .0
2.0
2 .2

2. 7
3.1
2. 5
1.9
2.3

2,6
3.1
2. 2
2.1
2.6

9 8

3.0

3.3

2.8
2.7

3.0

2 8
3.2
2 0
2.1
2.8

3.0

2.6
3.2
2.1
1.9
3.0

5 0
3.5
3.1

4.6
3.4
3.1

4 4
3.6
3.3

4.6
3.3
3.0

4.9
3.5
2.9

5.2
3.7
2.9

4.9
3 .4
2.4

4.6
3.1
2.0

5.J
3.5
2 .4

4.7
3.5
2 .3

4. 4
3.5
2.2

4.7
3.7
2.6

4.7
3.5
2.8

3. 4
2 .8
2.0

? 2
18
4.4

2 4
2 3
2.2
2.2
1.6
1.9
2.0

2 1
1.8
4.3
2 2
2.4
2 4
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.0

1.8
2.5
4.0
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.7

1. 5
2.2
4.0
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.0
2.0
3.5
1.7

1. 7
2.5
4.4
2.2
2.4
2 .4
2.7
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8

1.6
2 .3
4.2
1.9
1.9
2 .3
2,0
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.8

1.3
1.7
3.5
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.5
.8
1.3
1.6

1.7
2 .3
4.1
1.9
1.8
2.2
2 .2
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.9

1. 5
1.8
3.9
2.0
1.8
2.4
1.6
1.6
1,4
2.1
1.9

1.3
1.6
4.1
1.9
1.5
2.1
1.3
1.7
1.1
2.2
1.7

Î. 5
1.7
4.3
2.4
2.5
2.3
2 .3
2.0
2.0
2.5
2 .0

1. 5
2 .0
4.1
2 .2
2 .0
2 .2
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.5
2.0

3.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.0
1.6
2 .2
1.9

2.7

3.0

fi 1
2 5
2.7

2.8
3.2

24

3 2

2.4
2.7

2.7

2.6

2. 7
2.8

1.9
3.1
3.5
2.6
2.5
2.0
3 .2
2.3
2.3

2.2
3.3
4.0
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.8
2.2
2.1

3.0
3.7
4.5
2.5
3 .3
2.3
3.7
2.4
2.5

2.4
3.5
4.3
2 .2
3.5
1.9
3,5
2 .3
2.2

1.6
2.7
3 .3
1.9
2.8
2.0
2.7
1.9
1.8

1.8
3.1
3 .7
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.8
2 .3
2.6

2.7
3.1
3 .3
2.7
3 ,4
1.6
2.0
2.2
2.4

3.4
3 ,3
3 .8
2.9
3.1
1.6
1.8
2.2
2 .8

3.9
4. 7
6.1
3 .3
3.5
1.5
2.1
2.6
3.1

3 .2
3. 5
4.1
2.9
2.8
2.0
2.5
2. 4
2.8

2 .2
2.5
2.0
2.5
2 .6
.9
1.8
2.1
2 .2

2.5
2.5

2.7
2.8

2.6
2.7

2.5
2.1

2.5
2.3

2. 5
2.5

2 3
2.4

1.9
2.1

2.1
2.5

1. 9
2 .3

1.9
2.0

2. 6
2.1

2. 2
2.2

1 9
2.0

2.0
2.9
1.7

2.1
3.2

2.3
3.1
2.3

2.1
2.0
2.2

1.9
2.4

2.4
2.4
LO

1.9

1. 9
3 .2
1.7

.6
3.1
1.5

2.2
1.8

2. 3
2.9
1.9

2.9
1.5

3 4

l' 9

21

54

2.2

2.2

99
4.0
2.7
2 fi
2. 5
2 1

9O
1 9

2.5
3.7

99
3 0
2.4

1.0

2.0
2.8

1.6

2 .3
1.4

2.1

2.9
1.7

1

3 .0

2 fi
1 8
1.0
1.9

9 9

i. a

2.1

240
T a ble

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 220.
1962

1063
Industry

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries .
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware
Toys, amusement and sporting goods ..
Pens, pencils, office and"art m aterials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______

Dec.

1962

Dec.8 Nov.8 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

2.6
4.1
2.3
2.0
2.5
2.6

2.7
4.0
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.7

2.6
3.4
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.6

2.2
2.7
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.1

1.9
2.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.0

2.1
2.7
1.6
2.1
2.4
2.3

2.0
2.8
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.2

1.9
2.4
1.5
1.4
2.0
2.0

2.2
2.7
1.7
1.8
2.3
2.5

2.1
2.6
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.3

2.0
2.5
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3

2.4
4.2
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.6

2.3
3.0
1.9
2.0
2.2
2. 5

2.5
3.1
l.f
1.
1.Í
2.

3.5
5.1
2.7

3.5
4.0
2.7

3.8
4.5
3.2

3.5
3.5
3.2

3.8
3.8
3.6

3.7
3.9
3.5

3.4
3.6
3.3

2.9
2.9
3.2

3.1
3.2
3.2

3.0
2.9
3.0

3.1
3.3
3.1

3.4
4.2
3.2

3.4
3.6
3.4

3.
3.
3.

1.8
6.5
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.9
4.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
3.7
4.4
5.2
2.5
3.0
2.2
4.6
4.8
3.6
3.9
1.3
.9
.9

2.4
7.5
3.0
4.4
2.9
3.1
4.1
1.1
.8
1.8
3.6
4.0
4.7
2.9
3.3
2.4
4.3
5.1
3.4
4.0
1.4
1.0
1.0

3.2
7.2
3.3
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.0
1.4
1.6
1.4
3.3
3.4
4.4
3.4
2.7
2.3
3.9
5.4
3.0
3.3
1.4
1.0
1.3

2.8
6.6
3.2
3.5
2.5
3.6
4.1
1.4
1.9
1.3
3.3
3.4
4.3
3.3
2.7
2.4
3.7
4.5
3.1
3.7
1.5
1.1
1.5

2.5
7.5
3.5
3.8
2.1
4.4
4.0
1.4
1.8
1.1
3.1
2.9
3.9
3.8
3.2
2.4
3.3
4.1
3.1
3.5
1.3
.8
1.3

2.3
6.9
3.4
3.5
2.6
4.1
3.8
1.5
2.0
1.2
3.4
3.1
4.4
4.0
3.1
2.4
4.5
4.2
3.5
4.2
1.3
1.0
1.3

2.3
6.3
3.2
4.4
1.8
3.2
3.8
1.0
1.3
.9
3.2
3.2
4.4
3.7
3.4
2.0
4.1
3.5
3.2
3.3
1.3
1.1
1.2

1.9
4.7
2.9
3.9
1.7
2.9
3.4
.3
.4
.1
2.8
3.0
3.7
3.0
2.9
1.6
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.8
1.1
.9
.9

2.3
5.4
2.8
3.3
2.3
2.8
3.6
.8
1.0
.8
3.1
3.0
3.9
3.6
3.0
1.8
4.6
4.8
3.1
3.3
1.4
1.3
1.1

2.2
5.6
2.7
3.1
2.3
2.3
4.0
.7
.5
1.1
3.0
2.9
3.9
3.7
3.0
1.7
4.2
4. 9
2.8
3.4
1.3
1.3
1.0

2.2
5.8
2.5
3.1
2.3
2.3
3.8
.6
.5
.7
2.8
3.0
4.0
3.4
3.3
1.6
3.1
3.3
2.5
3.2
1.0
1.1
.9

2.2
6.1
2.9
2.7
3.0
2.4
4.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
3.0
3.0
4.3
3.1
3.2
1.7
4.4
4. 4
2.6
3.7
1.2
1.3
1.0

2.6
6.3
3.1
3.7
2.5
2.8
3.9
1.0
.9
.9
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
2.2
4.2
4.1
3.2
3.5
1.3
1.2
1.2

2.
6.
2.
4.
2.
2.
3.
1.
1.
I.
2.
2.
3.
3.
2.
2.
3.
3.
2.
2.
1.

1.1

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.8

1.5

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.

1.4
1.4
1.5
1.0

1.2
1.0
1.5
.9

1.3
1.2
1.3
1.0

1.0
1.0
.7
.7

1.4
2.0
1.2
.9

1.1
1.7
1.2
.8

.9
1.1
.8
.8

1.2
1.2
.7
1.2

1.3
1.5
1.2
1.2

1.
1.
1.
1.

___
____

Jan.

Annual
average
1961

Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products___________
Meat products________________
Dairy products____________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats____ ___________ _ .
Grain mill products..___________
Bakery products_______________
S u g ar...__________ _____
Confectionery and related products__
Beverages— ! __________ 2_____
Miscellaneous food and kindred products. —
Tobacco manufactures__________ _____
Cigarettes_______________ _
Cigars__________________
Textile mill products__ .
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens
Narrow fabrics and smallwares............
K nitting.. _ .
_____________ .
Finishing textiles, excent wool and knit.
Floor covering______________
Yarn and thread___________________
Miscellaneous textile goods________
Apparel and related products____ _
"Men’s and bovs’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings. . _
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear__________ _____
Women’s and children’s undergarments__ ________ ________ _ .
Hats, caps, and millinery_____ _____
Girls’ and children’s outerwear__
Fur goods and miscellaneouslapparel .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile" products________________________
Paper and allied products_____________
Paper and pulp____________________
Paperboard.. ______________
Converted paper and paperboard
p ro d u c ts.____________________
Paperboard containers and boxes
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries___________________
Newspaper publishing and printing
Periodical publishing and printing.'___
Books.......... ...........................................
Commercial printing_______________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries............................. .........
Chemicals and allied products..____
Industrial chemicals_______________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass.....
Drugs............I______ 2____ 2 ..2 ...
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products
Agricultural chemicals......... .".............. .
Other chemical products______ _____ —
Petroleum refining and related industries...................................................
Petroleum refining................. ........ ........
Other petroleum and coal products ,
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__________________________
Tires and inner tubes___________ .
Other rubber products.........................
Miscellaneous plastic products_____
Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing_____
Footwear, except rubber___2________
Other leather products___ _

1.8
1.0
1.1
1.6

2.0
1.4
1.2
1.6

2.0
1.6
1.2
1.2

1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2

2.2
4.7
5.7
6.1

2.1
4.8
5.5
6.2

2.2
5.0
5.8
6.3

1.9
4.8
5.6
6.4

1.5
4.8
5.9
6.8

1.8
4.6
5.4
6.3

1.8
4.3
5.3
5.5

1.5
3.8
4.8
5,0

1.5
4.3
5.4
5.9

1.4
4.1
5.2
5. 6

1.3
4.1
5.3
5.4

1.8
4.5
5.2
6.3

1.7
4.4
5.2
5.9

1.
4.
5.
5.

3.4
3.9

3.4
4.4

3.8
4.5

3.6
4.1

3.2
3.8

3.2
4.1

2.9
3.6

2.6
3.1

2.9
3.3

2.9
3.2

2.9
3.2

3.3
3.8

3.0
3.9

3.
3.

2.7
2.5
3.6
2.7
3.0
2.2

2.9
2.6
4.1
3.3
3.1
2.3

3.1
2.4
3.9
4.4
3.5
2.4

2.8
2.2
3.3
4. 5
2.9
2.1

2.6
2.3
3.3
3.9
2.7
2.1

2.7
2.6
2.8
3.5
2.8
2.4

2.8
2.7
2.7
3.9
2.9
2.2

2.4
2.0
3.0
3.1
2.7
2.1

2.8
2.0
4.0
3.6
3.2
2.2

2.5
1.8
3.2
2.8
2.8
1.8

2.4
1.7
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.2

3.0
3.0
3.2
2.8
3.1
2.1

2.8
2.5
3.1
3.4
3.0
2.4

2.
2.
3.
3.
2.
2.

2.4
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.4
1.9
3.4
2.9

2.5
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.7
2.4
3.8
2.8

2.9
2.6
2.4
2.3
1.9
3.0
2.4
3.8
3.0

2.9
2.5
2.6
2.3
1.8
2.7
2.6
2.9
3.1

2.4
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.9
3.0
2.9

2.4
2.6
2.5
2.7
2.2
2.4
2.8
3.6
2.8

2.1
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.1
3.1
6.8
2.6

1.9
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.0
2.2
2.0
9.6
2.2

2.5
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.6
2.4
2.0
5.6
2.4

2.7
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.5
2.5
1.7
3.7
2.5

2.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
2.4
2.3
1.5
3.3
2.6

2.6
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.4
2.4
1.6
3.4
2.8

2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.1
4.1
2.6

2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
2.
1.
3.
2.

2.4
2.0
4.1

2.5
1.7
5.4

2.7
2.0
5.2

2.4
1.4
6.1

2.9
2.0
6.2

2.7
1.9
5.6

2.6
1.9
5.1

2.5
2.1
4.0

1.7
1.5
2.5

1.6
1.4
2.6

2.0
1.7
3.1

2.0
1.5
3.9

2.3
1.6
4.8

2.
1.
4.

3.2
4.1
2.7
3.3
1.5
2.9
1.1
1.9

3.3
3.5
2.9
3.5
1.7
3.2
1.2
2.4

3.5
3.7
3.0
3.8
1.6
3.0
1.3
1.9

3.2
3.3
2.5
3.8
1.7
2.7
1.5
2.0

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the m onth. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.1
3.1
2.
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.9
2.9
2.5
2.
2.9
3.5
2.8
2.8
3.3
2.1
2.8
2.3
3.2
2.6
2.9
2.
2.5
2.6
3.0
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.3
3.2
2
3.2
3.4
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.1
2.5
3.5
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
1
1.3
1.3
1.4
.9
1.1
2
2.4
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
3.2
2.8
2.6
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
1
1.2
.9
1.2
.7
1.2
1.6
1.8
1
1.4
1.7
1.4
.9
1.3
1.0
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week­
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
8 Preliminary.

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

241

T able C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
Revised series; see box p. 220.

[1957-59=100]
1963

1962

Activity
Dec.8 Nov.»

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Annual
average

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962

1961

Man-hours
Total.............................................................. . 101.4
Mining..................... ....................................... 79.2
Contract construction,................... .............. 97.8
Manufacturing........................... .................... 103.2
Durable goods................ ........... ........ .
Ordnance and accessories................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture________________
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass p roducts.....
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products..............
Machinery.........................................
Electrical equipment and supplies.
Transportation equipment......... .
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...........................................
Nondurable goods..................................
Food and kindred products.............
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile mill products........................
Apparel and related products.........
Paper and allied products....... . . . .
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries.......................................
Chemicals and allied products___
Petroleum refining and related
industries....... ................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products____________________
Leather and leather products_____

103.0
81.3
107.6
103.2

106. 5
83.8
121.8
104.9

106.7
84.3
121.7
105.0

105.4
84.7
125.6
102.8

103.9
82.6
121.9
101.7

104.4
86.7
116.1
103.1

101.6
84.2
107.6
101.3

98.0
81.3
97.4
99.0

95.8
77.4
83.3
99.0

94.1
78.2
76.5
98.1

95.1
78.8
82.6
98.2

98.0
80.8
88.3
100.6

99.8
83.6
99.3
100.6

95.7
85.6
96.1
96.1

104.7
150.7

104.4
149.2

105.3
150.8

104.9
150.2

101.1
147.6

102.4
146.5

104.7
148.8

103.1
147.8

100.5
144.8

99.6
149.6

98.9
151.8

99.2
153.4

100.9
156.1

100.3
150. 3

94.1
133.4

91.8
110.8
101. 2
97.8
107.1
106.9
116.4
100.1
107.8

93.8
110.2
106.4
95.6
106.8
104.4
115.9
99.0
108.0

98.9
111.6
108.5
95.2
108.1
104.3
117.1
98.2
108.1

100.4
111.6
109.1
97.2
107.9
104.4
116.8
94.3
108.2

99.2
110.8
110.6
97.3
104.7
102.4
113.5
80.3
106.9

95.6
105.3
109.8
101.0
102.7
102.3
112.6
92.4
105. 4

05.3
106.0
109.3
105. 2
105.7
104.9
115. 5
95.0
106.9

94.9
102.6
106.4
102.3
103.4
103.8
113.7
94.7
104. 7

90.2
101.8
101.4
100.2
99.8
103.0
111. 8
92.2
103.5

87.8
102.7
94.9
95.8
98.9
103. 5
113.4
92.2
104. 2

87.1
102.4
91.2
94.0
98.5
102.7
114.5
92.0
103.8

87.8
102.9
92.1
92.1
99.4
102.4
115.9
93.7
103.3

89.5
106.9
95.8
92.1
101.3
102.4
118.7
94.5
105. 2

93.3
104.8
100.3
95.3
100.6
101.9
115.8
88.7
103.2

91.2
97,7
97.7
91.7
94.8
94.4
105.9
80.8
99.4

103.8

109.5

112.1

111.2

107.8

99.9

102.6

100.7

97.2

97.2

95.0

92.4

99.2

102.1

98.0

101.2
92.4
98.6
96.6
109.6
107.5

101.7
94.9
102.7
97.9
109.2
107.5

104.4
101.8
113.5
98.1
112.4
108.6

105.1
105.8
114.7
96.3
112.2
109.1

104.9
104.2
107.7
96.6
114,1
108.9

100.8
97.5
74.6
94.4
107.7
106. 7

101.0
93.4
78.4
97.1
108. 5
107.8

99.0
88.7
76. 5
95.5
108.9
105.1

97.0
85.5
70.9
93.5
105.9
103.3

98.3
86.4
78.3
94.4
130. 9
104.5

97.0
85.1
82.0
93.4
108. 2
103.3

97.0
87.6
90.5
92.8
103.2
104.1

100.3
93.0
100.9
95.8
106.0
106. 5

101.1
95.3
93.2
97.4
106.9
105. 5

98.7
96.5
94.6
94.8
100.2
103,6

107.3
104.7

104.9
104.4

105.8
105.0

105.9
105.4

104.8
105.3

103. 5
105. 2

104. 4
105.9

104.1
106. 4

102.9
107.7

102.3
103.9

100.8
102.3

100.8
102.2

104.1
103.1

104. 7
103.5

104.0
100. 5

78.1

81.3

82.6

84.5

84.6

85.5

84.9

83.4

83.0

78.9

78.4

80.4

81.2

86.1

88.5

114.5
97.5

114.9
94.1

114.5
95.6

114.6
95.4

111. 9
99.1

109.2
96.3

114.3
96.2

112.9
90.2

111.3
87.3

112.4
93.6

111.8
95.6

114.3
95.7

116.0
97.6

113. 4
98.1

102.3
96.7

89 2
115 5
114.4

85 n
100 2
114.1

8fi 2
92 4
112.6

Rfi 5
99 9
112.8

RR 5
ion s
115.4

QO 5
116 4
113.7

108 8
105.4

Payrolls
Mining_____ _____ __ ______ ____
Contract construction__________________
Manufacturing_______________________ 122.1

89.8
131.3
121.5

92.8
149. 7
122.6

94.0
149.5
122.6

93.1
152.2
118.2

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related

90. 2
146.8
118.1

95 9
138 9
119. 9

92 1
128 3
117.4

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-3.
8 Preliminary.

T able C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
Revised series; see box p. 220.

[In current and 1957-59 dollars] •
1963

1962

Item
Nov.8 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

Annual
average
1962

1961

M a n u f a c tu r in g

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars____________________
1957-59 dollars........ ...... ..........................
Spendable average weekly earuings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars__ ______________
1957-59 dollars_________________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars..................... ...........
1957-59 dollars...................................

$100.85 $100.53 $100.53 $98.42 $99. 23 $100.37 $99. 23 $97. 36 $98.09 $97. 20 $97. 44 $98.01 $97.36 $96. 56
93.90 93.78 93.87 91.90 92. 65 94.16 93. 44 91. 68 92.36 91.61 91.92 92. 64 91.85 91. 61
80.75
75.19

80.51
75.10

80.51
75.17

78.89
73.66

79. 51
74. 24

80.38
75.40

79. 51
74.87

78.04
73. 48

78.63
74.04

77.92
73. 44

78.11
73. 69

79. 02
74. 69

78.50
74.06

77. 86
73. 87

74. 60
71.59

88.58
82.48

88.31
82.38

88.31
82.46

86.58
80. 84

87.25
81.47

88.18
82.72

87. 25
82.16

85. 72
80. 72

86. 31
81.27

85. 58
80.66

85. 78
80.92

86. 72
81.97

86.19
81. 31

85. 53
81.15

82.18
78. 87

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$92.34
88.62

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price index.
8Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w , January 1959, pp. 50-54.

242

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

D.—-Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D-X. Consumer Price Index1—All-city average: *A11 items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1957-59=100]
1962

1963
Group
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

All items.........................................................

107.6

107.4

107.2

Food *________ ____ ____ ______________
Food at home................................... ......
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish.............. ...
Dairy products.................................
Fruits and vegetables___________
Other foods at home *___________

105.4
103.7
109.0
99.2
105.0
109.8
100.2

105.1
103.4
109.1
99.7
104.8
108.2
99.5

104.9
103.2
109.1
100.4
104.6
106.3
99.6

Housing4.........................................................
R en t............... ..........................................
Gas and electricity........ .............. .........
Solid and petroleum fuels.......................
Housefurnishings__________________
Household operation_______________

106.9
107.3
108.1
105.8
98.8
110.9

106.6
107.2
108.0
105.4
98.8
110.7

Apparel.......................... ........ .......................
Men’s and boys’___________________
Women’s and girls’...... ..........................
Footwrear..................................................
Other apparel *____________________

105.5
106.2
103.3
111.2
102.1

Transportation.................. - ..........................
Private__________________________
Public___ ___________ _____ _____

108.9
107.5
118.3

Aug.

July

107.1

107.1

107.1

105.4
103.8
109.1
101.5
104.3
108.1
99.5

106.0
104.5
109.1
101.4
104.2
114. 2
98.0

106.2
104.8
109.2
100.2
103.3
118.7
97.8

106.3
107.1
108.1
104.5
98.7
110.5

106.2
107.0
108.0
103.7
98.6
110.7

106.0
106.8
107.2
102.6
98.3
110.6

106.0
106.7
108.1
102.3
98.5
110.3

105.6
106.1
103.5
111.1
102.0

105.4
105. 7
103.5
110.9
101.8

104.8
105. 2
102.5
110.7
101.4

104.0
104.7
101. 2
110.6
101.1

109.1
107.8
117.6

109.0
107.7
117.6

107.9
106.5
117.1

Dec.

1963

1962

106.0

105.8

106.7

105.4

104.7
103.2
108.7
102. 5
103.8
106.4
97.6

103.5
101.9
108.2
102.5
103.9
100.2
97.2

105.1
103.5
109.1
100.2
103.8
111.0
97.8

103.6
102.2
107.6
101.7
104.1
105.0
96.1

105.4
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.3
109.3

105.4
106.3
108.2
104.9
97.9
109.3

105.2
106.2
108.1
104.8
98.6
108.1

106.0
106.8
107.9
104.0
98.5
110.2

104.8
105.7
107.9
102.1
98.9
107.4

103.6
103.9
101.1
110.0
101.1

103.3
103.7
100.7
109.9
100.9

103.0
103.5
100.2
109.8
100.3

103.9
104.3
101.5
109.9
101.3

104.2
104.7
101.7
110.5
101.2

103.2
103.3
100.9
109.3
100.6

107.0
105.5
116.5

107.0
105.6
116. 4

106.8
105.3
116.3

106.6
105.3
115.7

108.0
106.8
115. 7

107.8
106.4
116.9

107.2
105.9
115.4

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

106.6

106.2

105.0
103.4
109.2
98.4
102.8
115.6
96.9

104.3
102.5
109.3
98.0
102.8
113.9
94.5

106.2

106.2

106.1

104.2
102.6
109.2
98.3
102.9
112.0
96.2

104.6
103.0
109.1
100.7
103.5
109.6
96.7

105.0
103.5
109.2
102.1
103.6
109.4
97.1

105.9
106.7
108.1
102.1
98.5
110.2

105.7
106.6
107.4
102.4
98.4
110.0

105.8
106.5
107.6
104.2
98.5
109.9

105.7
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.6
109.7

103.9
104.5
101.2
110.5
101.1

103.9
104.4
101.2
110.6
101.0

103.7
104.2
101.1
110.3
100.9

103.8
104.1
101.4
110.2
100.9

108.3
106.9
117.1

107.8
106.4
116.6

107.4
106.1
116.6

107.4
106. 0
116.5

June

Annual
average

Medical care................................................... 117.5

117.5

117.4

117.2

117.1

116.9

116.8

116.4

116.1

115.8

115.6

115.5

115.3

116.7

114.2

Personal care_________________________

108.8

108.4

108.4

108.2

108.0

108.0

107.8

107.8

107.6

107.3

107.3

107.4

107.6

107.9

106.5

Reading and recreation________________

113.1

112.8

112.7

112.3

112.1

111.5

110.9

110.7

111.0

110.1

110.0

110.2

110.0

111.5

109.6

Other goods and services............................. . 108.3

108.3

108.2

108.0

108.0

108.0

107.6

106.0

105.8

105.7

105.7

105.7

105.6

107.1

105.3

Special groups:
Ail items less food_________________
All items less shelter_______________
All commodities less food___________

108.5
107.5
104.5

108.4
107.4
104.5

108.1
107.2
104.3

107.8
107.1
103.8

107.6
107.2
103.6

107.5
107.1
103.5

107.3
106.6
103.3

107.0
106.1
103.0

107.0
106.1
103.0

106.8
106.1
102.9

106.6
106.1
102.7

106.5
105.9
102.6

106.7
105.8
103.4

107.4
106.7
103.5

106.1
105.4
102.8

All commodities___________________
Nondurables8...................................
Nondurables less food......................
Nondurables less food and apparel.
Durables 7_____________________
Durables less cars___________

105.0
105.6
105.9
106.2
102.2
98.9

104.8
105.4
105.8
106.0
102.5
98.8

104.7
105.2
105.6
105.8
102.2
98.7

104.6
105.3
105.2
105. 5
101.5
98.6

104.7
105.5
105.0
105.7
101.4
98.5

104.7
105.5
104.8
105.5
101.3
98.5

104.1
104.8
104.5
105.0
101.3
98.4

103.6
104.2
104.2
104.7
101.0
98.3

103.6
104.2
104.3
104.7
100.9
98.4

103.7
104.4
104.2
104.7
100.8
98.5

103.8
104.5
104.1
104.6
100.6
98.4

103.6
104.3
104.0
104.7
100.4
98.5

103. 6
104.0
104.6
105.1
101.7
98.6

104.2
104.9
104.8
105.3
101.3
98.5

103.2
103.6
103.8
104.2
101.5
98.8

All services8_______________ ______
All services less r e n t................. ......
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity________
Transportation services______
Medical care services________
Other services___

112.6
113.5

112.3
113.2

112.1
112.9

111. 9
112.8

111.7
112.6

111.5
112.4

111.3
112.2

111.1
111.9

111.1
111.9

110.8
111.6

110.5
111.2

110.5
111.2

110.1
110.8

111.5
112.3

109.5
110.2

111.2
113.7
120.9
112.4

111.0
113.3
120.8
112.0

111.0
113.1
120.7
lll.fi

111.1
112.9
120.5
111.3

110. 7
112.7
120.4
111.2

110.7
112.4
120.2
110.9

110.6
112.3
120.1
110.5

110.2
112.2
119.5
110.3

110.2
112.0
119.2
110.5

110.2
111.8
118.9

109.9
111.4
118.7
109.6

109.9
111. 1
118.5
109.7

109.1
110.9
118. 2
109.3

110.6
112.4
119.9
110.8

108.5
111.2
116.8
108.7

•The Consumer Price Index for December 1963 calculated from a 1947-49
=100 base was 132.0.
i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meal3
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
* Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
4In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
5Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
* Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

110.0

(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspaper, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
7Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
covering, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
8Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop­
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, reflnishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

243

D-2. Consumer Price Index1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1957-59=100]

1903

City
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1962
May

Apr.

Annual
average

1963
(194749=100)

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962

1961

Dec.

All Items
All-city average3____

107.6

Atlanta, Oa .
Baltimore, Md
Boston, Mass.
Chicago, 111________
Cincinnati, Ohio___

105.8
107.5

0
105.8

0
105.5

Cleveland, Ohio____
Detroit, Mich______
Houston, Tex______
Kansas City, M o___
Los Angeles, Calif___

(3)
103.6

105.0
103. 7
106.7

0
108.7

109.3

Minneapolis, M inn._
New York, N .Y ____
Philadelphia, P a ____
Pittsburgh, P a_____
Portland, Oreg_____

0
109.9
108.5

St. Louis, M o ...........
San Francisco, Calif..
Scranton, P a............
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D.O___

107.3
109.9

105.1

0

0
0

0
0
0

107.4

107.2

107.1

(«)
110.0
105.7
(8)

105.2
107.1
(8)
105.6
105.1

(»)
103.5
(8)
108.7
109.1

(9
109.7
108.3
(9

107.1

106.6

106.2

106.2

106.2

106.1

106.0

105.8

105.4

104.2

132.0

0

(8)
(8)
105.7
(8)

(8)
(8)
109.8
106.0
(®)

104.9
106.8
(8)
105.2
104.6

(8)
(!)
(8)
105.0
(8)

(8)
(8)
109.2
105.0
(8)

104.9
106.2
(8)
105.2
104.5

(8)
(3)
(8)
104.7
(8)

(8)
(3)
108.6
104.7
(8)

104.5
105.7
(8)
104.7
104.0

104.1
105.2
107.4
104.6
103.6

103.2
104.4
105.1
103.6
102.6

131.0
133.4
(8)
133.4
127.9

(8)
103.3
(8)
(8)
108.6

105.1
104.4
106.2
(8)
108.4

(8)
103.9
(8)
107.1
108.0

(*)
103.5
(8)
(8)
107.4

104.3
102.4
104.4
(*)
107.6

(8)
102.1
(8)
106.4
108.0

(8)
102.6
(8)
(8)
107.7

104.3
102.6
105.0
(8)
107.8

(«)
102.5
(8)
105.9
107.3

(8)
102.5
(8)
(8)
107.2

103.5
102.2
104.6
106.1
106.6

103.2
101.9
102.6
104.5
105.4

(8)
127.7
(8)
(8)
135.5

0

107.4
109.4
108.2
107.4
107.1

(»)
109.3
107.6
(8)
(8)

(8)
109.3
107.5
(8)
(8)

107.7
109.2
107.4
107.9
106.8

(8)
108.7
107.2
(8)
(8)

(8)
107.8
106.2
(8)
(8)

106.5
107.9
106.4
106.3
106.2

(8)
107.6
106.4
(8)
(8)

(8)
107.6
106.2
(8)
(8)

106.0
107. 5
105.9
106.5
105. 7

(8)
106.9
105.7
(8)
(8)

105.5
106.4
105.2
105.9
104.6

104.2
104.8
104.4
105.0
104.1

(3)
132.4
133.2
(3)

(8)
(8)
107.9
109.3
107.1

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

106.5
109.2
(8)
(*)
(*)

(8)
(8)
107.6
109.1
106.8

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

105.6
108.9
(*)
(8)
(’)

(8)
(8)
106.7
107.4
106.1

(8)
(S)
(8)
(8)

{*)
(8)
106.9
107.2
105.6

(8)
(*)
(8)
(*)
(8)

106.0
107.8

0
0
0

105.1
107.4
105.9
106.5
104.6

103.9
105.8
104.1
104.9
103.7

133.2
139.5

0

105.8
108.4
(8)
(8)
(8)

0
«

0

0

0

107.1

0

0

0
(3)
0

Food
All-city average3.......

105.4

105.1

104.9

105.4

106.0

106.2

105.0

104.2

104.3

104.6

105.0

104.7

103.5

103.6

102.6

Atlanta, Ga_..............
Baltimore, M d_____
Boston, M a s s ...........
Chicago, 111________
Cincinnati, Ohio____

103.8
105.7
108.4
105.2
102.7

103.7
104.4
108.0
105.4
102.5

104.0
104.7
108.1
105.8
102.6

104.1
105.4
108.1
106.1
103.2

104.8
105.7
109.0
107.6
103.7

105.0
106.0
108.6
107.5
103.5

103.7
104.8
106.6
105.9
102.9

102.3
103.5
106.2
104.7
102.3

102.7
103.5
106.6
105.0
102.2

103.8
103.7
106.5
105.7
102.6

104.2
103.9
106.3
105.4
103.7

104.0
104.6
106.4
105.6
103.1

102.7
103.4
105.7
104.3
101.7

103.0
103.3
104.6
105.3
101.9

101.8
102.4
102.4
103.2
101.8

Cleveland, Ohio
Detroit, Mich _
Houston, T e x ...........
Kansas City, M o___
Los Angeles, Calif__

101.9
100.8
105.5
105.3
107.8

101.6
100.9
105.0
105.2
107.6

101.7
100.7
104.8
105.1
107.5

102.2
101.3
105.3
105.0
107.0

103.6
103.0
104.7
105.2
107.1

102.6
103.4
104.6
105.1
107.7

101.6
102.0
103.1
103.9
106.3

100.7
100.7
102.0
102.1
105.9

100.8
100.8
101.8
103.3
106.6

101.7
101.1
102.3
103.6
106.8

102.2
101.7
103.0
104.3
107.8

101.7
101.3
103.2
103.2
106.8

100.8
100.6
102.4
103. 2
105.6

101.0
101.1
102.9
103.3
105.5

100.9
101.4
101.3
101.9
104.5

..............—

Minneapolis, M inn...
New York, N. Y........
Philadelphia, P a ____
Pittsburgh, P a_____
Portland, Oreg_____

103.4
107.8
104.3
103.3
105.6

103.0
107.4
103.9
102.9
105.4

103.2
106.9
104.3
102.9
105.2

102.9
107.4
104.3
103.6
105.5

102.4
108.1
105.2
104.4
106.2

103.7
108.2
105.1
104.6
105.8

102.1
106.9
104.5
103.7
104.8

101.7
106.3
103.2
103.2
104.1

102.0
106.3
103.1
103.1
104.5

101.8
106.6
104.1
104.1
104.6

101.7
106.8
104.4
104. 3
105.2

101.5
106.6
104.5
103.2
105.3

100.8
104.9
103.0
101.7
103.9

101.8
104.9
103.1
102.4
103.6

101.2
102.9
101.9
102.3
103.0

—

St. Louis, Mo______
San Francisco, Calif..
Scranton, P a_______
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D .C ___

105.9
106.5
104.7
107.9
103.9

105.1
107.0
103.8
107.4
104.0

105.1
106.6
104.4
107.4
104.6

105.3
107.2
104.8
107.6
105.0

105. 5
107.1
104.4
107-8
105.5

105.7
107.6
105.0
107.8
105.5

104.9
107.0
104. 6
107.1
104.6

103.1
105.9
103.1
106.7
103.3

104.0
106. 5
103.1
107.3
102.9

104.5
106.9
103.3
107.3
103.6

105.0
107.0
104.4
106.9
103.2

104.9
106.7
104.1
106.3
103.9

104.6
105.6
102.9
105.9
101.8

103.0
105.4
103.1
105.7
102.0

102.0
104.0
101.3
104.5
101.6

1See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes In
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.

5Average of 46 cities.
* All Items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.

The Consumer Price Index revision announced in the July 1963 issue is nearing completion. Publi­
cation of the “new series” all-items index for January 1964 is scheduled for the March 1964 issue, with
final detailed tables to be published in April. The “new series” index, which results from the revision
project, will be based on up-to-date samples of cities, retail stores, and service establishments. The
list of goods and services priced for the index will also be modernized and the expenditure weights
will reflect the 1960-61 spending patterns of urban wage earners and clerical workers, including single
persons. For the U.S. as a whole, an index will also be presented for families only. The new indexes
will be issued as continuations of the present series with no change in the base period, 1957-59=100.


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244

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=»100, unless otherwise specified!1
1962

1963

Annual
Average

Commodity group

All commodities__ _

_ ....

Farm products and processed foods........
Farm products________________ _____
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables-.
Grains.....................................................
Livestock and live poultry__________
Plant and animal fibers_____________
Fluid m ilk_________________ _____
Eggs..........................................................
Hay. hayseeds, and oilseeds_________
Other farm products_____________
Processed foods...........................................
Cereal and bakery products...... ............
Meats, poultry arid fish____________
Dairy products and ice cream_______
Canned and frozen ¡fruits and vegetables— ..........................................
Sugar and confectionery_____________
Packaged beverage materials____ ____
Animal fats and oils_________ ______
Crude vegetable oils........__................
Refined vegetable oils.............................
Vegetable oil end products....................
Miscellaneous processed foods »______
All commodities except farm products____
All commodities except farm and foods
Textile products arid apparel....................
Cotton products____________ _____
Wool products____________________
Manmade fiber textile products______
Silk products...........................................
Apparel........ .........................................
Miscellaneous textile products8______
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products......................................................
Hides and skins____________________
Leather_________________________
Footwear________________________
Other leather products............... ...........
Fuel and related products, and power___
Coal_____________________________
Coke______________________
Gas fuels 7........... ........... ................... .
Electric power 7___________________
Crude petroleum and natural gasoline..
Petroleum products, refined
Chemicals arid allied products..................
Industrial chemicals________________
Prepared paint__ ________________
Paint materials___________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_________
Fats and oils, ined ib le........... ..............
Mixed fertilizer___________________
Fertilizer materials___ ___________
Other chemicals and allied products...
Rubber and rubber products__________
Crude rubber_____________________
Tires and tubes________________ .
Miscellaneousrubberproducts « .....
Lumber and wood products.........
Lumber...... .................................
Millwork.................. ................................
Plywood..................................... ...........
Pulp, paper, and allied products................
Woodpulp...............................................
Wastepaper................. ................. ..........
Paper____________________
Paperboard..................................... .......
C onverted paper and paperboard products_________________ _______
Building paper and board..................
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Dec.s Nov,

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962 3

1961

100.3

100.7

100.5

100.3

100.4

100.6

100.3

100.0

99.7

99.9

100.2

100.5

100.4

100.6

100.3

97.2

99.7

99.1

98.5

98.9

99.8

99.1

98.4

97.6

97.4

98.7

99.8

99.3

99.6

98.6

96.2
93.3
94.8 4 96.1
100.3
101.8
87.9
79.9
99.8
101.4
103.4 4103.2
102.4
99.8
114.6 117.5
90.7
90.6
100.4 102.5
4107.3
106.9
91.7
87.7
107.9 107.9

95.1
89.1
101.8
88.0
99.4
102.6
97.9
114.1
90.4
102.2
107.7
93.2
107.4

95.5
88.0
102.9
88.6
99.4
101.8
107.8
110. 5
89.0
100.9
107.0
94.2
108.0

96.3
92.5
98.5
93.5
99.6
100.6
96.0
111.3
88.4
100.9
106.0
95.2
107.9

96.8
97.0
99.5
94.4
100.2
99.8
87.5
111.1
89.1
102. 2
106.4
96.3
107.3

94.9
97.1
101. 4
89.3
101. 4
97.9
79.2
113.8
89.3
102.4
107.0
94.1
106.6

94.4
99.8
102. 9
86.8
101.7
97.3
77.1
112.5
89.5
101.7
107.6
91.9
106.8

95.4
99.6
105.1
88.2
102.0
98.3
81.3
110.7
89.4
99.3
108.1
90.3
106.9

95.4
99.0
103.7
85.6
lui. 8
99.6
99.8
113.8
89.0
09.0
108.0
91.8
107.1

96.5
06.5
103. 0
89.5
100.8
101.1
99.1
113.5
89.1
100.5
108.6
95.6
108.0

98.5
104.0
102.0
04.1
99.3
101.3
ICO. 1
111.9
87.4
100.8
107.4
97.9
107.8

97.3
88.5
101.1
96.2
98.1
101.9
99.3
108.2
89.0
100.9
107.6
99.4
108.1

97.7
97.7
98.8
96.2
98.4
101. 2
95.2
105.4
91.8
101.2
107.6
99.1
106.9

96.0
93.7
95.6
02.5
94.8
103.9
99.0
107.2
93.2
100.7
105.1
95.4
107.5

106.8
124.9
85.7
88.7
76.7
77.4
87.9
107.4
101.1
101.2
101.2
101.5
102. 5
94.6
126.3
102.3
116.0

106.4
131.2
84.1
93.5
4 84.0
84.1
4 87.4
107.8
101.2
100.9
4101.1
4101.3
4101.6
94.4
130.5
102.3
119.0

105.8
125.4
81.8
90.2
84.8
82.3
86.0
108.7
101.2
100.9
100.7
100.2
100.6
94.2
126.1
102.5
116.9

105.3
112.5
80.9
84.1
78.6
80.8
86.2
106. 5
100.8
100.7
100.5
99.9
100.6
94.0
130.1
102.3
116.9

104.8
111.2
80.9
84.3
77.4
79.6
86.1
106.5
100. 8
100.8
100.4
99.7
100. 6
93.9
136.6
102.2
116.5

105.7
120.3
81.1
82.7
83.6
84.3
87.0
104.5
101.1
100.8
100.4
99.8
100.5
93.7
134.5
102. 2
115.1

104.6
132.1
81.1
79.2
83.3
84.4
87.0
103.9
101.0
100.7
100.3
99.7
100.8
83.8
148.0
102.0
117.4

103.4
133.6
80.9
77.2
84.2
85.8
87.0
101.8
100.7
100.5
100.2
99.7
100.6
93.8
144.4
101. 6
118.2

102.9
113.9
80.0
79.1
83.3
84.1
87.2
101.4
100.2
100.4
100.1
100.1
100.8
93.8
150.9
101. 3
116.3

101.3
106.1
79.1
80.0
83.8
90.0
90.5
101.5
100.4
100. 6
100.2
100.2
100.8
93.8
150.9
101.4
114.0

99.8
105.1
79.1
86.0
82.5
89.2
91.9
101.6
100.6
100.6
100.3
100.5
100.7
93.7
151.1
101.4
118. 2

100.0
105.0
79.1
82.8
81.0
88.4
91.9
100. 2
100.7
100.7
100. 4
100.6
100.7
03. 7
149.8
101.3
123.3

95.7
102.8
79.1
85.2
78.9
90.0
91.8
100.4
100. 8
100.7
100. 6
100.8
100. 2
93.7
143. 3
101.7
127.9

98.0
102.2
81.9
88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3
101.8
100.9
100.8
100.6
101. 7
99.1
93.9
125.9
101.5
122.4

101.7
101.2
83.7
94.4
102.6
108.3
102. 7
105.8
100.8
100.8
99.7
100.4
97.1
93.4
113.2
101.0
123.4

102.9
76.3
99.5
108.2
103.1
99.3
98.3
103.6
124.7
101.3
(8)
96.1
96.2
94.3
105.3
91.0
94.9
85.1
103.5
98.4
99.1
93.8
89.9
91.4
97.9
99.1
99.2
106.3
92.4
99.4
94.4
90.8
102.9
96.5

4103. 5
82.7
99.7
4108.2
4103.2
97.9
98.3
103.6
4122.3
101.3
(8)
93.8
96.3
94.2
105.1
4 91.1
95.0
4 90.2
4103.7
98.4
99.0
94.2
91.6
91.7
97.9
4 99.2
99.3
106.2
92.5
99.4
94.4
91.0
102.9
96.0

103.4
80. 5
99.5
108.4
103.4
98.8
97.7
103.6
122.0
101.4

103. 6 104.3
80.5
83.5
100.1 102.2
108. 4 108.4
103. 5 104.0
98.9 100. 4
96.2
95.8
103.6 103.6
120.9 121.2
101.9 102.0
(s)
(8>
96.1
98.7
96.0
96.0
94.6
94.7
103.9 103.0
89.2
89.0
95.1
95.0
81.4
81.7
103.6 103.6
96.9
99.8
98.7
98.9
93.0
93.7
91.6
90.7
91.2
89.1
97.5
97.5
102.6 101.6
102. 7 102.1
104.9 104.2
104.1 100.9
99.0
99.1
91. 7 91.7
91.4
91.2
102.2 102.2
94.1
94.1

104.5
85.8
102.5
108.2
104.3
100.9
94.9
103.6
120.3
102.2
(8)
99.9
96.3
95.0
103.0
91.1
95.2
80.6
103.6
100.8
98.6
93.1
92.5
89.1
97.5
98.3
99.2
103.0
92.6
99.4
91.3
90.8
102.2
94.1

104.8
87.4
103.2
108.2
104.4
100.4
94.2
103.6
120.1
102.2
(8)
99.1
96.4
95.0
103.0
91.7
95.2
78.6
103.6
102.3
98.6
93.2
92.6
89.1
97.5
97.5
98.4
102.4
90.9
99.1
91.3
89.8
102.2
94.1

104.5
85.0
102.8
108.2
104. 5
100.3
95.0
103.6
124.1
102.4
(*)
98. 2
96.3
95.0
103.7
91.5
95.1
77.7
103.7
102. 3
98.6
94.1
92.8
89.0
99.8
07.0
97.6
102.4
91.0
99.0
91.3
92.5
102.2
94.1

105.1
88.4
103. 7
108.3
104. 7
100.8
98.1
103.6
127.8
102.4
o
98.2
96.8
95.4
103,7
93.0
95.2
74.5
103.6
102.3
99.5
94.1
92.7
89.0
99.8
96.5
96.6
102.5
91.2
99.0
89.4
96.6
102.2
94.1

105.1
85.9
104. 7
108.3
104.8
100.3
98.4
103.6
127.8
102.5
<“)
97.1
96.7
95.2
103.8
93.0
95.1
72.7
103.6
102.3
99.5
94.2
93.7
89.0
99.7
96.1
96.2
102.3
90.5
99.1
89.4
96.1
102.2
94.1

106,0
95. 2
105.2
108.3
104.9
100.4
98.3
103. 6
120.8
102.5
i8)
98.2
96.9
96.0
103.8
93.0
95.2
71.7
103.0
100.8
99.6
94.3
94.1
89.0
99.7
95.9
95.9
102.3
90.5
99.0
89.4
94.7
102.2
94.1

106.0
101.6
106.1
108.5
105.5
100.8
98.3
103.6
123.1
102.7
98.1
98.6
96.8
95.9
103. 8
92.9
94.8
72.8
102.8
99.6
99.5
94.4
94.7
89.0
99.7
95.8
95.8
102.1
90.4
99.0
89.4
94.6
102.2
94.1

107.4
106.2
108.5
108.7
104.3
100.2
96.8
103.6
119.2
102.8
98.1
08.2
97.5
96.3
103.8
95.6
96.0
76.3
103.8
101.9
99.4
93.3
03. 0
87.1
99.4
96. 5
96.5
101.8
92.4
100.0
93.2
97.5
102.6
93.1

106.2
107.9
106.0
107.4
103.2
100. 7
97.7
103.6
118.7
102.4
98.0
99.3
99.1
98.4
103.6
99.6
98.3
87.5
102.6
104.3
09.2
96.1
96.3
92.4
100.0
95.9
94.7
101.9
95.7
98.8
95.0
80.5
102.2
92.5

99.5
95.9

99.4
95.9

99.4
96.9

99.6
97.5

100.3
97.6

99.9
96.2

99.7
95.5

99.7
94.1

99.9
95.5

99.6
95.6

99.6
96.2

101.0
97.2

09.5
100.8

103.1
77.3
99.5
108.4
103.4
99.0
97.2
103.6
121.7
101.8
(•)
(8)
95.9
95.6
96.2
96.0
94. 5
94.2
103.9 103.9
89.2
90.8
94.9
94.9
81.3
88.5
103.8 103.8
97.2
97.1
98.9
99.0
93.4
94.2
88.9
91.5
91.7
91.7
97.2
97.9
99.2
69.9
99 3 100.7
108.2 105.6
92.4
92.6
99.1
99.5
95.0
91.7
90.7
90.9
102.8 102.2
94.1
96.6
99.8
97.6

99.8
97.5

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

245

T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified*]
1963

1962

Commodity group

Annual
Average

Dec.8 Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962»

1961

101.3 101.0
100.0 4 99.9
101.0 100.2
104.6 104.6
104.3 104.4
100.6 100.6
92.7 «92.8
Fabricated structural metal products.. 98.9 <98.9
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts.................................................. 108.2 4107.1
102.6 102.5
Agricultural machinery and equipment. 111.7 4111. 4
Construction machinery and equip­
m ent........................... ...................... 111.1 110.9
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m ent___________________________ 110.6 4110.5
General purpose machinery and equip­
m ent_________________________ 104.7 104.7
Miscellaneous machinery___________ 103.8 103.7
Special industry machinery and equip­
ment 10................................................ 105.0 104.7
Electrical machinery and equipm ent... 97.6
97.5
Motor vehicles____________________
99.9
99.9
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock w_________________ 100.5 100.5
Furniture and other household durables. 98.0
98.1
Household furniture________________ 104.7 104.8
Commercial furniture______________ 103.1 103.1
Floor coverings______ _____________ 98.0
97.9
Household appliances______________
91.1
91.2
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs........... .................................... 87.3
87.8
Other household durable goods_______ 103.3 103.4
Nonmetallic mineral products_________ 101.3 4101.2
Flat glass_________________________ 101.0 101.0
Concrete ingredients______________ II 103.1 102.9
Concrete p ro d u c ts................. .............. 101.4 101.4
Structural clay products____________ 103.5 103.5
Gypsum products..... ....................... ...... 106.1 106.1
Prepared asphalt roofing.....................
87.4
87.4
Other nometallic minerals___ ;_____. . . 101.4 101.4
Tobacco products and bottled beverages.I 107.5 107.5
Tobacco products__________________ 105.9 105.9
Alcoholic beverages________________ 101.0 100.9
Nonalcoholic beverages..___________ 127.7 127.7
Miscellaneous products_____________ II 112.2 110.9
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am­
munition______________________ 101.0 101.0
Manufactured animal feeds...... ............. 119.6 117.2
Notions and accessories_____________ 99.1
99.1
Jewelry, watches and photographic
equipment........................ ................ 103.6 4103.6
Other miscellaneous products________ 101.4 101.4

100.9
99.9
99.9
104.6
104.4
100.6
93.1
98.9

100.3
99.1
99.6
104.7
104.2
100.6
93.1
98.7

100.1
99.0
99.4
105.0
104.1
100.6
93.1
98.4

100.0
99.0
99.0
105.0
104.1
100.6
93.3
98.3

100.0
99.0
98.7
104.9
104.0
100.6
93.3
98.2

99.9
99.3
98.7
104.6
103.9
100.8
93.0
98.2

99.4
98.5
98.2
104.5
103.9
100.8
92.9
97.6

99.4
98.4
98.1
104.5
103.9
101.3
92.6
97.8

99.4
98.6
98.0
104.5
104.0
101.1
92.4
98.0

99. 5
98.8
98.0
104.5
103.8
97.5
92.5
98.1

99.3
98. 7
97. 7
103.7
103.8
97. 5
93.3
98.1

100.0

100.7
100.7
100.4

107.0
102.3
111.2

105.0
102.2
110.9

105.0
102.1
110.9

105. 0
102.1
110.9

104.9
102.0
111.0

104.0
102.0
110.9

103.8
101.9
110.9

103.7
102.0
111.0

103.7
102.2
110.8

103.7
102.3
110.8

103. 8
102.3
110.0

All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products........ ............
Iron and steel_____________________
Nonferrous metals........ .........................

102.0

93.2
98.2

103.8
103.2
94.6
99.0

103.9
102.3
109.5

103.1
102.3
107.4
107.5

100.1

110.4

110.1

110.0

109.7

109.6

109.2

108.8

108.8

108.5

108.3

108.3

107.8

110.3

110.2

110.2

109.9

109.6

109.4

109.4

109.1

109.1

109.2

109.3

109.3

107.0

104.5
103.5

104.3
103.5

103.9
103.4

103.9
103.4

103.5
103.4

103. 4
103.3

103.4
103.4

103.4
103.7

103.6
103.4

103.9
103.4

103. 8
103.4

103.3
103.4

102.8
102.8

104.8
97.2
99.9

104.6
97.2
99.3

104.2
97.2
99.5

104.1
97.2
99.8

103.9
97.7
99.3

103.9
97.5
99.8

103.9
97.0
100.2

103.1
96.9
100.7

103.1
97.8
100.8

102.9
97.8
100.8

102.8
98.1
100.8

101.9

100.4

100.8

100.8

100. 5
98.1
104.8
103.1
97.4
91.2

100.5
98.1
104.8
103.0
96.8
91.4

100.5
98.1
104.6
103.0
96.6
91.7

100.5
98.0
104.5
102.8
96.6
91.7

100.5
98.1
104.5
102.8
95.9
91.9

100.5
98.0
104.4
102.3
95.7
92.0

100.5
98.1
104.4
102. 3
95.9
92.1

100.5
98.2
104.6
102.3
96.0
92.3

100.5
98.2
104.5
102.3
95.9
92.3

100. 5
98.3
104. 5
102.3
96.2
92.3

100. 5
98 4
104. 2
102.3
96. 4
93.0

100.5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0

100.2

87.8
103.4
101.3
101.6
102.9
101.3
103.4
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
100.9
127.7
111.2

87.8
103.5
101.1
100.0
103.0
101.3
103.4
106.1
88.2
100.9
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
111.8

87.7
103.3
101.0
98.9
103.0
101.2
103.6
105.8
88.2
100.7
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
111.1

87.7
103.4
100.9
96.6
103.2
101.2
103.5
105.0
88.2
101.2
107.5
105. 7
101.0
127.7
110.4

88.9
103.2
101.2
96.6
103.2
101.9
104.0
105.0
89.1
101.3
105. 8
105.7
101.0
118.2
108.1

88.9
102.9
101.3
96.6
103.0
101.9
104.0
105.0
92.7
101.4
105.2
104. 5
101.0
117.4
107.6

89.4
103.0
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.8
105.0
94.1
101. 4
104.4
102.3
101.1
117.4
108.0

89.4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101.5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.8

90.1
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101.5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
111.5

90.1
102.8
101.4
96.6
102.7
102. 5
10.3. 7
105.0
89.4
102.2
104.3
102. 2
101.1
117.4
111.6

90. 4
102.8
101. 5
96 6
103. 2
102. 5
103.5
105.0
89.4
102.4
104 3
102. 2
101.1
117. 4
110.2

91.1
103.1

95.3
102.5

101.1
117.9
99.1

101.1
119.0
99.1

101.2
117.7
98.7

101.0
116.3
98.7

100. 7
112.1
98.7

100.7
111.2
98.7

100.7
111.9
98.7

100.5
117.1
98.7

101.1
118.2
98.7

101.3
118.3
98.7

101.3
115. 7
98.7

100.8
110.6

103.5
101.1

103.4
101.1

103.5
101.1

103.9
100.9

103.8
101.3

103.9
101.4

103.8
101.4

103.9
101.7

104.0
101.7

104.0
101.8

104. 4
101.5

104.2
101.3

. 1 , , u‘.J!ymary rvoi, new weignts renecttog 1958 values were introduced
,
,
See ‘Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 1890I9b0, M o n th ly L abor R e v iew , February 1962, pp. 175-182.
_4
January 1962, the Indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
8 Preliminary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0

4 Revised.
> Formerly titled "other processed foods.”
8 Formerly titled “ other textile products.’
*January 1958=100.
* Discontinued.
8 Formerly titled “ other rubber products.’
18 January 1961 = 100.

98.4

101.8

100.0

99.5

102.8

101.8

99.3
95.2

101.8

97.0
103.2
192.6
103.5
105.0
94.8

102.5
103.2
103.8
98.6

102.2

102.2

104.1
102.1

101.0

116.9
107.3
98.7

96.8

102.8

103. 2
102.0

100. 6
112.8

103.9

100.9
104.6
98.9
103.5
101.2

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

246
T able

D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] *
1962 Annual average

1963
Commodity group
D ec.3 Nov.
All foods ___________________________________
....................................................
All fish
All commodities except farm products..........................
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products-------Bituminous coal—domestic sizes__________________
Refined petroleum products_____________________
East"Coast m arkets_________________________
M idcontinent m arkets_______________________
Gulf Coast m arkets_________________________
Pacific Coast m arkets_______________________
Midwest markets 5__________________________
Soaps------------------- ---------------- --------------- .............
Synthetic detergents____________________________
Pharmaceutical preparations.........................................
Ethical preparations 6........................................ ......
Anti-infectives 8_________________________
Anti-arthritics 8______ ____ ______________
Sedatives and hypnotics8_________________
Ataractics 8___________ ________________
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergies A.........
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 8-----Diabetics 8_____________________________
Hormones 8___,_________________________
Diuretics 8_________________________ - __
Dermatologicals 8__________ _____________
H erm atinics8__________________________
Analgesics 5______ _ ____________________
Anti-Obesity preparations 8________________
Cough and cold preparations 8................. ........
Vitamins 8_____________________________
Proprietary preparations 8____________________
"Vitamins_______________________________
Cough and cold preparations 8..... ................ —
Laxatives and elimination aids 8___________
Internal analgesics 5__________ ____ ______
Tonics and alteratives 8__________________
External analgesics 8___________ _________
Antiseptics 8____________________________
Antacids 8__ ___________________________
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)----Softwood lumber_________ _________ —....................
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board)-------------------------------------------Special metals and metal products8............. -...............
Steel mill products_____________________________
Machinery and equipment______ ______ - .................
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)— ...........
M etalw orking machinery............... .................. ...........
All tractors_________________________________ _
Industrial valves................................................ ............
Industrial fittings______________________________
Antifriction bearings and components.........................
Abrasive grinding wheels........................ ........ — ..........
Construction materials__________________________
• See footnote 1, table D-3.
* See footnote 2, table D-3.
• Preliminary.
* Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Oct. S ept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. M ar. Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1962 8

1961

99.9 *101.9
107.5 106.1
101.1 101.2
99.3 *99.1
101.0 100.9
96.1 93.8
97.8 95.1
93.0 85.4
96.1 96.1
89.2 89.2
94.6 90.8
105.4 105.4
99.4 *99.4
96.9 96.9
95.8 95.8
88.2 88.2
100.6 100.6
113.2 113.2
100.0 100.0
100.2 100.2
97.6 97.6
103.8 103.8
100.6 100.6
100.0 100.0
108.7 108.7
108.8 108.8
101.8 101.8
100.0 100.0
96.8 96.8
87.7 87.7
101.6 101.6
100.3 100.3
99.2 99.2
103.8 103.8
101.9 101.9
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
104.9 104.9
98.9 98.9
97.6 *97.8
97.8 <97.9

101.0
106.8
101.2
98.3
100.6
95.6
93.4
96.8
95.4
89.2
92.1
105.4
99.6
96.7
95.5
88.2
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
104.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
96.8
87.7
101.6
100.3
99.2
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
104.9
98.9
97.8
98.1

100.2
107.1
100.8
98.1
99.0
95.9
93.4
99.7
95.4
89.7
90.9
105.4
99.6
96.7
95.5
88.3
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
104.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
97.0
87.7
101.5
100.3
98.6
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
104.9
98.9
98.9
99.9

100.1
105.5
100.8
98.0
97.2
96.1
96.2
95.4
97.1
87.2
92.1
105.4
99.6
96.8
95.1
88.3
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.6
100.0
104.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.4
87.7
100.7
100.3
98.6
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
98.9
102.8
102.6

101.3
110.0
101.1
97.9
96.3
98.7
96.2
99.7
100.1
88.2
04.6
103.5
99.6
96.9
95.8
88.3
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.0
100.0
104.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.4
87.7
101.5
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
98.9
101.7
101.9

101.1
114.4
101.0
98.0
94.2
99.9
96.2
105.4
99.7
89.7
95.8
103.5
99.6
96.8
95.7
88.3
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.4
88.1
101.5
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
98.9
97.7
98.5

100.7
115.9
100.7
98.0
92.9
99.1
96.2
102.6
99.7
00.7
93.3
103. 5
99.6
96.9
95.7
88.5
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
100.1
96.7
07.5

98.7
113.6
100.2
98.2
95.5
98.2
98.9
99.7
97.7
90.7
94.5
103.5
99.6
96.8
95.7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100,1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.0
100.1
96.1
96.5

99.0
117.3
100.4
98.3
100.6
98.2
98.9
98.6
97.7
90.7
95.5
103.5
99.6
96.8
95.7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
100.1
95.4
95.6

100.1
118.4
100.6
98.4
101. 5
97.1
98.9
88.6
97.9
90.7
98.0
103.5
99.6
96.6
95.7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.0
100.3
100.1
101.7
101.3
100.0
102.3
102.9
100.1
94.9
9o. 3

101.1
121.9
100.7
98.4
101.5
98.2
98.9
94.4
97.9
91.7
97.6
103.5
99.6
96.6
95.7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
100.9
100.3
99.5
101.7
101.3
100.0
102.3
101.7
100.1
94.6
95.0

99.9
120.9
100.8
98.5
101.5
98.6
100.1
97.5
97.4
91.7
97.7
103.5
99.6
96.1
95.0
86.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
98.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.3
100.9
98.9
94.6
95.0

100.6
119.2
100.9
98.8
98.3
98.2
99.4
98.2
98.6
90.9
94.2
102.6
99.7
97.3
96.9
93.1
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.5
104.0
99.6
100.0
100.7
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.0
88.1
100.5
100.1
100.0
101.1
101.2
100.0
100.8
100.2
99.6
95.6
95.9

100.0
107.9
100.8
97.7
99.9
99.3
100.9
99.6
101.2
89.9
93.5
101.4
100.8
98.0
99.3
99.3
100.3
102.6
100.0
100.0
100.5
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.1
106.9
100.0
99.0
95.4
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.7
93.5

99.6 99.6
101.4 101.1
103. ] 103.1
103.6 103.5
112.9 *112.6
110.5 110.4
113.0 *112.6
107.8 107.8
100.0 100.0
90.8 90.8
96.5 96. S
98.8 * 98.8

99.6
101.1
103.0
103.3
112.4
110.1
111. £
107.8
100. C
90.8
96.3
98.8

99.2
100.5
102. C
103.2
112.1
109.9
in . a
107.2
99.2
90.8
96. c
99.0

99.2
100.4
102. C
103.0
112.1
109.9
111.2
106.7
96. £
90.8
96. E
99.7

99.1
100.4
102.1
103.0
112.0
109.5
110.9
107. 5
95.4
90.8
96.3
99.3

99.5
100.2
102.1
103.1
112.2
109.1
in . a
107.4
91.7
90.8
96.3
98.3

99.2
100.2
102.0
103.0
112.2
108.9
111.1
107.4
91.1
90.8
96.4
98.1

99.2
100.0
101.2
102.7
112.1
108.8
110.7
107.4
90.9
90.8
96.4
97.8

99.2
100.1
101.1
102.6
112.0
108.4
110.6
107.4
90.9
90.8
97.7
97.7

99.3
100.2
101.3
102.9
111.9
108.5
100.5
107.4
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.6

99.1
100.2
101.3
103.0
111.8
108.6
110.4
107.8
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7

99.1
100.1
101.3
103.0
110.9
108.7
109.5
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7

100.1
100.5
101.4
102.9
110.5
108.8
109.4
107.4
93.0
yo. 8
98.5
98.3

98.7
101.0
101.7
102.9
108.3
106.6
108.0
108.7

88.2

92.5
96.2
98.6

8New series. January 1961=100.
«Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESADE PRICES

247

T able D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100]*
1963

Commodity group

1962 Annual average

Dec.« Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
All commodities.

Dec.

1962 «

1961

100.6

100.3

100.6

99.7

99.9

100.2

100 5 100.4

100.6

100.3

98.1
96.1
95.9

94.8
93.7
96.4

94.2
92.8
96.6

96.0
93.9
96.5

94.5
92.8
96.7

95.6
94.7
06.4

96 8 96 8
97.1 97.1
95.8 95.8

97 1
97.4

96 1
04*9
97I 9

95. 5 04.9 94.9 95.3 95.8 96.0 95.9 96.2
102.9 103.0 103.0 103.2 103.2 103.0 103.0 103,1
103.3 102.9 102.0 101. 8 101. 0 100.5 102.3 105. 4
103.3 102.8 102.0 101.8 101. t 100.5 102.3 105.3
103.6 103.1 102.2 102.1 101.2 100.7 102.5 105.8
100.9 100.5 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.5 99.9 100.0

95.8

95.2

95.1

96.9

97.4

103.0
105.6
105.5
106.0

102 7
103.3
103.2
103.5

103 2
104. 0
103l0
104.3

103 ?
101 8
lo lls
102.0

in? g
102 3

102 ?
102.4

100.1 100.2 100.1

100.2

100.3

. 100.3 100.7 100.5 100.3 100.4
Stage o f p ro c essin g

Crude materials for further processing______________ .
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs.................... .............
Crude nonfood materials except fuel_________ HI
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing__________________________ .
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con­
struction___________________ ____________
Crude fuel.......... ........
11111111'
Crude fuel for manufacturing_____ 1111111111
Crude fuel for nonmanufaeturing___ ________
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing_________________________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing....................................................
Intermediate materials for durable manu­
facturing............... .......................................
Components for manufacturing.................
Materials and components for construction._____
Processed fuels and lubricants__________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac­
tu rin g................................................ ....................
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturing_____ _______________ ____ _____
Containers, nonretumable.......... ....................IHIII'
Supplies______ ____ _____________________
Supplies for manufacturing...............IIIIIIIIH
Supplies for nonmanufacturing-........................
Manufactured animal feeds_____________
Other supplies________________ ____ ____

Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)..............................................................
Consumer finished goods..... ........................... HIIII
Consumer foods___ _____
II.
Consumer crude foods...................... IIIIIII
Consumer processed foods..........................
Consumer other nondurable goods_________
Consumer durable goods......... ................ ......
Producer finished goods....... ...................
.II
Producer finished goods for manufacturing__
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing.

92.6 95.1
90.1 4 94.2
96.3 96.1
95.7

95.5

103.1 103.0
104.5 4103.7
104.4 ‘103.6
104.9 ‘ 104.1

94.8
93.8
98.1

101.1 101.0
100.2 ‘ 100.4 100.1
107.1 110.6 108.8

94.8
94.0
95.6

95.7
95.4
95.6

99.1 99.4 99.7
103.7 102.9 106.4 109.8
99.1

99.7

110.2

98.8
103.5

96.8

97.0

97.1

97.1

101.6 ‘ 101.4 101.3 100.8 101.0 100.8
99.6 99.4 99.2 99.0 98.7 98.6
100.1 100.0 100.0 99.8 100.4 100.1

100.4
98.7
99.4

100.1
98. 6

97.5

99. 7

97.4

98.3

97.2

99.4

96.6

99.9

96.6

99.8 101.4

101.1 100.0 100.8 101.2 101.1
97.3 95.5
100.4 100.6
107.0 106.3
105.3 ‘ 105.4
107.1 106.0
112.9 110.6
101.6 101.4

102.3

101.8
102.6

99.2
101.4
102.4

97.6 97.6 99.7 100.3 99.7
100.6 100.9 101.0 100.8 101. 4 101.2
106.5 106.6 106.2 105.8 105. 0 104.7
105.4 105.1 105.0 105.0 105.1 105.2
106.3 106.6 106.1 105. 6 104.3 304.0
111.2 112.2 110.9 109.7 105.6 104.8
101.4 101.8 101.3 101.2 101.6 101.6
97.1

Qfi 8

98.6

98. 7 98.8

98 7
99.9

100I5

97.1

97.2

97.3

97.3

98.0

98.6

99.8

100.0
98 6
98.8
100.6

99.9
98.8

100 4

ion 5
99* 6

101.2 101.2 101.0

99 6 99.7
98.2 98.2
99.0 98.9

100.8 100.8
102.0 102.2

98.5
98.9
100.3

101.9 101.9

QQ 9

98 8

99"3

102.6

98 9
101.4

101.2

102.6

102.3

102.5

OQ 4
102 9
104 6
105 7

100 1

98.6 98.4 97.6 98.4 99 4
100.9 101.1 101.4 101.6 1 0 1 5
105.1 106.4 106.7 106. 6 105.9
105.9 105.7 105.8 105.7 105.9
104.2 106.1 106.5 106.4 105 3
105. 4 110.6 111.4 111. 5 109.1
101.6 101.6 101.6 101.3 101.1

103 fi
104 1
101.3

99 7
lo i.'e

ino 9
102 3
1ns 2
100 6

97 5
100.5

101.4 101.8 101.6 101.5 101.4 101.8 101.5 101.1
101.1 101.6 101.8 101 6 101 7 101 4
100.6 101.1 100.9 100.8 100.8 101.2 100.8 100. 4 100.8
99.9 100.3 100.9 101.2 101.0 101 2 ion 9
99.3 ‘ 101.0 100.4 100.3 100.3 101.0 100.1 99.4 98.2 99.0 100.4 101.4 100.
7 101 3
100 4
98.8 ‘ 100.2 95.4 97.1 95.7 95.4 92.5 93.2 94.2 99.5 98.9
98 fi
95.9
97 6
99.4 101.2 101.2 100.8 101.0 101.9 101.3 100.3 98.9 98.9 100.7 103.4
101.1
101.4
1
0
1
7
100*
102.2 101.7 102.0 101.9 101.9 102.3 102.1 101.8 101.6 101.8 101.7 101.7 101.8 101.6 101*58
99.5 99.6 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.9
ino n ino* 5
103.5 103.4 103.2 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 102.9 102.9 102.9
102 9 '0?' 5
103.0 103 0
105.6 ‘ 105.5 105.3 105.1 105.1 105. 0 104.9 104.7 104.7 104.5 103.0
104.6 104. 7 104. 7
104 4
103 8
101.5 4101.3 101.1 100.9 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.1 101.2 101.4 101.4 101.3 101.4
101.4
101.2

D u ra b ility o f p ro d u c t

Total durable goods......................................................... 101.6 101.5
Total nondurable goods....... ..........
..I.IIIIIH 99.1 100.0
Total manufactures_______________________ IIIIIII 100.9 100.9
Durable manufactures____________ 1.1.111111111 101.9 101.8
Nondurable manufactures______________ I.H H I 99.8 100.1
Total raw or slightly processed goods................. IIIIIII 97.1 99.2
Durable raw or slightly processed goods___
91.2 90. 5
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goodsl
97.4 99.7

1See footnote 1, table D-3,
8See footnote 2, table D-3,
*Preliminary.
*Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.4 101.1 101.2
99.8 99.6 99.6
100.9 100.7 100.8
101.7 101.4 101.5
100.2 99.9 100.0
98.4 98.0 98.2
90.7 90.5 90.0
98.8 98.5 98.7

101.1
100.1

100.9
99.8

100.8 100.6 100.6
99.4

99.0

99.2

100.7 100.7 100.7
99.7 100.2 100 0

101.0 100.8 100.4 100.0 100.2 100. 4 100.6 100.6
101.5 101.2 101.1 100.9 100.9 101.0 101.1 101.1
100.4 100.2 99.5 99.0 99.3 99.7 100.0 100.0
98.9 98.2 98.4 98.4 98.3 99.1 100.2 99.4

89.3
99.5

89.3
98.7

89.9
98.9

89.4
98.9

88.7
98.9

88.6

87.9 86.4
99.7 100.9 100.1

101.0
1001

100 8

101.3
100.1

99.5
89. 2
100.1

101 3

99 6
inn 7
101 4
inn n
98 3
9fi. 2

98.5

N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see “ New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v iew ,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data beginning with 1947, see W holesale P r ic e s a n d P r ic e In d ex es, 1957, BLS Builetin 1235 (1958),

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1964

248

E.-—Work Stoppages
T a ble

E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages
Month and year

Beginning in
month or year

_______________________
_ ___________
. ____________________
. _______ ____ ___
__
_______
_
_
___ _______
_________________
................... .................. .
__ __ _ __________
__________________
___________
_____________
_ ____
_ __ _ _ _______
_ _ ______
______ ________
_____________
__________

2,862
573
4,750
4,985
3; 693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708
3,333
3,367
3,614

1962: Decem ber_____________ _____________________

133

JQ4ii
1947
1Q48
]Q49
|QHO
1951
1952
] 954
I 955
jQfifi
]957
1958
1Q5Q
IQAO
lum
1902

1963: January a. __________________________________
February 2__________________ - ________________
Mar eh 2
_ ___________________________
A prila
........................................... - .............
ATay 2
___________________________
Ju n e a
________________________
J u ly 3
....................................................
A ugust 2 _ _ _________________________________
S e p te m b e r3________________________________________
O c to b e r a _ ________________________________________

November 2
______________________________
December 3___________________________________

230
200

225
350
425
450
400
325
300
290
ISO
80

1 The data Include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estabUshments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year
1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030.000
2,410,000
2, 220,000
3,540,000
2,400,000
1, 530,000
2,650,000
1, 900,000
1,390,000
2,060,000
1, 880, 000
1,320,000
1,450,000
1,230,000

In eflect dur­
ing month

_

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

16,900,000
39,700,000
38,000.000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34.100,000
50,500,000
38, 800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600,000
28. 200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23,900,000
69,000, 000
19,100,000
16,300,000
18,600,000

0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21

.26
.29
.14
.22

.61
.17
.14
.16

331

45,200

146,000

1,330,000

.14

360
320
350
475
600
675
600
575
550
500
425
300

75,000
60,000
45,000

185,000

2,340,000
1, 100,000
1, 110,000
1,050,000
1,750,000
1,740.000
2.060,000
1,620,000
1, 100, 000
1,500,000
1,400,000
1, 000, 000

.23

100,000

125,000
135,000
115,000
75,000

100,000

95,000
70,000
30,000

120,000

90,000
130,000
165,000
190,000
220,COO
185,000
155,000
160,000
145,000
80, 000

.12

. 12
. 1G
. 17
. 18

.20

. 15
. 11
.13
.14

.10

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortage,
* Preliminary.

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