Full text of Monthly Labor Review : February 1962, Vol. 85, No. 2

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L 2, 4

Monthly
Labor

A

KALAMAZOO
MAR 13 iso .

Review
F E B R U A R Y 1 9 6 2 V O L. 8 5 N O .

Unemployment and Its Measurement—A Symposium
New Measures of Employment and Unemployment
The Fourth Convention of the AFL^CIO

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w a n C l a g u e , Commissioner

J. M y e r s , Deputy Commissioner

R o bert
H er m a n

B. B y e r , Assistant Commissioner

W. D u a n e E v a n s , Assistant Commissioner
P eter H

enle,

Assistant Commissioner

P a ul R . K e r s c h b a u m , Assistant Commissioner

J ack Alterman, Chief, Office of Economic Growth Studies
Arnold E. C hase , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
R ay S. D unn, J r ., Acting Chief, Office of Management
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Assistant Commissioner (Management)
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Assistant Commissioner (Field Service)
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H yman L. L ewis , Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R cthman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions

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Monthly Labor Review
UN ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K lein, Editor-in-Chief
M ary S. B edell, Executive Editor

CONTENTS
Special Articles
125
128
130
131
133

Unemployment and Its Measurement:
Unemployment Data Needs for Planning and Evaluating Policy
Adequacy of Unemployment Data for Government Uses
Growth Requirements To Reduce Unemployment
Action Programs To Deal With Unemployment
The Fourth Biennial Convention of the AFL-CIO

Summaries of Studies and Reports
139
145
148
156
161

Labor-Management Policy Committee Report on Automation
Workmen’s Compensation Laws and Employment of the Handicapped
Multiemployer Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining—Pt. II
Wages in Work Clothing and Shirt Factories, May-June 1961
Wage Chronology: Sinclair Oil Companies—Supplement No. 2—1957-61

Technical Notes
167
175

Some Alternative Indexes of Employment and Unemployment
Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index, 1890-1960

Departments
in
183
187
189
194
203


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The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

February 1962 • Voi. 85 • No. 2

Negotiated W elfare and Pension Plans

O ne of the outstanding postwar

0

developments in industrial

1

2

3

|------1-------1-------1

relations has been the striking
growth of collectively bargained

1948

4

5

6

7

8

9

MILLIONS OF WORKERS
10 11 12 13 14 15

i

i

i

i

i

I

I

l

I

I

i

i

HEALTH AND INSURANCE PLANS
PENSION PLANS

health, insurance, and pension
plans.

By 1960, negotiated

health and insurance plans covered
141/2 million workers, and pension
plans 11 million, or 80 and 60
percent, respectively, of all
workers covered by union
contracts.


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This chart is based on information from "H e a lth , Insurance, and Pension
Plan Coverage in Union Contracts,” which is to be published in the
March issue of the Review. That article will also show the industrial
distribution of the workers covered and the extent to which workers
represented by unions have such plans in various industry and union
classifications.

The Labor Month
in Review
W h e n the P r esid en t on January 17 signed
Executive Order 10988, the way was opened for
formal collective bargaining relations between the
Nation’s largest employer—the Federal Govern­
ment—and most of its 2.5 million civilian
employees.
A presidential task force, consisting of the
Secretary of Labor as chairman, the chairman of
the Civil Sendee Commission, the director of the
Bureau of the Budget, the Postmaster General,
the Secretary of Defense, and the Special Counsel
to the President, made the recommendations
which eventuated as the order.
T he order declares , as a policy of good govern­
ment, that “orderly and constructive relationships
be maintained between employee organizations
and management officials.” It then lays down
principles and rules to guide those relationships
and directs all officers and agencies of the executive
branch to be governed accordingly. Some signifi­
cant provisions of the order are outlined in the
following paragraphs.
1. Employees have the right to join unions—or
to refrain from joining—without risk of coercion
or reprisal, and the right, once in a union, to
participate in it as member or officer, “including
presentation of its views to officials [and] the
Congress . . .”
2. Recognition is denied unions which assert a
right to strike against the Government (or to
assist any such strike), advocate overthrow of
the “constitutional form” of government, or prac­
tice racial, religious, or nationality discrimination.
3. Three forms of recognition are accorded
unions. The informal type, in effect, acknowl­
edges that the organization exists and can repre­
sent its members, although the agency need not
consult it on personnel policy matters. Formal
status can be acquired if the union has at least 10


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percent “stable” membership in a given unit in
which no other union has exclusive recognition; it
speaks for its members only and is consulted on
personnel policy; a prerequisite to formal recog­
nition is the filing of officers’ names, union con­
stitution, and objectives. To obtain exclusive
recognition, the organization must be selected by
a majority of employees in a unit and cannot
have within it managerial executives, nonclerical
personnel employees, and certain supervisors;
professional and nonprofessional employees may
not combine in a unit unless the former agree; a
written memorandum of agreement can be nego­
tiated covering all in the unit, although budgetary
matters, the mission of the agency, assignment of
personnel, and the technology employed in per­
forming work are specifically proscribed as nego­
tiable matters; there are other protections of
management’s right to manage.
4. A form of “advisory” arbitration of griev­
ances is permissible if both sides agree, but
application of the recommendation is subject to
approval of the agency head, and only interpreta­
tion of an agreement or application of agency
policy can be thus arbitrated. (A similar form
of quasi-arbitration has been practiced between
the Department of Interior and unions repre­
senting employees of The Alaska Railroad.1)
5. By July 1, 1962, agency heads must issue
regulations to implement the order, including
how to determine bargaining units and to conduct
elections.
6. The Civil Service Commission and the
Department of Labor are made jointly respon­
sible for preparing proposed “standards of con­
duct” for unions and a proposed code of fair
labor practices for employee-management rela­
tions in the Federal Service; the Commission is
made responsible for management training in
employee-management relations.
In summary, the order does two things: It
guarantees certain rights of organization, consulta­
tion, and formal processing of grievances to an
exceptionally large group of workers who by law
are denied the strike weapon; it gives Federal
employee unions some of the representation and
1
See Edwin M. Fitch, “ The Government and Bargaining on The Alaska
Railroad,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1961, pp. 459-462.

m

IV

security safeguards (the union shop is a notable
exception) sanctioned by the Taft-Hartley Act
for unions bargaining with private industry.
Secondly, it ensures by careful exclusions that
there will be no impairment of the sovereignity
of the State.
President Kennedy
emphasized that “the public interest remains the
dominant consideration, administering Federal
employee-management relations, and proper man­
agement responsibilities have been retained and
strengthened . . . by this Executive order.” He
also expressed the belief that the order would
“be a source of strength to the entire Federal
Civil Service.”
Secretary of Labor Arthur J. Goldberg, address­
ing the American Federation of Government
Employees, noted that at times in the past the
relationship between unions of Federal employees
and Government agencies “was one of ill-disguised
hostility.” He predicted that “the voice of the
organizations of Federal employees will increas­
ingly be heard in the councils of our Government
and throughout the land,” and he urged that
“it be the voice of responsibility.”
John W. Macy, Jr., chairman of the Civil
Service Commission, called the order “the start of
a new era in personnel-management in Govern­
ment.”
The emulative effect that this Federal experi­
ment at the Federal level might have on nearly
7 million State and local government employees
could be as interesting a development to watch
as the progress of events under the Executive
order.
U pon sig ning the order ,

S ig ning of the order does not portend organi­
zation of all Federal employees or the inclusion
in one huge union of all Federal workers who
wish to be organized. Unionization of Federal
employees has been legally sanctioned since pas­
sage of the Lloyd-LaFollette Act of 1912, and
there currently are more than 40 unions which
compete for their membership. Some of the
unions limit their membership exclusively to Fed­
eral workers, either on a craft or all-occupation
basis; others have the bulk of their membership
in private industries, but also organize craftrelated Federal workers. Outside the Post Office
Department, no union has organized a majority


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

of the employees in any of the largest agencies
of the Government. It was estimated by the
presidential task force that two-thirds of all
Government workers do not hold union
membership.
The Executive order is perforce restricted to
those agencies which together form the executive
branch of the Government, wherein most Federal
employees work. Excluded are employees of the
Congress (and agencies responsible to Congress
such as the Government Printing Office) and of
the Federal courts. Moreover, employees of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central
Intelligence Agency, and others with investi­
gating, intelligence, or security functions are
specifically barred.
in the executive
branch embraces hundreds of occupations—from
deep sea divers to astronomers, from mail clerks
to ecologists. Work stations are located in just
about every country. The methods of determin­
ing wages and salaries are so varied and so com­
plicated as to preclude brief explanation.2 About
a million workers receive statutory salaries under
the Classification Act of 1949. They are known
as “classified” employees, and include the head­
quarters staff of the Post Office Department. Yet
the “field service” of that Department, with about
a half million workers, is paid under a schedule
established by still another law. More than
650,000 “blue-collar” workers (laborers and crafts­
men) , principally in the Departments of the Army,
Navy, and Air Force (which also employ thousands
of classified workers), are paid on the basis of sev­
eral wage board or prevailing rate plans, some of
which involve direct negotiation with unions.
And there are other methods involving smaller
groups.
With the notable exception of the postal service
and certain skilled crafts, unionism as yet has not
been attractive to a sizable proportion of Govern­
ment employees, particularly in the white-collar
occupations. This has probably been due in part
to the provisions for job tenure in the civil service
as a whole and to such legally established benefits
as generous vacation and sick leave, along with
insurance and retirement benefits.
F ederal civilian employment

2
See Toivo P. Kanninen, “ Rate Setting by the Army-Air Force Wage
Board,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1958, pp. 1107-1112.

A SYMPOSIUM

Unemployment and Its Measurement
E ditor ’s N ote .— The following four

articles are excerpted from papers delivered
before concurrent meetings of the American Economic Association, the
American Statistical Association, and the Industrial Relations Research
Association, in New York City, December 27-29, 1961. They have been
selected as typical of more than a dozen dealing with a subject commanding
special current interest. Minor word changes have been made to bridge
elisions from the original text. A fifth article, on measurement, not based
on one of the New York payers, will be found on page 167. A miscellany
of papers read to sessions of the IR R A meeting will be excerpted in the
March issue.

Unemployment Data N eeds
for Planning and Evaluating Policy
Stanley L e b er g o tt*

When To Act?

I now turn to some of the tough problems that
lie in wait for the authorities when they try to
assess where this economy of ours now is and where
it is headed. Our requirements are rigorous: we
may seek to change the economic trend. Let me
give a specific example and a specific proposal.
On October 1, 1953, the Council of Economic
Advisers and the Federal Reserve Board had be­
fore them the Current Population Survey report
on the unemployment change from August to
September 1953. That report showed the season­
ally adjusted figures rising—but just barely rising.
But what had taken place in the month just end­
ing? Had the rise continued, worsened, or re­
versed itself?
A reasonably prudent authority will wait for
at least another month’s figure to confirm or deny
the pattern of change. What this comes to is that
4 months after a possibly significant break in the
economic tide, the Government first has a con­
firmatory figure on the net effect on unemployment
of any policy action it has taken.


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Until now the way out of this impasse has been
to rely on the weekly unemployment compensation
data to measure unemployment trends and to use
a hodge-podge of carloadings, steel output, and
auto production data for measuring employment.
Neither will measure as comprehensively (nor as
precisely) as the monthly Current Population
Survey figures. Nor are they closely comparable
with them. The unemployment insurance claims
data are bent and shaped by administrative factors.
After all, the system was not set up to grind out
statistics: State regulations can vary on when a
worker qualifies, when claims may be filed, when
they are recorded. Workers may delay filing
initial claims for their own reasons—and signifi­
cant numbers do. Others exhaust their benefits
and fall from the statistician’s view just at the
time when there is most urgency in the numbers.
When Congress extends the benefit periods it
complicates the numbers further. A dull history of
attempts to adjust the claims data for greater
interstate comparability, and the depressing dif­
ference in trend between continued claims and
unemployment from the first to the third quarter of
this year completes the catalog. Yet with all
their limitations the claims data make a better
showing at measuring unemployment than does
the combination of steel, auto, and paperboard
*Visiting Professor of Economics, Stanford University.

126
output at measuring changes in employment or
even total output.
Is there a Mount Palomar telescope for the
economist in this fix? I believe there is. It
requires only a technical change in the conduct
of the Current Population Survey, at modest ad­
ditional cost, to give us weekly figures on employ­
ment, unemployment, and labor force as well as
a monthly report. That survey now interviews
35,000 families in 1 week each month. It would
instead interview subsamples of that total every
week. Such a change would, of course, improve
even the monthly figure: we are surely better off
with an average of activity in every week in the
month to indicate November activity than our
present measure of activity in this single week.
And when the survey week includes a holiday—
as November 11—the existing procedure tends to
report an unreal October-November decline and
a consequent unreal November-December upturn.
But brush aside these advantages. A strong
sufficient reason still exists'—the change would give
us overall employment, unemployment, and labor
force measures four times as frequently each month.
The chief objection to this proposal has not been
concerned with the technical survey problems.
These can be managed if we only keep clearly in
mind that the policymaker does not require
weekly the kind of abundant detail and precision
that he now gets monthly.1 The major objection
some analysts offer is that the random component
during short periods of economic change is much
greater than the cyclical component and hence
the inferences that could be drawn from a measure
with higher sampling error are not likely to be
useful. Perhaps the best way of evaluating this
objection is to consider the survey as an economic
thermometer. Would a physician prefer a report
on his patient’s temperature taken once a day at
high noon by a Nobel prize winner or a nurse’s re­
port for every hour of the day? The analogy is
not wholly unfair. The policymaker is now given
a report that unemployment fell mildly last
month—or more accurately from 1 week in Sep­
tember to 1 week in October. How much can
he make of this single figure on change, even with
its low sampling error and high information con­
tent? Suppose instead he had the eight weekly
figures for this period, six of them indicating de­
clines in unemployment. Would he not have a
much solider basis for decision, or even euphoria?

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

Such a sharp contrast would not often happen.
But since the ever-present question is, Has the
trend slackened or accelerated? A significant ad­
vance in information would be provided during
many an anxious period. Remember that the
Chairman of the Board could still pool the weekly
figures into a single monthly figure such as he has
now and ignore changes in the past 2 weeks! His
monthly average would still be better than the
present sample of conditions in a single week
of each month.2
How Effective Has Policy Been?

A more frequent reliable indicator of unem­
ployment and employment trends is essential.
But to analyze the basic economic forces, we
require a good deal more than a chromium plated
indicator. Assume that the monetary and fiscal
authorities have recommended policies. Assume
that these have been adopted with huzzas.
Will the course of events prove them right or
wrong? Our present measures only tell us the
net changes of employment and unemployment.
By looking at the net changes, the administration
may move to lay on extra forces—but a look
at the gross changes would tell them to hold their
hand. Suppose a speedup in defense orders, or a
change in the income tax exemption, had sig­
nificantly cut the rate at which factory workers
were becoming unemployed. This change could
be masked in our unemployment figures by an
offsetting rise in unemployment: farming might
have declined seasonally or women entered the
labor market to supplement family incomes
cut by unemployment increases some months
back. The seasonal adjustment will account
for only part of these forces—even if the tech­
nicians could agree that there is only one pure
method of adjustment for the current month’s
figures, even if seasonals did not change through
time, and even if we possessed a unique method
of adjusting for the auto model year changeover.
1 Treat the weekly measures as indicators, per se, pooled to give a monthly
comprehensive set of figures. The three added weekly enumerations could
then be distributed nonrandomly to reduce costs. The bias that would
arise—only for the weekly figures—from incomplete reporting for areas with
small enumerating loads would be unimportant for weekly indications of
change in total unemployment, employment, and labor force.
2 Moreover, we ought not forget that breaking the 35,000 monthly sample
into a sample of say 8,500 families each week would give us a weekly survey
half as great as the monthly sample we were relying on until a few years ago.

UNEMPLOYMENT DATA NEEDS FOR EVALUATING POLICY

Because women constitute so large a share of our
labor force and because an increasing number
of elderly persons could return to the labor force
in case of need, a significant net rise in unemploy­
ment could be reported even as factory workers
were being put back to work. True, one could
use the BLS employment data and detail on. the
composition of the unemployed to get at part
of this problem right now. But anyone who
has seen the BLS employment figures go up
while the comparable Census components went
down would hardly maintain that we now can
conduct a very rigorous analysis.
I suggest, as a guide to the perplexed, a mild
extension of the Current Population Survey to
give us a table for the sources and uses of labor
force as we now have a table for sources and uses
of corporate funds. Among those unemployed
this month it would distinguish (a) those who last
month had factory jobs, (b) those who had been
in other nonfarm work, (c) those not in the labor
force, and (d) those unemployed last month as
well. Of those with factory employment this
month, it would distinguish how many last month
(a) had been unemployed, (b) had not been in the
labor force, and (c) had been in other work. We
could then tell more readily whether the unem­
ployed were moving into factory jobs or other
work as a result of policy actions (plus a vigorous
run of good luck!). If a hard core of unemployed
were being left despite an upturn, this would be
promptly evidenced by the rate at which the table
reported employment gains drawing from those
not in the labor force.
Measuring Mobility

For testing the basic labor market situation we
need one additional set of data. Labor mobility
in our market economy is the way by which an
improved allocation of labor resources is achieved.
But we have no current data whatever on the
mobility of labor. I am thinking here particularly
of the long duration unemployed. At what rate
do workers in declining towns move to other work?
At what rate are those in declining occupations,
industries, plants moving into other ones? Do we
tend to assume “too little” mobility takes place


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127

because we don’t know how many disemployed
workers do in fact move? Specifically, I suggest
that for those who report unemployment of over
15 weeks in the Current Survey we should, at
intervals, get reports on their subsequent mobility
status—Did they move? Did they seek work in
another county? Did they .find work?—and clas­
sify our findings at least into those under and over,
say, age 40. If experience proves the results to
be useful, we might later incur the more substan­
tial costs of a sample sufficient to pour forth data
classified by occupation, industry, and detailed
age.
Naturally such figures could have only limited
meaning unless they were matched against some
standard of mobility. Most simple would be a
measure for, say, the employee labor force as a
whole, indicating what proportion moved over
the corresponding period, what number did not
move but changed jobs, and how many did neither.
In time, of course, the long duration mobility
data will provide their own reference frame as we
become able to compare its behavior during
today’s recession with the last one, during tomor­
row’s upturn with the prior one. Because of the
zeal that demographers have lavished on this
subject, we are annually presented with a report
on past mobility and present employment status.
For economic analysis we need just the reverse—a
measure of the extent to which unemployment
leads to labor mobility.
I must admit to a further motive in suggesting
this continuity study of the long duration unem­
ployed. Other surveys that ask housewives when
they last bought crunchies, when they spent
money on house repairs, when a family member
was last in the hospital, discover that the answers
telescope the true time period or elongate it.
What about these reports of 10, 15, 24 months of
unemployment? Was the true duration shorter?
or perhaps even longer? By continuing to secure
reports for all families who have reported unem­
ployment of over 15 weeks from the time they
first report this in the survey (1) until the persons
concerned find work or (2) until they had been
in the survey a year, we could strengthen the
validity of the duration reports on this very
critical group.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

128

Adequacy of Unemployment Data for
Government Uses
Ewan Clague*
[in the Employment Act of
1946] did not limit national concern to certain
types of workseekers; for example, those in need,
or primary wage earners in a family, or persons
between 20 and 65 years of age, or persons
seeking jobs for which they are entirely qualified,
or persons seeking jobs with some specified degree
of desperation. Recent critics of our unemploy­
ment figures, who insist that we should be limiting
our measures to one or another of these categories
are, whether they know it or not, attacking the
present full-employment objective. I would not
deny that some of these more limited measures
would be useful and interesting—and, in fact, we
are trying to see if we can provide them—but I
do not believe they would meet present public
policy needs.
The statistics serve a most important purpose
in providing information on the incidence of
unemployment and on the size and composition
of the groups for whom the problem is serious
and persistent. It is through these data that we
know about the number of long-term unemployed
for whom the unemployment insurance system
does not provide. The high unemployment rates
of young people and Negroes, of unskilled and
semiskilled workers, and the rising numbers in
these categories, have signaled the need for some
sort of training and retraining programs.
Because the household data relate to the entire
labor force—not restricted to insured workers, or
workers on payrolls, or those covered by social
security—they are useful in providing total
man-hour data for productivity measures. They
also form the basis for long-term projections of the
labor force and for short-term forecasts of total
employment, given certain assumptions about
changes in gross national product and productivity.
The unemployment rate, particularly the
seasonally adjusted unemployment rate, has
been given enormous importance by members
of the press and others. To warrant the attention
it gets, it should be made more reliable—by
enlarging the sample, sharpening the concepts
T he 79 th C ongress


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and interview procedures, and improving other
survey procedures. These would require very
large expenditures of funds for research, testing,
sample expansion, and operation of the survey
at an expanded level. There is some question
in my mind as to whether such an expenditure
would be worthwhile for the sole purpose of
improving a global unemployment rate. What
we really need is more perception about the
behavior of certain components of the total.
What we do need, I believe, is the greater detail
that a larger sample would provide for better crosssection analysis at a point in time and for studies
in depth. In our 5-year program of statistical
goals, we have proposed doubling the sample once
a year in order to give greater occupational,
industrial, and geographical detail on the impact
of unemployment.
This fiscal year, we are conducting a longitudinal
study by interviewing in depth a sample of per­
sons who have been unemployed during 1961.
We hope to obtain enough information about their
work experience during the past '5 years to deter­
mine their attachment to the labor force and to
their employer, their susceptibility to unemploy­
ment, and the types of job shifts they have had to
make since the prosperity year 1957. We want to
find out how many are primary wage earners.
We shall look also into family responsibilities and
family resources in order to throw some light on
this question of need—realizing, of course, that a
real evaluation of need involves an interview not
by a Census Bureau employee but by a social
worker.
This year we are also taking another reading on
the extent of job mobility in the labor force, com­
parable to a study made in 1955. This should tell
us, first, whether the American labor force has
become more or less mobile, and second, how
much unemployment is associated with job
shifting.
*

*

*

*

*

We recently calculated that if the unemploy­
ment rate for November 1961 were based only on
experienced workers aged 18 to 64, excluding all
married women and single persons under 20, it
would be 1 percentage point less than the total
»Commissioner of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

ADEQUACY OF UNEMPLOYMENT DATA FOR GOVERNMENT USES

rate, that is, 4.6 percent instead of 5.6 percent.
We are planning to give more publicity to these
breakdowns.
Perhaps it would be possible to shed a little more
light on the picture if we could determine whether
persons reported as looking for work (a) had lost a
job or (b) were returning to the labor force. (We
already publish information on those entering
the labor force for the first time.) You cannot
assume that the labor force reentrants are secondclass citizens and not worthy of concern, since
their reason for looking for a job might be the
unemployment of a relative, or the need for income
to cover other family emergencies or even to share
in the American dream of a higher standard of
living. Nevertheless, such information would
help to distinguish disemployment from other
reasons for jobseeking, a refinement that might
improve the data for policy planning as well as for
economic analysis.
I do not want to give the impression that we
are concerned only with providing information
that can be used to minimize the unemployment
problem. We know from our own data and ob­
servations of interviewers that even in families
where there is an employed person, and the un­
employed worker is a supplementary earner, there
may be extreme poverty. A measure of family
income is really needed to evaluate the severity
of unemployment—and fortunately, the Census
Bureau has just recently added a question on total
family income, to be asked when the household
is introduced into the sample for the first time.
This will be a rather crude measure, but it can be
used in tabulations to give a rough classification of
the economic status of the family of the unem­
ployed worker. We know from the annual income
surveys of the Census Bureau that unemployed
workers average about half the income of employed

workers, but we don’t know the family total nor
do we have the information on a current basis.
I should like to note that we are concerned
about whether the simple question asked each
month, “Was this person looking for work?” is
uncovering all the workers who, according to our
concept, are classified as unemployed. If there
is a problem here, it would probably be most
serious in chronically depressed areas, where
“looking for work” has become a fruitless waste of
time and money. We hope to do an experimental
study in one depressed area next spring to test the
present procedures and to check the relationship
between the unemployment insurance statistics
and the household survey data.
Other gaps in our information—such as com­
parable labor force statistics for local labor market
areas and States or, as some of our customers are
requesting, weekly unemployment figures—per­
haps should also be filled. But considerations of
cost prevent me from giving them high priority
at this time.
As we can see, these proposed new studies ap­
proach, although somewhat obliquely, the central
question, Why are 4 million members of the labor
force without jobs? Perhaps too much attention
has been given to rather unrewarding attempts to
quantify the impact of seasonal, cyclical, or struc­
tural forces in the unemployment total. What
we need to know is not why they lost their jobs,
but why they cannot find other jobs. And for
this answer, we need to start toward the goal of
matching our already pretty comprehensive data
on the supply side with information about the
demand side. It has taken us 21 years to come this
far in our knowledge of the labor force. With
electronic devices, perhaps we can quantify and
qualify and locate demand in less than two
decades.

. . . the appalling apprenticeship system in Britain, . . . means that
skilled labor needed in any area is trained only to suit the needs of the in­
dustries already located in that area, and . . . often makes it impossible
lor men above the age of adolescence to move from one skilled trade to another.
— “The Most Acute Case,” The Economist, November 25, 1961, p. 733.
625182— 62------ 2


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129

130

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

we further assume an increase in average hours of
work of 1 hour, which seems reasonable in view
of earlier recovery experiences, the growth rates
in gross national product are 3.7 and 3.4 percent.
R ic h a r d C . W ilcock an d W a l t e r H . F r a n k e *
The required growth rates under these three
different
conditions (first, repetition of the 1949If the economy were successful in achieving a 450
and
1954-55 pattern, second, the 1958-59
percent unemployment rate by the fourth quarter
pattern,
and
third, the 1958-59 pattern with a
of 1962 or the first quarter of 1963, previous ex­
1-hour
rise
in
the
workweek) from the first quarter
perience would suggest a decline in long-term
of
1961—the
takeoff
period for the current re­
unemployment from the third quarter 1961 level
covery
in
gross
national
product—to the first
of about 1.6 million persons to as little as 600,000
quarter
of
1963
are
1.6,
2.0,
and 3.3 percent per
persons, or about 0.8 percent of the labor force.
quarter,
respectively.
What are the estimated growth requirements to
While it is not certain which conditions are
achieve unemployment levels of that magnitude?
most
likely to obtain in the coming months, it
Assuming, first, that the current economic ex­
would
be our guess that an average growth rate of
pansion will repeat the patterns of the 1949-50
at
least
2.5 to 3.0 percent per quarter will be
and 1954-55 recoveries, a growth rate of 2.2 per­
necessary
in the next five or six quarters to reduce
cent per quarter from the third quarter of 1961
unemployment
to a 4-percent level. Of our pre­
would be required to reduce the unemployment
vious
postwar
recoveries,
only that in 1949-50
rate to 4 percent by the fourth quarter of 1962
fell
within
this
range
of
rates.
And that recovery
[or a rise in the gross national product from an
was
assisted
by
the
stimulus
of
a limited war.
annual rate of $453.0 billion to $506.2 billion, in
Second,
can
the
projected
growth
rates be sus­
1954 dollars]. The required growth rate would
tained
long
enough
to
reduce
the
unemployment
be 2.1 percent to attain this goal by the first
rate to 4 percent? If we compare the required
quarter of 1963 [when the annual rate of gross
growth rates under the three assumptions for
national product would need to be $513.6 billion,
the 2-year period from the first quarter of 1961
in 1954 dollars]. The projections assume a con­
with the growth rates of comparable 2-year
servative increase in the labor force participation
periods in the past, we find that only in the 1949rate [from 56.9 percent to 57.5 percent in the
50 recovery and prosperity did the growth rate
fourth quarter of 1962 and 57.7 percent in the
exceed any of the estimated current growth re­
first quarter of 1963], no increase in average hours
quirements.2 Expansion in output in the last
of work or in the size of the Armed Forces, and the
two recoveries was less than the requirement
same relationship between growth in gross na­
under even the most optimistic assumptions.
tional product and employment as obtained in the
Our analysis suggests that it is quite unlikely
1949-50 and 1954-55 recoveries.
that we will approach an unemployment rate of
Either of these growth rates would seem to be
4 percent in the next five or six quarters, unless
reasonably attainable. They are less than the
the economy receives more of a stimulus than is
growth in gross national product during each of
the three previous postwar recovery periods.1 yet apparent. The most difficult task is likely
to be that of sustaining the recovery beyond the
Two questions, however, can be raised as to
second or third quarter of 1962. Should the
whether the projections are not overly optimistic.
recovery level off after the second quarter of 1962,
First, will increases in real gross national prod­
unemployment will probably not fall below 5.0
uct produce a volume of new jobs comparable with
to 5.5 percent during the “ prosperity” period.3
those created in tUe first two postwar recoveries?
♦Respectively, Professor and Assistant Professor of Labor and Industrial
If we assume that the current recovery will be
Relations, University of Illinois.
more similar to the 1958-59 recovery than to the
1 Comparable quarter rates of growth in the earlier recovery periods were
as follows: 4th quarter 1949 to 4th quarter 1950: 3.2 percent; 3d quarter 1954
two earlier ones, the quarterly rates of growth in
to 3d quarter 1955: 2.4 percent; 2d quarter 1958 to 2d quarter 1959: 2.4 percent.
gross national product required to reach a 42 Quarterly rates of growth over 2 years in previous recoveries were 2.1
percent (4th quarter 1949 to 4th quarter 1951), 1.3 percent (3d quarter 1954 to
percent rate of unemployment in the fourth
3d quarter 1956), and 1.4 percent (2d quarter 1958 to 2d quarter 1960).
quarter of 1962 or the first quarter of 1963 are
J This estimate assumes a growth rate of about 2.4 percent per quarter
and no increase in average hours of work to the 2d quarter of 1962.
2.7 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively. And if

Growth Requirements
To Reduce Unemployment


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action programs to deal with unemployment

Action Programs
To Deal With Unemployment

131

spread recognition that education must be a
continuing process. In a world of rapid tech­
nological change, retraining and retreading will
be the usual and the expected—not limited to
V ic to r R . F u c h s *
emergencies—and will be as important for those
with employment as for the man without a job.
Neil Chamberlain has recently suggested that
T h e p o in t is often made that the rate of growth
workers be permitted to accumulate years of
of the economy was adequate from 1950 to 1955
potential educational benefits, just as they now
but was too slow in the second half of the decade,
accumulate potential unemployment benefits and
resulting in a large increase in unemployment,
retirement rights.2 He argues that as an alter­
nhe fact is that the economy created more new
native to earlier retirement, workers should use
jobs between 1955 and 1960 than it did between
these benefits in years of meaningful education
1950 and 1955. Unemployment grew at the same
spread throughout their working lives. This
time because the increase in the labor force was
idea seems worthy of serious study and experi­
much greater in the second half of the decade
mentation.
than in the lirst half.
2. Aid to education. The strengthening of
During the next decade, the rate of increase in
formal public education is essential if the labor
the labor force will be even more rapid than it was
force is to be in a position to take advantage of
from 1955 to 1960. In order to keep unemploy­
retraining and new employment opportunities
ment under four million in 1965, it will be neces­
decades after they leave school. In order to
sary to create as many new jobs beGween 1960
avoid unemployment in the future, a sharp
and 1965 as were created in the 10 years 1950-60.
This is obviously a big order.
reduction in the number of high school dropouts
should be a major goal.
Clarence Long has argued that there is no con­
3. Reform and revitalization of vocational educa­
nection between changes in the labor force and
tion. This is too large and complex a subject
unemployment. He cites figures going back to
to expand upon in this paper. Many changes are
1900 to support this position.1 But Long’s
needed. One of the innovations I would like to
analysis ignores the role formerly played by immi­
see is a vast chain of technical schools throughout
gration in creating changes in the labor force.
the Nation, open to youths and adults and reach­
Kuznets, Abramovitz, and Easterlin have all
ing down into the high schools and junior high
suggested that immigration movements are best
schools, to provide guidance, prestige, and in­
explained as a response to changes in the demand
spiration in fields that require manual as well as
for labor in the United States. If we accept this,
mental skills. What more fitting way would
most of Long’s data are beside the point. It
there be to celebrate the centennial of the land
seems to me that the rapid increase in the labor
grant colleges than for the Federal Government
force that we will experience in the coming years
to launch, in cooperation with the States, a new
does provide special cause for concern.
type of technical institute to meet the growing
The task will be complicated by the dangers of
demands of our own economy and those of the
inflation and of balance of payments difficulties.
underdeveloped nations!
These dangers are likely to place strict limits on
4. Special youth employment opportunities. It
our ability to deal with unemployment solely from
is a harsh fact of life that many youths do not
the demand side. Demand will be important;
derive full benefit from formal education programs
there is no doubt about that. But my own set of
and drop out of school. Still others stay through
action recommendations tends to stress the supply
side.
high school graduation only to find that they have
1.
Training and retraining. We urgently need *Program Associate, Ford Foundation Program in Economic Development
and Administration.
a large-scale training and retraining program
i
“ Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1960’s,” in Employment and
which would include provision for basic education
Unemployment, The Problem of the 1960’s (Washington, Chamber of Com­
merce of the United States, 1961).
as well as technical and vocational skills. Ideally,
s “Automation and Labor Relations,” Reed College 60th Anniversary
this program should mark the beginning of wide­
Conference, Portland, Oreg., November 17,1961.


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132
no special qualifications for employment. The
great tragedy is that their lack of qualifications
prevents them from getting what they most des­
perately need—work experience and on-the-job
training. Special programs should be created to
permit them to obtain this experience. These
programs will require substantial cooperation
from employers and organized labor.
5. Expansion and improvement of the U.S. Em­
ployment Service. This must be more than a
nominal change or an exhortation to do better.
More resources are needed to obtain and dissemi­
nate information on job opportunities, and there
should be a dramatic reorientation of the image
projected by the Service to business and the pub­
lic. I am not urging a public relations gloss, but
an effective communications program to inform
when basic changes have been made.
6. Worker relocation assistance. The efficient
location of industry requires continuous adaptation
to changes in technology, tastes, and the avail­
ability of natural resources. This is not, however,
an argument for laissez faire. We can and should
consider ways of assisting affected workers and
their families to relocate. We must also help
communities deal with the problems raised by
large-scale migration.
7. B eduction of racial barriers. One of our
greatest challenges and opportunities is to press
forward as strenuously as possible for the removal
of racial barriers in order that Negroes and other
minorities can become as fully productive and as
fully employed as their fellow citizens. Jacob
Mincer’s recent studies of on-the-job training
suggest that discrimination in employment may
be greater and more harmful to the Negro than is
discrimination in formal education.3
8. Stimulation of the rate of technological innova­
tion and diffusion. This is one area where the
government can stimulate demand without the
dangers that attend the usual demand stimulants.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

By supporting basic research, and by a vigorous
program for the dissemination of technological
and organizational discoveries, it may be possible
to increase the rate of growth of business and pro­
vide a naturally buoyant demand.
Although the above recommendations stress
the supply side of the problem, demand is cer­
tainly very important. The oft-heard argument
that the problems of retraining and relocation
could be handled more easily under conditions of
strong aggregate demand is undoubtedly true.
I am simply suggesting that insufficient attention
has been paid to the converse, which is equally
valid. It would be much easier to apply a policy
of strong aggregate demand if the labor force were
more mobile, if the economy were geared to accept
and expedite retraining and relocation, and if
other limitations on supply were reduced. Under
these circumstances, there would be less likelihood
of inflationary pressures developing short of full
employment, and fear of inflation is one of the
major obstacles to curing unemployment.
Economists have been both proficient and pro­
lific in pointing out the inherent difficulties in
pursuing full employment and price stability
simultaneously. This has been useful, but if we
go no further, the critical label, “the dismal
science,” will be justified. It seems to me that
certain action programs will reduce unemploy­
ment without upsetting price stability. Many
of the measures that I am now urging for an attack
on unemployment have been advocated in the past
to counter inflation. I conclude with the sugges­
tion that our two opponents, inflation and unem­
ployment, are actually Siamese twins. If we aim
our punches carefully, we may floor them both at
the same time.
3
“ On the Job Training: Costs, Returns, and Some Implications,” Uni­
versities—National Bureau Exploratory Conference on Capital Investment
in Hum an Beings, New York City, December 1-2,1961.

and agencies, collective bargaining problems, and
organizational matters. Some of the highlights
are discussed in this article.

The Fourth Biennial
Convention of the
AFL-CIO
J o seph W . B lo ch *

A t h r e a t of deep internal conflict faced the Fourth
Biennial Convention of the American Federation
of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations,
meeting in Bai Harbour, Fla., on December 7,
1961. By December 13, when the convention
ended, an atmosphere of harmony prevailed.
Six years after the merger, the Federation re­
turned to the problems only partially resolved at
the 1955 merger convention—raiding, jurisdic­
tional disputes between craft and industrial unions,
and instances of racial discrimination in the ranks
of the labor movement. The Executive Council
fashioned elaborate procedures for settling inter­
nal disputes and for adjusting complaints of dis­
crimination which the delegates appeared generally
to accept with enthusiasm, tinged perhaps with
relief.
The remedies, if successful, may be expected to
preserve the Federation but not necessarily re­
store youth and vitality. Since the merger, the
Federation’s size has declined through expulsion,
and the labor movement as a whole has failed to
keep pace with the growing and changing labor
force. These facts were impressed upon the dele­
gates. On the other hand, there was relatively
little talk of a “big-business, antilabor conspiracy,”
which had dominated the 1959 convention, and
no internal problem of the magnitude of the
Teamster expulsion, to which the major part of
the 1957 convention had been devoted.
As in prior conventions, a large number of reso­
lutions were acted upon, ranging over domestic
and foreign affairs, State and Federal legislation

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Internal Disputes

The new constitutional amendment establish­
ing procedures for the settlement of jurisdictional
disputes between affiliated unions capped a 2
year effort on the part of the AFL-CIO Executive
Council to find a solution acceptable to all parties,
particularly the Industrial Union Department and
the Building and Construction Trades Depart­
ment. A special committee, with Machinists’
President A. J. Hayes as chairman, was appointed
in August 1959 1 to recommend procedures for
quick and binding settlement of disputes involv­
ing raiding, the IUD-BCTD agreement (Miami,
1958),2 boycotts, organizing ethics, and contract­
ing-out provisions in collective bargaining agree­
ments. Upon the recommendation of this com­
mittee, the 1959 AFL-CIO convention adopted
a resolution directing the Executive Council,
through the special committee, to develop a
dispute-settlement plan embodying final and bind­
ing arbitration as the terminal point. The Execu­
tive Council was further directed, upon its approval
of a plan, to call a special convention to consider
the necessary constitutional amendments.
No plan was approved and no special conven­
tion was called. The seriousness with which the
IUD and its president, Walter P. Reuther, viewed
this failure was emphasized at length at its Novem­
ber 1961 convention, along with the Department’s
current assessment of the problems of jurisdiction.
“The IUD has long understood that the entire
question of jurisdictional disputes involves both
workers and the jobs they perform. There can
be no real division of the problem of jurisdictional
conflict, since a union ‘raiding’ another affiliate
by seeking to take over representation rights is
just as guilty of violating the nonaggression prin­
ciple as a union that leaves another affiliate’s bar­
gaining rights unmolested, but seeks to steal the
work performed by employees in this bargaining
unit.” 3
*0f the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1See Monthly Labor Review, October 1959, p. 1139.
2See Monthly Labor Review, April 1958, p. 421.
3 Walter P. Reuther, Report to the Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO ,
Washington, 1961, p. 18.

133

134

The IUD drafted a resolution to be submitted
to the AFL-CIO convention setting forth the
principles of ‘‘nonaggression,” final and binding
arbitration, and enforcement procedures, including
recourse to the courts and suspension. The reso­
lution directed appropriate constitutional action
before the convention adjourned. The BCTD,
at its own convention, promptly rejected this pro­
posal.
Out of materials, circumstances, and back­
grounds which appeared to guarantee only discord
and disunity, AFL-CIO President George Meany,
the Executive Council, and a squad of lawyers
fashioned a dispute-settlement procedure. It was
presented to the convention bearing, by dint of
Mr. Meany’s persistence, unanimous approval.
With only the International Typographical Union
opposing, the delegates quickly approved the
constitutional amendment.
The value of unanimity in this area was obvious,
but its price to the major protagonists was re­
flected in the scope of the amendment and the
procedures established. As in the earlier no­
raiding pacts and as previously set forth in the
AFL-CIO constitution, each affiliate is obligated
to respect the “established collective bargaining
relationships,” of other affiliates. In addition,
each affiliate is called upon to respect “established
work relationships,” defined as “any work of the
kind which the members of an organization have
customarily performed at a particular plant or
work site, whether their employer is the plant
operator, a contractor, or other employer.”
Organizing circulars or charges designed to bring
another affiliate into public disrespect are banned.
As in prior proposals, the general work or trade
jurisdiction of any affiliate is not within the scope
of the settlements or determinations reached under
this amendment. The boycott is not specifically
mentioned.
The procedure for settling disputes (i.e., charges
brought by one affiliate against another) includes
several possible steps, to function under pro­
cedural rules to be established by the president
of the Federation:

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

2. An impartial umpire, selected in rotation from a
panel, hears the case and makes a determination within
a time limit specified by the president.
3. An appeal from the arbitrator’s decision may be
taken to a subcommittee of the Executive Council. The
subcommittee may disallow the appeal, in which case
the arbitrator’s decision is binding, or it may refer the
appeal to the Executive Council, thereby staying the
decision.
4. A majority of all of the members of the Executive
Council may set aside or alter the arbitrator’s decision.
The decision of the Executive Council is final. (No appeal
to the convention is provided for.)

The persons to be involved in this procedure
were identified the day after the convention.
The mediation panel was to consist of all 29
members of the Executive Council, plus some 30
national or international union presidents to be
selected. David L. Cole, arbitrator under the
prior no-raiding agreement which was to expire
at the end of 1961, was designated as an impartial
umpire. The subcommittee receiving appeals was
to consist of Mr. Meany, Joseph A. Beirne,
president of the Communications Workers of
America, and James A. Suffridge, president of
the Retail Clerks International Association.
Alternates were also designated. (The Executive
Council is identified in the final paragraph of this
article.)
Compliance with the decisions reached under
the procedure, if not voluntary, is to be achieved
through a variety of sanctions, beginning with
throwing the weight of Federation influence
against the offending union and ending with the
exercise of the maximum authority vested with the
Executive Council under the constitution, as
follows:

1. The noncomplying affiliate shall not be entitled to
file any complaint or appear in a complaining capacity
in any proceeding under this article until such noncompliance is remedied or excused as provided in Section
16;
2. The Federation shall, upon request, supply every
appropriate assistance and aid to any organization resisting
the action determined to be in violation of this article;
3. The Federation shall appropriately publicize the
fact th at the affiliate is not in compliance with the
constitution;
4. No affiliate shall support or render assistance to the
1.
Upon receipt of a complaint, the president shall
action determined to be in violation of this article.
designate a mediator or mediators from a panel composed
of persons from within the labor movement. If a voluntary
In addition, the Executive Council is authorized,
settlement is not reached within 14 days after the appoint­
in its discretion, to—
ment of a mediator, the dispute goes to arbitration.


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THE FOURTH BIENNIAL CONVENTION OF THE AFL-CIO

1. Deny to such an affiliate the use of any or all of the
services or facilities of the Federation;
2. Deny to such an affiliate any protection under any of
the provisions or policy determinations of the Federation;
3. Apply any other authority vested in the Executive
Council under this constitution.

Means by which rights may be restored upon com­
pliance are set forth in the amendment. Resort
to court or other legal proceedings either in settle­
ment of a dispute or in enforcement, a procedure
which had been proposed by the IUD, was specifi­
cally banned. The amendment takes effect on
January 1 , 1962, and, except for its compliance
features, is not applicable to formal complaints
made, but not yet processed, under the previous
no-raiding clause of the constitution.
Following the surprisingly quick acceptance by
the delegates (rollcall ballots had been distributed),
a sense of accomplishment and high hopes that the
device had been found which (given the will and
spirit of cooperation) would keep the Federation
from being pulled apart by internal disputes un­
mistakably permeated the convention. The only
discordant notes were a warning by the Interna­
tional Typographical Union that it would not be
bound by any decision affecting its jurisdiction,
which Mr. Meany bluntly waved aside, and an
unscheduled, angry exchange between delegates
from the Steelworkers and the Sheet Metal Work­
ers on the dispute-ridden Carrier Corp. situation.
Civil Rights in the AFL-CIO

As in the case of internal disputes, the possi­
bility of convention discord over methods of deal­
ing with such discrimination practices as exist
among AFL-CIO affiliates gave way to coopera­
tive action. Unlike the 1959 convention, at which
President Meany and A. Philip Randolph, presi­
dent of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters,
engaged in heated arguments, the 1961 convention
ended on a note of harmony if not complete agree­
ment. The convention approved a resolution
described by President Meany as “the most com­
prehensive resolution [on civil rights! ever pre­
sented to any convention that I have attended/’
and by Federation Vice President Randolph as “the
best resolution on civil rights that the AFL-CIO
has yet adopted,” although “the sanctions are not
strong enough for me.” A burning fuse in the
form of a report to the convention reproducing a


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135

long memorandum on civil rights in the AFL-CIO
from Mr. Randolph to the Executive Council,
dated June 14, 1961, and the reply by a subcom­
mittee of the Executive Council, dated October 12,
1961, was extinguished when the report was with­
drawn (i.e., “deposited” with the Executive Coun­
cil) and debate avoided, by common consent.
The civil rights resolution reaffirmed the tradi­
tional opposition of the AFL-CIO to all forms of
discrimination based on race, creed, color, or
national origin, in the labor movement and in
employment, housing, education, and elsewhere.
The new element was provision for a strengthened
compliance machinery in the Federation, which,
although not specifically provided with the ulti­
mate sanctions sought by Mr. Randolph, appears
to substitute a relentless spotlight on the offend­
ing affiliate. “In order to strengthen the pro­
cedure for the compliance with AFL-CIO civil
rights policy by our affiliates, we ask the Executive
Council to direct the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Com­
mittee, in addition to acting on complaints received
from aggrieved individuals, to initiate complaints
on the committee’s own motion, on the basis of
prima facie evidence that discrimination is being
practiced.”
All complaints of discrimination are to be
processed in accordance with the following pro­
cedure (summarized):
1. First processing by the AFL—CIO Department of
Civil Rights to ascertain the facts.
2. Valid complaints to be referred to the affiliate for
action, and at the same time, to the Subcommittee on
Compliance of the Civil Rights Committee for whatever
assistance might be rendered.
3. If no progress is indicated, the subcommittee chair­
man will attem pt to arrange a meeting with the affiliate
to effect voluntary compliance.
4. Failing agreement, the subcommittee may call a
hearing, affording the affiliate an opportunity to state its
views and to outline the steps it will take to bring about
compliance within a period of time to be specified by the
subcommittee.
5. If the affiliate still remains in violation, the subcom­
mittee will report the case to the full committee, which, in
turn, refers the case to the Executive Council along with
its recommendations for appropriate action.
6. The Executive Council may designate an ad hoc sub­
committee to either adjust the complaint or, if necessary,
recommend to the Executive Council appropriate action
for effecting compliance.

As part of this agreement, the Civil Rights
Committee is to be reorganized and the Civil

136

Rights D epartm ent strengthened. AFL-CIO
Secretary-Treasurer William F. Schnitzler was
later designated by President Meany as committee
chairman.
Reaffiliation of Teamsters

With officials of the Teamsters union in Miami
Beach making no secret of their desire to return
to the Federation, the AFL-CIO convention laid
out the constitutional road by which reaffiliation
of the union expelled in 1957 might someday be
effectuated. This was the same road traveled by
the International Longshoremen’s Association in
its return to good standing.
The Executive Council is instructed, if, as, and when
any of these [expelled] unions make proper application
for reaffiliation with the AFL-CIO, to give consideration
to such application in the light of the existing rules of the
Federation and the facts concerning the current situation
within such union, and to proceed with such reaffiliation
under conditions th at will fully protect the rights of all
affiliates under the AFL-CIO constitution and assure the
complete observance by such union of all of the provisions
of the AFL-CIO constitution and the rules, laws, stand­
ards, and policies of the Federation.

President Meany, in the chair, plainly did not
invite discussion of the Teamster case. Several
delegates, however, rose to speak, not against the
resolution itself (to which no one registered a
dissent), but either to restate their opposition to
expulsion or to protest against the coldness to
present Teamster leaders demonstrated by Presi­
dent Meany on many prior occasions. No one
rose to say a word in defense of the expelled
Bakery and Confectionery Workers and the
Laundry, Cleaning and Dye House Workers.
A dubious significance attends this exchange—this was the only resolution of this convention
(and probably of earlier conventions) adopted
twice unanimously, once before and once after
discussion.
Organizing the Unorganized

Coming up early in the proceedings, while the
conflicts brought to the convention were still
stewing, the convention’s handling of the tradi­
tional call to organize the unorganized appeared to
be less than enthusiastic, and no hold new plans
were unveiled. It was acknowledged that the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962
promise of the 1955 merger remained unfulfilled;
on the contrary, during the 6-year interval the
labor movement as a whole had barely held its
own in terms of membership and union member­
ship as a percentage of the organizable labor force
had declined. The resolution and the speeches
were sober in tone, stressing the forces at work
making organizing more difficult and yet more
imperative—the changing composition of the labor
force (increasing numbers of white-collar workers
and decreasing numbers of manual workers), the
impact of technological change on existing centers
of organization, and organizational rivalries and
disputes which wasted money and resources.
The resolution adopted by the convention
reaffirmed the AFL-CIO position that “the major
unfinished business of the American Labor Move­
ment is to organize the unorganized.” Affiliated
organizations were encouraged to give more
attention in their publications to organizing work
and to devote more staff time and meeting time to
organizing. The AFL-CIO was instructed to
arrange conferences “among top leadership of
unions normally organizing in the same industries,
fields, classes, or crafts” to determine the type of
campaign and the type of assistance to be provided
by other affiliated unions and the AFL-CIO.
Also lending more authority to the Federation,
although not precisely defined, was the final clause
of the resolution: “that the AFL-CIO renew its
efforts to resolve the organizing jurisdictional
problem4 and see that adequate funds are made
available to pursue the organizing tasks still before
the labor movement, with particular attention
being given to assisting unions responsible for
organizing the larger sections of unorganized
workers.”
AFL-CIO officers were also called upon to renew
“ efforts for badly needed legislative relief in the
labor-management relations area.” In another
resolution relating to the Landrum-Griffin and
Taft-Hartley acts, the nature of the legislative
relief was outlined, leading to the following con­
clusion: “ The Congress should review the Lan­
drum-Griffin and Taft-Hartley acts and the
experience which has been accumulated in their
administration and interpretation, with a view to

<The internal disputes machinery does not apply to organizing rivalries.

THE FOURTH BIENNIAL CONVENTION OF THE AFL-CIO

correcting the numerous unfair, unworkable, or
unnecessary provisions of these acts.”
In a later action, the AFL-CIO constitution
was amended to provide for a Committee on
Organization, equal in status to other committees,
charged with developing “ programs and policies
to assure a more effective and adequate effort in
meeting the challenge of organizing the unorgan­
ized and shall report such programs and policies
to the Executive Council for its consideration.”
Economic Issues

As in previous conventions, a host of resolutions
dealing with economic issues at the Government
and collective bargaining levels were adopted.
Most of these, as in the past, restated AFL-CIO
year-round or traditional positions and beliefs for
the approval of the convention, which is inevitably
routine; these resolutions find their way to appro­
priate Government and legislative agencies, their
significance perhaps undiminished by the lack of
delegate or newspaper attention. A few, however,
are held up for special attention by AFL-CIO
officers, or by the press, or by both. This year,
the resolutions calling for higher wages and shorter
hours received the spotlight of attention, possibly
because of steel contract negotiations scheduled for
1962 or because of an apparent difference between
the Federation’s position and the statements of
President Jolm F. Kennedy and Secretary of Labor
Arthur J. Gcldberg.
The resolution on collective bargaining, largely
similar to the one presented to the 1959 convention
and marking no break with the past, stated that
“in the period ahead, AFL-CIO affiliated unions
will press for wage advances as a vital means of
increasing inadequate consumer purchasing
power.” (The 1959 resolution, it might be noted,
referred to “substantial” wage increases.) Vice
President Reuther emphasized this position in a
supporting speech to the convention, and warned
the delegates of pressure for a “wage freeze”
that they will encounter at the bargaining table.
The resolution on reduction of hours of work
called upon affiliates “to give the highest priority
8 In a rare instance of a resolution being changed on a motion from the
floor, the word “misuse” was substituted for the word “use” in the original
resolutions. Howe ver, since the tone of the resolution as a whole seemed to
characterize management’s current use of industrial engineering techniques
as “misuse,” it did not seem to make much difference which word was used.


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137

to the search for and negotiation of ways to
reduce hours of work to assure adequate job
opportunities now and in the future.” Among
the methods noted were reduction of the standard
workweek, extension of paid vacations and
holidays, early retirement, partial retirement,
sabbatical leave, and control of overtime. Con­
gress was urged “to devote immediate attention
to the legislation necessary to provide adjustments
in the standard workweek without loss of pay
consistent with the economic needs of the Nation
and the national objective of a full-employment
economy” (a 35-hour workweek was specified in
a 1959 resolution) and to give favorable considera­
tion to the proposal, offered earlier in the year by
Mr. Reuther, for “flexible adjustment of the
standard workweek based on levels of unemploy­
ment and utilization of the labor force.”
Had the AFL-CIO substantially changed its
previous stand on wages and hours at this con­
vention, news would have indeed been made; on
the other hand, having restated its past position,
slightly altered, the task of convincing employers
or the Congress still remains as before. This was
also true of two other resolutions of potential
significance, both new. One, introduced by the
Industrial Union Department, urged the estab­
lishment of a Federal system for reinsuring
private pension funds, in the manner of the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; the other
virtually condemned all current industrial engi­
neering practices of management and urged more
training for union representatives “faced with
management’s misuse of industrial engineering
techniques.” 5
Other Matters

Although continuing to support a liberal
international trade policy, the Federation’s terms
seemed to be somewhat stiffer in 1961 than in
previous conventions. The resolution on inter­
national trade contained this summary of the
Federation’s position:
The AFL-CIO calls upon the Congress to enact a new
tariff and trade law in 1962 which would provide a maxi­
mum opportunity for expansion of trade and which would
provide effective measures for easing the impact of
increased imports, actual or anticipated, resulting from
tariff reductions, through trade adjustment assistance and

138

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

other effective measures. Adequate assistance or relief
for those adversely affected by imports is essential if the
American labor movement is to continue its support for
a liberal trade policy.

The new Food and Beverage Trades Department
was given official status by the necessary constitu­
tional amendment. The constitution was also
amended to raise the per capita tax paid by
affiliates from 5 cents to 7 cents per month.
President Kennedy and Secretary of Labor
Goldberg addressed the convention. Among other
speakers were Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, Rev.
Martin Luther King, Jr., and several fraternal
delegates from labor movements in other countries.

All Federation officers were reelected by
acclamation. They are: President George Meany,
Secretary-Treasurer William F. Schnitzler, and
the following vice presidents and members of the
Executive Council: Walter P. Reuther, George M.
Harrison, Harry C. Bates, William C. Birthright,
James B. Carey, William C. Doherty, David
Dubinsky, David J. McDonald, Emil Rieve,
William L. McFetridge, Joseph Curran, Maurice
A. Hutcheson, A. J. Hayes, Joseph D. Kennan,
L. S. Buckmaster, Jacob S. Potofsky, A. Philip
Randolph, Richard F. Walsh, Lee W. Minton,
Joseph A. Beirne, James A. Suffridge, O. A.
Knight, Paul L. Phillips, Peter T. Schoemann,
Lawrence M. Raftery, and William A. Calvin.

There is no general agreement on what constitutes a “craft” or “skilled
trade.” However, there is some agreement concerning the criteria to be
applied to determine whether or not a particular occupation can be considered
a craft. Definitions formulated by the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of
Employment Security, and the National Labor Relations Board emphasize
several common traits in identifying a craft occupation. Thus, a craft
involves a high degree of manual dexterity, the exercise of considerable
independent judgment in carrying out prescribed operations, responsibility
for a valuable product and equipment, and extensive preliminary training
which may be incorporated in a formal apprenticeship program.


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—Arnold R. Weber, Craft Representation in Industrial Unions (14th annual meeting
of the Industrial Relations Research Association, New York City, December 28-29,
1961).

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Labor-Ma nagement Policy
Committee Report on Automation

arise from the displacements which result inevitably
from the introduction of new devices and processes.
Committee Recommendations

E ditor ’s N ote .— The

following excerpts are from
a report to the President from the Advisory
Committee on Labor-Management Policy} The
Committee was created by Executive order on
February 16, 1961, and its report of January
11, 1962, deals with the benefits and problems
incident to automation and other technological
advances,

T h ree central propositions have emerged in
the Committee’s consideration of the significance
and impact of automation and other technological
advances.
First, automation and technological progress
are essential to the general welfare, the economic
strength, and the defense of the Nation. Second,
this progress can and must be achieved without
the sacrifice of human values and without inequi­
table cost in terms of individual interests. Third,
the achievement of maximum technological devel­
opment with adequate safeguards against econom­
ic injury to individuals depends upon a com­
bination of private and governmental action,
consonant with the principles of the free society.
Our purpose, then, is to seek that course of
action which will encourage essential progress
in the form of automation and technological
change, while meeting at the same time the
social consequences such change creates. We
reject the too common assumption that continuing
unemployment is an inherent cost of automation.
We believe, rather, that a combination of ener­
getic and responsible private and public action
will permit the advancement of automation and
technological change without the sacrifice of
human values, and that such combined efforts can
cope satisfactorily with the total unemployment
problem—including whatever part of it may


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We recommend that serious consideration be
given the following measures:
1. Adoption by the government and others of
policies which will promote a high rate of economic
growth and fuller utilization of resources. A
much higher rate of growth is essential and is the
best device for reducing unemployment to toler­
able levels. We will include in our forthcoming
report on economic growth suggestions in this area.
2. Acceptance by government agencies of the
responsibility for collecting, collating, and dis­
seminating information with respect to present
and future job opportunities and requirements in
a rapidly changing society.
3. Cooperation between government and pri­
vate organizations in the field of education in
improving and supporting educational facilities
to the end that:
(a)
New entrants to the labor force will be
better qualified to meet the occupational demands
of the future;
1 The members of the Committee and their affiliations are as follows:
Public Members. Arthur J. Goldberg (ex officio), Secretary of Labor, and
Luther H. Hodges (ex officio), Secretary of Commerce (chairmen for 1-year
alternating periods); Arthur F. Burns, president, National Bureau of Econom­
ic Research; David L. Cole, attorney; Clark Kerr, president, University
of California; Ralph E. McGill, publisher, Atlanta Constitution; George W.
Taylor, professor of labor relations, University of Pennsylvania.
Management Members. Elliot V. Bell, chairman of the executive committee,
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.; Joseph L. Block, chairman, board of
directors, Inland Steel Co.; Henry Ford II, chairman, board of directors,
Ford Motor Co.; John M. Franklin, chairman, board of directors, United
States Lines Co.; J. Spencer Love, chairman and president, Burlington
Industries, Inc.; Richard S. Reynolds, Jr., president, Reynolds Metals Co.;
Thomas J. Watson, Jr., president, International Business Machines Corp.
Labor Members. David Dubinsky, president, International Ladies’
Garment Workers’ Union; George M. Harrison, president, Brotherhood of
Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers. Express and Station
Employes; Joseph D. Keenan, secretary, International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers; Thomas Kennedy, president, United Mine Workers
of America; David J. McDonald, president, United Steelworkers of America;
George Meany, president, American Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations; Walter P. Reuther, president, International
Union, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers
of America.

139

140
(b) The dropout rate at grade and high school
levels will be reduced;
(c) Better vocational, technical, and guidance
programs will be available;
(d) Rural and depressed areas, where surplus
workers reside, will be better served;
(e) Financial support will be available for de­
serving and needy students; and
(f) There will be a general upgrading in the
quality of our education.
4. Acceptance by management of responsibility
for taking measures, to the maximum extent prac­
ticable, for lessening the impact of technological
change, including:
(a) Adequate lead time;
(b) Open reporting to the employees involved;
(c) Cooperation with representatives of the em­
ployees to meet the problems involved;
(d) Cooperation with public employment
services;
(e) The timing of changes, to the extent possi­
ble, so that potential unemployment will be
cushioned by expected expansion of operations
and normal attrition in the work force (through
separations resulting from retirement, quits, and
so forth).
5. Support from both public and private organi­
zations for retraining of workers who have been
and will be displaced.
(a) Private employers and unions faced with
automation or technological changes should make
every reasonable effort to enable workers who are
being displaced, and who need to be retrained, to
qualify for new jobs available with the same em­
ployer and to enjoy a means of support while so
engaged.
(b) Where it is not possible for the employer to
reabsorb displaced workers, appropriately safe­
guarded public support in the form of subsistence
payments should be available to industrial and
agricultural workers who qualify for and engage
in retraining.
(c) Unemployment compensation laws should
be liberalized to permit and to encourage
retraining.
6. Support from both public and private
sources, with due consideration to the circumstances
of the enterprise involved, for the displaced work­
er who is seeking new employment.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

(a) The duration, coverage, and amount of
unemployment compensation, where inadequate,
should be increased and made subject to realistic
uniform minimum requirements under the FederalState system.
(b) Employer supplementation of public un­
employment compensation should be accomplished
through severance pay, supplemental unemploy­
ment benefits, and similar measures.
(c) Attention should be given to provision for
the special case of the worker who is displaced
during the period when he is approaching retire­
ment. This may appropriately include considera­
tion of provision for early retirement, through
private arrangements or social security measures;
but alternative possibilities of more constructive
temporary uses of such services warrant
exploration.
7. Support from both private and public
sources to the end that a worker’s job equities
and security may be protected without impairment
of his mobility. This will warrant consideration,
taking into account relevant cost factors, of such
measures as—
(a) Financial aid in the transfer of employees
to other plants in a multiplant system, and
protection of existing rights for individuals so
transferred.
(b) The use of public funds in order to give
financial aid in the transfer of unemployed workers
from one area to another where the result will be
to provide continuing employment.
(c) The improvement of public and private
protection of pension rights.
(d) The recognition by unions, individual
employees, and employers of the necessity of
adapting seniority and other rules in order to
facilitate mobility of workers, while providing
protection for the equities of employees. The
Committee notes particularly the need for fur­
ther study and exploration of this vital area.
8. Vast additional improvement of the public
employment service so that it can effectively
place, counsel, and relocate workers both locally
and across State lines. We note with approval
the start which has been made in this direction.
9. Vigorous and unremitting efforts by all
segments of the population—including govern­
ment, employers, unions, and employees—to

LABOR-MANAGEMENT POLICY COMMITTEE REPORT ON AUTOMATION

eliminate discrimination in employment because
of race, creed, age, or sex.
10.
There are pressing national needs to be met,
and an abundance of manpower available to meet
these needs. This matching of manpower and
national needs, which is part of the vital context
of the automation and technological advance prob­
lem, will obviously be affected by various broader
governmental policies. Reserving fuller consider­
ation of this area for our economic growth report,
we nevertheless note here that—
(a) When technological changes or other factors
develop particular pockets of unemployment, this
becomes an additional reason for the undertaking,
particularly at the State and local levels but with
Federal assistance where this is necessary, of
public development projects for which there is
need independent of the employment need itself.
(b) Every effort should be made to maintain on
an up-to-date and ready-to-go basis a schedule of
needed public development projects, particularly
those which could be started most quickly and
which would be of short or controllable duration,
so that the initiation of such projects can in the
future be advanced, and the flow of projects
already under way can be speeded up, if the
manpower situation warrants this.
(c) If the operation of the economy, including
the effect of automation and technological change,
creates or leaves an intolerable manpower surplus,
2 Mr. Meany, Mr. Dubinsky, Mr. Reuther, Mr. Keenan, and M r. Harri­
son are of the view that this paragraph should read as follows:
The need for goods and services must not be left unfilled, particularly in a
time of international crisis. At the same time, high unemployment is
intolerable. In the light of our current responsibilities to meet world con­
ditions, and in view of our unmet needs at home, we consider the develop­
ment of programs directed at the achievement of maximum output and full
employment as most significant at the present time. However, if unemploy­
ment is not reduced substantially in the near future, we will have to resort
to a general shortening of the work period through collective bargaining and
by law. In connection with such a development, consideration would
necessarily be given to the extent to which purchasing power could be main­
tained along with; a reduced work period. A reduction in the basic work
period has historically been one means of sharing fruits of technological
progress.
3 Mr. McDonald, Mr. Reuther, and Mr. Keenan comment as follows:
We agree that, in the light of the considerations stated, the most desirable
solution now to the problem of unemployment is the development of pro­
grams which will achieve full employment at 40 hours per week. Saying that
this is the most desirable solution is not, however, the same thing as saying
that we have in fact achieved that solution or that we will in fact achieve it
in the near future. And only the fact of full employment—not a statement
of its desirability—can properly serve as the premise for the statement that
the necessity for shortening the work period will only develop “in the future.’’
If we fail, as we have so far failed, to achieve the most desirable solution we
will have to move more quickly than we are now moving in the direction
of shortening the work period.


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141

consideration should be given to monetary and
fiscal measures—-including the possibility of appro­
priate tax reductions—which would give promise
of helping alleviate this situation.
(d)
Governmental action along the lines sug­
gested here, stimulated in part by the need to
meet unemployment situations, would obviously
have to take account of other considerations,
including particularly the maintenance of national
economic stability and security. We simply
assert, however, the coordinate importance of
stability and growth.
11.
The need for goods and services must not be
left unfilled, particularly in a time of international
crisis. At the same time, high unemployment is
intolerable. In the light of our current responsi­
bilities to meet world conditions, and in view of
our unmet needs at home, we consider the develop­
ment of programs directed at the achievement of
full employment as being more significant at the
present time than the consideration of a general
reduction in the hours of work. A reduction in the
basic work period has, however, historically been
one means of sharing the fruits of technological
progress, and there may well develop in the future
the necessity and the desirability of shortening the
work period, either through collective bargaining
or by law or by both methods. In connection with
such a development, consideration would neces­
sarily be given to the extent to which purchasing
power could be maintained along with a reduced
work period.2 3
We affirm our conviction that the infinite prom­
ise of automation and technological advance can
be realized without loss or cost of human values.
America can enjoy the fruits of higher productivity
without having to accept, as the inevitable result,
serious social consequences growing out of the
displacement of workers.
The recommendations made here suggest our
view of a broader pattern of possible courses of
action which would necessarily have to be adapted
to particular circumstances, but which permit the
constructive and responsible uses of technology
and automation. We see no barriers—except mis­
understanding, timidity, and false fear—to the
accomplishment of this purpose by a coordination
of private and public programs wholly consonant
with the essential concepts of the free society.

142

We assert the necessity of automation and tech­
nological development to the maintenance of
American standards of living and to the fulfill­
ment of this country’s role of leadership in free­
dom’s fight for survival. We assert equally the
obligation and the capacity of Americans—as
individuals and as a group—'to use these new
instruments and methods to enrich the lives of
all of us.
We see no reason for alarm if out of a greater
sense of common purpose we can achieve the good
will and the determination to act together.
Dissent by Arthur F. Burns

I find parts of this report highly constructive,
particularly the recommendations designed (a) to
achieve efficient and yet humane management of
technological changes, (b) to improve the func­
tioning of the labor market, and (c) to extend the
coverage and otherwise strengthen the unemploy­
ment insurance system. Nevertheless, I am trou­
bled by the report as a whole, and I consider it a
dubious guide to economic policy.
The reasons for my dissent are as follows:
1. The report fails to identify or to analyze or
to assess the quantitative importance of the dif­
ferent causes of unemployment. Nevertheless, it
conveys the impression that technological ad­
vances are a major, if not the major, cause of
recent unemployment. I know of no evidence to
support this view, and I deplore anything that
adds to the greatly exaggerated fears that many
people have of what is loosely called automation.
2. The report suffers from a failure to link its
proposed remedies to the causes of unemployment.
Thus the report does not mention seasonal unem­
ployment or ways of dealing with it. It does not
mention the loss of exports by some industries or
the policies needed for coping with this source of
unemployment. It does not distinguish cyclical
unemployment from other types or indicate how
public policy for dealing with recessions should
be improved. On the other hand, the report puts
heavy emphasis on public works and seems to
suggest that this kind of governmental spending
is a good remedy for unemployment regardless of
its cause. Unhappily, public works are poorly
suited for dealing with mild recessions or ydth
local pockets of chronic unemployment.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

3. Most recommendations of the report are
couched in such vague language that they may
mean much or little, depending on how they are
interpreted. But if experience is any guide,
neither the vagueness of language nor the sur­
rounding qualifications will prevent articulate
groups of our society from claiming the authority
of this Committee for programs that could prove
damaging to our economy. If all or most of the
recommendations were implemented fairly prompt­
ly and on a liberal scale, both employer costs of
production and governmental outlays would rise
substantially. The report passes over lightly
the question of how such increases would affect
business profits or the Federal budget or the
general price level. I find this question very
troublesome at the present time. The deteriora­
tion of profit margins during the past decade is
already a serious obstacle to achieving a high
rate of economic growth. The protracted rise of
the price level has already put severe pressure
on our balance of international payments. This
year’s projected rise of Federal cash outlays
already exceeds the increase of any peacetime
year in our history and, the international situation
being what it is, military expenditures may soon
need to be still larger. In view of these facts,
unless great caution is exercised in pursuing
programs that raise costs of production or public
outlays, we may find that economic growth is
curbed, that confidence in the dollar is weakened,
and that our international political position is
undermined.
4. Apart from these dangers, the report fails
to analyze how its recommendations would affect
the volume of unemployment itself. The report
seems to call not only for liberalizing the unem­
ployment insurance system, but also for extending
private supplements to unemployment insurance,
for providing public subsistence payments to
workers who undergo retraining, for lowering
the age at which displaced workers can qualify
for social security, and for using public funds to
aid unemployed workers in moving to areas where
jobs can be found. I deem it a duty to point
out that if all these measures were adopted in
quick order and on a substantial scale, some
individuals who now are outside the labor force
will see an advantage in entering it, while there
will be others who, having quit or lost their jobs,

LABOR-MANAGEMENT POLICY COMMITTEE REPORT ON AUTOMATION

will be tempted to take more time in settling
on new ones. In other words, unless great care
and caution are exercised in implementing the
Committee’s recommendations, the end result
may well be the social misfortune of permanently
higher unemployment.
5.
In large part, the shortcomings of the report
are traceable to the pessimistic assumption on
which it seems to proceed—namely, that there is a
serious possibility that our Nation’s economic
progress will prove insufficient to provide jobs
for all those who are able and eager to work.
I have greater faith in our Nation’s future.
A tremendous expansion of prosperity lies within
our power. The degree to which we attain it
will mainly depend, first, on how much work
people care to do, second, on how productive
they wish to be, third, on how earnestly we pursue
public policies to stimulate new, creative, and
more efficient economic activities by business
enterprises. If the report had started from this
broad but fundamental premise, it would have
dealt more constructively with the economic
and human problem of unemployment.
Dissent by Henry Ford II

I share wholeheartedly the concern over unem­
ployment expressed in this report, and I applaud
this Committee’s desire both to speed industrial
progress and to spread its human benefits more
widely. Few things are as costly to our Nation,
or as crushing to the human spirit, as lack of work
for those who are willing and able to work. Be­
cause I hold these view’s so strongly, I feel com­
pelled to state my belief that this report does not
really get to the heart of the matter.
Its major premise is the assumption that auto­
mation and technological advance are in and of
themselves significant causes of unemployment—
an assumption that neither history nor an analysis
of current unemployment supports. Technologi­
cal advance has been with us for many generations.
But, popular beliefs to the contrary, technological
advance has not been accelerating.
Moreover, the factual evidence strongly indi­
cates that, while automation displaces some indi­
viduals from the jobs they have held, its overall
effect is to increase income and expand job oppor­
tunities. History teaches us that, by and large,


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143

workers displaced by technological advance have
moved rapidly into other employment, ultimately
to better paying jobs. This is why we have had
rising personal incomes rather than mass unem­
ployment as new technology has come into use and
productivity has increased.
As Solomon Fabricant has recently pointed out
(in his introduction to John W. Kendrick’s Pro­
ductivity Trends in the United States):
Better-than-average increases in output were usually
accompanied by better-than-average increases in employ­
ment of workers and tangible capital, despite the more
rapid rise in productivity. Correspondingly, less-thanaverage increases in productivity were usually accom­
panied by less-than-average increases (or even decreases)
in output and in the use of labor and capital resources. . . .
No one concerned with the rise and fall of industries, or—
to single out a currently discussed problem—with the
effects of “automation” on employment, may ignore these
basic facts.

When the economy is prosperous, displaced
workers quickly find new employment. This is
illustrated by the movement of workers off farms
and into industrial employment when times are
good, and the slowdown in this movement when
times are bad.
The Committee has recognized that the general
problem of unemployment is the key problem,
but its recommendations are concerned mainly
with the important but secondary matters of re­
training and mobility. A good employment serv­
ice and unemployment compensation facilitate
the transfer from one job to another, but these
measures, even if accompanied by massive re­
training, relief, and other social programs, will
scarcely make a dent in unemployment when
economic conditions are poor. If, therefore, we
would help persons displaced by technological
advance, we must focus our attention not on
relief or even training—though these, properly
conceived and administered, will help—but on
creating new jobs for people who seek them and
can perform in them.
When wages rise faster than productivity in
the economy, costs will rise and then either prices
will go up or profits will come down—or both will
happen. If profits come down, then incentive to
save and to invest savings in new, job-creating
plants, enterprises, and industries must suffer.
Moreover, unless inflationary measures are taken

144
to support the higher wage, cost, and price levels,
demand will not be adequate to maintain produc­
tion and employment. And, when the integrity
of the dollar is at stake, inflationary measures
cannot be taken without calamitous results.
We must find, ways consistent with a free economy
to keep wages and other costs from causing either
unemployment or inflation.
I regret that the report does not make this
focal problem the primary target of its comments
and recommendations. For, when we have found
and placed in operation those policies and practices
that can keep costs from rising and forcing us into
either unemployment or inflation, we will have
done much more than could be accomplished by
all other measures combined.
The recommendations in this report are con­
cerned mainly with ways of preventing and reliev­
ing technological displacement. I personally en­
dorse many of them and the company with which
I am associated has long followed practices similar
to many of those recommended in the report.
Nevertheless, I have the following general reser­
vations about the character of the recommenda­
tions:
First, they cannot solve the problem of mass
unemployment because they are directed primarily
at helping people to find jobs—not at the basic
need for more jobs.
Second, the massive program of public and pri­
vate actions called for may have unexpected con­
sequences that the Committee has not been able
to evaluate. Indeed, I believe that the knowledge
and experience necessary to evaluate this sweeping
program do not now exist, and that it is, therefore,
inappropriate and unwise for this Committee to
place its stamp of approval upon such a program.
For example, greatly expanded Federal assistance
could very well destroy incentives that stimulate
private economic activity and generate individual
initiative.
Third, the endorsement of comprehensive,
economywide programs in very general terms
diverts attention from and complicates the search
for carefully selected measures to meet particular


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962
problems. For example, I believe that the main
result of a large-scale, nationwide program to
retrain the unemployed might be to impede the
development of useful local programs carefully
tailored to existing job opportunities and the
needs and abilities of individuals.
In addition to these general reservations, I
have misgivings about some of the specific recom­
mendations. With respect to unemployment
compensation, I believe that duration, coverage,
and amount of benefits must be increased where
they are inadequate. In addition, safeguards
to protect against abuses should be strengthened.
I do not endorse Federal standards, but believe
the States should continue with responsibility
for fitting their particular systems to their own
conditions and needs.
I agree that in the main the recommendations
for improving our school systems are good. In
many areas and localities, however, the most
urgent need is not more money but greater public
concern with what is taught in our schools.
Arbitrarily shortening the workweek in order
to decrease unemployment would be a confession
of defeat. Not only a poor remedy, it is also a
harmful one; for it would retard the growth needed
for the safety and welfare of our Nation at this
point in its history. We can and should look
forward to normal increases in our leisure time,
but they must come as our growing economy can
afford them and not as expedient solutions to
unemployment problems.
In summary, I find some things in this report
of which I approve, and much of which I dis­
approve. Its goal of making certain that high
employment accompany technological improve­
ment and increasing efficiency has my full support.
However, I believe that the general direction of
its recommendations is not well calculated to
achieve this goal. I believe, too, that the report’s
basic assumption concerning the relationship
between technological advance and unemploy­
ment is in error. Therefore, I feel it necessary
to say, with reluctance, that I cannot concur in
the report.

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION AND THE HANDICAPPED

145

Workmen’s Compensation Laws and
Employment of the Handicapped

quate protection owing to hmitations on its
operation.

significant achievements in the rehabili­
tation and job placement of persons with serious
physical impairments, many employers are still re­
luctant to hire handicapped workers. One reason
frequently advanced is the fear of increased work­
men’s compensation costs, should a subsequent in­
jury result in a serious compounded disability. To
find the extent of this fear and whether it is justi­
fied, the Bureau of Labor Standards undertook a
special study 1in 1960. It consisted of a question­
naire survey of manufacturing employers in six
States, supplemented by several other surveys and
an analysis of certain features of State workmen’s
compensation laws.
One of the major findings of the questionnaire
survey was that nearly three-fifths of the em­
ployers were unwilling to hire workers with certain
physical impairments. Of the six types of dis­
abilities listed on the questionnaire, the employers
showed least reluctance to hire persons with eye
disabilities, limb or other orthopedic disabilities,
and heart or circulation ailments, and the greatest
reluctance to hire persons with epilepsy, dust dis­
eases or other lung ailments, and back ailments.
Less than one-tenth of the manufacturers, how­
ever, gave fear of increased workmen’s compensa­
tion costs as the principal reason for their position.
Other factors, such as “ work too heavy or dan­
gerous” and “ too many operations required,” were
mentioned much more frequently. Whatever the
reason given, many employers, especially in small
firms, mistakenly thought that hiring handicapped
workers would increase their workmen’s compensa­
tion premiums. Concern over costs was also evi­
dent in the replies of a substantial number who
said they would hire the handicapped if they were
assured that their workmen’s compensation liabil­
ity would be limited to the part of the worker’s
disability that might result from a subsequent
injury. Even in States with broad-coverage sub­
sequent injury funds, some employers gave such a
reply, perhaps because they either did not under­
stand the law or believed that it gave them inade-

Scope and Method. The questionnaire, Employer
Reaction on Employment of Qualified Persons with
Physical Impairments, was mailed to 2,946 manu­
facturing employers in six States. The States
were selected partly on the basis of geographical
distribution and industrial diversity, but primarily
on the basis of the type of provision, if any, for a
subsequent injury fund in their workmen’s com­
pensation law. Two of the States (Florida and
Missouri) have broad-coverage subsequent injury
fund provisions which apply to any previous per­
manent disability; two (Colorado and Illinois)
have narrow-coverage provisions, limited to work­
ers who have previously suffered the loss, or loss
of use, of a member of the body; and the other two
(Louisiana and Virginia) do not have subsequent
injury funds.
A sample of manufacturing employers in these
States was selected to represent eight size groups,2
approximately in accordance with the actual dis­
tribution of manufacturing plants in the respective
States. While the responses are believed to repre­
sent the attitudes of manufacturing employers in
general, a survey among employers in other in­
dustries such as the retail or service trades might
have produced different results.
Replies were received from 1,221 (41.4 percent)
of the employers.3 These data were combined for
the various size groups by weighting the reports
from each establishment in proportion to the prob­
ability of its selection.
For purposes of the survey, physical impairment
was defined as “any permanent condition due to
previous accident or disease or any congenital con­
dition which is or is likely to be a hindrance or
obstacle to employment.” Thus the physically
handicapped, as considered in the study, included
orthopedics, cardiacs, epileptics, silicotics, and
persons with serious visual defects.

D

e s p it e

1 This article summarizes Bureau of Labor Standards Bull. 234, Workmen’s
Compensation and the Physically Handicapped Worker (1961).
2 The groups ranged in size from firms with fewer than 10 employees to those
with more than 1,000.
3 Since resources did not permit a followup of nonrespondents, no test could
be made for potential nonresponse bias.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The Questionnaire Survey

Findings of the Survey. Physically impaired em­
ployees constituted 4.7 percent of all employees of
the reporting plants. Only 1.8 percent had been
physically impaired when first employed. It thus
appears that over three-fifths of the handicapped
workers in these plants incurred their impairments
after they were hired. Such reemployment of their

146

own job-injured workers appeared to be more
widely practiced among the employers with more
than 500 workers than among smaller plants.
The extent of the fear of increased workmen’s
compensation costs as a bar to hiring the handi­
capped is shown by an analysis of the answers to
two questions. One of these questions was:
Would your company employ a qualified person
with any of the six specified disabilities? To
this, 57 percent answered “no” and 20 percent,
“yes” (the remaining employers either answered
“don’t know” or did not reply). The employers
showed considerably more willingness to hire
qualified applicants with a limb or eye loss than
those with any of the other listed disabilities.
The average of affirmative answers with respect
to hiring the former was 36 percent. Heart and
circulatory ailments came next in five of the six
States, with an average of 24 percent favorable
responses, followed closely by “other orthopedic
disability,” with 22 percent. On the other hand,
back ailments (17 percent), dust diseases or other
lung ailments (15 percent), and epilepsy (9
percent) ranked below the average for all disa­
bilities combined in each of the six States.
Among those who cited reasons for their unwill­
ingness to employ handicapped persons, less than
10 percent specifically indicated fear of risking an
increase in their workmen’s compensation costs.
The major reasons offered by the responding
employers were that the work was too dangerous
or too strenuous, or both, or required too many
physical operations. For instance, 62 percent of
the employers in Florida mentioned one or more
of the latter reasons but only 7 percent mentioned
fear of increased workmen’s compensation costs.
Among other reasons cited were unsuitability
of other work or plant conditions, plant policy,
seniority provisions, availability of able-bodied
applicants, and too rigid physical examinations.
Some of those who said the work was too heavy
or too dangerous may have been concerned also
about increased workmen’s compensation costs.
Evidence of this concern is revealed by the
responses to the second question, directed only to
those who said they were unwilling to hire the
handicapped: “If the workmen’s compensation
law applicable to your operations carried a provi­
sion making you liable only for the payment of
compensation for that percentage of disability
caused by your employment, would you hire

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

him?” Of such employers, 23 percent answered
“yes” and 23 percent said “no” (34 percent said
“don’t know” and 20 percent failed to answer).
In other words, nearly one-fourth of the employers
who were unwilling to hire persons with certain
impairments stated that they would be willing to
do so if their workmen’s compensation liability in
subsequent injury cases were limited. On the
other hand, just as many said they would still be
unwilling to hire handicapped workers and an
even larger group of employers were in doubt
whether they would do so.
Nevertheless, it is significant that the two States
(Colorado and Illinois) with narrow-coverage sub­
sequent injury fund provisions accounted for the
two highest percentages of “yes” answers; the
two intermediate percentages were in the two
States (Louisiana and Virginia) with no such
special fund, and the two lowest in the States
(Missouri and Florida) that have broad-coverage
funds. It is easy to understand the interest of
employers in the States with narrow-coverage
subsequent injury funds or no funds in an amend­
ment to their workmen’s compensation law which
would limit their liability in second injury cases.
On the other hand, why should 14 percent of the
manufacturing employers in Florida and 19 per­
cent of those in Missouri—States already having
broad-coverage funds—indicate that such a provi­
sion would make them willing to hire handicapped
persons? The most likely explanation is that they
are either unaware of or do not understand the
protection offered by the subsequent injury fund
and other provisions of the laws.
This lack of information and understanding
about the law is shown in the replies to a question
whether the firms carried workmen’s compensation
insurance, and if so, whether they were subject to
experience rating. (Under experience rating, the
employer’s premium is based on his own loss ex­
perience.) A surprisingly high percentage of
employers in the smallest size group, those with
fewer than 10 employees, indicated that their
workmen’s compensation insurance premium rates
were subject to experience rating. The percentage
ranged from 46.2 percent in Virginia to 77.7 per­
cent in Missouri. Actually, only rarely would such
small employers be eligible for experience rating,
and then only in extrahazardous occupations.
Analysis of the responses revealed no single,
consistent pattern, either by type of workmen’s

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION AND THE HANDICAPPED

compensation law (or subsequent injury fund
provision) or by size of establishment. Other
factors appear to be more important; for example,
effectiveness of rehabilitation programs; efforts
at selective placement by the Employment Service;
publicity given to subsequent injury fund pro­
visions ; reports of court decisions in cases involving
handicapped workers, allegedly unfavorable to
employers; and relative activity of Governors’
Committees on Employment of the Physically
Handicapped,
Supplemental Surveys

As another part of the special study conducted
by the Bureau of Labor Standards in 1960, the
President’s Committee on Employment of the
Physically Handicapped agreed to cooperate in
several studies of employer attitudes and ex­
perience. Or e of these involved a followup of an
earlier study conducted by the President’s Com­
mittee through affiliated Governor’s Committees.4
That survey had indicated that more than 80
percent of the reports from the Governor’s Com­
mittees cited fear by employers that workmen’s
compensation rates would go up if handicapped
were hired, as one reason for their reluctance to
hire handicapped workers. It added, however,
that in States like New York and Wisconsin,
which have broad-coverage subsequent injury
fund provisions, there was less concern over
compensation rates.
The 1960 followup on this study showed that
employers’ attitudes for the most part had changed
very little. Several States, however, no longer
cited the fear of increased workmen’s compensation
costs as a chief deterrent. Moreover, they
specifically referred to the effectiveness of many
informational media through which the President’s
Committee has emphasized the selective placement
of physically impaired employables on the basis
of their abilities rather than their disabilities.
Other surveys were conducted, in cooperation
with the President’s Committee in 1960, among
employers specializing in employment of handi­
capped workers, employer members of the Presi* E m p lo y e r R e s ista n c e T o H ir in g

T h e H a n d ic a p p e d , A

S u rvey S u m m a ry

(Washington, D.C., 1956).
! See “Impaired Workers in Industry,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , October
1944, pp. 677-683; T h e P e r f o r m a n c e o f P h y s i c a l l y I m p a i r e d W o r k e r s i n M a n u ­
f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r i e s , BLS Bull. 923,1948.
B a s e d o n R e p l i e s F r o m $ 7 S t a t e s a n d T e r r ito r ie s


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

147

dent’s Committee, associations of insurance agents,
Goodwill Industries, the Veterans Administration,
and the Veterans Employment Service. These
supplemental surveys emphasized the lack of
information on the part of many respondents
regarding the many interrelated factors involved
in determining the relative costs under the various
State workmen’s compensation laws, particularly
the methods by which insurance premium rates
are determined. The surveys also point to the need
for more extensive specialized services in local
public employment service offices, aimed at the
selective placement into suitable jobs of handi­
capped applicants.
Workmen’s Compensation Costs

Premium Rates. The Bureau of Labor Standards
also analyzed the State workmen’s compensation
system, the method of determining insurance
premium rates, and the subsequent injury fund
provisions in State workmen’s compensation laws.
This analysis emphasized that about 75 percent
of all employers in the country do not qualify for
experience rating and therefore pay according to
the basic (or manual) rate. Nor is the basic
premium rate adjusted for such factors as the
number of handicapped employees or the physical
condition or age of employees, so the rate could
not rise because employers hired handicapped
workers or because the handicapped workers on
the payroll became further disabled.
If an employer’s total annual premium exceeds
a specified amount (ranging from $50 to $1,600 in
the various States), it must be based upon one or
another of several experience-rating plans. Under
these plans, the determination of rates gives
greater weight to the frequency of accidents than
to their severity. Previous studies 5 have in­
dicated that the frequency of accidents is no
greater among handicapped workers than among
the nonhandicapped. Moreover, even under ex­
perience rating, the determination of premium
rates is related to the hazards of the industry and
the actual accident experience of the individual
company, not to the type of persons employed.
Subsequent-Injury Funds. One eventuality in­
volving the physically impaired could affect the
workmen’s compensation costs of an employer
subject to experience rating, especially retrospec-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

148

tive rating,6 or those of a self-insurer. This is
the possibility that a given injury might cause a
substantially greater degree of disability for a
worker who already has one impairment than for
a worker not previously disabled. Nearly all
States have amended their workmen’s compensa­
tion statutes to make special provision for dealing
with this problem. The solution which has found
most general acceptance, as being fair to employers
and employees alike, is the establishment (in all
but four States) of second or subsequent injury
funds within the workmen’s compensation system.
These funds limit the employer’s liability to the
compensation payable for the subsequent injury
considered by itself and pay the employee the
difference between that amount and what he would
have received for his resulting condition if there
had been no prior disability.
The effectiveness of the subsequent injury fund
provisions in encouraging the employment of
handicapped workers has been materially reduced
in most States by various limitations. The ma­
jority of States restrict coverage to cases where
the prior disability was the loss of a member (leg,
foot, arm, hand) or an eye. Even where the
coverage of prior disabilities is broader, the fund
provisions of some States are inoperative unless
the combined effect of the prior and the subse­
quent disabilities is permanent total disability.
The provisions of most States, in other words, are
applicable in only an extremely small proportion
of cases involving handicapped workers, inasmuch
as very few work injuries cause the loss of a
member and only about 0.1 percent of all injuries
result in permanent total disability.
But the role of these special funds, while
limited, is essential. Where there is such a fund,
the employee is more likely to be fully com­
pensated and the cost is not borne entirely by
his present employer. The result is a removal of
some barriers to the employment of the handi­
capped. To be fully effective, however, these
funds must be adequately financed and their
purpose must be made known to employers
through a widespread, continuing publicity
program.
—L loyd W. L arson
Division of State Services
Bureau of Labor Standards
6
Retrospective rating is a special form of experience rating available only
to employers paying more than $1,000 in annual premiums. Essentially, it
provides for determining the employer’s rate by basing it upon losses of the
current insurance period rather than upon the losses of previous years.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Multiemployer Pension Plans
Under Collective Bargaining—Pt. II
E ditor ’s N ote .— The following

article was adapted
from a chapter of a report to be published by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics on pension
plans which have been negotiated between unions
and multiemployer groups. Part I, covering
prevalence and selected characteristics, appeared
in the October issue of the Review (pp. 10921099).

T he planning and development of benefits to be
provided by multiemployer pension plans under
collective bargaining are usually the exclusive re­
sponsibilities of joint employer-union boards, as
authorized by the trust agreements. In such
cases, after the employers’ group and the union (s)
have negotiated the rate of contribution for
financing benefits, the boards determine the bene­
fits to be provided. Major changes in plan pro­
visions are also worked out by the boards. Clauses
similar to the following, giving a board power to
formulate plan provisions, appear in most multi­
employer pension plans.
To establish a plan . . . which shall define the retire­
ment benefits to be provided by the employer contribu­
tions, the conditions of eligibility for such benefits, the
terms of payment, and such other items as the trustees
shall deem it necessary to include. The aforesaid terms
of the plan shall be determined by the trustees in their
sole discretion on the basis of actuarial principles, and
shall be subject to change by the trustees retroactively or
otherwise from time to time.

In contrast, establishment and amendment of the
level of benefits and other terms of single employer
plans are negotiated directly by the employer and
the union, along with wage and other fringe bene­
fit issues, typically under the pressure of contract
termination. By shifting the negotiation of bene­
fits from the bargaining table to the calmer, less
hurried atmosphere of the board room, multi­
employer plan trustees are provided an oppor­
tunity to act as trustees rather than as partisan
union or management representatives facing the
tensions of collective bargaining. In such circum­
stances, the judgment and cost estimates of
actuaries (or insurers) can be more carefully
considered.

MULTIEMPLOYER PENSION PLANS

149

Although the basic purposes of multiemployer
pension plans are similar to those of single em­
ployer plans, significant differences exist between
them which reflect in part differences in labor
markets, industries, and bargaining structures.1
Vesting and early retirement provisions, for ex­
ample, are more prevalent in single employer
plans; however, the transferability of credited
service among participating employers—a built-in
feature of multiemployer plans—probably ac­
complishes as much as vesting for workers remain­
ing within the scope of the plan. Multiemployer
plans usually gear benefit amounts solely to
credited service; single employer plans more often
relate them to both earnings and service. Pay­
ment of cash (lump sum or installments) in lieu of
periodic pension benefits is more often found in
multiemployer than single employer plans. Unlike
many single employer pension plans that directly
reduce benefits by all or part of a worker’s social
security benefits or use a more hberal benefit
formula for earnings above than for those below
the social security taxable wage base (currently
$4,800 a year), multiemployer plans rarely take
social security benefits so explicitly into account.
The participation requirements of multiem­
ployer plans and their major benefit provisions—•
normal, early, and disability retirement provi­
sions and vesting—are described in this article.
Certain other benefits, such as death benefits
(including vddow’s benefits) and lump-sum dis­
tributions, are also covered. The normal retire1 References to negotiated single employer plans are based on a series of
Bureau of Labor Statistics studies published in the following bulletins:
P e n s io n P la n s

U n d e r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n in g : P a r t I .

R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r P a r l y R e t ir e m e n t; P a r t I I .
s io n s , L a t e 1958

(BLS Bull. 1259, 1959);

V e s t in g P r o v is i o n s a n d

I n v o lu n ta r y R e t ir e m e n t P r o v i ­

P e n s i o n P l a n s U n d e r C o lle c tiv e B a r ­

g a in in g : N o r m a l R e t ir e m e n t; E a r l y a n d D i s a b i l i t y R e t ir e m e n t, F a l l 1959

Bull. 1284, 1961); and

(BLS

P e n s i o n P l a n s U n d e r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n in g : S u r v iv o r s

(a forthcoming bulletin).
Although these s tudies were based on a selection of 300 plans, each covering
at least 1,000 workers, it is believed that the coverage adequately represents
single employer plans (231 of the 300) under collective bargaining, particularly
in terms of workers covered, for the type of comparisons made in this article.
2 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , October 1961, p. 1092.
3 Generally, the individual participating employer cannot voluntarily
include additional employees (supervisors, clerical, etc.) outside the bar­
gaining unit. However, many plans do extend plan coverage to officers and
employees of the participating local union (s).
B e n e f it s , D e c e m b e r 1960

4 See

U n io n S e c u r it y a n d C h e c k o ff P r o v is i o n s i n M a j o r

U n io n C o n tr a c ts ,

(BLS Bull. 1272, 1960). A union shop clause requires all employees
in the bargaining unit, as a condition of employment, to be or become union
members within a specified time after hiring.
4
The absence of such clauses from most plans may stem from the pro­
hibition against d iscrimination in the Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act. The National Labor Relations Board has held in several
cases involving illegal union security arrangements that pension plan clauses
restricting payment of benefits to union members only were illegal.

ment provisions, upon which most other benefit
provisions depend, are analyzed in detail, and
benefits under assumed conditions are computed.
All tabulations relate to 736 of the 798 plans in
effect in spring 1960 for which plan benefits were
formulated.2
Participation Requirements

For a worker to participate in or to be covered
by the plan, most multiemployer pension plans
simply required that he be on the payroll of a
contributing employer in a unit covered by the
collective bargaining agreement.3 If the agree­
ment provides for a union shop, which is typical
among multiemployer agreements outside rightto-work States,4 all participating employees would
thus be union members. Only a seventh of the
plans, however, covering less than a tenth of the
workers, specifically required union membership
for participation. One plan, for example, stated
that “Employee means any dues-paying member
of the union.” 6 Some plans appended the
following explanation which can be generally
applied to all plans with such requirements:
So that no misunderstanding may arise with reference
to the above definition of the term ^employee” in relation
to any provisions of the Labor Management Relations
Act of 1947, as amended, it is a requirement under the
terms of the collective bargaining agreements between
participating companies and the union, and it is and always
has been the practice of the union, that the union admit
into its membership all employees of the participating
companies after their 30th day of employment, without
discrimination whatsoever, with the exception of those
persons to whom reapplication for membership may be
denied under said act. Therefore, since there could not
be any person against whom discrimination could be
exercised within the provisions of said act, the definition
of employee as herein stated is considered to be the best
terminology for the intent and purposes of coverage and
administration under this pension plan.

Age and service participation requirements
were included in only 19 plans, covering 66,000
workers (table 1), mainly in the metalworking
and trade industries. Age requirements ranged
from 22 to 40 years and minimum service
requirements from 1 (most common) to 5 years.

1 9 5 8 -5 9


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Normal Retirement Provisions

Normal retirement provisions, a feature of
virtually all pension plans, specify the age at
which a qualified worker would normally be

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

150
T able 1. Minimum A ge and Service P articipation
R equirements in M ultiemployer P ension P lans
U nder Collective B argaining, S pring 1960
Plans

Workers 1
(thousands)

All plans............................................................................

736

3,229.8

No age nr service requirements____________________

686

3,133.0

With requirements_____________________________
Age _____________________________________
Service ___________________________________
_________________________
App and service

19
4
10
5

65.9
52.8
11.3
1.7

information riot available________ -----___________

31

31.0

Participation requirement

» Worker coverage includes both active and retired workers in 1959.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

expected to retire, the formula to be used to
compute retirement income or the amount if a
uniform benefit is paid, and the conditions and
duration of benefit payment. The normal retire­
ment age as stipulated in pension plans is not
necessarily the age of actual retirement; it is,
technically, the earliest age at which a worker
having otherwise qualified for benefits, may retire
of his own accord and receive immediately the
full amount of benefits to which he is entitled.
Most plans also require the fulfillment of a
specified period of credited service with one or
more of the employers participating in the plan.
Age. The normal retirement age in all but 33
plans was 65, the youngest age at which full
social security old-age benefits are payable; 24
had ages below 65, and 9, above. Although only
20 plans permitted workers to retire on full
benefits at age 60, they covered over 15 percent
of the workers; in this group were several large
plans in the coal mining and motor transportation
industries. All but two plans with a normal age
other than 65 were self-insured.
Benefit Formulas. The pension formulas in
multiemployer plans do not exhibit the wide
diversity found in single employer plans. Most
can be classified into two basic types: (a) a flat
or uniform benefit for all workers who fulfill
specified service requirements or (b) benefits
which varied by length of service alone. Formulas
in which benefits varied by earnings and service,
commonly found in single employer plans, were
used by few multiemployer plans.
A fourth of the plans, with almost half of the
workers under multiemployer plans, stipulated


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

uniform benefit formulas, as contrasted with a
small fraction of negotiated single employer plans
(table 2). Uniform benefits were found mainly
in the apparel, mining, and water transportation
industries. The vast majority of these plans
were self-insured.
Formulas in which benefits varied by length of
service alone were found in over 60 percent of the
plans, with 40 percent of the workers, as compared
to about a third of single employer plans. This
type of formula was most common in the food,
printing, metalworking, construction, trade, and
service industries. Three-fourths of the insured
plans and almost three fifths of the self-insured
plans had this type of formula.
In 24 plans, benefits were expressed as a percent­
age of the employer contributions made for each
worker—a formula rarely used in single employer
plans. These plans were significant in the motor
transportation industry. In 13 of these plans,
contributions were on a time worked basis, hence
benefits were indirectly related to service. Two
plans based contributions on individual earnings,
thus benefits were indirectly related to both earn­
ings and service. The contributions and the
underlying basis of benefits in the remaining plans
were not available. Since contributions are often
closely related to hours worked, benefits under all
24 plans are more apt to be affected by short
breaks in service than are benefits under formulas
directly related to service, which usually credit
service annually or quarterly.
Twenty-three plans, found mainly in the con­
struction industry, did not contain a specific
benefit formula in the pension plan document.
Benefits were usually determined by the amount
accumulated in a worker’s individual account at
the time of retirement. Most of the plans paid
only lump-sum cash benefits. Since contribution
rates were based on time worked, benefits were
generally proportionate to service. Usually these
plans were self-insured.
Form of Payments. Pension payments were to
stop upon the death of the pensioner (payment for
life, only) in 80 percent of the multiemployer
plans covering almost 90 percent of (he workers.
Virtually all the remaining plans also provided
lifetime benefits and made additional guarantees.
Eleven percent (82) of the plans, with almost 9
percent of the workers, mainly in the food and

MULTIEMPLOYER PENSION PLANS

151

construction industries, promised that if the
worker died before receiving a guaranteed number
of pension payments, the remaining payments
would be continued to his beneficiary, usually his
widow. Such guarantees were included in about
the same proportion of insured and self-insured
plans. Although the length of the guarantee
ranged from 1 to 15 years, it was rarely less than
3 years and usually ran for either 3 years (35 plans)
or 5 years (30 plans).
Fourteen of the thirty jointly financed plans
promised to make a sufficient number of payments
to the worker and, after his death, to return to his
beneficiary at least his contributions, with or with­
out interest,. Two plans provided that if total
payments were less than the cost of the benefit
at retirement, the balance would be paid to a
beneficiary.

of benefits was computed for each plan, where
possible, under the following assumed conditions:
(1) Retirement at age 65 (except for nine plans
specifying a higher age); (2 ) an annual earnings
level of $4,800, assumed to be constant throughout
the worker’s career; (3) future service credits of
30 years. Since few of these plans have distinctly
different past and future service benefits, the
amounts computed may, in general, apply to
workers retiring at the present time.
No benefit amount could be computed for 69
plans covering 89,500 workers either because they
had no benefit formula or sufficient information
was not available.
Monthly benefit amounts thus computed ranged
from $ 1 0 to $230. Almost a fourth of the plans
covering about the same proportion of workers
provided between $50 and $60 a month (table 3).
The average benefit paid by these plans amounted
to $68.34, influenced by a substantial number of
workers in plans paying $ 1 0 0 or more. If the
maximum primary social security benefits of
$127 6 are added to plan benefits, total monthly
retirement income would range from $137 to $357.
The average for all workers would increase to
$195.34, representing almost half (48.8 percent)

Amount of Benefit. In order to evaluate multi­
employer plans in terms of the amount of normal
retirement benefit provided, the monthly amount
« Under social security provisions in 1961, the maximum benefit of $127
for workers at the assumed earnings level of $4,800 per year will not be pay­
able, with a few exceptions, until after 35 years, although workers may be­
come eligible for slightly less than the maximum much sooner.

T able 2. T ypes

of

B enefit F ormulas

in

M ultiemployer P ension P lans U nder Collective B argaining,
I ndustry, S pring 1960

by

[Workers in thousands]
Flat benefit
for specified
service

All plans
Industry
Number

Work­
ers i

Benefits vary Benefits vary Benefits are
by service
by earnings a percent of
alone
and service
employer
contribution

Other
formulas

No specific
formula

Information
not
available

Plans Work­ Plans Work­ Plans Work­ Plans Work­ Plans Work­ Plans Work­ Plans Work­
ers i
ers 1
ers 1
ers 1
ers 1
ers 1
ers *

All industries..................................-

736

3,229. 8

455 1,267. 6

6

58.4

24

270.8

9

14.2

23

23.9

31

Manufacturing___________

270

1,239.6

188 1,563.9
92

817.9

146

352.2

3

42.9

4

3.3

6

11.7

8

5.0

11

6.5

Food and kindred Products_____
Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries___________________
Leather and leather products____
Metalworkine __ __________
Miscellaneous manufacturing____

84

226.8

2

0.8

74

214.5

2

1.1

4

10.0

1

0.1

1

0.3

78

772.9

60

745.8

7

24.1

1

.3

3

.7

7

53
6
27
22

63.0
24.2
55.7
97.0

13
1
6
10

17.7
1.8
13.6
38.2

36
4
16
9

41.6
21.7
34.5
15.8

1

.3

1

2.0

1

1.4

1
2

42.6

.3

3

15.5

19

266.7

3

1

2.2

8
4

28.0
215. 0

1

7.2

1

6.1

5
2

15.6
8.1

1

.8

Nonmanufac turing________

454

1,969.1

96

746.0

298

895.1

Mining_____________ ________
Contract construction...............
Motor transportation___________
Water transportation___________
Wholesale and retail trade_______
Services _____________________
Motion pictures and recreation__
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing..

4
232
46
41
89
25
14
3

295.4
612.0
498.9
147.6
295.8
67.9
49.5
2.1

2
16
11
26
28
7
4
2

294.6
28.6
192.2
92.0
93.2
11. 6
32. 5
1.3

2
183
30
14
44
15
9
1

0.8
519.2
91.0
63 6
170.9
47.9
10.9
.8

Interindustry manufacturing and non manufacturing.

12

21.0

11

20.2

1 Worker coverage includes both active and retired workers in 1959.
! Fewer than 50 workers.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1

31.0

1.9
(’)

1
2
1

.7
3.1
.4

2

4.3

2.6

15

18.8

20

24.5

2

1.7

11

17.2

1

.9

3
1

1.3
.3

11
1
1
7

15.1
.7
2.0
6.7

N ote: Because of rounding, suras of individual items may not equal totals.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

152
T able 3

N ormal R etirement M onthly B enefits ,
per Y ear for 30 Y ears of F uture Credited
U nder C ollective B argaining, S pring 1960

E xcluding S ocial Security, for W orkers E arning $4,800
Service, by I ndustry, in M uliiemployer P ension P lans

[Workers in thousands]
$60
and under
$70

$50
and under
$60

$40
and under
$50

$30
and under
$40

Under $30 2

All plans

$70
and under
$80

Industry
Work­
ers 1

Plans

Work­
ers 1

Plans

Work­
ers 1

Plans

137.3

87

347.8

169

824.9

96

324.1

67

382. 6

41.9

37

256.4

73

589.2

40

99.1

19

36.1

4

3.3

8

12.8

10

9.9

21

32.6

7

8.9

12.2

11

9.9

12

169.2

35

533.7

2

44.1

1

.4

3

4.4

8

12.2
13.1

8

5

8.2

3

3.4

3
5

12.8
1.8
16.8
14.3

14.7

14.5

11
1
8
8

11

2

6.9
8.6
2.4
56.6

5
1

6.7
.9

5
1

17.7
.9

27

175.5

54

94.4

49

90.6

94

229.6

54

222.6

44

338.0

2
48
8
4
23
6
3

43.4
83.7
20.1
23.4
52.4
5. 8
.7

1
37
2
5
6
2
1

10.3
151.9
1.2
36.9
29.1
1.1
2.0

22
5
1
12

87.9
199.3

2

6 .0

2

2.4

4

Work­
ers 1

208.0

84

32.1

29

2

1.0

772.9

5

53
6
27
22

63.0
24.2
55.7
97.0

454

1,969.1

Work­
ers 1

Plans

Work­
ers 1

All industries___________________

736

3,229.8

40

Manufacturing_____________

270

1,239.6

12

Food fvnd kindred products_____
Apparel and other finished textile
products
_____ _____ ____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries............. ....................... ........
Leather and leather products---------

84

226.8

78

Miscellaneous maunfi^ctlPTUg
N onmanufacturing---------------

Mining-------------- ----------------------Motor transportation___________ Water transportation
_______
Wholesale and retail trade________
Per vices
___________________
Motion pictures and recreation____
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing---Interindustry manufacturing
and nonmanufacturing

Industry

All industries....... .................. -...........
Manufacturing-------------------Food and kin died products— -------Apparel and other finished textile
Printing, publishing, and allied in-

4
232
46
41
89
25
14

295.4
612.0
498.9
147.6
295.8
67.9
49.5

12

21.0

$80
and under
$90

7
3
7
3
5
1
1

126.9
6.2
5.4
2.5
4.3
30.0

27
3
6
11
4
2

20.7
2.5
3.6
46.8
15.8
4.3
.8

31
2
4
8
2
2

31.3
2.6
2.1
15.8
35.1
3.7

1

.4

1

1.0

1

.8

Wholesale and retail trade— --------Services_______ --- - ----------------Motion pictures and recreation.........
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing----

$130
and over 3

1.1
8.6

Be nefits
not com pu ted 4
Work­
ers 1

Work­
ers 1

Plans

Work­
ers 1

Plans

14

39.2

13

209.5

69

89.5

3

20.8

24

15.4

3

20.8

3

1.5

Plans

Work­
ers 1

Plans

Work­
ers 1

Plans

Work­
ers 1

Plans

8

31.7

28

79.9

50

535.0

11

20.4

6.2

5

11.4

18

116.2

14.8

6.1

2

6.0

15

109.2

14.8

1

.5

11

3.0

1

.7

1

.5

4

2

4.6

1

6.0

23

68.6

32

418.8

1
9
5
6
7
2
2

251.6
15.9
21.5
57.4
70.9
.9

—

1
1

(5)

6

25.5

2
2

1

2.5
7.9

14
«4

26.9
30.0

9.0

4

11.5
.2

1

6.1

Interindustry manufacturing

i Worker coverage includes both active and retired workers in 1959.
s The smallest benefit was $10 a month,
a The largest benefit was $230 a month.
4Includes 23 plans with 23,900 workers which had no specific benefit and
formula; 40 plans with 60,300 workers for which information was not available;
and 6 plans with 5,300 workers for which computation of benefit was im­
possible.
5 Fewer than 50 workers.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$120

and under
$130

44.9
4.3

Work­
ers 1

.

Contract construction____________
Motor transportation
________

$110
and under
$120

$100
and under
$110

$90
and under
$100

1
1

Plans

Metalworking---------------------------N onmanufacturing---------------

Work­
ers 1

Plans

Plans

Num­
ber

8

1

2.5
.7
7.4
.4

3

5.6

10

16.6

13

209.5

45

74.0

1
2

1.3
4.3

6
3

6.6
9.6
.4

1

1.7
193.0
12.9

27

16
5

54.9
.7
5.2
13.0
.3

1

4

.

1

1

2
14
1

6

1

1.8

6 Includes 1 plan with 1,000 workers which provided $90 a month for the
first 5 years of retirement and $25 thereafter.
7Includes 3 plans with 174,500 workers which provided $135 a month for
the first 5 years of retirement and $70 thereafter, and 1 plan with 3,000 workers
which provided $175 a month for the first 5 years of retirement and $85 there­
after.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

MULTIEMPLOYER PENSION PLANS

of the assumed preretirement earnings level of
$4,800. Plans providing monthly benefit amounts
which, when added to maximum primary social
security benefits, would equal $2 0 0 , or at least
half of the worker’s preretirement income, were
most common in the food, metalworking, con­
struction, motor transportation, and trade in­
dustries.
On the average, self-insured plans provided
slightly higher monthly benefits than insured
plans—$71.43 and $67.02, respectively. One out
of four self-insured plans (covering 4 out of 10
workers in such plans), as compared with slightly
less than 1 out of 4 insured plans (with more than
7 out of 1 0 workers), provided benefits which,
when supplemented by maximum primary social
security benefits, amounted to at least half of
preretirement earnings.
Benefits averaged a little higher in uniform
benefit formulas than those in which the benefit
formulas varied by service—$68.91 and $66.97,
respectively. In part, this differential is attrib­
utable to (1 ) payment of maximum benefits
under the service plans after 20 and 25 years of
service and (2 ) inclusion of several large Teamsters
plans providing a flat benefit of $135 7 a month for
only the first 5 years of retirement but a sub­
stantially reduced benefit thereafter.

153
T able 4. N umber and P ercentage of M ajor B ene ­
fits P rovided in A ddition to N ormal R etirement
B enefits in M ultiemplo^er P ension P lans U nder
Collective B argaining, S pring 1960
Plans
Major benefits

Workers 1

Num­
Number
ber
Percent
(thou­ Percent
sands)

All plans________ _______________

736

100.0

3,229.8

100.0

No additional benefits........................
Disability retirement only..................
Disability retirement.................. ........
And early retirement and vesting
And early retirement....................
And vesting...................................

202
183
203
70
100
33

27.4
24.9
27.6
9.5
13.6
4.5

1,285. 8
883.2
591. 3
194.7
332.5
64.1

39.8
27.3
18.3
6.0
10.3
2.0

W ithout disability retirem ent...........
With early retirement and vesting............. .................................
With early retirement only..........
With vesting only.........................

117

15.9

438.6

13.6

40
52
25

5.4
7.1
3.4

124.7
102.3
211.6

3.9
3.2
6.6

Information not available_________

31

4.2

31.0

1.0

i Worker coverage includes both active and retired workers in 1959.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

plans covering 195,000 workers provided all three
of these major benefits. The construction indus­
try accounted for 31 of the 70 plans, and 52 of
the 70 were self-insured.

Early Retirement Provisions. Early retirement,
as the term is used in pension plans, means retire­
ment on a reduced benefit before the plan’s normal
retirement age. The reduction, usually based on
actuarial considerations, compensates for the
longer period over which benefits will be paid.
Early and Disability Retirement; Vesting
Although early retirement benefits are always
Multiemployer pension plans, as a group, pro­
payable immediately on retirement, under some
plans the fully qualified worker may choose to
vide all of the subsidiary benefits found in single
defer receiving a benefit until he attains the plan’s
employer plans, but with a different emphasis
normal retirement age, when the full benefit is
reflecting differences in the nature of the bargain­
payable. Early retirement is almost always at
ing relationship and the labor market. Slightly
the option of the worker under multiemployer
more than a fourth of multiemployer plans, cover­
plans.
ing two-fifths of the workers, provided a normal
Slightly more than a third of the multiemployer
retirement benefit only (table 4). Another fourth
plans, covering almost a fourth of the workers, had
of the plans added a disability retirement pro­
an early retirement provision applicable to all
vision. The remaining half of all multiemployer
covered workers, as contrasted with 90 percent of
plans had different combinations of early and
the single employer plans covering 95 percent of
disability retirement and vesting, but only 70
the workers.8 These provisions were most prev­
i
This benefit was used in the distributions and in the computation of the alent in food, printing, metalworking, construction,
foregoing averages.
motor transportation, trade, and service industries
®See Bull. 1284, op. cit.

625182— 02


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

154

90 percent of the workers.10 The provisions were
most common in the food, apparel, printing,
metalworking, construction, and motor and water
transportation industries. Disability pensions
were provided by 55 percent of the self-insured
plans covering almost half of the workers under
self-insured plans, as against 42 percent of the
insured plans with about a sixth of the coverage
of such plans.11

(table 5). An additional 38 plans, covering
677,000 workers, permitted early retirement for
women only, usually at age 62. Seventeen of these
plans, accounting for 614,000 workers, were in
the apparel industries, where a large majority of
employees are women.
The medium of funding (insured or self-insured)
appeared to have little or no effect on whether
early retirement was provided, perhaps because
its inclusion is virtually costless to the plan if the
benefit reduction is based on actuarial factors.
Although over a third of both self-insured and
insured plans provided for early retirement, only
1 0 percent of the workers covered by insured
plans were included.

Vesting Provisions. Vesting is a guarantee to the
worker of a right or equity in a pension plan,
based on all or part of the employer’s contribu­
tions made in his behalf (in terms of accrued
pension benefits) should his employment or cover­
age by the plan be terminated before he attains

Disability Retirement Provisions. Disability re­
tirement benefits, when provided, are payable 9 to
totally and permanently disabled workers, pro­
vided they meet certain age and/or service re­
quirements. In contrast to early retirement,
benefits are often the same as or higher than nor­
mal retirement benefits.
Disability benefits were provided by more than
half of the multiemployer plans with over 45
percent of the workers, as compared with almost
80 percent of the single employer plans with almost
T able 5.

P rovisions

for

6 Frequently a 6-month waiting period, during which the severity of the
disability may be determined, must elapse before benefits are payable.
10 Plans which paid disability benefits only at age 65 were not counted as
providing disability benefits. In these plans, service was credited or frozen
after total and permanent disability until age 65, and then the normal
benefit was payable. They were found in 17 multiemployer pension plans
covering 41,800 workers, primarily in the apparel and service industries.
11 The development of the deposit administration group annuity plan has
enabled plan trustees to include disability benefits in the larger insured plans,
since possible adverse experience is transferred from the insurer to the fund.
Under a deposit administration plan, the insurer’s obligations and guarantees
are limited to the benefits already purchased. To provide disability bene­
fits under such a plan, the fund may purchase temporary annuities until
the disabled worker reaches 65 or is no longer disabled. At 65, the fund pur­
chases the regular annuity from the insurer.

E arly and D isability R etirement and Vesting in M ultiemployer P ension P lans
U nder Collective B argaining, by I ndustry, S pring 1960
[Workers in thousands]

Industry

Plans with early
retirem ent2

All plans

Plans with disa­
bility retirem ent3 Plans with vesting *

Information not
available

Number Workers 1 Number Workers 1 Number Workers 1 Number Workers 1 Plans

Workers 1

All industries........... .................... ............................-

736

3,229.8

262

754.3

386

1,474. 5

168

595.0

31

Manufacturing_________________ ________

270

1,239. 6

103

265.4

155

807.6

49

81.0

11

6.5

Food and kindred products.____ _______ ______
Apparel and other finished textile products.............
Printing, publishing, and allied industries....... ........
Leather and leather products___________________
Metalworking__________ ____________ _______
Miscellaneous manufacturing__________________

84
78
53
6
27
22

226.8
772.9
63.0
24.2
55.7
97.0

52
2
31

171.2
12.6
31.1

22
2
12
1
8
4

37.6
12.6
11.7
.3
14.8
4.0

0.3
1.9

26.3
24.2

201.4
449.9
52.9
2.1
37.2
64.0

1
7
1

12
6

63
29
36
2
17
8

31.0

(5)

2

4.3

Nonmanufacturing_________ ____ _______ _

454

1,969.1

151

475.1

224

653.5

111

501.4

20

24.5

M in in g ____ ___ ____________________________
Contract construction________ . . . .............. .........
Motor transportation_________________________
Water transportation_________________________
Wholesale and retail trade.___ ___________ _____
Services_______________ _ __________________
Motion pictures and recreation_________________
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing_______________

4
232
46
41
89
25
14
3

295.4
612.0
498.9
147.6
295.8
67.9
49.5
2.1

1
81
22
12
19
13
2
1

0.4
197.7
75.7
53.0
122.4
18.4
6.2
1.1

1
119
21
35
32
7
8
1

0.4
272.8
75.6
138.8
110.9
42.9
10.9
1.1

76
10
2
13
8
2

165.3
221.7
.6
105.6
3. 7
4.4

11
1
1
7

15.1
.7
2.0
6.7

Interindustry manufacturing and nonmanufacturing__________________________________

12

21.0

8

13.8

7

13.4

8

12. 7

i Worker coverage includes both active and retired workers in 1959.
3
Excludes 38 plans, covering, 677,000 workers, which provided early retire­
ment for women only. These plans were mainly in the apparel industry,
where the large majority of employees are women.
3 Excludes plans which provided lump-sum disability benefits only.


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*

Excludes plans which provided lump-sum termination benefits only.

5 Fewer than 50 workers.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual terms may not equal totals.

MULTIEMPLOYER PENSION PLANS

155

T a b l e 6. P r o v is io n s f o r D e a t h B e n e f it s B e f o r e and
A f t e r R e t ir e m e n t in M u l t ie m p l o y e r P e n s io n
P la n s U n d e r C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g , by I n d u s t r y .
S p r in g ] 960
l Workers in thousands]
Death benefits
Industry

Before retire­
ment

After retire­
ment

A-U-lUIlAIOrLiUll
not available

Plans Work­ Plans Work­ Plans Work­
ers 1
ers i
ers 1
All Industries.........................

123

830.9

113

849.0

31

31.0

Manufacturing_______

32

46.4

46

423.2

11

6.5

Food and kindred products—.
Apparel and other finished
textile products________
Printing, publishing , and allied industries___________
Leather and leather products.
M etalw orking________
Miscellaneous manufacturing.

14

25.0

9

19. 9

1

0

4

2 .0

27

365.1

7

19

7.7
.7

1
1
6
2

3.0
.7
23.8
10. 6

1
2

43

Nonmanufacturing____

89

778.4

65

417.9

20

24.5

Mining_____________
Contract construction___ . . .
Motor transportation_______
Water transportation_______
Wholesale and retail trade___
Services_____ ________
Motion pictures and recreation_______________
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing_______________

1

251. 6
110.9
401.0

1

251 fi
57.8
3.1
Rfi 0
12.3

11
1

15

Interindustry manufacturing and nonmanufactoring___________

7
1
6

62
10

1 1 .0

38
3
7

11
1

7.6
.3

12
1

4

7.0

3

6.8

2

6.1

2

7.9

7

3

(>)

1

7

6, 7

1 Worker coverage includes both active and retired workers in 1959.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

eligibility for regular (normal or early) retirement
benefits. This right is usually payable in the form
of a retirement benefit at the plan’s normal
retirement age, wherever the worker is then
employed.
Fewer than 1 out of 4 multiemployer plans,
covering about 1 out of 6 workers, had a vesting
provision, as contrasted with 7 out of 1 0 single
employer plans covering 5 out of 6 workers. Al­
though not a complete substitute for vesting, the
portability of pension credits inherent in multi­
employer plans may provide as much protection as
a vesting provision in a single employer plan.
Vesting provisions were most common in food,
printing, metalworking, construction, motor trans­
portation, and trade industries.
12

See H e a l t h

a n d I n s u r a n c e P l a n s U n d e r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n in g : L i f e I n s u r ­

a n c e , a n d A c c i d e n t a l D e a th a n d D i s m e m b e r m e n t B e n e f it s , E a r l y S u m m e r 1960

(BLS Bull. 1296, 1961).


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Half of the insured plans with almost 3 out of 4
covered workers, as compared with only 1 out of 6
self-insured plans with 1 out of 7 workers, had
vesting. The tradition of including the vesting
of the worker’s pension rights in insured plans ac­
counts for this difference, both in multiemployer
and single employer plans.
Death Benefits
Most workers covered by multiemployer pension
plans are also covered by a separate group life
insurance program. Under an increasing number
of these programs, retired workers retain part of
their life insurance coverage. 1'2 Many pension
plans, however, also provide death benefits to pro­
tect the worker’s equity in the plan as well as that
of his dependents.
Death benefit provisions analyzed in this study
called for a payment, usually a lump sum, to the
worker’s beneficiary, in the event of his death
before or after retirement. Provisions for the
return of worker contributions (with or without
interest) and those guaranteeing the number or
duration of payments were excluded.
Provisions for death benefits before retirement
were found in about the same proportion of plans
as provisions for such benefits after retirement (17
and 15 percent, respectively), with each covering
over a fourth of the workers (table 6 ). Sixty-four
plans, covering 351,100 workers, provided death
benefits both before and after retirement.
Preretirement death benefits were more com­
monly provided workers in nonmanufacturing
industries—especially mining, construction, and
motor transportation—than in manufacturing in­
dustries. The reverse was true for post retirement
benefits, mainly because such benefits were in­
cluded in the apparel industry plans and excluded
from the motor transportation plans.
A fifth of the insured plans as compared with a
seventh of the self-insured plans had a death bene­
fit before retirement. However, a tenth of the
insured plans had postretirement death benefits as
against a sixth of the self-insured plans.
—Walter W. Kolodrubetz
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

156

Wages in Work Clothing and
Shirt Factories, May-June 1961
As part of its industry wage program, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics conducted surveys of the
straight-time average hourly earnings in MayJune 1961 of production workers in two cottongarment manufacturing industries—the shirt and
nightwear and the work clothing industries. In
addition to earnings data, information was also
obtained on work schedules and the incidence of
supplementary benefits such as paid holidays and
vacations, insurance, and pension plans. Sum­
maries of the studies follow. 1
Shirt and Nightwear Industry

Straight-time hourly earnings of production
workers in the men’s and boys’ shirt (except work
shirts) and nightwear manufacturing industry 2
averaged $1.26 in May-June 1961. Workers em­
ployed in establishments primarily engaged in
manufacturing sport shirts, accounting for nearly
three-fifths of the 93,190 workers covered by the
study, averaged $1.24 an hour. Employees of
dress shirt manufacturers averaged $1.30 an hour,
and workers in nightwear establishments averaged
$ 1 .2 0 . Earnings also varied by region, commu­
nity and establishment size, method of production,
type of product, labor-management contract
status, and occupation and sex. Paid vacations
and holidays, as well as life, hospitalization, and
surgical insurance benefits, were provided to a
substantial majority of the workers.
Earnings. In comparison with the national
average of $1.26 for the shirt and nightwear man­
ufacturing industry in May-June 1961, average
straight-time hourly earnings of production work­
ers ranged from $1.09 in the Southwest region to
$1.55 on the Pacific Coast.3 Hourly earnings
averaged $1.14 in the Southeast region, where
slightly more than half of the industry’s workers
were employed, $1.46 in the Middle Atlantic
region (accounting for a fourth of the workers),
and $1.24 in the Border States region. (See
table 1 .)


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

Pennsylvania and Tennessee, each employing
approximately a sixth of the production workers
in the industry, had earnings of $1.42 and $1.10,
respectively, as shown in the following tabulation.
The primary product in both States was sport
shirts.
S t a te

Alabama__ ______
_________
Georgia______ _ ______ ____
M aryland.
. . __
Massachusetts___ ____
M ississip p i.__
__ __
Missouri. _ ____________ _ _
New J e rs e y ____ _____
New York______ _______ __
North C a ro lin a .-__
Pennsylvania__ __ __ ______
South Carolina___ _____ _______
Tennessee_____ _______ _____
Virginia. _ __ ____ ___

N u m b er of
p r o d u c ti o n
w o rk ers

6,
9,
2,
1,
6,
1,
2,
5.
5,
16,
6,
15,
2,

518
141
489
771
598
621
243
193
439
518
793
Oil
290

2,
1,
1,
1,
4,

159
725
876
389
126

A verage
s tr a ig h t- tim e
h o u r ly
e a r n in g s

$1. 12
1. 23
1. 30
1. 43
1. 14
1. 21
1, 53
1. 56
1. 14
1. 42
1. 15
1. 10
1. 20

Area

Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa__
Eastern Shore, M d. . . . .
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___
New York City, N.Y_______ __
Pottsville-Shamokin, P a. ____
Scranton and Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton, Pa___________________ __
Troy, N.Y_____________________

1, 380
2, 600

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

56
33
58
63
37

1. 40
1. 62

Workers in establishments primarily using the
progressive bundle system averaged $1.15 in the
1 More comprehensive accounts of these studies will be presented in BLS
Bull. 1323, I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y : M e n ’s a n d B o y s ’ S h i r ts ( E x c e p t W o r k S h i r ts )
a n d N i g h t w e a r , M a y - J u n e 1961, and Bull. 1321, I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y : W o r k
C lo th in g , M a y - J u n e 1961. These bulletins will provide detailed information
on the level of earnings and the distribution of workers by earnings classes;
earnings of workers in selected occupations by such characteristics as product,
establishment size, community size, and labor-management contract status;
and the incidence of the supplementary wage practices selected for study.
The straight-time average hourly earnings for production and related
workers presented in this article differ in concept from the gross average
hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings
series. Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay
for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average
earnings are calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing
by the number of individuals. In the monthly series, the sum of the man­
hour totals reported by establishments in the industry is divided into the
reported payroll totals.
2 The study covered establishments employing 20 or more workers and
primarily engaged in manufacturing men’s, youths’, and boys’ shirts (except
work shirts), collars, and nightwear (industry 2321 as defined in the 1957
edition of the S ta n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s if ic a t io n M a n u a l , prepared by the
U.S. Bureau of the Budget).
* Regional data provided in table 1 are limited to the three regions employ­
ing the largest numbers of workers; the study developed separate information
for eight regions.

WAGES IN WORK CLOTHING AND SHIRT FACTORIES

Southeast, $1.28 in the Border States, and $1.42
in the Middle Atlantic region. Corresponding
average hourly earnings for workers in establish­
ments using the bundle system were $ 1 . 1 2 , $1.13,
and $1.49.
Women, accounting for nine-tenths of the pro­
duction workers in the industry and primarily
employed as sewing machine operators, averaged
$1.24 an hour, compared with $1.47 for men.
Among the three major regions, the proportions
of workers employed by sport shirt manufac­
turers ranged from three-fifths in the Southeast
to slightly more than half in the Border and
Middle Atlantic regions; regional averages for

157

this branch of the industry were $1 .1 1 , $1.18,
and $1.47, respectively. In each of these three
regions, the highest average earnings were recorded
in plants manufacturing dress shirts, the second
largest branch of the industry.
In each of the regions for which comparisons
could be made, earnings of production workers
were higher in metropolitan areas than in smaller
communities. Earnings were also generally higher
in plants having collective bargaining agreements
than in those not having such agreements. It is
not possible to isolate and measure the exact
impact of either of these factors on earnings.
To illustrate their interrelationship, approximately

T a b l e 1. N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s in M e n ’s a n d B o ys ’
S h ir t (E x c e p t W o r k S h ir t s ) a n d N ig h t w e a r F a c t o r ie s , by S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s a n d R e g io n s ,2
M ay - J u n e 1961
United States

Characteristic

Workers
All production w orkers4

M ajor P roduct
Dress shirts............... ...
Sport shirts_______
Nightwear____________
P redominant M ethod

of

Workers

Earnings

1

Workers

93,190

$1.26

84,346

$1.24

31,167
53,611
7,458

1.30
1.24
1.20

4,937
24,031
63,812

1.23
1.32
1.24

718

1.54

12] 830

1.42

28,788
64,402

1.46
1.17

15,540
8,414

1.51
1.37

10,158
28,607
54,425

1.36
1.25
1.24

4,810
7 767
u l 377

1.43
1.47
1.46

3,367

40,118
53,072

1.42
1.14

19,485
4,469

1.50
1.28

3, 975
2,952

847
3,916
6,690
531
54,934
1,207

1.87
1.14
1.31
2.05
1.25
1.35

242
836
2,115
144
13,507
344

2.16
1.28
1.56
2.30
1.44

247
556
45
4,223

23,954

Southeast

Earnings

1

Workers

Earnings 1

$1.46

6,927

$1.24

49,644

$1.14

‘to

6,387

$1.22
1.49

45,097
4,547

$1.13
1.29

1,942

1.33
1.18
1.29

15,703
30,371
3,570

1.21
1.11
1.11

id
1.28

2,482
9,014
38,148

1.15
1.12
1.15

of

1.

zz

4,543
45,101

1.33
1.12

I.

zu

1.28

1,960
13,996
33,688

1.11
1.12
1.15

1.34
1.11

9,733
39,911

1.28
1.11

oy
1.15

407
2,415
3,282
275
29,799
686

1.54
1.08
1.15
1.91
1.14
1.21

1,369

1,498
5,105

1.

C ommunity

Metropolitan areas * ____
Nonmetropolitan areas___________
of

« p i.

P roduction

Line system.............. ...
Bundle system_____ _____
Progressive bundle system_______

Size

Earnings i

Border States

Sex

Women........ _
M en ............ ............. ..............

Size

Middle Atlantic

3

E stablishment

20-99 workers___________
100-249 workers..................
250 or more workers____________
L abor-M anagement C ontract Status
Establishments w ith—
Majority of workers covered_____ __
None or m inority of workers covered........ ..........
Selected Occupations 8
Cutters, machine_______ __
Inspectors, final (and thread trimmers)________
Pressers, finish, hand .............. .........................
Repairmen, sewing machine_____ __ ____
Sewing machine operators______ ______
Spreaders............ ..........................

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 The regions in this study are: Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York,
and Pennsylvania; Border States— Delaware, District of Columbia, Ken­
tucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; and Southeast—Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Tennessee.
3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately, See text
footnote 3. Alaska find Hawaii were not included in the study.
4 Includes data for major product and method of production classifications
in addition to those shown separately.


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i.

1 ' on

1
1. 0 0

8
The term “metropolitan area” as used in this study refers to the Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas established under the sponsorship of the U.S.
Bureau of the Budget.
• Among the occupations for which data are shown, the machine cutters,
sewing machine repairmen, and spreaders were either all or nearly all men;
the other 3 occupations were either all or nearly all women.
N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

158

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

three-fourths of the workers in the metropolitan
areas were employed in plants with labormanagement contracts, whereas only slightly
more than a fourth of the workers in the smaller
communities were employed by union plants.
Furthermore, other characteristics such as method
of production and type of product may also have
a role in determining earnings levels.
Earnings of all but a small proportion of the
industry’s production workers in May-June 1961,
when the Federal minimum wage was $ 1 an hour,4
were within a range of $ 1 to $2.50. Earnings of
the middle half of the workers were between $1.04
and $1.39. At the lower end of the earnings
array, 2 . 0 percent of the workers earned less than
$1 an hour, 32.3 percent less than $1.05, 48.5
percent less than $1.15, and 60.8 percent less than
$1.25. As indicated in the following tabulation,
the proportion of workers averaging less than
certain hourly amounts differed among the three
major regions.
P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s w i t h s tr a ig h t- tim e a v e ra g e
h o u r ly e a r n in g s o f le s s th a n —

$1. 05
Middle Atlantic_______
Border States_________
Southeast____________

9. 4
29. 7
46. 3

$1. 10 $1. 15
13. 6
37. 1
56. 5

20. 1
45. 8
66. 2

$1. 25
32. 2
60. 8
78. 1

The 2 0 occupational classifications for which
separate data were obtained accounted for fourfifths of the production workers within the scope
of the survey. About three-fifths of all produc­
tion workers were sewing machine operators; their
earnings averaged $1.25 an hour industrywide,
$1.14 in the Southeast, and $1.44 in the Middle
Atlantic region. Nationwide, averages among all
occupations studied ranged from $1.06 for women
janitors to $2.45 for men employed as hand
cutters.
The occupations shown in table 1 are representa­
tive of different types of activity and indicate
variations in earnings levels among the regions.
Establishment Practices. Data were also obtained
on certain establishment practices such as work
schedules and supplementary benefits. 5
A work schedule of 40 hours a week was in
effect in establishments employing nine-tenths of
the production workers in May-June 1961. Less
than 1 percent of the workers were employed on
second shifts, and none of the plants studied


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

operated a third shift during the payroll period
studied.
Paid holidays were provided by establishments
employing seven-tenths of the industry’s produc­
tion workers. Regionally, the proportions ranged
from 36 percent in the Southwest and 50 percent
in the Southeast to virtually all in the Middle
Atlantic and New England regions. Six or seven
paid holidays were most commonly provided in
all regions except the Southeast and Southwest,
where provisions for 5 days or less were most
common.
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of
service were provided by establishments employ­
ing four-fifths of the industry’s production workers.
After 1 year of service, 43 percent of the workers
were eligible for 1 week of vacation pay and 33
percent were eligible for 2 weeks. After 5 years
of service, 57 percent of the workers were eligible
for 2 weeks of vacation pay. Provisions for more
than 2 weeks’ vacation pay were not commonly
reported.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance,
for which employers paid at least part of the cost,
were available to three-fourths of the production
workers. One-half of the workers were eligible
for sickness and accident insurance.
Establishments employing two-fifths of the
production workers provided retirement pensions
(other than Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance).
Work Clothing Industry
Production workers in the work clothing
industry 6 earned an average of $1.24 an hour in
May-June 1961. Earnings variations around
this average were found by region, principal type
of product manufactured, method of production,
community and establishment size, labor-man­
agement contract status, and occupation and sex.
Of the supplementary benefits studied, paid
4
Effective September 3, 1961, the Federal minimum wage for manufac­
turing establishments engaged in interstate commerce was raised to $1.15
an hour. Under specified conditions, workers certified as learners or handi­
capped workers may be paid less than the legal minimum.
1
Minimum entrance and job rate data were also obtained and appear in
Bull. 1323, op. cit.
6
The study covered establishments employing 20 or more workers and
primarily engaged in manufacturing work clothing (industry 2328 as defined
in the 1957 edition of the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s if ic a t io n M a n u a l , prepared
by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget.

WAGES IN1 WORK CLOTHING AND SHIRT FACTORIES

vacations and holidays, as well as various types of
insurance benefits, were provided to a substantial
majority of the workers.
E a rn in g s. Compared with the national average
of $1.24 for the work clothing manufacturing
industry in May-June 1961, average straight-time
hourly earnings of production workers ranged
T a b l e 2.

N um ber

159

from $1.44 in the Pacific region to $1.19 in the
Southeast and Southwest regions and $1.21 in
the Border States; the latter three regions together
accounted for nearly 70 percent of the industry’s
total work force. (See table 2.)
Women comprised nearly nine-tenths of the
production workers in the industry and were
primarily employed as sewing machine operators.

and A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s
F a c t o r ie s , by S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s and

United States2
Characteristic

Middle
Atlantic

Border States

1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s
R e g io n s ,2 M ay - J u n e 1961

Southeast

Southwest

Great Lakes

in

W o r k C l o t h in g

Middle West

Pacific

Work­ Earn­ Work­ Earn­ Work­ Earn­ Work­ Earn­ Work­ Earn­ Work­ Earn­ Work­ Earn­ Work­ Earn­
ers
ings 1 ers
ings i ers
ings 1 ers
ings i
ers
ings 1 ers
ings 1 ers
ings 1 ers
ings 1
All production workers________

51,594

$1.24

2,552

$1.39

7,837

$1.21

20,447

$1.19

7,271

$1.19

4,776

$1.32

5,432

$1.33

2,501

$1.44

45,460
6,134

$1.21
1.48

2,192
360

$1.34
1.70

6,926
911

$1.19
1.36

17,987
2,460

$1.17
1.37

6,518
753

$1.17
1.38

4,201
575

$1.27
1.66

4,734
698

$1.28
1.63

2,239
262

$1.38
1.95

8,791
19,294
23,509

1.28
1.23
1.25

1,502
558

1.42
1.40

1,405
1,937
4,495

1.18
1.21
1.23

2,029
6,819
11,599

1.18
1.15
1.21

728
3,465
3,078

1.13
1.18
1.21

1,513
1,564
1,699

1.31
1.29
1.35

796
3,527
1,109

1.35
1.27
1.50

508
956
1,037

1.47
1. 50
1.37

Metropolitan areas 4. „ ............
16,147
Nonmetropolitan areas________ 35,447

1.33
1.20

2,552

1.39

1,042
6, 795

1.21
1.21

2,447
18,000

1.26
1.18

4,299
2,972

1.23
1.13

2,012
2,764

1.38
1.28

1,592
3,840

1.45
1.28

1,576
925

1.53
1.29

1.33

1,522

1.38

2,405

1.36

4,879

1.26

2,966

1.26

2,921

1.35

4,232

1.38

2,083

1.44

1.18

1,030

1.40

5,432

1.15

15,568

1.17

4,305

1.14

1,855

1.27

1,200

1.13

1.26
1.29
1.40
1.21
1.15

662
920
557

1.43
1.46
1.27

3.223
1,247

1.17
1.34

1.27

1.23

1.22
1.19
1.31
1.19
1.12

1,628

2,929

3,778
2,664
853
10,332
2,820

4,269

1.19

588
1,935
589
1,246

1.31
1.35
1. 41
1.24

1,878
847
708
1,605
394

1. 35
1.27
1. 47
1.25
1. 36

1,468

1.28

5,734
8,437
37,423

1.20
1.29
1.24

2,108
444

1.36
1.53

296
557
6,984

1.11
1.18
1.22

1,232
1,607
17,608

1. 20
1.15
1.19

2,618
1,298
3,355

1.19
1.17
1.20

545
1,210
3,021

1.18
1.41
1.30

913
626
3,893

1. 24
1.49
1.32

939
1,562

1.34
1.50

Cutters, machine___________
824
Inspectors, final (inspectors only).
527
Inspectors, final (and thread
trimmers)............. .................
2,033
Ja n ito rs... _________ . .
490
Pressers, finish, machine______
1,052
Repairmen, sewing machine
459
Sewing machine operators5__
36,271
Dungarees. . . . . . .................. 8,161
Overalls and industrial garments____________ _____
4,456
Washable service apparel
2,514
Work pants______________ 14,345
Work shirts______________
4,538
Work distributors....... ................
993

1.82
1.23

40
16

2.09
1.13

134
21

1.71
1.44

256
206

1.65
1.18

97
126

1.66
1.16

105

2.01

114
118

1.93
1.36

62

2. 29

1.21
1.13
1.32
2.02
1.22
1.25

70
9
51
13
1,706
183

1.18
1.17
1.60
2.42
1.39
1. 55

425
49
136
61
5,705
2,230

1.18
1.09
1.35
1.80
1.20
1.19

889
190
512
192
13,881
2,559

1.17
1.06
1.26
1.94
1.17
1. 22

259
92
164
65
5,196
942

1.16
1.08
1.22
2.03
1.17
1.23

185
54
75
49
3,390
518

1.32
1.22
1.35
2.04
1.28
1.27

115
79
85
53
3,943
1,206

1.34
1.28
1.48
2.10
1.28
1.30

70
9
23
20
1,849

1.46
1.41
1.61
2.65
1.39

1.28
1.36
1.19
1.15
1.18

375
689
351

1.39
1.45
1.28

680

1.33

1,145
'497
6,065
2,615
'458

2,738
652
124

1.18
1.13
1.14

1,103
381
857
334
80

1.29
1.32
1.27
1.18
1.26

701
399
1,010
531
72

1.26
1.44
1.21
1.31
1.26

1,070

1.26

1.23

1.21
1.06
1.12

1.20
1.31
1.16

66

2,213
298
135

48

1.43

Sex

Women____
M en.....................
Size

of

E stablishment

20-99 workers______
100-249 workers________
250 or more workers_________
Size

of

C ommunity

L abor-M anaoement C ontract Status
Establishments with—
Majority of workers covered-. 21, 729
None or minority of workers
covered. _____________
29,865
M ajor P roduct
Dungarees________ .
12,007
Overalls and industrial garments. 8,718
Washable service apparel—....... .
3,875
Work pants_____ _____
22,589
Work shirts__________
4,405
P redominant M ethod

of

P ro-

duction

Line system.................. .............
Bundle system .. ____
Progressive bundle system____
Selected Occupations

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 The regions in this study are: M i d d l e A t l a n t i c — New Jersey, New York,
and Pennsylvania; B o r d e r S t a te s — Delaware, District of Columbia, Ken­
tucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; S o u th e a s t— Alabama, Florida,
Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee;
S o u t h w e s t — Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; G r e a t L a k e s —
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; M i d d l e W e s t —
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; and
P a c i f i c — California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.


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1.14

1.15

2 Includes data for 2 regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.
4 The term “ metropolitan area” as used in this study refers to the Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas established under the sponsorship of the U.S.
Bureau of the Budget.
5 Includes data for workers in classification in addition to those shown
separately.
N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi­
cation criteria.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

160
Women as a group averaged $1.21 an hour, com­
pared with $1.48 for men, who were employed
largely in such relatively high-wage occupations
as machine cutters and sewing machine repairmen.
Information was also developed separately for
12 important work clothing manufacturing States
as indicated in the following tabulation:
N u m ber of
p r o d u c ti o n
w orkers

Alabama______
California ----------Georgia. . ----------Indiana----- ----------Kentucky
_ .
Mississippi
Missouri
_ .
North Carolina.

Pennsylvania
Tennessee. _
Texas.
_ ______
Virginia.
_ ..

'

1,475
1,830
5,713
2,640
3,911
4,348
4, 153
2,754
1,933
6,154
4,046
2,836

A vera g e
s tr a ig h t- tim e
h o u r ly e a r n in g s

$1. 24
1. 49
1. 20
1. 33
1. 26
1. 15
1. 37
1. 20
1. 35
1. 19
1. 20
1. 16

In most of the regions for which separate data
were obtained, earnings of production workers
in plants employing 250 or more workers were
somewhat higher than those of workers in smaller
plants; earnings of workers in metropolitan areas
were higher than those in the smaller communities;
and earnings in plants having collective bargaining
agreements were higher than those in plants not
having such agreements. The exact impact of
any one of these factors on earnings cannot be
isolated and measured. To illustrate the inter­
relationship of these factors, approximately threefifths of the workers in the large metropolitan
areas were employed in plants with labor-manage­
ment contracts, whereas only about a third of the
workers in smaller communities were employed
in union plants. Method of production, type of
product, and other characteristics may also have
a role in determining earnings levels.
Work pants manufacturers employed slightly
more than two-fifths of the 51,594 production
workers covered by the Bureau’s study, account­
ing for the majority of the work clothing employ­
ment in the Southeast, Southwest, and Pacific
regions. Average earnings in this branch of the
industry ranged from $1.19 in the Southeast and
Southwest regions to $1.28 on the Pacific Coast.
Earnings of workers in plants primarily engaged
in the manufacture of dungarees, the second most
important branch of the industry in terms of


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employment, were somewhat higher than those of
workers manufacturing work pants in most of the
regions where comparisons were possible. Highest
earnings, ranging from $1.31 in the Southeast
region to $1.47 in the Middle West, were recorded
in plants manufacturing washable service apparel.
Nearly two-thirds of the employees in the work
shirts branch of the industry were located in the
Southeast region, where they averaged $1.12 an
hour.
Earnings of nearly all production workers in
the industry in May-June 1961 were between $1
to $2.50 an hour, with the middle half of the
workers earning between $1.04 and $1.37. Two
percent of the workers earned less than $1 an hour,
the Federal minimum wage at the time of the
survey.7 Less than $1.05 an hour was earned by
28.9 percent of the workers, less than $1.15 by
45.5 percent, and less than $1.25 by 60.5 percent.
The following tabulation indicates that the propor­
tion of workers earning less than $1.15 an hour
amounted to half in the three southern sectors,
roughly a third in the three northern sectors, and a
fourth in the Pacific sector of the industry.
P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s w i th s tr a ig h t- tim e a v e ra g e h o u r ly
e a r n in g s o f le s s th a n —

Middle Atlantic____
Border States______
Southeast
. ----Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West _
Pacific

$1. 05

$1. 10

$1. 15

$1. 25

17. 0
31. 7
32. 8
35. 9
17. 2
22. 2
18. 9

20. 6
40. 2
41. 7
44. 4
24. 2
27. 3
22. 5

30.
50.
52.
53.
32.
34.
26.

43.
63.
68.
69.
48.
46.
36.

1
0
0
4
5
0
4

3
7
4
5
2
5
8

The occupational classifications for which earn­
ings data are presented in table 2 accounted for
more than four-fifths of the production workers
within the scope of the survey.8 The 36,271 sew­
ing machine operators, averaging $1.22 an hour,
were virtually all women and with few exceptions
were paid on an incentive basis, usually individual
piecework. Women also dominated the inspection
and pressing jobs. All sewing machine repairmen
and the large majority of the machine cutters,
work distributors, and janitors were men. Work­
ers in these occupations were, for the most part,
paid on a time-rate basis.
7 See footnote 4.
8 Earnings data are presented for additional occupations in Bull. 1321,
op. cit.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: SINCLAIR OIL COMPANIES
E sta b lish m en t P ra ctices. Data were also obtained
on certain establishment practices such as work
schedules and supplementary wage benefits.9
Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in
effect in establishments employing 93 percent of
the production workers in the industry at the
time of the study. Extra-shift operations were
virtually nonexistent.
Paid holidays were provided by establishments
employing approximately three-fifths of the indus­
try ’s production workers. Regionally, the pro­
portions ranged from two-fifths in the Southeast
to about nine-tenths in the Middle Atlantic, Mid­
dle West, and Pacific regions. Six or seven paid
holidays annually were most commonly provided.
Nine-tenths! of the production workers received
paid vacations after qualifying periods of service.
Four-fifths of the workers were eligible for 1
week’s vacation pay after 1 year of service, and
three-fifths were eligible for 2 weeks’ vacation
pay after 5 years of service. Provisions for 3 or
more weeks’ vacation pay were not commonly
reported. Vacation provisions in the Great Lakes,
Middle West, and Pacific regions were somewhat
more liberal than those reported in the other
regions.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance, for
which employers paid at least part of the cost,
were available to approximately seven-tenths of
the industry’s production workers. Accidental
death and dismemberment insurance and sickness
and accident insurance benefits applied to approx­
imately threei-tenths of the workers. About a
fifth of the workers were covered by medical
insurance.
Retirement pension benefits (other than those
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance) were provided by establish­
ments emplojdng 18 percent of the production
workers. Among the regions, provisions for retire­
ment pensions were most common in the Middle
Atlantic and Pacific regions, applying to 55 and
45 percent of the workers, respectively.

— F red

W. M ohr

and G eorge L. S telluto
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

8 Minimum entrance and job rate data were also obtained and appear
in Bull. 1321, op. cit.

625182 — ‘62 -

■4


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161

Wage Chronology:
Sinclair Oil Companies 1
Supplement No. 2— 1957-61
U n der the terms of a wage agreement2 concluded
in June 1957 by some Sinclair Oil Companies3 and
the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Inter­
national Union (OCAW), over 9,000 workers
received a general wage increase of 5 percent
retroactive to April 1 and an additional 1 percent
retroactive to May 1 , 1957.
A separate 2-year working agreement signed by
the companies and the union on August 8, 1957,
increased premium pay for holiday work, reduced
the service requirement for 4 weeks’ vacation to
20 years, and increased allowances for employees
required to spend the night away from home or to
move to another location. Hospital and surgical
benefits were improved by a supplemental agree­
ment signed on the same day.
Under the terms of the 1957 master agreement
which permitted new negotiations on wages at the
request of one of the parties, the union in June
1958 proposed the wage increase set forth in its
1958 bargaining program for the oil industry. The
OCA W’s 1958 program called for wage increases
to compensate for increases in the cost of living
and productivity and a reduction of the work­
week from 40 to 36 hours (with no change in takehome pay) to provide jobs for men laid off because
of increasing automation. The union also sought
from the Sinclair Companies liberalization of
pension benefits, particularly with regard to early
retirement; improvements in sickness and acci­
dents benefits; and changes in the employee savings plan. In reply, the companies offered to
improve pensions. After almost 5 months of
negotiations, the OCAW revised its industry
bargaining program at its October 1958 annual
1 For earlier developments, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1952
(pp. 535-544) and February 1957 (pp. 194-198), or Wage Chronology Series 4,
No. 31.
2 Wage agreements and working agreements for employees covered under
the master agreement are frequently negotiated separately and at different
times by the Sinclair Oil Companies with the Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers. Pension and insurance plans are contained in supplemental
agreements.
2 The companies were the Sinclair Refining Co., Sinclair Oil and Gas Co.,
Sinclair Pipe Line Co., and Sinclair Research, Inc.

162

convention and, in November, proposed a'|25cent-an-hour pay increase. This proposal was
also rejected by Sinclair’s representatives, who
maintained that economic conditions in the oil
industry did not justify a pay increase at that
time. In mid-January 1959, a 5-percent general
pay increase was offered by Sinclair to the OCAW
and on January 18—the Sinclair strike deadline—
the union’s National Bargaining Policy Commit­
tee accepted that offer, subject to ratification by
the membership. This wage settlement became
the industry pattern.
Concurrent with the January 1959 wage settle­
ment, the companies agreed to amend the em­
ployee savings plan. Under the terms of a memo­
randum of understanding signed February 27,
1959, participants in the jointly financed plan
were given vested rights to company contributions
if their employment was terminated because of
lack of work. In addition, provisions regarding
withdrawals of employee allotments and company
contributions were liberalized. Benefit coverage
was also improved under the sickness and accident
benefits plan in January 1959, but the pension plan
issue was referred to a study committee.
Negotiations on contract provisions covering
working conditions, pensions, and insurance began
again in May 1959. Thé union demands for a
shorter workweek and improvements in the pen­
sion, insurance, and severance pay plans, as well
as other proposals, were countered by a company
proposal to eliminate “restrictive and costly pro­
visions” from the contracts. Settlement was
reached just prior to the June 14, 1959, expiration
date of the 1957 agreements. The new contracts
increased allowances for overnight living and mov­
ing expenses. For the first time in the 25 years
since the companies and the union had signed a
nationwide contract, a supplemental agreement on
life insurance—to replace a plan established earlier
by the companies—was negotiated by the parties ;
the revised plan substantially increased benefits.
The retirement plan was also improved by a sup­
plemental agreement; the improvements, effective
January 1, 1960, included increased normal and
minimum annuities, a wider choice of annuity op­
tions, and elimination of the $600 annual earnings
minimum previously necessary to qualify under
the plan. No changes were made in the hospital
and surgical plan when the union members failed
to ratify the proposed substitution of comprehen­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

sive medical insurance for the hospital and sur­
gical program in effect. The new basic working
agreement was to continue until June 14, 1961.
The life insurance plan is to remain in effect until
September 1, 1964, and the retirement plan until
January 1, 1965; both plans may be reopened on
or after April 15, 1964.
Early in June 1960, the parties reached agree­
ment on an employee-financed extended medical
expense plan which would be available to partici­
pants in the basic hospital-surgical insurance pro­
gram, effective December 1, 1960.
In July 1960, the National Bargaining Policy
Committee of the OCAW, after considering the
rise in the Consumer Price Index and the esti­
mated increase in productivity in the industry
since the last wage increase in January 1959,
established general wage increases of 18 cents an
hour and agreements lasting 1 year as bargaining
goals for all negotiations scheduled during the
year. By mid-November, subsequent to the re­
cess of negotiations with Sinclair, several major
producers other than Sinclair had offered their
workers 5-percent wage increases in 2-year agree­
ments. After resuming negotiations, Sinclair and
the OCAW on December 15, agreed to a 14-centan-hour general wage increase, effective Decem­
ber 19. This was the union’s first settlement in
the 1960 round of wage negotiations with a major
petroleum company.
A 1-year working agreement was announced on
July 12, 1961, by the parties. The settlement,
affecting about 9,000 workers, was ratified on
July 27, ending a strike by some 4,000 workers
at four refineries that had begun on June 16.
Workers at other operations covered under the
master agreement continued on the job after the
previous contract expired on June 14. Severance
pay was the key issue. Under the settlement,
the severance benefits of the previous contract (a
maximum of 4 weeks’ pay for laid-off workers
with 10 or more years’ service) were left un­
changed; should major layoffs be required at any
time in the future, the parties agreed to review
conditions existing at that time. Allowances for
overnight living and moving expenses were in­
creased, however, as proposed by the companies
before the strike. The new working agreement is
to be effective through July 26, 1962.
This supplement reports changes negotiated in
1957, 1959, 1960, and 1961.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: SINCLAIR OIL COMPANIES

163

A—General Wage Changes
Effective date

Provisions

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

May 1, 1957 (agreement of
June 14, 1957).
Jan. 18, 1959 (agreement
of February 27, 1959).

6 percent increase, averaging 15 cents an
hour.
5 percent increase, averaging 13.5 cents an
hour.

Dec. 19, 1960 (agreement
of December 15, I960).

14 cents an hour in c r e a s e ..______

1
1949, the master agreement between the Sinclair companies and
the OCAW has provided that the union could request adjustment of classi­
fication rate inequities resulting from a comparison with the average rates
of pay for jobs having comparable duties and responsibilities in agreed-upon

5 percent retroactive to Apr. 1, 1957.
Some additional rate increases, effective
February 1, resulted from adjustment of
classification inequities.1

major competitive companies in the local area. Requests by the imion for
adjustments in basic wage rates could be made no more than twice annually,
to be effective February 1 and August 1.

B Basic Hourly Rates Paid for Selected Refinery Occupations on Specified Dates, 1956-60
Occupation

Corpus
Christi,
Tex.

East
Houston,
Chicago,
Tex.
Ind.

Marcus
Hook,
Pa.

Sinclair,
Wyo.

Wellsville,

N.Y.

Corpus
Christi,
Tex.

East
Houston,
Chicago,
Tex.
Ind.

February 1,1956
Boilermakers________
Boilermakers’ helpers.........
Firemen_____ _______
Light oil treaters....... ............. .
Laborers, entrance_______
Laborers, skilled....... ...........
Machinists_____________
Machinists’ helpers_____ __
Pipefitters______________
Pipefitters’ helpers________
Pumpers_____________
Stillmen______________
Stillmen’s helpers............ .

$2.81
2. 36
1.915
1.995
2. 81
2. 36
2. 81
2.36
2.84
3.02
2.65

$2.76
2.45
2.565
2.99
2.105
2.215
2.76
2.45
2. 76
2. 45
2.99
2. 99
2.745

$2.81
2.36
2. 585
2.975
1.915
1.995
2. 81
2. 36
2. 81
2.36
2.84
3.02
2. 65

$2.835
2.48
2.935
2.06
2.175
2.85
2. 48
2.835
2. 48
2.86
3.12
2. 67

$3.235
2.625
2.13
2.22
3.13
2.625
3.13
2. 625
3.16
3. 36
2. 95

$3.08
2.735
2.855
3. 345
2.34
2. 47
3.08
2.735
3.08
2.735
3.345
3.345
3.055

i Includes inequity adjustments effective Feb. 1, 1959.

$3.13
2. 625
2. 865
3.315
2.13
2.22
3.13
2.625
3.13
2.625
3.16
3. 36
2.95

$3.165
2. 76
3. 28
2.295
2.42
3.18
2.76
3.165
2. 76
3.14
3.485
3.065
2

Sinclair,
Wyo.

Wellsville,

N.Y.

M ay 1,1957
$2, 765
2.67
2.84
2.06
2.15
2.765
2.765
2.425
2. 84
2.965
2.67

$2.415
2.65
2.125
2.125
2.48
2.29
2.62
2.29
2.48
2. 895
2.585

$2.98
2. 50
2.03
2.115
2. 98
2. 50
2.98
2.50
3. 01
3.20
2.81

$2.925
2. 595
2.72
3.17
2.23
2.35
2.925
2. 595
2.925
2.595
3.17
3.17
2.91

January 18,1959 1
Boilermakers _________
Boilermakers’ helpers______
Firemen________
Light oil treaters________
Laborers, entrance__ _____
Laborers, skilled_________
Machinists.____ ________
Machinists’ helpers___ ___
Pipefitters_____ _______
Pipefitters’ helpers..... ...... . . .
Pumpers_____________
Stillmen______ ___ _ . . .
Stillmen’s helpers_______

Marcus
Hook,
Pa.

$2.98
2.50
2.74
3.155
2.03
2.115
2.98
2. 50
2.98
2. 50
3.01
3.20
2.81

$3. 005
2. 63
3.11
2.185
2.305
3.02
2.63
3.005
2.63
3.03
3.31
2.83

$2.93
2. 83
3.01
2.185
2.28
2.93
2.93
2. 57
3.01
3.145
2.83

$2. 56
2.81
2.255
2.255
2.63
2.425
2.775
2.425
2.63
3. 07
2.74

December 19,1960
$3.075
2.97
3.16
2.295
2.395
3.075
3.075
2.70
3.16
3. 30
2.97

(2)

(2)

(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)

$3.375
2. 765
2.27
2.36
3.27
2. 765
3.27
2.765
3.30
3. 50
3. 09

$3.22
2.875
2.995
3.485
2. 48
2. 61
3.21
2.865
3.21
2.865
3.485
3.485
3.195

$3.27
2. 775
3.005
3. 455
2.27
2.36
3.27
2. 775
3. 27
2. 775
3.30
3.50
3.09

$3.305
2. 90
3.42
2.435
2. 56
3.32
2.90
3.305
2.90
3.28
3.625
3.205

$3.215

(2)

3.11
3. 30
2.435
2.535
3.215

(2)
(2)
(2)

3.215
2. 84
3. 30
3.44
3.11

(2)

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

Plant closed prior to Jan. 18, 1959.

C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

Holiday Pay

June 15, 1957 (agreement
dated Aug. 8, 1957).


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Increased to: 8 hours at straight-time plus
time and one-half for hours worked up
to normal daily hours, and double time
for work after normal daily hours.

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

164

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provision

Paid Vacations

June 15, 1957 (agreement
dated Aug. 8, 1957).

Changed to: 4 weeks’ vacation for em­
ployees with 20 or more years’ service.

In effect:
Additional day’s pay provided when paid
holiday fell in vacation period.
Employee rehired within 1 year of layoff
because of force reduction or any reason
beyond his control retained vacation
rights, but forfeited Y 2 of vacation pay
for each month lost during year.

Subsistence Pay

June 15, 1957 (agreement
dated Aug. 8, 1957).
June 15, 1959 (agreement
dated Nov. 12, 1959).
July 27, 1961 (agreement
dated Aug. 10, 1961.

Increased to: $7.25 a day__
Increased to: $7.50 a day __

_______
__

__ __

Increased to: $7.75 a day ______________

Moving Expense

June 15, 1957 (agreement
dated Aug. 8, 1957).
June 15, 1959 (agreement
dated Nov. 12, 1959).
July 27, 1961 (agreement
dated Aug. 10, 1961).

Increased to: $120 m ax im u m _____ __
Increased to: $130 maximum__ _________
Increased to: $140 maximum_____

____

Employee Sickness and Accident Disability Benefits Plan

Jan. 18, 1959 (supplemental
agreement dated Feb. 27,
1959).

Benefits applicable for oral surgery when
company accepted certification of em­
ployee’s surgeon that dental surgery had
been performed.
Group Life Insurance Plan

Aug. 22, 1955 (stipulation
of same date).

Sept. 1, 1959 (supplemental
agreement dated Sept. 9,
1959).


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Companies agreed that union could strike
if insurance plan was unilaterally changed.
In effect: For participants in retirement
plan, face value of noncontributory term
life insurance policy continued on retire­
ment, without cost to employee.
Revised and expanded plan made available._ Voluntary plan for which employee pays
55 cents per month per $1,000 in excess
of first $1,000 and employer pays balance.
Changed to: Total insurance (including On retirement, insurance to equal (a) 50 per­
$1,000 noncontributory insurance) equal
cent of total life insurance or (b) total life
to 2 years’ base salary.
insurance in force on Aug. 31, 1959 (maxi­
mum $10,000), whichever was greater.
Insurance continued during leave of absence
for sickness or injury, providing employee
continued contributions.
Insurance continued only 1 month during
leave of absence for reasons other than
sickness or injury, unless company per­
mitted extension.
Noncontributory accidental death and dis­
memberment insurance, providing up to

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: SINCLAIR OIL COMPANIES

165

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Group Life Insurance Plan—Continued

Sept. 1, 1959 (supplemental
agreement dated Sept. 9,
1959)—Continued.

$1,000 for any one occupational or nonoccupational accident within 90 days
after injury, for active employee with at
least 6 months’ service, added to Group
Life Insurance Plan; formerly in Hospital
and Surgical Plan.
Employee Hospital and Surgical P la n 1

Aug. 1, 1957 (supplemental
agreement dated Aug. 8,
1957).

Increased to, for employees and dependents:
Hospital room and board, maximum of $13
a day up to 120 days.

Added, for employees and dependents:
Diagnostic laboratory and X-ray benefits,

up to $50 for all sickness during 12 con­
secutive months and for each accident.

Sept. 1, 1959 (supplemental
agreement dated Sept. 9,
1959).

Deleted: Accidental death and dismember­
ment provision.

For active employees, contributions in­
creased to $1.70 for personal coverage;
$4.05 to include children; $4.55 to include
wife or wife and children.
For retired employees, contributions in­
creased to $1.15 for personal coverage;
$3 to include children; $3.50 to include
wife or wife and children. Daily hospital
services similarly improved on basis of
standard-type “one shot” plan.2
Benefits applicable to retired employees and
dependents.
Applicable to any examination made in hos­
pital outpatient department in diagnosis
of accidental injury or sickness. Ex­
cluded benefits related to pregnancy,
occupational injury or sickness, dentistry,
radiation therapy, or ordinary physical
checkup.
Transferred to Group Life Insurance Plan.

Retirement Benefits

Jan. 1, 1960 (supplemental
agreement dated Sept. 9,
1959).

See footnotes at end of table.


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Plan amended to provide: For normal retire­
ment a t age 65 or later, the greater of
(1) minimum annuity—for participants
with 15 or more years’ service, 1 percent
per month of highest average monthly
salary per year of service after age 25,
maximum 40 years, reduced by benefits
to which employee would have been
entitled under other company plans for
periods during which he refused to partici­
pate in pension plan, or (2) normal
annuity—/ 2 of 62.5 percent per month
of participant’s total contributions on
or after Jan. 1, 1960, plus future and past
service annuities due under earlier plans.
Early retirement at or after age 55 but less
than 65, on request of either employee or
company—greater of minimum or normal
annuity reduced by a specified amount
for each year under 65.3
Total and permanent disability —Employee
with 15 or more years’ service perma­
nently and totally disabled received (1) if
age 55 but less than 65—greater of mini­
mum or normal annuity, (2) if age 50
but less than 55—normal annuity, (3) if
less than 50 years of age—normal annuity
reduced by 5 percent for each year
under 50.

Eligibility changed to eliminate previous
earnings requirement.
Highest average salary defined as highest
average salary for any 5 years during 10year period preceding retirement.
Employee’s monthly contribution changed
to equal 2.4 percent of first $400 of monthly
salary rate on November 1 or preceding
calendar year, plus 3.2 percent of excess.
Company contributed balance required to
provide plan benefits and cost of ad­
ministration.

Employee could elect to defer annuity to any
date up to age 65 and receive benefits based
on age at early retirement.
To qualify for annuity, employee must be
unable to work for wages or profit. Em­
ployees below 60 years of age considered
disabled only if qualified for total and
permanent disability benefits under group
life insurance plan. Employees 60 or over
must (a) qualify for disability social secu­
rity benefits or (b) provide medical evidence
of total and permanent disability if not

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

166

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provision

Effective date

Retirement Benefits—Continued

covered under disability social security
provisions.
Employee could elect to defer annuity to any
date up to age 65 and receive benefits
based on age at such date.

Jan. 1, 1960 (supplemental
agreement dated Sept. 9,
1959)—Continued.
Added:

10 year ce rta in o p tio n —minimum 120

monthly actuarially reduced payments
guaranteed employee and dependent if
employee died less than 10 years after
retirement.

Social security adjustment option—Employee

retiring before becoming eligible for pri­
mary social security benefits received
actuarially adjusted payment providing
larger than normal plan benefits before
commencement of Federal payments and
reduced plan benefits thereafter.
In effect:
Joint and survivorship option—Providing
actuarially reduced benefits for life to
employee and spouse or child.

Employee required to have made election
(a) before Mar. 1, 1960, or (b) not later
than normal retirement date but at least
2 years before first payment, or to submit
evidence of good health at time of election.
Applicable to deferred and early retirement
provisions.
Employee required to make election before
retirement.

Spouse’s or child’s benefits to begin after
annuitant died and to be equal to or less
than employee’s benefits. Employee re­
quired to have made election (a) before
Oct. 1, 1942, or (b) 5 years before retire­
ment, but not later than 60th birthday,
or to submit evidence of good health at
time of election. Election could be modi­
fied under certain circumstances.

Employee Savings Plan

May 1, 1959 (memorandum
of understanding dated
Feb. 27, 1959).

Vested rights:

Added: Employee obtained vested right to
company contributions on involuntary
termination because of lack of work.

Nonvested company contributions relin­
quished by employees terminating partici­
pation held by trustee as uninvested cash
for proportionate distribution to respective
funds at end of each plan year.

Withdrawals:

Changed: Prior to vesting, employee could
withdraw (a) full value of account less
company contributions or (b) two-thirds
of value of account including company
contributions.
Added: After vesting, employee given option
of withdrawing not more than half of
total amount of employee’s allotments re­
duced by any prior withdrawals. Alter­
natives of withdrawing one-third or full
value of account including company
contributions continued.
Participant’s allotments or company con­
tributions were not suspended when em­
ployee withdrew not more than 50 per­
cent of his allotment. When more than
50 percent was withdrawn, allotments
and contributions were suspended for 6
months.
i a “ good and welfare” meeting held in Kansas City, Mo., in early June
1960 resulted in agreement on an extended medical expense plan to supple­
ment basic hospital insurance. B y agreement dated Aug. 31, 1960, the plan
was made available to participants in the basic Employee Hospital and
Surgical Plan, eflective Dec. 1,1960. Since the program is supported entirely
by employee contributions, and the companies assume only the administra­
tive expenses, details of the program are not provided here.


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2 All periods of hospital confinement after retirement considered as one
period and benefits limited to payment for 120 days’ hospitalization or maxi­
mum special service benefits.
a For men, 5 percent for each year; for women, 3 percent at age 64 and 5
percent for each additional year.

Technical Notes
Some Alternative Indexes
of Employment and Unemployment
Gertrude Bancroft*
I n past discussions of the meaning and measure­
ment of employment and unemployment, many
proposals have been made for discarding or ex­
panding the conventional measures in order to
provide more comprehensive, or more limited, or
more sensitive indicators. These proposals are
usually most numerous in times of high unemploy­
ment. Recently, for example, it was suggested
that the official estimate of unemployment in the
United States be limited to family breadwinners,
or to family breadwinners in need, or to regular
full-time members of the labor force only (excluding
part-time and intermittent workers). On the other
hand, it is argued that even the present measure
of total unemployment (which includes all persons
14 years old. and over who are not working but
are looking for work) does not tell the whole
story, and that a complete count would include
persons in, or even outside, the labor force who
are not able» to work when or as much as they
want. Even if the definition is not changed, it has
been suggested, new combinations of the data
would sharpen the public understanding of the
unemployment problem.
A detailed analysis of all these proposals is
beyond the scope of this paper. Rather, it is
limited to th e discussion of several supplementary
measures or indexes which have been developed
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as a result of a
request by the Joint Economic Committee of the
U.S. Congress.

Unemployment and Part-Time Employment
The monthly sample survey of households pro­
vides, in addition to a measure of totally unem­
ployed persons, counts of two types of ‘‘under­
employed” : (1) persons who usually work full


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time (35 hours a week or more) at their current
jobs but who worked part time during the survey
week because of slack work, lajmffs, or the start
of a new job; and (2) persons who usually work
part time at their current jobs because they cannot
find full-time work. These two groups are usually
described as working part time for economic
reasons, or “economic part-time workers.” (There
are large numbers of part-time workers who do
not want more work.)
The first group is preponderantly industrial
and construction workers. These tend to increase
in number early in the downturn of the business
cycle, when hours of work are first reduced in
preference to layoffs. The second group is more
diversified. It consists largely of trade and service
workers; but as the recession progresses, the group
is augmented by industrial workers who move
into this category when their reduced hours have
persisted for so long that they can no longer say
they usually work full time. It also increases
markedly in the summer when so many students
seeking full-time vacation jobs have to settle for
part-time work.
Statistics on these part-time workers have been
available monthly since May 1955, and prior to
that on a quarterly basis or less frequently. (The
monthly statistics also show the hours they work,
their personal characteristics, and their industrial
attachment.) In the publications of the survey
results, these part-time workers are counted as
employed. However, they are identified sepa­
rately, and from time to time, special analyses of
the group are published. The logic of classifying
these workers as employed is that even though
they are working fewer hours than they wish, they
are quite different from the totally unemployed.
*0f the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
The article presented here is an excerpt, with some minor changes in word­
ing, of a paper prepared for the Subcommittee on Economic Statistics of the
Congressional Joint Economic Committee in connection with the subcom­
mittee’s study of employment and unemployment. The paper is published
in Unemployment; Terminology, Measurement', and Analysis, Subcommittee
on Economic Statistics of the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the
United States (87 Cong., 1st sess.), 1961, pp. 35-48.

167

168

Moreover, the public policies designed to create
jobs for the unemployed might prove very differ­
ent from the actions necessary to restore these
workers to full-time work. Therefore, the parttime workers have not been added to the unem­
ployed to compute a combined rate of “economic
idleness” ; anyone who wishes to do so has the
data at hand every month.
For some purposes, a measure of the joint
impact of total unemployment and part-time
employment would be useful, particularly if it
could reflect the differential in the seriousness of
the two problems. In 1955, the Joint Economic
Committee suggested such a measure—basically,
the conversion of hours lost by economic parttime workers into an equivalent number of wholly
unemployed persons. The standard proposed
was 37.5 hours, i.e., every 37.5 hours lost was
taken to equal one unemployed person. In
effect, this computation would count five men
working 22.5 hours each as equivalent to two
unemployed men, since their combined hours lost
equaled 75 hours. These “equivalent unemployed
persons,” it was proposed, would be added to
the fully unemployed to measure the combined
impact of unemployment and part-time work.
The proposal that the Federal Government
publish this measure, as well as the conventional
statistics on unemployed and part-time workers,
was reviewed by the Office of Statistical Standards
of the Bureau of the Budget. The Office recom­
mended against official publication on the grounds
that such a measure would be confusing to the
public, that it had certain technical drawbacks,
and that it had not been proven useful as a new
economic indicator as a guide to policy or in
manpower analysis. For example, assumption of
a 37.5-hour standard workweek is arbitrary.
This type of measure also ignores overtime worked
by the employed, which might be regarded as an
offset to time lost in assessing the performance
of the economy.1 Another technical problem
arises when the numbers of unemployed and
equivalent unemployed persons are related to
the labor force in order to calculate a rate of total,
and partial unemployment. The labor force,
the base of the rate, is an unduplicated count of
persons, with each part-time worker counted only
once, regardless of the number of hours he worked.
The numerator is not a count of persons, but of
persons plus hours lost converted to persons.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

The “hybrid” measure could be misleading as
well as confusing.
Although the Census Bureau earlier, and now
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, never published
these full-time equivalent unemployment meas­
ures, they were computed each month and fur­
nished to the Joint Economic Committee and to
any other user who requested them. Because of
the continuing interest in some composite figure
reflecting the severity of both total and partial
unemployment, the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
at the request of the Joint Economic Commit­
tee, has experimented with several different ap­
proaches. The most satisfactory approach relates
man-hours worked (or lost) to man-hours that
could have been worked by the labor force if there
were no unemployment or part-time employment
due to economic causes. In effect, this ratio pro­
vides a measure of the extent to which the Na­
tion’s labor force is being fully utilized at a given
point in time. The major advantage of this
approach over the “ full-time equivalent unemploy­
ment” computation is that it is in terms of com­
parable units, i.e., man-hours, and not a combina­
tion of 'people and hours lost converted to “ people.”
As in the “full-time equivalent” computation,
some assumption has to be made about how many
hours the unemployed and part-time employed
would have worked if the labor force were operat­
ing fully. Three assumptions have been made in
the computations underlying chart 1. The first
assumes that they would have worked 37.5 hours.
The second assumes 40 hours, the most common
scheduled workweek and the standard set by the
Fair Labor Standards Act, beyond which workers
in covered employment must receive overtime
pay.2 The third, a variable standard, assumes
that the unemployed and the economic part-time
employed would have worked the average hours
actually worked each month by the “ fully em­
ployed,” that is, the voluntary part-time workers
plus those who worked 35 hours or more and those
who would have worked 35 hours or more except
for noneconomic reasons (bad weather, vacation,
illness, etc.). For example, in May 1960, the
* See letter and statement of Raymond T. Bowman, Assistant Director,
Office of Statistical Standards, to Honorable Richard Bolling, in H e a r i n g s
b efo re th e S u b c o m m i tt e e o n E c o n o m ic S t a t i s t i c s o f th e J o i n t C o m m i t te e o n th e

November 7 and 8, 1955.
J Employees included under the act by the 1961 amendments will be
brought gradually under the act’s overtime provisions until they receive time
and a half pay after 40 hours a week by September 1965.
E c o n o m ic R e p o r t ,

alternative indexes of employment and unemployment

turning point of the business cycle, as determined
by the National Bureau of Economic Research,
all persons at work averaged 40.8 hours. When
the hours for the economic part-time workers were
subtracted, the average for the fully employed
was 41.6 hours. This average was used as the
standard for that month. The variable standard
reflects changes in overtime, voluntary part-time
work, part time because of bad weather, vacation,
etc.
In all three standards, persons with a job but
not at work: all week because of vacation, illness,
bad weather, strikes, or personal reasons have been
treated as if they were at work, thereby minimizing
large accidental fluctuations traceable to these
causes. It is assumed that they would have
worked the standard number of hours. This
group could, have been omitted altogether from
the computations, but since, on the average, half
of the wage and salary workers in this group are
receiving pay while not at work and since presum­
ably the economy had work for them if they had
not been absent all week, it seems more reasonable
to include them in the estimate of available work
time.
Chart 1.

Each of these three standards is only an approx­
imation of an ideal standard. To choose the
most appropriate standard, additional information
would be needed that is not available: (a) how
many hours of work unemployed workers were
looking for, (b) how many hours of work the
economic part-time worker wanted, as well as (c)
the number of hours that persons absent all week
from their jobs usually work at their jobs. The
basic assumption underlying the variable standard
is that these three groups would have the same
hours as the “fully employed” (in our example—
41.6 hours in May 1960) despite their different
occupational or industrial characteristics. Ac­
tually a much higher proportion are operatives
and laborers, a much smaller proportion are whitecollar workers. Nevertheless, tests which have
been made indicate that the differences are off­
setting as far as hours worked are concerned.
The indexes are presented in chart 1 as a per­
cent of available labor force time which was being
utilized each month. In effect, these measures
are derived by comparing the hours actually
worked by the labor force (including hours im­
puted to persons with a job but not at work all

Percent of A v a ila b le Labor Force Time Utilized, M a y 1955-September 1961


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169

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

170
week) with the hours that could have been worked
(hours worked plus hours lost through unemploy­
ment and economic part time). Like the con­
ventional unemployment rate, this measure has a
seasonal pattern and has been adjusted for seasonal
variation, using the standard BLS method.
The three measures are close together: the 37.5hour standard gives a ratio about 1 percentage
point above the variable standard, with the 40hour standard in between. Their trends are also
identical. In months of high employment, such
as July 1955 through July 1957, the measures
reached 94-95 percent; at the other extreme, in
the 1958 recession, they fell to 90-91 percent.
Since January 1961, they have been running
around 91 or 92 percent, and as of September
showed no clear sign of improvement. Like the
unemployment rate and other indicators, the
percent of labor force time utilized shows that
recovery from the 1957-58 recession was never
complete. It also suggests that the present re­
cession has been more moderate than the previous
one, but that recovery in man-hours worked has
not been so rapid.
Chart 2.

Comparison with the official seasonally adjusted
unemployment rate is made in chart 2. To
facilitate the comparison, the index is shown in
terms of percent of available labor force time lost
through unemployment and part-time employ­
ment. With the exception of mid-1958, the
patterns of the two measures are almost parallel;
the discrepancy at that time probably reflects
the fact that the seasonal adjustment of the
unemployment rate is by four age-sex groups,
while that of the time lost index is not. The
difference between the two rates, shown at the
bottom of the chart, increased during the 1958-59
and 1960-61 recessions, but not until after each
recession was several months old. Apparently,
as man-hours lost were rising, man-hours pro­
vided by the economy for persons with jobs also
were adversely affected, and the rate moved up
more rapidly than the unemployment rate.
There is no evidence in the limited period studied
that the composite index is more sensitive at
turning points in the cycle.
Details of the computations for July 1961, as
an example, are shown in table 1.

Percent of Labor Force Time Lost Through Unemployment and Part-Time Employment
and Percent of Labor Force Unemployed, M a y 1955-September 1961
'Y

PERCENT


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Seasonlly A d ju s te d

PERCENT
I0.0

9.0
8.0

7.0
6.0

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
I.O

0

ALTERNATIVE. INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Overtime Versus Undertime Work

It has btsen suggested that if time lost through
involuntary part-time employment is to be
measured, then account should also be taken of
time worked above a standard number of hours.
Two possible methods of computation are pre­
sented here:
One approach is to convert the whole labor
force to a full-time equivalent basis. Hours
worked, as well as hours lost, can be expressed in
full-time equivalents by dividing total man-hours
worked (or lost) by whatever standard is selected.
For example, in September 1961, there were
4.085.000 unemployed, 2,785,000 part-time
workers for economic reasons, and 61,325,000
other persons at work. In addition, there were
2.928.000 employed persons away from their jobs
all week. Assuming a 37.5-hour standard as the
workweek for full-time workers, the time lost
because of unemployment and economic part-time
employment amounted to the equivalent of
5.310.000 lully unemployed persons. On the
same basis, total man-hours worked (2,719,077,000)
can be divided by 37.5 to give the full-time
equivalent number of employed persons, or
72,509,000. For the purpose of this calculation,
the group absent from their jobs all week for
noneconomic reasons were regarded as full-time
workers, although some small proportion had
part-time jobs.
The effect of converting the labor force to a
full-time equivalent basis is shown in table 2.
In terms of persons, unemployment actually
affected 5.7 percent of the labor force, and parttime for economic reasons, 3.9 percent, together
9.6 percent., The combined rate of unemploy­
ment and part-time employment, when converted
to the full-time equivalent unemployment of hours
lost, amounted to 6.8 percent of the full-time
equivalent labor force.
Another way of looking at this problem is to
measure the extent to which the hours of work
provided by the economy would give a full
workweek to everyone in the labor force, if
hours worked beyond 40 were made available
in the form, of additional jobs or as additional
hours for the underemployed. The substantial
number of persons in the American labor force
3
See “ Multiple Jobholders in December 1960,” Monthly Labor Review,
October 1961, pp. 1066-1073.


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171

T a b l e 1. W o r k s h e e t f o r E s t im a t in g P e r c e n t o f
L a b o r F o r c e T im e U t il iz e d , U s in g A l t e r n a t iv e
H o u r s S ta n d a r d s , J u ly 1961
[Man-hours and employment in thousands]

Step in calculation

Variable
standard
(42.5
hours) i

Constant standard
37.5 hours 40.0 hours

1. Total man-hours worked . . .
2,519,009 2,519,009
2. Man-hours worked by economic parttime workers.............
67,203
67,203
3. Man-hours worked by “ fully employed” (1—2)____ ______
2,451,806 2,451,806
4. Number of “fully employed” (total
minus economic part-time)
57,679
57,679
5. Average horn's worked by “ fully em­
ployed” (3-=-4)____________
42.5
(37.5)
6. Man-hours imputed to persons with
a job but not at work (7,357Xhours
standards)_________
312,672
275,888
7. Man-hours provided by the economy
(1+6)-------------------------------------- 2,831,681 2,794, S97
8. M an-hours lo st by unem ployed
(5,140Xhours standards)________
218,450
192,750
9. Man-hours lost by economic parttime workers (3,462Xdifference between hours standards and 19.4)
79,972
62,662
10. Total man-hours lost (8+9).
298,422
255;412
11. Total available labor force time
(7+10)------------------------------3,130,103 3,050,309
12. Time lost as percent of available
labor force time (10-5-11). . . .
9.5
8.4
13. Percent utilization of available labor
force time (100.0-line 12)...........
90.5
91.6

2,519,009
67,203
2,451,806
57,679
(40.0)
294,280
2,813,289
205,600
71,317
276,917
3,090,206
9.0
91.0

1 Standard equals average hours worked in specified month by the “ fully
employed,” i.e., all persons at work except economic part-time workers.

who work more than 40 hours is not generally
realized. For example, in September 1961,
21,579,000 persons, or one-third of all persons
at work, worked 41 hours or more, 3,071,000 in
agriculture and 18,508,000 in nonagricultural
industries. Not all of this time, of course, was
overtime, in the sense of work at premium pay.
A small proportion of these 40-plus workers are
doubtless multiple jobholders, but periodic sur­
veys suggest that probably no more than 3 to
3.5 million are working more than 40 hours for
this reason. The most recent report, covering
December 1960, shows that there were 3 million
holding more than one job, working, on the aver­
age, a combined 50 hours on both jobs, with but
11 hours on the second job.3
Estimates of man-hours worked by those at
work are compared in table 3 with the man-hours
that would have been required to provide every­
one in the labor force, except voluntary part-time
workers, with 40 hours’ work. This group was
allowed the hours they actually worked rather
than 40 hours in the calculation. An adjustment
was also made for the fact that some proportion
of the unemployed are looking for part-time jobs;
this group, estimated at 10 percent, was assumed
to want the average hours actually worked by
regular, voluntary part-time workers that month.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

172

The ratio of hours worked to hours required (col.
3) ranges from 102.0 in October 1960 to 91.3 in
July 1961, and 93.4 in July 1960. Part of the
reason for the “deficit” in the month of July
is the large number of persons on vacation all
week; they do not work at all during the week,
but are assumed to require 40 hours. It can be
argued that the economy was operating at a level
to provide work for these members of the labor
force had they chosen to stay on the job. If
this is assumed, then the ratios in column 5 are
valid, and show that the hours provided by the
economy were sufficient or more than sufficient
to meet the requirement of 40 hours per labor
force member.
Some of the workers who put in more than a
40-hour week are in agriculture or are nonfarm
self-employed, and are not strictly in the same
competitive labor force as most of the unemployed
and partially employed. In January 1961, for
example, 41 million of the 280 million man-hours
worked over 40 were contributed by agricultural
workers and another 70 million were by nonfarm
self-employed and unpaid family workers; in
July, these amounts were somewhat higher
(table 4). A more appropriate segment of hours
to be balanced against the hours lost by the un­
employed and partially employed is the hours
over 40 worked by nonagricultural wage and
salary workers; in both January and July 1961,
estimated hours lost amounted to 277 million,
while hours over 40 were 168 million.
This comparison of the time worked over 40
hours in relation to the time lost by the unem­
ployed and the partially employed raises a number
of questions. It would obviously be difficult to
T able 2.

A ctual and F ull-T ime FjQuivalent Labor
F orce, September 1961
Item

T o ta l_______________________
Employed_____________ __________
Working part time for economic
reasons______ _______________
A ll n t.h p r p m p l n y p f i

Unemployed_______________________
Percent of labor force unemployed
and employed part time for eco­
nomic reasons ________ - ____
Percent of full-time equivalent labor
force affected by unemployment
and part-time employment______


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Full-time equiva­
Actual labor
lent labor force
(assuming full
force
time is 37.5 hours)
71,123,000

77,819,000

67.038.000

72,509,000

2.785.000
64.253.000
4.085.000

5,310,000

9.6
6.8

T able 3.

M an- hours W orked and M an- hours R e­
quired, for S pecified M onths
[In thousands]

Month

Man-hours
Man-hours required if
actually
each labor
Ratio of
worked force member (1) to (2)
worked 40
hours 1

Man-hours
actually
worked plus
man-hours
imputed to
persons
absent from
job

Ratio of
(4) to (2)

(2)

(4)

(5)

(1)

(3)

1960
January__
April..........
J u ly ..........
October___

2, 467,000
2,563,032
2, 560,297
2,669,340

2,513,489
2,553,628
2,740,602
2,616,643

98.2
100.4
93.4
102.0

2,560, 720
2,652.752
2,851,937
2,751,860

101.9
103.9
104.1
105.2

January__ 2,496,280
April.......... 2,561.303
July.......... _ 2,519,009

2,581,297
2,603,675
2,759,462

96.7
98 4
91.3

2.578,080
2,642.103
2,813,289

99.9
101.5
102.0

1961

1 Except for voluntary part-time workers who are assumed to want the
hours they actually worked.

make available to the unemployed and the
partially employed the total time now worked
over 40 hours. Even if, by Government edict,
all persons would be prohibited from working
longer than 40 hours, the extent to which this
step would increase job opportunities for the
partially employed or the unemployed is prob­
lematical.
Many workers in nonagricultural industries
still have standard workweeks of more than 40
hours. The Fair Labor Standards Act extends
only to workers in interstate commerce and many
groups of workers are specifically excluded from
its provisions. There is no legal requirement for
the hours over 40 worked by these workers to be
paid for at premium rates of pay. All selfemployed workers, including farmers, are excluded
from hours regulations.
Relative Risk of Unemployment

The suggestion has been made that the unem­
ployment rate should be reweighted to reflect
more adequately the relative risk of unemploy­
ment of various segments of the labor force. The
total rate, which is most frequently quoted, shows
the relationship between the number of un­
employed and the total civilian labor force,
including self-employed and unpaid family workers
who, because they are working in their own or a
family enterprise, are not as vulnerable to un-

ALTERNATIVE INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT

employment as are wage and salary workers.
Many other rates, however, are published by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics every month—rates
for men and women in various age or marital
status groups, and rates for various occupation
and industry groups. A rate for experienced
wage and salary workers is also published monthly;
it runs a fraction of a percentage point above the
total rate in the fall and winter months but during
recent years has averaged out at the same level.
For purposes of this article, a rate has been com­
puted for wa,ge and salary workers plus new work­
ers (those unemployed who have never held a
full-time job lasting 2 weeks or more). This rate,
which excludes from both the numerator and
denominator the self-employed and unpaid family
workers, who constitute about 15 percent of the
labor force, is considered by some to be a more
sensitive indicator of the course of unemployment
from month, to month and over the business
cycle.
The unemployment rate for wage and salary
workers plus new workers is shown on chart 3,
seasonally adjusted, together with the rate for the
Chart 3.

173

whole labor force. The trends and cyclical pat­
terns of the two rates are almost identical. (Dif­
ferences in the summer months are due to the
composite age-sex seasonal adjustment of the total
rate, a refinement that was not incorporated in
the alternative rate.) On the average, the rate
for wage and salary and new workers exceeded the
conventional total rate by about 0.8 percentage
points. The difference increases to 1.0 to 1.5
percentage points in recession months because the
more sensitive rate rises somewhat faster.
A proposal to reweight the unemployment rate
to reflect the uneven risk of unemployment of
various occupation groups was also examined.
In effect, of course, the unemployment rate as
ordinarily computed does just that. Professional
and technical workers, for example, who constitute
about 10 percent of the experienced labor force,
are seldom unemployed, and have about one-third
as much weight in the numerator as they do in
the denominator of the rate. Nonfarm laborers,
on the other hand, make up 15 percent of the
experienced unemployed, but constitute only
about 6 percent of the labor force. Thus they

Unemployment Rate for A ll Workers and for W age and Salary Plus New Workers,
Ju ly 1948-September 1961


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

174
T able 4.

M an- hours B alance
J uly 1961

Sh eet,

J anuary

and

July

Item

January

Man-hours lost by unemployed and economic
part-time workers (assuming 40-hour standard)
- ____________________________

276,994,000

276.917.000

worked over 40________________

279, S05,000

322.770.000

41.189.000
238.616.000
168.241.000

78.866.000
243.904.000
168.676.000

70.375.000

75.228.000

M a n -h m irs

Agricultural workers__________________
NDi'»agri u n i turai workers
____________
TVqap end salary workers _______ __
Self-employed and unpaid family
workers _____________________

have a disproportionate weight in the rate be­
cause their risk of unemployment is high.
Analysis of the changes in unemployment rates
by occupation groups leads to the conclusion that
low-risk occupations feel the impact of business
recessions in about the same proportions as highrisk occupations. A test was made, using the
relationship that prevailed in 1957, a year of
moderate unemployment. Katios of the unem­
ployment rate in each occupation group to that
of professional and technical workers, a low-risk

occupation, were computed. Using these same
ratios for 1958 and 1960, hypothetical total un­
employment rates were estimated as follows: The
actual unemployment rate for professional and
technical workers was used as a base, and the
1957 ratios applied to derive assumed rates for
the other occupation groups. A new overall rate
was then computed. The hypothetical rate for
1958 was 6.3 percent as compared with an actual
6.2 percent; for 1960, the hypothetical rate was
5.4 percent as compared with an actual 5.0 per­
cent. The reason for the greater difference in
1960 was that the actual unemployment rates for
some high-risk occupations—operatives, service
workers, and nonfarm laborers—were not as high
relative to that of professional workers as they
had been in 1957, and that there were no off­
setting changes in the other direction. There is
no evidence from this test that the overall unem­
ployment rate as now computed is too low because
it fails to reflect adequately the differential risk
of unemployment.

But wee, for all the statutes that hitherto can be devised, and the sharpe
execution of the same in poonishinge idle and lazye persons, for wante of
sufficient occasion of honest employmente, cannot deliver our commonwealtbe
from multitudes of loyterers and idle vagabondes. Truthe it is, that throughe
our longe peace and seldome sicknes (twoo singular blessinges of Almightie
God), wee are growen more populous than ever hertofore; so that nowe there
are of every arte and science so many, that they can hardly lyve one by
another, nay rather they are readie to eate upp one another; yea many
thousandes of idle persons are within this realme, which, havinge no way to
be sett on worke, be either mutinous and seeke alteration in the state, or at
leaste very burdensome to the commonwealthe, and often fall to pilferinge
and thevinge and other lewdnes, whereby all the prisons of the lande are
daily pestered and stuffed full of them, where either they pitifully pyne
awaye, or els at lengthe are miserably hanged, even XXU at a clappe oute of
some one jayle.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— Richard Hakluyt. “ Discourse Concerning Western Planting,” 1584.

WEIGHT REVISIONS IN WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX, 1890-1960

Weight Revisions in the
W holesale Price Index, 1890-1960
A l l a n D . Se a r l e *
T h e revisio n of the Wholesale Price Index com­
pleted in July 1961 introduced into the index
weights based on the 1958 sales value of com­
modities traded in primary markets. At the
same time, the number of commodities priced was
increased to about 2,200 and the number of
quotations obtained to more than 6,300. This
article describes these changes and discusses their
effect on the index. It also presents a brief
history of weight revisions in the WPI since 1890.
It has long been the policy of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to make periodic weight revisions in the
WPI as new industrial censuses become available,
but this is the first time that information about
the effects of these revisions throughout the
existence of the index has been published.

The New Weighting Structure
The current revision leaves the WPI concept
basically unchanged. The index, as before, repre­
sents the price movements of the aggregate of
commodities produced and processed in this
country—or imported into it—and flowing into
primary markets. The prices are those prevailing
for sales in large lots at the first commercial trans­
action at each stage of processing—raw materials
and semifinished and finished goods. These prices
are combined into indexes using weights that
represent the value of sales (or shipments) in
primary markets during the weight-base reference
period—currently 1958.
As in the past, each commodity series in the
index represents a class of prices, and weights
are based on the value of shipments of the priced
commodity plus that of other commodities in
the class which are not priced but whose prices
are known, or assumed, to move similarly.1
Usually values of unpriced items are assigned—•
or imputed—to commodities with a similar
manufacturing process, because their price move­
ments are assumed to yield the most accurate
estimates of price changes for the unpriced items.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

175

For domestic products, the 1958 weights are
based on the net selling values as reported in
the 1958 Census of Manufactures, the 1958
Census of Minerals Industries, and data furnished
by the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and the
Interior and other sources. These values are
f.o.b. production point and exclude excise taxes.
They also exclude interplant transfers2 (where
data permit), military products, and goods sold
directly to household consumers by producing
establishments. They now include the value of
shipments for Alaska and Hawaii, formerly
represented in the index by estimates of imports
from these two new States.
For imports, the 1958 weights are based on
market value in the country of export, as reported
by the U.S. Department of Commerce. These
values were adjusted to “landed U.S.A. values”
by adding estimated duty and transportation
charges.3
Census of Manufactures data were supple­
mented with estimates of shipments of “manu­
factures” produced outside the manufacturing
sector for processed poultry, frozen fruits and
vegetables, manufactured animal feeds, and con­
verters’ shipments of finished fabrics. In earlier
revisions, nonmanufacturing sales data had been
added to the Census totals for such items as dried
fruits, hides and skins, and processed fish.
Because the Census data were not available
for some time after the date of reference, the
new weights were adjusted for price changes
from 1958 to December 1960, when they were
“linked” into the index.4 Indexes for January

*Of the Division of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
>Before 1947, the items were self-weighted, i.e., weights excluded the values
of related items.
2 For manufacturing industries, significant interplant transfers (i.e., the
transfer of goods among establishments owned by the same company) were
separated from commercial shipments in the 1958 Census of Manufactures.
For the minerals industries and imported commodities, estimates of tnterplant transfer values developed in the preceding W PI weight revision were
refined and extended.
3 Duty charges were based on tariff rates and transportation costs on ocean
freight rates from each exporting country to each of four TJ.S. entry districts.
No estimate was made for other forms of transportation into the United
States or for insurance, loading, and handling charges.
4 Weight changes are generally made in December. The reweighted
indexes after December (or the date of the change) are made comparable
with indexes for earlier periods by the process of linking, which prevents
the change from affecting the level of the index. In this process, the per­
centage change in price from December to January, computed on the new
weights, is applied to the index for December, computed on the old weights.

176
1961 and subsequent months are based on the
new weights. (See table D—3, pp. 236-237 of this
issue.)
Effect of the Weight Change

The effect of the weight revision on the relative
importance of major groups, subgroups, and
product classes of commodities in the index is
shown in table 1. The relative importance of an
item for any specified period is its basic value
weight (1958 value in this case) adjusted for the
percentage change in price from the weight date
to the specified date, with the result expressed as
a percentage of the total adjusted value for all
commodities. Changes in relative importance
result from (1) weight revisions such as the one
just completed, (2) minor interim weight adjust­
ments to account for the addition or deletion of
items, and (3) different rates of price change
among various commodities. Thus, relative im­
portance figures are distinguishable from weights
because they change from month to month,
whereas weights, by definition, are fixed for long
periods. However, relative importances are in
fact the weights implicit in the month-to-month
changes in the index numbers.5
The relative importance figures in the first col­
umn of table 1 are the 1958 weight values adjusted
for price changes between the reference date (1958)
and the month of introduction (December 1960)
and thus represent the effective weights of the
groups in the WPI from December 1960 forward.
The data in the second column of the table show,
for the same date, the relative importance of the
various groups of commodities in December 1960
under the 1954 weighting structure. Since both
1954 and 1958 data have been adjusted for price
movements to December 1960, differences in the
two sets of figures reflect only changes in weight
assignments and in the sample of items priced.
Comparison of the relative importance figures
for December 1957 and December 1960 based on
1954 weights shows the effect of price change (and
minor sample revisions) on the relative importance
of items. For example, between December 1957
and December 1960, when the all commodities in­
dex advanced 0.8 percent, eight of the major com­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

modity group indexes advanced more in price and
therefore gained in relative importance.
In general, the results of the recent weight revi­
sion represent the effect of updating the index to
take account of changes in production and market­
ing patterns between 1954 and 1958. Thus the
increase in relative importance of the fuels group
from 7.65 to 7.87 percent is due principally to the
large increase in production of gas and electricity
which took place between 1954 and 1958. In
other groups, the weight revision reflects not only
shifting market patterns, but also improvements
in coverage of the data used in developing the
weights and changes in imputation patterns.
Some of the more important reasons for the
changes in relative importance in December 1960
are as follows:
Farm Products. The larger increase in farm out­
put than in industrial production between 1954
and 1958 accounts for almost all of the rise in the
relative importance of the farm products group
from 10.16 to 10.59 percent of the total WPI.
The remainder is due to addition to the 1958
weights of the value of baby chicks produced in
commercial hatcheries.
Processed Foods. Weights in the processed foods
group were increased by the addition of processed
poultry and frozen fruits and vegetables produced
in establishments not classified in manufacturing
industries.
Textile Products and Apparel. The increase in
relative importance of textile products was due
largely to the inclusion of the value of converters’
shipments of finished goods in the weight structure
for the first time.
Chemicals and Allied Products. Between 1954 and
1958, production of chemicals and related products
increased 29.8 percent compared with 8.9 percent
for total industrial production. Increases in the
value of shipments ranged from 35 percent to
more than 50 percent for commodities such as
soaps and synthetic detergents, photographic
* See formula (2), footnote 6.

177

WEIGHT REVISIONS IN WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX, 1890-1960
T able 1.

R elative I mportance

of

Groups and S ubgroups of Commodities
D ecember 1957 and D ecember 1960

in the

Wholesale P rice I ndex ,
Relative impor .ance

Relative importance
December 1960
Groupings
1958
weights

Decem­
ber 1957

100.000

100. 000

100. 000

Farm products and processed foods...............-

24.627

22.991

23. 418

Farm products............................................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables.
Grains________________________ _
Livestock and live poultry.................
Plant and animal fibers......................
Fluid milk................... .....................
Eggs-------------------------- --------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_______
Other farm products............................

10. 589
1.129
1.479
3. 741
.686
1.514
.619
.631
.790

10.156
1.108
1.259
3.437
.881
1.576
.616
.481
.798

10. 691
1.217
1.405
3.461
1.015
1.537
.661
.515
.880

Processed foods_____________ ________
Cereal and bakery products...............
Meats, poultry, and fish.............. ......
Dairy products and ice cream______
Canned and frozen fruits and vege­
tables___ _____ _______________
Sugar and confectionery________ _
Packaged beverage materials_______
Animal fats and oils______________
Crude vegetable oils............................
Refined vegetable oils.......................
Vegetable oil end products________
Other processed foods.........................

14.038
2.251
4. 545
2.588

12.835
2. 281
3. 936
2. 514

12. 727
2.203
3. 896
2.385

1.093
1.336
.525
.103
.139
.101
.353
1.004

.904
1.287
.480
.090
.121
.098
.337
.787

.865
1.276
.595
.103
.157
.114
.375
.758

All commodities except farm products...........
All commodities except farm and foods..........

89. 411
75.373

89. 844
77.009

98.309
76. 582

Textile products and apparel....................
Cotton products.............. .............. .
Wool products......... ............................
Manmade fiber textile products.........
Silk products__________ _________
Apparel________________________
Other textile products.........................
Plastic products_________________

7.754
1.994
.432
1.374
.019
3. 758
.156
.021

7. 419
2.010
.464
1.024
.028
3.691
.187
.015

7.454
2. 003
.491
1.090
.027
3. 671
.154
.018

Hides, skins, leather, and leather produ c t s .........................................................
Hides and skins___ ___________ . . .
Leather_________________________
Footwear.............. ................................
Other leather products___ ________

1.432
.110
.234
.769
.319

1.470
.109
.266
.785
.310

1.354
.085
.245
.728
.296

Fuels and related products, and power >..
Coal_________________ _________ _
Coke______ ________ ___________
Gas fuels__________________ _____
Electric power.______________ ____
Crude petroleum and natural gaso­
line__________________________
Petroleum products, refined............. .

7.870
.549
.069
.707
1.639

7.651
.609
.071
.450
1.564

7. 716
.630
.068
.368
1.541

.778
4.128

.837
4.120

.875
4.234

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals______________
Prepared paint....................................
P aint materials_________ ________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals................
Fats and oils, Inedible.........................
Mixed fertilizer__________________
Fertilizer materials_______________
Other chemicals and allied products..

6.643
2.379
.306
.564
.898
.122
.229
.256
1.889

5. 777
2.257
.507
.289
.685
.107
.234
.219
1.479

5.847
2.282
.503
.284
.695
.145
.236
.213
1.489

Rubber and rubber products__________
Crude rubber____________________
Tires and tubes______________ . . .
Other rubber products____________

1.430
.236
.550
.644

1.548
.274
.590
.684

1.611
.275

Lumber and wood products......................
L um ber.._____ ________ ________
Millwork_________ _____ ________
Plywood_______________________

2. 597
1.493
.697
.407

2.953
2.005
.590
.358

2.972
2.048
.561
.363


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1958
weights

1954 weights

All commodities....................... .................... ..

1Formerly titled Fuel, power, and lighting materials,
2Formerly titled Plumbing equipment.

December 1960
Groupings

.666

.670

All commodities except farm and foods—Con.

Decem­
ber 1957

1954 weights

4.860
.229
.090
1.276
.445

5.175
.302
.094
1.435
.430

5.168
.323
.123
1.423
.447

2.646
.174

2.732
.182

2.674
.178

Metals and metal products......................
Iron and steel—....................... ...........
Non ferrous metals______________
Metal containers-...............................
Hardware_____________________
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings2.
Heating equipment_____________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Fabricated nonstructural metal products.............................................. .

12. 826
4. 728
2.793
.618
.522
.193
.308
1.933

13. 573
5. 518
2.802
.614
.582
.200
.325
1.666

13.530
5. 493
2. 756
.617
.565
.198
.341
1.689

1.731

1.866

1.871

Machinery and motive products______
Agricultural machinery and equipment_______________________
Construction machinery and equipment__________ _____________
Metalworking machinery and equipment_______________________
General purpose machinery and
equipment___________________
Miscellaneous machinery............ .
Special industry machinery and
equipment
____ __ ______
Electrical machinery and equipment.
Motor vehicles................. ...............
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock __

17. 573

19. 654

19.270
.911

Furniture and other household durables..
Household furniture_____________
Commercial furniture... ________
Floor coverings_________ ______
Household appliances____________
Television, radio receivers, and
phonographs_____ .. .......... .
Other household durable goods.........

Pulp, paper, and allied products______
Woodpulp_____________________
Wastepaper........................................
Paper........................ .........................
Paperboard___ ___ ____________
Converted paper and paperboard
products_____________________
Building paper and board.................

.829

.967

.814

.899

.846

1.177

2. 042

1.932

1.975
1.335

2.700
1.494

2.636
1.481

1.390
4.682
5.039

5.925
5. 627

5.916
5.548

4.001
.935
.395
.383
.978

4.166
.938
.380
.353
.983

4.232
.924
.376
.362
1.041

.487
.823

.523
.989

.554
.975

Nonmetallic mineral products ?_______
Flat glass__ ___ _____________
Concrete ingredients_____________
Concrete products___ ____ ______
Structural clay products__________
Gypsum products_______________
Prepared asphalt roofing. .. --------Other nonmetallic minerals..............

2.865
.244
.719
.908
.126
.136
.389

.343

2.650
.251
.749
.730
.343
.117
.153
.307

2.630
.259
.728
.715
.330
.113
.181
.304

Tobacco products and bottled beverages L
Tobacco products.---------- -----------Alcoholic beverages_________ ____
Nonalcoholic beverages.....................

2.473
.955
1.038
.480

2.476
.967
1.058
.451

2.421
.966
1.059
.396

Miscellaneous products_____________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms,
ammunition__________________
Manufactured animal feeds.... ...........
Notions and accessories____ ___ _
Jewelrv, watches, and photographic
equipment_________ ________
Other miscellaneous products______

3.049

2.497

2.377

.470
1.603
.105

.449
1.052
.102

.451
.942
.104

.574
.297

.625
.269

.611
.269

.332

aFormerly titled Nonmetallic minerals-struetural.
<Formerly titled Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages.

178

supplies, plastic materials, pharmaceuticals, and
toilet preparations. As a result, the relative
importance of the chemicals and allied products
group has increased from 5.78 to 6.64 percent.
Pulp, Paper, and Allied Products. The small drop
in the relative importance of the pulp, paper,
and allied products group which resulted from
the introduction of 1958 weights was due almost
entirely to further exclusions of interplant transfers
and direct sales to consumers by the printing
and publishing industry.
Metals and Metal Products. The introduction of
the 1958 weights for metals and metal products
reduced the relative importance of that group,
mainly because production of iron and steel
decreased between 1954 and 1958. In addition,
production of fabricated metal products rose
considerably less than total industrial production.
Machinery and Motive Products. The machinery
group experienced the greatest change in weight,
falling from 19.65 to 17.57 percent of all commodi­
ties. A large part of the decrease occurred be­
cause, between 1954 and 1958, production of
machinery and related products increased rela­
tively less than total industrial output—only 2.5
percent compared with 8.9 percent. Many items
such as machine tools, fans and blowers, and
motors and generators actually decreased in vol­
ume. Production of nonelectrical machinery
dropped 4.2 percent. About one-eighth of the
total decrease in the weight assigned to this group
resulted from a change in imputation patterns.
A sizable value for the instruments and related
products industry, formerly assigned to the ma­
chinery group as a whole, was assigned elsewhere,
mainly to the miscellaneous products group.
Also, the weight structure now excludes, for the
first time, the values of rebuilt machinery and of
railroad cars made in railroad car shops—the
former being considered as repair work and the
latter, as captive production and thus an inter­
plant transfer.
Miscellaneous Products. The introduction of the
1958 weights brought an increase in the relative
importance of miscellaneous products, since the
production of such items as toys, sporting goods,
and phonograph records had risen at a higher rate

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

than industrial output as a whole and because of
the assignment here of values of some instruments
and related products. In addition, the weight
for manufactured animal feeds was increased by
the inclusion of prepared animal feeds produced
in nonmanufacturing establishments.
Other Commodity Groups. Changes in relative
importance in the remaining major commodity
groups were less than 0.5 percentage points
and arose mainly from shifts in production and
marketing patterns between 1954 and 1958.
As mentioned previously, large increases in
gas and electricity sales raised the weight for the
fuels and related products and power group.
Declining output of lumber and various household
appliances reduced the weight for the lumber
and wood products and for the furniture and
other household durables groups. Higher pro­
duction of cement, clay products, and concrete
and plaster products resulted in greater relative
importance for the nonmetallic mineral products
group. In the hides, skins, leather, and leather
products group, a less-than-average increase in
volume of leather and leather products caused a
decline despite the addition to the weights of raw
furs and of sheepskins sold for pulled wool. The
drop in weight in the rubber and rubber products
group resulted from a decline in the value of im­
ports and from the exclusion of interplant trans­
fers for crude natural rubber.
Revision of Commodity and Reporter Sample

In January 1961, 290 commodities were added
to the WPI sample and 78 items were dropped.
In addition, 554 individual reporter series were
added, 538 from company reporters and 16 from
trade publications. Nearly 100 new reporters
strengthened reports for existing items; the
rest were used to construct new commodity series.
Increases in commodity coverage in three major
groups—-chemicals and allied products, metals
and metal products, and machinery and motive
products—account for over 80 percent of the
new items (and nearly all of the net increase).
These groups, plus furniture and other household
durables, also gained nearly 80 percent of the
additional individual reporter series.
In the chemicals group, the principal increase
in coverage occurred among pharmaceutical prep-

WEIGHT REVISIONS IN WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX, 1890-1960

arations. The sample of commodities in this
grouping was completely reappraised, and the
index was subdivided by end use. This will
facilitate comparison with price trends at retail
as shown in the Consumer Price Index.
In the machinery group, the expansion of
coverage provides a new grouping for special
industry machinery and equipment, with indexes
for food products machinery, textile machinery
and equipment, woodworking machinery, and
printing trades machinery and equipment. In
addition, in October 1960, seven types of imported
and domestic compact passenger automobiles
were introduced because of their increasing
importance in the United States domestic car
market.
In the metals and metal products group, items
were added to the nonferrous and the fabricated
metal products subgroups and a new index was
introduced for lighting fixtures.
Other improvements include strengthening of
the furniture and other household durables group
with the addition of over 50 new company reporter
series and introduction of an index for porch and
lawn furniture. Moreover, cotton broadwoven
goods in the textile products group were regrouped
to show finished goods and grey goods separately.
History of Weighting Structure

Throughout its existence, the concept of the
WPI as an indicator of price changes in primary
markets has remained essentially as described.
Within these broad limits, however, there have
been a number of modifications in calculation
methods and in the scope of the index, as well as
8 A full description of the 1952 revision appears in “A Description of the
Wholesale Price Index,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1952, pp. 180-187.
Basically, the index is constructed according to the Laspeyere’s fixed weight
Index formula:

Where p„ is the price in the base period,
Pi, the price in the current period, and
q„, the quantity of commodities implicit in the value data.
This formula is mathematically equivalent to an arithmetic mean of price
relatives with fixed value weights:

2qaP°

In formula (1), the quantities are the weights used to combine prices; in
formula (2), the values are the weights used to combine price relatives. In
practice, of course, the index is calculated in a variation of this formula as
changing specifications for commodities and reweighting of the index require
chaining or linking computations.


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179

periodic weight revisions. (The base period has
also been changed several times, but these changes
have not affected the weighting structure of the
index and hence are not discussed here.)
Calculation. From 1921 until the major weight
revision in 1952, articles properly falling under
more than one classification were included under
each of the classifications. Thus, structural steel,
nails, and certain other metal products used in
building were placed in both the building mate­
rials and the metals and metal products groups.
Foods produced on the farm which reach the con­
sumer practically unchanged, such as potatoes,
eggs, and milk, were included among both farm
products and foods. In computing the all-com­
modities index, however, such articles were
counted only once. This system, unlike today’s,
made it impossible for the users of the WPI to
construct their own special groupings by using
detailed price indexes and relative importance
figures. Also, the original WPI, which covered
the years 1890-99, was compiled as an unweighted
index of price relatives, but the number of series
used for each commodity was roughly propor­
tional to its importance in the market. This
system was eliminated in 1914, when the index
was recomputed retroactively with 1909 weights.
Another change in calculation methods was
made in the major revision of 1952, when value
weights were substituted for quantity estimates
but without changing the basic formula.6 A
chaining procedure was adopted whereby monthto-month price relatives are weighted with values,
rather than the absolute prices weighted by physi­
cal quantities. In addition, once-a-month pricing
replaced the use of arithmetic averages of 4 or 5
weeks’ prices each month, after comparisons
revealed little difference in movement.
Scope. In the two most recent revisions, atten­
tion was also given to the definition of the universe.
In order to avoid an overlap of the CPI and WPI
universes, the concept was clarified to exclude
primary market sales directly to consumers. As
indicated, the present weight universe is the value
of commercial shipments of all goods produced by
manufacturing, mining, agricultural, forestry, and
fishing industries, in the United States, as well as
commercial imports. It includes shipments origi­
nating in the United States, whether for domestic

180
or foreign use; imports for resale in U.S. primarymarkets; sales of gas and electricity to industrial
and commercial users, including sales of electricity
by Federal, State, and local governments; sales of
scrap and waste materials for industrial use; and
sales to the Federal Government of types of goods
which are also sold to civilian customers, such as
food and office supplies. Also included are sales
through factory-owned retail outlets where data
are lacking to permit the separation of these sales
from other company shipments.
Excluded from the weight universe are the
values of interplant transfers; goods produced and
consumed within the same establishment; sales to
the Federal Government of specialized products,
such as military aircraft and ships; sales of goods
by Federal, State, and local governments, except
sales of electricity; direct sales from producers to
household consumers (e.g., sales of electricity to
residential users, and bread and milk sold on
retail delivery routes) ;7 all services, whether trans­
portation, distribution, personal, business, etc.,8
including services performed by establishments
primarily engaged in producing goods (e.g., repair
work and processing, on a commission basis, of
goods owned by others); and such individual items
as works of art or race horses.
Weight Revisions. New weights have been intro­
duced into the WPI numerous times since the
U.S. Department of Labor first published an
index of wholesale prices covering the years
1890-99.9 Often, the new weights were applied
retroactively and the index for earlier years was
revised. Three principal retroactive revisions were
as follows:
1. In 1921, the index incorporated weights from
the 1919 Census of Manufactures. Computa­
tions were carried back to 1890 and 1909 weights
(introduced in an earlier retroactive revision)
were replaced.
2. In 1927, a decision was made to change
weights each 2 years (in that period a Census of
Manufactures was collected biennially). The
index was revised back to 1913.
3. In 1952, there was a comprehensive revision
of weights, sample, and methodology and the
WPI was recalculated back to 1947. Value
weights, based on the 1947 industrial censuses,
replaced quantity weights; and the present
system of imputation was introduced, wherein

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

each commodity series in the index represents a
class of items whose prices are presumed to move
similarly.
Weights have been changed three times since
1952. In January 1955, adjustments were made
to aline relative importance of major commodity
groups with 1952-53 values. Value weights from
the 1954 and 1958 industrial censuses were intro­
duced in January 1958 and January 1961.
Changes in the relative importance of major
groups, 1890-1960, and in the number of com­
modities are shown in table 2. These figures refer
to the WPI as it is now published from 1890 to
date and do not show the effect of those weight
changes which were later replaced by the retro­
active revisions described above.
Relative importance data are shown before and
after each weight change. For each set of weights,
the relative importance for the first time period
shown reflects change brought about by the intro­
duction of the new weights; the relative impor­
tance for the other time period reflects the
effect of price change from the introduction of
new weights to the specified revision date as
well as minor changes due to introducing or
dropping items.
Weights in the WPI reflect in broad outline
changes which have taken place in the market­
ing economy of the United States over the years.
The decreasing importance of farm products is
portrayed strikingly. The relative importance of
this group fell from 29.04 percent of the total
index in 1890 to 13.67 in 1933, then rose to 20.83
in 1947, as farm prices rose at a rate greater
than industrial prices during intervening years.
From 1947 to 1960, the newly defined farm prod­
ucts group again fell in relative importance. It
can be observed that, although farm products
gained relative importance several times owing
to greater than average price increases between
weight revisions, only two revisions increased
their weights in comparison with those at the
time of the preceding revision.
7
Direct sales of other commodities may be included in the weight universe
if separate data for commercial shipments are not available.
s Electricity and gas, although deemed services for some purposes, are
included in the W PI because they are considered to be functionally similar
to and competitive with fuels such as coal and oil.
» This early index was an unweighted average of 99 price relatives. This
index represented an updating and revision by Roland P. Falkner of the
University of Pennsylvania, of indexes compiled in accordance with a U.S.
Senate resolution of 1891 which led to the publication of data on wholesale
prices for 1840-91 in the so-called “Aldrich Reports” of the Senate Committee
on Finance.

WEIGHT REVISIONS IN WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX, 1890^-1960
T a b l e 2.

181

R elative I mportance o f Commodities in the Wholesale P rice I ndex and N umber
as o f D ates o f M a j o r Weight Changes, 1890-D ecember 1960

Commodities

of

[Percent of total index weights]
Year 1890

Year 1913

December 1913

December 1918

December 1920

Commodity group
1909 and 1914 average
weights

1919 weights

1914 and 1919 average
weights

1919 and 1921 average
weights

1921 and
1923 average
weights

All commodities____________

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100. 00

100.00

100.00

Farm products ' .........................
Foods........................................ .
Hides and leather products___
Textile products____________
Fuel and lighting materials___
Metals and metal products___
Building materials....................
Chemicals and allied products 2.
Houseftimishing goods_______
Miscellaneous______________

29.04
25.54
4.24
7.32
11.19
7.84
5.40
1.35
1.08
7.00

33.22
23.07
3.96
5. 74
13.57
6. 58
6. 80
1.12
0.94
5.00

27.12
24.95
5.65
8. 34
7.78
10.00
5. 72
2.62
2.07
5. 75

28.02
24.85
5.83
8. 30
7. 77
9.35
5.60
2.62
2.07
5.59

24.91
25.06
5.23
7.92
9.46
11.88
4.38
2.42
1.81
6.93

27.74
25.43
4.91
9.59
8.82
10.09
3.89
2. 61
1.45
5.47

27. 11
25. 80
4. 80
9. 06
10. 47
9. 72
3. 34
2. 12
1 . 41
6. 17

21.15
23.69
5.28
8.37
14.88
10.42
4. 77
2.04
2.40
7.00

19.49
21.92
5.28
8.11
16.33
12. 48
4.83
2.01
2.27
7.28

Number of commodities *_____

199

215

December 1922

1921 and
1923 average
weights

531

531

531

December 1929

1923 and 1925 average
weights

534

534

December 1931

1925 and 1927 average
weights

534

December 1933

1927 and 1929 average
weights

536
January
1947

1929 and 1931 average
weights

All commodities______ ____ _

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Farm products'.......................
Foods................... .................... .
Hides and leather products___
Textile products........................
Fuel and lighting materials___
Metals and metal products___
Building materials............... .....
Chemicals and allied products 2.
Housefurnishing goods_______
Miscellaneous______________

100.00

22.26
22.68
5.24
9.30
14.30
11.65
5.29
1.75
2.02
5.51

20.88
20.93
4.15
9.13
16.45
13.45
5.47
1.78
2.12
5.64

19.16
18.96
3.52
9.41
13.19
16. 45
6.43
1.62
3. 08
8.18

19.01
18.36
3.40
9.18
13.69
16.15
6.54
1.74
3.11
8. 82

14.16
17. 87
3.34
8. 56
15.30
18. 51
7.12
1.94
3. 57
9.63

14.15
17.14
3.44
8.00
15.97
19.05
6.72
2.08
3.31
10.14

13.67
15.20
3. 66
9.68
16.64
18.98
7.39
1.97
3.18
9.63

13.98
16.31
3. 58
9.72
18.19
16.52
6.23
1.98
3.01
10. 48

20.83
21.71
3. 48
8.76
12.09
13.66
6.59
1.81
2.31
8. 76

Number of commodities2..........

537

544

784

January 1947
1929 and
1931 average
weights *

784

784

December 1954

784

784

December 1957

888

December 1960

1952 and 1953 average
weights

1947 w'eights

784

1958
weights

1954 weights

All commodities________ ___ ____ ___

100.00

100.00

100.00

100. 00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Farm products' ____________________
Processed foods__________________
Textile products and apparel....................... I
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products « .
Fuel, power, and lighting materials6............
Chemicals and allied products *...................
Rubber and rubber products___________
Lumber and wood products___________
Pulp, paper, and s.llied products________
Metals and metal products............... ...........
Machinery and motive products______
Furniture and other household durables__
Nonmetallic minerals—structural_______
Tobacco products and bottled beverages'7. . .
Miscellaneous products______________

22. 52
20.14
8.49
3.48
12.60
3.99
2.21
3.35
1.99
7.86
6. 07
2. 23
1.96
2. 33
0.78

14.59
15.87
10.37
2.17
7.75
5.83
1.75
2. 43
3. 57
11.18
13.75
3.94
1.35
2.49
2.96

12.67
14.74
8. 41
1.78
8.48
5.14
1.81
2.83
3.62
13.62
15.97
4. 06
1.51
2.57
2.79

10.84
13. 75
8.30
1.41
9.02
6.54
1.75
2.66
3. 73
13. 56
17. 07
4.14
2. 07
2.40
2.76

10.32
13.19
7.65
1.41
9.01
6.24
1.79
2.38
3.89
14. 53
18. 75
4.09
2.14
2.34
2.27

10.69
12. 73
7. 45
1.35
7.72
5. 85
1.61
2.97
5.17
13.53
19.27
4.23
2.63
2. 42
2.38

10.16
12.83
7. 42
1.47
7.65
5. 78
1.55
2.95
5.17
13.57
19.65
4.17
2.65
2. 48
2. 50

10.59
14.04
7.75
1.43
7.87
6.64
1.43
2.60
4.86
12.83
17.57
4.00
2.87
2. 47
3.05

Number of commodities2_____________

888

1,819

1 These relative importance figures for 1890 through January 1947 refer to
the indicated weight-base reference periods for all major groups except farm
products. For farm products, the following are the weight-base reference
periods:
Weight data
Weight data
for—
Indexes for—
for—
Indexes for—
1919
1890-1912
1921-23
1921-22
1913-15
1913-14
1923-25
1923-29
1915-17
1915-16
1925-27
1930-31
1917-19
1917-18
1927-29
1932-33
1919-21
1919-20
1929-31
1934-Jan. 1947
From January 1947 through 1960, the weights for farm products have the same
reference date as other components.


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1,846

1,868

1,859

1,870

1,949

2,161

2 Before 1940, titled Chemicals and drugs.

5 Commodities included in more than 1 major group are counted only
once.
4.The 1929-31 weight-base index was calculated through 1951; the 1947
weight-base index was calculated retroactively to 1947. These data based
on 1929 and 1931 weights have been reclassified into the 15 major groups used
in the 1947 weight-base index.
* Before 1947, titled Hides and leather products.
• Before 1947, titled Fuel and lighting materials.
7 Before 1960, titled Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages. ’
N ote : For com parability with earlier data, figures for 1947 and later periods
have been rounded to 2 decimals.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

182
On the other hand, metals and metal products
(which included some machinery items in the
early years) gained in relative importance at most
weight revisions, keeping pace with increasing
industrialization of the country.
On the whole, the relative importance data
show a gradual shift, roughly in accord with the
relative volume of sales in the market place.
However, analysis of the weight changes in the
early years cannot be carried too far, for during
the period before 1947, items in the index were
assigned weights equal to their own value in the
market without imputation of values for similar

unpriced items. Because of this, the weight of
the chemicals group, for instance, increased when
the number of items increased in 1913.
The comprehensive revision in 1952, with re­
calculation back to 1947, makes comparison of
the weights before and after 1947 difficult. The
effect of classification changes was, however, im­
portant. Farm products, for example, rose in
importance as certain items were transferred from
foods and textiles. Chemicals gained from the
miscellaneous products group, and new groups
were formed for rubber and rubber products and
for pulp, paper, and allied products.

Difficult as it is to secure satisfactory price quotations, it is still more
difficult to secure satisfactory statistics concerning the relative importance of
the various commodities quoted. What is wanted is an accurate census of the
quantities of the important staples, at least, that are annually produced,
exchanged, or consumed. . . . [But] the compilers are forced to confine
themselves for the most part to extracting such information as they can from
statistics already gathered by other hands and for other purposes • • • •
To extract acceptable results from this mass of heterogeneous data requires
intimate familiarity with the statistical methods by which they were made,
endless patience, and critical judgment of a high order, not to speak of tactful
diplomacy in dealing with the authorities whose figures are questioned.
The keenest investigator, after long labor, can seldom attain more than a
rough approximation to the facts. . . .


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__Wesley C. Mitchell,
1938), p. 26.

T h e M a k in g a n d

U s in g o f I n d e x N u m b e r s

(BLS Bull. 656,

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Enforcement of N LRB Order. The Supreme Court
of the United States held 1 that a Federal court,
in an enforcement proceeding, may not modify an
order by the National Labor Relations Board
which was consented to by the parties even though
the record does not contain findings supporting so
broad an order.
The Board in this case had found that two
unions and an employer had committed unfair
labor practices by executing and maintaining a
collective bargaining agreement which conditioned
employment upon union membership, gave the
unions exclusive control over hiring, and provided
for dues checkoff. The final order, to which both
the unions and the employer consented, directed
the employer to refrain from giving effect to the
agreement or engaging in other discriminatory
activities in conjunction with the unions in ques­
tion or any other labor organization.’’ Similarly,
the Board’s order required the unions to refrain
from forcing or urging these contract provisions
or other discriminatory activities upon this em­
ployer or “ any other employer over which the
Board will assert jurisdiction.”
When the Board petitioned the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the First Circuit for enforcement of
its order, the parties abided by their agreement
not to contest the order. The court, on its own
volition, struck o u t 2 the quoted phrases wherever
they appeared in the consent order and com­
pliance notices. It ordered enforcement of the
order as so modified.
The Supreme Court asserted that court au­
thority to modify a Board order derives from sec­
tion 10(e) of the Labor Management Relations
Act, which empowers a court to “make and en­
ter . . . a decree enforcing, modifying, and en­
forcing as so modified, or setting aside in whole or
in part the order of the Board.” The section


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

further provides: “ No objection that has not been
urged before the Board . . . shall be considered
by the court, unless the failure or neglect to urge
such objection shall be excused because of ex­
traordinary circumstances.”
The Supreme Court understood the appellate
decision as holding that the limitations of 10(e)
do not apply unless the record contains findings
of fact supporting the Board order. The court
of appeals had noted that there were no such find­
ings of fact in this record—not even a stipulation
of facts which would warrant broad relief. The
circuit court had also concluded that the consent
of the parties did not entitle the Board to issue
an order without foundation in the record.
In reversing the decision of the court of appeals,
the Supreme Court held the consent of the
parties to be most significant; “it relieves the
Board of the . . . necessity of making a sup­
porting record.” A decree rendered by consent
is always affirmed without considering the merits
of the case, with exceptions to this rule only for
circumstances, such as fraud in the procurement
of the consent order or lack of Federal jurisdiction.
The Court found none of the exceptions present
in this case and therefore remanded it to the lower
court with directions to affirm the Board’s order.
The National Labor
Relations Board ruled3 that discriminatorily
discharged union employees were entitled to back
pay only from the date of their dismissal until
they refused the employer’s subsequent offers of
reinstatement.
Prior to the expiration of his contract with the
union and while negotiations for a new agreement
were in progress, the employer arranged for the
installation of certain laborsaving machinery.
He also brought 17 so-called “reserve” employees
to town, housing them at his expense until they
should become “regulars.” When the contract
expired, the employer informed the union that he
D isc rim in a to ry D ischarge.

»Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 N L R B v. Ochoa Fertilizer Corp., 82 S. Ct. No. 37 (1961).
2 283 F 2d 26 (1960).
3 Northern Virginia Sun Publishing Co. and Wheeler, 134 NLRB No. 109
(Dec. 7,1961).

183

184
would not continue to negotiate and had the
machinery installed. He posted a notice stating
that negotiations had been broken off, the contract
terminated, and that the establishment was an
open shop. The notice asserted that the foreman
would hire all employees and make all rules until
permanent rules were posted, and that there
would be no discrimination with regard to the
hiring of employees. Nevertheless, 14 of the 24
union employees were discharged and a nonunion
foreman and “reserve” employees were put to
work. The remaining union employees went on
strike.
The employer later found himself in need of
three additional experienced employees. The
employer then sent telegrams to three of the
discharged employees requesting that they return
to work. The employees refused to go back to
work unless the employer agreed to reinstate all
persons on the payroll as of the expiration of the
old contract. Thereupon, the employer sent
separate telegrams in groups of threes to all but
three of the discharged employees asking them to
return to work. They similarly refused.
On ordering reinstatement and back pay, the
majority of the Board found that the employer’s
discharge of the 14 union employees violated
sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(3) of the Labor Manage­
ment Relations Act and the discharged employees
were therefore entitled to back pay from the date
of their illegal discharge. But those who refused
to return when the employer offered to reinstate
them became strikers who were withholding their
services in an attempt to compel the employer to
comply with their demands. The Board held that
while the LMRA forbids an employer to engage
in discrimination to encourage or discourage
union membership, it does not require him to
reimburse employees who choose voluntarily to
be absent from their work in exercise of their
statutory rights to engage in collective activities.
The Board therefore ordered back pay for the 11
discriminatees who refused reinstatement to the
date that their telegrams of refusal were received
by the employer.
Member Brown, in his dissent argued that the
employer’s individual offers to different employees
at different times could only be construed as an
attempt to break the collective opposition of the
employees by dealing with them individually and
that they therefore constituted additional viola­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962
tions of the LMRA. Since Member Brown did
not think that the employer’s offers of reinstate­
ment were valid, he did not believe that a refusal
of such offers should impose limits upon the
employer’s liability for back pay. Even if the
offers had been valid, Member Brown would not
have permitted an employer who had no intention
of rehiring more than three dischargees to limit
back pay for all those to whom he offered rein­
statement merely by rotating offers a few at a
time. To permit such a result would be, accord­
ing to Member Brown, to give “a windfall to the
perpetrator of illegal acts.”
Representation. The National Labor Relations
Board ruled 4 that unless a union security provi­
sion is clearly unlawful on its face or has been
found to be unlawful in an unfair labor practice
proceeding, its presence in a collective bargaining
agreement will not henceforth remove the con­
tract as a bar to a representation petition. The
Board asserted, however, that the mere existence
of clearly unlawful union security provisions in a
contract will not remove the contract bar if the
effectiveness of the clause has been deferred or if
the clause has been eliminated by a properly
executed rescission. By its ruling in the instant
case, the Board modified its decision in the Key­
stone case.5 The effect of that decision was that
any contract containing a union security clause
which did not reflect the precise requirements of
the statute was presumed illegal and therefore no
bar to a petition for representation.
In view of recent Supreme Court decisions 6
frowning on the use of presumptions of illegality
in unfair labor practice cases, the NLRB did not
regard it as sound administrative practice to
continue their use with respect to union security
provisions. The majority believed, furthermore,
that the application of the Keystone rule had had
an extremely unsettling impact upon established
collective bargaining relations. It asserted that a
substantial number of contracts containing per­
fectly legal union security provisions did not
expressly reflect the statutory language. As a
* Paragon Products Corp. and District, 60 United M ine Workers, 134 NLRB
No. 86 (Nov. 22, 1961).
5Keystone Coat, Apron, and Towel Supply Co., 121 NLRB 880 (1958);
see Monthly Labor Review, December 1958, pp. 1399-1400.
e For example, N L R B v. News Syndicate Co., 365 TJ.S. 695 (1961); see
Monthly Labor Review, June 1961, pp. 643-644.

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
result, an “inordinate number” of contracts have
been disrupted.
The Board expressed the view that, in represen­
tation proceedings, it should ensure that contracts
containing union security clauses explicitly for­
bidden by statute do not prevent a Boardconducted election. The following union security
provisions would be deemed unlawful on their face:
(1) those which expressly and unambiguously
require the employer to give preference to union
members in hiring, lajdng off, or seniority; (2)
those which specifically withhold the statutory
30-day grace period; and (3) those which expressly
require as a condition of employment payments
other than uniform dues and initiation fees.
Ambiguous but not clearly unlawful union
security provisions will bar an election unless they
have been determined to be illegal, by either the
Board or the Federal courts, in an unfair labor
practice proceeding. In representation cases,
the Board will not consider testimony or evidence
of lack of enforcement or intent under the contract
which is urged as an election bar. Litigation of
these issues should be reserved for unfair labor
practice proceedings.
Members Lodgers and Leedom dissented. In
their view, the majority had held that “no union
security provision will remove a contract as a bar
unless its nonconformity with the act is so blatant
that even the blind must see it.”
Union Members’ Rights
R em oval o f U n io n Officers.
A Federal district
court held 7 that section 101(a)(5) of the LaborManagement Reporting and Disclosure Act,
which establishes safeguards for union members
against improper disciplinary action, does not
aPply to the removal of a union officer for mis­
conduct as an officer.
The union official in this case alleged that he
was removed from office in a procedure which
met none of the specific requirements of section
101(a)(5): “No member of any labor organization
may be fined, suspended, expelled, or otherwise
7 Burton v. Independent Packinghouse Workers Union, Local 12 (D.C.
Kans., Nov. 21, 1961).
8 Strauss v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 179 F. Supp. 297 (D.C.
E.D. Pa., 1959); and Jackson v. Martin Co., 180 F. Supp.475 (D.C., Md., 1960).
8 Sheridan v. United Brotherhood of Carpenters, Local 626, 191 F. Supp 347
(D.C., Del., 1961).
18 Mitchell v. International Association of Machinists (Calif. Dist. Ct. of
App., 2d Dist., Nov. 14, 1961).
625182— 62------------ 5


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185
disciplined, except for nonpayment of dues .
unless such member has been (a) served with
written specific charges; (b) given a reasonable
time to prepare his defense; and (c) afforded a
full and fair hearing.”
In reaching its decision, the court relied on two
district court cases 8 which held that the safe­
guards of 101(a)(5) were not applicable where
union officers were removed because of statutory
ineligibility to hold office. In a third case,9
another district court had pointed out—in inter­
preting section 609 of the LMRDA—that there
was a distinction between being removed from
office for misconduct as an officer and for mis­
conduct as a member. Since the union official’s
charges in the present case indicated that he had
been removed for his alleged misconduct in office,
the court did not believe that the safeguards of
101(a)(5) were applicable.
The court dismissed his argument that since
he had been subject to the possibility of fine,
expulsion, or other disciplinary action while before
the union’s trial board, he should be protected
by the statute. None of these possibilities
actually occurred. It therefore dismissed his
complaint against the union.
P o litic a l A c tiv itie s o j U n io n M em b ers. A Cali­
fornia appellate court held invalid 10 as against
public policy the expulsion of two union members
for their active advocacy, contrary to official
union policy, of a proposed “right-to-work” law
in a State referendum. The court concluded that
the union’s interest in subduing public dissent
among its members was outweighed by the interest
of society in public debate over right-to-work
legislation and by the individual’s right to speak
freely on political matters.
In this case, two union members had issued
press releases, distributed handbills, and made
speeches on television and before various groups
in support of a State right-to-work law. As a
result, they were expelled by their local for “con­
duct unbecoming a member.” The expelled
members did not purport to speak as representa­
tives of their union, but only as union members.
Further, neither lost his job as a result of his ex­
pulsion from the union.
At the outset, the court dismissed the union’s
argument that the threat of expulsion for such
activities in no way impairs a member’s freedom,

186

since be is assured by Federal legislation that loss
of membership for reasons other than nonpayment
of dues does not mean the loss of his job. Expul­
sion would deny a member his stake in the strike
fund and other funds to which he has contributed.
It would deprive him of any voice as to how the
union represents the employees, though the union
is required by law to represent him as well as its
members. It might impair his rights if he subse­
quently quit his job and sought employment
elsewhere. Finally, the court noted that the social
consequences of a nonmember working among
union members could not be overlooked.
The court examined several prior decisions in its
attempt to resolve the conflict between the inter­
est of the community, the rights of the individual,
and that of a union to enforce discipline. It
divided the case law roughly into three categories.
At one extreme were situations in which the
activities of a member were fundamentally
antagonistic to the union as collective bargaining
agent. Among these were cases involving union
spies and dual unionism, where the courts had
upheld union discipline. At the other extreme
were cases in which the courts had frustrated
union attempts to interfere with specific obliga­
tions of citizenship. For example, a union was
prohibited 11 from expelling a member who, as a
public official, refused to appoint another member
of the union as an inspector. Cases dealing with
the expulsion of union members for political
activity formed the middle category. The court
could not find among these cases any precedent
controlling the facts of the present case.
Therefore, the court proceeded to weigh the
interests of the various parties involved. Because
of the strong interest in the free expression of


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962
political ideas, the court found it desirable to
scrutinize carefully the attempted restriction by a
union of political activities injurious to its inter­
ests. The nature of the doctrine advocated is
a factor in determining the rights of a union to
suppress its advocacy. If the union members
concerned had advocated the repeal of the Wagner
Act or the abolition of unions, their expulsion
would have raised a different question. Such
advocacy would have constituted in the court’s
eyes a challenge to the very fundamentals of
unionism. Here, the expelled members had
espoused the adoption of right-to-work laws.
"While the union might reasonably consider such
enactments to be seriously inimical to its inter­
ests, the court asserted that there was substantial
respectable opinion to the contrary. There being
such a disparity of opinion as to the long-run
effects of voluntary unionism, the question was
not whether the union was justified in its opinion.
Father, it was whether the issue is sufficiently
debatable so that society’s interest in the debate,
together with the individual’s right to speak
freely on political matters, outweighs the union’s
interest in subduing public dissent among its
members. Since the court found that the political
activity in this case was not patently in conflict
with the union’s interests, it concluded that the
union should not be permitted to use its power
over members, which is partly derived from the
special protection given unions under Federal
law, to curb the advocacy of their political views.
In this case, furthermore, any possible danger to
the union was mitigated by the fact that the
expelled members did not purport to represent
their union.
ii Manning v. Klein, 1 Pa. Super. 210 (1896).

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
December 1, 1961
h e Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Division of the United
Aircraft Corp. put into effect a 3-percent pay increase for
10,000 nonunion salaried employees. The increase followed
agreement between the company and the International
Association of Machinists on raises of 6-11 cents an hour
for some 23,000 production workers, effective December 4,
under a wage reopening of the current contract.

T

15,000 workers in the Philadelphia area. Contract pro­
visions included wage increases totaling $11 a week over 2
years. (See also p. 192 of this issue.)
December 8
R e v e r s in g a rule in effect since 1955, the NLRB held that
an employee subject to a lawful union-security contract
may not escape discharge for dues delinquency by making
a belated tender of dues, provided the discharge is moti­
vated solely by his delinquency. The Board found that the
previous rule was contrary to the congressional intent to
permit the making and effective enforcement of lawful
union shop agreements. The current case involved Local
717 of the International Union of Electrical Workers and
a group of dissident members at the Packard Electric
Division of the General Motors Corp. who had delayed
payment to harass the union.

December 11
U.S. Supreme Court refused to review

December 5

T he

that bargaining units for insurance agents will
henceforth be determined by applying “normal unit prin­
ciples,” the National Labor Relations Board overturned
its 1944 decision that such units must be company- or
state-wide in scope, which was “adopted s o le ly in anticipa­
tion of broader organization [that] has not materialized.”
The current case was Q u a k e r C i t y L if e I n s u r a n c e C o . and

thereby leaving in effect a lower court’s ruling
that the Secretary of Labor can subpena union records
without establishing a reasonable basis for belief of actual
or probable violation of the Landrum-Griffin Act (Chron.
item for Aug. 16, 1961, MLR, Oct. 1961).

R u l in g

T ru ck

D r iv e r s

L ocal

299,

In te r n a tio n a l

G o ld b e r g v.

B r o th e r h o o d

of

T e a m s te r s ,

December 13

I n s u r a n c e W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n .

Teamsters union foreclosed on the General Oglethorpe
Hotel Co. of Savannah, Ga., when the company defaulted
on the repayment of a $2,400,000 loan made in 1959. The
union pension fund purchased the company at public
auction for $1,960,000.
T he

December 7
T h e NLRB modified a policy adopted in 1959 under which
it automatically excluded all technical workers from a
production and maintenance bargaining unit whenever
their unit placement was disputed. Henceforth, the Board
said, the overriding consideration will be the “community
of interests” between technical employees and others in
the unit, with decisions in disputed cases based on the
“desires of the parties, history of bargaining, similarity of
skills and job functions, common supervision, contact
and/or interchange with other employees, similarity of
wrorking conditions, type of industry, organization of plant,
whether the technical employees work in separately situ­
ated and separately controlled areas, and whether any
union seeks to represent technical employees separately.”
The case was S h e ffie ld C o r p . and D i s t r i c t 1 3 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l
A s s o c ia tio n o f M a c h in is ts .

A g r e e m e n t on a 27-month contract between the Amalga­
mated Meat Cutters and the Great Atlantic and Pacific
Tea Co. ended a 7-day strike of butchers which had idled


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T h e fourth biennial convention of the AFL-CIO adjourned
in Bal Harbour, Fla., after taking action that included:
(1) approval of new procedures for settling jurisdictional
disputes (Chron. items for Nov. 17 and 30, MLR, Jan.
1962) and for adjusting complaints of racial discrimination
by affiliates; (2) conditioning approval of applications for
reaffiliation by expelled unions (notably the Teamsters)
on full compliance with AFL-CIO ethical standards;
(3) calling for renewed efforts to organize the unorganized;
and (4) raising monthly per capita dues from 5 to 7 cents.
(For a full account of the convention, see pp. 133-138 of
this issue.)
M e m b e r s of the Utility Workers Union ratified a 1-year
contract with the Consolidated Edison Co. of New York,
Inc., which provided pay increases of $4-$5 a week and
other benefits for 21,000 workers. (See also p. 191 of this
issue.)

December 14
T h e NLRB unanimously ruled that in the future it would
consider charges of preelection misconduct dating back to
the filing of the election petition instead of the directing
of the election, as under a policy adopted in 1954, but
would not apply the rule to contested election cases
currently pending. The Board noted that its recent
delegation of authority in election cases to its regional
directors (Chron. item for Apr. 28, 1961, MLR, June 1961)
187

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

188

had markedly lessened the interval between the filing of
petitions and the holding of elections. The case was
Ideal Electric and Manufacturing Co. and International
Union of Electrical Workers.
S e c r e t a r y o f L a bo r A r t h u r J. G o l d b e r g , acting as
arbitrator between the Metropolitan Opera Association
and Local 802 of the American Federation of Musicians
(Chron. item for Aug. 28, 1961, MLR, Oct. 1961), awarded
salary increases totaling $20 a week over the life of a
3-year contract and other improvements. Secretary
Goldberg also advocated Federal subsidies and wide
public financial support for the performing arts. (See
also pp. 191-192 of this issue.)

December 15
an earlier decision (MLR, Dec. 1960,
pp. 1314-1315), the NLRB found that the jurisdictional
disputes provisions of the National Labor Relations Act
do not require the Board to make a specific award of a
work assignment where the employer has created the
dispute by unilaterally transferring the work away from
the only group claiming it. The case, Local 107, Inter­
national Brotherhood of Teamsters and Safeway Stores,
Inc., involved picketing when the employer discharged
the union’s members after its contract had expired and
their work had been transferred to the jurisdiction of
sister locals, neither of which claimed the right to perform
the transferred work.

R e c o n s id e r in g

December 17
h e Honest Ballot Association announced that New
York City public school teachers, voting in a representa­
tion election, had cast 20,045 ballots for Local 2 of the
American Federation of Teachers (AFL—
CIO); 9,770 for
the Teachers Bargaining Organization; 2,575 for the
Teachers Union (Ind.); and 662 for no union. (See also
p. 190 of this issue.)

T

December 18
an appellate court’s decision, the U.S. Supreme
Court ruled that a Federal court may not modify an
NLRB order to which both parties have consented. The
Court found that, in the absence of such circumstances
as lack of actual consent or fraud in procurement of the
order, the NLRA prevents the courts from modifying

R e v e r s in g


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

an uncontested consent decree because they cannot
consider objections not raised by the parties before the
Board. The case was N LRB v. Ochoa Fertilizer Cory.
(See also p. 183 of this issue.)
December 19
h e NLRB held, in companion cases, that the “hot
cargo” provisions of the 1959 amendments to the NLRA
prohibit agreements that permit subcontracting but
require the employer to give preference to subcontractors
having contracts with, or approved by, the union whenever
he sends out work ordinarily performed by his own
employees. The Board found that such clauses would
illegally cause the employer to cease doing business with
nonunion subcontractors. A majority of the Board also
ruled that, although the clauses in question had been
executed before the 1959 amendments, their subsequent
maintenance or reaffirmation violated the act. The
cases involved the Greater St. Louis Automotive Trimmers
and Upholsterers Association and two unions District
9 of the Machinists and Local 618 of the Teamsters.

T

December 28
P r e s id e n t J o h n F. K e n n e d y appointed Clarence Randall,
a director of Inland Steel Co., to head a seven-man panel
to review and advise him on a proposal for improving
Federal civilian pay systems so that Government salaries
will be closer to those in private industry.
h e Transport Workers Union and the New York Transit
Authority agreed on a 2-year contract covering 27,000
employees. Provisions included wage increases totaling
8 percent an hour, a guarantee of no layoffs during the
contract, and improvements in the pension and health
and welfare funds and in vacations. (See also p. 191 of
this issue.)

T

In t h e f ir s t formal holding against a union under the
Subversive Activities Control Act as amended in 1954,
Hearing Examiner Francis A. Cherry recommended that
the Subversive Activities Control Board make a deter­
mination that the International Union of Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers (Ind.) is a “Communist-infiltrated”
organization. Such a determination, if upheld upon appeal
to the courts, would strip the union of all rights and
privileges under the NLRA.

Developments in
Industrial Relations *

Union Conventions

The AFL-CIO held its fourth biennial conven­
tion in Miami Beach, Fla., December 7-13, 1961.
Its principal actions related to internal disputes,
unemployment, and civil rights.1
On the last day of the convention, delegates
approved an amendment to the constitution
setting up a :ormula for mediation and arbitration
to settle jurisdictional disputes between affiliates,
primarily between building trades and industrial
unions. The plan binds affiliates to respect the
established collective bargaining relationships and
work relationships of other affiliates. Complaints
of infringements are to be filed with AFL-CIO
President George Meany, who will then designate
one or more persons from a panel of mediators
“ within the labor movement’’ to effect a settle­
ment.2 If the dispute is not settled within 14
days, it is to be referred to an impartial umpire
selected from a panel. (David L. Cole, umpire
under the AFL-CIO no-raiding pact, was the first
umpire to be designated.) If his determination
is appealed, the case goes to a subcommittee of
the Executive Council which may either uphold
the decision (in which event the determination
becomes final) or refer the appeal to the full
Executive Council. The umpire’s decision could
be set aside or altered only by a majority vote
of the 29-member Council.
The resolutions concerning wages, unemploy­
ment, and economic growth stressed the necessity
for a constantly expanding economy. Among the
measures advocated were wage advances to in­
crease purchasing power, protection against loss of
income or employment, shorter hours with no loss
in pay, and an expansionary Federal budget policy.
Many of the resolutions reflected the AFL-CIO
view that “most industries can afford to grant im­
provements of wages, salaries, and fringe benefits
without price increases.”


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The resolution on civil rights called for an inten­
sified drive against discrimination in trade unions.
To implement this policy, a new Civil Rights Com­
mittee was set up to overhaul the Federation’s
Civil Rights Department.
The convention reelected Mr. Meany, SecretaryTreasurer William F. Schnitzler, and 27 other
members of the Executive Council to office. A
2-cent-a-month increase in Federation dues was
approved to raise almost $3 million more a year,
mostly to meet operating expenses.
Two AFL-CIO departments—the Maritime
Trades Department and the Metal Trades Depart­
ment—held their conventions just prior to the
Federation’s meeting. The Maritime Trades con­
vention centered its attention on the effects of
transfers of U.S.-registered vessels to foreign flags.
The officers’ report asserted that in the past 16
years “ practically all” of the U.S. merchant ma­
rine had “ disappeared from domestic coastal and
intercoastal trade,” and that U.S.-flag vessels were
carrying only about 10 percent of the country’s
foreign commerce. Resolutions urged that Con­
gress enact legislation to end present “ tax havens”
for “runaway” shipping and called for a broad
revision of ship subsidy laws governing construc­
tion and operation of American-flag vessels.
Delegates to the Metal Trades convention
endorsed a program calling for a major organizing
effort by the Department and its affiliates. They
urged that a “code of organizing ethics” be
adopted, warning that organizing techniques
that “discredit, undermine, or criticize other
unions are a disservice to the overall membership
of organized labor.”
The AFL-CIO Food and Beverage Trades
Department was officially established in Decem­
ber at its founding convention in Miami Beach.
The purpose of the Department, authorized by
the AFL-CIO Executive Council at its June
1961 meeting,3is to aid its 9 members in collective
bargaining, coordinate activities, and assist in
political, legislative, and education activities.
It is to be financed by a monthly per capita tax
of 1 cent per member, paid by each affiliate for
that portion of its membership engaged in food
»Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of available material.
1 For details of the convention, see pp. 133-138 of this issue.
2 On January 7, Mr. Meany named 23 members of the AFL-CIO Executive
Council and 19 other officials of affiliates to the panel.
3 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1961, p. 889.

189

190
and beverage trades. Local councils are to be
established and wih pay $25 in annual dues to the
Department. Harry R. Poole, executive vice
president of the Meat Cutters, and Daniel E.
Conway, president of the American Bakery and
Confectionery Workers, were elected president
and secretary-treasurer, respectively.
Reports and Rulings

President Kennedy on December 4 endorsed
the recommendations of his Task Force on Em­
ployee-Management Relations in the Federal
Service, which affirmed Federal employees’ right
to join or refrain from joining “bona fide employee
organizations.” The Task Force, headed by
Secretary of Labor Arthur J. Goldberg, presented
a set of general guidelines for establishing “a
Governmentwide Presidental policy which ac­
knowledges the legitimate role these organizations
should have in the formulation and implemen­
tation of Federal personnel policies and practices.”
The guides would prohibit both provisions for
closed or union shops and unions that deny
membership based on discrimination, or that
are corrupt, or assert the right to strike or over­
throw the Government. They provide three
forms of recognition for dealing with unions on
matters such as division of workers into shifts
or transfers of personnel. Agencies would not
recognize the unions on salaries and other con­
ditions of employment fixed by the Congress
or matters which conflict with agency regulations
or Governmentwide personnel policies. Informal
recognition would give a union whose members
comprise less than 10 percent of the employees
in a unit or activity the right to present its views
to the agency but would place no obligation
upon the agency. Formal recognition would
entitle any organization representing at least
10 percent of the employees the right to be con­
sulted. Exclusive recognition would give any
organization representing a majority of the
employees the right to enter negotations for an
agreement applicable to all employees in the unit.
The National Labor Relations Board, in two
companion cases on December 19, ruled that the
ban on “hot cargo” provisions in union contracts
applies to clauses that permit subcontracting but
require an employer to give preference, in con­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962
tracting out work normally performed by his own
employees, to concerns having contracts with the
union. The Board found that such a clause could
cause the employer to cease doing business with a
nonunion subcontractor and would therefore be
illegal under section 8(e) of the 1959 amendments
to the National Labor Relations Act. Further,
even though the clauses in question had been
executed prior to the 1959 amendments, their sub­
sequent maintenance or reaffirmation violated the
statutory ban. The cases involved locals of the
Teamsters union and the International Associa­
tion of Machinists on the one hand, and the
Greater St. Louis Automotive Trimmers and
Upholsterers Association, Inc., on the other.
Wages and Collective Bargaining

Elections. In an NLRB runoff election on Decem­
ber 19, the Teamsters union defeated the Independ­
ent Aircraft Guild for the right to represent 5,000
workers at the Stratford and Bridgeport, Conn.,
plants of the Sikorsky Aircraft Division of United
Aircraft Corp. The vote was 2,377 to 2,284. It
reportedly was the first major aircraft company in
New England to be organized by the Teamsters,
in a drive personally led by union President James
R. Hoffa. The independent union was formed in
1960 as an aftermath of an unsuccessful strike by
the United Automobile Workers. The UAW,
which had represented employees since 1943, was
ousted as bargaining agent in a decertification
election in November I960.4
Also during December, the United Federation
of Teachers (Local 2 of the American Federation
of Teachers, AFL-CIO) won bargaining rights for
about 40,000 teachers of New York City’s public
schools system. The mail vote—supervised by
the Honest Ballot Association— was 20,045 for
the UFT, 9,770 for the Teachers Bargaining Or­
ganization (a coalition of professional organiza­
tions), 2,575 for the Teachers Union of New York
(an independent union since it was expelled some
years ago by the AFT on charges of Communist
domination), and 662 for no union. Representa­
tives of the UFT subsequently met with the Board
of Education and Superintendent of Schools to
establish procedures for negotiating a contract.
* See Monthly Labor Review, January 1961, p. 68.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
D evelopm ents in N e w Y o rk C ity. During Decem­
ber, agreements were reached in transit, utilities,
trade, and service trades in New York City. The
settlement affecting the largest number of work­
ers was between the Transport Workers Union
and the New York City Transit Authority, for
about 27,000 employees. The 2-year contractagreed to on December 28 in the face of a strike
scheduled for midnight December 31—calls for
wage increases of 4% percent in the first contract
year and 3% percent in the second. In addition,
the Transit Authority is to pay 5 percent of
employee earnings to the city pension fund (re­
sulting in a comparable reduction in emplovee
contributions), as well as 1% cents a man-hour
to correct health and welfare inequities. The
union did not win its much-publicized demand
lor a 4-day, 32-hour scheduled workweek, but
the parties did write into the contract a provi­
sion guaranteeing no layoffs during the term of
the contract but presumably permitting reduc­
tions in force caused by attrition. An unwritten
agreement of this sort reportedly has been in
effect for several years. A fourth week of vaca­
tion after 15 instead of 20 years’ service was
also agreed to. The Amalgamated Street, Elec­
tric Railway and Motor Coach Employes union,
representing about 1,800 workers in Queens and
Staten Island, was also reported to have a contract
providing similar terms with the Authority.
On December 30, the TWU and five privately
operated bus lines, with about 2,000 employees,
agreed to wage increases ranging from 22 to 26
cents an hour over a 2-year period. Fringe benefit
improvements were said to be worth about 5
cents additional.
Subsequent to this settlement, the TWU agreed
on January 4, 1962, to a 1-year contract with two
other private bus lines (Fifth Avenue Coach Lines
and its subsidiary, Surface Transit, Inc.), ending
a 4-day strike. The 6,000 workers affected struck
when the companies and city could not agree on
concessions (including a request for a 5-cent fare
increase) that would allow these lines a 7-percent
return on investment after meeting higher labor
costs. The settlement provided a 13-cent-an-hour
wage increase, retroactive to December 1, 1961.
8See Monthly Labor Review, October 1961, p. 1122.


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191

Improvements in fringe benefits included 4 weeks’
vacation after 15 instead of 20 years’ service.
The issue of financial relief for the companies was
resolved when the city, after threatening to with­
draw the companies’ lapsed franchises, agreed to
permit elimination of transfers and to increase its
subsidy for school fares; these measures would
reportedly allow the companies a return of about
4K percent.
i he Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc.,
and the Utility Workers Union, representing about
21,000 of the company’s employees, reached agree­
ment in late November after nearly 3 months of
negotiations. The 1-year contract, ratified by
union members on December 13, provided wage
increases of $4 a week for employees earning less
than $3.41% an hour and $5 weekly for those
earning more. Additional increases resulted from
promotions and job reclassifications. The union
estimated the wage package to be worth 17.8
cents an hour.
Independent distributors of oil and coal supplies
in New York City and a local of the Teamsters
union agreed on December 22 to a contract
covering about 3,000 drivers, servicemen, mainte­
nance men, weighmasters, and helpers. The
length of the contract was not reported. The
settlement reportedly called for a wage increase of
20 cents an hour and improvements in fringe
benefits. The average wage prior to the new con­
tract was said to be $2.95 an hour.
Secretary of Labor Arthur J. Goldberg on
December 14 announced an arbitration award
providing the 91 musicians of the Metropolitan
Opera Association a $10-a-week raise for the
current season (retroactive to July 1, 1961)
and additional raises in the next two seasons.
The award brought the minimum weekly pay to
$180 for the 1961-62 season (instead of $170.13),
$185 next season, and $190 for the 1963-64
season. Secretary Goldberg also granted raises
in pay for both rehearsals and nonacting stage
appearances, as well as in overnight per diem
allowances. In settling the dispute between the
association and Local 802 of the American
Federation of Musicians, which he had entered
when cancellation of the season was threatened5—
the Secretary called attention to the lack of
adequate financial backing for the performing
arts in general and appealed for Federal subsidies

192

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

cluded an eighth paid “ floating” holiday (the day
to be selected by the company) and, effective
January 1, 1962, liberalized health insurance
benefits.
Seven locals of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters
and Butcher Workmen, representing 10,000 em­
ployees of meat departments of chain and inde­
pendent food stores in the Chicago area, agreed in
late November to a 3-year contract. The agree­
ment provided journeymen and head meat cutters
with a $5-weekly raise retroactive to October 9,
1961, and an additional $5 in October 1963. The
initial raise brought journeymen meatcutters’ scale
in self-service markets to $129 for a 40-hour week.
Raises of $1 to $4—effective in both October 1961
and 1963—were negotiated for apprentices except
those in the lowest wage bracket, whose rates were
not changed. Other contract changes included a
Other Contract Settlements. The Communications
fourth week of vacation after 20 years’ service and
Workers of America and the American Telephone
a jointly administered health and welfare fund in
and Telegraph Co. agreed in late November to
to which employers will pay $21 per month for each
general pay increases ranging from $1.50 to $4
full-time employee. (A majority of the meat
a week for 20,000 Long Lines Department em­
department employees of any company may, how­
ployees. Additional wage increases were provided
ever, elect to continue participating in that com­
for some job classifications and as a result of some
pany’s own health-welfare program on a noncon­
town reclassifications. The increases were ne­
tributory basis.)
gotiated under an annual wage reopening provision
In the Philadelphia area, the Meat Cutters
of a 3-year contract signed in 1960.
agreed in early December to new 27-month con­
Wage increases ranging from 5 to 10 cents an
tracts covering about 4,000 meat department em­
hour went into effect in December for about 21,000
ployees of three retail food chains. The settle­
organized employees of Western Electric Co., Inc.
ment—applying to A & P, American, and Food
At the company’s Hawthorne Works in Cicero,
Fair stores bargaining through the Philadelphia
111., the increases, effective December 19, affected
Food
Store Employers Labor Council—provides a
about 11,000 employees represented by the Inter­
$6-a-week
raise for the first 15 months of the con­
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. The
tract
and
an additional $5 during the next 12
other settlement was negotiated with the Com­
months.
Agreement
was preceded by a 1-week
munications Workers of America for about 10,000
strike
at
A
&
P;
during
the strike, the two other
distribution and warehousing employees through­
companies
reportedly
locked
out their butchers.
out the country. According to the CWA, the
Issues
centered
on
workloads
and nightwork. A
latter increases (effective December 20) averaged
committee
was
set
up
to
handle
the first problem
about 7% cents an hour. Both increases were
and
pay
for
nightwork
was
liberalized.
negotiated under annual wage reopening provi­
sions of 3-year contracts signed in 1960.
Minimum Wage. The District of Columbia Mini­
The Hughes Aircraft Co. and the Electronic and
mum Wage and Industrial Safety Board on
Space Technicians union (a local of the United
November 28 approved raises in the minimum
Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners) on No­
wage
covering about 16,000 women employed in
vember 26, 1961, signed a 3-year contract covering
retail
trade. The first increase, effective January
about 10,000 workers in the Los Angeles area. The
27,
1962,
brought the minimum to $42 a week for
settlement called for general wage increases rang­
a
workweek
of 36 through 40 hours and to $1.05
ing from 5 to 8 cents an hour effective November
an
hour
for
fewer than 36 hours; for each hour
29 and the same increases for November of both
over
40
a
week,
time and one-half will be based on
1962 and 1963. Other contract improvements in-

and broad public support to assure the arts
“ their place alongside the already accepted
responsibilities for health, education, and welfare.”
He suggested as “ the most important immediate
step” the creation of a Federal advisory council
on the arts, which the Congress failed to approve
in 1961.
New York City Mayor Robert Wagner on
December 29 signed a bill requiring firms that
do public contract work for the city government
to pay their workers a minimum $1.50 an hour.
The law, to go into effect on January 29, 1962,
covers all concerns that “ contract for or on behalf
of the city for the manufacture, furnishing or
purchases of supplies, material or for the furnish­
ing of work, labor or services. . . .”


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DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

the rate of $1.05. These minimums will be raised
each year, beginning in September 1963, to $50 for
36-40 hours, $1.25 an hour for hours below 36 a
week, and time and one-half of an employee’s
regular rate after 40 hours, by September 3, 1965.
Previous minimums were $36 for full-time work
and $1 an hour for part time and overtime.
Other Developments

New York State Governor Nelson Rockefeller
announced on December 21 a State program to
provide qualified welfare recipients with free re­
training for new jobs. Mr. Rockefeller said the
plan was primarily intended to offset the impact
of automation by retraining workers whose skills
had been outmoded by technological changes.
The program, to be financed out of existing appro­
priations, will provide retraining to unemployed
fathers receiving aid for dependent children and
employable recipients of home relief. It also pro­
vides training for youths who have dropped out
of high school and who are members of families
receiving public assistance. The State Depart­
ment of Labor is to decide on the training needed
in a community and the Department of Welfare
is to assign relief recipients to courses provided by
local schools under the direction of the State’s
Department of Education.
The International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers on January 1, 1962, notified the Industrial
Union Department of the AFL-CIO that it was
withdrawing from that Department. The IBEW
gave no explanation for its disaffiliation; its with• See “ The 18th Convention of the Teamsters Union,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1961, pp. 829-834.

193
drawal—after a 6-year membership since the
Department was formed—reportedly will result in
a loss of $65,000 in annual dues for the Depart­
ment.
An insurgent group of members of Teamster
Local 107 in Philadelphia announced in early
December it would seek NLRB elections with the
aim of disaffiliating from the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters and affiliating with the
AFL-CIO. Local 107 has a membership of about
13,000 truckdrivers, helpers, and platform men.
The rebel organization—referred to as the Voice
of Local 107—was formed in protest of the July
1961 amendments to the IBT constitution which
restricted the autonomy of local unions6 and of
the policies of Raymond Cohen, secretary-treasurer
of the local, which were said to ignore the rights
of individual members.
In other Teamster developments, two union
officials were indicted by a Federal grand jury in
Philadelphia on charges they had received illegal
payoffs from trucking companies in order to raise
money for the defense of Mr. Cohen in pending
civil and criminal court actions. (In November
1960, a Federal court of appeals had ruled that
members of Local 107 were entitled to an injunc­
tion restraining union officers from using the
local’s funds for this purpose.) The two men
were Lawrence J. Mullen, secretary-treasurer of
Local 161 in Philadelphia, and Joseph Westernberg, an organizer for Local 107. During the
month, five other Teamster officials in Toledo,
northern New Jersey, and New York City were
also indicted or held on bail on charges of at­
tempted extortion or of accepting illegal payments
from employers.

The freedom to bargain collectively, the freedom to seek higher wages and
better working conditions, the freedom to strike, are not unlimited freedoms.
They are freedoms that imply responsibility. They must be exercised in
good faith and in full recognition of the public interest.
—Secretary of Labor Arthur J. Goldberg, Address to the Convention of the Maritime
Trades Department, AFL-CIO, Miami Beach, Fla., December 5, 1961.
625182— 02------- 6


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weighted. In addition, capital/output and capital/
labor ratios are shown. These measures span the
period between the late 19th century and the
1950’s and cover 5 major industry segments and
some 33 secondary groups, though gaps in coverage
remain. Alternative formulations of total n a tio n a l
output are used; for in d u strie s, “ gross product
originating” (sometimes called “ net industry
output”) concepts are approximated, but with
serious, and acknowledged, deficiencies. An im­
portant byproduct of Kendrick’s work is the
E ditor ’s N ote .— L is tin g o f a p u b lic a tio n in th is
comprehensive appendixes describing long-term
section is f o r record a n d reference on ly a n d does
estimates and derivations of employment, hours,
not constitute an endorsem ent o f p o in t o f view
output, and capital stock—nationwide and by
or advocacy of use.
industry. This information provides the under­
pinnings to the productivity figures, but will be
Special Reviews
of immense help in economic analysis generally.
During the 70-year period beginning in 1889,
P ro d u c tiv ity T ren ds in the U n ited S ta tes.
By
the
annual average rate of productivity growth
John W. Kendrick. New York, National
for
the
private domestic economy was 2.4 percent
Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1961.
(based
on man-hour inputs—recently, Kendrick
lii, 630 pp. (General Series, 71.) $12.50,
projected
this figure at 3 percent to 1970), 2 per­
Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
cent
(weighted
man-hours), and 1.7 percent
Productivity, in its broadest sense, defines the
(total
factor
productivity).
An accelerated ad­
efficiency with which resources—human and
vance
occurred
after
World
War
I, notably in the
material, tangible and intangible—are trans­
output/capital
relationship.
Marked
spurts in
formed into real goods and services. Its import­
productivity
advance
accompany
cyclical
up­
ance clearly transcends the limited application
swings;
deceleration
occurs
as
recessions
begin.
permitted by major conceptual and statistical
But there has been distinct secular variability in
problems in the past. To the economic historian,
rates of advance: spurts of accelerated growth
productivity reveals key factors in a nation’s
characterized the late 1870’s, late 1890’s, early
growth. Economic projections require produc­
1920’s, late 1930’s, late 1940’s, and early 1950’s;
tivity data as a central tool of analysis. Discus­
low
rates prevailed during the late 1880’s, the
sions about costs and inflation can be approached
early
1930’s, and the two World War periods.
more objectively. Interindustry and international
Over the long run, growth of total factor inputs
productivity comparisons yield insight into dif­
amount to about half of output growth. Innova­
ferential patterns of development. Productivity
tion, scale of operations, and cyclical factors are
study illuminates both challenges (labor dis­
reasonably well correlated with total factor
placement) and benefits (higher living standards)
productivity in numerous sectors, but a nagging
accompanying economic growth.
amount of variance remains unexplained.
In his excellent volume and significant contribu­
No single measure of productivity fits all needs
tion, Kendrick presents long-term estimates of
of economic analysis, and none is so designated by
productivity in the U.S. economy, and includes
the author. To the extent that productivity
the most exhaustive series and variants of the
data contribute to labor-management negotiations,
productivity measure yet attempted: output in
the conventional man-hour productivity concept
relation to workers, man-hours, labor input (where
is probably still a useful guide to wage-rate
labor quality differentials are weighted according
policies—although this point is not considered by
to wage scales), and “ total factor productivity”—
Kendrick. For analysis of long-term growth and
his most comprehensive measure, relating output
interindustry comparisons, study of Kendrick’s
to combined capital and labor inputs, appropriately

Book Reviews
and Notes

194


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BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

more comprehensive measures is likely to prove
beneficial. To illustrate the usefulness of these
productivity concepts: During 1899-1953, output
per unit of labor input increased at the annual
rate of 2 percent in the telephone industry and
3 percent in. natural gas; with capital per unit of
labor input rising by 0.4 percent in the telephone
sector and 3.1 percent in natural gas, total factor
productivity grew at 2 percent in both industries.
Can one conclude that total efficiency in the two
industries is roughly comparable? Is such an
interindustry comparison even possible? And, if
possible, what should be compared, and, more
important, how should it be interpreted? Does
a correlation between rapidly growing capital/labor
and output/labor ratios allow one to conclude
that provision of more capital per worker will
raise his output? Or, is it not possible that
a particular capital/labor combination may be
unique to technological and managerial conditions
in one industry (or country) and inapplicable
elsewhere? In any case, the variety of measure­
ments clearly permits a more meaningful analysis
than would a, single productivity measure.
We should, however, recognize a certain arbi­
trariness on Kendrick’s part in the selection of the
number and type of input factors and the weights
by which they are combined. Thus, Kendrick’s
most comprehensive inputs comprise weighted
man-hours plus capital. By comparison, Stein
and Denison, in their contribution to the Presi­
dent’s Commission on National Goals, quantify
such “intangible” resources as increased educa­
tion, more efficient utilization of womanpower,
and man-hour productivity in creases resulting (up
to a point) from a shortened workweek. For
1929-57, their yearly rate of total productivity
increase (0.8 percent) is less than half of Kendrick’s
total factor productivity estimate. Also, since
productivity analysis relates output growth to
associated, not causal, inputs, conclusions such as
“so much of increased worker output resulted
from factor x,” are inferentially justified only to
a point.
An introductory preface by the National Bu­
reau’s research director, Solomon Fabricant, con­
tains cautionary words on uses and abuses of
different productivity estimates. Though regard­
ing total factor productivity as “the best currently


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195
available approximation to a measure of effi­
ciency,” his commitment to this single concept is
not complete. Stanley Ruttenberg of the AFLCIO, an NBER director, registers a dissenting
comment, questioning the adequacy of Kendrick’s
treatment of total factor productivity, particularly
with respect to its significance in labor-manage­
ment issues. In my judgment, while Kendrick
covers the statistical-conceptual aspects of this
problem (chapter 5), he would have been well
advised to anticipate, and meet more adequately,
the policy questions this subject justifiably raises
in the minds of many.
Ao present study can fully solve all theoretical
and quantitative difficulties in productivity re­
search. Nevertheless, Kendrick’s is a milestone—
necessary for those wishing to gain sharper insight
into the American economy, its past record and
future prospects.
— J oel D a rm sta d ter

National Planning Association
Washington, D.C.
E qu ita b le P aym ent'. A General T heory o f W ork,
D ifferen tia l P a y m e n t, a n d In d iv id u a l P rogress.

By Elliott Jaques. New York, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 1961. 336 pp. bibliography. $6.
In April 1948, the Tavistock Institute of Human
Relations entered upon a series of joint projects
with the Glacier Metal Co. in London. The
purpose of one of the projects was to determine
appropriate payment and status for individuals
and the work they do. An interim report on this
project w*as prepared by Jaques in 1956 {M easu re­
m en t o f R e sp o n sib ility , A S tu d y o f W o rk , P a y m e n t
a n d In d iv id u a l C a p a c ity , London, Tavistock Pub­

lications). Wilfred Brown, chairman and manag­
ing director of Glacier, reported in 1960 on the
project’s effect on the structure and organization
of Glacier {E x p lo ra tio n o f M a n a g em en t, New York,
John Wiley & Sons).
The present volume is a summary of the theory
and procedure directly related to the problem
of equitable payment for work in the project.
Its full implications and effect are best understood
in the context of the previous reports.
Jaques has applied his wide experience as a
social-analytic consultant to industry directly
to the problem. He bases his system on (1) the

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

196
time span of discretion used for any work task,
i.e., the time a subordinate, after receiving an
assignment, exercises discretion without super­
visory review, (2) the equitable work payment
scale, and (3) standard earning progression
curves. The theory deals with differentials in
kinds of work and payment for work. It is
concerned with both the allocation of and the
payment for work and their psychological and
socioeconomic effects on the status of the in­
dividual.
Basic to Jaques’ theory is the assumption, based
on observations, that each individual intuitively
knows what constitutes a fair or equitable pay­
ment for any given level of work and that this is a
shared social norm. When these norms are
assessed in total, they constitute a pattern of
equitable differential payment at different levels
of work.
The author’s standard earning progression pat­
tern is based on the individual’s capacity for work
and its characteristic growth and decline with age.
Individual differences in work capacity are recog­
nized. A psychoeconomic equilibrium is reached
when level of work corresponds to capacity and
payment for this work is equated with these
items. Jaques demonstrates that difficulties arise
when capacity exceeds work level and payment,
when payment exceeds capacity and work level,
when work level exceeds capacity and payment,
etc. His thesis envisions an economic society
where the capacity, work, and payment are at
equilibrium.
The implications of such a theory for wage
bargaining are significant; it would tend to make
such activity unnecessary. The author reaches
quite deeply into the socioeconomic system and,
should his theory be further developed, applied,
or adopted, it could have considerable impact on
economic society.
This report is worthy of thoughtful considera­
tion by both management and labor. It is not
to be tackled, however, without rigorous concen­
tration on the logical development of the theory.
W. K e l t n e r
Training Officer
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service


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— J ohn

The Im p a c t o f the P ro fessio n a l E n gin eerin g U n ion :
A S tu d y o f Collective B a rg a in in g A m o n g
E n gin eers a n d S cien tists a n d I ts S ign ifican ce
f o r M an agem en t. By Richard E. Walton.

Boston, Harvard University, Graduate School
of Business Administration, 1961. 419 pp.,
bibliography. $5.
World War II ushered in a revolution in the
employment conditions of engineers and scientists
in American industry. For the first time, literally
thousands of them were thrust into new job situ­
ations in which, although they continued to do
professional work, engineers also took on the
character of regular clock number employees with
little or no direct contact with company manage­
ment. In any number of aircraft, instrument, and
electronics companies, engineers were employed
by the hundreds or thousands, in contrast with
prior years when engineers were few and most of
them worked closely with and were largely identi­
fied with management. It was in response to
these conditions which have continued and in
many ways deepened in the past 15 years that
engineering unionism began to emerge.
Professor Richard E. Walton has made a note­
worthy study of the impact of engineering union­
ism upon industrial management. Based pri­
marily upon an investigation of 11 large industrial
companies in which engineering unionism has been
established and recognized (in most instances in
the form of unions independent of the industrial
unions representing the shop employees), Walton
concludes that this impact has been rather modest
in character—more modest, for example, than the
impact of production worker unionism. The
reason for this modest impact is found partly in
the complex character of engineering work, partly
in the outlook of the engineer. It can also be
attributed to the rather limited experience to date
in this new field of unionism.
A major reason for the somewhat indecisive
nature of engineering unionism stems from what
Walton believes is the attitude of the majority of
engineers about “the lack of compatibility between
the engineers’ concept of unionism and their
concept of professionalism. As long as this
incompatibility exists in the minds of engineers,
unionization, whatever form it actually takes,
>

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

197

will represent not only a problem for management,
colors the engineer’s attitude toward grievance
but less than a satisfactory solution for the
machinery, discharge problems, and the like.
engineers.”
He inclines to make less use of these, for as Walton
The result of this ambivalence in most cases has
notes, “An engineer’s whole future, both salarybeen that engineering unionism has been primarily
wise and job-assignment-wise, depends almost
a process of “educating management” rather than
exclusively on his supervisor’s opinion of him.”
the kind of independent, militant force one
Discharge-for-cause cases are almost unknown, for
usually associates with new forms of unionism.
when an impasse is reached the engineer prefers
One of its principal results has been to lead
not to press his case and risk a bad reference in
management to replace some of its looser personnel
the future; the company in turn is content to
practices with more objective standards and
permit him to resign “voluntarily.”
criteria: “the demand to rationalize, formalize,
Engineering unionism is a new phenomenon.
and make explicit is greater under unionized
Patently, the way in which it may develop is
conditions . . . .” For example, in preunion
still something of an open affair. Walton’s study
situations when layoffs occurred, it was quite
illuminates at least one side of this experience
possible “for a supervisor to ‘take care of’ his
to date, namely its impact upon management.
personal friends or to get rid of an antagonist
The other side of the coin—the engineering union
without too many repercussions. It becomes
and the engineer himself—should also be studied.
clearly quite another matter . . .” when pressures
Even a passing acquaintance with some of the
from the engineering union help introduce formal
unions covered in Walton’s book suggests they
rating systems to control layoffs. The same
should not be treated with quite the uniformity
tendency toward rationalization also takes place
he seems to employ. Some of these unions have
in the systems of merit increase wage reviews,
developed into effective instruments and have
as the union insists upon more objective procedures
passed beyond the stage where they are primarily
and criteria.
“educating” management.
The evidence with regard to the impact of
engineering unionism on salaries is inconclusive
— E v er ett M. K assalow
since this has been a period when because of market
Research Director, Industrial Union Department,
forces “engineering salaries in virtually all com­
AFL-CIO
panies, unionized or nonunionized, advanced
rapidly . . . .” On the other hand, Walton does
L abor in the J a p a n e se Cotton In d u stry . By Takeconclude that in the companies he has studied
jiro Shindo. Tokyo, Japan Society for the
“The engineering unions have been a factor in
Promotion of Science, 1961. 276 pp., bibliog­
bringing about more formal salary administration;
raphy. $8.
indeed, they have been active, purposeful agents
On September 6, 1961, the J a p a n T im es, after
in this regard.”
discussing the fact that “the Japanese farmer is
Despite such changes as have been introduced,
now better off than he has ever been in history,”
Walton notes that earlier company fears about
noted that “he no longer has to sell the extra
the possible evil effects of unionism upon pro­
daughter into virtual bondage to a textile mill
fessional performance and morale have been
simply to remove that one mouth from the family
“largely unfounded.” In some cases, however,
table.” It is the aim of Mr. Shindo’s illuminating
difficulties in recruiting new engineers have
volume to refute charges, made both in Japan and
occurred because some young graduates have
abroad, that low wages and inferior working condi­
tended to identify unionized situations as unde­
tions are responsible for the competitive advan­
sirable places to work. Walton does not go into
tages of Japanese cotton spinning and weaving in
the indoctrination process at work in engineering
the domestic and international markets.
schools which produce such attitudes.
Mr. Shindo seeks to provide a comprehensive
The peculiar interdependence of the engineer
review of many of the industry’s aspects. After a
on the one hand and his supervisor and general
brief account of its history, he discusses the in­
engineering management on the other deeply
dustry’s labor force, recruitment methods, wages,.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

198
welfare policies, and the relationship between
productivity and wage determination. He also
provides some examination of labor-management
practices and present-day unionism. To his
task he brings the experience of many years in
the industry, including chairmanship of the board
of the Toyo Spinning Co., one of the major cotton
textile producers in Japan.
The study provides important insights into
practices of the Japanese cotton textile industry
and into the mind of Japanese management,
though at times Mr. Shindo tends to overstate his
argument. He seems aware of this when he writes,
“This book may, at first glance, give the impres­
sion that in my eagerness to refute the charges of
low wages . . . I have argued too much in its
defense.”
Mr. Shindo recognizes that “ the internationally
low wage level of the Japanese cotton industry
workers has been an important factor in the devel­
opment of the industry.” But in the main, he
holds that “ the secret behind Japan’s seemingly
mysterious ability sometimes to produce for export
cotton fabrics cheaper than raw cotton” was due
to the development of cotton blending techniques
and trading in raw cotton futures. Although he
raises the issue of possible dumping on the inter­
national markets, he dismisses the charge by
arguing, “ It goes without saying that such a
strained price policy cannot be maintained for
long by the exporting industries.”
Mr. Shindo does recognize the need for gradual
improvements in working conditions and the need
to maintain good labor relations. His approach
is essentially paternalistic. Employment in cot­
ton mills in prewar days is viewed as an oppor­
tunity for young farm girls “ to learn manners.”
The role of the industry’s labor relations personnel
is to act as “ friends and mouthpieces” of the work­
ers. Even though welfare facilities provided to
workers by the industry, according to Mr. Shindo,
“ are virtually identifiable with wages in charac­
ter,” he argues simultaneously that they “ do not
fall within the working conditions to be decided
in collective bargaining.”
For all its shortcomings, Mr. Shindo’s volume
provides a most interesting survey of the Japanese
industry’s problems and practices.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— L azare T e p e r
Research Director, International Ladies’
Garment Workers’ Union

The Harvesters: The Story of the Migrant People.
By Louisa R. Shotwell. New York, Double­
day & Co., Inc., 1961. 242 pp. $3.95.
The web of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Indian, and
“Anglo” men, women, and children who crisscross
the country in search of seasonal work represents
some of the sorest problems of the American
economic system: “pockets of poverty,” the sur­
vival of the small farmer versus big business
agriculture, and the advance of mechanization.
Louisa Shotwell has incorporated the complexi­
ties into a readable, even stirring, primer of the
migrant situation. From her association with the
Migrant Ministry of the National Council of
Churches, she has gathered anecdotal material
about people called Fontanez or Grady that
compels attention and ties the facts to people.
The incredibly inadequate housing, health, and
education standards which exist for stoop labor
are described as the workers experience them and
as they appear in statistics, public testimony, and
documents.
Public Law 78, which replaced the wetback with
the bracero by authorizing the Secretary of Labor
to recruit and supervise the contracting process
for Mexican workers and to guarantee them a
minimum wage, was not supposed to have an
adverse effect on domestic workers. Miss Shotwell classifies the law’s defenders and opponents by
subject matter and by organizations. Then after
summarizing the efforts of Federal agencies and
legislative committees to obtain realistic reforms
in the areas of migrant housing, minimum wage,
child labor, health and sanitation, education, crewleader regulation, and social security, Miss Shotwell looks at each of these situations as it is now.
“The bitter conclusion is inescapable: migrant
workers who are United States citizens can’t hope
to do as well as others represented by the Govern­
ment of Mexico,” without some of the same mini­
mum guarantees. Little space in this book is
given to the noncontract, non-English-speaking
Puerto Rican who may well be currently the most
helpless of all the migrants. So far the unique
immunity of agriculture from labor standards has
been largly unaffected by pressure from unions or
the U.S. Department of Labor.
The Harvesters states and documents the chal­
lenge for communities, growers, volunteer agen­
cies, and for legislatures at every level.
— M a ry A n n W olfe
Rockville, Md.

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Training in Business and Industry. By William
McGehee and Paul W. Thayer. New York,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961. 305 pp.’
bibliography. $7.50.
Early in this work, the authors state, “Training
will not come of age until it abandons intuitive
approaches to the solution of training problems.”
Thus in part, the book is a plea for trainers to
acquire a greater understanding and appreciation
of sociological and psychological findings as they
relate to the development of the individual.
However, it is repeatedly emphasized that training
must contribute to the “goals and objectives” of
the enterprise.
The authors have undertaken a review and a
partial evaluation of selected training methods as
they are used, or are proposed for use in industry.
Their basic interests, however, are the underlying
problems of training as a management tool rather
than the details of training methodology. They
comment on the training systems reviewed, but
generally do not interject preferences among
alternative possibilities like group conferences or
roleplaying. The book is not, however, without
advice concerning more general concepts. The
authors advocate that training relates directly to
the job-learning or supervising process rather than
manipulation of worker actions or indoctrination
toward a particular employer viewpoint.
This is not- an elementary text. It is written for
the trained practitioner and can be most useful
because it directs his attention beyond the mechan­
ics involved. It surveys both the work of prag­
matic trainers and the efforts of those who have
experimented in the general theory of learning as
applied to industrial training. It skillfully welds
together the contributions of each. The practical
training specialist is exposed through this book to
a number of brief synopses of learning experiments
as they have been carried out primarily in uni­
versities or the armed services. Without recom­
mending any particular schools of learning theory,
the authors advise the trainer to acquaint himself
with the literature, because experimental research
has in many cases developed principles that are
“better guides to planning industrial training than
the folklore of training.”


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—K. G. Van A u k e n , Jr.
Mobilization Coordinator
Bureau of Labor Statistics

199
Education and Training
Food Service Industry— Training Programs and Facilities.
By Gertrude Blaker. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Educa­
tion, 1961. 183 pp. (Vocational Division Bull. 298.)
65 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Training Supervisors in Human Relations. By W. R.
Spriegel and Edwin W. Mumma. Austin, University
of Texas, Bureau of Business Research, 1961. 43 pp.
(Personnel Study 13.) $1.
Interview Training for Pre-Retirement Planning. By W.
Ernest Dowling. {In Journal of the American
Society of Training Directors, New York, November

1961, pp. 38-51.

$].)

The Young Woman in Business. By Beth Bailey McLean
and Jeanne Paris. Ames, Iowa State University
Press, 1962. 304 pp. 2d ed. $5.
A Woman’s Guide to Earning a Good Living.
Winter.

By Elmer
New York, Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1961

402 pp.

$4.95.

Careers for Women in the Legal Profession. By Juvenal L.
Angel. New \o rk , World Trade Academy Press,
Inc., 1961. 30 pp. $1.25.
Careers in: Decorating and Design; The Diplomatic Service;
The Field of Export, Import and Foreign Operations.
By Juvenal L. Angel. New York, World Trade
Academy Press, Inc., 1961. 26 pp. each. Rev.
editions. $1.25 each.
Interviewing Guides for Specific Disabilities: Epilepsy.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Employment Security, U.S. Employment Service,
1961. 8 pp. Rev. 5 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
The Potential of Programmed Instruction. By J. L. Hughes
and W. J. McNamara. {In Personnel, American
Management Association, New York, November—
December 1961, pp. 59-67. $1.75; $1.25 to members.)

Employee Benefits
Source Book of Health Insurance Data, 1961. New York,
Health Insurance Institute, 1961. 80 pp.
Company Medical-Department Costs. By N. Beatrice
Worthy. {In Management Record, National Indus­
trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, October
1961, pp. 15-22.)

Health and Safety
Injuries and Accident Causes in the Canning of Fruits and
Vegetables. By Jack A. Wilson. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1961. 49 pp. (BLS Report 183.) Free.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

200
S a fe ty

in

I n d u s t r y : M e c h a n ic a l

and

P h y s ic a l

H a za rd s,

Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards,
1961. 25 pp. (Bull. 232.) 15 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.

4 — F ir e P r o te c tio n f o r th e S a f e t y M a n .

W o r k I n j u r y a n d E m p l o y m e n t D a t a f o r M i n e r a l- E x tr a c tiv e
I n d u s tr ie s , 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 0 .
Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1961. 18 pp.
(Mineral Industry Surveys, HSS 497.) Free.

Industrial Relations
New York,
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1961.
121 pp. (Studies in Personnel Policy, 182.)

P r e p a r in g

fo r

C o lle c tiv e

B a r g a in in g ,

II.

The Role and Functions of Industrial Relations in the
Business Organization. By Waldo E. Fisher. Pasa­
dena, California Institute of Technology, Industrial
Relations Center, 1961. 36 pp. (Bull. 34.) $2.50.
L a b o r R e la tio n s i n th e P u b l i c S e r v ic e .
By Arvid Anderson.
( I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago, November 1961,

pp. 1069-1094.

$1.)

R e la tio n s i n F r a n c e .
By Frederic Meyers. ( I n
California Management Review, University of Cali­
fornia, Los Angeles, Summer 1961, pp. 46-63. $2.)

Labor

T h e T r a d e U n io n S it u a ti o n i n S w e d e n : R e p o r t o f a M i s s i o n
F r o m th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O ffice. Geneva, Inter­
national Labor Office, 1961. 105 pp. $1. Distrib­
uted in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.

By
Alton W. Craig. ( I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
November 1961, pp. 1053-1068. $1.)

A r b itr a tio n o f L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t D i s p u t e s i n C a n a d a .

S e c o n d a r y P ic k e t in g

and

th e R e s e r v e d G a te :

T he G en eral

By Lawrence T. Zimmerman. ( I n
Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville, Va., November
1961, pp. 1164-1180. $2.)
E le c tr ic D o c tr in e .

F o r d - U A W A g r e e m e n t. By Robert A. Bedolis
and Harland Fox. ( I n Management Record, National
Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, Decem­
ber 1961, pp. 17-23.)

The 1961

By Bernard Samoff. ( I n
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, November 1961, pp.
1095-1103. $1.)

N L R B R e g io n a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

Labor Force
M a n p o w e r P r o b le m s i n th e 1 9 6 0 ’s : A D e c a d e o f C h a lle n g e .
By Harry Seligson. ( I n Western Business Review,

University of Denver, Denver, Colo., August 1961,
pp. 2-9. $1. Also reprinted.)
Nashville,*
Tennessee Department of Employment Security, Re­
search and Statistics Section, 1961. 31 pp. Free.

T e n n e s s e e M a n p o w e r — A L o o k I n t o th e 1 9 6 0 ’s .

By Leete A. Thomp­
son. ( I n Business Review, University of Washington,
College of Business Administration, Seattle, October
1961, pp. 5-21. 75 cents.)

M o tiv e s a n d P r a c t i c e s o f M o o n lig h te r s .

C o m b a tin g D i s c r i m i n a t io n i n E m p lo y m e n t. By
lock. ( I n California Management Review,

Paul Bul­
University
of California, Los Angeles, Summer 1961, pp. 18-32.
$ 2 .)

By Leo
Troy.
( I n Labor History, Tamiment Institute,
New York, Fall 1961, pp. 295-322. $1.50.)

L abor

R e p r e s e n ta tio n

on

A m e r ic a n

R a ilw a y s .

A p p l i c a t i o n s o f L a b o r L a w to C o n s tr u c tio n a n d E q u i p p i n g

By John R. Van de
Water. ( I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago, November
1961, pp. 1003-1024. $1.)

o f U n ite d S ta te s M i s s i l e B a s e s .

Statutory and Contractual Restrictions on the Right to Strike
During the Term of a Collective Bargaining Agreement.
By Stephen L. Dinces. (In Yale Law Journal, New
Haven, Conn., July 1961, pp. 1366-1403. $2.50.)
S t o p p a g e s i n C a lif o r n ia , 1 9 6 0 .
San Francisco,
Department of Industrial Relations, Division of
Labor Statistics and Research, 1961. 28 pp.

W ork

S ta tis tic s

on

W ork

S to p p a g e s i n

N ew

Y ork

S ta te ,

New York, State Department of Labor, 1961.
(Publication B-122.)


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

and

T e c h n ic a l

P erso n n el

in

I n d u s tr y ,

1960.

Prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.
Department of Labor. Washington, National Science
Foundation, 1961. 58 pp. (NSF 61-75.) 45 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
T h e T r a in in g , P la c e m e n t a n d U t i l i z a t i o n o f E n g in e e r s a n d
T e c h n ic ia n s i n th e S o v ie t U n io n . The Report of an
Engineers Joint Council delegation to the U.S.S.R.
in July 1960 under an exchange agreement between
the United States of America and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics. New York, Engineers Joint
Council, Inc., 1961. ix, 101 pp. $1.

By Avner Hovne. Jerusalem,
The Falk Project for Economic Research in Israel,
1961. 88 pp., bibliography. $2, Augustus M. Kelly,
New York.

T h e L a b o r F o r c e i n I s r a e l.

1960.

24 pp.

By
Harold McCrensky. ( I n Personnel, American Man­
agement Association, New York, November-December 1961, pp. 68-73. $1.75; $1.25 to members.)

S e ttlin g W o r k - S t a n d a r d s D i s p u t e s : A

S c ie n tif ic

N ew A pproach .

Labor Organizations
R e g is te r o f R e p o r tin g L a h o r O r g a n iz a tio n s , U n ite d S ta te s ,
J u n e SO, 1 9 6 0 .
Washington, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor-Management Reports, 1961.
494 pp. $1.75, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington.

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
A p p lic a b ility

o f A n titr u s t

201

L e g is la tio n

to

Labor

U n io n s :

Washington,
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Edu­
cation and Labor, 1961. 84 pp. (Committee Print,
87th Cong., 1st sess.)
S e le c te d

E x c e r p ts

and

B i b lio g r a p h y .

R e g u la tio n o f U n io n E le c tio n s .
By Clyde W.
Summers. (I n Yale Law Journal, New Haven,
Conn., July 1961, pp. 1221-1257. $2.50.)

J u d ic ia l

By Herbert J.
Lahne, William Paschell, Matthew A. Kessler. { I n
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, December 1961, pp.
1115-1134. $1.)

T h e L o c a l U n io n : A R e g u la to r y P r o b le m .

Summary report of a con­
ference sponsored by Industrial Union Department,
AFL-CIO, Washington, June 12-14, 1961. Wash­
ington, Aiperican Federation of Labor and Congress
of Industrial Organizations, Industrial Union Depart­
ment, 1961. 66 pp. (Publication 43.)

P r o b le m s o f W o r k in g W o m e n .

T h e R o le a n d R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f G o v e r n m e n t T o w a r d U n e m ­
Y o u th — [ A S y m p o s i u m ].
{ I n The American
Child, National Committee on Employment of Youth,
New York, November 1961, pp. 1-19. 50 cents.)

p lo y e d

M ig r a n t F a rm

By Shirley
W. Lerner. London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd.,
1961. 210 pp. 25s.

B r e a h a w a y U n io n s a n d th e S m a l l T r a d e U n io n .

The Price of TJj C Leadership. By Bryn Roberts. London,
George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1961. 148 pp. 16s.
R e p o r t o f P r o c e e d in g s a t th e 9 3 r d A n n u a l [B r i t i s h ] T r a d e s
U n io n

C o n g ress,

P o r ts m o u th ,

S e p te m b e r

London, Trades Union Congress, 1961.

4~8,

1961.

558 pp.

U n io n s i n S w e d e n .
Stockholm, Swedish Con­
federation of Trade Unions, 1961. 48 pp.

L abor in

F lo r id a — A

S u m m a ry o f R ecent

Tallahassee, Fla., Legislative Council, 1961.

S tu d ie s .

77 pp.

Social Security
E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i t y L e g is la tio n i n 1 9 6 1 — [ A S y m p o s i u m ].
{ I n Employment Security Review, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, U.S.
Employment Service, Washington, December 1961,
pp. 3-26. 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)

T ra d e

Personnel Management
C a s e M e th o d in

H u m a n R e la tio n s :

T he I n c id e n t P ro cess.

By Paul Pigors and Faith Pigors. New York, Mc­
Graw-Hill Book Co. Inc., 1961. 413 pp., bibliography.
$8.75.
C o u n s e lin g . Washington, Bureau of National
Affairs, Inc., 1961. 13 pp. (Personnel Policies
Forum Survey 63.) $1.

E m p lo y e e

F i n a n c i a l O p e r a tio n s o f th e O ld - A g e a n d S u r v iv o r s I n s u r a n c e
T r u s t F u n d D u r in g th e 1 9 5 7 - 6 1 C o n tin g e n c y .
By
James S. Parker. Washington, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance, 1961. 7 pp. (Analytical Note 10-61.)
E ig h th A c tu a r i a l V a lu a tio n [o f th e R a i l r o a d R e tir e m e n t S y s ­
te m ].
{ I n Monthly Review, U.S. Railroad Retire­

ment Board, Chicago, October 1961, pp. 2-7, 18.)
F in a n c ia l

P r o s p e c ts

P e rs o n n e l M a n a g e m e n t in I n d ia : T he P r a c tic a l A p p r o a c h
to H u m a n R e la tio n s i n I n d u s t r y . Compiled by Indian

Institute of Personnel Management. New York,
Asia Publishing House, 1961. 316 pp. $6.

L abor

Prices and Consumption Economics

fo r

th e

C a l if o r n ia

U n e m p lo y m e n t

By Michael T.
Wermel and Carl G. Uhr. Sacramento, Senate of the
State of California, Committee on Insurance and
Financial Institutions, 1961. 81 pp.
In su ra n ce

F orce

S i x te e n

P ro g ra m

and

in

C la im s

th e

S ta tu s

1 9 6 0 ’s.

o f W orkers

M o n th s F o llo w in g E x h a u s ti o n

of

D u r in g

th e

U n e m p lo y ­

Harris­
burg, Department of Labor and Industry, Bureau of
Employment Security, Research and Statistics Divi­
sion, [1961]. 99 pp.
m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n B e n e f its i n P e n n s y l v a n i a .

R e ta i l P r i c e s o f F o o d , 1 9 5 9 - 6 0 — I n d e x e s a n d A v e r a g e P r ic e s .

By W. H. Zimmerman. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961.
49 pp. (Bull. 1301.) 40 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
A

G u id e to C o n s u m e r M a r k e ts .
New York,
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1961.
112 pp., bibliography.

G r a p h ic

Problems of Worker Groups
P r o c e e d in g s o f E a r n i n g

O p p o r tu n itie s F o r u m f o r

M a tu r e

Compiled
and edited by Jo G. Tadlock. Nashville, Tennessee
Department of Employment Security, 1961. 57 pp.
W o r k e r s , N a s h v ille , T e n n ., O c to b e r 6 , 1 9 6 0 .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

S e v e n th

C o n fe re n c e

of

A m e r ic a n

S ta te s

M em bers

of

the

I n te r n a tio n a l
Labor
O r g a n iz a tio n ,
B uenos
A ir e s ,
A p r i l 1 9 6 1 : R e p o r t I I , S o c ia l S e c u r i t y f o r M i g r a n t s
N o n - N a t io n a l s .
Geneva, International Labor
Office, 1961. 84 pp. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.
and

By Moacyr Velloso Cardoso de
Oliveira. { I n International Labor Review, Geneva,
November 1961, pp. 376-393. 60 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

S o c ia l S e c u r i t y i n B r a z i l .

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

202
Wages and Hours

Miscellaneous

O c c u p a tio n a l W a g e S u r v e y : L it t l e R o c k - N o r t h L it t l e R o c k ,

The

Washington, U.'S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. 22 pp.
(Bull. 1303-1.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington. Other bulletins in this series
include:
A r k .,

A u gu st 1961.

Bull. No.
G r e e n B a y , W i s . , A u g u s t 1 9 6 1 ____
M a n c h e s te r , N . H . , A u g u s t 1 9 6 1 ----C h a tta n o o g a , T e n n . - G a . , S e p te m b e r
1 9 6 1 ________________________
O k la h o m a C i t y , O k la ., A u g u s t 1 9 6 1 S e a ttle , W a s h ., A u g u s t 1 9 6 1 ______
W ic h ita , K a n s . , S e p te m b e r 1 9 6 1 ___
S a n B e r n a r d in o -R iv e r s id e -O n ta r io ,
C a lif ., S e p te m b e r 1 9 6 1 -------------I n d u s tr y

W age

20
20

20
20

1303-4
1303-5
1303-6
1303-7

22
20
24
20

25
20
25
20

1303-11

28

25

S u r v e y — C o m m u n ic a tio n s ,

E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s S t a t i s t i c s f o r th e U n ite d S ta te s ,
1 9 0 9 -1 9 6 0 .
(Revised on the basis of the 1957 Stand­
ard Industrial Classification.) Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1961. 545 pp. $3, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

Price
Pages {cents)

1303-2
1303-3

O c to b e r

1960.

o f E c o n o m ic
G r o w th
and
A u to m a tio n .
By
William Gomberg. ( I n California Management Re­
view, University of California, Los Angeles, Summer
1961, pp. 4-17. $2.)

P r o b le m s

Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, October
1961. 65 pp. (Series ESI, No. 61-1; published
monthly.) $4 a year; 40 cents an issue, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.

B u s i n e s s C y c le D e v e lo p m e n ts .

By George L. Stelluto. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. 17
pp. (Bull. 1306.) 20 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y — M a c h in e r y M a n u f a c tu r in g , M a r c h -

P u b l i c I n te r e s t i n N a t i o n a l L a b o r P o li c y .
By an
Independent Study Group. New York, Committee
for Economic Development, 1961. 158 pp. $2.

S i g n a l s o f R e c e s s io n a n d R e c o v e r y : A n

E x p e r im e n t

W ith

By Julius Shiskin. New York,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1961.
xii, 191 pp. (Occasional Paper 77.) $3.
M o n t h l y R e p o r tin g .

By Fred W. Mohr. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1961. 32 pp. (Bull. 1309.) 30 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
M a y 1981.

By Chester A. Morgan. Homewood,
111., The Dorsey Press, Inc., 1962. 657 pp. $10.65.

L a b o r E c o n o m ic s .
W age

C h r o n o lo g y : M a s s a c h u s e tts

1 9 4 5 -6 2 — B a s ic

C h r o n o lo g y

Shoe
and

M a n u f a c tu r in g ,

S u p p le m e n ts

1 -4 .

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1961. 12 pp. (BLS Report 209.)
Free.

U n io n Y e a r b o o k , 1 9 6 1 .
Madison, Wis., Credit
Union National Association, 1961. 64 pp.

C r e d it

BLS

R e p o r ts

S a la r ie s P a i d P r i n c i p a l s a n d C e r ta in O th e r S c h o o l E m p lo y e e s
1 9 6 0 - 6 1 , U r b a n D i s t r i c t s 3 0 ,0 0 0 to 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 i n P o p u ­
la tio n .

1961.
A

Washington, National Education Association,
92 pp. (Research Report 1961-R14.) 75 cents.

S u rv e y o f C hanges in
Am ong

N u rses

in

W ages
th e

and

B u f f a lo

P erso n n el
A rea,

P r a c tic e s

1 9 5 5 -1 9 6 0 .

Buffalo, N.Y., D ’Youville College, Economics De­
partment, 1961. 24 pp.

(N o s.

1 -2 0 0 )

by

S u b je c t

C la s s if ic a tio n ,

Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. 16 pp.
Free.
N u m e r ic a l

L is t i n g .

B i b l i o g r a p h y o f E c o n o m ic s .
Paris, United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ­
ization, 1961. 560 pp. (International Social Science
Bibliographies, Vol. VIII.) In English and French.
$10, International Documents Service, Columbia
University Press.

In te r n a tio n a l

R e p o r t o n th e W o r ld S o c ia l S i t u a ti o n w ith S p e c i a l R e fe r e n c e
W a g e s a n d H o u r s i n R e s ta u r a n ts , N e w Y o r k S ta te , O c to b e r

New York, State Department of Labor,
Division of Research and Statistics, 1961. 44 pp.
(Publication B-124.)
I960.

T im e R a te s o f W a g e s a n d H o u r s o f W o r k , A p r i l 1 , 1 9 6 1 .

London, Ministry of Labor, 1961.
H.M. Stationery Office, London.


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303 pp. 16s.,

to

th e

P r o b le m

of

B a la n c e d

S o c ia l

and

E c o n o m ic

New York, United Nations, Depart­
ment of Economic and Social Affairs, 1961. 98 pp.
(Sales No.: 61.IV.4.) $1.50.
D e v e lo p m e n t.

By P. T. Bauer.
New York, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1961. 152 pp.
$4.25.

I n d i a n E c o n o m ic P o l i c y a n d D e v e lo p m e n t.

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.,—Employment
204
205
209
213

A--1.
A--2.
A--3.
A-4.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected
groups, seasonally adjusted
213 A--5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
214 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B„—Labor Turnover
215 B--1. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

C„—Earnings and Hours
218 C—1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
230 C--2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
230 C--3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
231 C--4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
233 C--5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
233 C--6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
234 D -l.

Consumer Price Index—All city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
235 D-2. Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
236 D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
238 D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
239 D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E„—Work Stoppages
240 E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F,—Work Injuries
F--1. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
1This table Is Included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review,
None: With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described In
S t a t i s t i c a l S e r ie s (BLS Bull. 1108,1964), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.


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T e c h n iq u e » » f P r e p a r i n g M a j o r B L S

203

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

204

A.—Employment
T able A - l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands!
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over1
I960

1961

Employment status
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.J

Dec.

Annual average
1959

1958

71,946

71,284

69, 394
3,813

68,647
4,681

5.5
1, 658
778
335
469
571
65,581
59, 745
45, 069
8,531
3,172
2, 974
5,836
3,852
1,356
442
186

6.8
1,833
959
438
785
667
63,966
58,122
44, 873
7,324
3,047
2,876
5,844
3,827
1,361
457
199

Total, both sexes
Total labor force..

73,372 74,096 74,345 73,670 75,610 76,153 76,790 74,059 73,216 73,540 72,894 72,361 73,079
71,339 71,759 71,123 73,081 73,639 74,286 71,546 70,696 71,011 70,360 69,837 70,549
3,990 3,934 4,085 4,542 5.140 5,580 4, 768 4,962 6,496 6,705 5,385 4.640
6.6
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.1
1,725 1,723 1,814 1,683 1,995 2,857 1,672 1,600 1,729 2,063 2,200 2,107
1,281
994
827
1,097
1,408
845
851
725
638 1,046 1,243
782
564
424
407
806
610
330
303
373
268
374
246
347
516
696
950
647 1,008 1,205 1,063
608
527
517
497
448
643
499
674
923
799
928
907
913 1,026
723
760
689
64,452
66,009
64,655
65,734
65,616
67,349 67,824 67,038 68,539 68,499 68,706 66,778
62,149 61,860 61,372 62,215 62,046 62,035 61,234 60,734 60,539 59,947 59,818 61,059
48, 896 47,679 47,473 46,080 44,981 47,803 47,927 47,650 47,301 45,341 47,132 47,675
7,301 8,380 7,785 6,644 6,837 7,081 7,533 7,536 7,522 8,952 7,414 8,044
4,027 3,560 3,369 3,071 3,067 3,466 3,858 3,736 3,900 8,722 3,483 3,589
1,928 2,240 2,747 6,421 7,162 3,688 1.916 1,811 1,816 1,933 1,789 1,752
5,199 5,964 5,666 6,325 6,453 6,671 5,544 5,000 4,977 7,708 4,634 4,950
3,186 4,212 3,835 4,279 4,364 4,405 3,700 3,139 3,122 2,842 2, 745 3,015
1,271 1,189 1,243 1,345 1,385 1,577 1,341 1,200 1,195 1,121 1,126 l, 163
535
505
507
453
432
537
393
517
509
449
405
479
237
256
209
228
240
111
150
195
183
114
181
262

Civilian labor force-- ----- --------------- 70, 559
Unemployment_______________ 4,091
Unemployment rate, sea­
6.1
sonally adjusted *..........
Unemployed 4 weeks or less— 1,723
830
Unemployed 5-10 weeks.
306
Unemployed 11-14 weeks
572
Unemployed 16-26 weeks
661
Unemployed over 26 weeks---66,467
Employment___ ________
62,049
Nonagricultural_______
Worked 35 hours or more— 48, 819
7,278
Worked 15-34 hours..
4,057
Worked 1-14 hours...
With a job but not at work A 1,897
4,418
Agricultural.....................
Worked 35 hours or more.— 2,658
953
Worked 15-34 hours..
535
Worked 1-14 hours...
With a job but not at work A 273

Males
Total labor force.................................... 49,283 49,563
Civilian labor force_______________ 46, 506 46,841
Unemployment_______________ 2,767 2,422
Employment_______________ - 43,739 44,418
Nonagricultural____________ 39,834 40,078
Worked 35 hours or more - 33,612 33,902
Worked 15-34 hours_____ 3,356 3,356
Worked 1-14 hours______ 1,614 1,573
With a job but not at work A 1,252 1,250
Agricultural_______________ 3,905 4,340
Worked 55 hours or more— 2,426 2,819
756
917
Worked 15-34 hours...........
469
366
Worked 1-14 hours_____
236
With a job but not at work A 254

49,081

48,802

46, 539
3, 717
42,822
38,796
32, 698
3,534
1, 460
1,105
4,027
2,530
813
450
233

46,688
3,092
43, 596
39,337
32,888
3,806
1,472
1,173
4,259
2,747
839
455
217

46,562
2,473
44,089
39,340
31,716
4, 405
1,378
1,840
4, 749
3. 421
823
336
170

46,197
3,165
43,042
38,240
31,390
3,736
1,329
1» ¿84
4,802
3, 413
857
«5Ô3
179

24,306 23,916 24,232 23,785 23,330
24,274 23,884 24,199 23,752 23,298
1,734 1,692 1,786 1,818 1,669
22, 540 22,192 22,413 21,934 21, 630
21,549 21,490 21,695 21,321 21, 023
14,641 14,754 14,794 13,809 14, 434
3,930 3,907 3,913 4,596 3,880
2,220 2,141 2,276 2,170 2,023
884
709
744
688
756
607
718
613
991
701
235
215
375
250
273
354
289
314
499
369
67
76
57
69
103
24
22
14
15
15

23,893

22,866

22, 482

23,861
1,448
22,413
21,722
14,788
4,238
2,117
579
692
268
324
80
20

22,832
1,340
21,492
20,405
13,352
4,126
1,794
1,134
1,087
431
533
106
17

22,451
1,526
20,924
19, 882
13,483
3, 589
1,718
1,093
1,042
414
604
104
20

49,612 49, 621 51,281 51,540 51,614 49,753
47,059 47,107 48,784 49,058 49,142~ 47,272
2,307 2,393 2,816 3,092 3,303 3,033
44,751 44,713 45,968 45,966 45,839 44,238
40,127 40,117 40,904 40,874 40, 598 39, 686
33,422 33,192 32,819 32,182 33,758 33,286
3,855 3,739 3,280 3,344 3,388 3,603
1,434 1,436 1,381 1,344 1,485 1,638
1,415 1,751 3,425 4,004 1,967 1,160
4,625 4,597 5,064 5,092 5,241 4, 553
3, 520 3,344 3,716 3,758 3,804 3,325
921
843
813
843
713
800
379
289
361
351
292
302
90
138
144
170
100
150

49,299 49,309 49,109 49, 031 49,186
407812
3,270
43, 542
39,244
32.895
3,629
1,596
1,123
4,298
2,8S9
831
384
194

46, 812
3,709
43,103
38,845
32,506
3,609
1,624
1,107
4,258
2,849
841
356
213

46,608
3,887
42,721
38,627
31,531
4,356
1,552
1,188
4,094
2,609
832
438
217

Females
Total labor force----------------------- — 24,089
Civilian labor force_______________ 24,053
Unemployment_______________ 1,325
Employment_________________ 22,728
Nonagricultural____________ 22,215
Worked 35 hours or more-- 15,206
Worked 15-34 hours........... 3,921
Worked 1-14 hours—_____ 2,442
With a job but not at work A 645
513
Agricultural_______________
230
Worked 35 hours or more-197
Worked 15-34 hours_____
66
Worked 1-14 hours.............
19
With a job but not at work A

24, 534 24,733 24,048 24,329 24,612 25,176
24,499 24,700 24,016 24,297 24,580 25,144
1,568 1,627 1,692 1,726 2,048 2,277
22,930 23,073 22,325 22,571 22,533 22,867
22,071 21,733 21,256 21,311 21,172 21,437
14,993 14,258 14,282 13,262 12,798 14,044
3,946 4,525 4,046 3,364 3,493 3,693
2,454 2,126 1,934 1,691 1,723 1,980
825
996 2,995 3,158 1,721
678
859 1,339 1,069 1,261 1,361 1,430
602
562
607
693
491
368
656
502
572
476
442
354
159
156
158
103
113
157
13
39
26
15
32
26

1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subjeet to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total Includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers In
family-operated enterprises. Persons in Institutions are not lnoluded.
Beoause of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2Beginning In I960, data Include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not
directly comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force,
the employed, and nonagricultural employment were each Increased by more
than 200,000. The estimates for agricultural employment and unemploy­
ment were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely
oomparable with pre-1960 data.


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s Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
* Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of Illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also Included were persons on layoff with definite
Instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report withm 30 days. Most of
the persons In these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N o t e ; For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (In Employ­
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
current issues).

A —EMPLOYMENT
T able

205
A-2. Employees in nonagrieultural establishments, by industry 1
[inthousands]

Revised series; see box, p. 212'
1961

1960

Industry
Dec.3 Nov.3 Oct.
Total employees Mining_______

Metal mining.
Iron ores__
Copper ores.

Coal m ining...
Bituminous..
Crade petroleum and natural gas........ .
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields
Oil and gas field services___________
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining..........
Contract construction_________________

General building contractors_________
Heavy construction_______________
Highway and street construction____
Other heavy construction__________
Special trade contractors___________

Manufacturing_______

Durable goods........
Nondurable goods -.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

55,121 55,06£ 54,978 54,538 54,227 54, 42£ 53, 70S 53,171
668
66i
676
677
672
67S
66S
657
87.6 86.3 88.2 85.8 88.4 88.5 87.:
85. S
27.7 28. C 28.3 26.5 28. (
27. Í
27.'
26.
29.4 28.0 29.5 29.6 29.3 29.5 29.0 28.3
157.0 157.7 156.2 155.4 153.9 142.9 153.5 153. 2 153.3
147.7 148.0 146.5 145.2 143.7 132.8 143.2 143.0 142.4
_________
306.5 305.5 310.6 314.9 318.0 314.4 309.9 306.1
174.9 175.1 177.8 180.6 180.2 178.2 175.
175. Í
131.6 130.4 132.8 134.3 137.8 136.2 134.5 130.8
110.4 116.5 120.3 121.7 122.3 122.5 121.7 117.6 112.2
55, 503

683
86.1

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
I960

1959

52,785 52,523 52,864 54, 700 54, 347 53,380
654
656
666
682
709
731
86. i
86.2 89.9 91.0 93.3 83.6
27.0 26.6 28.3 29.8 33.2 27.7
28.2 28.3 30.0 30.3 28.3 23.3
157.5 163.2
147. 4 151.6

163.9
152.0

167.1
155.2

182.2
168.2

196.8
178.3

304.5 304.4 306.3
175.4 176.9 177.6
129.1 127.5 128.7

310.5
178.8
131.7

313.9
181.7
132.2

330.9
186.4
144.5

106.0 102.3 106.2 113.6 119.5 119.6
2,826 2,981 3,021 3,075 3,023 2,971 2 ,7 7 5 2,619 2,454 2,342 2,457 2,630 2,882 2,955
—
882.8 926.2 935.8 961.4 940.8 923.1 860. C 816.6 766.9 728.0 774.6 831.4 911.7 960.1
586.9 652.0 671.3 679.9 668.8 653. S 589.6 515.5 446.0 413.9 438.7 493.4 681.3 585.8
317.8 372.5 384.3 392.0 383.5 370.5 320.5 262.7 211.3 185.5 199.7 234.8 302.4 312.7
269.1 279.5 287.0 287.9 285.3 283.3 269.1 252. S 234.7 228.4 239.0 258.6 278.9 273.0
.......... 1,356. 0 1,402. 5 1, 413. 4 1,433.6 1,413.4 1,394.0 1,325.8 1,286.6 1,241.0 1,199. 9 1,243.4 1,305.5 1,388.8 1,409.5
16,564 16,661 16,607 16,646 16,531 16,268 16,320 16,076 15,904 15,866 15,838 15,933 16,213 16,762 16,667
9,316 9,338 9,201 9,189 9,083 9,051 9,106 8,996 8,836 8, 775 8,769 8,867 9,036 9,441 9,369
7,248 7,323 7,406 7, 457 7,448 7,217 7,214 7,080 7,068 7,091 7,069 7,066 7,177 7,321 7,298
2,579

D u r a b le g o o d s

Ordnance and accessories____________
Ammunition, except for small arms__
Sighting and fire control equipment...
Other ordnance and accessories..........
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture........... .................................
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and related
products...........................................
Wooden containers.......................... .
Miscellaneous wood products_______

207.7

206.9
105.3
52.5
49.1

589.3

605.3 618.9
94.1 99.1
270.0 276.2

—

205.8
104.8
52.5
48.5

204.1
104.0
52.3
47.8

202.1
103.9
51.3
46.9

201.6
104.0
51.1
46.5

199.2
103.0
50.2
46.0

197.6
102.4
49.5
45.7

196.0
102.8
49.6
43.6

196.6
101.5
50.0
45.1

195.8
100.4
50.5
44.9

195.2
99.0
51.6
44.6

194.7
98.4
52.1
44.2

187.3
93.9
50.0
43.4

173.0
86.5
45.0
41.5

630.0 634.0 628.9 630.9 602.8 581.1 558.8 557.4 568.3 583.0 636.8 660.9
103.2 105.4 104.5 104.3 89.5 80.9 73.6 76.2 77.7 80.8 92.6 94.4
279.3 278.6 278.6 278.9 271.6 263.6 254.6 252.4 259.9 267.5 294.7 306.9
142.4 144.5 147.5 149.5 145.8 146.3 141.7 138.3 134.0 132.1 133.9 137.0 146.6 156.1
40.2 40.3 41.2 41.7 41.7 42.6 42.2 40.9 39.9 39.6 39.5 40.3 43.2 43.8
—
58. 6 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.3 58.8 57.8 57.4 56.7 57.1 67.3 57.4 59.6 59.8
Furniture and fixtures....... ...................... 376.6 379.7 381.6 377.6 374.0 363.1 364.3 359.1 359.5 357.7 357.2 356.5 366.5 383.4 384.9
Household furniture_____________
269.2 270.9 267.7 262.7 254.9 255.4 252.6 255.2 252.8 252.8 251.1 257.8 271.1 277.5
Office furniture__________________
28.5 28.3 28.1 28.1 27.0 27.2 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.6 27.3 27.8 28.3 26.7
Partitions; office an d store fixtures___
36.8 37.1
35.6 37.4 36.3 36.5 35.7 34.6 36.0 35.9 36.0 36.9 39.0 36.6
Other furniture and fixtures...... ..........
45.2 45.3 46.2 45.8 44.9 45.2 44.3 43.1 42.2 41.9 42.1 44.0 45.1 44.2
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
558.9 576.4 582.6 589.7 590.6 583.5 581.7 569.3 555.6 541.7 531.2 539.1 559.9 595.3 601.7
Flat glass_____________________
29.5 29.4 29.2 28.6 27.7 26.5 26.7 25.7 26.7 26.7 28.8 30.2 31.1 33.7
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
101.2 101.2 103.8 103.4 101.7 101.7 101.0 99.8 99.4 98.1 96.3 98.6 102.9 99.4
Cement, hydraulic......................... .
40.3 40.6 41.1 41.7 42.4 42.2 40.9 40.1 37.5 36.5 38.0 39.5 42.8 43.9
Structural clay products....................... —
71.2 71.8 73.8 74.1 74.1 73.1 71.7 69.9 67.1 64.8 66.1 69.7 76.1 77.7
Pottery and related products________ —
45.0 44.8 44.6 43.7 41.6 42.9 42.9 42.9 42.8 43.1 43.2 43.7 47.1 47.8
Concrete, gypsum, find plaster products.
152.1 157.6 159.9 162.0 160.3 159.5 153.0 145.8 138.3 133.1 137.4 143.9 155.4 157.9
Other stone and mineral products____
122.0 122.0 122.3 122.5 121.1 121.5 118.9 117.4 115.6 114.5 115.4 118.6 124.0 124.6
Primary metal industries........... ........... 1,183.1 1,181.7 1,178. 7 1,181. 4 1,168. 4 1,155.5 1,154.0 1,130.6 1,099.1 1,088.4 1,085.8 1,095.3 1,110.6 1,228.7 1,181.9
Blast furnace and basic steel products.
621.7 626.8 631.0 621.7 616.8 609.9 596.8 575.0 563.4 556.9 555.1 560.7 652.5 587.5
Iron and steel foundries___________ —
189.3 186.0 187.5 187.4 186.2 187.0 184.2 179.9 180.8 182.5 186.9 191.3 203.6 211.6
Nonferrous smelting and refining........ -.......69.0 68.7 67.6 68.3 68.0 67.8 65.7 65.0 65.5 66.0 68.0 68.3 70.8 68.0
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding......................................... .
176.8 176.3 174.2 171.8 166.7 169.1 166.1 164.4 164.1 164.9 167.4 170.5 175.6 184.5
Nonferrous foundries______________
64.5 63.0 62.6 61.3 60.0 61.8 60.4 58.9 58.7 59.3 60.7 61.8 65.1 68.0
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
60.4 57.9 58.5 57.9 57.8 58.4 57.4 55.9 55.9 56.2 57.2 58.0 61.1 62.3
Fabricated metal products....... ......... ...... 1,108.0 1,116.2 1,106.8 1,097.2 1,088.6 1,067.1 1,082.3 1,071.4 1,044. 7 1,034.1 1,039.6 1,061.5 1,083.7 1,128.6 1,120.8
Metal cans______________________
58.1 60.4 63.3 64.3 63.6 62.6 61.8 60.6 59.1 57.9 57.1 57.9 62.5 62.5
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard­
ware_________________________
136.9 135.3 130.1 129.5 125.5 129.2 128.3 121.6 124.6 126.4 130.0 132.8 136.0 135.4
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures........ ..........................................
76.6 76.8 76.8 77.4 75.1 75.6 74.6 73.0 73.3 72.4 73.9 74.4 79.0 81.0
Fabricated structural metal products..
330.8 334.4 338.5 334.0 330.3 330.0 322.5 318.1 312.8 313.5 319.1 327.4 334.3 331.9
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
84.4 82.8 81.2 80.7 79.4 79.9 78.5 77.3 77.6 78.6 79.3 79.4 85.6 86.7
Metal stampings_________________
194.7 182.2 178.6 175.5 169.4 180.0 181.9 174.6 170.0 173.8 183.7 189.7 197.7 189.1
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
67.3 67.9 66.9 64.9 63.5 64.6 63.8 61.9 60.3 59.5 59.6 61.8 64.2 63.2
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
56.2 56.3 54.9 54.2 52.9 53.4 53.0 52.0 50.8 51.8 62.2 53.1 56.9 56.5
Miscellaneous fabrics,ted metal products.
111.2 110.7 106.9 108.1 107.4 107.0 107.0 105.6 105.6 105.7 106.6 107.2 112.4 114.6
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—

—

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

206
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.

[in thousands]

1960

1961

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.*

Nov.»

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan,

Dec.

1960

1959

Manufac turing—C ontinued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery................................................... 1,414. 7 ,403.0 1,390.5 1,395.5 1.389.3
Engines and turbines______________
81. 5 80.7 80. ‘ 79.3
103.8 103.1 104.9 102.7
Farm machinery and equipment..........
Construction and related m achinery...
198.7 198.6 200.6 201.8
Metalworking machinery and equipSpecial industry machinery...................
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing, and accounting
machines_______________________
Service industry machines__________
Miscellaneous machinery___________

394.8 , 405.3 1,406. 1,407.3 ,404. 8 1,406.3 1,404.1 1,409.3 1,471.4 1,450.5
77.9 78.4 80.
81.0 80.1 80.1 81.1 82.0 86.8 89.9
124.1 123.5 120.9 116.0 112.9 114.1 122.7
108.7 113.9 120.
199.6 200.5 199.
198.0 196.1 195.8 195.4 197.2 219.7 225.5

212.0

240.2
166.9
213.1

241.9
168.7
212.3

240.
167.
209.

244.2
167.6
206.4

244.8
168.6
206.9

246.8
169.5
207.7

246.2
169.7
209.9

149.9 150.5
90.6 89.0
146.7 147.7

149.5
93.8
145.1

149.1
95.1
145.4

142.

148.4 147.6
96.8 96.3
140.8 140.9

147.9
96.0
141.6

148. 2 148.0
95.2 95.1
142.4 145.3

245.3
167.5
214.5

242.9 243.3
165.9 167.4
213.8 211.3

150.7
93.0
148.0

150.4
90.3
144.8

239.7
166.6

245.9
171.1
211.8

258.2 244.7
173.8 164.9
223.0 220.1
145.7
99.8
150.4

138.1
97.3
147.5

Electrical equipment and supplies____ 1,497. 4 1,487.7 1,470.4 1,455.3 1.443.3 1,416.8 1,423. 1,413.2 ,401.1 , 404. 4 1,410.5 ,414.9 1,421.5 1,445.6 1.391.4
158.8 158.8 159.2 160.3 161.6 162.5 163.2 156.8
162.1 162.3 161.7 162.3 160.7 160.
Electric distribution equipment_____
169.5 167.8 167.9 168.0 169.4 170.2 177.4 174.7
172.6 170.2 172.9 171.7 170.7 171.
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
150.2 149.4 148. 7 148.3 146.6 148.3 157.2 157.6
155.5 155.4 153.0 150.0 148.7 150.
Household appliances---------------------126.0 125.5 125.5 126.0 126.4 129.4 132.7 133.2
132.4 132.3 130 2 130.9 126.7 127.
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
104.2 98.5 100.3 103.4 102.
99.5 111.5 114.4
107.
128.9 128.2 125.8 120.6 111.
Radio and TV receiving sets________
372.2 372.5 373.7 375.6 377.5 380. 5 366.9 336.1
390.0 385.2 379.1 375.0 371.9 373.
Communication equipment_________
226.8 225.9 224.8 223.3 222.0 218.8 225.2 211.3
233.8 230.5 228.6 226.9 222.9 225.
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
112.4 106.3 104.0 105.9 103.5 105.7 105.5 102.7 104.3 105.6 108.5 112.3 111.4 107.3
supplies________________________
Transportation equipment............ ......
1,645.6 1,621.9 1,505.1 1,505.2 1,451.9 1,521. 5 1,534.9 1,526. 4 1,482. 4 1,484.3 1,482.2 1,533.1 1,587.0 1,617.3 1.670.4
726.1 619.6 628.3 587.1 660.6 670.0 658.9 613.0 610.3 614.0 664.3 715.1 727.6 693.2
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
663.1 663.7 673.8 755.4
661.5 664.0 668.0 664.
685.7 676.4 671.9 660.5 661.4 659.
Aircraft and parts..................................
141.9 141.0 146.4
140.4 142.7 143.2 143.9 141.5 142
146.2 144.6 141.1 140.7 136.
Ship and boat building and repairing.
37.0 36.2 36.0 35.4 34.5 35.2 34.2 34.1 35.1 36.5 38.8 40.0 43.8 40.9
Railroad equipment_______________
Other transportation equipment____
26.9 28.3 27.9 28.2 28.1 29.4 29.1 28.1 27.0 25.4 24.0 26.3 31.1 34.4
Instruments and related products___
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices----------- ------- -----------------Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
m ent........ ............................. ..............
Photographic equipment and supplies
Watches and clocks________________

353.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries___

381.2

353.3
72.9

351. 7 351.6 348.4 343.5 345.2
73.1 73.8 73.0 • 72.1 73.9
93.0 92.9 91.5 91.2 91.3
40.2 39.9 39.7 39.1 39.4
48.0
48.0 47.7 47.3 47.5
69.0 69.0 69.4 68.5 68.4
28.4 28.0 27.1 25.3 24.7

342.4
74.3

340.2 340.2 341.1
74.6 75.5 75.4

343.9
75.7

347.0 354.2 345.2
76.0 75. 7 72.3

91.1
38.9

90.5
38.5

90.0
38.2

90.4
38.3

90.8
38.4

91.1
39.1

95.1
40.6

92.8
39.0

47.3
67.3
23.5

47.2
67.1
22.3

47.0
67.1
22.4

47.5
67.6
21.9

47.4

47.2
68.9
24.7

47.3
69.0
26.6

45.4
67.5
28.2

406.2 409.1 401.6 392.4 375.0 385.4 376.8 368.7 364.2 362.2 355.0 373.0 392.1
43.0 43.0 42.5 41.8 39.5 41.0 41.0 41.2 41.4 41.9 42.0 42.9 43.2
115.2 119.9 116.0 112.3 104.7 106.3 102.3 95.9 89.4 85.3 79.3 89.1 102.3
33.0 32.8 32.0 32.0 30.9 30.8 30.2 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.3 30.9 31.0
57.4 56.6 55.8 55.5 52.8 54.5 51.8 50.9 51.9 52.8 51.8 54.7 57.5
157.6 156.8 155.3 150.8 147.1 152.8 151.5 150.8 151.4 151.9 151.6 155.4 158.1

388.0
43.2
98.0
30.9
59.4
156.5

93.5
40.5
48.4
28.7

68.2

23.4

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products__________ 1,749. 0 1,803.6 1,877.6 1,930. 4 1,919.1 1,825.7 1,778.2 1,707. 1,697.2
309.7
Meat products___________________
323.1 320.7 321.0 319.8 322.1 323.7 315.
311.1
Dairy products____________________
306.9 311.6 318.3 325.2 326.1 323.4 313.
Canned and preserved food, except
245.4 304.9
196.0
371.8 352.4 264.5 222.9 195.
meats___ ______ _______________
125.0
Grain mill products________________
126.4 128.3 133.4 134.2 133.8 132.2 126.
306.4
302.3
305.
309.4
309.
310.1
Bakery products__________________
304.9 306.4
31
Sugar............................ ..........................
45.1 45.8 31.0 31.1 29.7 29.0 28.
72.4
Confectionery and related products__
89.4 83.2 81.5 71.9 75.9 72.
88.2
210.9
Beverages________________________
216.9 222.8 223.3 225.2 227.4 221.1 212.
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts___________________________
146.7 147.7 142.0 139.9 140.1 140.6 138.3 138.4
Tobacco manufactures.............................
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars____ _____ ________________
Textile mill products___ ____________
Cotton broad woven fabrics________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics
Weaving and finishing broad woolens.
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting__________ _________ _____
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit
Floor covering___________ ________
Yarn and thread__________________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
See footnotes at end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

86.6

93 7 108.2
37.0
36
24.7 24.7

118.0
37.3
24.4

100.0

37.5
24.1

76.0
37.2
22.8

78.2
37.5
24.9

77.3
36.6
25.1

78.7
36.5
25.0

1,681.4 ,700.6 1,753.9 , 792.7 1,790.3
307.7 307.7 313.8 319.3 321.1 316.7
308.2 304.9 304.6 308.2 316.6 317.5

, 688.2

189.6 183.0 186.5 202.9
125.3 124.8 126.2 127.0
303.3 303.0 303.7 308.1
29.7 31.2 38.0 44.4
77.7 80.4 78.7 86.9
208.5 206.1 207.9 214.1

241.8
128.4
307.5
36.9
79.6
218.2

245.1
133.5
302.2
38.2
79.0
215.0

138.2

140.3

141.2

143.0

142.8

143.1

83.3
36.7
25.7

88.3
36.9
26.4

92.3
36.8
26.1

96.1
37.0
27.5

94.1
37.2
27.9

94.6
36.7
29.5

891.5 892.4 891.0 889.0 874.6 887.0 877.8 871.3 865.7 864.5 864.9 877.9 914.6 942.9
250.4 249.6 248.5 250.8 249.7 250. 5 251
252.4 254.4 255.7 260.4 264.7
252.4 251,
69.7 70.7 71.9 73.4 74.4
68.7 68
70.5 70.6 70.6 70.5 68.7 69.1 68.6
50.4 51.9 53.8 53.9 54.3 55.2 53.7 52.3 51.1 51.0 49.2 49.1 56.0 60.4
27.3 27.2 27.1 26.6 26.1 26.4 26.4 26.2 25.9 26.1 26.1 26.3 27.6 28.5
216.4 217.8 216.9 217.4 212.2 216. 6 212.7 209.4 204.7 200.5 197.7 203.2 214.4 219.6
70.6 70.6 70.4 70.3 70.7 72.1 74.3 76.4
70.
70.6 69.
71.8 70.9 70.
33.9 33.7 33.2 32.7 31.0 32.2 32.4 32.1 33.8 34.2 34.4 35.1 35.9 37.1
99.9 98.7 98.4 98.0 97.6 99.3 103.7 108.6
99.6 101.1
102.3 102.1 102.1 102.0
65.7 64.4 64.7 63.8 62.8 61.3 62.3 64.1 65.2 69.0 73.3
66.5 66.5 66.1

A.—EMPLOYMENT

207

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]

Revised series; see box, p. 212.
1961

1960

Industry
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average

1960

1959

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Apparel and related products.................. 1,214. 1,225. 1, 220. 1,214.3 1, 233. 1,167. 1,184. 1,165. 1,178. 1,213.' 1, 203. 1,170. 1,186.
1, 228. 1, 224.9
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
114.
116.2 117.2 117.
112.£ 117.
113.
112.
117.
119." 120.1 120.3 121.
118 8
M en’s and boys’ furnishings......... .......
309.’' 308.4 308.8 311.
299.0 303.
298.
295.7 295.
295./ 289. C 294.7 307.
297.9
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer­
wear______________ __________
352.1 347.8 346.9 356.0 333.0 331.
335.4 351.1 370.3 361.
347. C 347.2 361.3 369.0
Women’s and children’s undergar­
ments__ ___ ___________ _____ _
124.
123.6 121.2 120.3 112.1 115.
115.2 116.3 116.2 115.7 112.3 117.2 119.
119.0
Hats, caps, and millinery___________
33.4 35.3 34.4 37.0 32.7 32.5
29.2 31.'
40.2 40.7
36.6 34.1 36.2 37. 5
Girls’ and children’s outerwear........ .
74. C 75.0 74.1 77.9 77.2 76.'
72.1
69.2 73.8
75.7 72. S 70.5 76.
75.4
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
74.5 75.1 73.2 73.8 69.2 70.8 67.1 66.5 66.7 65.4
61.3 66.6 69.4 71.2
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
ucts.......... ........................................
142.9 139.4 138.5 139.3 131.8 136.1 134.4 136.1 132.7 129.1 130.9 136.0 136.9 136.2
Paper and allied products____________
Paper and pulp...................................... _
Paperboard________________ _____
Converted paper and paperboard
products___ __________________
Paperboard containers and boxes____

598.1

Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing...
Periodical publishing and printing___
B o o k s.._________________________
Commercial printing............... ..........
Bookbinding and related industries__
Other publishing and printing indus­
tries............. ............ ............ ..........

936.6

934. 6 933.2 929.6 926.0
341.9 341.3 339.6 339.2
70.3 70.8 70.7 69.9
73.9 74.5 74.4 74.1
293.0 290.8 290.4 288.7
47.4 47.6 47.7 47.9
108.1

108.2

106.8

106.2

106.5

106.2

104.8

105.2

106.0

106.2

104.4

107.1

106.3

103.8

Chemicals and allied products................
Industrial chemicals_______________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass...
Drugs............. .......................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_____
Paints, varnishes, and allied products.
Agricultural chemicals..........................
Other chemical products___________

836.3

834.4
285. 5
155. 7
107.6
98. 5
61.7
40. 7
84.7

834.4
284.7
154.4
106.9
98.8
62.4
42.3
84.9

834.7
286.1
153.2
107.4
98.3
63.2
42.1
84.4

838.1
288.8
153.7
108.0
98.2
64.0
40.6
84.8

833.1
288.0
152.9
107.3
97.2
64.0
40. 1
83.6

832.0
285.8
152.1
107.1
97.6
63.4
43.0
83.0

831.7
283.5
150.8
105.6
96.0
62. 5
51.3
82.0

830.9
282.4
1.50.3
105.3
95.3
62.0
54.5
81.1

823.1
282.0
149.1
105.2
94.0
61.3
51.1
80.4

815.9
282.2
149.0
105.0
93.5
61.0
45.1
80.1

817.9
283.8
149.4
106.4
93.0
61.4
43.9
80.0

821.1
285.3
150.9
107.0
92.3
61.9
42.5
81.2

829.6
286.8
153. 2
107.4
92. 2
63.5
44.8
81.8

809. 6
279.2
149.1
104. 5
89.0
62.3
45.3
80.2

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining______________
Other petroleum and coal products..

194.5

196.2 203.5
163.4 169.0
32.8 34.5

204.9
170.4
34.5

207.4
171.8
35.6

204.5
169.6
34.9

207.9
172.9
35.0

205.3
171.6
33.7

204.0
172.1
31.9

202.4
171.8
30.6

201.5
171.7
29.8

203.0
172.0
31.0

204.5
173.1
31.4

211.7
177.6
34.1

215.3
181. 4
34.0

376.6
102.7
153.9
120.0

369.2
100.3
150.3
118.6

361.7
101.1
147.0
113.6

363.6
100.5
148.8
114.3

358.0
99.3
146.4
112.3

351.6
98.6
143.0
110.0

349.2
99.2
141.7
108.3

350.7
97.9
144.2
108.6

355.5
101.3
146.6
107.6

361.8
102.6
149.3
109.9

374.0
106.8
153.3
113.8

371.4
105.0
153 2
113.3

364.4 362.9 358. 7 360.4 369.0
33.5 33.2 33.4 33.2
236.0 232.3 235.4 243.7
93.4 93.2 91.6 92.1
Transportation and public utilities_______ 3,924 3,942 3,953 3,971 3,971
Railroad transportation______________
816.4 821.9 825. 5 835.0
Class I railroads________ ___________
715.2 720.8 723.4 733.0
Local and interurban passenger transit...
267.7 267.8 267.9 257.1
Local and suburban transportation___
90.6 91.1 91.6 91.2
Taxicabs__________ _______________
106. 5 106.1 104.7 103.7
Intercity and rural bus lines..................
47.7 48.0 49.4 50.0
Motor freight transportation and storage.
914.0 913.4 907.0 891.0
Air transportation__________________
198.6 202.0 203.0 202.9
Air transportation, common carriers...
178.2 180.6 181. 1 180.4
Pipeline transportation______________
21.7 21.7 22.0 22.6
Other transportation______ __________
301.9 299.0 304.7 306.9
Communication___ _______ __________ 816.0 818.2 819.5 824.7 832.4
Telephone communication__________
687.3 689.2 693.5 700.8
Telegraph communication..................
36.8 36. 7 37.1 37.0
Radio and television broadcasting__
92.2 91.7 92.2 92.7
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
601.3 603.6 607.9 616.1 623.0
Electric companies and systems____
249.1 250.1 253.6 256.2
Gas companies and systems________
152. 4 152.8 154.9 156. 7
Combined utility systems_________
172.3 175.1 177.2 178. 9
Water, steam, and sanitary systems..
29.8 29.9 30.4 31.2|

359.7
32.4
240.5
86.8

364.0
33.2
243.0
87.8

353.4
32.9
236.4
84.1

353.5
32.5
235.1
85.9

360.9
32.3
241.3
87.3

365.8
34.1
242.6
89.1

374.6
36. 4
247.5
90.6

3,977
832. 5
730. 8
257.7
91.0
104. 5
50.1
891.0
201.2
178.9
22.8
314.9
834.5
701.8
37.1
93.7
622.5
256.0
156.9
178.5
31.1

3,945
826.5
725.5
266.0
92.2
104.9
49.6
880.3
197.3
174.4
22.7
307.0
828.5
697.1
37.2
92.3
616.4
254.7
154. 3
176.4
31.0

3,831
813.3
713.0
270.4
92.4
106.3
48.4
852. 8
196.0
172.5
22.2
303.3
824.4
693.7
37.0
91.8
608.5
251.3
152.6
174.5
30.1

3,870
8Ò8.9
708.1
272.7
92.1
109.8
47.5
837.1
193.6
171.5
22.2
303.3
827. 6
695. 7
36.9
93.1
604.1
251.4
148. 2
174.4
30.1

3,872
8Ò7.4
706.0
278.3
92.0
116.9
46.6
840.4
190.9
169.4
22.1
297.9
828.3
696.8
37.0
92.6
606.5
251.5
151.8
173.7
29.5

364.2 360.5 360.8
32.4 33.4 33.8
244.7 243.2 241.2
87.1 83.9 85.8
3,871 3,888 3,96G
810. 7 811.9 843. 7
708.5 710.3 734.6
282.3 283.9 284.6
92.1 92.3 92.3
121.1 121.1 122.6
46.2 47.7 47.0
832.0 848.7 874.5
191.1 190.5 191.3
170.2 169.8 170.9
22.2 22.3 22.4
297.4 292.8 304.5
829.8 830. 8 835.0
697.2 698.4 701.3
37.4 37.6 38.2
93.3 92.9 93.6
605.6 606.7 609.8
251.6 251.9 252.7
152.0 152. 5 153.0
172.9 173.1 174.6
29.1 29.2 29.5

4,017
886.9
780.5
282.6
94.6
120.4
47.2
873.8
191.0
171.6
23.1
308.0
838. 7
706.0
38.3
92.4
613.0
254.3
153. 4
175.0
30.3

4,010
925. 2
815.2
281.1
96 8
118.9
47. 6
848. 2
179. 7
160.9
24.3
303.4
836.6
707.1
39.0
88. 9
611.6
254.3
153. 7
173.7
30.0

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts____ ______ _______________
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Other rubber products......................
Miscellaneous plastic products____
Leather and leather products_______
Leather tanning and finishing..........
Footwear, except rubber____________
Other leather products______________

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

598.8 597.0
225. 5 225.1
65. 8 65.9

597.0
226.7
66.1

595.8
228.1
67.1

588. 5 593.6
225. 7 227.9
66.8 68.2

583.6
222.1
67.1

581.1
221.7
67.0

580.1
221.5
67.2

578.2 581. 9 586.2
220. 9 222.1 224.0
67.1 67.5 67.4

593.3
224.4
69.3

584. 9
217. 7
70.6

126.8
180.7

126.5
177.7

125.0
175.6

123.9
172.1

122.6
171.0

122.8
169.6

122.1
169.3

121.2
169.0

123. 2
173.3

382.4 381.6
103.2
156. 0
122.4

126.1
179.9

380.0
103.3
154. 4
122.3

123.7
173.8

925.6 924.9 919.2
339.8 340.2 338.0
70.4 70.4
70.0
72.2 72.6 72.3
289.0 288. 5 287.8
47.7 47.0 46.3

921.3 924.5
337.7 337.4
71.4
72.2
72.3
72.0
288. 3 289.9
46.4 47.0

121.9
170.4

122.0
172.8

124.4
175.1

920.6 919.0
335. 6 336.3
72.6 72.8
71.6 71.6
287.8 287.5
46.8 46.4

928.1
338.8
72.6
72.1
291.4
46.1

917.2 889. 5
332.6 320.0
71.0 69. 8
71.1 67.0
289.2 283. 5
47.0 45.4

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

208

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]

Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1960

1961

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.*

Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1960

1959

Wholesale and retail trade______________ 12,152 11,605 11,450 11,378 11,342 11,327 11,354 11,238 11,162 11,101 11,040 11,233 12,146 11,412 11,125
Wholesale trade___ _______________ 3,052 3,049 3,049 3,035 3,044 3,013 2,990 2,959 2,955 2,964 2,974 2,995 3,057 3,009 2,941
Motor vehicles and automotive equip218.5 217.1 217.1 216.7 217.5 215.0 213.6 213.7 211.9 211.8 213.1 215.2 213.6 206.9
ment
. _ _____ . _______ -192.6 190.5 189.5 190.8 190.5 188.4 186.0 185.3 185.1 184.7 184.0 184.6 183.8 176.8
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.131.7 131.2 131.0 132.4 131.5 130.6 129.3 129.2 129.1 130.7 130.2 131.2 130.8 125.9
Dry "goods and apparel____ 1— ...........
498.7 496.4 486.1 481.7 487.3 493.1 486.7 484.8 489.9 495.2 498.0 504.8 494.0 489.8
Groceries and related products_______
205.7 204.7 204.6 205.1 204.8 203.6 202.4 203.2 204.3 205.0 206.2 207.9 208.1 201.2
Electrical goods____ 1______________
Hardware, plumbing and heating
143.1 143.0 143.2 143.9 143.6 142.0 142.3 142.1 141.6 141.5 142.2 143.2 145.1 146.0
goods_____ ______________ ___
Machinery, equipment, and supplies _
487.4 488.3 489.0 489.2 488.6 484.5 478.9 476.8 477.4 475.6 476.8 477.6 479.1 458.6
Betail trade__________ ___________ _ 9,100 8, 556 8,401 8,343 8,298 8,314 8,364 8,279 8,207 8,137 8,066 8,238 9,089 8,403 8,184
General merchandise stores__________ 2,063.9 1,688.4 1,576.5 1, 526. 5 1,488.8 1,480.0 1,501.5 1,488.1 1, 468. 6 1,463.9 1,420. 7 1, 500. 7 2,036. 7 1,563.1 1,531.1
997.1 919.6 880.3 861.0 858. 5 874.4 866.3 859.5 857.7 833.4 889.2 1,221.9 914.4 896.2
351.9 333.5 328.8 317.3 311.4 320.0 322.2 313.5 311.1 299.1 313.4 ' 443. 2 335.4 324.8
Limited price variety stores_______
Food stores_______________________ 1,384.9 1,367. 5 1,353. 8 1,342.7 1,346.1 1,355.0 1,358.9 1,353.7 1,349. 2 1,352.5 1,360. 7 1,361. 5 1,394. 5 1,356.1 1,305.0
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores
1.196.2 1,184.8 1,174.2 1,174.9 1,184.9 1,187.3 1,181. 0 1,180.1 1,181.7 1,187.2 1,191.1 1,208. 5 1,181. 6 1,134.0
766.6 ' 675.4 ' 653.2 643.1 612.1 616. 5 ' 644.1 ' 637. 5 ' 625.9 '630.7 ' 593.8 633.0 ' 766.0 ' 637.2 ' 608. 7
Apparel and accessories stores---------97.9
111.6 105. 7 103.2 102.1 103.4 109. 5 102.6 101. 5 102.8 101.9 110.4 135.9 104.3
M en’s and bovs’ apparel stores_____
258.0 249.4 247.5 236.3 234.7 243.7 245.8 241.1 240.0 225.9 238.7 286.7 243.1 235.7
Women's ready-to-wear stores_____
90.7
101.6
97.3
95.3
93.7
89.4
95.1
93.3
91.8
92.8
95.7 120.6
89.5
Family clothing stores____________
94.7
118.3 117.4 117.6 109.0 111.5 117.5 117.4 114.7 115.9 105.0 113.9 132.4 119.0 112.8
Shoe stores
______________
Furniture and appliance stores....... ...... 424.1 412.6 408.9 405.4 403.7 402.7 401.8 396.8 399.4 400.2 401.3 406.1 424.4 409.2 398.0
Eating and drinking places--------------- 1,615.3 1,616.5 1,626.6 1,649.7 1, 658.6 1,662. 5 1,667. 6 1, 637. 2 1,617.3 1,558. 2 1, 548. 5 1, 565. 5 1, 593.1 1,626. 5 1, 596. 2
Other retail trade--------------------------- 2,845.2 2, 795.4 2,781.6 2,775.3 2, 788.9 2,797. 7 2,790. 0 2, 765.8 2,746. 5 2, 731.8 2,740.8 2, 771. 5 2,874. 7 2,811.1 2, 744. 9
652.3 650.9 648.9 657.1 659.1 655.7 653.4 656.0 657.1 661.2 667.9 670.7 674.6 656.1
Motor vehicle dealers.. __________
143.1 141.6 140.4 140.2 142.1 142. 5 136.8 134.5 129.9 129.4 130.7 144.7 142.8 140. 5
Other vehicle, and accessory dealers.375.6 373.4 373.0 372.3 370.4 371.2 368.3 366.6 367.3 367.0 373.0 389.6 369.5 355.2
Drug stores .
______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
Banking
___ _________
Credit agencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations________
Personal credit institutions__________
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers___________________
Life insurance
______________
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance__
Insurance agents, brokers, and services__
Real estate
___________________
Operative builders
_____ __ ____
Other finance, insurance, and real estate.

2,758

2,756
699.6
263.5
81.0
143.1
130.8
858.4
469.4
51.8
295.1
199.1
529.7
31.2
75.3

2,758
697.7
261.6
80.7
141.7
130.3
856.8
468.0
51.6
295.3
200.0
536.8
32.8
75.2

2, 770
699.6
263.1
80.1
144.1
131.0
861.2
470.1
51.8
297.1
200.7
538.8
33.9
75.9

2,801
707.6
264.6
80.4
145.2
133.2
866.9
473.2
52.3
298.9
203.4
548.8
34.5
76.7

2,795
704.7
264.3
80.7
144.7
132.5
863.9
471.7
52.0
298.0
204.0
548.6
34. 7
76.5

2,766
696.3
261.3
78.7
144.4
130.5
857.3
467.4
52.0
295.7
201.9
542.3
34.4
76.2

2,734
688.2
259.5
76.5
145.1
126.9
853.2
467.0
51. 5
293.5
200.0
529.8
33.6
75.9

2,724
688.0
262.2
76.6
147. 5
123.3
853.8
467.8
51. 5
293. 6
198. 5
522.5
32. 6
76.0

2,710
687.9
261.4
75.6
147.8
119.7
853.4
467.3
51.2
293.9
197.9
513.6
31. 6
76.2

2,706
686.6
261.1
75.3
147.8
117.1
850.8
465.8
51.0
293.3
197.0
518.0
29. 5
75.8

2,702
684. 5
261.8
75.8
148.0
115.1
846.2
463.2
50.8
291.4
196.2
521.7
30.5
76.0

2,709
686.7
260.8
74.4
148.5
115.0
848.3
463.7
51.3
292.1
197.9
523.9
32.1
75.9

2,684
674.7
256.2
72.4
146.0
114.2
839.0
459.0
50.9
287.3
196.2
527.3
36.1
76.7

2,597
641.7
242.4
66.9
138.5
106.7
818.2
450.0
49.9
277.7
189.7
521.4
43.3
76.4

Services and miscellaneous_____________
Hotels and lodging p la c e s._________
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising.. ____________________
Motion pictures
_ _________ _____
Motion picture filming and distributing
________________________
Motion picture theaters and services__
Medical services:
Hospitals
___________

7,552

7,588
559.9
516.1

7,618
570.3
523.9

7,612
615.3
559.1

7,606 7,631
702. S 700.6
597.6 597.4

7,598
619. 6
559. 7

7,510
559.8
509.6

7,448
551.8
506. 6

7,359
537.3
495.6

7,333
536.4
495.3

7,313
532.1
491.0

7,380
534.6
492.0

7,361
567.7
511.1

7,105
547.3
490.8

509.9

513.5

512.0

510.9

518.5

522.4

514.2

506.8

504.6

500.8

507.2

509.3

521. C 529.1

111.2
176.5

110.7
183.0

109.7
189.1

109.4
190.2

110.4
193.4

111.2
192.1

109. £
189.0

110.7
187.9

110.5
181. 5

111. 4
178.3

109.2
179. 6

110.6
182.3

109. Í
189.3

105.5
194.9

42.2
134.3

42. C 42.2
141.0 146.9

41.7
148.5

43.1
150. 3

43.3
148.8

42.4
146.6

42.8
145.1

45. Í
135.6

46. Í
131.4

47. Í
131.7

48.3
134.0

43.5
145.8

44.8
150.2

1,157.2 1,154. ( 1,148. Í 1,149. 6 1,152. £ 1,142. Í 1,132. 6 1 130 1 1,130 ! 1,126.1 1,119. 6 1,119.2 1,105. ( 1,062.0

Government__________ ______ ________ 9,311 9,075 9,030 8, 904 8,535 8,534 8,797 8,816 8,787 8,769 8,737 8,672 8,980 8,520 8,190
Federal Government3_______________ 2, 536 2,291 2,283 2,281 2,300 2,294 2,277 2,240 2,233 2,221 2,213 2,208 2,506 2,270 2,233
2,261.9 2,254. i 2,252.6 2,271.2 2,265. ( 2,248. ] 2,212.1 2 205 0 9. 193 .- 2 185 7 2 180.5 2 478. ‘ 2 242. 6 2,205.2
______________
Executive _
Department of Defense..................... _____ 956.6 954.4 ' 948. S ' 950.0 ' 944.2 942.9 938.0 ’ 935.6 933.7 932.8 931.8 931.2 940.6 ' 966.2
585.7 579.1 584.2 587. ( 586.7 581.1 573. 7 572 2 567 9 565.9 566 9 864. 8 586.7 574. 5
Post Office Department___________
719.6 720.0 719.5 734.2 734.1 724.1 700.4 097 2 091. 7 087. C 681.8 682 2 715.3 664. 5
Other agencies
__________
23.4
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.6
22.
22.4
22.5
Legislative _
. ________________
23. 5 23.
22.9
22.6
22.
22.6
5.3
5.3
5.1
5.1
Judicial
______________
5.1
5.1
5.
5. C
5.
5. C
5. C
4. S
4.8
5.
6,784
6,747
6,623
6,
775
6,235 6,240 6,520 6, 576 6r 554 6, 548 6, 524 6,464 6,474 6,250 5,957
State and local government4__________
1,700. 1,702. C
1, 623. i; 613.6 1,664. 6 1, 680.2 1,008. 1,661. 2 1,654. 3 1,638.3 1,637. 1,592.
State government . . . ___________
541.1
5,082. 5,044. 4,957. 4,611.4 4,626. C4,855.4 4,896.2 4, 885. 4, 880. 6 4,869. 4, 825. 4,837. 4¡ 657. 4’, 416.2
Local government .. _____________
3. 419. 3. 377. C3,194. 2.738. 2. 750 3,089. 3 233. C3 232 3 234 3 228 3 185 3 197. 2, 983. 2,776.8
Education
_ ___________
3, 364.1 3,369. 3,428. 3,496.8|3,489. C3,430. 3 , 343. 3,321. 3^ 313. 3,295. Ì3, 278. 3,277. 3,266.4 3,180.6
Other State and local government-----1 Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures difler from those pre­
viously published for three reasons. The industry structure has beeD con­
verted to the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification; the series have been
adjusted to March 1959 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs; and, beginning with January 1959, the estimates
are prepared from a sample stratified by establishment size and, in some cases,
region. For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics
for the United States, 1909-60, BLS Bull. 1312. Statistics from April 1959
forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become avail­
able.
In addition, data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959.
This inclusion increased the nonagricultural total by 212,000 (0.4 percent) for
the March 1959 benchmark month, with increases for industry divisions
ranging from 0.1 percent in mining to 0.8 percent in government.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment dur­
ing the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.
1 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the
last day of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre­
pared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

A.—EMPLOYMENT

209

T able A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.

[in thousands]
1961

1960

Industry
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

Mining_______
Metal mining.
Iron ores___
Copper ores.

529
72.1
23.0
24.2

52i
71. (
23.
22.

53f
72. £
23.
24.2

53f
70.:
21.8
24.3

53C
72.8
23.4
24.1

Coal m ining..
Bituminous.

139.3
130.8

137.8
129.2

137.1
128.0

135.2
126.2

Crude petroleum and natural gas_____
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields
Oil and gas field services___________

220.2

106.4
113.8

218.9
106.3
112.6

224.2
109.0
115.2

97.5

101.0

102.3

Quarrying and noDmetallic mining____
Contract construction_____ ____________
General building contractors....................
Heavy construction_______________
Highway and street construction..........
Other heavy construction___________
Special trade contractors___________
Manufacturing________
Durable goods.......
Nondurable goods.

June
53'
72.8
23.
24.4

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
I960

1959

52!.
71.
22.8
23. £

518
70.
21. £
23.1

SU
70.
22. £
23.

517
70. £
21.8
23.1

52£
73.8
23. ‘
24.5

541
74. £
24.9
24.6

123.8
114.8

135. C 134.4
126. C 125.5

134.6
124.9

137.
129.3

143.8
133.5

144.3
133.6

146.1
135.4

161.2 175.7
148. S 159.2

228.2
111.3
116.9

230.7
111.1
119.6

228.8
110.5
118.3

224.2
107.7
116.5

220.7
107.6
113.1

219.4
107.6
111.8

219.9
108.9
111.0

222.0
110.0
112.0

226.5
111.1
115.4

229.1
113.8
115.3

245.2
118.5
126.7

102.6

102.7

101.9

98.0

92.6

86.4

82.9

86.3

93.6

99.6

100.5

2,413 2,567 2,603 2,655 2,602 2,550 2,355 2,203 2,042
761.5 806.1 815.1 840.0 819.3 800.9 739.1 695. £ 647.7
515.4 579.2 597.1 605.2 595.8 579.6 513.5 442. £ 374. £
286.6 340.7 352.0 359. 2 351.3 338.0 288.7 231. C 180.4
228.8 238.5 245.1 246.0 244.0 241.6 224.8 211. £ 194.5
1,136.3 , 181.2 1,190.4 1,209.8 1,187. 5 1,169.1 1,102. 5 1,063.8 1,019.2

56"
76. £
28.6
22.6

589
67.2
23.0
18.5

1,931 2,043 2,213 2,458 2,535
6Ò9.1 654.6 710.3 788.3 835.4
343.0 368.2 421.2 509.0 516.5
155.7 169.3 203.4 270.6 281.9
187.3 198.9 217.8 238.4 234.6
978.6 1,020. 5 1,081.2 1,160. 7 1,183.1

12,321 12,418 12,379 12,407 12,274 12,023 12,090 11,875 11,712 II, 666 11,642 11,740 12,005 12,562 12,596
6, 867 6,891 >, 771 6,753 6,641 6,616 6,678 6, 582 6,426 6,358 6,351 6,449 6,613 7,021 7,031
5,454 5, 527
,608 5,654 5,633 5,407 5,412 5,293 5,286 5,308 5,291 5,291 5,392 5,541 5,565

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories___________
Ammunition, except for small arm s..
Sighting and fire control equipment.
Other ordnance and accessories____
Lumber and wood products, except fur­
niture..................................................
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and related prod­
ucts___ _______ ________________
Wooden containers________________
Miscellaneous wood products................

524.1

312.8

Stone, clay, and glasis products.............
Flat glass_______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Cement, hydraulic..............................
Structural clay products.....................
Pottery and related products______
Concrete, gypsum and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products___

449.1

Prim ary metal industries...........................
Blast furnace and basic steel products...
Iron and steel foundries..____ ______
Nonferrous smelting and refining..........
Nonferrous rollirg, drawing, and
extruding_______________________
Nonferrous foundri es_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

98.2
41.2
23.3
33.7

96.7
40.3
23.2
33.2

94.1
39.5
22.2
32.4

93.8
39.1
22.6
32.1

93.1
39.0
22.2
31.9

92.9
39.1
21.9
31.9

90.9
39.4
21.7
29.8

92.2
38.9
22.0
31.3

91.3
38.6
21.6
31.1

91.6
37.9
22.9
30.8

91.7
38.2
23.2
30.3

89.4
37.0
22.7
29.7

84.4
34.5
21.3
28.6

541.4
88.5
245.0

554. 7
93.3
251.2

565.2
97.6
253.9

567.8
99.5
253.0

563.3
98.8
253.2

564.8
98.3
253.1

536.6
82.4
246.5

613.5
73.5
237.5

492.0
66.1
228.8

490.3
68.9
226.6

501.7
71.6
233.6

518.0
75.6
241.7

570.3
87.1
268.5

594.3
88.5
281.5

120.8

122.8
36.6
50.8

125.6
37.3
50.8

127.3
37.4
50.6

123.5
37.7
50.1

123.9
38.8
50.7

119.8
38.3
49.6

116.4
36.8
49.3

112.4
36.0
48.7

110.4
35.6
48.8

112.0
35.5
49.0

115.1
36.3
49.3

124.1
39.1
51.4

133.6
39.7
51.7

315.7
230.7
22.8

27.5
34.7

317.2
232.0
22.6
27. 7
34.9

313.6
229.3
22.4
26.1
35.8

310.8
224.9
22.3
28.0
35.6

299.8
217.1
21.3
26.8
34.6

301.0
217.6
21.5
26.9
35.0

295.7
214.8
20.8
26.0
34.1

296.6
217.5
21.0
25.0
33.1

294.1
214.7
21.0
26.3
32.1

294.2
215.2
21.0
26.2
31.8

293.8
213.8
21.7
26.4
31.9

302.3
219.4
22.2
27.2
33.5

318.9
232.3
22.8
29.2
34.5

321.0
238.3
21.7
27.3
33.7

463.8
25.2
85.1
32.5
60.8
38.3
119.9
89.4

469.9
25.1
85.1
32.9
61.4
38.2
124.7
89.9

477.1
25.0
87.9
33.3
63.4
38.0
127.2
89.9

477.4
24.5
87.3
33.8
63.7
37.0
129.2
89.8

470.6
23.6
85.6
34.5
63.6
35.1
127.7
88.5

469.9
22.5
85.6
34.4
62.8
36.5
127.0
89.4

458.1
22.7
84.9
33.1
61.4
36.4
121.2
86.9

444.2
21.7
83.5
32.3
59.7
36.3
114.0
85.3

431.2
22.7
83.4
29.8
56.8
36.3
106.9
83.7

421.2
22.6
82.1
28.8
54.4
36.5
102.3
82.7

428.9
24.7
80.2
30.3
56.1
36.4
106.4
83.6

448.8
26.0
82.5
31.7
59.5
36.9
112.8
86.4

483.2
27.0
86.9
34.9
65.9
40.3
123.5
91.8

494.0
29.6
84.0
36.2
67.6
41.1
127.9
93.4

952.2
502.5
159.4
53.2

949.8
507.9
155.9
52.9

954.6
513.3
157.8
52.0

904.2
503.5
157.3
52.5

927.2
498.0
156.2
52.2

926.1
491.8
157.1
52.1

904.3
479.4
154.6
50.3

872.6
458.0
150.0
49.6

861.0
446.3
150.7
49.8

858.5
439.7
152.4
50.4

866.5
437.5
156.4
52.2

880.0
441.9
160.7
52.6

992.0
529.3
172.4
54.9

953.2
471.0
181.3
51.9

135.6
53.6
47.9

135.1
52.2
45.8

133.5
51.8
46.2

131.0
50.5
45.4

126.1
49.4
45.3

128.3
50.8
46.0

125.2
49.6
45.2

123.5
47.8
43.7

123.0
47.6
43.6

124.0
48.1
43.9

126.3
49.4
44.7

129.1
50.4
45.3

133.6
53.7
48.2

142.9
56.6
49.5

859.1
49.0

847.7
51.2

839.2
54.2

831.3
55.1

809.4
54.5

825.4
53.7

816.4
53.2

789.6
52.0

780.4
50.6

784.4
49.3

804.4
48.5

826.5
49.4

869.0
54.1

867.1
54.5

108.3

107.0

101.8

100.9

97.1

101.1

100.4

93.5

96.4

98.0

101.7

104.3

107.3

107.5

56.7
235.1
66.4
159.8
56.1
44.7
83.0

56.8
238.4
65.0
145.4
56.8
44.8
82.3

57.0
242.0
63.4
142.6
55.8
43.5
78.9

57.2
237.9
63.0
140.9
53.7
42.6
80.0

55.2
234.1
61.5
134.0
52.5
41.3
79.2

55.4
234.1
62.1
144.7
53.6
42.0
78.7

54.6
227.2
60.8
146.5
53.0
41.7
79.0

52.9
223.0
59.7
139.1
51.3
40.6
77.5

53.6
218.3
60.0
134.6
49.7
39.4
77.8

52.5
219.3
60.9
137.7
48.9
40.3
77.5

53.8
224.0
61.4
146.7
49.0
40.8
78.6

54.2
231.6
61.6
153.2
51.3
41.7
79.2

58.7
238.1
67.2
160.7
53.8
45.5
83.6

61.2
236.8
69.1
153.3
53.3
45.6
86.0

36.5
50.

Furniture and fixtures_________ _____
Household furniture_______________
Office furniture___________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures___
Other furniture arid fixtures_________

Fabricated metal products____________
Metal cans________________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard­
w are........ .............................................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_____ _______ ___________
Fabricated structural metal products...
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings______________ ____
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products..
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.;

98.3
41.0
23.2
34.1

853.1

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

210

T able A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.

[in thousands]

1960

1961

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

I960

1959

Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued

Machinery____
_____ ____________
Engines and turbines______________
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery__
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment ___ _________________ _____
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing and accounting ma­
chines__________________________
Service industry machines________
Miscellaneous machinery______ _____

977.2

966.8
53.1
71.3
129.2

955.1
52.4
70.3
129.3

959.6
52.2
71.7
130.7

949.9
50.2
69.0
131.4

956.7
49.0
75.2
129.6

967.0
49.6
79.0
130.4

970.9
51.6
86.1
129.6

971.8
51.9
89.5
127.9

968.4
50.9
88.8
126.0

970.1
50.9
86.5
125.4

967. 5
51.7
81 8
124.6

971.7 1,030. 4 1,025.9
52. 1 56. 1 59.5
89.2
78.8
79.6
126. 1 144.5 148.6

181.4
115. 3
146.0

179.0
114.2
145.3

179.9
115. 5
143.0

175.6
115.2
143.4

176.5
115.1
144.6

178.6
116.9
144.3

176.8
116.4
141.5

180.9
116.1
139.0

181.2
117.0
139.2

183. 1
117.8
140.1

182.4
118.3
142.2

182. 1 194.0
119.7 122.3
143.8 154.9

183.9
116.3
154.6

95.6
62.7
112.2

95.4
60.0
109.2

95.0
60.2
111.4

94.4
58.7
112.0

94.0
63.2
109.5

94.4
64.5
109.3

94.1
67.7
107.1

94.2
66.8
105.5

93.2
66.4
105.7

94.0
66.0
106.3

94.4
65.1
107.0

95.0
64.9
109.2

95.2
69.7
114.2

92.6
68.2
112.9

997.0 982.1 968.3
106.8 106.3 106.0
115. 0 116.9 115.4
119. 4 117 1 113.8
103.5 102.0 101.8
97. 5 95. 1 90.4
204. 4 199.3 196.1
170.4 167.8 165.2

943.5
104.8
114.8
112.6
97.9
81.8
193.2
161.4

950.4
104.6
115.4
114.8
98.8
78.1
195.7
163.7

942.7
103.3
113.9
114.3
97.5
74.3
195.9
164.5

930.6
103.2
111.9
113.3
97.3
68.3
197.1
163.5

933.5
103.8
111.9
112.8
97.2
69.1
199.1
162.1

938.9
104.9
112.2
112.0
97.5
71.8
201.2
160.7

946.5
106.1
113.2
110. 3
98.0
73.2
204.9
159.3

952.1
107.1
113.7
111.6
100.6
70.5
206.0
157.3

986.9
108.3
121.5
120.7
103.6
82.2
201.4
164.4

967.0
104.7
122.4
122.1
104.4
85. 6
185.9
159.6

79.6

77.0

79.3

79.0

78.6

81.5

85.3

84.9

82.5

Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1,024. 4 1, 012.2
Electric distribution equipment______
106.8
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
117. 7
Household appliances________ _____
119.3
Electric lighting and wiring equipment103.7
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
97. 8
Communication equipment____ _____
208.1
Electronic components and accessories.
173.2
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_______________ _____
85. 6

76.0

77.5

Transportation equipment____________ 1,142.1 1,124.1 1,021.4 1,013.0 961.2 1, 032.9 1, 049. 6 1,043. 7 1,005.9
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
563. 9 469. 3 469.9 429.8 504.8 514.9 504.5 463.8
A ircraft and parts __ _____________
389. 9 383. 0 378.7 368.2 369.5 371.3 373.8 377.4
Ship and boat building and repairing..
122.6 120. 9 117. 1 116.1 112.5 115. 4 118.4 118.7
23.4
24.2
23.3
23.5
24.8
24.5
Railroad equipment________________
26.1
25.3
23.8
23.6
22.7
22.6
22.6
Other transportation equipment_____
21. 6 22. 9 22.5
Instrument and related products_______ 226.1 226. 9 225.7 225.9 222.5 217. 5 220.5 218.9 216.7
41.2
41.4
40.5
38.4
39.7
39.5
Engineering and scientific instruments.
38.7
38.8
Mechanical measuring and control de­
58.4
59.2
58.8
59.1
58.8
vices___________________________
61. 4 60 8 60.8
29.2
28.4
28.9
29.2
28.6
29.5
Optical and ophthalmic goods__
29 9 29.8
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
32.8
32.7
32.5
32.8
33.1
33.3
ment_______ ___________________
33. 5 33.3
38.8
38.7
39.1
39.3
39.8
39.9
Photographic equipment and supplies.
40.0
39.8
18.4
17.1
21.8
20. 1 19.5
Watches and clocks_________ ______
23. 4 23. 2 22.7

999.0
454.2
380.1
119.3
23.9
21.5

998.5 1, 047.4 1,101.0 1,132. 7 1,181.0
457.4 503.4 553. 6 566.5 538. 5
379.3 380.2 381.7 392.5 462.6
116.6 117.8 116.9 116.6 122.0
27.3
28.2
29.3
25.1
32.0
20.1
18.7
20.6
25. 1 28.5

217.4
42.4

217.4
42.0

221.0
42.8

223.9
43.0

232.0
42.8

230.1
41.4

58.3
28.2

58.7
28.3

59.3
28.4

59.4
29.1

63 3
30. 7

62.5
29.9

32.6
38.7
17.2

32.9
38.9
16.6

32.9
39.6
18.0

33.0
40.3
19.1

33.1
41.1
21.1

31.8
41.3
23.2

301. 5 293.2
32.1
32.0
79.4
85.7
21.9
21.7
42.2
41.3
119.7 118.7

288.7
32.2
73.1
22.0
42.3
119.1

286.4
32.6
69.2
22.2
43.0
119.4

279.6 296.9
32.6
33.6
63.6
73.3
22.3
22.8
42.0
44.7
119. 1 122.5

316. 0
33.9
86.4
23.0
47.3
125.4

313.2
33.8
82.9
22.9
49.1
124. 6

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials .
Costume jewelrv, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries...........

306.2

330.2
33.8
98.0
24.6
48.0
125.8

80. 0

333.9
34.1
103.2
24.4
47.4
124.8

77.6

326.3
33. 6
99.2
23.7
46.3
123. 5

317.4
33.0
95.8
23.6
46.0
119. 0

300.9
30.8
88.3
22.7
43.5
115.6

309.8
32.0
89.5
22.5
44.8
121.0

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

Food and kindred products___________ 1,163.2 1,215.1 1,286.1 1,334.8 1,317.9 1. 226. 4 1,184. 2 1,120. 7 1,114.1 1,104.4 1,100. 6 1,121. 2 1,169. 2 1,211.3 1,222.0
260.7 259. C 258. 9 257. 6 259.0 260.3 252.4 247.0 244.7 244. 5 250.3 256.2 257.9 255.2
Meat products .
156.4 159.9 165.8 171.5 172.6 171.6 164.5 162.9 160.0 158.1 158.5 160.9 169.7 175.3
Dairy products
Canned and preserved food, except
208.0 266.5 332. 5 313.2 226. 3 186.1 158.4 160.0 153. 6 147.1 149.9 166. 5 206.1 209.4
m e a ts_______ __________ . . ..
86.4
93.3
89.4
86.7
86.5
87.8
88.6
89.8
87.1
92.6
88.1
Grain mill products ____
94.0
93.9
93.8
175.3 176.5 175. 6 177.8 178.2 177.3 173.3 171.3 171.7 172.0 172.5 176.0 176.6 176.4
Bakery pro d u cts_________
31.3
25.5
32.5
39.4
22.7
25.7
23.8
38.7
30.3
Sugar._____ .
39.6
22.9
24.8
23.6
25.1
63.3
60.2
62.6
62.9
68.6
63.5
70.9
72.1
55.2
59.1
55.9
55.6
Confectionery and related products
66. 4 64.1
116.0 120.9 120.1 120. 8 123.3 119.6 112.8 111.9 110.1 108.3 109.9 115.0 118.3 118.0
Beverages
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
96.9
98.7
99.0
99.7
101.3 102.2
94.2
94.7
92.6
93.3
93.6
96.0
ucts................................. ........... ..........
94.3
96.6
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars_______________

75.4

Textile mill products________________
799.2
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens
Narrow fabrics and small wares
Knitting____ ____________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering...___ *_______ _____
Yarn and thread___________________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________ 1-----See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

82.4
31.2
23.0

96.4

106. 5
31. 7
22.6

88.7
32.0
22.3

805.0 805.9 804.4
236. C 235.4 234.0
63.7
63.8
63.8
44.6
45. 7 47.6
24.0
23.9
23.8
196.0 197.3 196.3
61.7
61.0
60.8
28.2
28.2
27.9
94.9
94. 7 94.8
55.4
55.9
55.9

802.2
233.1
63.7
47.7
23.2
196.8
60.7
27.4
94.6
55.0

3i. a

22.9

66.4
3i. a
23.3

68.0
31. a
23.2

72.4
31.5
23.9

788. 1 800.3 791.4
232.0 234. 1 233.4
62.1
62.1
62.6
47. 6
48. 1 48.1
22.8
23.0
23.0
191. 5 196.3 192.3
60.8
60.0
61.1
27.
25.9
27.0
92.3
92.2
93.5
53.5
52.8
53.8

784.9
233. Í
62.1
46. (
22.8
189.2
60.8
26.9
91.3
51.9

779.0
234.7
62.4
45.1
22.4
184.3
60.6
28.4
90.8
50.3

65.0
31.6
21.1

67.2
32.0
23. 1

77.4
31.6
24.6

81.4
31.7
24.3

85.1
31.1
25.6

778. 1 778.3 790.8
236.1 238. C 239. i
64.2
63.1
65.3
42. Í
44. Í
42.8
22.6
22.9
22.6
180.4 177.7 182.9
62.0
60.3
60.9
29.7
28.8
29.0
90.2
90.7
91.9
51.2
52.8
54.0

83.3
32.2
26.0

84.0
31.7
27.7

826.7 855.0
244.1 248.4
68.2
66.9
49.5
53.9
24.1
24.9
194.3 199.4
64.
66.2
30.4
31.5
95.9 100.6
57. £ 61.9

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A -

211

3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.

[in thousands]
1961

1960

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar,

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
I960

1959

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products
1,082. 1,092. € 1,087.
1,100. 1,033. 1,050. 1,033. 1, 045. 1,082.
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats
___ 102.- 104.: 1,081.
105.
100.
105.
105.
101.'
99. S 105.5
M en’s and boys’ furnishings......... ...... ___
280. £ 279.; 279. £ 282.. 270.5 275.
270.
267.
268.
Women's, misses’, and juniors’ outer­
wear_____ _________________
—
317.4 313.2 312.3 321.5 297.7 296. S 301.2 316.5 335.7
Women’s and children’s undergarments
111. C 109.9 107.7 107.
08. S 102.6 102.2 103.4 103.4
Hats, caps, and millinery__________ _____
29.6
30.6
33.8
29.0
28.8
25.5
27.5
36.3
Girls’ and children’s outerwear__
___ 66.2 31.5
67.2
69.8
69.
68.4
66.3
64.
61.5
65.8
Fur goods and m iscellaneous appareL..
65.J
65.7
64.5
59.8
64.0
60.9
57.2
57.0
57.8
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
ucts............................................ ........... —
120.0 116.4 115.7 115.8 108.1 112.3 111.4 112.7 109.5
Paper and allied products.......... _.........
478.3 478.1 477.0 476.2 475.0 467.4 473.7 464.4 462. 1 460.8
Paper and pulp____________________ —
182.4 182.0 183.2 184.3 182. 2 184.9 180.1 179.2 178.8
Paperboard_____________
_____
53. c
53.4
54.1
53.3
53.8
55.1
54.4
54.2
54.3
Converted paper and paperboard prod­
ucts___________
96.9
96.7
95.8
94.2
96.9
94.6
93.6
93.8
93.1
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
145.5 144.9 142.8 140.8 137. 2 139.1 136.3 134.9 134.6
Printing, publishing and allied industr ie s ..___ __________
602.9 602.9 602.2 599.2 594.2 593. 7 593.7 590.3 592.2 594.3
Newspaper publishing and printing__ _____
177.9 177.2 175. 5 174.2 175.0 176.2 175.4 175. 1 174.5
Periodical publishing and printing........ ___
29.2
29.7
28.5
29. 1 29.2
29.6
29.0
30.3
30.7
Books___________ .
_____
45.0
45.4
45. 1 43.4
44.2
44.2
45.9
43.8
43. 7
Commercial printing.............................. ........... 233.4 232.0 231.8 230.1 229. 6 228.4 227.8 228.5 229.9
Bookbinding and related industries__
38.3
38.5
38.7
38. 6 37.9
37.1
37.3
38.5
37. 7
Other publishing and printing indus­
tries.................. .....................................
79.1
79.4
77.6
77.9
78.1
76.6
77.2
77.9
77.8
Chemicals and allied products. .
511.0 510.2 509.9 509.0 509.2 506.1 507.0 509.1 508.7 502.0
Industrial chemicals_______
___ 166.1 165.2 165. 4 166.5 106.1 164.8 163. 8 162. 7 162.7
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__ ___
105.9 104.4 103.1 103.4 102.9 102.8 101. 6 100.9 100.0
Drugs________________
58.6
58.1
58.9
58. 7 58.8
58.8
57.7
57.3
57.4
Soap", cleaners and toilet goods______
60.2
59.9
59.6
58.9
59.2
60.1
57.6
58.0
56.3
Paints, varnishes and allied products. .
35.3
35.8
36.8
36.4
36.4
36.9
35.8
35.2
34.2
Agricultural chemicals______
27.3
28.7
26.8
26.1
28.9
28.2
37.2
40. 5 37.3
Other chemical products____
...........
57.1
57.5
57.3
57.1
56.3
56.1
55.0
54.5
54.1
Petroleum refining and related industries_____________
123.1 124.6 131.5 132.7 134.7 131.6 134.3 132.1 131. 0 129.7
Petroleum refining___________
101.4 106.7 107.9 108.8 106.4 108.8 108.0 108.4 108.4
Other petroleum and coal products....... ..........
25.9
23.2
24.8
25.2
25.5
24.1
24.8
22.6
21.3

1, 071. 1,039. 1,055. 1, 094. 1,090. 6
107.
107. fc 107.
108.
106 3
267.
261.
266.6 279.
271.3
326.
102.4
36. 9
67. 5
56.6

312.
99.6
32.9
64.9
52.6

312.6
104.2
30. 7
62. 6
57. 6

325.
106.2
32 4
67.
60 2

331.8
105. 8
33 6
66 9
61 9

106.2

108.0

113.1

113.6

113.1

459.4
178.3
54.2

462.9
179.5
54.6

466.3
180.9
54. 5

474.0
181.9
56. 4

470.1
177.3
57 8

92.5
134.4

93.2
135.6

93.0
137.9

95.7
140.1

95.7
139.4

591.2
173.2
30.7
43.6
228.1
37.5

591.4
174.4
30.9
43. 6
228.0
37.2

598. 7 591.5 575.6
176.6 172. 4 167.1
30.7
29.8
28.9
43. 7 43.0
40 6
231.5 229.5 224.6
36.9
38 1 37 0

78.1

77.3

79.3

78.8

77.4

495.2
163.0
99.8
57.4
55.7
34. 1
31.3
53.9

496.6
164.7
100.1
57.5
55. 5
34.6
30.2
54.0

499.5
166.3
101.2
58. 1
55. 5
34.9
28.6
54.9

510.8
189.0
103. 5
58. 8
56 1
36.7
31.0
55.6

505.9
167. 5
102.2
58 3
54 7
36. 4
31.7
55.0

129.3
108.8
20.5

131.0
109.3
21.7

132. 5
110.2
22.3

137.7
113. 1
24.6

139.8
115. 2
24.6

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___________
296.9
Tires and inner tubes_____
Other rubber products........................
Miscellaneous Dlastic products
—

295.9
75.1
123.2
97.6

294.4
75.2
121.8
97.4

291.5
74.9
121.6
95.0

284.1 277. 2
72.4
73.5
118. 1 114. 7
93.6
89.0

278.7
72.6
116.7
89.4

273.7
71.3
114.6
87.8

267.8
70.7
111.5
85.6

265. 5
71.3
110.1
84.1

266.0
69.9
112.1
84.0

271.1
73.4
114.5
83.2

276.7
74.2
117.0
85.5

288.7
78.2
120.8
89.7

288.7
77.4
121.3
90.1

Leather and leather products. _
Leather tanning and finishing. .
Footwear, except rubber_______
Other leather p ro d u cts____

320.5
29.4
210. 4
80.7

317.1
29.3
207.1
80.7

318. 6
29.3
210.3
79.0

326.9
29.0
218.4
79.5

317.9
28.3
215.3
74.3

322.2
29.1
217.7
75.4

311.4
28.8
210.9
71.7

311.2
28.3
209.4
73.5

318.2
28.0
215.4
74.8

321.9
28.4
218.9
74.6

317.8
29.3
217.2
71.3

317. 5
29.7
214.8
73.0

322.9
29.9
216.4
76.5

333. 4
32.3
222.6
78.5

85.9
44.4
836.7
18.3

86.3
44.7
836.6
18.3

86.4
87.0
40. 1 46.8
831. 7 816.2
19.1
18.5

86.2
46.9
816. 3
19.3

87.4
46.4
805. 9
19.2

87.4
45.2
778.4
18.8

87.3
87.1
44.3
43.5
764. 1 763.2
18.8
18.8

87.3
43.3
757.8
18.8

87.4
44.8
775.2
19.0

87.5
44.2
801.1
19.1

89.2
44.6
801.8
19.8

91.5
44.9
779.1
21.0

560.7
26.9
77.8
531.0
213.5
135.4
156.2
25.9

562.4
26.7
77.9
534.8
214.3
135.9
158. 6
26.0

566. 7
27.0
78.3
543.0
217.4
138.0
161. 3
26.3

575. 5
27.0
79.6
549. 9
220.1
140. 0
162. 7
27.1

571.1 568.3
27.0
26.8
78.3
77.5
544.0 536.6
218.9 216.0
137.6 135.9
160. 6 158.7
26.9! 26.0

569.9
26.8
78.8
533.2
216.2
132.3
158.7
26.0

571.7
27.0
78.6
535.1
216.9
135. 4
157. 5
25.3

573.2
27.3
78.2
536.7
217.5
136.2
157.7
25.3

576.1
27.6
79.0
539.7
218.2
136. 8
158.8
25.9

581.9
27.9
77.9
543. 6
220.2
137.3
159.4
26.7

585.4
28. 4
74.8
544. 3
221.4
137. 9
158.6
26.5

321.8
—

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation__
Intercity and rural bus lines_________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Pipeline transportation_________
Communication:
Telephone communication
Telegraph communication 3____ _
Radio and television broadcasting__
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems..............
Combined utility systems______
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—

—
................

574.0
26.9
78.8
550.0
220. 2
139.9
162 8
27.1

571.3
26.8
78.0
536. 0
216.6
135.3
158.4
25.7

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

212
T able

A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see b ox below.

[In thousands]

1961

1960

Annual
average

1UUU9UJ
D ec.2 N o v.2 Oct.

Wholesale and retail trade *___ _________

Wholesale trade .
_____________
Motor vehicles and automotive equipment
. ______________
"Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.
D ry goods and apparel___________ —
Groceries and related products______
Electrical goods.
. ___________
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods..
___ ____________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies_
Retail trade 4___________________
General merchandise stores________
Department stores____________
Limited price variety stores______
Food stores..
___________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.Apparel and accessories stores______
M en’s and bovs’ apparel stores____
Women's ready-to-wear stores_____
Family clothing stores._________
Shoe stores__________________
Furniture and appliance stores______
Other retail trade 4
_____________
Motor vehicle dealers____________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers__
Drug stores___________________

Finance, insurance, and real estate:

Banking.
_____ ____________
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers._______________
Life insurance_________________
Accident and health insurance______
F i r e , marine, a n d c a s u a l ty in s u r a n c e

Sept

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1960

1959

8,972 8,806 8,716 8,672 8,658 8,676 8,599 8,549 8,554 8,502 8,676 9,558 8,810 W8,592
2,632 2,632 2,620 2,631 2,600 2, 580 2, 552 2, 550 2, 559 2, 569 2,591 2, 650 2, 610 2, 558
184.8
162.3
111.2
442.8
180.4

183.4
160.2
110.5
440.3
179.2

183.3
159.5
110.6
430.1
179.1

182.7
160.2
112.6
425.2
180.1

182.7
160.2
111.7
431.6
179.5

181.9 180.6
158.5 157.2
111. 1 109.9
436.9 431.5
178.3 177.0

180.6
156.8
110.7
429.1
178.2

178.9
156. 9
110.8
434.6
179.2

179.1
156.6
111.7
439.0
179.9

180.5
155.8
111.5
442.5
181.1

182.4 181.5
156.7 155.6
112. 5 112.0
449.3 439.1
182.4 183.6

175.7
149.8
108.7
433.6
178.5

124.3 124.3 124.6 125.3 125.0 123.6 123.7 123.7 123.1 123.1 123.9 125.4 127.7 129.2
416.0 417.7 418.6 419.2 418.9 415.2 410.1 408.0 408.8 407.3 408.5 408.5 412.0 396.2
6,339 6,174 6,096 6, 041 6,058 6,096 6,047 5,999 5,995 5,933 6,085 6,908 6,201 6,034
1,564. 8 1,453.5 1,405. 2 1,366. 6 1,360. 5 1,378. 5 1,365.0 1,347.1 1,346.9 1,303. 8 1,383.6 1,916.9 1,447.9 1,421.1
922.4 844.3 806.6 786.9 786.4 801.7 793.9 787.9 787.1 762.6 817.9 1,148. 9 843.6 828.5
331.3 312.8 308. 5 297.1 291.6 297.4 299.0 291.2 292.1 279.8 294.2 423.2 316.8 307.9
1,282.8 1,296. 5 1,257.3 1, 260. 7 1,270. 4 1, 272.6 1,268.5 1,265.4 1, 268. 4 1,276.2 1,277.6 1,312.1 1,273.1 1,219.9
1,119.4 1,108.3 1,096.8 1,097. 6 1,108. 1 1,109.0 1,103. 5 1,103.8 1, 104. 7 1,110.2 1,114.6 1,133. 5 1,106. 5 1,057.0
615.4 592.6 582.7 553.6 558. 5 583.9 579.1 568. 5 574.0 537. 8 575.5 707.7 582.3 557.2
89.8
92.9
93.2
92.6 100.4 126.6
95.6
92.0
93.7
99.0
92.5
95.8
93.5
101.7
236. 5 227.5 225.2 215. 2 214. 0 222.3 224.6 220.4 219.8 205.7 217.9 266.2 223.3 217.3
83.5
82.7
84.9
85.9
89.2 113.4
88.1
88.1
86.3
86.6
88.2
83.6
94.4
90.1
92.4 101.0 119. 2 106.3 100.8
104.8 104.0 104. 2 95. 9 98.2 104.1 104.7 102.0 103.1
372.0 367.8 364. 4 362.5 361.6 360.8 355. 7 358.1 358.9 359.8 364. 9 383. 5 368.9 359.9
2, 504.1 2,490. 5 2,486. 5 2, 497.9 2, 507. 4 2, 500.2 2, 478.2 2,460.2 2, 446.9 2,455. 7 2,483.6 2, 588.1 2,528.3 2,475.7
570.6 568.9 567. 9 576.5 578.5 575.6 573.8 576.4 578.4 582.5 588.9 591.5 596.2 579.6
122.2 120.9 119.2 118.6 120.9 121.8 116.1 114. 5 109.7 109.4 110.2 125.6 123.1 121.3
351.0 348.6 348. 6 348.1 346.1 347.4 344.5 342.9 344.3 343.2 348.4 367.0 347.5 336.2
595.5
122.8
776.4
428.3
46.6
264.6

593.8
122.3
775.9
427.9
46.3
264.9

596.4
122.9
780.8
430.4
46.5
266.8

604.1
125. 2
787.0
433.8
47.1
268.9

602.2
124.7
784.7
432.7
46.8
268.1

593.3
122.8
778.2
428.4
46.8
266.0

585.4
119.2
773.8
427.6
46.4
263.6

585.0
115.7
774.6
428.5
46.3
263.8

585.1
112.1
774.1
427.6
46.1
264.4

584.0
109.6
771.8
426.0
45.8
264. 2

582. 5
107.6
768.1
423.7
45.7
262.8

586.4
107.8
771.1
424.3
46.4
264.2

575.9
107.0
763.9
420.7
46.0
260.3

547.9
99.9

746.8
412.7
45.3
252.4

Services and miscellaneous:

Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m o te ls ._
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.

488.5

496.6

530. 5

568. 7

568.0

533.0

482.7

480.4

469.6

469.8

465.1

466.6

485.0

465.9

375.8

379.5

379.2

379.7

385.2

3S8.4

381.0

374.5

373.1

370.4

376. £

378.1

389.2

396.6

27.1

26.7

27.1

27.2

28.2

28.0

27.4

27.7

29.4

30.4

31.5

31.7

29.0

30.9

• For comparability of data with those published in Issues prior to Decem­
ber 1961 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining, manufacturing, and laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for all other Industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., power plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

repair and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsu-pervisory workers include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
3 Preliminary.
8 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Excludes eating and drinking places.

A comprehensive description of the 1961 revision of the Bureau’s statistics on employ­
ment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments, which
was reflected for the first time in the figures published in the December 1961 issue,
appears on pp. 59-62 of the January 1962 issue.

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

213

A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
[in thousands]______ _________________ Revised

series ; see box, p. 212.

1961

1960

Industry division and group
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

T otal................................................................................

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

54,491 54,517 54,385 54,304 54,333 54,335 54,182 53,894 53, 663 53, 561 53,485 53, 581 53,707

Mining...................... .......................................................

660

666

661

666

665

672

669

670

666

668

667

672

679

Contract construction................_............. .....................

2,703

2,720

2,758

2,754

2,770

2,776

2,795

2,742

2,766

2,792

2,765

2,773

2,757

Manufacturing___________________ ____________

16,521 16,469 16,361 16,323

IS,

381 16,392 16,373 16,275 16,119 16,023 15,962 16,021 16,174

Durable goods........ .................................................
Ordnance and accessories..............__................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures......................................
Stone, clay, and glass products......... ..............
Primary metal industries..... ............................
Fabricated metal products................................
Machinery.....................__........ ......................
Electrical equipment and supplies..................
Transportation equipment______________
Instruments aud related products...... .............
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____

9,265
207
600
374
564
1,179
1,097
1,419
1,476
1,611
352
386

9,221
206
601
373
570
1,177
1,098
1,420
1,456
1,581
350
389

9,112
208
600
372
574
1,174
1,091
1,409
1,455
1,496
349
384

9,105
203
603
370
573
1,179
1,090
1,400
1,428
1, 528
350
381

9,131
202
603
371
578
1,174
1,094
1,404
1,444
1,530
349
382

91,38
202
604
370
575
1,170
1,082
1,401
1,442
1, 559
349
384

9,114
200
606
368
573
1,151
1,085
1,396
1,442
1,560
347
386

9,058
199
602
366
569
1,135
1,084
1,398
1,439
1, 537
346
383.

8,904
196
601
365
561
1,101
1,057
1,395
1,422
1,487
342
377

8,820
196
595
361
557
1,085
1,040
1,388
1,416
1,468
340
374

8, 797
196
591
358
551
1,084
1,041
1,394
1,411
1,455
341
375

8,863
195
596
356
556
1,092
1,055
1,401
1,405
1,491
343
373

8,988
194
594
364
564
1,107
i; 073
L414
1,402
1,553
'345
378

Nondurable goods.....................................................
Food and kindred products........ ............. ........
Tobacco manufactures............................... ......
Textile mill products.........................................
Apparel and related products...........................
Paper and allied p ro d u cts............ .................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__
Chemicals anc. allied products___ _________
Petroleum refining and related industries___
Rubber and m iscellaneous plastic products...
Leather and leather products...........................

7,256
1,783
83
884
1,207
596
930
839
197
376
361

7,248
1,786
88
884
1,203
594
927
837
196
373
360

7,249
1,787
91
882
1,204
591
925
835
204
370
360

7,218
1,769
96
880
1,194
589
927
832
202
372
357

7,250
1, 770
90
882
1,213
592
929
835
205
372
362

7,254
1,773
88
887
1,208
593
932
836
203
272
362

7,259
1, 775
90
887
1,210
592
929
834
206
371
365

7,217
1,772
89
884
1,196
588
925
828
206
365
364

7,215
1, 787
90
877
1,204
585
924
824
205
356
363

7,203
1,794
92
870
1,201
585
925
822
204
351
359

7,165
1,785
91
869
1,182
583
922
819
204
350
360

7,158
1,785
91
870
1,171
584
920
821
205
352
359

7,186
1,788
92
876
1,180
584
922
824
206
356
358

3,908

3,926

3,929

3,939

3,939

3,942

3,914

3,903

3,901

3,919

3,922

3,931

3,950

Transportation and public utilities...............................
Wholesale and retail trade..............................................
Wholesale trade.........................................................
Retail trade.......... ....................................................

11,339 11,368 11,365 11,363 11,410 11,437 11,392 11,355 11,320 11,252 11,296 11,347 11,334
2,998 3, 013 3,022 3,020 3,020 3,022 3, Oil 3,001 2,988 2,991 2,989 2,992 3,003
8,341 8,355 8,343 8,343 8,390 8,415 8,381 8,354 8,332 8,261 8,307 8,355 3,331

Finance, insurance, and real estate_______________

2,772

2, 770

2,764

2,756

2, 757

2,748

2,747

2,739

2,732

2,732

2,731

2,727

2,723

Service and miscellaneous.................................. .........

7,621

7,603

7,580

7,567

7,546

7,533

7,471

7,436

7,425

7,463

7,460

7,439

7,447

Government...... .............................................................
Federal._____ ________ _______ _____________
State and local_________ ___________________
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
* Preliminary.

8,967
2,266
6,701

8,995
2,324
6,671

8,967
2,320
6,647

8,936
2,313
6,623

8,865 8,835 8,821 8, 774 8,734 8, 712 8, 682 8,671 8,643
2,309 2,301 2,288 2,270 2,251 2,248 2,235 2,258 2,239
6, 556 6,534 6, 533 6, 504 6,483 6,464 6, 447 6,413 fi 404
N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Sea­
sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , August 1960, pp. 822-827.

T a b l e A -5 . P roduction workers in m anufacturing industries, b y m ajor industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
__________Revised

[in thousands]

series ; see box, p. 212.

1961
Major industry group

Dec.2 Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1960
M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Manufacturing............................. .................................. ........ 12,274 12,226 12,129 12,104 12,156 12,164 12,145 12,060 11,910 11,812 11,755 11,820 11,962
Durable goods................................................. ........ .......... 6,818 6,772 6,676 6,673 6,699 6,709 6,682 6,637 6,491 6,403 6,377 6,447 6, 568
Ordnance and accessories..........................................
98
97
99
97
95
95
93
93
91
92
91
91
91
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.........
535
537
536
539
538
538
540
535
533
528
523
529
530
Furniture and fixtures_____ ______________
311
310
308
306
309
307
305
303
302
297
295
294
300
Stone, clay, and glass products...............................
453
458
461
460
464
462
461
458
449
446
440
445
453
Primary metal industries..........................................
951
943
943
950
944
944
924
911
876
859
858
864
878
Fabricated metal products_________________
843
841
831
833
824
838
828
828
802
786
786
799
817
Machinery...... ...........................................................
980
981
971
965
967
966
959
962
959
953
958
963
975
Electrical equipment and supplies___________ 1,006
983
983
957
972
968
968
967
950
944
939
937
935
Transportation equipment-..................................... 1,106 1,084 1,011 1,037 1,039 1,073 1,072 1,052 1,010
983
971 1,006 1,066
Instruments and related products......................
224
224
223
224
225
223
222
221
218
217
217
220
222
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______
311
314
310
305
308
309
310
307
301
298
299
298
302
Nondurable goods______ ___ _______________ 5,456 5,454 5,453 5,431 5,457 5,455 5,463 5,423 5,419 5,409 5,378 5,373 5,394
Food and kindred products______ ___ ______ 1,192 1,195 1,196 1,184 1,182 1,183 1,188 1,183 1,197 1,202 1,195 1,197 lj 198
Tobacco manufactures___________________
71
77
79
85
80
77
78
78
79
81
80
80
81
Textile mill products............................. ....................
797
797
796
794
795
800
800
798
790
784
783
784
789
Apparel and related products................................... 1,075 1,074 1,073 1,063 1,081 1,072 1,076 1,063 1,069 1,068 1,050 1,039 1,048
Paper and allied products.........................................
476
473
471
469
472
472
473
468
466
466
464
465
'464
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..............
598
596
594
595
596
601
597
595
594
595
594
593
593
Chemicals and allied products..................................
513
511
509
507
510
513
510
505
500
499
497
499
501
Petroleum refining and related industries
__
124
125
132
131
134
132
130
132
132
131
131
133
134
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products............
291
288
285
287
287
287
286
279
271
267
266
267
271
Leather and leather products______ ____ ____
319
318
316
318
320
320
323
322
321
316
318
316
315
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New sea1 Preliminary.
sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , August 1960, pp. 822-827.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

214
T able

A-6. U n em p loym ent insurance and em ploym ent service program operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
1960

1961
Item
Nov.
Employment service: *
New up pi lea fions for work__________
Nonfarm placements__________ -___

866
511

859
596

845
603

793
607

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

818
501

Apr.

M ay

1,018
551

873
520

808
440

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

895
417

949
342

Dee.

1,065
365

Nov.

820
378

881
430

State unemployment Insurance programs:1
1,744
2,381
2,175
1,709
1,919
1,368
1,229
1,468
1,501
1,248
1,081
1,406
1, 219
Initial claims * s____________ ___
Insured unemployment1 (average weekly
3,266
2,639
2,039
3,394
3,168
1,991
2, 328
2,779
1,744
1,958
1, 558
1,662
1, 502
volume) ____________________
6.6
6. i
7. 8
8.1
84
4.9
5. 7
6.8
4.8
4.3
38
4.1
3.7
R»tp nf Insured unemployment ' ______
9,105
7,054
9,835 10, 656 13,334 11,935 11,975
6,992
8,273
7,310
5, 772
5, 644
5,869
Weeks of unemployment, compensated-.Average weekly benefit amount for total
$33.67 $33.30 $33.12 $33. 36 $32 91 $32.92 $33. 46 $34.18 $34. 37 $34.46 $34 34 $34.18 $34.01
unemployment----------------------------Total benefits paid.—. ---------------------- $190, 883 $180, 938 $185,008 $237,168 $223,978 $264,448 $320,089 $362, 539 $461, 543 $399, 264 $397,609 $300,204 $231,114
Unemployment compensation for ex-servicemen: * ®
Initial claims *
_________ _____
Injured unemployment® (averageweekly
volume) ----------------------------------Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits paid ____________
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees: “ •
Initial claims 8 ___ ______________
Insured unemployment • (average weekly
volume)
___________________
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits paid
_ ..
Railroad unemployment Insurance:
Applications 11 ____________ ____
insured unemployment (average weekly

Insured unemployment * 8__________

33

71
279
$8,597

59
227
$7,016

29

35

33

30

29

47
202
$6, 344

58
263
$8,174

60
236
$7,271

12

13

10

11

15

12

12

13

12

13

19

14

14

29
118
$4,128

28
116
$4, 053

28
118
$4,136

31
139
$4,878

32
115
$3,932

31
142
$4,913

33
148
$5, 090

36
167
$6, 228

40
160
$5,604

41
162
$5,534

4(1

164
605

35
142
$4,817

33
131
$4,464

15

14

19

26

100

9

6

6

10

13

38

21

23

47
193
$6,081

1,817

1, 653

1, 719

1,907

1 Data relate to the United States (Including Alaska and Hawaii), except
where otherwise Indicated.
' includes Guam Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
« Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the Com­
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
<Initial claims are notices filed by workers to Indicate they are starting
periods oi unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
' Includes interstate claims tor Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for the
entire period.
• Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unemp'oyment.
' The rate Is the number of Insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment In a 12-month period.
» Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
»Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

36

26

26

25
52
221
$6, 886

74
77
74
77
200
174
167
172
Number of payments 18____________
Averaee amount of benefit payment11---- $80. 51 $79. 72 $80. 70 $80.61
Tnfrtl benefits pair* H _____________ _ $13,807 $13, 770 $13, 558 $16,173

All urograms: 18

39

86
91
61
71
61
83
355
355
326
370
291
380
$8,984 $10,190 $11,980 $11, 618 $11,002 $11,017

24

22

p i,

123
95
106
113
103
100
83
107
83
226
194
242
253
203
270
224
164
$77. 88 $78. 43 $80. 01 $79. 57 $81.60 $80. 99 $82. 66 $82. 46 $81. 52
$12, 713 $17, 551 $20, 485 $16,273 $22,274 $19,706 $22,20$ $18, 793 $16,036
2,136

2,175

2, 543

3,046

3,403

3,638

3, 51f

2,847

2,225

1« Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs,
li An application for benefits Is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period o( unemployment in a benefit year; no application Is required
for subsequent periods in the same year,
i* Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods,
n The average amount Is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments,
it Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
i* Represents »d undupliaated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and TJCFE programs and the Railroad Unemploy­
ment Insurance Act.
Source: U.S Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
ali items except railroad unemployment insurance, which Is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

215

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l .

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per

loo employees]

Revised series ; see box, p. 212.

1961

Annual
average

1960

Major industry group
Nov.2 Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

3.7

2.3
33

2.9

3.8

1959

Accessions: T o ta l2
Manufacturing:
Actual______ _____________________
Seasonally adjusted. _______________
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except furnitu re..____ __________________
Furniture and fixtures...........................
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Prim ary metal industries.......................
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery__________________ _____
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.......................................... ..........
Nondurable goods__________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures_______ ..
Textile mill products____ ___________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products__________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__ _____ _______ ______
Chemicals and allied p roducts.............
Petroleum refining and related industries
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____________________ _____ _
Leather and leather products________
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_____________________
Coal mining_____________ _________

3.3
4.0

4.3
4-4

4.7
5.7

4 .1

4 .O

3.2
3.0

4. 0
3.3

4.3
3.6

49
2.7

3.4
3.7
2.4
2.3
3.2
2.8
3.6
4.0
2.8

4.1
4.9
3.2
2.9
4.4
3.2
4.3
4.9
3.3

5.0
5. 1
3.2
3.1
5.0
3.4
4.6
4.9
3.2

5.1
5.9
4.0
3.5
5.6
3.3
4.7
7.0
3.5

3.9

6.3

6.9

3.5
4.3
3.0
3.1
5.4
2.1

4.6
6.9
3.5
3.9
5.8
2.9

5.2
8.4
15.3
4.1
5.2
3.0

2.4
1.7
.7

3.3
2.1
1.2

3.8
2.2
1.3

2.8
4.9

3.8
5.1

1.5
2.2

2.7
2.3

5.3

4.4

5.0
3.9

4.2
42

39

45

2.8

3.3

5.3
5.3
3.7
3.1
4.6
3.0
3.4
4.1
2.8

8.8
4.4
4.9
4.1
4.7
3.6
4.0
4.3
3.4

7.6

6.1

5.9

5.7

5.7

5.5

5.8
9.8
22.0
4.4
6.4
2.8

5.0
7.7
6.8
3.6
6.9
2.9

5.5
8.3
2.9
3.9
6.9
4.0

4.3
5 .7
4.5
4.0
6.3
2.7

3.6
4.9
1.4
3.6
4.9
2.4

3.6
4.4
2.2
3.4
5.2
2.3

3.1
2.0
1.2

3.0
2.0
1.4

4.0
3.1
2.6

2.6
2.2
1.8

2.2
2.3
1.3

2.6
2.5
1.0

2.3
1.7

4.5
4.8

5.1
5.3

3.9
6.5

4.6
6.0

4.8
5.8

4.1
3.9

2.5
3.0

2.3
3.4

2.1
3.6

3.9
1.3

2.8
1 .9

3.1

4.0
4ß
43

3.2
3 3

42

4.0
44
42

2.5

2.6

2.2

2.5

2.7

2.4

2. 4

2. 6

3.1

7.1
3.7
4.4
4.8
4.7
2.9
3.2
4.4
2.6

7.6
3.6
4.4
4. 1
4.8
3.0
3.2
5.0
2 .1

5.4
3.5
5.0
4.1
5.0
3.0
2.9

4.2
3.0
3.4
2.9
3.5
2.6
2.8
3.6
1.9

5.4
3.1
3.0
3.4
4.3
3.3
3.5
4. 2
2.4

2.3
2.1
1.7
2. 1
2.5
2.1
2.0
2.7
1.5

2.6
2. 5
1.9
2.3
2.7
2. 4
2. 7
3. 4
1.8

4. 8
3. 9
3.4
2.4
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.3
2.4

5.5
4. 5
4.0
3.1
4.7
3.6
4.0
4.8
2.9

4.7

5.6

2.2

3.5

5.3

5.5

3.2
3.5
1.7
2.9
5.7
2.0

3.5
3.9
5.0
2.9
5.8
2.3

2.5
3.3

5. 8
1.9
3.5
1.5

3.1
3.9
3.6
2.6
4.9
1.9

4.1
6.0
5. 6
3.2
5.3
2. 6

4.3
6. 2
5. 4
3.5
5.7
2.8

.8

2.5
1.8
1.1

2.0
1.2
.6

2.5
1.3
.7

3.0
2.0
1.2

3.0
2.2
1.3

3.4
4.0

2.7
4.5

3.6
5.2

1.8
3.7

2.3
4.3

3.1
4.8 .

3.6
4.8

1.9
1.6

2.5
1.5

3.8
1.6

1.8
1.2

1.7
1.2

3.4
1.6

3.6
2.2

.8

6.8
1.9

4.2

39

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted___ _____________
Durable goods_____ __________
Ordnance and accessories......................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________________ _____
Furniture and fixtures____ _________
Stone, clay, and glass products....... ......
Primary metal industries....................
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery............. ....................... ......
Electrical equipment and supplies__
Transportation equipment____ ______
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries_______________________
Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures ...
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products.............. .
Paper and allied products....................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries....... ................... ........ .........
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products............ ........................................
Leather and leather products________
N onm anufacturing:
Metal mining__
Coal mining______________________
See footnotes at end of table.


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2 .4

1.9

2.7
2.5

3.1
2.3

2.5

2.9

2.0

1.4
1. 7

1.8

1. 8

1.5
1.9

2.6

2 .1

1.6
1.9

2.2

2.2

2.1
2.1

1.0

2.2

1.9
2.1

2.5
2.2

2.6
2.7

2.6
1.9

2.1
2.1

2.4
2.6

1.8
1.8

1.6
1.8

1.4
1.5

1.2
1.6

1.3
1.9

.9
1.6

1.2
1.7

1.9
1.8

2.5
2.4

2.3
2.9
1.3
.9
2.0
1.6
2.5
1.8
2.1

3.3
3.8
2.0
1.2
2.8
1.8
3.0
2.2
2.6

3.9
4.1
2.1
1.3
3.0
1.8
3.1
2.2
2.4

4.3
4.4
2.5
1.4
3.2
1.8
2.9
1.9
2.2

4. 1
3.6
2.2
1.0
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.0

5.8
2.9
2.9
1.3
2.7
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.3

4.7
2.2
2.1
.9
2.1
1 .4
1.5
1 .3
1.5

3.9
1.8
1.8
.6
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2

2.4
2.0
1.7
.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.1

1.5
1.4
1.1
.4
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1

1.9
1.4
1.0
.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4

1.2
1.1
.6
.4
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
.9

1.7
1.7
.9
.4
1.3
1. 1
1.5
1.3
1.2

3.4
2.8
2.0
.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.7

4.2
3.4
2.6
1.7
2.7
2.3
2.6
1.9
2.3

2.8

3.0

1.8

1.5

5.1

5.3

5.9

3.8

3.8

3.5

2.8

2.6

2.3

2.5

1.4

2.3

3.4

3.5

2.1
2.2
1.1
2.1
2.8
1.4

3.0
4.3
2.2
2.7
3.5
2.1

3.6
5.6
9.7
2.9
3.4
2.3

3.8
6.1
13.4
3.1
4.0
2.0

3.1
4.8
2.2
2.4
3.7
1.9

3.4
5.2
1.3
2.7
3.6
2.9

2.4
3.1
1.3
2.5
3.2
1.7

1.9
2.4
.5
1.9
2.8
1.3

1.9
2.0
.6
1.6
2.9
1.2

1.6
1.5
.8
1.3
2.7
1.0

1.7
1.7
2.1
1.3
2.5
•1.0

1.2
1.4
1.4
.9
1.5
.7

1.7
2.0
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.1

2.5
3.5
2.9
2.0
3.2
1.8

2.8
3.6
3.0
2.4
3.6
2.1

1.9
1.1

2.6
1.5

3.0
1.5
1.0

2.4
1.4
.8

2.3
1.5
1.1

2.9
2.3
2.1

1.8
1.4
1 .1

1.7
1.4
.7

1.9
1.5
.5

1.7
1.0
.5

1.9

.9

.9

1.4
.6
.4

1.9
.8
.5

2.4
1.4

2.4
1.6

.5

1.7
3.0

2.5
3.3

3.0
3.2

2.8
3.7

2.2
3.6

2.4
3.6

1.9
2.9

1.4
1.9

1.3
1.9

1.1
2.1

1.0
2.9

.6
2.1

1.2
2.3

1.7
2.9

2.4
3.2

.6

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.1

2.3

1 .3

.9

.8

.9

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.9

1.9

.4

1.0

.9

.8

.7

.7

.3

.3

.2

.2

.3

.8

.3

.3

.8

.4

.8

.4

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

216

Table B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^ C ontinu ed
[Per 100 employees]

Revised series; see box, p. 212.
Annual
average

1960

1961

Major industry group
Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1960

1959

Separations: T o ta l2

Manufacturing:
Seasonally adjusted_________________

Durable goods....................... -.................
Ordnance and accessories---------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______________________
Furniture and fixtures------------------Stone, clay, and glass products............
Primary metal industries---------------Fabricated metal products-------------Machinery.............................-............
Electrical equipment and supplies----Transportation equipment.......... ........
Instruments and related products-----Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries—
Nondurable goods........... -.................... .
Food and kindred products------------Tobacco manufactures------------------Textile mill products........................... .
Apparel and related products----------Paper and allied products....................■
Printing, publishing, and allied indusChemicals and allied products....... —
Petroleum refining and related indusRubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts........................... ........................
Leather and leather products..............
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining.......
Coal mining.........

39
3.8

4.1
3.6

5.1
4-1

4.1
3.8

4.1
4.3

3.6
4.0

3.5
3.8

3.4
3.5

3.9
4.2

3.9
15

4.7
4-7

4 -9

35
2.2

3. 7
2.2

4.3
3.0

3.9
2.4

4.3
2.1

3.5
2.3

3.3
2.1

3.1
1.9

4.2
2.4

4.2
2.2

5.1
2.3

5.0
1.9

4.3
4.5
4 3 ...........
4.3
4.5
2.4
2.3

fï 1
49
37
32
40
9X
34
32
2.8

5. 4
4. 7
40
30
4. 5
31
3.2
3. 6
2.5

6.7
4.9
4.4
3.0
5.0
3.8
4.0
4.4
3.8

6.2
4.6
3.7
2. 7
4.5
3.5
3.1
4.2
2.6

5.9
4.3
2.2
2.2
4.5
3.4
3.0
8.2
2.4

4.3
3.3
3.0
2.3
4.3
3.4
3.1
4.3
2.4

4.0
4.3
2.8
2.2
3.5
3.2
2.8
4.0
2.0

3.7
3.5
3.2
2.2
3.1
2.9
2.8
3.9
2.3

4.8
4.3
3.2
3.2
4.4
3.2
3.5
5.7
2.3

6.1
4.0
4.0
3.5
5.2
2.8
3.2
6.6
2.2

6.1
5.1
5.3
4.4
6.7
3.4
3.9
7.3
2.9

6.8
4.8
5. 5
4.9
6.4
3.1
3.4
5.9
2.4

7.8
4.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
? .i
3.8
4.8
2.7

6. 5

5.7

5.8

5.9

5.1

4.3

4.7

4.3

5.0

4.3

5.6

10.4

3.5
4.3
7.0
3.1
5.1
2.4

4.2
5.5
3.4
3.9
6.1
2.9

4.7
6.6
6.2
3.8
6.8
2.9

2.6
1.6

2.8
2.0

3.0
2.0

2.4
2.0

4.8

4.1
—

4.0
2. 3

6.1
4. 6
4.1
4.0
4.8
3.4
3.5
5. 2
2. 7

5.4
4.4
3.8
2. 5
4. 7
3.1
3.2
5. 5
2. 4

7.5

5.9

5.3

4.5
6.9
13.4
3. 7
5.7
2.9

4.4
6.0
5.9
3.7
6.1
2. 9

4.2
6.1
5.1
3.5
5. 6
2. 7

2.8
2.1

2.8
2.0

43
77
Q8
32
4J7
2.3

4. 6
6.9
13. 5
3.6
5.4
2.9

6.0
9.7
7.2
4. 5
6.5
4.3

4.5
6.8
3.2
3.9
5.2
2.9

3.9
5.0
2.1
3.4
6.1
2.5

3.7
4.8
2.1
3.1
5.5
2.3

3.7
4.3
2.9
3.1
6.6
2.2

3.8
4.6
6.3
3.1
6.5
2.2

3.6
4.4
5.3
3.3
5.2
2.4

22
2.0

3.1
2.0

4.1
3.1

3.1
2.2

2.5
1.7

2.8
2.2

2.6
2.4

2.5
1.8

2.5
1.6

1.9

1.9

2.8

2.2

1.7

1.4

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.4

2.8
4.3

2.7
5.1

4.0
5.1

4.3
4.5

4.5
4.9

4.4
5.3

4.3
4.3

3.9
5.0

3.4
4.7

2.4
2.3

2.2
2.6

2.8
3.4

2.4
3.5

5.1
1.7

6.6
5.0

4.1
2.1

3.8
3.6

3.4
3. 8

0.9

1.3

1.5

3a
4.1

3. 8
5.2

4.1
6.1

3.4
5.8

3.1
5.6

3.1
4.2

30
1.6

2.9
2.4

4.1
1.8

2.9
1.7

2.3
5.8

1.8
1.4

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual................................. -.................
Seasonally adjusted...........- .......................

Durable goods...................- ....... -............
Ordnance and accessories--------- -----Lumber and wood products, except
furniture—------------------------------Furniture and fixtures-------------------Stone, clay, and glass products........ —
Primary metal industries.................... .
Fabricated metal products-------------Machinery.............................................
Electrical equipment and supplies.......
Transportation equipment.................. .
Instruments and related products-----Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries.......................................-......... .
Nondurable goods------- -------------------Food and kindred products------------Tobacco manufactures____________
Textile mill products........................... .
Apparel and related products----------Paper and allied products..------------Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries_________________________
Chemicals and allied products---------Petroleum refining and related indusRubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts------- ------------------------------Leather and leather products..............
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining___
Coal mining....... See footnotes at end of table;


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.1

1.4
1.3

2.3
1.3

1.7

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.8

0.9

0.7

1.1

l.t

l.t

1 .0

0.9

l.t

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.2
1.0
2.1
1.9
1.1

1.9

1.4
1.2

1.0
1.0

1.0
1.0

.9
.9

.8
.8

.6
.8

.7
.9

.6

.7

1.1
1.0

1.3

.9

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.3

.6

.3

.7
.4
.7

2.3
1.7
1.1

2.6

.7
.4

1.2
1.0
.7
.3
.6

1.1
.9

1.4

.5

1.3

1.4
1.5
.8

.4

1.0
.7
1.3
.7
1.1

1.7
1.3
1.4
.6

1.6
1.9
.8

.6

1.3
.9
1.4
.9

1.2
2.5
1.6

1.9
.9
1.8
2.2
1.1

1.2
.5

1.5
.7

1.1

1.3
2.3

1.9

1.8
3.6
2.5

1.8
1.0
2.1

1.4
2.1
1.4
2.2
3.4

2.7
3.6
2.2
2.6

2.8
2.3

2.5
1.7

2.9
2.3
1.5

.7

1.5
1.1
1.5

1.0
1.3

2.7

2.1
2.6

1.2

2.2
1.6
1.0
.5
1.0
.8

1.0
.7
.9

1.6
1.4
1.5

1.3

1.0
.5

1.0
.9
1.1
.8

1.0
1.7

1.5

1.5
.7

2.0

1.2

.8

.8

1.6
1.3
1.4

2.9

2.0

1.6
.4

2.2

1.3

.8

1.1

.7

.8

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.3

1.9

1.9

1.1
1.0

.9

1.1
1.2

1.7
1.9

.7

1.6
1.7
1.0
2.3
1.2

1.6

1.7
2.3
1.3
1.5

.8
.6

1.0

1.0
.6

.6

.6
.8

.9
1.1

1.1

.9

1.2

1.4
1.3

1.7
.7

.6

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.5

.5

.8

.8

.3

.3

.8

.7
1.5

.6

1.6

.8

1.1
2.2

2.2

1.5
.3

1.5
.3

1.0

.2

1.9
1.4

.6

1.1
2.1

.3

.6

1.7
.7

.6

1.0

.6

1.1

1.1

.8

.9
1.7

.9

.3

1.2

.5
.7
.5
.7

1.0

.4

.6

.7

.9
.7
.9
1.3

1.1

1.9

.6

1.1
1.0

1.2

1.6

.8
.6

1.2
1.1

1.4

1.4
.5

.8

.7

1.7

1.0

.7

1.8

2.0

.7

.8

.8

2.1
.9

1.6

.7

1.2
1.8
.7

.9

2.0
3.2

1.4

.7

.9
1.3

.6

2.3

.6

.7
.9
.7

1.1

1.5

.8
1.6

1.0

1.7

1.4
.9
.4
.9
.7
.9
.7

1.3
2.3
2.7
1.4

1.1

.5

2.2

1.1

.8

.5

1.7

.9
.6

1.5

.9

.5

.8

1.7

.4

1.4

1.2

1.1

1.3

B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able B - l.

217

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.

[Per 100 employees]
1961

1960

Annual
average

Major Industry group
Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1960

1959

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual_____ ________ _____________
Seasonally adjusted.................................
Durable goods_________________ _____
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______________________
Furniture and fixtures.. ........................
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Prim ary metal industries.......................
Fabricated metal products....................
Machinery_____________ _________
Electrical equipment and supplies.......
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products........
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries_________________ ________
Nondurable goods_____________ _____
Food and kindred products........... ........
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products................
Paper and allied products......................
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries__________________ „______
Chemicals and al lied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries............. ......................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________ ______________
Leather and leather products___ _____
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining______________________

2.2

1.8

2.0
1.7

2.0
2. g

1.7
1.9

2.3
2.5

2.2

1.7

2.0

1.8

1.9
1.9

2.3
2. S

2.6
2.9

3.2
2.9

3.6
2.9

2.6

3.1

2.4

2.0

1.9
.7

1.7
.6

1.6
.5

1.7
.7

2.7
.7

1.8
.9

1.7
.8

1.7
.5

2.6
1.0

3.1
.8

3.7
.9

3.9
.7

3.2
1.0

2.6
.9

2.0
.7

3.1
1.9
2.4
2.1
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.0

2.5
1.9
2.1
1.6
2.3
1. 5
1.0
1.7
.6

2.1
1.7
1.8
1.2
2.2
1.6
1.0
2.2
.7

2.4
1.6
1.5
1.4
2.2
1.9
.8
2.4
.6

3.0
2.2
1.5
1.1
2.7
2.0
1.3
6.8
1.1

1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
2.7
1.7
1.3
2.8
1.0

1.3
2.3
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.9
1.3
2.6
.6

1.4
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.3
2.6
1.0

2.8
2.6
1.9
2.3
3.2
1.8
2.0
4.5
1.0

4.5
2.5
3.0
2.6
4.1
1.8
1.9
5.8
1.0

4.3
3.4
4.1
3.5
5.5
2.1
2.2
6.1
1.4

5.4
3.3
4.5
4.2
5.4
2.1
2.1
4.9
1.3

6.0
3.2
3.5
3.7
3.6
2.0
2.2
3.7
1.4

3.1
2.1
2.4
3.0
3.1
1.9
1.6
3.6
1.0

2.1
1.8
1.8
1.1
2.6
1.4
1.2
3.7
.6

4.0

2.2

1.4

2.2

2.7

1.9

2.4

2.2

3.0

2.6

3.7

8.7

5.6

3.2

2.7

2.5
5.7
9.0
1. 1
2.3
1.0

2.3
4.3
12.1
1.1
2. 5
1.0

2.6
5.3
4.6
1.2
2.9
1.2

1.8
3.6
1.4
1.0
1.7
.8

1.9
2.9
1.0
1.2
3.1
1.0

1.6
2.7
1.1
1.0
2.8
.8

1.9
2.4
2.1
1.0
4.0
.8

2.1
2.9
5.1
1.3
4.1
1.0

2.0
2.8
4.2
1.6
2.8
1.1

2.1
2.8
5.9
1.7
3.0
1.3

2.6
3.8
2.0
2.3
3.9
1.7

3.3
5.2
5.2
2.5
5.1
1.8

2.9
5.2
12.1
2.0
3.5
1.7

2.2
3.6
4.5
1.5
3.2
1.2

2.0
3.6
3.6
1.3
2.7
.9

.6
1.0

1.0
.8

.9
.8

.9
.7

.7
.7

.8
.9

1.0
1.4

.9
.9

1.0
.7

1.0
.8

1.1
1.0

1.5
1.2

.9
1.1

.9
.9

.9
.8

1.3

.7

1.0

.6

.6

.4

.2

.3

.4

.4

.6

.8

.8

.6

.6

1.7
1.4

1.6
2.2

1.3
2.1

1.0
2.1

1.5
2.7

1.2
1.4

1.2
1.8

1.2
2.8

2.5
2.8

3.0
2.2

3.1
2.5

3.3
3.2

3.0
2.1

2.2
2.1

1.5
1.8

1.8
.7

1.3
1.4

1.2
.7

.7
.9

.8
4.8

.2
.9

.8
1.7

.8
1.9

1.3
2.7

1.1
2.8

3.4
1.1

4.7
4.4

2.6
1.5

1.5
2.9

1.1
3.1

1 Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre­
viously published, 'th e industry structure has been converted to the 1857
Standard Industrial Classification, and the printing and publishing industry
and some seasonal manufacturing industries previously excluded are now
included.
Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959; this Inclusion
has not significantly affected the labor turnover rates.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not com­
parable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the
following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes during the

6 2 5 1 8 2 — 162-

-7


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from mid­
month to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes
caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the Influence of such
stoppages.
2 Preliminary.
s Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these Items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of “other accessions” and “other separations,” the rates for
which are not shown separately.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

218

C.—Earnings and Hours
T a b l e C - l . Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
Annual
average

1960

1961
Industry
Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

May

June

Apr.

Feb.

Mar.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

1959

Average weekly earnings
$109.74 $111.19 $109.06
Mining............. — ........—....................
Metal mining................. -....................... 115.79 117.88 114. 68
119.03 122.61 120. 77
Iron ores..................................
124.88 125.77 118.83
Copper ores.............................

$108.09
113.02
120.09
116.47

$110.24
114. 40
119.20
117.00

$104.92
109.62
109. 66
113.05

$108.09
114. 24
117. 91
117.72

$103.49 $101.14
111.25 109.35
110. 26 106.03
117.82 116.68

116. 56 117.18 114.19 113. 83 119.32 115.18 106.91 101.35
118.00 118.63 115.92 115. 55 120.46 117. 29 108. 26 102. 65

Coal mining----Bituminous.

$104.15
110.29
107. 74
117. 75

$106. 27 $103. 75 $102.82 $105. 44 $103. 68
110. 97 112.19 108.95 111. 19 102. 77
110.19 109.15 106.14 114. 73 107.34
117. 21 120. 06 118. 26 116. 77 105. 90

96. 71 107. 22 110.09 107.53 103.18 110.76 109.03
97.34 108. 26 110.84 108. 58 103. 87 112. 77 111. 70

Crude petroleum and natural gas......... 106.59 107. 95 106. 08 104. 67 106. 93 103. 75 104.00 105. 75 104. 75 104.42 106. 68 103.09 103.99
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields.............................................. . 112.87 114.80 114. 52 110.95 116. 33 112.19 111. 35 114.11 110. 95 111. 63 116.20 108. 54 109. 21
Oil and gas field services................ . 100. 39 101.85 97.90 98. 93 98.21 96. 48 97.81J 97. 78 98.97 97.61 97. 33 97.75 98. 97
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining----- 101.43 106.48 105. 08 104.42 103. 50 102. 60 100. 34 96.10 92. 99 92. 55 93. 21 92. 25 95. 87
118.26 123.00 120. 43 122. 05 119. 76 119.13 116. 29 112. 77 112.41 114.08 115.39 108.07 110. 98
Contract construction.................................
110. 05 112.98 109. 85 111. 74 110. 23 110. 23 108. 78 105. 40 103. 70 106.50 107. 46 99.33 102. 76
General building contractors..............
117. 09 127. 08 121. 80 127.15 122. 60 121.72 116. 40 109. 92 110. 48 112.11 113.87 107. 51 110.19
Heavy construction---------------------110. 98 124.13 118.20 124. 24 120.13 117. 88 109. 85 100. 66 100.10 101.14 104.37 98.10 104.37
Highway and street construction.
125.14 131.36 127.75 131.57 126. 77 127. 30 123.91 119. 42 119.87 121.27 122.09 115. 82 117. 87
Other heavy construction.............
123. 84 127. 97 126.25 126.45 125.06 124.02 121. 32 118.96 118. 61 119. 65 121.00 114.58 117.22
Special trade contractors.....................
95.82 94.54 92.73 92. 86 93.20 93.03
103. 98 102.66 100.00 100.44 100.35 101.09
84. 99 84.77 83. 74 83. 58 84.16 83. 56

M anufacturing........... - .............................
Durable goods..................-..........
Nondurable goods......................

92.10
99. 70
82.29

90.78
98.31
81.27

89. 64
97.17
80.88

103. 32 103. 52
108. 54 108.12
98. 31 99.68
96. 58

94.57

112. 67
103.72
1J4. li
110.00
119. 60
118.11

108. 41
100. 32
108. 94
105. 06
113. 65
113. 62

89. 31
96.29
80.47

89.08
96.29
80. 47

88. 62
96.19
79.84

89. 21
96. 23
80.52

89. 72
97.44
80.36

88. 26
96.05
78. 61

Average weekly hours
41.6
41.6
39.6
42.7

41.1
42.0
39.7
43.6

40.2
40.6
37.3
42.5

39.5
40.9
37.0
43.8

38.9
40.5
35.7
43.7

39.6
41.0
36.4
44.1

40.1
41.1
37.1
43.9

39.6
41.4
37.0
44.8

39.7
40.5
36.6
43.8

40.4
41.8
39.7
44.4

40.5
40.3
37.4
42.7

36.8
37.0

34.6
34.7

32.8
32.9

31.5
31.4

34.7
34.7

35.4
35.3

34.8
34.8

33.5
33.4

35.5
óò. 8

35.4
35. 8

Mining..........................................................
Metal mining.........................................
Iron ores_____________________
Copper ores.....................................

41.1
41.5
38.9
44.6

41.8
42.1
40.2
44.6

41.0
41.7
40.8
42.9

41.1
41.4
40.3
42.2

Coal mining...........................................
Bituminous___________________

37.6
37.7

37.8
37.9

36.6
36.8

36.6
36.8

38.0
38.0

Crude petroleum and natural gas........ .
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields--------------------------Oil and gas field services-------------

41.8

42.5

41.6

41.7

42.1

41.5

41.6

41.8

41.9

41.6

42.0

41.4

42.1

42.0

42.6

40.6
42.9

41.0
43.9

40.9
42.2

40.2
43.2

41.4
42.7

40. 5
42.5

40.2
42.9

40.9
42.7

40.2
43.6

40.3
43.0

41.5
42.5

40.2
42.5

40.6
43.6

40.5
43. 5

40.8
44.3

Quarrying and nonmetallic m ining....

44.1

45.7

45.1

45.4

45.0

45.2

44.4

42.9

41.7

41.5

41.8

41.0

42.8

43.7

44.4

36.4
35.7
39.4
38.8
39.9
35.8

34.2
33.0
37.2
36.2
38.1
33.9

35.8
34. 6
38.8
38.8
38.9
35.2

36.7
35.4
40.7
41.2
40.0
35.9

37.0
35.7
40.8
41. 2
40. 3
38.3

Contract construction.................................
General building contractors..............
Heavy construction_______________
Highway and street construction.
Other heavy construction.............
Special trade contractors.....................

36.5
35. 5
38. 9
38.4
39.6
36.0

38.2
36.8
42.5
43.1
41.7
37.2

37.4
35.9
40.6
40.9
40.3
36.7

38.5
37.0
43.1
43.9
41.9
37.3

37.9
36.5
41.7
42.6
40.5
37.0

37.7
36.5
41.4
41.8
40.8
38.8

36.8
35.9
40.0
39.8
40.1
36.0

35.8
34.9
38.3
37.7
38.9
35.3

35.8
34.8
38.9
38.5
39.3
35.3

36.1
35.5
39.2
38.9
39.5
35.4

Manufacturing-.................................. ........ .
Durable goods..............................
Nondurable goods........................ .

40.6
41.1
39.9

40.4
40.9
39.8

39.8
40.0
39.5

40.2
40.5
39.8

40.0
40.3
39.7

40.1
40.6
39.6

39.7
40.2
39.0

39.3
39.8
38.7

39.1
39.5
38.7

39.0
39.3
38.5

38.9
39.3
38.5

38.7
39.1
38.2

39.3
39.6
38.9

39.7
40.1
39.2

40.3
40.7
39.7

Average hourly earnings
. $2.67
Mining........... ...............................—
2.79
Metal mining.........................................
3.06
Iron ores________________
. 2.80

$2.66
2.80
3.05
2.82

$2. 66
2. 75
2.96
2. 77

$2.63
2.73
2. 98
2.76

$2. 65
2.75
3.01
2.74

$2. 63
2. 72
2.97
2. 70

$2. 61
2.70
2.94
2. 66

$2. 62
2. 72
2.98
2. 69

$2.60
2.70
2.97
2. 67

$2.63
2. 69
2. 96
2.67

$2. 65
2. 70
2.97
2.67

$2. 62
2.71
2. 95
2.68

$2,59
2.69
2.90
2.70

$2. 61
2. 66
2. 89
2. 63

$2. 56
2. 55
2.87
2. 48

.

3.10
3.13

3.10
3.13

3.12
3.15

3.11
3.14

3.14
3.17

3.13
3.17

3.09
3.12

3.09
3.12

3.07
3.10

3. 09
3.12

3.11
3.14

3.09
3.12

3.08
3.11

3.12
3.15

3.08
3.12

.

2.55

2. 54

2. 55

2. 51

2.54

2.50

2. 50

2. 53

2. 50

2. 51

2.54

2. 49

2.47

2.46

2.43

2.77
2. 27

2. 77
2.28

2.79
2.29

2.76
2.27

2. 77
2.27

2. 80
2. 29

2.70
2. 30

2.69
2.27

2. 68
2. 26

2.65
2. 25

Coal mining.
Crude petroleum and natural gas.

2. 76
2.29

2. 81
2.30

2.33

2.30

2.30

2.27

2. 26

2. 24

2.23

2.23

2.23

2.25

2.24

2. 21

2.13

3.22
3.06
3.00
2.89
3.17
3.44

3.17
3.02
2. 95
2. 83
3.14
3. 39

3.16
3.02
2. 94
2. 82
3.13
3. 38

3.16
3.02
2.94
2.82
3.12
3.37

3.16
3.03
2.91
2.76
3.09
3.37

3.15
3.02
2.87
2.67
3.07
3.37

3.14
2.98
2.84
2.60
3.05
3.36

3.16
3.00
2. 86
2.60
3.07
3.38

3.17
3.01
2.89
2.69
3.06
3.38

3.16
3.01
2.89
2.71
3.04
3.38

3.10
2.97
2.84
2. 69
3.03
3.33

3.07
2.93
2.82
2. 67
2.99
3.29

2. 93
2.81
2. 67
2 55
2.82
3.13

2.33
2. 50
2.12

2.31
2.48
2.10

2.33
2.49
2.12

2. 32
2.49
2.11

2. 32
2. 48
2.11

2.31
2.47
2.10

2. 29
2.46
2.09

2.29
2.45
2.09

2. 29
2.45
2.09

2.29
2.46
2.09

2.27
2.43
2.07

2. 26
2.43
2.05

2.19
2.36
1.98

fields______________________
Oil and gas field services.............. .

2.78
2.34

2.80
2. 32

2 80
2.32

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining........

2.30

2.33

.

.

3.24
3.10
3.01
2. 89
3.16
3.44

3.22
3.07
2.99
2.88
3.15
3.44

.

2.36
2. 53
2.13

2.34
2. 51
2.13

General building contractors.
Other heavy construction.
Special trade contractors.........
Manufacturing.

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

219

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

1960

Industry
Nov.*

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

Annual
average
1960

1959

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Ordnance and accessories _______
Ammunition, except for small
arms_____________ ____
Sighting and fire control equipment _____________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____________
Sawmills and planing mills . . .
Millwork, plywood, and related
products.......................................
Wooden co n tain ers...........
Miscellaneous wood products.........

$117.18 $115.92 $114.11 $112.87 $111.76 $112.19 $112.19 $112.06 $112. 61 $111.50 $111.79 $109.47 $110.30 $108.67 $106.30
116. 72 116. 57 115.75 115.75 115.34 114.30 114.67 114.26 114.40 114.26 115.65 114.54 111.52 110.29 108.05
122. 43 121.18 116.87 116.11 116.00 117.97 117.09 117.09 115.53 111.55 112.35 105. 75 114.24 113.16 111.07
113.48 111.87 110.27 107.18 104. 94 105.46 105. 20 105.59 107.98 107.98 106.37 106.66 105.59 103.17
100.69
77. 81
69.99

81.41
72.54

81.00
73.20

79.19
71.38

78.21
70.71

79.79
71.20

77.42
69.70

74.88
67.65

71.23
65.45

69.89
64.39

70.84
64.56

69.94
63.75

71.05
65.40

73.71
67.20

74.24
67.26

84.03
64.52
71.28

85.68
66.57
71.28

86.09
65.67
70.93

86.94
63. 83
69.95

84.84
64.80
69.60

86.11
64.08
71.05

85. 27
62.87
70.12

84.24
61.86
70.12

81.59
59.91
68.06

79.76
59.75
67.55

79.56
59.68
67.32

80.38
58.81
66.91

79.18
60.68
68.97

81.19
62.17
69.32

82.81
61.35
68.21

Furniture and fixtures............................ 79.93 80.12 79. 52 78.12
Household furniture..........
75.58 75.35 74.80 72.67
Office furniture_____ ___________ 95.22 92.34 93. 34 91.65
Partitions; office and store fixtures.. 105. 75 107. 43 105.08 106.42
Other furniture and fixtures______ 81.00 81.20 80.98 82.35

75.62
70.49
92.48
99.54
79.00

76.02
71.28
89.28
99.63
80.19

73.53
68.17
87.78
98.49
79.20

73.14
68. 35
86.94
93.75
78.01

73.14
68.36
87.20
94. 43
80.20

72.77
67.44
87.42
95.26
79.00

72.20
66.73
87.85
93.66
78.80

75.43
71.06
89.47
92.79
79.40

74. 26
69.74
88.40
95. 74
79.19

75.20
70.45
90.42
96.72
78.78

74. 48
70.82
86.27
93.09
77.33

Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories___________
Ammunition, except for small
arms_______________
Sighting and fire control equipm e n t.. ____________
Other ordnance and accessories___

41.7

41.4

40.9

40.6

40.2

40.6

40.5

40.6

40.8

40.4

40.8

40.1

40.7

40.7

41.1

40.9

40.9

40.9

40.9

41.0

41.1

41.1

41.3

41.1

41.6

41.5

41.0

41.0

41.4

41.5
42.5

41.5
41.9

40.3
41.3

39.9
40.6

40.0
39.6

40.4
40.1

40.1
40.0

40.1
40.3

39.7
40.9

38.6
40.9

39.7
40.6

37.5
40.4

40.8
40.3

41.0
40.3

41.6
40.6

41.2

Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________ ____ _
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products................ ............ ...........
Wooden containers_____
Miscellaneous wood products . . .

39.3
39.1

40.5
40.3

40.1
40.0

40.2
40.1

39.5
39.5

40.5
40.0

39.7
39.6

38.8
38.6

38.5
38.5

38.4
38.1

38.5
38.2

37.6
37.5

38.2
38.7

39.0
39.3

39.7
39.8

40.4
39.1
40.5

40.8
40.1
40.5

40.8
39.8
40.3

41.4
40.4
40.2

40.4
40.5
40 0

41.2
40.3
40.6

40.8
40.3
40.3

40.5
39.4
40.3

39.8
38.9
39.8

39.1
38.8
39.5

39.0
38.5
39.6

39.4
37.7
38.9

39.2
38.9
40.1

39.8
39.6
40.3

41.2
40.1
40.6

Furniture and fixtures...........
Household furriture_____ _ .
Office furniture___________ .
Partitions; office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______

41.2
41.3
41.4
41.8
40.3

41.3
41.4
40.5
42.8
40.6

41.2
41.1
41.3
42.2
40.9

40.9
40.6
41.1
42.4
41.8

39.8
39.6
41.1
40.3
40.1

39.8
39.6
40.4
40.5
40.5

38.7
38.3
39.9
40.2
40.0

38.7
38.4
39.7
38.9
39.8

38.7
38.4
40.0
38.7
40.1

38.5
38.1
40.1
39.2
39.7

38.2
37.7
40.3
38.7
39.4

39.7
39.7
40.3
38.5
40.1

39.5
39.4
40.0
39.4
40.2

40.0
39.8
41.1
40.3
40.4

40.7
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.7

$2.58

Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories__________ $2.81
Ammunition, except for small
arms_________________ ____ 2.84
Sighting and fire control equip­
ment.... ........................................ 2.95
Other ordnance and accessories___ 2. 67

$2.80

$2. 79

$2.78

$2.78

$2. 77

$2.77

$2.76

$2.76

$2.76

$2.74

$2.73

$2. 71

$2.67

2.85

2.83

2.83

2.82

2.79

2.79

2.78

2.77

2.78

2.78

2.76

2.72

2.69

2.61

2.92
2.67

2.90
2. 67

2. 91
2.64

2.90
2. 65

2.92
2. 63

2.92
2.63

2.92
2.62

2.91
2.64

2.89
2.64

2. 83
2.62

2.82
2.64

2.80
2.62

2. 76
2.56

2.67
2.48

Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________ ______
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products________ ____ ______
Wooden containers____________
Miscellaneous wood products.........

1.98
1.79

2. 01
1.80

2.02
1.83

1.97
1.78

1.98
1.79

1.97
1.78

1.95
1.76

1.93
1.75

1.85
1.70

1.82
1.69

1.84
1.69

1.86
1.70

1.86
1.69

1.89
1.71

1.87
1.69

2. 08
1.65
1.76

2.10
1.66
1.76

2.11
1.65
1. 76

2.10
1.58
1.74

2.10
1.60
1.74

2.09
1.59
1.75

2.09
1.56
1.74

2.08
1.57
1.74

2.05
1.54
1.71

2.04
1.54
1.71

2.04
1.55
1.70

2.04
1.56
1.72

2.02
1.56
1.72

2.04
1.57
1.72

2.01
1.53
1.68

Furniture and fixtures.........................
Household furniture.........„ ......... .
Office furniture............ ...................
Partitions; office and store fixtures..
Other furniture end fixtures......... .

1.94
1.83
2.30
2.53
2.01

1.94
1.82
2.28
2.51
2. 00

1.93
1.82
2. 26
2. 49
1.98

1.91
1.79
2.23
2.51
1. 97

1.90
1.78
2.25
2.47
1.97

1.91
1.80
2.21
2.46
1.98

1.90
1.78
2. 20
2.45
1.98

1.89
1.78
2.19
2.41
1. 96

1.89
1.78
2.18
2.44
2.00

1.89
1.77
2.18
2.43
1.99

1.89
1.77
2.18
2. 42
2.00

1.90
1.79
2.22
2.41
1.98

1.88
1.77
2.21
2.43
1.97

1.88
1.77
2.20
2. 40
1.95

1.83
1.74
2.13
2.31
1.90

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , FEBRUARY 1962

220

T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
Annual
average

1960

1961
Industry
Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

May

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

1959

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Flat glass-.........................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown............... ..............................
Cement, hydraulic...........................
Structural clay products-------------Pottery and related products-------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products.......................... - .............
Other stone and mineral products..

$92.97
$96.93 $97.88 $97.47 $98.18 $97.06 $97.29 $94.83 $93.03 $91.54 $90.62 $91.08 $90.39 $93.38 127.35
Ì18. 50 115.48 128.30 127.84 Ì25.42 126.56 124.19 118.18 122.07 122.07 124.03 130.29 135.47
91.94
96. 72 96. 56 94. 09 96.56 95.68 96.32 94.72 95.20 94.64 94.24 92.90 91.49 93.37 102.87
110. 68 109.88 111.92 108. 79 109.06 107.16 105.56 103.46 102.94 100.74 101.65 103.06 105.67
82.21
86. 72 86.93 86. 51 86.11 85.28 86.32 85.07 83.42 81.18 79.56 80.36 79. 95 82.00
84.67 84.50 83.38 81.49 81.38 83.00 83.44 81.59 81.43 80.25 78.97 79.45 82. 64 81.37
99.03 102. 73 101.36 103.69 101.85 101.62 96.90 93.56 90.76 87.96 89.69 87.30 93.21 93.04
97. 75 97.99 99.19 97.64 97.00 97.00 95.24 93.90 92.57 91.71 92.63 91.18 92.80 93.79

$91.46
132.29

119.29 118.19 116.11 117.68 116.58 114.16 111. 25 108.49 107.26 106.69 104.90 103.60 109.59
127. 83 127.43 123.80 126.80 125.06 121.76 118.80 114.27 112.98 112.06 108.58 105.73 116.13
96.61
101. 38 99. 20 99.96 100. 33 100.19 98.67 95.63 94.00 93. 25 92.25 93.62 94.00 108.09
111. 93 110.12 110.43 110. 70 110.29 108.00 107.33 106.66 107.86 108.79 108.00 108.65

112.19

115. 48 113.42 114.90 112.67 112.94 110.92 108. 77 107.30 105.59 105.59 104.15 105.97 105.01
103.50 100.10 100.10 99.60 100.35 98.95 98.95 98.06 98.31 97.46 97.22 97.57 97.51
120.25 121.06 115.82 116.18 117. 74 115.60 113.47 111. 25 112.11 113.37 111. 93 110.48 112.92

105.59
96.87

Primary metal industries----------------- 118. 99
Blast furnace and basic steel
products_______________ ____ 127. 33
Iron and steel foundries-------- ------ 103. 20
Nonferrous smelting and refining. 113.16
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding....................................... 115. 45
Nonferrous foundries............- .......... 103.16
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
dustries............................. ..........— 122.36

88.36
98. 98
81.19
78. 90
92. 45
93.15
122.71
97.04
104.81

111.50

Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Flat glass............................... ..........
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown.................... - .....................
Cement, hydraulic...........................
Structural clay products..................
Pottery and related products..........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products........—.............................
Other stone and mineral products...

40. 9
36.8

41.3
36.2

41.3
40.6

41.6
40.2

41.3
40.2

41.4
39.8

40.7
39.3

40.1
38.0

39.8
39.0

39.4
39.0

39.6
39.5

39.3
41.1

40.6
42.6

40.6
40.3

41.2
41.6

40.3
41. 3
41.1
39.2

40.4
41.0
41.2
39.3

39.7
41.3
41.0
38.6

40.4
40.9
41.4
37.9

40.2
41.0
41.0
37.5

40.3
40.9
41.3
37.9

39.8
40.6
40.9
38.1

40.0
40.1
40.3
37.6

40.1
39.9
39.6
37.7

40.1
39.2
39.0
37.5

39.7
39.4
39.2
36.9

39.1
40.1
39.0
37.3

39.9
40.8
40.0
38.8

39.8
40.5
40.3
38.2

39.8
40. 9
40.8
38.3

42. 5
40.9

43.9
41.0

43.5
41.5

44.5
41.2

43.9
41.1

43.8
41.1

42.5
40.7

41.4
40.3

40.7
39.9

39.8
39.7

40.4
40.1

39.5
39.3

41.8
40.0

42.1
40.6

43.2
41. 4

Primary metal industries----------------Blast furnace and basic steel
products......... ............ ............ .
Iron and steel foundries....... ...........
Nonferrous smelting and refining. ..
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding......... ..........................Nonferrous foundries.....................
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
dustries.........................................

40.2

40.3

40.2

39.9

40.3

40.2

39.5

38.9

38.2

37.9

37.7

37.2

37.4

39.0

40.5

35.6
37.3
40.6

35.6
37.6
41.0

38.2
38.8
41.1

40.1
40.1
41.1

39. 3
40. 0
41.3

39.7
39.6
41.0

40.2
38.9
39.9

39.3
39.2
40.6

40.0
39.5
41.0

39.7
39.6
41.0

38.9
39.0
40.6

38.2
38.1
40.5

37.1
37.6
40.4

36.8
37.3
40.7

36.5
36.9
40.9

42. 6
41.1

42.3
41.4

41.7
40.2

42.4
40.2

42.2
40.0

42.3
40.3

41.7
39.9

41.2
39.9

40.8
39.7

40.3
39.8

40.3
39.3

39.6
39.2

40.6
39.5

40.7
39.8

41.9
40.7

41.2

40.9

40.9

39.8

40.2

40.6

40.0

39.4

38.9

39.2

39.5

39.0

38.9

39.9

40.4

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products............. $2.37
Flat glass........................................... 3.22
Glass and glassware, pressed or
2. 40
blown--------------------- -----------Cement, hydraulic.......................... 2.68
Structural clay products.................. 2.11
Pottery and related products------ 2.16
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products............ ................ ........... 2.33
Other stone and mineral products... 2.39

$2.37
3.19

$2. 36
3.16

$2.36
3.18

$2.35
3.12

$2.35
3.18

$2.33
3.16

$2.32
3.11

$2.30
3.13

$2.30
3.13

$2.30
3.14

$2.30
3.17

$2.30
3.18

$2.29
3.16

$2.22
3.18

2.39
2.68
2.11
2.15

2. 37
2. 71
2.11
2.16

2.39
2.66
2.08
2.15

2.38
2.66
2.08
2.17

2.39
2. 62
2.09
2.19

2.38
2.60
2.08
2.19

2.38
2.58
2.07
2.17

2.36
2.58
2.05
2.16

2.35
2.57
2.04
2.14

2.34
2.58
2.05
2.14

2.34
2.57
2.05
2.13

2.34
2.59
2.05
2.13

2.31
2.54
2.04
2.13

2.22
2.42
1.99
2.06

2.34
2.39

2. 33
2.39

2.33
2.37

2.32
2.36

2.32
2.36

2.28
2.34

2.26
2.33

2.23
2.32

2. 21
2.31

2.22
2.31

2.21
2.32

2.23
2.32

2.21
2.31

2.14
2.25

2. 96

2. 96

2.94

2.91

2. 92

2.90

2.89

2.86

2.84

2.83

2.83

2.82

2.77

2.81

2.77

3.07
2.50
2.65

3.07
2.50
2.66

3.05
2.51
2.66

2.97
2.50
2.65

3.04
2.49
2.63

3.06
2.42
2.55

Primary metal industries.......................
Blast furnace and basic steel
products.......................................
Iron and steel foundries..................
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding...................................... .
Nonferrous foundries.......................
Miscellaneous primary metal In­
dustries......................................... .
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.24
2. 58
2.74

3.22
2. 56
2. 73

3.17
2. 55
2.76

3.15
2.55
2.72

3.17
2.54
2.70

3.15
2.53
2.69

3.13
2.53
2.66

3.11
2.51
2.65

3.08
2.50
2.64

2.71
2.51

2.73
2. 50

2.72
2.49

2. 71
2.49

2.67
2.49

2.67
2.49

2.66
2.48

2.64
2.48

2.63
2.47

2.62
2. 47

2.62
2.48

2.63
2.48

2.61
2.47

2.58
2.45

2.52
2.38

2.97

2.94

2.96

2.91

2.89

2.90

2.89

2.88

2.86

2.86

2 87

2.87

2.84

2.83

2.76

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

221

T a b l e C - l . Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry— Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

Industry

Nov. 1 Oct. j Sept | Aug. j July | June | May j Apr. j Mar | Feb. j Jan.
M anufacturing-Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metsd products_________ .
M etal cans___________________ .
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware___________________ Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_____________________ .
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts_______________________ _.
Screw mach ine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings______________
Coating, engraving, and allied
services_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire prod­
ucts________________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal

Fabricated metal products_________
M etal cans___________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware___________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_____________________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings______________
Coating, engraving, and allied
services_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products________ ________ ____

Dec.

Nov.

I960 I 1959

Average weekly earnings
$104. 03 $102. 7
120.6 122.1
100.6

96.1

97.6

97.7

$99.4 $102.34 $101. 7 $102.0 $100.85 $99.45 $97.81 $96.92 $96.78 $96.68 $97.69 $98.82
122.8 128.19 128.1 126.7 120.96 118.37 115.02 116.00 116.1 5 114.29 Ì14.6 114.6$ $96.12
113.21
84.0
94.24 92.9
94.6
94.6 4 92.5
91.3 i 88.4 7 91.1
92.1
94.0
93.0
89.10
96.8
96.0
94.6
95.5i 94.5
93.2
90.82 91.8 7 92.2
91.1
90.4
91.2
91.43

104.0 105.2, 104.3( 104.2
103.8 102.0' 101.4Ì 99.1
108.8' 105. 8i 97. 5( 105.4

102.4 102.6( 101.4 100.4
98. r
99.6: 97.3
94.1
107.41 108.0. 107.5, 105.5

99.9
94.1
102.1

99.0
93.4
100.4

100. Of 99.6 ) 100.7! 99.4
95.68
93.5. 92.9< 93.6' 95.5! 97.06
99.3 101. Of 101.8< 107.7' 104.33

92. Of

91. 9!

92. 8i

91.4,

90.71

91.4:

89.5

89.28

87.9

85.4

84.8f

81. 7(

84. If

86.4;

84.46

97. If

96.51

97.1C

95.1

94.11

95.63

94 . o:

92. Of

91.5

92. Of

90.6f

89. 5'

90.6:

90.5C

89.21

96.38

96.9f

95.82

103.2£ 103.41 100. 6C 101.0i
Machinery____________________
Engines and turbines________
Farm machioery and et]uipment-_
Construction and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and
equipment— ________________
Special industry machinery___
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing and accounting
machines__________________
Service industry machines______
Miscellaneous machinery_______

Annual
average

1960

109.47
116. li
103. OC
108. OC

109.03
114. 62
102.0(1
107.50

107.83
115. 60
102.40
107.86

106.7,
113.6,
100.04
108.24

99. 7C 101.18
107.1C
112. 68
100. 62
107.30

107.68
113.54
102.4Î
107.30

99.91

98.0C

97.2

96. 7!

96.2f

94.8i

106. 7f
113.0:
103.2C
106.63

106.4i
115.8"
105. 5(
105.8£

105.O'
112. If
104. IS
103.6i

104.9C
111. 7i
104.9C
103.48

104.2i
110.21
103. li
103.08

103.4(
111. 3C
102.8C
102.5f

118. 58 117. 60 115.93 115.93 117.18 117.60 116.34 116.62 115.00 114.68
104.16 103.42 103. 66 101.19 101.11 101.92 100.28 99.3f 98.9C 99.22
108. 5( 108. 09 104.14 105.71 104.92 106.08 104.64 102.80 101. V 101.12
113. 57 113.15 112. 74 111. 51 113.28 112.47 110.29 108.81 108.40 108. 79
96.32 98.09 96.88 93.69 96. 56 95.31 95.91 95.2( 94. 72 94. 72
105.75 105.25 106. 09 102.09 103.751 104.75 103. 58 102.26 102.01 101.27
Average weekly hours
41.3
41.1
40.1
41.1
40.7
41.0
40.5
40.1
39.6
39.4
41.3
41.7
42.2
43.9
43.9
43.7
42.0
41.1
40.5
40.7
41.6
40.4
36.7
40.1
39.7
40.1
40.1
39.7
39.2
38.3
40.2
40. 8
42. 2
41.7

40.4
41.1
41. 5
41. 5

40.0
40.9
41.4
39.0

40.0
41.2
40.8
41.2

39.6
40.5
40.4
41.0

39.8
40.9
41.0
41.4

39.4
40.4
40.4
41.2

39.0
40.0
39.4
40.6

38.0
39.8
39.4
39.9

38.6
39.6
39.1
39.4

103.1" 104.5£ 102.92
109.31 109.6C 109.48
100.84 99.8£ 99.47
102.43 102.6f 103.25

113.85 112.34 110.84 117.27 113.32
99.39 98.33 99.53 99. 72 96.37
100.35 98.30 100.98 101.71 102.01
108.12 107.86 107.98 106 23 101.91
92.98 91.96 93.30 93.43 93 09.
101.76 102.26 101.11 1 101.26 99.54
39.5
40.9

39.3
40.1

40.0
40.5

40.5
41.4

40.9
42.4

39.1

39.2

40.2

40.1

40.5

38.6
40.0
39.3
39.1

38.3
40.0
39.2
39.3

38.5
40.8
39.7
39.8

39.0
40.6
40.5
41.6

40.1
40 2
42.2
41.9

41.1

40.7

40.9

41.0

40.5

41.0

40.5

40.4

39.8

39.0

38.9

38.0

39.7

40.2

41.0

41.7

41.6

41.7

41.2

41.1

41.4

40.7

40.2

39.8

40.0

39.6

39.1

40.1

40.4

41.3

41.3

41.2

40.4

40.6

40.2

40.8

40.3

40.0

39.7

39.5

39.3

38.7

39.5

39.9

40.6

41.3
40.2
40.1
40. 6

41.3
39.8
40.0
40.6

41.0
40.0
40.0
40.7

40.9
39.6
39.7
41.0

40.9
39.4
39.0
40.8

41.1
39.7
39.7
40.8

40.9
39.8
40.0
40.7

40.8
40.8
40.6
40.4

40.4
39.5
40.2
39.7

40.5
39.9
40.5
39.8

40.4
39.5
40.2
39.8

40.1
39.5
40.0
39.6

40.3
38.9
39.7
39.7

41.0
39.6
40.1
40.1

41. 5
40. 7
40.6
41.3

42.2
42.0
41.1

42.0
41.7
41.1

41.7
41.8
39.9

41.7
41.3
40.5

42.0
41.1
40.2

42.0
41.6
40.8

41.7
41.1
40.4

41.8
40.9
40.0

41.4
40.7
39.6

41.4
41.0
39.5

41.4
40.9
39.2

41.0
40.8
38.4

40.9
41.3
39.6

42.8
41.9
40.2

42 6
41 9
41.3

41.6
39.8
41.8

41.6
40.7
42.1

41.6
40.2
42.1

41.3
39.7
41.0

41.8
40.4
41.5

41.5
40.4
41.9

40.9
39.8
41.0

40.8
30.4
41.2

40.7
38.8
41.4

40.9
39.7
41.1

40.7
40.1
41.5

40.6
40.8
42.0

Fabricated metal products__________ $2. 52
Metal cans____________________
2.90
Cutlery, h ard tools, and general
hardware____________________ 2.42
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures............. ........... ................. 2.43
Fabricatedstr uctural metal products 2.55
Screw machine products, bolts, etc. 2.46
M etal stampings_______________ 2.61
Coating, engraving, and allied
services_____________________
2.24
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products......................................... 2.33
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products____________________
2. 50

$2.50
2. 93

$2. 48
2. 91

$2.49
2.92

$2.50
2.92

$2.46
2.85

$2.45
2.84

$2.46
2.85

$2.44
2.83

$2.44
2.77

$2.35
2.67

2.38

2.29

2.35

2.34

2.36

2.36

2.33

2.33

2.31

2.33

2.35

2.34

2.32

2.20

2.42
2. 56
2.46
2. 55

2.42
2. 55
2. 45
2.50

2.40
2. 53
2.43
2.56

2.39
2.53
2.43
2.62

2.40
2.51
2.43
2.61

2.40
2.51
2. 41
2.61

2.39
2.51
2.39
2.60

2.39
2.51
2.39
2. 56

2.38
2.50
2.39
2.55

2.39
2.50
2.38
2. 54

2.38
2.49
2.37
2. 57

2.35
2.47
2.36
2.56

2.34
2.45
2.36
2.59

2.28
2.38
2.30
2.49

2. 51

2. 49

2.49

2.48

2.48

2.48

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.44

2.43

2.36

Machinery_______________________
Engines and turbines___________
Farm machinery and equipment...
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipment_____ ___________ _
Special industry machinery______
General industrial machinery.........
Office, computing and accounting
machines____________________
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery________
See footnotes at end of table.

2.65
2.89
2. 57
2.66

2.64
2.88
2. 55
2.65

2.63
2.89
2.56
2. 65

2.61
2.87
2.52
2.64

2.62
2.86
2.58
2.63

2.62
2.86
2.58
2.63

2.61
2.84
2.58
2.62

2.61
2.84
2.60
2.62

2.60
2.84
2.59
2.61

2.59
2.80
2.59
2.60

2.58
2.79
2.58
2.59

2.58
2.82
2.57
2.59

2.56
2.81
2.54
2.58

2.55
2. 77
2.49
2.56

2.48
2.69
2.45
2.50

2. 81
2.48
2.64

2.80
2.48
2.63

2.78
2.48
2.61

2.78
2.45
2.61

2.79
2.46
2.61

2.80
2.45
2.60

2.79
2.44
2.69

2.79
2.43
2.57

2.78
2.43
2.57

2.77
2.42
2.56

2.75
2.43
2.56

2.74
2.41
2.56

2. 71
2.41
2.55

2.74
2.38
2.53

2.66
2.30
2.47

2.73
2.42
2. 53

2.72
2.41
2. 50

2. 71
2. 41
2. 52

2.70
2.36
2.49

2. 71
2.39
2.50

2. 71
2.36
2.50

2.69
2.38
2.49

2.68
2.38
2.47

2.67
2.38
2.47

2.66
2.38
2.47

2.65
2.36
2.47

2.65
2.37
2.47

2.64
2.35
2.46

2.61
2.33
2.44

2.51
3.28
2.27

M achinery______________________
Engines and turbines........... ..........
Farm machinery and equipment.. .
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipm ent___________________
Special industrial machinery_____
General industrial machinery....... .
Office, computing and accounting
machines____________________
Service industry machines____
Miscellaneous machinery_____


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41.0
40.6
40.6
40.3
40.0
39.8
41.6
41.4
41.3
Average hourly earnings
$2.49 $2.49 $2.48 $2.47
2.90
2.88
2.88
2.84

2.26

2.27

2.23

2.24

2.23

2.21

2.21

2.21

2.19

2.18

2.15

2.12

2.15

2.06

2.32

2.33

2.31

2.29

2.31

2.31

2.29

2.30

2.30

2.29

2.29

2.26

2.24

2.16

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , FEBRUARY 1962

222

T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
Annual
avers ge

I960

1961
Industry
Nov.J

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

May

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1959

1960

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing Continued
Durable goods— Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment —
Electrical industrial apparatus.......
Household appliances.....................
Electric lighting and wiring equip__________________
ment
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment.........-Electronic components and accèsseries _ ______ -___________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies...................................

$96.93 $96.05 $93. 53 $94. 94 $93. 69 $94.71 $93.37
101.91 101.15 101. 66 101. 60 101.15 101.00 99. 94
69 99. 94 99.88 98.25
101.68 101.02 101. 43 100.
103.28 102.06 103.73 101.00 101.% 101. 56 100.90
90.09 89.65 87. 25 88. 58 87.64 88.98 87.47
83. 79 84.82 78. 25 83.98 84.16 83.13 81. 66
105.32 103.98 104. 81 102.87 100.19 102. 72 100.00

$93.13 $92. 50 $92.50 $92. 73 $91.49 $91. 94 $90.74 $89.10
99.85 99. 45 99. 79 99.79 99.75 98. 40 97.77 95. 65
98.25 96.96 97.20 96.07 95. 74 95. 52 95.44 93. 43
100. 50 99.00 97.25 100.04 97.71 95.94 96.23 94.87
86.63 86.63 86.24 84.70 82.88 86.29 84. 71 83.63
79.40
79. 59 80.51 82.18 83. 07 81.86
100.25 99.60 99.94 100. 69 98.95 100. 86 98.82 97.41

82.62

81.61

80. 40

77.39

80.20

79. 80

79.60

79. 60

80. 00

79.40

76. 03

77.81

76.24

74.00

103.17 100.70

77.05

98. 90

97.20

99.31

97.04

93.77

93.77

93.06

94.47

94. 95

94.49

93.93

92.34

83.02

124.70 117. 29 106.22 112. 96 113. 00
Motor vehicles and equipment....... 132.61 119. 52 96. 84 113. 94 115.43
Aircraft and parts
__________ 118. 58 117.03 115. 92 114.26 112.88
Ship and boat building and
repairing __________________ 116.00 115.30 114. 45 112. 52 111. 60
Railroad equipm ent......................... 115.13 108.20 108. 57 107. 34 108.36
0ther transportation equipm ent— 84.10 86.24 88. 78 87.08 84. 74

112.87 112.87 110.95 109.85 108. 74 108.19 111. 60
116. 57 116. 00 112.24 107. 80 105. 46 105. 00 112. 35
111. 52 112. 07 113.03 114. 54 114. 82 114. 68 114.40
108.63 109.87 109.07 107. 05 106.90 106. 47 103. 57
110.32 107. 52 104. 72 106.68 103. 88 106. 03 106. 88
86.22 83.13 83.71 81.66 78.38 78.12 79.63

111.91 111.52 107.45
114. 62 115.21 111.38
112.89 110.43 106.63
104.99 103.75 100. 47
105. 72
81.06 80.13 80.40

Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipm ent. . .
Electrical industrial apparatus-----Household appliances - _______
Electric lighting and wiring equipRadio and TV receiving sets............
Communication equipment--------Electronic components and accèsMiscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_________________
Motor vehicles and equipment.......
Aircraft and p arts..........- .................
Ship and boat building and
Railroad equipment
________
Other transportation equipment —

40.9
40.6
41.0
40.5

40.7
40.3
40.9
40.5

39.8
40.5
40.9
41.0

40.4
40.6
40.6
40.4

39.7
40.3
40.3
40.3

40.3
40.4
40.6
40.3

39.9
40.3
40.1
40.2

39.8
40.1
40.1
40.2

39.7
40.1
39.9
39.6

39.7
40.4
40 0
38.9

39.8
40.4
39.7
39.7

39.1
39.9
39.4
39.4

39.8
40.0
39.8
39.0

39.8
40.4
40.1
39.6

40.5
40.7
40.8
40.2

40.4
39.9
41.3

40.2
40.2
41.1

39.3
37.8
41.1

39.9
39.8
40.5

39.3
39.7
39.6

39.9
39.4
40.6

39.4
38.7
40.0

39.2
37.9
40.1

39.2
37.8
40.0

39.2
38.4
40.3

38.5
39.0
40.6

37.5
37.9
39.9

39.4

39.4

41.0

40.5

40.4
39.5
41.1

41.1

40.9

40.6

40.2

38.5

40.1

39.9

40.0

40.0

40.2

40.1

38.4

39.7

39.5

40.0

40.7

40.1

39.4

39.4

39.1

39.2

39.4

39.7

39.8

40.5

40.5
40.5
40.9

40.6
40.9
40.7

40.6
40.7
40.9

40.2
39.8
41.1

39.8
38. 5
41.5

39.4
37.8
41.6

39.2
37.5
41.7

40.0
39.7
41.3

40 4
40.5
41.2

40.7
41.0
40.9

40.7

40.0
38.7
39.6

39 5
39.4
40.1

40.1
38.4
39.4

40.1
37. 4
39.3

39.5
38.1
38.7

39.3
37.1
37.5

39.0
37.6
37.2

37.8
37.9
38.1

38.6
37.0
38.6

39.3

39.4
39.3

41.6
43.0
44.5
41.9
40.7
39.7
39.3

41.1
41.3
41.5
41.5
40.6
37.7
40.3

33.5
37.8
34.1
41.4
40.3
38.5
41.1

40.7
40.2
39.7
41.1
39.9
38.2
40.5

40.0

wo,

40.7

y

Average hourly earnings
$2.33 $2. 33 $2.33 $2.34 $2.31 $2.28
Electrical equipment and supplies....... $2.37 $2.36 $2.35 $2.35 $2.36 $2.35 $2.34 $2.34
2. 46 2.42
2. 48 2. 47 2. 47 2.50
2.49
2. 50 2.48
2. 51 2. 50 2.51
Electrical distribution equipm ent.. 2. 51 2. 61
2. 40 2.38
2. 42 2.43
2.43
2.43
2.
45
2.
45
2.46
2.48
2. 48
2.48
2.47
Electrical industrial apparatus----- 2.48
2.43
2.46
2. 50 2. 50 2. 52 2.48
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.50
Household appliances----------------- 2.55 2. 52 2.63
Electric lighting and wiring equip2.20 2.21 2.19 2.15
2.22 2.21 2.21 2.20
2.20 2.22 2.23 2.23
2.23
2.23
2.16
2.13
2.14
.11 2.11 2.10 2.13
2.11 2.12 22.53
2.10 2.11 2.07
Radio and TV receiving sets.........
2. 46 2. 44
2.48
2.48
2.48
2. 50 2. 50 2.49
2. 54 2.53
2.55
2.65 2.53
Communication equipment-------Electronic components and accès2.02 2.02 2.01 2. 00 2. 01 2.00 2. 00 1.99 1. 99 1.99 1.98 1.98 1. 96 1.93
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
2.36
2.38
2.41
2.41
2.38
2.38
2.38
2. 44 2.42
2. 43 2.43
2.30
2.45
2.48
and supplies.................................
2. 74
2.
77
2. 76 2. 79
2. 76 2.76
2.76
78 2.78
2. 81 2. 81 2. 79 2.2.85
2.84
2.90
Transportation uquipmunt ____ __
2. 81
2.83
2. 79 2. 80 2.83
2.80
2. 85 2.82
2. 88 2. 84 2.87 2.85
2.98
Motor vehicles and equipment---2. 70
2.74
2. 76 2. 74 2. 74 2. 75 2. 76 2. 76 2. 75 2. 77
2.78
2.82
2.80
2.83
Ship and boat building and re2. 64
2.
72
2. 74
2. 72 2.73
2. 71
2. 79 2. 75 2. 74 2.72
2.82
2.84
2.84
2.85
pairing ___________________
. 82 2. 78
2. 80 2. 80 2.82 22.09
2.80
2. 80 2. 80 2.80 2.13
2.82
2.81
2.87
2.90
Rajlmpd equipm ent___________
2. 06
2.10
2.11 2. 09 2.10
2.11
2.15
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.14
2.14
Other transportation equipm ent..
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.20
2.35
2.29
2.36
2. 07
2.37
1.85
2.28
2.64
2.71
2.62
2. 55

C.—EARNINGrS AND HOURS
T able

223

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued

___ __________________

Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

1960

Industry
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Annual
average
1960

1959

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products.
Engineering and scientific ins
ments..............................

. $99.36 $98.64 $97. 99 $97. 75 $96.80 $97.10 $95. 75 $95. 51 $95.68 $94, 87 $95.51 $92.90 $95.00 $93.73
112.88 112.88 111.23 112.89 110. 57 110.84 112.61 109. 75 113.30 109.18 112.32 110.95
devices_____________________ . 98.09 96.72 96.80 96. 56 95.27 97.27 95.04 95.44 94.80 93.77 03. 77
Optica] and ophthalmic goods....... - 89.64 88.60 90.49 88.18 88.15 87.33 85. 68 85.06 84. 66 83.41 83. 39 90.32 93.67 92.00
82.95 83.20 81.80
equipment.......................... .......... 84.05 83.43 83.03 82.82 81.60 81.61 81.00 80.80 79.80
81.20
80.60
77.00
81.41 80.40
Photographlo equipment and sup­
plies............................................... . 115. 78 113.63 112. 94 113.05 112. 52 112.36 109.30 107. 98 106. 92 107.04 107. 59
107.83
107.49
I and clocks_______
85.08 85.90 81.39 79. 59 78.54 76. 58 79. 59 78.98 79.76 79.40 78.19 73.68 76.44 106.14
76.83
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries...................................................... . 77.57 76.78 76.02 74.47 74.29 76.22 75.07 75. 27 75.46
75.66 75.08 72.96 75.05 74.28
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware_______________________ 87.36 87. 36 84.05 82.21 79.58 82. 21 80.17 79.75 79.17 79.39 78. 80
77.14 84.04 80.40
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods............................................. 70.27 70.93 69.87 69. 56 68.92 69.78 69.81 70.20 70.80 71.00
70.82
66.04
68.46 67. 73
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials........ ............................. 75.81 74.77 74.03 70.29 71.55 72.65 72. 86 72.91 72.31 72.50 68.82
69.
52
72.50 71.92
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_____________
71.56 69.03 68.43 67.08 67.42 69.60 69.52 68.99 67.51 67.47 67.90 64.73 68.16 66.13
83. 84 82.61 81.59 80. 59 80.39 82.19 80.34 80.16 80. 96 80. 77 80.57 79.93 80. 78 79. 99
. 112.61 113.44

$91.39
107.43
91.84
78.18
78.79

102.01
76.63

73.42
80.16

66. 98
70.98

66.86
78.80

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments_____ _____________ ___
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment....... ..............................
Photographic equipment and supplies
Waa tches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries.......................................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware................... ...........................
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods............................................ .
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials............................. .........
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions______________________
Other manufacturing industries...I

41.4

41.1

41.0

40.9

40.5

40.8

40.4

40.3

40.2

40.2

40.3

39.2

40.6

40.4

40.8

41.1

41.1

40.9

40.9

40.3

41.2

40.5

40.6

40.8

40.2

41.5

39.7

41.6

41.4

41.8

40.7
41.5

40.3
41.4

40.5
41.7

40.4
41.4

40.2
41.0

40.7
41.0

40.1
40.8

40.1
40.7

40.0
40.7

39.9
40.1

39.9
39.9

38.6
39.5

40.2
40.0

40.0
40.1

41.0
40.3

40.8

40.5

40.5

40.4

40.0

40.2

40.1

40.0

39.7

40.4

40.1

38.5

40.3

40.0

40.2

43.2
41.1

42.4
41.3

42.3
39.7

42.5
39.4

42.3
38.5

42.4
38.1

41.4
39.4

40.9
39.1

40.5
39.1

40.7
39.5

40.6
38.9

41.0
37.4

41.5
39.2

41.3
39.0

41.3
39.5
39.9

40.4

40.2

39.8

39.4

39.1

39.7

39.1

39.0

39.1

39.2

38.9

38.0

39.5

39.3

42.0

41.8

40.8

40.3

39.2

40.3

39.3

38.9

39.0

39.3

39.4

38.0

41.4

40.2

40.9

39.7

40.3

39.7

39.3

38.5

39.2

39.0

39.0

38.9

38.8

38.7

37.1

38.9

38.7

39.4

41.2

40.2

39.8

38.2

39.1

39.7

39.6

39.2

39.3

39.4

37.2

38.2

39.4

39.3

40.1

40.2
40.5

39.0
40.1

39.1
39.8

39.0
39.7

39.2
39.6

40.0
39.9

39.5
39.0

39.2
39.1

38.8
39.3

39.0
39.4

38.8
39.3

37.2
38.8

39.4
39.6

38.9
39.6

39.8
40.0

$2.24

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products____ $2.40 $2.40 $2.39
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments_______________________ 2.74
2.76
2. 76
Mechanical measuring and control
devices____ _________________
2.41
2.40 2. 39
Optical and ophthalmic goods........ 2.16
2.14
2.17
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment...................................... 2.06
2.06
2.05
Photographic equipment and supplies
2.68 2.68 2. 67
Waa tches and clocks......................... 2.07
2.08 2.05
Miscellaneous raanufacturing indus­
tries.................................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
w are............... ...............................
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods...............................................
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials........................................
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions______________________
Other manufacturing industries__
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.39

$2.39

$2.38

$2.37

$2.37

$2.38

$2.36

$2.37

$2.37

$2.34

$2.32

2. 76

2.76

2.74

2.73

2.73

2. 76

2.73

2.73

2.75

2.70

2.68

2.57

2.39
2.13

2.37
2.15

2.39
2.13

2.37

2.38
2.09

2.37
2.08

2.35
2.08

2.35
2.09

2.34

2.33
2.08

2.30
2.04

2.24
1.94

2.05

2.04

2.03

2.10
2.10
2.02 2.02 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.00 2.02 2.01
2.66 2.66 2. 65 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.63 2. 65 2. 63 2. 59 2. 57
2.02 2.04 2.01 2.02 2.02 2.04 2.01 2.01 1.97 1.95 1.97

2.47
1.94
1.84

1.96

1.92

1.91

1.91

1.89

1.90

1.92

1.92

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.92

1.90

1.89

2.08

2.09

2.06

2.04

2.03

2.04

2.04

2.05

2.03

2.02 2.00

2.03

2.03

2.00

1.96

1.77

1.76

1.76

1. 77

1.79

1.78

1.79

1.80

1.82

1.83

1.83

1.78

1.76

1.75

1.70

1.84

1.86 1.86

1.84

1.83

1.83

1.84

1.86

1.84

1.84

1.85

1.82

1.84

1.83

1.77

1.78
2.07

1.77
2.06

1.70
2.03

1.72
2.03

1.74
2.06

1.76
2.06

1.76
2.05

1.74
2.06

1.73
2.05

1. 75
2.05

1.74
2.06

1.73
2.04

1.70

1.68

1.75
2.05

2.02

1.97

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

224
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

Industry

Nov.J

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

May

June

Manufacturing—Continued

Annual
average

1960
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

1959

Average weekly earnings

Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products_________ $89. 57
Meat products________________ 100.67
Dairy products.............................. 93.46
Canned and preserved food, except
meats................................ „ ....... 68.08
Grain mill products..................... — 102. 58
Bakery products______________ 88.84
Sugar................................... ........ . 97.65
Confectionery and related products. 73. 20
Beverages_____ ___ ________ . 99.54
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products.............................. ....... 89.18
Tobacco manufactures_____________ 68.94
Cigarettes...................... ................ 89. 65
Cigars............... .......................... . 59.89
Textile mill products______________ 68.48
Cotton broad woven fabrics.......... 67. 20
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics__________ ___ ___ _
72. 41
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens____________________ 73.46
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ 71.21
Knitting.......................................... 62.96
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit_______________________ 77.11
Floor covering________________ 76. 56
Yam and thread................... ........ 63. 23
Miscellaneous textile goods______ 78.85
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products________________
Dairy products_______________
Canned and preserved food, except
m eats_____________________
Grain mill products____________
Bakery products______________
Sugar_______________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages____________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products___________________
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Cigarettes....................... ........ ......
Cigars___________ ____ ______
Textile mill products______________
Cotton broad woven fabrics_____
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics_____ _____ ____ _____
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens.......................................
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting____________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit___________________ . .. .
Floor covering________________
Yam and thread______________
Miscellaneous textile goods______

$89.84 $89.44 $88.60 $90.25 $90.25 $89.57 $87.20 $87.23 $87.23 $87.67 $87.10
100.62 98.41 95.18 98.18 98.47 97.64 94.47 95. 44 93.69 96.72 97.10
93.26 95.46 92.44 94.61 93.53 92.44 91.36 91.15 90.52 90.94 90.73
72.34 74.48 74.30 70.10 70.31 72.20 68.38 68. 45 68.63 67.34 66.25
102 15 102.83 102.08 100.25 98.26 95.27 95.26 95.48 96.36 97.90 96.79
88.62 88.44 88.26 89.35 89. 57 87.89 85.57 85.79 85.57 84.32 84. 74
94. 50 98.95 99. 72 101.94 96.70 100.26 94.02 97.67 97.38 97.65 100.80
74.70 75.70 73.97 73.30 74.21 73. 45 72.13 71.31 70.92 70.71 67.55
101.05 102.66 100. 78 105.08 100.94 98.15 98. 46 96.92 94.77 94.86 95.89

88.74
69.36
92. 29
59.49
67.08
66.72

87.78 87.35
67.39 68.17
84.50 86.65
58.74 57.37
66.09 66.02
64.71 63.67

70.64 69.39

70.31

88.18 87.13
71.05 74.07
83.85 89.82
55.13 58.47
64.64 65.12
62.49 62.64
68.15


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

84.25
71.05
85.89
53.44
63.18
61.39

84.23
65.51
78.86
52.12
62.86
60. 76

68.56 67.65

66.50 65.44

72.04 73. 81 74.34
69.32 69.83 68.91
61.94 60.29 60.37

74.80 74.56 73.33
67.94 68. 95 67.94
59. 60 59.60 58.37

70.99 69.37
67.20 66.23
57.13 57.29

75.84 73.21 73.93
75.33 74.45 73.92
61.61 62.02 61.16
77.11 76.14 76.14

72.90
67.48
59.85
76.14

76.32
72.22
60.15
77.08

85.85
65.12
80.56
52. 06
61.99
59.75

63.54 68.71
96.80 94.15
86.03 83.81
99.97 93. 70
69.13 69.34
96.87 96. 72

85.65 83.80 85.34
65.22 68.03 64.30
80.60 86.48 83.07
54.17 54.17 57.87
61.18 61.34 62.63
59.80 61.15 61.15

65.28
90.85
80. 00
88.64
66.59
93.56

83.95
64.94
80.29
53.86
63.60
62.56

81.79
64.12
80. 40
52.88
63.02
60.90

65.44 65.27 65.76 67.65 68.31
69.14 67. 25 65.02 65.19 69.83
66.23 64.24 64.01 65.57 66.07
56. 01 54.93 54. 26 57. 53 56.93

66.94
70.64
65.69
57.13

75.30 70.88
68.64 69.21
56.02 54.83
70.84 71.97

71.06
70.27
55.35
70.49

72.67
70.53
57.07
72.89

71.73
70.62
58.05
73.60

72.14
72.51
58.40
72.45

40.2
39.2
42.1

40.4
40.3
42.1

40.7
40.8
42.2

40.9
41.3
42.2

40.9
40.7
42.3

41.0
41.2
42.4

40.9
41.6
42.1

41.4
42.1
42.2

41.6
41.7
43.0

41.4
40.5
42.6

41.4
41.6
43.4

75.06 74.52 74.52
68.82 69.74 69. 70
58. 71 57.51 56.92
74.99 73.84 72.89
Average weekly hours
41.4 40.9 40.0 40.2
41.9 41.2 40.2 40.1
43.1 42.6 42.1 42.2

37.0
44.6
40.2
46.5
40.0
39.5

39.1
45.4
40.1
45.0
40.6
40.1

40.7
45.7
40.2
41.4
40.7
40.9

40.6
46.4
40.3
41.9
40.2
40.8

38.1
46.2
40.8
42.3
39.2
41.7

37.6
45.7
40.9
40.8
39.9
40.7

38.2
43.7
40.5
41.6
39.7
39.9

35.8
43.3
39.8
40.7
39.2
39.7

36.8
43.4
39.9
42.1
39.4
39.4

37.3
43.8
39.8
42.9
39.4
39.0

37.0
44.5
39.4
43.4
39.5
39.2

36.6
44.4
39.6
52.5
38.6
39.3

36.1
44.0
40.2
51.8
39.5
39.7

38.6
44.2
40.1
44.2
39.4
40.3

38.4
44 1
40.2
44.1
39.4
40. 5

43.5
38.3
40.2
39.4
41.5
42.0

43.5
40.8
41.2
39.4
40.9
41.7

42.2
41.6
39.3
38.9
40.3
40.7

42.2
40.1
40.3
38.5
40.5
40.3

42.6
38.2
39.0
37.5
39.9
39.8

42.5
39.4
41.2
37.9
40.2
39.9

42.2
38.1
39.0
36.9
39.5
39.4

41.5
38.2
39.4
36.6
39.0
39.1

41.7
30.6
37.2
35.7
38.8
38.7

42.5
37.0
38.0
35.9
38.5
38.3

42.4
37.7
38.2
37.1
38.0
38.4

41.9
39.1
40.6
37.1
38.1
39.2

43.1
37.6
39.0
39.1
38.9
39.2

42.4
38.2
38.6
37.4
39.5
40.1

42.6
39.1
40.2
37.5
40. 4
40.6

43.1

42.3

41.8

42.1

41.3

41.3

41.0

40.3

39.9

39.9

39.8

40.1

41.0

41.4

42.1

41.5
41.4
39.6

40.7
40.3
39.2

41.7
40.6
38.4

42.0
40.3
39.2

42.5
40.2
38.7

42.6
40.8
38.7

41.9
40.2
37.9

40.8
40.0
37.1

40.1
39.9
37.2

40.2
39.9
37.0

39.1
38.7
35.9

37.8
38.1
35.7

37.9
38.8
37.6

40.6
39.8
37.7

42.3
40.8
38.6

42.6
43.5
41.6
41.5

41.9
42.8
40.8
40.8

40.9
42.3
40.8
40.5

41.3
42.0
40.5
40.5

40.5
37.7
39.9
40.5

42.4
40.8
40.1
41.0

41.6
39.0
37.6
38.5

39.6
39.1
36.8
38.9

39.7
39.7
37.4
38.1

40.6
40.3
38.3
39.4

40.3
39.9
38.7
40.0

41.7
41.2
40.0
40.7

$2.17
2.39
2.15

$2.17
2.40
2.16

$2.14
2.38
2.15

$2.12
2.36
2.15

$2.11
2.33

2.12

$2.02
2.24
2.04

1.91 1.86 1.84 1.82
2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20

1.76

2.14
1.93
1.75
2.44

1.78
2.13
2.09

1.70
2.06
1.99

Food and kindred products................. $2.19 $2.17 $2.15 $2.14 $2.18
Meat products________________ 2. 42 2. 39 2.36 2.35 2.36
Dairy products.................... .......... 2.22 2. 21 2.22 2.17 2.18
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_____________ ________ 1.84 1.85 1.83 1.83 1.84
Grain mill products..... .................. 2.30 2. 25 2.25 2.20 2.17
Bakery products______________ 2.21 2.21 2.20 2.19 2.19
Sugar................ .............................. 2.10 2.10 2.39 2.38 2.41
Confectionery and related products. 1.83 1.84 1.86 1.84 1.87
Beverages......... ............................. 2. 52 2.52 2. 51 2.47 2.52
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products....................................... 2.05 2.04 2.08 2.07 2.07
Tobacco manufactures_____________ 1.80 1.70 1.62 1.70 1.86
Cigarettes__________ _________ 2. 23 2. 24 2.15 2.15 2.15
Cigars______________________
1.52 1.51 1. 51 1.49 1.47
Textile mill products______________ 1.65 1.64 1.64 1.63 1.62
Cotton broad woven fabrics_____
1.60 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics_____________________ 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.67 1.65
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens____________________ 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.76
Narrow fabrics and smallwares...... 1.72 1.72 1. 72 1.71 1.69
Knitting____________________
1.59 1.58 1.57 1.54 1.54
Finishing textiles, except wool and
k n it...____ ____________ ___ 1.81 1.81 1.79 1.79 1.80
Floor covering________________ 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.79
Yam and thread___________
1.52 1.51 1.52 1.51 1.50
Miscellaneous textile goods...........
1.90 1.89 1.88 1.88 1.88

See footnotes at end of table.

86.51
70.87
85.02
54.24
63. 99
61.86

$86.71 $86.30 $82.82
97.47 94.83 92.29
90.73 89.68 86.50

41.7 41.4 41.4
39.1 39.4 39.6
39.4 38.6 38.2
40.1 39.7 39.4
Average hourly earnings
$2.18 $2.19 $2.18 $2.17
2.35 2.37 2.35 2.38
2.17 2.17 2.17 2.16

2.48

1.89
2.18
2.17
2.41
1.85
2.46

2.15
2.31
1.84
2.48

2.05

2.05

2.03

1.87
2.15
2.19
2.37

1.86

1.88 1.86 1.86

2.18
1.49
1.62
1.57

2.18
1.47
1.62
1.57

2.18
1.46
1.62
1.57

2.15
2.32
1.81
2.46

2.15
2.27
1.80
2.43

2.14
2.25
1.79
2.42

1.81
2.18
2.14
1.92
1.75
2.44

2.20

2.12

2.01

1.76
2.40

1.69
2.31

2.02 2.02

2.02

2.00

1.98

1.98

1.92

1.79

1.76

1.73

1.46
1.62
1.57

1.45
1.61
1.56

1.46
1.61
1.56

1.74
2.13
1.46
1.61
1.56

1.71
2.13
1.48
1.61
1.56

1.70
2.08
1.44
1.61
1.56

1.41
1.56
1.50

2.12 2.12 2.11

1.64

2.00

1.66

1.65

1.65

1.64

1.64

1.64

1.64

1.65

1.65

1.59

1.75
1.69
1.54

1.75
1.69
1.54

1.74

1.73

1.72

1.72

1.72

1.68 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.68

1.72

1.54

1.54

1.53

1.53

1.52

1.72
1.69
1.53

1.51

1.66

1.67
1.61
1.48

1.80
1.77
1.50

1.80
1.76
1.49
1.87

1.80
1.77
1.49

1.80
1.76
1.49
1.85

1.81
1.76
1.49
1.84

1.79
1.77
1.49

1.79
1.77
1.48
1.85

1.79
1.75
1.49
1.85

1.78
1.77
1.50
1.84

1.73
1.76
1.46

1.88

1.86

1.86

1.78

225

C .—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1960

1961
Industry
Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

1959

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Apparel and related products................
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
M en’s and boys’ furnishings...........
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear........................................... .
Women's and children’s undergarm ents.................. .................... ......
Ilats, caps, ami millinery................
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparol____________________ - Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products____ __________ ______
Paper and allied products.....................Paper and pul])........................ ........
Paperboard____ _______________
Converted papier and paperboard
products_____________ ______ _
Paperboard containers and boxes-..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____________ ______ _______
Newspaper publishing and printing
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books
Commercial printing______ _____
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries......................................... -

June

Annual
average

$60.62 $60.14 $56.93 $59. 86 $58.16 $56.64 $55. 84 $56. 51 $57. 51 $56.19 $55. 06 $52. 79 $56.35 $56. 45
70.81 68.60 65.43 69.84 68.40 68.32 67.71 65.51 65. 55 66. 34 67.45 63. 27 67.81 68. 27
52.97 52. 97 51. 52 50. 92 49.08 48.91 47. 75 47.30 48.06 46.90 46. 71 46.15 47.03 48.55

$56.63
65.28
49.14

63. 54

63.88

58. 66

65.05

63.61

58.86

58.21

61.54

63.14

59.94

57.28

54.16

59.40

58.76

59.68

57. 99
63. 34
54.96

57.15
64. 26
54.47

54.90
59.19
49.53

54.31
66. 25
53. 49

52.64
66.06
53.72

52. 35
62. 12
53.87

52.33
57. 62
51. 39

53.14
59.51
50.66

53. 21
64. 42
52. 69

52.04
67.69
54.09

51.16
62.84
52.10

49.20
55. 08
46.51

53.14
58.14
51.41

51.91
60.54
51.54

51.97
61.90
50.84

65. 84

65.14

59.49

61.46

61.03

59. 83

58. 45

57. 56

58. 22

56. 86

56.93

55.44

60. 86

58. 74

60.62

63. 96 62. 81 61. 55 62.65 61.02 62.10 60. 96 60.70 60. 48 59.89 59.45 60. 35 62. 59 60. 48
102.15 101.91 102.15 101.05 100. 58 100. 39 97.90 97. 90 96.14 95.68 95. 22 94.30 95. 72 95. 37
112. 71 111.51 111.51 111. 13 110. 88 109. 56 108.13 108. 38 106.03 106. 21 105. 29 105. 47 105. 96 105. 46
111.25 113. 28 113.28 110.38 112. 52 110.88 108.50 107. 57 105. 40 103. 25 105. 90 105. 25 105.65 105. 16
89.44 89. 01 88. 38 88.18 87. 54 87.34 85.05 85. 26 85. 47 85.06 83. 42 82.99 84.25 83.23
93.93 93.93 95.00 93.06 92.18 91.98 88.75 88. 34 87.08 86. 24 85.39 83.10 86.30 86.10

59. 75
93. 30
102. 75
102. 90
81.16
85.27

102. 80
105.33
109. 18
95.82
103. 88
78.87

99. 72
101.84
105. 60
92. 34
100.86
77.16

108.25 108. 08 108. 67 108.19 107. 80 108.19 108. 30 108.39 108. 57 107. 80 107. 42 104.90 106. 43 106. 37
Average weekly hours
34.2
33.2
35.0
35.9
35.4
34.9
35. 5 34.9
35.5
36.5
35.1
35.8
34.5
Apparel and related products________ 36.3
36.9
36.0
35.4
34.9
34.3
34.5
35 1 35.5
33.3
35.5
36.0
35.0
33.9
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 36.5
34.6
36.5
36.9
36.5
35.9
35.3
35.6
35.0
34.7
35.1
38.0
37.3
37.3
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____
36.8
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ out33.0
32.7
32.7
34.0
34.5
33.3
32.0
30.6
33.2
34.6
34.2
33.1
erwear......... .................................. 33.8
31.2
Women's and children’s under36.4
35.6
36.4
35.4
35.8
37.2
36.3
36.1
36.2
34.8
33.7
37.9
37.6
garments......................................
36.6
37.4
32.4
34.4
35.2
35.9
35.7
34.3
34.8
36.6
35.5
35.7
36.6
Hats, caps, and millinery................ 36.4
32.7
36.4
35.2
34.7
36.3
35.2
32.3
35.9
36.3
35.6
35.7
35.3
35.6
Girl’s and children’s outerwear___ 36.4
32.8
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap35.9
35.4
35.0
35.5
35.1
34.5
33.4
35.6
35.1
35.8
36.8
36.8
parel_____________________ .. 37.2
35.2
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
37.4
37.7
37. 8 37.2
36. 7 36.8
38.4
37.8
37.9
38.1
38.3
38.2
38.3
products_________ __________
37.3
41.0
42.2
42.2
42.2
41.8
41.6
41.4
41.8
43.0
42. 8 42.9
43.1
43.0
Paper and allied products
______
43.1
42.9
43.4
44.0
44.0
43.6
43.7
43. 1 43.0
42.7
44.1
42.8
44.2
43.9
Paper and pulp________________
43.9
44.0
43.4
43.2
42.5
42.7
42.1
42.6
43.1
44.3
41.8
44.6
43.8
Paperboard_______ . . . ________ 43.8
44.6
Converted paper and paperboard
39.9
41.4
41.1
41.2
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.3
40.7
40.8
41.4
41.3
41.6
products____________________
39.9
41.0
41.9
42.0
40.9
40.9
40.5
40.3
39.2
40.9
42.5
42.6
42.3
42.5
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Printing, publishing, and allied indus38.5
38.2
38.0
38.2
38.0
38.0
38.0
38.5
38.3
38.4
38.3
38.1
38.1
tries------ ------------------------ ------ ----- 38.3
36.9
36.7
36.5
36.3
36.1
36.1
35.9
37.2
36.5
36.4
36.4
36.2
36.5
Newspaper publishing and printing 36.6
38.9
39.7
40.4
38.7
38.6
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.9
41.2
39.6
39.3
Periodical publishing and printing. 39.3
40.4
40.4
40.1
39.3
40.2
40.6
41.1
41.0
40.6
41.2
40.2
40.5
40.8
Books_____________ ___________ 40.4
39.1
38.4
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.7
38.7
38.6
38.9
38.6
38.8
39.0
39.1
Commercial printing____ _____ . 39.0
Bookbinding and related indus38.2
37.2
38.2
38.1
38.2
38.7
38.3
38.5
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.5
37.7
38.3
tries________________________
Other publishing and printing in38.4
38.0
38.3
38.5
38.5
37.6
38.7
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.6
38.4
38.8
dustries_____________________
Average hourly earnings
Apparel and related products________ 1.67 $1.68 $1.65 $1.64 $1.62 $1.60 $1.60 $1.61 $1.62 $1.61 $1.61 $1.59 $1.61 $1.59
1.90
1.94
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.91
1.85
1.94
1.90
1.93
1.90
1.96
1.93
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 1.94
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.42
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.42
M en’s and boys’ furnishings____
1.40
Women’s, misses’, and juniors'
1.79
1.80
1.77
1.93
1.86
1.80
1.78
1.81
1.83
1.80
1.77
1.88
outerwear_______ ____ _______ 1.88
1.88
Women’s and children’s under1.46
1.45
1.52
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.45
garments____ ________________ 1.53
1.50
1.69
1.72
1.84
1.74
1.76
1.70
1.80
1.81
1.68
1.71
1.81
1.77
Hats, caps, and millinery________ 1.74
1.81
1.46
1 49
1.48
1.44
1.44
1.53
1.49
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.51
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ 1.51
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap1.65
1.77
1.64
1.64
1.62
1.65
1.66
1.70
1.77
1.67
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.69
parel.—____ ___________ ___
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.63
1.60
1.64
1.64
1.61
1.63
1.61
1.61
1.63
products......................................... 1.67
1.65
2. 29
2.26
2.37
2.32
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.35
2. 35 2.34
2.32
2.37
Paper and allied products___________ 2.37
2. 46 2.47
2. 46
2. 47 2. 47 2. 43
2.48
Paper and pulp............................... . 2. 55 2. 54 2. 54 2. 52 2. 52 2. 49 2. 48
2.50
2.
48
2.
44
2.54
2.47
2.48
2.54
2.52
2.
50
2.
49
2.48
2.54
2.
52
Paperboard____________________
2.54
Converted paper and paperboard
2.04
2.07
2.07
2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.15
2.14
2.13
products_____ _______________
2.11
2.10
2.21
2.14
2.14
2.12
2.23
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.15
Paperboard containers and boxes... 2.21
Printing, publishing, and allied indus2.67
2. 72 2.71
2. 72
2.69
2.74
2. 74 2. 73 2.72
2. 76 2.76
2. 77 2.75
2.74
tries... _______ _________________
2.87
2.91
2.90
2.90
2.93
2 92
2.93
2.98
2. 96
2.94
2.93
2.93
2.95
Newspaper publishing and printing 2.99
2.83
2. 72 2.76
2. 75
2. 82 2. 76 2. 73 2. 73 2. 72 2. 75 2. 74
2.77
2.90
Periodical publishing and printing. 2.80
2. 39 2.36
2.40
2.40
2. 37
2.47
2.44
2. 46 2. 43 2.41
2.42
Books____ ____________________ 2. 46 2. 47 2. 47
2. 66 2.65
2.71
2. 70
2. 69
2. 75 2. 76 2. 75
2. 74 2.73
2.72
2. 70 2.72
Commercial printing____________ 2.73
2.10
2.07
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
Bookbinding and related i ndustrles. 2.18 2.16
Other publishing and printing
2. 77
2.
75
2.80
2.82
2.80
2.
79
2.79
2.79
2.81
2.80
2.
81
2.
85
2.83
2.83
industries____________________
See footnotes at end of table.

104.06

6 2 5 1 8 2 — 6 2 --------8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

105. 71
109. 43
110.04
99. 38
106.47
82.19

105. 71
108. 77
115. 75
100. 04
107.25
82. 51

106.37
107. 74
119. 48
100. 78
107.92
82. 73

105. 33
107.02
113. 93
101. 52
106. 98
82.82

104.39
106.07
109.30
100.04
106.04
81.58

104.67
106. 95
107.29
99. 88
105. 65
82.39

104.12
107. 68
105. 65
100.12
104. 99
81.53

104.01
106. 36
104.99
97. 36
105.03
81.15

103. 90
105.05
107. 80
96. 96
106. 35
81.15

103.36
104. 69
108. 23
97.28
104. 61
81.62

102. 98
104. 11
109.14
96.24
104. 76
82.13

103. 36
109.00
105. 81
93. 14
103. 30
79. 61

103. 57
107. 75
109. 85
96. 08
104. 01
80.22

36.3
37.3
37.8
34.1
36.6
36.2
35.8
36.3
38.3
42.8
44.1
43.6
41.2
41.8
38.5
36.5
39.7
40.5
39.4
38.2
38.4
$1.56
1.75
1.30
1.75
1.42
1.71
1.42
1.67
1.56
2.18
2.33
2.36
1.97
2.04
2.59
2. 79
2.66
2.28
2. 56
2.02
2.71

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

226
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

1960

Annual
average

Industry
Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

1959

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable poods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products_______ $109. 52 $108. 58 $107. 53 $107.49 $107.90 $108.00 $105.06 $104.24 $104.24 $103. 89 $104.14 $103.38 $103.98 $103.25 $99.36
Industrial chemicals____________ 123.35 123.19 121. 60 121.51 122.06 121. 80 119. 81 119.11 118. 53 117. 83 118. 40 117. 55 118.28 117.31 113.15
Plastics and synthetics, except
111.09 109.52 108.05 107.90 108.94 109.72 105.88 105.32 104.65 103.89 103.38 104.04 103.98 104.17 100.50
96. 52 95.88 95. 18 93.96 93.43 94.77 93.26 92.46 92.97 92.52 92.34 89. 8S 92.29 90.68 87. 51
Drugs
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----- 100.04 102. 58 100. 28 100. 60 99.22 101.02 97.68 97.68 96.32 96.08 96.32 94. 64 95.99 94.77 90.54
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod100.37 98. 58 98. 42 99.39 100.12 100.43 99.05 97.68 96.48 95.04 94.33 94.64 95.91 95. 65 92.70
nets
85.48 85. 87 84. 04 84.66 85.07 84.00 82. 68 81.46 84.29 83.50 84.12 83. 75 83. 5C 82.37 80.17
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products_________ 104.33 103.09 103.34 102.75 102.51 101.26 99.46 98.98 98. 57 98.09 99.53 98.40 98.71 97.06 94.16
Petroleum refining and related Industries......................................................- 126.16 125.93 126. 88 122. 5S 126.42 126.24 123.3C 124.42 121.8C 121.00 123.9C 118. 72 119.02 118. 78 117.42
Petroleum refining-------------------- 131.75 129.65 131.29 126. 95 131.24 130.38 128.21 129. 56 127.17 126. 45 129. 58 123. 62 124.23 123.22 121.99
Other petroleum and coal products. 101. 76 110. 74 107.93 103.81 105. 70 109. 66 101.24 99.41 95.17 91.80 96.12 95.88 95.24 99.26 97.61
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________ 100. 36 98.49 98.74 97. 85 98.90 97.03 95.04 93.6S 91.89 91.49 92. 51 91.96 92.43 92.97 94.16
Tires and inner tubes___________ 131.57 126.14 127. 70 125.96 128. 86 121.88 115.20 114. 82 110. 56 110.11 113.24 117.21 113.92 116. 33 120.64
94.76 92.80 92. 57 91.30 91.53 91.35 91.58 90. 27 88.13 87.91 87.91 86.30 88.18 87. 82 88.38
Other rubber products__________
83.64 83.64 84. 26 83.44 83.03 84. 67 83.03 81.20 80. 80 80.20 79.99 78. 56 79. 60 79.40 78. 53
Miscellaneous plastic products___
Leather and leather p ro d u cts...............
Leather tanning and finishing........
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products.....................

64.81
86.40
61.75
64.35

62. 76
85. 57
58. 93
63.53

61.88
85. 57
59. 24
59.33

62.79
85. 39
60.64
61.40

63. 58
84.77
61.66
60.86

63.29
85.41
61.07
60.75

61.46
83. 92
58.97
59.62

59.95
84. 77
56. 86
59.09

61.62
82.68
59.33
60.16

61.55
80.85
59.73
60.00

62.75
81.06
60.86
60.38

58.35
81.66
56.25
55.81

60.06
83.10
56. 64
60.80

60. 52
81.74
58.04
58.62

60.26
79.39
58.28
57.99

Average weekly hours
41.8
42.1

41.6
41.9

41.2
41.5

41.5
41.9

41.5
41.8

41.7
42.0

41.2
41.6

41.2
41.5

41.2
41.3

40.9
41.2

41.0
41.4

40.7
41.1

41.1
41.5

41.3
41.6

41.4
41.6

42.4
40.9
41.0

41.8
40.8
41.7

41.4
40.5
41.1

41.5
40.5
41.4

41.9
40.1
41.0

42.2
40.5
41.4

41.2
40.2
40.7

41.3
40.2
40.7

41.2
40.6
40.3

40.9
40.4
40.2

40.7
40.5
40.3

40.8
39.6
39.6

41.1
40.3
40.5

41.5
40.3
40.5

41.7
40.7
40.6

40.8
41.9
41.9

40.4
42.3
41.4

40.5
41.4
41.5

40.9
41.5
41.6

41.2
41.7
41.5

41.5
42.0
41.5

41.1
42.4
41.1

40.7
43.1
40.9

40.2
44.6
40.9

39.6
42.6
40.7

39.8
42.7
41.3

39.6
42.3
41.0

40.3
42.6
41.3

40.7
42.9
41.3

41.2
43.1
41.3

Petroleum refining and related Industries
Petroleum refining------------------Other petroleum and coal products.

41.5
41.3
42.4

41.7
40.9
45.2

41.6
40.9
44.6

41.0
40.3
43.8

42.0
41.4
44.6

41.8
41.0
45.5

41.1
40.7
42.9

41.2
41.0
42.3

40.6
40.5
41.2

40.2
40.4
39.4

41.3
41.4
40.9

40.8
40.8
40.8

40.9
41.0
40.7

41.1
40.8
42.6

41.2
40.8
43.0

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Tires and inner tubes______ _____
Other rubber products__________
Miscellaneous plastic products.......

41.3
41.9
41.2
41.0

40.7
40.3
40.7
41.0

40.8
40.8
40.6
41.1

40.6
40.5
40.4
40.9

40.7
41.3
40.5
40.5

40.6
39.7
40.6
41.3

40.1
38.4
40.7
40.7

39.7
38.4
40.3
40.2

39.1
37.1
39.7
40.0

39.1
37.2
39.6
39.9

39.2
38.0
39.6
39.6

38.8
39.2
38.7
38.7

39.5
38.1
39.9
40.0

39.9
39.3
40. 1
40.1

41.3
41.6
41.3
40.9

Leather and leather products-----------Leather tanning and finishing-----Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products__________

37.9
40.0
37.2
39.0

36.7
39.8
35.5
38.5

36.4
39.8
35.9
36.4

37.6
39.9
37.2
37.9

38.3
39.8
38.3
37.8

37.9
40.1
37.7
37.5

36.8
39.4
36.4
36.8

35.9
39.8
35.1
36.7

36.9
39.0
36.4
37.6

37.3
38.5
37.1
37.5

37.8
38.6
37.8
37.5

35.8
38.7
35.6
35.1

36.4
39.2
35.4
38.0

36.9
39.3
36.5
37.1

37.9
39.3
37.6
37.9

Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass________________________
Drugs------------------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products------- ------ ----------------------Agricultural chemicals---------------Other chemical products_________

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products...... ........ $2.62
Industrial chemicals____________ 2. 93
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass...............................................- 2.62
Drugs------ ------- ----------------------- 2. 36
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----- 2.44
Paints, varnishes, and allied products------------------------------------- 2.46
Agricultural chemicals..................... 2. 04
Other chemical products_________ 2.49

$2.61
2. 94

$2. 61
2. 93

$2.59
2. 90

$2.60
2.92

$2. 59
2.90

$2. 55
2.88

$2. 53
2.87

$2. 53
2.87

$2.54
2.86

$2.54
2.86

$2.54
2.86

$2. 53
2. 85

$2.50
2.82

$2.40
2.72

2.62
2.35
2.46

2. 61
2.35
2. 44

2.60
2.32
2.43

2.60
2.33
2.42

2.60
2.34
2.44

2.57
2.32
2.40

2.55
2.30
2.40

2.54
2.29
2.39

2.54
2.29
2.39

2.54
2.28
2.39

2. 55
2.27
2.39

2.53
2.29
2.37

2. 51
2.25
2.34

2.41
2.15
2.23

2. 44
2.03
2.49

2. 43
2. 03
2.49

2.43
2.04
2.47

2.43
2.04
2.47

2.42
2.00
2.44

2.41
1.95
2.42

2.40
1.89
2.42

2.40
1.89
2.41

2.40
1.96
2.41

2.37
1.97
2.41

2.39
1.98
2.40

2.38
1.96
2.39

2.35
1.92
2.35

2.25
1.86
2.28

Petroleum refining and related Indust r ie s .....................................................
Petroleum refining_____________
Other petroleum and coal products.

3.04
3.19
2.40

3. 02
3.17
2. 45

3.05
3. 21
2.42

2.99
3.15
2.37

3.01
3.17
2.37

3.02
3.18
2.41

3.00
3.15
2. 36

3.02
3.16
2.35

3.00
3.14
2. 31

3.01
3.13
2.33

3.00
3.13
2.35

2.91
3.03
2.35

2. 91
3.03
2.34

2. 89
3.02
2.33

2.85
2.99
2.27

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products............................ ........ ..........
Tires and inner tubes________. . .
Other rubber products... . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous plastic products........

2.43
3.14
2.30
2.04

2. 42
3.13
2.28
2.04

2. 42
3 12
2.28
2.05

2.41
3.13
2.26
2.04

2.43
3.12
2.26
2.05

2.39
3.07
2.25
2.05

2.37
3.00
2.25
2.04

2.36
2.99
2.24
2.02

2.35
2.98
2.22
2.02

2.34
2. 96
2.22
2.01

2.36
2.98
2.22
2.02

2.37
2. 99
2.23
2.03

2.34
2. 99
2.21
1.99

2.33
2.96
2.19
1.98

2.28
2.90
2.14
1.92

1.71
2.16
1.66
1.65

1.71
2.15
1.66
1.65

1.70
2. 15
1. 65
1.63

1.67
2.14
1.63
1.62

1.66
2.13
1.61
1.61

1.67
2.13
1.62
1.62

1.67
2.13
1.62
1.62

1.67
2.13
1.62
1.61

1.67
2.12
1.63
1.60

1.65
2.10
1.61
1.60

1.66
2.10
1.61
1.61

1.63
2.11
1. 58
1.59

1.65
2.12
1.60
1.60

1.64
2.08
1.59
1.58

1.59
2.02
1.55
1.53

Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products__________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

227

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
R evised series ; see box, p. 212.
1960

1961
Industry
Nov.*

Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural bus lines_____
Motor freight transportation and
storage_________________________
Pipeline transportation...........................
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4............
Radio and television broadcastingElectric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems............
Combined utility systems...............
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

May

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Annual
average
I960

195»

Average weekly earnings
$112.41 $112. 71 $114.48 $111. 49 $114.38 $113. 95 $108.27 $111.41 $115.02 $108.92 $111.04 $106.92 $108.84 $101.84
$99.99 98. 24 98.67 99.16 98. 47 99. 41 98. 06 97.16 97.13 97.16 95. 34 98. 31 96.11 94.82 91.57
111.34 111.57 119.97 116. 77 117.13 112. 49 108. 94 112. 58 106.14 108.03 107.68 104.33 104.00 105.22 100.01
110. 35 111.67 111.14 111.19 108. 42 109. 30 106. 55 104. 45 103. 53 103. 63 102. 06 103. 73 103. 82 104.17 102.12
130.73 133.80 133. 50 130.33 137.03 124.42 128.95 133.06 128.16 129. 03 135. 29 127.08 124. 12 124. 53 124. 14
95.35
102. 92
118.94
115.64
115. 36
107. 94
126. 05
94.48

96. 64
104. 33
121.59
114. 95
114. 39
108. 32
125.14
93.61

97.53
105. 25
122.29
114. 26
114. 54
105. 26
124. 01
94. 35

93.62
104.33
119. 27
112.07
113. 44
103. 12
121.88
94.16

93. 46
104. 90
118. 81
112. 34
113.71
103. 94
121. 25
93.43

92.12
105.33
117.50
110.98
112.20
102. 36
120. 66
92.84

91.03
106.00
117.66
110. 70
111.52
102. 36
119. 48
92. 89

90.17
102. 51
119. 58
110. 43
110.84
102. 77
119. 07
92.16

90.02
103. 17
118. 04
110. 30
110. 98
102. 31
119. 54
91.08

90. 71
102. 01
118. 80
110. 84
110. 57
103. 63
121. 42
92.80

90.48
103. 00
120 51
110. 84
110. 84
103. 63
120.13
91.53

91.64
100. 77
121.28
112. 06
111.79
105.16
121. 84
90. 58

92.92
100. 98
122. 61
111. 24
111. 51
104. 08
120. 83
91.62

89.50
100. 01
121. 13
108.65
109. 45
100. 69
117.26
89. 84

85. 46
95.99
115.50
103. 73
104. 81
97. 51
110. 70
86.11

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and su burban transportation.
Intercity and rural bus lines_____
Motor freight transportation and
storage
Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication:
Telephone communication..............
Telegraph communication4______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems............
Combined ut ility system................
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.

42.1

41.9

43.2

41.6

43.0

43.0

40.4

42.2

42.6

41.1

41.9

40.5

41.7

41.4

43.1
41.7

42.9
42.1

42.9
44.6

43.3
43.9

43.0
44.2

43.6
43.1

43.2
41.9

42.8
43.3

42.6
41.3

42.8
42.7

42.0
41.9

43.5
41.9

43.1
41.6

43.1
42.6

43.4
42.2

41.8
40.1

42.3
40.3

42.1
40.7

42.6
40.1

41.7
41.4

42.2
38.4

41.3
39.8

40.8
40.2

40.6
39.8

40.8
39.7

40.5
41.5

41.0
40.6

41.2
40.3

41.5
40.3

42.2
40.7

39.4
41.5
38.0
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.6
40.9

40.1
41.9
38.6
41.2
41.0
41.5
41.3
40.7

40.3
42.1
38.7
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.2

39.5
41.9
38.6
40.9
41.1
40.6
40.9
41.3

39.6
42.3
38.7
41.0
41.2
40.6
41.1
40.8

39.2
42.3
38.4
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.9
40.9

38.9
42.4
38.2
40.7
41.0
40.3
40.5
41.1

38.7
41.5
38.7
40.6
40.9
40.3
40.5
40.6

38.8
41.6
38.2
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.8
40.3

39.1
41.3
38.2
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.3
40.7

39.0
41.7
38.5
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.5

39.5
41.3
38. 5
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.3
40.8

40.4
41.9
38.8
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.1
40.9

39.6
42.2
38.7
41.0
41.3
40.6
41.0
41.4

39.2
42. 1
38.5
41.0
41.1
40.8
41.0
41.6

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
$2. 67
Class I railroads 3_______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation. $2.32 2.29
2.65
Intercity and rural bus lines........... 2.67
Motor freight transportation and
2.64
2.64
storage__ ____________ _________
3.32
Pipeline transportation_____________ 3.26
Communication:
2.41
Telephone communication_______ 2.42
Telegraph communication 4______ 2.48
2.49
Radio and television broadcasting. 3.13
3.15
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___ 2. 80 2.79
Electric companies and systems__ 2. 80 2. 79
2.61
Gas companies and systems______ 2.62
3.03
3.03
Combined utility systems_______
Water, steam, and sanitary systems. 2. 31 2.30
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 69

$2. 65

$2. 68

$2.66

$2.65

$2.68

$2.64

$2. 70

$2.65

$2.65

$2.64

$2.61

$2.46

2.30
2.69

2.29
2.66

2.29
2. 65

2.28
2.61

2.27
2.60

2.27
2.60

2. 28
2. 57

2.27
2.53

2.27
2. 57

2. 26
2. 49

2. 23
2. 50

2.20
2.47

2.11
2.37

2. 64
3.28

2. 61
3.25

2.60
3.31

2.59
3.24

2. 58
3.24

2. 56
3.31

2. 55
3.22

2.54
3.25

2.52
3. 26

2. 53
3.13

2. 52
3.08

2. 51
3.09

2.42
3. 05

2.42
2.50
3.16
2. 78
2.78
2.58
3.01
2.29

2.37
2.49
3.09
2. 74
2. 76
2. 54
2.98
2.28

2.36
2.48
3.07
2. 74
2. 76
2. 56
2. 95
2.29

2. 35
2.49
3.06
2. 72
2. 73
2.54
2. 95
2.27

2.34
2.50
3.08
2.72
2.72
2. 54
2. 95
2.26

2.33
2. 47
3. 09
2. 72
2. 71
2.55
2. 94
2.27

2.32
2. 48
3. 09
2.71
2. 72
2.52
2. 93
2.26

2.32
2. 47
3. 11
2.71
2.71
2. 54
2. 94
2. 28

2. 32
2. 47
3. 13
2. 71
2.71
2. 54
2. 93
2. 26

2. 32
2. 44
3. 15
2. 72
2. 72
2.54
2.95
2.22

2.30
2.41
3. 16
2. 70
2. 70
2. 52
2. 94
2.24

2.26
2.37
3. 13
2. 65
2. 65
2. 48
2.86
2.17

2.18
2.28
3.00
2. 63
2. 55
2.39
2.70
2.07

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

228
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
R evised series ; see box, p. 212.

Industry
Nov.21 Oct. I Sept.

Wholesale and retail trade *-------------------- $72.96 $73.34
Wholesale trade— ........................... — 94.60 94.60
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment.......................... — 91. 57 90.72
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts..................................... ......... 95. 51 95.44
Dry goods and apparel............. — 94 25 95.88
Qroeeries and related products----- RR 82 88.18
Electrical goods...........- ................ . 100.45 99.55
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods............................................. 91.94 91.80
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies.......................... - .................. 102 91 103.07
Retail trade*------- -------- --------------- 04 18 64.64
Oeneral merchandise stores........... 49 88 50.66
Department stores................... 58 78 55.60
Limited price variety stores... 87 21 37.67
Food stores................................. . .. 63.37 63. 55
Orocery, meat, and vegetable
stores___ _____ _________ 65.15 64.79
Apparel and accessories stores--- 52. 02 52.67
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores 08 84 64. 67
Women’s ready-to-wear stores 46 90 47.04
Family clothing stores............. 51.89 51. 54
Shoe stores............... ................ 51.52 52.80

Aug.

July

June

Annual
average

1960

1961
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb. | Jan.

Dec. | Nov.

I960

1959

Average weekly earnings
$73. 72 $73.88 $74.07 $73. 51 $72. 37 $71.98 $71.41 $71.60 $71.60 $70. 20 $71.00 $70.98 $69.17
88.91
94.77 93.79 94. 42 94.19 92.69 92.69 91.66 91.43 91.88 91.30 91.13 91.13
84.22
86.
53
87.36
87.
57
87.99
87.36
87.36
88.
41
88.41
88.83
89.87 89.25 89. 25
93.37 93.13
90. 99 92.10
86.31 86.10
95. 76 96. 07

93. 37
91.99
84.86
95.12

92.97
91.20
84.66
95.76

92.80
93.65
84. 66
96.88

91.94
89.68
85.90
95. 51

92.40
90.06
85.28
96.63

91.20
90.68
84.67
95.11

87.38
89.68
81. 56
93.73

88.88

88.48

86.83

87.91

87.89

87.89

86.86

84. 45

104.30 101.68 101.84 102.41 101.18 100.78
64.60 65. 23 65. 57 64.90 63.84 63.46
51.11 51. 25 51.39 51.16 50. 22 49. 74
56.25 56.03 56.19 55. 71 55. 55 54.19
37.79 38.08 38. 53 37.18 35.95 36. 27
63.90 64.59 64.40 63.36 61.95 61.60

99.88
62.70
49. 39
53.69
36.92
61.24

99.72
62.87
49. 39
53. 51
36.82
61.42

99. 55 102.16 98.98
63. 25 61.82 62.48
49. 74 49. 62 48.08
54.22 53.96 52.86
36.51 35. 49 35. 53
61.06 61.39 61.92

99.80
62. 37
48. 58
53.09
35. 53
60.98

97.99
60. 76
47.60
52.15
34. 22
58.72

63.18
52. 24
64. 47
45. 36 45.89
51.05 52.26
52.16 1 52.96

63. 71
50.91
63.61
44.69
50. 78
51. 68

62.95
51. 30
63. 29
44.41
51.01
52.33

60.15
50. 40
62. 54
43. 31
50. 78
51. 51

95.34
94.88
89.44
99. 55

93.83
93. 62
88.61
97.28

95.11 93.83
92. 72 90.62
89. 46 87.78
97.28 97.12

91.17

90.32

89.69

89.91

88.66

63.37
51.11
62. 63
45. 50 45.90
51. 47 51.10
52.64 I 50.88

65. 34
52. 55

63.90
51.60

65.05

63. 38

45. 75
52. 42
54.32

66. 23
52.80
66. 64
46.10
51.77
53.88

65.70
52.10

66.05
52.60

63. 54

66. 53

46.31
51. 55
53 46

45.83
52.13
53. 46

63.01 62.83
50. 42 51.50
62.12 63. 75
45.16 45.02
50. 96 51.94
51.04 52.10

62. 83
51.94
66.00

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade *------------------Wholesale trade---------------------------Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment...............................
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts.................... -......................—
Dry goods and apparel--------------Groceries and related products----Electrical goods---------- -------- ---Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods-------------------------■ ------Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies—
Retail trade *----- -------- ------- --------General merchandise stores........... .
Department stores................... .
Limited price variety stores...
Food stores---------------- ------Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores---------------------------Apparel and accessories stores ---Men’s and boys’ apparel stores
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
Family clothing stores-----Shoe stores--------------------

38.4
40.6

38.6
40.6

38.8
40.5

39.3
40.6

39.4
40.7

39.1
40.6

38.7
40.3

38.7
40.3

38.6
40.2

38.7
40.1

38, 7
40.3

39.0
40.4

38.8
40. 5

39.0
40. 5

39.3
40.6

42.2

42.0

41.8

42.1

42.3

42.1

41.9

41.9

41.6

41.6

41.7

41.6

41.7

41.8

41.9

41.0

40.1
38.2
41. 4
40.8

40.4
37.8
41.6
40.8

40.1
37.6
41.6
40.2

40.3
38.0
42.0
40.2

40.1
37.6
41.6
40.3

39.9
37.6
41.1
39.9

39.8
37.9
41.0
39.7

39.9
37.7
40.8
39.8

39.9
38.0
40.7
39.9

40.0
38.7
40.9
40.2

39.8
38.0
41 9
40.3

40.0
38.0
41.2
40.6

40.0
38.1
41.3
40. 3

39.9
38.0
41.4
40.4

40.5

40.8

40 7

40.5

40.4

40.5

40.3

40.4

40.4

40.2

40.7

40.5

40.5

40.4

40.6

40.6
38.0
34.3
34.2
32.1
35.4

40.7
38.1
34 3
34.3
32.3
35.5

40.8
38.1
34.3
34.1
32.6
35.5

40.7
38.4
35.7
35. 5
33.8
35.9

40.9
38.1
34.1
34.1
32. 3
36.0

40.9
38. 5
34.7
34. /
32.6
36.3

41.0
38.7
35.0
35.0
32.9
36.7

35.6
34.3
37.2
33.7
36.4
32.1

35.7
34.8
37. 5
33.6
37.1
33.4

35.7
34.4
37.5
33.6
35.7
32.2

36.1
35. 3
37.7
34.5
37 6
33.1

36.2
34. 4
37.2
33. 6
36.8
32.3

36.6
34.9
37.9
33.9
36. 7
¿2. 5

36.9
35.0
37.9
34.1
36.8
32.6

$1.83
2. 25

$1.82
2. 25

$1. 76
2.19

40. 3
37. 7
41 7

37 5
33 7
33 2
31 8
35.4

40. 9
37.8
34.0
33.9
32.2
35.5

40.9
38.0
34.3
34.3
32.3
35.9

41.0
38.6
35.1
34.8
33.4
36.7

40.9
38.8
35.2
34.9
33.8
36.8

40.8
38.4
34.8
34.6
32.9
36.0

40.8
38.0
34.4
34.5
32.1
35.4

40.8
38.0
34.3
34.3
32.1
35.4

35.6
34. 0
36.9
33. 5
35. 3
32.0

35.6
34.2
37.6
33.6
35. 3
32.0

36.1
34.5
37.6
33.8
35. 8
3 2 .6

36.9
35.3
37.8
34.4
36.4
34.6

37.0
35.2
38.3
34.4
35.7
34.1

36.3
34.8
37.6
34.2
36.2
32.8

35.7
34.4
37.5
33.7
36.5
31.9

35.6
34.3
37. 5
33.5
36.5
32.0

$1.90
2.34

$1.88
2.31

$1.88
2.32

$1.88
2.32

$1.87
2.30

$1.86
2.30

$1.85
2. 28

$1.85
2. 28

$1. 85
2.28

$1.80
2.26

2.15

2.12

2.11

2.11

2.11

2.11

2.10

2.10

2.11

2.10

2.10

2.07

2.01

2.34
2.44
2.08
2.39

2.33
2.40
2.08
2. 40

2.32
2. 42
2.07
2.41

2.31
2.36
2.05
2.37

2.31
2.37
2.07
2.38

2. 28
2. 38
2.05
2.36

2.19
2.36
1.97
2.32

41 0

Average hourly earnings
$1.90 $1.90
Wholesale and retail trade *-------------2.33 2.33
Wholesale trade----------------------Motor vehicles and automotive
2.16
2.17
equipment..................................
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod2.38
ucts................................................ 2.37
2. 51
Dry goods and apparel-------------- 2 50
2.13
Groceries and related products----- 2 13
2.44
2.45
Electrical goods_____________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
2. 25
goods________________ ___ 2.27
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
2.51
2.52
plies____________________
1.71
1.71
Retail trade*---------- -------------------1.49
1.48
General merchandise stores--------1.62
1.64
Department stores________
1.17
1.17
Limited price variety stores—
1.79
Food stores.............. ................ ........ 1.79
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
1. 82
stores----------------------------- 1.83
1. 54
Apparel and accessories stores------ 1. 53
1.72
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores. 1.73
1.
40
1.40
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
1.46
1. 47
Family clothing stores---------1
61
1.65
Shoe stores-----------------------See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.36
2. 51
2.15
2.44

2.34
2. 49
2.13
2.42

2.36
2. 44
2.13
2.42

2. 34
2. 41
2.11
2.41

2.34
2. 42
2.10
2.40

2.34
2.43
2.10
2.42

2.25

2.23

2.22

2.22

2.20

2.20

2.19

2.16

2.16

2.17

2.17

2.15

2.08

2. 55
1.70
1.49
1.64
1.17
1.78

2.48
1.69
1.46
1.61
1.14
1.76

2. 49
1.69
1.46
1.61
1.14
1.75

2. 51
1.69
1.47
1.61
1.13
1.76

2.48
1.68
1.46
1.61
1.12
1.75

2.47
1.67
1. 45
1.58
1. 13
1.74

2.46
1.65
1.44
1. 57
1.15
1. 73

2.45
1.65
1.44
1.56
1.14
1.73

2.44
1.66
1.45
1.59
1.12
1.72

2. 51
1.61
1.39
1. 52
1.05
1.71

2.42
1.64
1.41
1. 55
1.10
1.72

2. 44
1.62
1. 40
1. 53
1.09
1.68

2.39
1.57
1.36
1.49
1.04
1.60

1.82
1.51
1.69
1.37
1.44
1.64

1.79
1.49
1.76
1.33
1.44
1.57

1.79
1.50
1.74
1.34
1.45
1.58

1.80
1.51
1.73
1.34
1.44
1.63

1.79
1.50
1.69
1.35
1.41
1.65

1.78
1.49
1.67
1.37
1.40
1.59

1.77
1. 47
1.67
1.34
1.40
1. 59

1. 76
1.48
1.70
1.34
1.40
1.56

1.76
1.51
1.76
1.35
1. 43
1.62

1.75
1.48
1.71
1.33
1.39
1.60

1.76
1.48
1. 71
1.33
1.38
1.60

1.72
1. 47
1.67
i. 31
1.39
1. 61

1.63
1.44
1 65
1.27
1.38
1.58

C.—EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS
T able

229

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

Annual
average

1960

Industry
Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1960

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trad e5—Continued
Retail trad e5—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___ $78. 50 $78. 50 $78.06 $78. 25 $77. 23 $77.79 $76.22 $76.04 $75.81 $74. 62 $76.67 $77. 38 $76.04 $74.98
Other retail trad e______________ 73.93 73. 87 73.46 74. 27 74. 69 74.10 72.98 72. 56 71.72 71.90 72.07 71.99 71.99 71. 57
Motor vehicle dealers________ 90.25 88. 97 87.23 89.49 90.17 90.78 89.04 87.96 86. 39 84.67 85.31 86.63 87.91 87. 91
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers___________________ 77. 70 78. 41 78. 77 79. 20 79. 47 79.39 78. 94 77.88 77. 53 77.79 77.35 76. 64 77.16 77. 26
Drug stores________________ 56.30 55.94 56.24 56.93 57.00 56.17 55.13 54.46 54.39 54.02 54.31 54.81 53.86 53.34
Finance, insurance , and real estate:
Banking_______ _______ __________ 70.31 70.12 69.37 69.19 69. 56 68. 82 68.63 68.82 69.01 69.01 68. 45 67.52 67. 53 67.15
Security dealers and exchanges.............. 124. 94 124. 71 125.36 125.04 127. 42 143. 45 151.10 152.16 139.38 129.37 119. 93 118.08 110. 87 117. 12
Insurance carriers__________________ 90. 43 90.35 90.26 90.34 90.05 89. 57 89.50 89.08 88.80 88. 74 88. 90 88.07 87. 85 87.41
Life Insurance__________________ 95. 34 95.81 95.61 96.10 95. 56 94. 90 94. 74 93.71 93. 93 93.89 94.34 93.60 93. 38 93. 32
Accident and health Insurance____ 75.72 76.47 75.09 73.68 74.14 73. 47 72.92 73.88 73. 85 73.27 73.16 72.74 71.83 71.33
Fire, marine, and casualty insuranee. _______ ____________ 86.28 85.16 85.46 85.11 85.11 85.01 85.02 85.27 84.24 84.19 83. 99 83.12 82.90 81.96
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 0_ 46.36 47.08 45.31 45.21 44.88 44.75 45.20 44. 85 45.08 44.97 45.08 45.31 44.57 43. 89
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants. _____________________ 49. 79 50. 05 49.15 48.76 49.66 50.42 50.17 48.51 48.25 47. 75 48.13 47.63 48.50 48.11
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing............. .............. ........... 115.10 114. 80 116.00 116 31 119.93 119.50 114.94 115. 43 119. 48 117. 66 115.82 118.94 120.28 113.69
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trad e5—Continued
Retail trade Continued
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.6
41.1
41.4
41.6
Furniture and appliance stores___ 41.1
41.3
42.1
41.9
42.1
42.1
42.1
41.5
42.2
42.2
41. 7 41.7
41.7
41.8
Other retail trade—____________ 41.3
41.5
44.4
44.2
44.4
44.2
44.2
44.3
44.1
44.2
Motor vehicle dealers________ 43.6
43.4
43.4
44.3
44.5
44.3
Other vehicle and accessory
44.4
44.2
44.2
44.5
44.3
44.3
44.6
44.9
44.6
44.6
43.9
44.3
44.5
45.0
dealers________ _________
37.3
37.2
37.4
37.0
37.8
37.7
37.0
36.8
37.0
Drug stores................................. 36.8
36.8
37.0
37.7
38.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
37.1
36.9
37.2
37.1
Banking___ ___________ ____ _____
36.8
36.9
37.0
37.1
37.1
36.9
37.0
37.0
37.2
37.1
Security dealers and exchanges
Insurance carriers_

1959

$73.87
70. 22
86.08
74.36
51.14
65.10
124. 07
85.29
91.52
68.48
79.36
42.40
46.80
111.79

41.5
42.3
44.6
44.0
37.6
37.2

Life insurance

Accident and health insurance
Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants_______________________
Motion pictures:
Motion pict ure filming and distrib-

38.6

39.9

39.4

41.1

40.8

39.6

39.3

39.0

39.2

39.1

39.2

39.4

39.1

39.9

40.0

38.9

39.1

38.7

38.7

39.1

39.7

39.5

38.5

38.6

38.2

38.5

38.1

38.8

38.8

39.0

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale aDd retail trade 5—Continued
Retail trade 5—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___ $1.91
Other retail trade ____________
1. 79
Motor vehicle dealers___________ 2.07
Other vehicle and accessory dealers_________________________
1.77
Drug stores____________________ 1.53
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking _________________________ 1.89
Security dealers and exchanges
Life insurance
Accident and health insurance
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels ®_
Persona] services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
p la n ts______________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribu tin g _______________________

$1.91
1. 78
2.05

$1.89
1.77
2.01

$1.89
1.76
2.02

$1.87
1.77
2.04

$1.87
1.76
2.04

$1. 85
1.75
2.01

$1.85
1.74
1.99

$1.84
1.72
1.95

$1.82
1.72
1.92

$1.87
1.72
1.93

$1.86
1.71
1.96

$1.85
1.71
1.98

$1.82
1.70
1.98

$1.78
1.66
1.93

1.77
1.52

1.77
1.52

1.76
1.51

1.77
1.50

1.78
1.49

1.77
1.49

1.75
1.48

1.75
1.47

1.76
1.46

1.75
1.46

1.73
1.45

1.73
1.44

1.74
1.43

1.69
1.36

1.89

1.88

1.87

1.88

1.87

1.86

1.86

1.86

1.86

1.84

1.82

1.83

1.81

1.75

1.20

1.18

1.15

1.10

1.10

1.13

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.14

1.10

1.06

1.28

1.28

1.27

1.26

1.27

1.27

1.27

1.26

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.24

1.20

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem­
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
5 Preliminary.
• Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

* Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
s Excludes eating and drinking places.
*Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and tips
not included.
S o u r c e : TJ.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

230

T able C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
R evised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

1960

Industry division and group
N o v.2 Oct.
Mining_______________________ ____ ________
Contract construction.................................. ..........................
M anufacturing............................. ...........................................

41.3
37.5
40.6

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

40.8

40.7

41.6

40.5

40.3

39.9

39.3

40.2

36.9

38.1

41.5
37.2

36.7

40.2

37.1

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

40.4

39.3

39.9

37.5

34.8

36.8

36.9

36.8

36.3

35.7

39.3

39.3

39.0

38.5

39.3

39.6

40.0

40.0

39.9

39.8

39.7

40.5
40. 4
39.5
40.1
41.1
40. 5
40.9
41.0
40.1
40.7
40.5
39.6

40.4
40. 7
39.7
40.1
40.9
39.7
40.7
40.8
40.1
40.6
40.7
39.7

40.2
40.4
39.5
39.6
40.4
39.5
40.5
40.7
39.9
40.6
40.6
39.3

40.0
40. 7
39.0
39. 5
40.3
38.9
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.5
40.5
39.3

39.7
40. 7
38.9
39.0
40.4
38.1
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.8
40.3
39.1

39.6
40.4
39.2
38.9
40.2
38.0
39.8
40.6
39.9
39.6
40.4
39.4

39.3
40.4
39.3
38.6
40.2
37.5
39.7
40.4
39.8
38.9
40.3
39.1

39.0
39.7
38.1
38.9
39.7
37.1
38.9
40.0
38.6
39.3
39.2
37.8

39.7
40.6
38.4
39.2
40.4
37.7
40.2
40.7
39.7
40.4
40.3
39.2

Lumber and wood products, except furniture___
Furniture and fixtures____ _______________
Stone, clay, and glass products.................................
Primary metal industries__________________
Fabricated metal products---- -----------------------Machinery____ ___ ____________________
Electrical equipment and supplies___________
Transportation equipment.......................................
Instruments and related products......... ..................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..................

41.2
41. 6
39.5
40.9
40.7
40.6
41.5
41.7
40.8
43.0
41.1
40.1

40.6
41.3
39.9
40.3
40.8
40.5
40.9
41.4
40.5
40.9
40.9
39.7

39.8
40. 9
39.5
40.4
41.0
40.1
39.6
41.1
39.4
38.0
40.9
39.7

40.5
41.1
39.6
40.1
41.0
40.2
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
39.4

Nondurable goods______ _____________ _____
Food and kindred products___
__ _ ___
Tobacco manufactures______ _________ ___ Textile mill products............................. .............. .
Apparel and related products. .................................
Paper and allied products.. ______
__ ___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.......... .
Chemicals and allied products.................. ...............
Petroleum refining and related industries...............
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_____
Leather and leather products_____ __________

39.7
40.7
38.8
40.9
36.1
43.1
38.2
41.8
41.5
41.3
38.0

39.6
41.2
39.4
40.4
35.7
42.7
38.1
41.7
41.8
40.4
37.4

39.2
40.9
39.5
40.4
34.4
42.7
38.1
41.2
41.0
40.6
37.0

39.3
40.9
39.6
40.2
35.6
42.6
38.2
41.6
41.0
40.2
37.0

39.5
41.0
38.0
40.0
35.7
42.7
38.2
41.5
41.4
40.3
37.4

39.5
41.3
38.9
40.1
35.4
42.8
38.3
41.5
41.6
40.1
37.6

39.3
41.1
38.3
39.9
35.0
42.4
38.0
41.1
41.1
40.3
37.6

39.3
40.7
39.8
39.8
35.7
42.6
38.3
41.2
41.2
40.5
37.4

39.1
40.9
38.4
38.9
35.6
42.0
38.2
41.3
40.8
39.5
36.8

38.8
40.9
38.3
38.6
34.8
42.0
38.2
41.1
40.7
39. 5
36.7

38.7
40.6
37.7
38.2
34.4
41.6
38.2
41.0
41.5
39.4
36.9

38.1
40.5
38.1
37.8
33.6
40.9
37.7
40.4
41.2
38.6
35.6

38.7
40.7
38.1
38.4
34.8
41.8
38.4
41.1
40.9
39.5
36.5

Wholesale and retail trade *................................................ .
Wholesale trade.._________ ________________
Retail trade *_______ ___ __________________

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.7
40.5
38.0

38.7
40.4
38.0

38.8
40.5
37.9

38.9
40. 5
38.2

38.9
40.6
38.1

38.9
40.4
38.3

38.9
40.5
38.2

38.8
40.4
38.2

39.0
40.3
38.4

38.9
40.3
38.3

38.8
40.2
38.2

39.1
40.5
38.5

Durable goods...................................... ...........................

» For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A~3.
* Preliminary.
»Excludes eating and drinking places.

T able

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group 1
R evised series ; see box, p. 212.
Annual
average

1960

1961
Major industry group

Manufacturing_______________________
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories...... ........ ........
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products....................
Machinery___ _____ ______ ______
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment____ _____
Instruments and related products... __
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries__________________________
Nondurable goods_________ _________ _
Food and kindred products____ ____
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries__________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts________________ __________
Leather and leather products________

N ov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

1959

$2.28

$2.26

$2.25

$2.24

$2.26

$2. 25

$2.25

$2.25

$2.24

$2.23

$2.24

$2.23

$2. 21

$2.20

$2.12

2.45
2.73

2.43
2.73

2.41
2. 72

2.41
2. 72

2. 42
2.73

2. 42
2. 72

2. 42
2.72

2.41
2.70

2. 40
2.69

2 39
2.69

2.39
2.68

2. 40
2.67

2.37
2.64

2.36
2.60

2.28
2.52

1.91
1.87
2.28
2.89
2.43
2. 57
2.30
2.77
2.32

1.93
1.86
2. 27
2. 88
2.42
2. 55
2.29
2.74
2.32

1.95
1.86
2. 26
2. 85
2.39
2. 55
2.28
2. 71
2.32

1.90
1.85
2.26
2. 84
2 41
2. 54
2.29
2. 73
2.32

1.91
1. 85
2. 25
2.84
2 42
2.54
2.31
2. 72
2.33

1.90
1.86
2. 26
2. 83
2 42
2.54
2.30
2.72
2. 33

1.88
1.86
2. 25
2. 83
2 42
2. 54
2. 30
2. 71
2.32

1. 87
1.85
2. 24
2.81
2. 42
2.54
2.29
2. 70
2.32

1. 79
1.85
2.23
2.79
2.41
2.53
2.29
2.70
2.33

1.77
1.85
2. 23
2. 78
2. 41
2.53
2.28
2. 70
2.31

1.78
1. 85
2.23
2 78
2. 40
2. 52
2.28
2.70
2. 32

1. 81
1.84
2. 23
2. 77
2. 40
2. 51
2.28
2. 71
2.31

1.80
1.83
2.22
2.73
2. 38
2.50
2. 26
2.69
2.28

1.82
1.82
2.20
2. 75
2. 36
2. 47
2. 23
2. 65
2. 26

1.79
1.77
2.13
2.68
2.27
2. 40
2.14
2. 56
2.18

1.86

1.85

1.86

1.84

1.86

1.87

1.88

1.88

1.89

1.88

1.89

1.87

1.85

1.84

1.79

2.06
2.11
1.78
1.58
1.64
2.25

2.06
2.08
1.67
1.58
1.65
2.24

2.05
2.06
1. 59
1.58
1.62
2.24

2.03
2.05
1.67
1.57
1. 61
2.23

2. 05
2.09
1.83
1. 57
1.60
2.23

2. 04
2.09
1.85
1. 57
1. 58
2. 22

2. 05
2. 11
1.84
1.57
1.58
2.22

2. 05
2.11
1.83
1. 57
1. 59
2.21

2.04
2.10
1.77
1.57
1.60
2. 21

2. 03
2.09
1.74
1.57
1. 59
2. 21

2. 04
2. 09
1.72
1. 57
1.60
2.20

2. 03
2.06
1.72
1. 57
1.58
2.20

2. 01
2. 04
1.68
1.57
1.58
2.19

1.99
2.02
1.67
1.56
1.56
2.15

1. 91
1.94
1.62
1.50
1.53
2.07

0
2.54
2.96

0
2. 54
2.94

0
2.53
2.95

0
2.52
2.92

0
2.52
2.92

(■’)
2. 51
2.93

0
2. 48
2. 93

0
2. 47
2. 95

0
2.46
2.95

0
2.48
2. 96

0
2.48
2.94

0
2. 48
2.86

0
2. 47
2.84

0
2. 43
2. 82

0
2.33
2. 79

2.34
1.67

2.33
1.67

2.33
1. 67

2.32
1. 64

2.34
1.63

2.32
1.64

2.30
1.64

2.30
1.64

2.30
1.64

2.29
1.62

2.31
1.62

2 32
1. 61

2.29
1.63

2. 26
1.61

2.18
1.56

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem­
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by as­
suming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

s Preliminary.
»Not available, because average overtime rates are significantly abov
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

C — E A R N IN G S A N D HOURS
T

a ble

231

C - 4 . A v e ra g e o v e rtim e h o u rs o f p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs in m a n u fa c tu rin g , b y in d u s tr y 1

Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
A

Annual
average

1960

1961
Industry
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

2.8
2.9
2.8

2.8
2.7
2.9

2.8
2.7
2.9

2.6
2.5
2.8

2.5
2.3
2.6

2.4
2.3
2.6

2.2
2.1
2.3

2.1
2.0
2.2

2.0
1.8
2.2

1.9
1.8
2.1

1.9
1.8
2.1

2.1
2.0
2.2

2.2
2.1
2.3

2.4
2.4
2.5

2.3
1.4

2.3
1.5
3.0

1.5
1.3

2.0
2.4

2.0
2.3

1.9
1.8

2.1
1.8

Nov.J
Manufacturing____ __________________
Durable goods____ ______ _________
Nondurable goods_________________

1959
2.7
2.7
2.7

D u ra b le goods

T*

*

Ordnance and accessories...........................
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and Are control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture— ..........................................
Sawmills and planing mills....................
Millwork, plywood, and related products........................................................
Wooden containers.................................
Miscellaneous wood products................
Furniture and fixtures......... .....................
Household furniture................................
Office furniture_________ __________
Partitions; office and store fixtures........
Other furniture and fixtures___ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products.................
Flat glass________________________

Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic................................
Structural clay products............ ...........
Pottery and related products.............. .
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products........
Primary metal industries........................
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries........ ...............
Nonferrous smelting and refining____
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extniding....... ....................................
Nonferrous foundries_________ ____
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products___________
Metal cans_______________ _______
Cutlery, handtcols, and general hardware.......... ......................................
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures................................................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.......
Metal stampings_________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fa bricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products............ ......................................

Machinery____ __________________
Engines and turbines______________
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery...
Metalworking machinery and equipment......... ......... ............................
Special industry machinery_____ ___
General industrial machinery...............
Office, computing and accounting machines____ ___ _______________
Service industry machines....................
Miscellaneous machinery.....................
Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric distribution equipment.
Electrical industrial apparatus.............
Household appliances............................
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving sets____ ___
Communication equipment..... ............
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies_____________________
Transportation equipment. . .. ______
Motor vehicles and equipment.............
Aircraft and parts______ _____ ____
Ship and boat building and repairing...
Railroad equipment....... ................. .
Other transportation equipment..........
Instruments and related products............
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices_____________ __________
Optical and ophthalmic goods..............
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment________ ______ ________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks_______________
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.0
1.3

2.4
2.1

1.8
1.5

2.0
1.4

2.0
1.4

1.7
1.6

1.7
2.0

1.5
2.3

1.4
2.0

2.1
2.4

2.0
2.1

2.0
2.0

2.0
1.7

2.8

2.7
2.4

2.7
1.8

2.5
1.8

2.9
2.9

3.2
3.1

3.2
3.1

3.3
3.3

3.2
3.3

3.2
3.3

2.9
3.0

2.7
2.6

2.4
2.4

2.4
2.4

2.5
2.6

2.3
2.2

2.6
2.8

2.9
3.0

3.2
3.3

2.7
2.2
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.3
3.1
2.7
3.3

2.9
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.4
2.4
4.3
2.7
3.6

3.1
2.5
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.4
4. 1
2.9
3.7

3.4
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.3
3.1
3.7
3.6

3.1
3.2
2.7
2.2
2. 1
2.0
2.3
2.8
3.6

3.1
2.6
2.7
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.4
3.5

2.8
2.7
2.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.9
3.1

2.9
2.4
2.6
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.8

2.3
2.1
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.1
2.3
2.6

1.8
2.2
2.3
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.8
2.5

1.9
2.0
2.2
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.2
1.9
2.4

2.2
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.5
1.9
1.3
2.6
2.5

2.4
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.2
1.7
2.0
2.4
3.1

2.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.7
3.1

3.3
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.6

3.0
2.8

1.8
1.3

1.4
1.2

1.5
1.2

1.4
4.0
1.6
2.6
1.9
5.0
2.3
2.1
1.3
2.5
2.5

2.1
3.8
1.6
2.9
1.8
6.0
2.5
2.2
15
2.4
2.5

2.7
3.8
1.9
3.0
1.7
5.9
2.9
2.5
2.1
2.2
2.7

2.2
3.7
1.7
3.0
1.6
6.0
2.7
2.1
1.5
2.3
2.6

2.3
3.7
1.9
3.1
1.6
5.9
2.5
2.1
1.7
2.3
2.8

2.2
3.6
1.8
3.1
1.6
5.6
2.5
2.1
1.6
2.2
2.6

2.2
3.3
1.6
2.7
1.2
5.0
2.3
1.6
1.0
1.9
2.3

1.8
3.2
1.3
2.6
1.2
4.5
2.2
1.4
.9
1.7
2.2

3.6
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.4

3.7
2.8
2.9
2.8
3.0

3.8
2.5
2.8
3.0
4.0

3.8
2.1
2.1
2.8
4.4

3.2
2.1
2.0
2.6
4.2

3.5
2.2
2.3
2.5
3.6

2.8
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.0

2.3
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.8

3.0

2.2

2.5

2.0

1.6

1.7

1.9

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.7
2.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3

2.1
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.1

1.9
2.8
3.0
3. 5
3.5
3.2

1.9
3.0
2.7
3.2
2.6
3.1

1.7
2.5
2.5
3.3
2.6
2.8

1.5
2.5
2.5
2.9
2.8
2.6

1.3
2.1
2.1
2. 7
2.6
2.3

1.0
1.9
1.6
2.4
2.3
2.0

1.0
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.0

1.1
1.7
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.4

2.6
2.6
1.5
1.6
1.9

2.7
2.8
1.7
1.6
2.3

2.7
2.7
1.9
1.5
2.3

2.6
2.5
1.6
1.3

2.4
2.4
1.4
1.3
2.1

2.4
2.5
1.5
1.4
1.9

2.2
2.3
1.7
1.4
1.8

1.9
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7

1.8
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.4

1.6
2.1
1.5
1.6
1.4

3.6
3.2
2.5

3.8
3.3
2.6

3.4
3.1
2.2

3.4
2.8
2.2

3.5
2.7
1.9

3.5
2.8
2.1

3.3
2.5
1.8

3.2
2.4
1.4

3.1
2.3
1.4

2.4
1.5
3.6
2.4
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.9
2.5

2.3
1.9
3.8
2.3
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.4

2.5
1.9
3.7
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.1
2.8
2.0

1.9
1.7
3.5
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.2
1.7

2.4
1.8
3.3
1.7
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6

2.3
1.7
3.4
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.4
2.0
1.6

1.9
1.4
3.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.0
1. 4
1.4

1.8
1.5
3.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
.8
1.5
1.7

3.2
4.2
5.5
2.8
3.1
1.8
1.8
2.6
2.7

2.8
2.8
3.1
2.5
3.3
1.1
2.4
2.6
2.5

2.2
2.7
2.9
2.4
2.9
1.0
2.9
2.6
2.3

2.4
2.3
2.5
2.2
2.4
1.1
2.4
2.3
1.9

1.7
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.4
.5
2.0
20
1.5

2.1
2.0
2.1
1.9
2.0
1.3
2.2
1.9
1.9

1.7
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.2
.9
1.9
1.8
1.9

1.3
1.9
1.5
2.2
2.6
.6
1.7
2.0

2.1
1.9

2.0
2.4

2.5
2.9

2.3

2.2

1.9
2.2

2.1

1.7

1.4
2.0

2.1

1.6

1.4
1.2

2.3
4.4
2.5

2.5
3.6
2.9

2.3
3.4
1.6

2.1
3.2
1.4

3.1
1.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.7
2.1

2.2

2.0

2.8
.8

2.4
1.5

1.8

2.2

.7

1.8
1.8

2.1
2.0

2.3
1.2
3.9
1.8
1.3
.7
1.4
2.1

1.9
3.4
1.2
2.0
1.0
3.6
1.8
1.2
.7
1.4
2.3

2.0
3.2
1.1
2.2
1.0
3.3
1.9
1.4
.9
1.4
2.5

2.5
3.2
1.2
2.3
1.2
3.1
1.9
1.3
.7
1.6
2.9

3.5
3.7
1.5
2.5
1.5
4.7
2.0
1.3
.6
1.6
2.7

2.4
3.6
1.6
2.7
1.5
4.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.1
3.0

3.7
3.7
1.8
3.0
1.7
5.5
3.0
2.8
2.2
2.7
3.2

2.1
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.1

1.9
2.0
1.8
1.7
2.4

2.0
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3

2.2
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.2

2.3
1.8
1.8
2.1
2.1

2.4
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8

3.4
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.4

1.3

1.8

2.1

2.1

2.2

1.2
1.8
1.8
1. 7
2.2
2.2

1.4
2.2
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.2

1.2
2.5
1.9
2.1
2.6
2.1

1.4
2.4
2.5
3.7
2.7
2.6

2.1
2.2
3.6
3.8
3.1
3.2

1.6
2.0
1.1
1.3
1.3

1.4
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.5

1.8
2.1
1.3
1.5
1.4

1.9
2.7
1.8
1.9
1.8

2.5
2.9
2.6
2.2
2.7

3.0
2.4
1.4

3.0
2.5
1.2

2.9
2.8
1.6

2.7
2.8
1.5

4.3
3.3
2.1

4.0
3.1
2.8

1.7
1.5
3.2
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.5
1.6

1.9
1.4
3.1
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.7

2.0
1.3
2.9
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.1
1.3
2.1
1.8

1.1

2.2

3.4
1.9
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.7
2.9
1.5

1.2
3.1
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.2
2.6
1.5

1.9
1.9
3.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.6

3.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.3
1.9
2.5
2.0

1.2
1.6
.8
2.6
1.9
.5
1.3
1.6
2.1

1.4
1.7
.9
2.6
2.3
.6
.7
2.1

1.6
1.6
.9
2.6
2.2
.6
.8
1.8
2.5

1.9
2.2
1.8
2.9
2.2
.8
1.1
2.0
3.4

1.9
2.4
2.6
2.4
2.3
.9
1.3
2.0
2.5

1.9
2.7
3.2
2.2
2.4
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.8

2.8

1.6
1.4

1.5
1.3

1.5
1.4

1.9
1.8

1.9
1.8

2.4
1.7

2.0

1.8
2.2
1.0

1.8
2.4
.9

2.3
2.3

2.2
2.5
1.0

2.2
2.5
1.7

1.5
3.5

1. 1

1.0

1.8

2.0
1.2

1.9

.8

1.5
2.2

2.5
2.6
3.1
2.1
2.3
1.6

2.8

2.3

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

232

T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
Annual
average

1960

1961
Industry
Nov. 2 Oct.
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries .
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials...
Costume jewelrv, buttons, and notions.
i Other manufacturing industries............

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

I960

1959

2.7
4.0
2.2
2.7
2.5
2.9

2.6
4.2
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.7

2.4
3.3
2.4
2.0
1.8
2.4

2.1
3.0
2.1
1.7
1.9
2.1

1.7
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.8

2.0
2.6
1.6
1.5
2.2
2.1

1.9
2.3
1.6
1.5
2.0
2.0

1.9
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.9
2.0

1.9
1.9
1.8
1.3
1.5
2.1

1.8
2.2
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.9

1.8
2.2
1.7
1.2
1.6
1.9

2.0
2.8
1.8
1.1
1.6
2.3

2.3
3.6
1.9
1.6
1.9
2.4

2.1
2.8
1.9
1. 5
1.7
2.3

2.4
3.1
2.1
1.9
2.2
2.5

Food and klndrbd products___________
Meat, products........................................
Dairy products................................... .
Canned and preserved food, except meats.
Crain mill products____________ ____
Bakery products___________________
Sugar___________________ _____ ___
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages------------ ----------------------Miscellaneous food and kindred products

3.3
3.9
3.0
2.0
6.2
2.9
6.3
2.5
2.1
4.2

3.6
4.4
3.1
2.5
6.9
3.0
5.3
3.0
2.9
4.3

3.8
4.1
3.7
3.3
7.3
3.1
4.0
3.3
3.5
4.2

3.6
3.5
3.7
2.8
7.6
3.1
3.8
2.8
3.1
3.8

3.7
3.9
3.3
2.4
7.4
3.3
4.3
2.1
3.9
4.1

3.6
4.0
3.7
2.1
6.7
3.3
3.2
2.5
3.2
4.0

3.2
3.6
3.1
2.1
5.3
2.9
3.3
2.5
2.4
3.7

2.8
3.1
2.6
1.8
4.9
2.5
2.6
2.0
2.5
3.5

2.9
3.2
3.1
1.8
5.0
2.6
3.6
2.2
2.3
3.6

2.9
2.8
2.8
2.2
5.4
2.6
3.9
2.2
2.2
4.1

3.0
3.2
2.1
2.1
5.9
2.3
6.7
2.5
2.2
3.9

3.3
38
3.0
1.8
5.9
2.8
5.7
2.3
2.3
3.9

3.3
4.0
2.9
1.7
5.7
2.9
5.8
2.5
2. 5
4.0

3.3
3.7
2.9
2.3
6.0
2.9
4.2
2.4
2.8
3.9

3.3
3.9
2.9
2.4
5.9
2.9
4.2
2.3
2.8
3.9

Tobacco m anufactures.............................
Cigarettes _______________________
Cigars___________________________

1.1
1.2
1.7

1.5
1.9
1.5

1.7
1.0
1.2

1.3
1.2
1.1

1.1
1.3
.7

1.2
1.7
.8

1.1
1.4
.8

1.0
1.4
.7

.6
.5
.6

.6
.5
.7

.7
.6
.8

1.1
1.2
1.0

1.1
1.1
1.8

1.0
1.1
1.0

1.2
1.5
.9

Textile mill products_________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics........ .........
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.............
K n ittin g ______________ __________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering. ___________________
Yarn and thread____ ______________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

3.7
4.1
4.5
3.5
3.5
2.6
4.3
5.0
3.7
3.5

3.4
3.7
3.9
3.6
3.4
2.6
4.2
4.4
3.4
3.4

3.0
3.1
3.7
3.4
3.2
2.1
3.5
3.9
3.4
3.0

3.0
2.8
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.6
3.6
3.6
3.2
3.1

2.6
2.2
3.3
4.0
2.7
2.2
3.2
2.0
2.8
3.3

2.8
2.5
3.2
4.2
2.9
2.3
4.2
2.9
2.9
3.3

2.5
2.4
2.8
3.6
2.7
1.9
3.8
2.2
2.5
2.5

2.2
2.2
2.3
2.9
2.5
1.6
3.5
2.8
2.1
2.4

2.1
2.0
2.1
2.4
2.5
1.6
3.4
2.7
1.8
2.3

2.0
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.4
1.4
3.6
2.6
1.8
1.9

1.9
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.2
2.6
2.4
1.8
2.0

2.1
2.1
2.6
2.0
2.1
1.4
3.1
3.1
1.7
2.3

2.3
2.1
2.9
1.7
2.2
2.0
3.2
2.9
2.1
2.3

2.6
2.8
3.3
3.1
2.4
1.9
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.8

3,1
3.1
3.7
4.2
2.9
2.2
3.9
3. 5
2.9
3.3

Apparel and related products_________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
Men’s and boys’ furnishings.................
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear.............................................. .
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and millinery___________
Girls’ and children’s outerw ear........
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel _
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products

1.4
.9
1.2

1.3
1.0
1.1

1.1
.8
1.1

1.4
.9
1.4

1.1
.5
.9

1.0
.7
1.0

.9
.7
.7

1.0
.6
.6

1.2
.7
.7

1.0
.9
.6

.8
.7
.5

.8
.7
.6

1.1
.9
.7

1.2
1. 4
1.0

1.3
1.3
1.2

1.2
2.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
1.8

1.1
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.9

.9
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.1
2.0

1.3
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.9

1.2
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.6

.9
1.1
1.1
1.4
.8
1.6

.9
1.1
.8
1.2
.8
1.4

1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
.9
1.4

1.5
1.2
2.3
1.4
1.0
1.4

1.1
1.1
2.4
1.6
.8
1.4

.8
.9
1.6
1.2
.6
1.2

.6
.7
.6
.8
.9
1.6

1.1
1.4
.8
1.3
1.3
1.8

1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.7

1.2
1.3
1.6
3.3
1.3
1.9

Paper and allied products_____________
Paper and pulp...................................... .
Paperboard_______________________
Converted paper and paperboard products...................................................
Paperboard containers and boxes..........

4.6
5.3
5.5

4.8
5.3
6.3

4.9
5.3
6.3

4.5
5.2
5.6

4.6
5.3
6.4

4.3
5.1
6.0

3.9
4.9
5.2

3.9
5.0
5.2

3.7
4.6
4.9

3.7
4.7
4.8

3.6
4.6
5.3

3.6
4.5
4.7

3.8
4. 6
5.0

4.1
5.1
5.1

4.5
5. 5
5.6

3.2
4.3

3.4
4.6

3.3
4.8

3.2
4.2

3.1
4.0

2.7
3.7

2.4
3.1

2.6
3.0

2.7
2.6

2.6
2.6

2.3
2.4

2.6
2.7

2. 5
3.0

2.8
3.3

3.1
4.0

Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing___
Books____________ _______________
Commercial printing..____ _________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries............................ ......................

2.6
2.5
3.0
3.3
2.7
1.6

2.9
2.5
4.4
3.6
3.2
2.1

3.1
2.4
4.8
4.4
3.3
2.6

3.0
2.3
3.0
4.4
3.3
2.4

2.6
2.2
2.8
3.9
2.7
2.2

2.5
2.3
2.5
3.8
2.6
2.0

2.5
2.5
2.2
4.2
2.5
1.9

2.5
2.4
2.5
3.4
2.7
1.8

2.6
2.1
2.9
3.4
3.0
1.9

2.5
2.0
3.2
3.5
2.7
1.8

2.4
2.0
3.2
3.4
2.7
2.2

2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
3.0
2.0

3.0
3.0
3.6
3.6
3.1
2.0

2.9
2.7
3.6
3.7
3.1
2.1

2.8
2.6
3.4
3.4
3.2
2.0

2.5

2.7

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.1

2.4

2. 5

2.6

2.5

Chemicals and allied products..................
industrial chemicals...............................
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs___________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products
Agricultural chemicals_____________
Other chemical products........................

2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
3.0
1.8
2.8
3.0

2.6
2.6
2.3
2.2
3. 5
1.7
3.4
2.8

2.5
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.9
2.0
2.9
2.8

2.4
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.9
2.2
2.7
2.7

2.4
2.6
2.2
1.7
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.7

2.4
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.6

2.2
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.3
4.6
2.3

2.2
1.9
1.7
1.7
2.1
1.8
5.2
2.3

2.2
2.0
1.5
1.9
2.0
1.5
6.0
2.3

2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.1
1.2
3.8
2.3

2.0
2.1
1.4
1.8
2.0
1.2
3.6
2.4

2.0
2.0
1.6
1.6
2.3
1.3
3.2
2.3

2.1
2.2
1.6
1.7
2.6
1.4
3.2
2.3

2.3
2.5
2.0
1.9
2.3
1.9
4.3
2.5

2.5
2.5
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.3
4.5
2.6

Petroleum refining and related industries
Petroleum refining________________
Other petroleum and coal products___

2.3
1.9
4.1

2.3
1.4
6.5

2.9
2.2
6.0

1.9
1.2
4.9

2.5

1.8

5.4

2.6
1.7
6.5

1.9
1.4
4.2

1.8
1.3
4.2

1.5
1.2
2.9

1.3
1.1
2.5

1.7
1. 5
2.8

1.6
1.3
3.1

2.1
1.7
3.6

2.0
1. 4
4.5

1.9
1.4
4.8

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
Tires and inner tubes______________
Other rubber products_____________
Miscellaneous plastic products______

3.2
3.9
2.8
3.2

3.0
3.1
2.7
3.2

3.1
3.3
2.8
3.5

3.1
3.5
2.6
3.3

3.0
3.6
2.6
2.9

2.6
2.2
2.6
3.1

2.4
1.8
2.5
2.9

2.1
1.6
2.1
2.5

1.7
1.3
1.6
2.2

1.8
1.4
1.8
2.2

1.8
1.7
1.6
2.0

1.8

1.8

2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5

3.5
4. 5
3.3
3.0

Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber___I................
Other leather products_____________

1.5
2.6

1.5
2. 5

1.3
2.4

1.4
2.5

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.4
2.4
1.2
1.5

1.1
2.1
1.0

1.1
2.2
.9

1.3
2.0
1.1
1.5

1.4
1.8
1.3
1.7

1.4
1.8
1.3
1.7

1.2
2.1
1.1
1.4

1.4
2.1
1.3

2.4

1.4
2.2
1.2

2.4

1.0

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

1.9

1.8

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem­
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.6

1.1

1.2

1.0

1.1

1.7
2.1

2.0
2.3

1.2
2.1

1.2
2.3

1.0

1.4

.8

1.9

1.6

either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week­
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
1 Prelimary.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

233

T able C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities1
[1957-59=100]

Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

1960

Activity
D ec.2 1 Nov.2 Oct,

Sept.

Aug.

July

.Time

May

Annual
average

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

I960

1959

1

Man-hours
T otal______________
M ining..........................
Contract construction.
Manufacturing______

96.5
84. 5
82.1
99. 7

Durable goods_________________
99.6
Ordnance and accessories________ 126. 7
Lumber and wood products, ex­
cept furniture_______________
90.5
Furniture and fixtures.................... 105.1
Stone, clay, and glass products__
92.1
Prim ary metal industries...............
97. 8
Fabricated metal products............ 100. 0
M achinery.....................................
96.3
Electrical equipment and supplies 113.1
Transportation equipment....... .....
96. 7
Instruments and related products. 102. 6
Miscellaneous m a n u f a c t u r i n g
industries....................................
99.7
Nondurable goods_________________
99.8
Food and kindred products_____
93. 6
Tobacco manufactures__________
90. 2
Textile mill products___________
9/. /
Apparel and related products......... 102. 3
Paper and allied products....... ....... 104. 8
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries............ ........... ........ ...... 107.5
Chemicals and allied products....... 102.4
Petroleum refining and related
industries......................... ........... 83.2
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.......... ............................. 108.5
Leather and leather products.......... 100. 7

86.3
95. 9
100. 6

100.4
87. 9
106. 9
99.9

99.2
87.3
105.9
98.6

100.0
87.5
111 4
98.5

97.4
87.6
107.4
96.1

97.7
87.8
104.7
96.9

93.7
84.4
94.4
94.1

90.6
81.4
85.8
92.0

89.0
79.5
79.6
91.2

88.0
81.4
75.9
90.6

89.4
83.8
81.0
91.2

90.8
84.9
82.5
92.7

99.0
91.1
98.3
99.6

101.2
94. 7
102 3
101.3

100.1
125. 6

97.8
124.6

95.4
121.0

95.0
117.0

94.1
115.7

95.7
115.8

93.3
115.3

90.3
113.2

88.6
115.3

88.2
113.2

89.4
114.6

91.2
112.8

99.4
111.7

101 0
106.6

94.9 100.1
104. 7 105. 5
97. 3 99. 4
97. 0 96.9
100. 5 98.8
94.2
93.0
111. à 109.3
96. 6 84.3
102.9 101.7

100.9
103.9
101.0
97.3
95. 5
92.9
105.3
76.6
101.4

101.8
102.3
101.8
95.0
96.7
91.6
105.2
77.3
99.7

99.0
96.0
99.5
94.6
93.9
92.3
100.7
83.7
96.6

101.8
96.5
99.6
94.4
96.0
93.9
103.0
85.2
98.6

94.9
92.2
95.6
90.6
93.8
93.7
101.2
84.8
97.0

88.8
92.4
91.3
86.0
89.7
93.6
99. 7
80.9
95.7

84.4
91.6
88.0
83.2
87.7
92.4
99.6
79.4
95.9

83.9
91.2
85.1
82.5
87.6
92.8
100.4
78.7
95.7

86.1
90.3
87.0
82.8
90.0
92.2
101.4
82.1
97.6

86.8
96.5
90.3
82.9
92.0
92.0
100.2
88. 1
96.3

99.2
102.6
100.4
98.0
99.9
99. 7
105.8
92.1
102.8

105.1
105.0
104.3
97 7
100 6
100 4
105.3
96.0
103.0

9 9 .3

109.0

109.6

106.0

102.2

96.1

100.5

96.3

93.5

92.1

91.6

88.9

92.1

101.4

102.1

101.4 102.5
98. 5 105.5
96.3 119.8
98.7
97. 5
104. 0 102.2
105.3 104.9

102.7
110.0
135.0
96.0
97.8
104.8

103.2
107.9
108.4
96.0
105.3
104.3

98.6
100.6
75.6
92.9
97.5
102.3

98.5
97.0
80.7
95.2
97.4
103.7

95.0
90.9
77.1
92.5
94.5
100.0

94.2
88.3
79.2
90.5
96.3
99.6

94.6
88.0
80.7
89.4
100.6
98.4

93.8
87.6
87.3
88.6
98.2
97.6

93.6
89. 7
93.5
87.3
93.3
98.0

94.6
94.2
101.5
89.2
91.9
97.8

99.8
98.0
97.1
96. 5
101.8
102.1

101 6
99.2
99. 9
102. 2
103. 8
102.8

106.1
102.6

105. 7
101.1

104.6
101.7

104.0
101.0

104.2
101.8

103.2
101.1

103.6
101.0

104.2
99.6

103. 3
97.4

103.2
98.0

104.4
97.8

104.4
101.6

101.7
101.0

106.1
102.1

85.4

90.6

91.2

91.2

91.4

92.8

89.7

89.2

87.0

86.0

89.4

89.3

93.5

95.0

107.6
99.4

105.5
95.1

104.8
94.8

101.6
100.5

99.4
99.6

99.6
99.8

96.6
93.7

93.7
91.4

91.4
96.1

91.5
98.2

93.5
98.3

94.6
92.9

101. 5
97.5

104. 9
103.2

%***
89.0* 89.3
91.0
92.4
98.9 100.5

95.2
108. 9
106.6

97.1
106.1
105.1

it

Payrolls
M ining______________________________
Contract construction_________________
Manufacturing_________________

111. 7

92.3
110. 0
112.3

93.9
121.8
110.5

93.2
320.7
108.5

92.2
125.0
107.6

,
mose puousneu m issues prior 10ueceinber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related workers

93.0
120.3
105.7

92.6
117. 1
106.4

88.3
105.6
103.0

85.6
95.9
100.3

f

82.9
88.6
98.9

85.8
85.0
98.0

and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote
I, table A-3.
1 Preliminary.

T able C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing1
[In current and 1957-59 dollars]

Revised series ; see box, p. 212.
1961

1960

Item
N ov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Annual
average
I960

1959

M a n u f a c tu r in g

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars................
1957-59 dollars______
Spendable averag weeekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars.................................
1957-59 dollars_____________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars..................................
1957-59 dollars........ _.........................

$95. 82 $94.54 $92.73 $92. 86 $93.20 $93.03 $92.10 $90. 78 $89. 54 $89. 31 $89.08 $88.62 $89.21 $89. 72
91. 61 90. 38 88.65 89.03 89.27 89.45 88.73 87. 37 86.18 85.96 85.82 85.29 85.94 87.02
77.39
73. 99

76.36
73.00

74.91
71.62

75.01
71.92

75.29
72.12

75.15
72.26

74.41
71.69

73.39
70.64

72.43
69. 71

72.26
69. 55

72.08
69.44

71.72
69.03

72.18
69. 54

72.57
70.39

71.89
70.83

85.03
81.29

83.98
80.29

82.50
78.87

82.61
79.20

82. 88
79.39

82.74
79. 56

81.99
78. 99

80.95
77.91

79.97
76. 97

79.78
76. 79

79.60
76.69

79.24
76.27

79.71
76. 79

80.11
77.70

79.40
78.23

,
, cr com para mn iy oi aata with those published in issues prior to Deeemper 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l, less the estimated amount of the workers’
federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$88.26
86.96

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
* Preliminary.
N ote : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , January 1959, pp. 50-54.

234

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l.

Consumer Price Index1—All-city average: A ll items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1947-49“ 100]
1961

1960

Group
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

All Items........................................................

128.2

128.3

128.4

128.3

128.0

128.1

127.6

127.4

127.5

127.5

Food •_______________________________
Food at home.......... ......... .....................
Cereals and bakery products____
Meats, poultry, and flsfa_„______
Dairy products.................................
Fruits and vegetables_________. . .
Other foods at home •___________

120.4
116.9
140.9
108.7
119.5
123.4
107.3

120.3
116.8
140.9
108.6
119.4
121.6
108.2

120.9
117.6
140.2
109.7
119.0
122.9
109.8

121.1
117.8
139.7
109.4
119.0
126. 5
108.9

121 2
118.2
139.6
108.4
118.5
132. 4
107.6

122.0
119.0
139 4
107.8
118.0
138.2
107.9

120 9
117.8
139.7
107 4
117.3
135.4
106.0

120.7
117.7
139.7
108.7
117.5
132.2
105.8

121 2
118.3
139 7
110 5
117.9
131.4
106.4

Housing «______________________ ______
Rent_____________________________
Gas and electricity_____ ____________
Solid and petroleum fuels____ ____ _
Housefurnlshlngs__________________
Household operation_______________

133.1
144.4
125. 7
140.1
103.3
139.5

132.9
144.2
125. 7
139.2
103.4
139.5

132.7
144.1
125.7
138.4
103.6
139.2

132.6
143.9
125. 7
137.2
103 8
138.9

132.3
143 6
125 6
136.9
103.2
138.8

132.4
143 6
125.6
135. 9
103.6
139.1

132.4
143.5
126 3
135 6
103.9
138.9

132.2
143.4
126.2
136.5
103. 5
138.7

132.3
143 3
125 8
139 9
103.8
138.7

132.5
143.1
125.9
141.3
103.9
138.5

Apparel....................................................... .
Men’s and boys’________________ . . .
Women’s and girls’________ ________
Footwear_________________________
Other apparel1____________________

111.0
112.1
101.3
142.5
93.1

111.2
112.3
101.7
142.3
93.0

111.4
112. 2
102.4
141.7
93.1

111.1
111.9
102. 1
141.5
93.4

109.9
111.1
100.2
141.2
92.9

109.9
111.5
100.0
141.0
92.9

109.6
111 4
99.4
140.8
92.6

109.6
111. 7
99.3
140.8
92.8

Transnortatlon. . . ...
. ____
149.3
Private.................................................... 136.7
Public............................... ....................... 210.9

150.5
138.0
209.9

150.3
137.9
209.4

149.4
136. 9
209.4

149.3
136.8
209.1

148.3
135.9
208.5

147.7
135.3
207.3

Medical care.................................................

Annual
average

Jan.

Dec.

1961

1960

127.5

127.4

127.5

127.8

120.5

121 2 121.4
118.3 118.6
139 6 139.4
111.4 111 8
118.5 119.0
127.8 127.2
107.6 108.5

121.3
118.5
139.1
111 6
119.1
126 1
109.5

121.4 121.1
118.7 118.0
139.0 139.8
110. 5 109.5
119.3 118.6
126 3 128.8
111.6 107.8

119.7
116.9
136.8
109.3
116.8
128.3
106.8

132.4 132.3
143.1 , 142 9
125.9 125 9
141.3 139 6
103 7 103. 0
138.3 138.3

132.3
142 8
125.6
137.0
103.9
138. 3

132.5
143.6
125.8
138.5
103.6
138.9

131.5
141.8
124.8
135.6
104.2
137.4

109.5 109.8
111 7 111.4
99. 1 99.9
140.8 140.9
92.6
92.8

109.6
111 3
99.5
140 9
92.9

109.4
111.4
99.1
140. 3
93.0

110.6
112 0
101. 1
140.7
94.9

110.2
111.7
100.3
141.2
92.9

109.4
110.4
100.0
139.9
93.3

146.6
134.2
206.5

145.8
133 4
206.5

145.7
133.4
205.7

146.2
133.9
205.7

146.2
134.0
205.5

146.5
134. 5
202.8

147.9 140.2
135. 5 134.5
207.9 «199.3

162.6

162.4

162.3

161.7

161.4

161.2

160.9

160.4

159.9

159.6

159.4

158.5

158.0

160.9

156.2

Personal care______ ___________ _______ 134.8

134.3

134.0

134.3

134.2

134.3

133.9

133.8

133.8

133.6

133.8

133.7

133.7

134.0

133.3

Reading and recreation.................................

125.3

125.2

125.4

125.0

124.4

124.1

123.5

123.9

124.1

123.4

122.7

122.2

122.3

124.1

121.5

Other goods and services_______________

133.7

133.8

133.8

133.8

133.6

133.6

133.1

133.1

132.6

132.6

132.6

132.0

132.7

133.2

132. 2

Special groups:
All Items less food_________________
A 1 Items less shelter_______________
All commodities less food.......................

132.3
125.7
116.5

132.4
125.8
116.9

132.3
126.0
117.0

132.0
125.8
116.6

131 6
125.6
116.1

131.4
125.7
110.0

131.2
125.2
115.6

131.0
124.9
115.3

130.8
125.0
115.2

130 9 130.8
125.0 125.0
115.4 115.5

130.6
124.8
116.4

130.8
125.0
115.9

131. 4
125.4
116.0

130.0
124.0
115.7

118.3
120.5
121.3

118.5
120.6
121.5

118.8
120.9
121.5

118.7
121.0
121.5

118.4
120.8
120.7

118.7
121.1
120.6

118.0
120.4
120.3

117.7
120.2
120.0

117. 9
120.4
120.0

118.0
120.7
120.7

118.1
120.8
120.6

118.0
120.7
120.6

118.4
121.0
121.0

118.3
120.7
120.8

117.5
119.0
120.1

130. 2
112.0
101.9

130.5
112.6
102.0

130.3
112.7
102.1

130.4
111.9
102.1

130.0
111.9
102.1

129.9
111. 5
102.1

129.5
111 2
101.8

129.0
110.8
101.8

129.0
110 7
101.9

130.0
109.9
102.0

130.1
110.3
102.1

130.0
110.2
102.4

130.0
110.8
102.8

129.9
111.3
102. 0

129.2
111.6
103.2

154.0
156.4

153.7
156.1

153.4
155.8

153.2
155.6

1530
155.4

152. 8
155.2

152.7
155.0

152.5
154.9

152.3
154.7

162.2
154.6

151.9
154.2

151.7
154.0

151.4
153.6

152.8
155.2

150.0
152.1

141.3
190.7
171.1
139.0

141.2
190.3
170.8
138.6

141.0
190.0
170.5
138.3

140. 8
189.9
169.8
138.2

140.6
189.8
169.5
137.9

140.7
189.4
169.3
137.7

140.8
189.3
168.8
137.6

140.7
188.8
168.2
137.6

140.5
188 5
167.7
137.5

140.4
188.2
167.3
137.6

140.2
187.7
167.1
137.1

140.1
187 6
165.9
137.2

140.0
186. 8
165. 3
136. 8

140.7
189.2
168.8
137.9

139.0
184.9
162.8
135.0

All commodities_____
Nondurables ' . . ...........................
Nondurables less food_______
Nondurables less food and
apparel.....................................
Durables •____________________
Durables less cars......................
All services 1.... .................. .....................
All services less rent____________
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity....... ..........
Transportation services______
Medical care services______ ...
Other services______________

i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-site, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
• In addition to subgroups shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
' Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
1 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing Includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
• Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous Items.
•Revised.
• Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnlshlngs,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drags, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
• Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dlnnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
• Includes rent, home purchase, real estate tales, mortgage Interest, prop*
erty Insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, refinishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestie
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical Insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

235

D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1947-49-1001
1961

City
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1980

June

May

Annual average

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1960

1969

All Items
All-city average •_________

128.2

128.3

128.4

128.3

128.0

128.1

127.6

127.4

127.5

127.5

127.5

127.4

127.5

126.5

124.«

Atlanta, Oa
Baltimore, Md_ ...
Boston, Mass___________
Chicago, 111______________
Cincinnati, Ohio

128.0
129.6
(3)
130.9
124.9

(3)
(3)
(3)
130.9

(»)
(3)
130.6
131.3

128.3
129.6
(3>
131.1
125.4

(»)
(»)
(s)
130.8
(3)

(»)
(»)
130. 4
130.9
(•)

127.4
129.8
(•)
129.7
124.6

(»)
(»)
(3)
129.0
«

(»)
(')
130.0
130.1
(*)

127.7
129.5
(»)
130.2
124.8

(•)
(*)
(•)
130.5
(•)

(•)
(*)
129.3
130.4
(•)

127.7
129.3
(»)
130.6
125.0

127.2
128.3
128.4
129.9
124.4

125.4
126.8
125.8
128.1
123.1

Cleveland, O hio... __
Detroit, Mich..... ..
Houston, Tex........................
Kansas City, M o ................
Los Angeles, Calif................

(*)
124.4
(3)
(3)
131.9

128.1
125.1
128.0
(3)
131.9

128. 3
126.4
125.1
(3)
131.4

120.3
(3)
127.6
131.2

( 3)

(*)
125.8
(«)
(•)
131.0

127.1
124.9
125.8
127.5
129.8

125.0
123.8
124.6
125.8
127.4

Minneapolis, Minn .....
New York, N .Y __________
Philadelphia, Pa____ _____
Pittsburgh, P a ...
Portland, Oreg....... ...............

(3)
126.9
128.7

(3)
126.8
128.8

127.8
126.1
127.8
129.2
128.8

(3)
126.3
128.0

127.5
125.2
126.7
128.3
127.5

125.6
122. 8
124.5
125.5
125.7

8t. Louis, Mo_____ ______
San Francisco, Oallf______
Scranton, P a ......................
Seattle, Wash___________
Washineton. D.C._.

(*)
(•)

127.9
133.9

127.1
132.6
122.3
129.8
123.0

126. S
130.0
120 8
128.2
121.7

( 3)

( 3)

( 3)

(3)

(3)

129.6
135.2
(3)

(3)
(3)
124.8
132 9
125.4

(3)
( 3)

( 3)

125.4
(3)
129.4
131.6

124.9
(3)
(3)
131.3

128.7
125.8
126.3
(«)
131.1

(»)
125.5
(»)
129 8
131.4

(»)
125.8
(•)
(3)
131.4

127.9
125.6
126.1
(3)
131.0

(3)
125.6
(•)
129.5
131.1

125.8
(')
(•)
130.9

129.2
126.9
128.7
129. 4
129.6

<*)
126.8
128.4
(3)
(3)

(*)
126.4
128.0
(•)
(»)

129.2
126 4
128.3
129.6
129.3

(»)
125.8
127.8
(>)
(•)

(«)
125.6
127.9

129.0
125 8
128.0
129.2
128.3

(3)
126.1
127.7
(•)
(•)

(3)
(3)
(3)

129.2
134.9
(3)

(»)
(»)
124.3
131.8
125.2

(3)
(»)
(!)

129.0
133.8

(3)
(')
124.1
131.7
124.3

(3)
(»)

128.9
133.8

(»)

(31
(»}
(*)

(•)
126.2
127.9
(•)
(•)
(«)
(*)
123.5
130.8
124.5

( 3)

( 3)
( 3)

(3)

( 3)
(3)

(*>
(«)

(>)
(*>
(•)

(3)

(3)

(* )
(•)

(3)

(• )
(*)
( ')

( 3)

(»)

( 3)
( 3)
(«)

Food
All-city average 1_________

120.4

120.3

120.9

121.1

121.2

122.0

120.9

120.7

121.2

121.2

121.4

121.3

121.4

119.7

118.3

Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d___________
Boston, Mass____________
Chicago, 111______________
Cincinnati. Ohio

117.2
121.0
120.7
118. 6
120.4

117.3
121.2
120.4
118.3
120.1

119.2
122.2
120.5
118.8
121.2

119.1
121.6
120.6
119.3
120.8

118.5
122.3
121.4
119 5
122.0

118.9
122.9
122.0
120.1
123.2

116.6
121.7
119.6
118.4
121.1

116.2
120.8
119.8
118.6
121.5

117.0
121.2
120.5
118.8
121.7

117.4
121.0
120.3
118.7
121.5

117.0
120.9
121.0
119.3
122.1

118.1
121.0
120.5
119.2
122.4

118.2
121.2
121.0
119 1
122.2

117.0
119.8
119 4
117. 5
120.5

115.7
118.0
118.7
115.8

Cleveland, Ohio...................
Detroit, Mich____________
Houston, Tex____________
Kansas City, M o...... ...........
Los Angeles, Calif................

113.8

115.6
119.2
116.8
114.3
126.8

116.5
118.7
117.0
114.6
125.8

116.6

116.9

116.0

120 7

115.7

121.8

121 0

121.1

116.3
116.2
126.0

115.8
115.5
126.6

116.1
114.7
127.5

116.0
115.5
128.1

116.9
121 3
116.3
113.9
128.2

116.8
120. 9
116.2
114.0
128.4

116. 8

117.0
115.0
125.3

116.3
121 3
116.7
115.3
128.3

115.9

116.6
113.8
126.9

114.1
118.5
116.6
114.2
126.8

116.2
114.8
128.1

115.8
118.7
115.0
112.9
126.1

114.1
117. S
114.7
112.2
123.5

Minneapolis, M inn_______
New York, N .Y ________
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh, Pa__________
Portland, Oreg___________

116.8
122.3
122.5
120.7
122.4

116.7
122.1
122.7
121.3
123.2

117.9
122.3
123.1
121.8
123.8

117.5
122.7
122.8
122. 1
124.2

117.5
122.2
123. 4
122.9
123.7

119.2
122.6
124.3
123.6
123.5

118.7
121.2
122 4
122.6
122.9

118.6
121.0
122 6
121.8
122.5

118.6
121.6
123 0
122.4
123.7

119.0
122.5
123.3
122.6
122.7

119.2
122.8
123.8
123 2
122.0

119 4
122.7
123.6
123 0
122.4

119.7
122.8
123.9
122.2
122.2

118.4
122.0
122.1
121.2
121.0

118.0
120. 3
120.9
119. 8
120.7

St. Louis, Mo___________
San Francisco, Calif...... .
Scranton. Pa. ......... ...........
Seattle, Wash____________
Washineton. D.C.

120.7
126.1
116.5
125.3
119.6

119.9
125.1
116.5
124.5
120.5

120.8
126.3
116.3
125.2
120.3

121.0
126 2
116.5
125. 1
121.5

121.0
125. 0
116.7
124.9
121.9

121.3
126.1
118. 5
125. 6
122.2

121.7
126.2
116.9
125.6
121.2

121.5
126.2
116.7
125.4
120.7

121.7
126.2
116 9
125.4
121.4

121.4
126.6
117.7
124.7
121.3

121.3
126.5
117.7
124.7
121.1

121.3
126.1
117.1
124.4
121.4

121.8
126. 2
117. 4
124. 6
121.7

119 0
124.4
115.5
122.7
120.0

118. T
122 6
115. 4
120. 8
119.0

118.4

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure tlme-to-time changes In
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another*


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

121.1

120.1

1 1 8 .8

*Average of 46 cities.
* Ail items lnoei.es are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for 16 other cities.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , FEBRUARY 1962

236

T able D -3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1047-49= 100. unless otherwise specified!
1960

1961

Commodity group
D ec.2

All commodities________________
Farm products and processed foods.

119.2

N ov.

118.8

98.6

O c t.

118.7

98.0

98.0

S e p t.

118.8
97.9

A nnual
average

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A p r.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

I 960

118.9

118.6

118.2

118.7

119.4

119.9

120.0

119.9

119.5

119.6

98.6

97.6

96.2

97.4

98.8

100.0

100.5

100.0

99.2

98.5

2

1959
119.
98.5

87.6

87.1

87.2

88.6

87.1

85.1

86.8

88.5

89.9

90.0

89.7

88.7

88.8

95.4
92.5
79.3
Graias......... ........................ ............ 79.0
76.9
Livestock and live poultry.............. 79.5
99.3
99.3
P lant and animal fibers_________
Fluid milk......................................... 100.5 3100.6
80.1
Eggs................................................... 71.9
81.3
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds--------- 81.6
Other farm products____________ 131.5 129.4
Processed foods......................... - .......... 108.8 107.9
Cereal and bakery products.......... . 125.2 125.2
Meats, poultry, and fish................ . 94.9 3 92.6
Dairy products and ice cream....... . 124.4 123.8

94.5
77.9
76.9
99.4
100.5
79.5
79. 9
130.1
108 3
125.1
93.7
123.6

94.9
78.0
77.6
98.7
99.6
76 6
80.0
131.2
108.1
124.3
94.3
121.9

97.3
78.1
80.3
98. 4
98.4
SO. 7
82.9
129.3
108.1
123.9
94.8
121.0

104.3
77.8
75.5
96.7
98 1
75.5
83.7
129.3
107. 5
123. 9
92.5
120.4

103.3
74.2
75.4
96.2
94 . 9
63.3
83.6
129.0
106. 7
123.7
89.9
119.7

101.4
74.8
78.2
95.2
95.6
63.3
92.1
129.6
107.6
123.6
91.8
119.5

100.2
738
82.0
93. 4
97.0
66.5
96.4
129. 4
108.7
123.6
94.3
119.9

105.9
76.1
83.1
92.8
98.7
75.7
87.5
129.6
109.6
123.6
96.1
120.7

99.8
76.0
85.3
91.2
99.6
81.2
81.3
129.6
110.5
123.6
99.5
119.8

103.7
75.2
84.7
90.7
101.1
75.2
79.5
128.3
109.9
123.5
98.3
121.3

99.5
72.7
82.8
90.7
102.3
87.7
74. 1
130.4
109. 2
123.5
97.3
122.0

106.7
75.7
82.6
94 2
98.0
77 3
74.7
128.5
107.7
121.8
96.7
118.5

102.

107.9 108.1
114. 5 113.0
136.4 136.4
57.0 3 58.1
57.3
56.6
73.9
77.7
83.7
83.7
98.5
99.6
124.4 3124.0
127.7 127.5
94.8
94.8
91.8
91.9
101.6 101.6
75.6
75.5
129.6 132.9
100.8 100.8
93.9 3 93.5

108.0
112.6
136 0
58.0

107.3
112 8
138.6
59.8
58.2
70.1
82.3
102.3
124.1
127.5
94.4
91.0
102.1
75.1
136.2
100.7
90.5

107.4
113.0
138.6
59.7
59.9
68.3
82.4
102.1
124.0
127.4
94.2
90.4
101. 7
75. 1
136 2
100.6
91.0

109.2
114 8
139. 1
57 6
59. 6
67.7
83.8
102.5
123.9
127.4
93.9
89.7
101.2
75.1
131.2
100 4
90.7

108.7
116.3
139. 1
57 . 2
61.9
68.0
84.8
103.1
123.8
127.4
93.7
89 . 5
101.0
75.1
130.8
100.4
85.7

109.0
115.8
139.1
65.0
66.9
71.8
85.9
102.6
124.0
127.6
94.0
89.9
100 9
75.4
131 5
100.3
92.8

111.1
114.9
139.1
72. 2
69.4
71.9
85.0
102 4
124. 6
128.0
94.1
89.9
100.1
75.8
129.5
100.4
93.6

111.5
115.1
139.1
76. 8
66.7
70.5
84.4
103 3
124.9
128.2
94.4
90.2
99.5
76.3
129.5
100.4
100.3

112.0
115.8
139.1
77.4
63 2
67.5
80.4
102.2
125.0
128.1
94.7
90.2
99.9
77.2
129.3
100.5
101.3

111.8
116.2
139.1
6.5.0
57.1
64.4
77.9
102.5
124.9
128.1
94.8
90.8
100.1
77.3
130.9
100. 5
99.2

1 1 0 .1

116.3
140.9
62.4
52.4
61. 2
77.4
100.8
124.6
127.9
95.2
91.2
100.8
77.8
125.7
101.0
92.6

107.0
115.5
143. 3
58.4
49. 1
56 7
73.2
102. 2
124.7
128.3
86.1
94.2
102.1
79. 1
122.9
100 9
85.2

109.
115.
146.
54.
53 .
58.
74.
96.
124.
128.
95.
91.
101.
81.
113.

108.8
64.9
99.4
132. 5
103.9
116.2
123.1
170.4
120.0
102.3

110.3
68.1
101. 5
133.0
105.8
113.8
121.8
170.4
116.6
101.9

114.

Farm products____________________
Fresh and dried fruits and vege-

Canned and frozen fruits and vege­
tables—
Sugar and confectionery------------Packaged beverage materials-------Animal fats and oils---- . . . . . . ___
Crude vegetable oils___________
Refined vegetable oils--.................
Vegetable oil end products............
Other processed foods............ .........
All commodities except farm products----All commodities except farm and foods—
Textile products and apparel...............
Cotton products___________ ____
Wool products.............................
Manmade fiber textile products—
Silk products____________ _____
Apparel--.........................................
Other textile products--------------Hides, skins, leather, and leather prod­
ucts—
Hides and skins...............................
Leather---------------------------------Footwear--------------------------------Other leather products--------- ----Fuel and related products, and power *
Coal_________________________
Coke_________________________
Gas fuels *______ ________ ______
Electric power ' ....... ............. ..........
Crude petroleum and natural gaso­
line............................................—
Petroleum products, refined..........
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals____________
Prepared paint------------------------Paint materials________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_____
Fats and oils. Inedible__________
Mixed fertilizer___ ____________
Fertilizer materials-----------------Other chemicals and allied prod­
u cts____ _______ ___________
Rubber and rubber products........ . . .
Crude rubber.................................
Tires and tubes..................... ........
Other rubber products_________
Lumber and wood products----------Lumber_____________________
Mlllwork____________________
Plywood-------------------------------Pulp, paper, and allied products...
Wood pulp___________________
Waste pa per---------------------------Paper.................... ......................
Paperboard.................................
Converted paper and paperboard
products.......................................
Building paper and board........
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

87.9

’

5 7 .2
7 7 .7

83.3
101.4
124.0
127.3
94.7
91.6
101.6
75.1
133.3
100.8
94.7

89.1
77. :

85.
98.
94.
65.
76.
132.
107.
119.
98.
114.

100.
76.

113.4 3113.8
76.3
79.6
108.4 108.6
134.8 134.8
105.9 3105.9
114.9 114.0
121.6 121.2
170.4 170.4
118.4 3 119.3
102.5 102.6

114.1
82.2
109.3
134.7
105.2
113.0
120.8
170.4
119.4
102.5

113. 5
82.5
107.6
133.9
105.4
113.7
120.1
170.4
116.9
102.4

113.1
82.9
106.3
133. 5
105.1
114.4
119.2
170.4
116.6
102.4

111.1
76.2
102.6
132.9
104.3
114.6
118.7
170.4
115.6
102.5

110.1
68 . 1
102.6
132.8
104.5
114.3
117.7
170.4
115.4
102.3

110.7
71.0
104.1
132.8
104.6
113.6
117 4
170.4
118.7
102.4

109.9
68.0
102.2
132.7
104.3
115.2
119.6
170.4
118.3
102.5

109.5
68.8
100. 2
132.7
103.6
117.5
122.8
170 4
121 8
102.4

108 0
60.5
97.3
132.7
103.9
117.7
123.4
170.4
122.3
102.2

108.3
61.7
97.8
132.7
104.2
117.2
123.4
170.4
121.1
102.3

127.4
117.0
107.9
120.1
132.2
99.0
91.0
46.9
113.9
112.3

127.4
115.0
107.9
120.3
132.2
99.3
91.0
46.0
114.2
112.3

127.4
113.3
108.0
120.3
132.2
100.0
90 8
47.0
113.6
111.9

127.2
115.1
108.1
120.6
132 4
99.9
90.7
48.7
114.4
110.2

127.2
116.8
108.4
120.8
132. 4
101.1
91.3
51.1
113.6
110.0

127.2
117.4
108.9
121.1
132.4
101.0
92 5
52.2
113.0
111.7

127.2
117.0
109.3
122.2
132.4
101.0
92.4
54. 1
112.3
112.3

127.2
115.0
109.9
122.8
132.4
101.5
92.4
61.4
112.3
112.3

127.2
117.9
110.2
123.2
132.4
103.5
92.6
62.1
112.3
112.3

126.8
121.6
110.1
123 2
132. 4
104.6
92.6
57.7
112.3
112.3

126.8
121.9
110.0
123.2
132.4
104.1
92 , 7
54.7
111.9
112.4

126.8
121.1
109.7
123.0
131.7
104.8
92.7
50.2
111.6
112.4

126.8
119.3
110.2
123.6
130.3
104.4
92.8
48.5
111.8
111.9

126.8
115.4
110.2
124.2
128.5
103.8
93.6
49.0
111 0
109.6

127.
114.
109.
123.
128.
101.
93.
56.
109.
106.

105.4
137.0
134.4
133.8
141.1
114.5
114.1
132.0
91.1
130.4
114.4
86.9
145.4
122.1

105.3
138.4
134.7
137.0
141.1
114.7
114.3
132.2
91.6
129.9
114.4
86.9
145.4
122.4

105.3
139.4
137.8
138.3
141.0
114.7
114.5
132.4
90.9
130.4
114.4
100.2
145.4
122.4

105.3
139.6
139.1
138 3
141.0
115.7
115.3
132.4
93.7
129.5
114. 4
76.6
145.3
122.4

105.3
139.4
137.9
138.3
141.1
115.9
115.8
130.7
95.3
126.3
114.4
76.6
145 9
122.8

105.8
139 0
136.2
138.3
140.9
117.2
116 8
132.0
97.2
126.4
114.4
76 6
145.9
123.0

105.8
139.6
137.4
138.5
141.6
117.8
117.0
134.0
97.2
126.5
114.4
65.0
145.9
128.9

105. 8
140.2
140.8
138.4
141. 6
117.6
117.0
133 4
97.2
126.1
114.4
62.1
145.4
128.9

105.6
140.1
138.2
138.4
142.5
118.0
116.5
131.8
99.1
131.0
114.4
62.1
145.4
129.1

105.6 * 105.5 2105.4
139.9 139.6 139.7
138.0 136.2 135.7
137.2
137. 1 137.1
143.3 143.3 143.6
115.4 114.7 115.7
114.4 113.5 111.5
134.9 135.8
134.7
91.7
90.8
92.0
131.5 132. 2 132.2
114.5 114.5 114.5
72.4
67.8
62.1
145.7 145.7 145.7
129.9 130.1 132.4

107.2
141.2
136.5
137.1
146.8
116. 5
115.0
135.5
95.1
132.3
114.5
67.8
145.7
132.4

106.7
144.7
155.7
138.4
145.6
121.3
121.4
136.6
96.1
133 2
120.6
83.7
145.4
135.3

106.
144.
152.
143
142
125
127
135
101
132
121
112
143
136

128.3
143.6

127.3
143.9

127.3
144.8

127.3
144.8

121. 2
144.8

121.2
144.9

121.2
144.9

120.9
144.6

129.7 ' 130.3
145.8
45.8

130.9
145.6

131.1
145.4

130.6
145.7

127
146

130.9
146.0

90.
111.
129.
109.
112.
122.
169.
110.
100.

237

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T a b l e D -3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1947-49—100, unless otherwise specified)

Dec.2 Nov.
All commodities except farm and foods—Con.
Metals and metal products-------------- 152.7 3152.4
Iron and steel -.................... - ......... 169.3 169.2
Nonferrous metals..........................- 134.8 134.0
Metal containers---------------------- - 156.6 156.6
H ardware......................................... 177.1 176.7
Plumbing fixtures and brass fit­
tings ____ ___________ ______ 133.7 133.8
Heating equipm ent_____________ 114.8 114.3
Fabricated structural metal prod­
ucts. ................................ .............. 131.7 3131.7
Fabricated nonstructural metal
p ro d u cts_______ ____________ 150.0 150.0
Machinery and motive products.-.............. 153.1 152.9
Agricultural machinery and equipment. 150.2 3149.5
Construction machinery and equip­
m ent......................................... ........... 178.6 178.6
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment ---------------------------- --------- - 184.2 183.6
General purpose machinery and equip­
ment___________________________ 166.6 165.9
MlscetlttJieoiis machinery.................... . 152.4 3152.3
Special Industry machinery and equip­
ment *__________________________ 101.0 100.7
Electrical machinery and equipm ent.. 151.1 151.1
Motor vehicles------------------------------- 140.0 139.9
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock •____________________ 100.5 100.5
Furniture and other household durables__ 122.2 122.3
Household furniture_______________ 127. 3 3127.5
Commercial furniture— .............. ........ 156.7 156. 7
Floor coverings...... ................................. 128.7 129.1
99.8
Household appliances---------------------- 99.6
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs.................................................. 88.0 88.0
Other household durable goods---------- 157.4 157.4
Nonmetallic mineral products ' _________ 138.5 138.6
Flat glass___ m ..........- _________ . . . . 130. 3 130.3
141.6 141.6
Concrete Ingredients______________
Concrete products_________________ 131.1 131.2
Structural clay products____________ 162.1 162.0
Gypsum products--------------------------- 137.3 137.3
Prepared asphalt roofing...................... 120. 4 120.4
Other nonmetallic minerals_________ 132.8 133.1
Tobacco products and bottled beverages... 133.4 133.5
Tobacco products--------------------------- 130.9 130.9
Alcoholic beverages________________ 121.1 3121.2
Nonalcoholic beverages_____________ 180.5 180.5
Miscellaneous products________________
98.6
97.5
Toys, sporting goods, small arms,
am m unition____________________ 119.1 119.9
Manufactured animal feeds................... 78.5
76.8
96.2
Notions and accessories................... ...... 96.2
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
eq u ip m en t____ ________________ 112.3 3112.3
Other miscellaneous products___ ____ ! 132. 3 133.3

Annual
average

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1960»

1959

153.2
170.5
134.9
156.6
176.7

153.7
170.8
136.3
156.6
176.7

153.6
170.5
136.2
156.6
176.4

153.2
170.1
135.8
156.6
176.3

153.1
170.3
135.2
156.6
176.3

153.0
170 2
134.4
156.6
176.3

152. 7
170.8
132.4
156.6
175.2

152.4
170. 4
132.3
156. 6
175.0

152.3
169.7
132.2
156.6
175.1

152. 2
169.4
132.1
156.6
174.9

152.2
168.6
133 9
153.6
174.7

153.8
170.0
139.0
153.9
174.3

153.6
172.0
136.1
153. 7
173.0

133.8
114.8

133.5
115.2

133.5
115.6

132.8
115.5

132.2
115.4

131.3
115.4

130.9
115.2

130.9
114.5

130.9
114.8

130.9
114.9

130.8
116.8

132.1
119.4

130.1
121.7

131.9

131.8

132.3

132.3

132.1

132.4

132.8

132.8

133.5

133.6

133.9

134.7

133.4

150.4
152.8
149.0

150.8
152. 7
148.7

150.4
152.7
148.9

149.2
153.0
148.8

149.6
153.2
148.8

150.0
153.1
148.6

1.50.1
153.1
148.6

149.«
153.4
148.5

149.6
153.4
148.5

149.6
153.5
148.4

148.6
153.1
148.0

146.4
153.4
146.1

146.0
153.0
143.4

178.5

178. 5

178.5

178.3

178.2

178.5

178.6

178. 2

178.2

177.6

177.0

175.6

171.9

183.1

182.1

181.7

181.7

181.5

181.7

181.8

183.3

182.7

182.7

182.3

179.9

174.5

165.5
152.0

166.3
152.0

166.1
152.0

166.3
151.8

166 5
151.4

166.3
151.4

166.2
151.4

166.1
151.2

166.2
151.2

166.1
151.3

166.1
150.9

167.1
150.2

165.3
149. 4

100.7
151.1
140.0

150.4
140.3

100.6

100.5
150.5
140.5

100.5 100.5
161. 8 151.7
140.5 140.4

100.4
151.7
140.3

100.3
151.9
140.3

153.5
140.2

100.1 100 0 100.0 100.1

(•;
154. 2
140.8

(•)
154.4
142.8

100.5

100.3

100.3

127.0
156. 7
129.0
99.9

126.7
156.7
129.3
99.8

126. 4
155.9
129.3
99.8

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
122 3 122.4 122.4 122. 5 122.2 122.2 122.3 122. 6
126.4
155.9
129.3
99.8

126 4
155.9
128.6
99 8

126.4
155.9
128.6
99.9

126.3
155.9
128.6

126.2
155.9
128.6

126.2
155.9
128.6

126.1
155.9
128.7

(«)
123.1
125. 7 125.1
157.1 156.8
130. 2. 130.4
100.4 101.9

(»)
123.4
124.1
155. 2
128 1
101.7

87.9
157.3
138.9
130.3
142.5
131.5
162.1
137.3
120.4
133.2
133.4
130.9

88.3
157.2
138.5
130.3
142. 4
131.4
161.9
137.3
114.2
133.2
133.4
130.9

90.0
157.8
138 3
130 3
142 6
131 3
161 6
134 6
112.9
133. 7
132.1
130. 9

89.8
157.8
138.6
132.4
142.6
131.3
161.5
134 6
112.9
133.7
132.1
130. 9

90.7
157.8
138. t
132.4
142.6
131.3
162.1
134.6
114.2
133.7
132 0
130 8

90.7
156. C
138.6
132. 4
142 6
131.1

171.6
95.9

171.6
99.5

171.6
97.7

171.6
95.6

91.2
156.6
137.9
132. 4
142.0
131.0
162.3
133. 2
106.6
133.6
132.1
130. 8
121 2
171.6
92.4

91.3
157. 4
138.0
132.7
142.1
131.1
161.8
133. 2
107.3
134.2
131.8
130. 8

180.5
95.6

134.6
114 2
133.6
132.1
130.8
121.3
171.6
96.8

90.5
156.0
138.4
132.4
142.3
131.2
162.1
134.6
114. 2
132.9
132.1
130.8
121.3
171.6
95.2

90.9
156.2
138.5
132.4

180.5
93.4

88.7 90.0
157.2 156.9
138.5 138. 4
130.3 130 3
142.4 142.6
131.3 131 3
161.7 161.6
137.3 134 6
114.2 114 2
133.7 133.7
132.8 132.6
130.9 130.9
121. 1 121. 1
176.3 174.8
95.6 95 6

171.3
92.1

92.8
156.4
137.7
135. 3
140.3
129.7
160. 2
133.1
11G.4
132.4
131. 4
130. 5
121.3
167.4
94.5

119.9
71.0
96.2

119.6
74.2
96.2

119.7
74.3
96.2

119.0
74.6
96.2

118.9
75.0
96.2

118.9
80.3
96.2

119.0
77.5
»6.4

118.9
70.2
96.4

118.3
74.1
96.4

118.4
74.6
96.4

118.6
70.0
90.4

118.3
69.6
96.9

117.5
75.1
97.3

1133.0
12.0

111.9
132 8

111.7
133 1

11.08 111.2
111.0 111.0 1131
131.7

111.3
132.3

111.3
132. 8

111.2 111.0

110.7
132.2

108.2
132.3

122.2 122 2 122.1

121.1 121.2

i As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were Introduced
Into the Index. Technical details furnished upon request to the Bureau.
* Preliminary.
* Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1960

1961

Commodity group

132.3

153.7
140.8

100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2

121.2 121.2 121.1

132 2

153.6
140.4

162.1

112.2

131.1
162.1
134. 6
114.2
133.5
132.1
130. 8

121.2

132. 8

152.4
140 7

132. 4

120.8

♦ Formerly titled Fuel, power, and lighting materials.
* January 1958=100.
» New series. January 1961 = 100.
r Formerly titled Nonmetallic minerals—structural.

4»

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , FEBRUARY 1962

238

T able D -4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings1
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1960 Annual averag«

1961
Commodity group
Dec.2 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.

July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1960»

106.0
105.6 104.2 104.7 105.8 107.5 108.0 107.6 107.3
All foods................................................... - ----------------- 105.6 105.4 105.6 105. 4 105.8
126.7
137.1 129.2 129.5 128 6 126.2 132.0 133.3 131 3 133.2
All fish........................................................... - ................ 143.6 141.1 138.1 136.9
124.7
125.0
124.6
124.9
124.9
124.6
124.0
123.8
123.9
124.1
124.0
124.0
3124.0
124.4
All commodities except farm products...........................
92.2
90.0
89.5
89.2
88.4
88.7
88.4
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products— . . . . 89.5 89.5 89.2 88.9 88.6 88.1 88.1
Refined petroleum products: *
1
11.0
111.4
114.3
116.6
116.1
114.8
113.4
113.4
East Coast petroleum products, refined......... ........ 115.9 114.6 114.6 114.6 114.6 113.4
117.0
125.3 126.0 126.0 125.2
Midcontinent petroleum products, refined............. 117.2 108.9 102.2 108.2 11.5.0 121.7 121.7 116.0 124.2
122.9
120.4
127.3
125.6
127.3
1
2
2
.1
Gulf Coast petroleum products, refined.................. 124.0 122.8 122.2 122.2 122.2 121.3 119 8 119.8
105. 5 106.1 107 3 105. 5 105.8
Pacific Coast petroleum products, refined----------- 106.1 107.0 107.0 108.5 no. l 107.0 107.9 109.1 104.3
(®)
88.7 93.5 99 3 99.9 100.0 100.0
Midwest petroleum products, refined *--------------- 90.3 90.3 88.7 91.3 92.6 93.9 93.9 117.3
126.4 127.9 127 9 127. 7 124.7
117.7
118.3
1
2
0
.
1
124.4
123.
1
121.
7
125.6
125.6
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes---------------------------107.6
107.4
107.4
107.6
107.5
107.5
109.6
109.6 109.7
Soaps......................................................................- .......... 109.6 109.6 109.6 109.6 109.6
102.0 102.9 101.7
.0 102.0 102.0 110022.0
020 1020 110022.1
Synthetic detergents.................................—.................... 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 1
102.0 102.0 .2 102 1 110020.11 103.3
02 1
Pharmaceutical preparations-------------------------------- 101.2 101.2 100.9 100.8 100.8 102. 2 1
1
0
0
.1
100.0
99.9
99.9
99
9
99
9
(®)
98
0
1
0
0
.
1
98.0
98.2
98.6
98.6
Ethical preparations*------------------------------------99 0 99.0 99.0 99 0 100.0 100.0 100.1
(*)
Anti-infectives *--------------------------------------- 99.7 99.7 99.7 98.9 98 9 98.9 1
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
0
0
0
(«)
1
0
0
6
1
0
0
.6
1
0
0
.6
1
0
0
6
1
0
0
.6
1
0
0
.6
Anti-arthrittcs®---------------------------------------(®)
Sedatives and hypnotics*................................... 112.5 112.5 101.9 101.9 101. 9 101.0 1000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 0
(')
Ataractics ® ________________________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ¡00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
00.0 100.0
(')
Anti-spasmodics and an"ti-cholinergics5--------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000 100.0 1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
0
)
100.9
100.
9
100.
9
100.9
100.9
100.9
Cardiovasculare and anti-hypertensives*------100.0 100.0 100 0 (®
(!)
100.0 100.0 100.0 110000.0
Diabetics*--------------------------------- ------ ------ 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 1
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
(»)
1
0
0
.0
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
Hormones*--------------------------------------------100.0 100.0 100.0 1000 («)
000 100.0 100.0 110000.0
Diuretics*------ --------------------------------------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1
00.0 100.0 100.0 1000 (®)
100.0 100.0 104.5.0 1104.5
Dermatologicals *------------------------------------- 100.6 100.6 100.5 100.5 100.5 100 0 104
104 5 100 0 100 0
104.
5
5
(»)
108.5
108.5
Hermatinics *------------------------------------------ 108.5 108. 5 108.5 108.5
too
0 1
000 100.0 100.0 (*)
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
1
.8
1
0
1
.8
1
0
1
.8
1
0
1
.8
1
0
1
.8
1
0
1
.8
Analgesics®.......................... - ------ ---------------1
0
0
0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
0
(®)
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
Anti-obesity preparations®................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1000
00.0 100.0 100.0 110000.00 110000.0
Cough and cold preparations®------------------ — 98.8 98.8 98.8 98.8 98 8 98 8 100.0 1
.0 100 4 (»)
00.0 100.0 100.0 110000.0
Vitamins®______________________________ 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 100.0 10
.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 (*)
02 100.2 100.0 100.0
Proprietary preparations®------------------------------- 100.2 100.2 100.2 100 1 100 1 100. 1 1
100.0 (®)
1000 100.0 100.0 100.0 110000.00 110000.0
Vitamins®.................... ........................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1
.0 1000 (®)
00.0 100.0
(®)
Cough and cold preparations ®_......................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 00 0 1
00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000 (•)
Laxatives and elimination aids®------------------ 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99 5 99. 5 100 5 100. 5 1
100.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 0
Internal analgesics®---------------------------------- 100.9 100.9 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.3
100.0 97 8 (»)
(')
00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110000.0
Tonics and alteratives®----------------------------- 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000 100.0 100.0 1
98.4
(»)
00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.00 110000.0
External analgesics®--------------------------------- 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 99.7 99 7 1
1
0
0
T
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
.0
Antiseptics®..................................... -.................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000
.0 100.0 (®)
00.0 100.0 100.0 111020.1
(«)
00.0 100.0 1115.6
Antacids®...................... - .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1
113 3 118.9
12.1 111 1
Lumber and wood products (excluding mill work)....... 111.7 111.9 111.9 113.2 114.0 115.3 115.4 115.4 115 6 1
120.4
113.0 111 6 112.4 112.7
116.1 116.1
Softwood lumber---------------------------- ------ ---------- - 112.9 3113.0 113.2 114.2 114.9 115.9
132 9
131.1 131 8 131.9 132.0
Pulp, paper, and products (exeluding building paper). 130.0 129.5 130.0 129.1 125. 8 125.8 126.0 125.6 130.6
149.9 149 7 149 5 149 5 149.5 149 6 1.50,5
Special metal* and metal products...................- ............. 149.7 149.5 150.0 150. 4 150.4 150. 1 150.1
187.9
187
6
187
6
187
6
187.6
187.
5
187.
5
187.0
187.0
186.9
180.9
186.9
Steel mill products............................. ............. ........ ........ 186.9 186.9
160 0
159.6 160.3 160 2 160.2 159 6
Machinery and equipment.............................................. 159.9 159.6 159.4 159.1 159.1 159.6 159. 5 159.5
147.9
150
0
150
4
150.4
150.5
150
5
1.50.
5
150.8
150.8
150
8
150.7
151.0
3151.5
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)------------- 152. 3
186.7
189.9 189. 5 189. 5 189. 5 189.2 189 9 189.9 189.6
Metalworking machinery------------------------------------- 192.1 3192.0 191.4 190. 6 190.0 159.
156.4
158.9
159.2
159.1
159.2
159.2
159
2
159.0
1
159.3
159.
3
159.3
3159.7
Total tractors..................................................... ............... 160.3
205.1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
6
202.3 202.5 202 6 202. 5 202. 1 201 1
Industrial valves_______________________________ 201.3 199.5 197.5 200.8 201.9
121. 7 132 2
121.
4
121.7
1
2
2
.0
121.7
121
7
121.7
119.4
119.4
1
2
0
.1
1
2
0
.1
1
2
0
.1
125.5
Industrial fittings........................................... ..................
133 6
131.4
131
4
131.
4
130 6 130 6
Antifriction bearings and components........................... 130.8 130.8 130.6 131.8 130.5 130.6 130 6 130.6
146 9 146.9 146.9 146.9 146 9 147 5
Abrasive grinding wheels--------------- --------------------- 146.9 146.9 146.9 146 9 146.9 146.9 146 9 146.9
132.6
130.0
130.1
Construction materials---------------------------------------- 129.5 129.6 129.7 130.0 130.1 130.5 130.5 130.6 130.7 129.9 129.8
i See footnote 1, table D-3.
> Preliminary.
®Revised.

*


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1959
104.4
124.5
124.5
91.4
108.9
115.7
118.4
108.2
(#)

124.9
109.5
101.4
103.0
(J)
(«)
C)
(®)
C)
C)
(®)
(»)
(*)
(®)
C)
(®)
(s)
(‘)
C)
(•)
(®)
(®)
(•)
(®)
(®)
(®)
(»)
(®)
(*)

124.5
128.1
131.8
150 8
188 2
158. 5
144 8
181.8
153.3
196.9
139.0
136.1
152.5
134.6

<The special index for refined petroleum products Is now being published
as a subgroup index in table D-3.
• New series. January 1961=100.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T able D-5.

239

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1947-49-100]
1961

1960

Commodity group
D ec.2 Nov.
All commodities.

Oct. Sept.

Aug.

July

June M ay

Apr. Mar. Feb.

Jan.

Annual
average

Dec. I960« 1959

119.2 118.8 118.7 118.8 118.9 118.6 118.2 118.7 119.4 119.9 120.0 119.9 ne. 5 119.6 119.5
S ta g e o f p r o t e s t i n g

Crude materials for further processing_______________
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs_________________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel________ ____
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu­
facturing______________________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con­
struction______________________________
Crude fuel______ ___________________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing____ ____ ______
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing___ _________

94.3 93.3 *93.7 93.8 94.8 92.7 91.6 93.2 94.6 95.2 95.1 94.7 93.3
84.7 83.5 *83.1 83.4 85.1 82. S 81.6 83. 6 85. 7 86.9 87 5 87.3 85. 5
109.7 109.3 111.5 111.3 110.6 109.2 108.6 108.7 108.6 107.2 105.4 104.4 104.1
108.0 107.5 109.9 109.6 108.9 107.4 106.7 106.9 106. 7 105.2 103 3 102.2 101.8
141.6 141.6 142.5 142.4 142.4 142 « 142.6 142 6 142.6 142.6 142.3 142.2 142.0
124.7 124.9 124.7 123.2 122.6 121.9 121.2 122. 3 123 3 126 8 127.4 126 9 126.3
124.3 124. 5 124.2 122.8 122.2 121.5 120.9 121 9 122. 7 128 2 126.8 126 3 125.8
125.5 5125.6 125.4 123.9 123.2 122.5 121.8 1230 124.2 127.7 128.2 127.7 127.1

142.1
124 4
123.9
125.2

Intermediate materials, supplies, and components........... .
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing....................................................................
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing__
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing______________________________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing
Components for manufacturing............................
Materials and components for construction___ _____
Processed fuels and lubricants__________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufac­
turing_________________________ ________
Containers, nonreturnable_____________________
Supplies....................................... ..................... ..........
Supplies for manufacturing_____________ ____
Supplies for nonmanufacturing______________
Manufactured animal feeds______________
Other supplies____________________ ___ _

126.1 125.8 125.4 125.7 125.5 125.6 126.8 126 3 126.9 126.9
127.0 126.9 *127.0 127.0 127.1 127.1 127. 4 127 8 127 9 127.9
101.8 101.4 101.7 101.3 101.4 101.6 102 0 103.0 103. 7 103.9
103.6 103.6 103.6 103.5 103.7 103 6 104 1 104 6 104 9 104 8
155.9 155.8 156.0 156.4 156 4 156.2 156 0 156 0 165 6 155 4
148.8 148.5 3148.5 148.4 148 5 >149 1 *149 1 3149. 2 «149 3 150 0
133.1 133.1 133.2 133.5 133 6 134 0 134 1 134 1 134 3 ¡33. 6
109.8 109.2 108.3 109.2 110.0 110.5 110 2 109 4 110.3 111.9
109.9 109.5 108.9 109.4 110.0 110.3 110 1 109 6 110.3 111 6

104.8
155 4
150 1
133 5
111.9
111.6

106.4
158.1
150.7
135. 5
108.9
108.9

109.6
138.9
119.1
147.4
105.7
73.4
122.6

108.6 107.5
138.2 138.2
118.1 *115.5
»147.1 3147.1
»104.6 101.3
71.6 65.2
122.2 122.2

108.9
137.6
116.8
147.0
102.9
68.4
122.2

110.1
133 3
116.6
147.1
101.4
68.3
119.5

110 6
133.1
115. 9
147.6
101. « 101 7
68. 7 69 2
119.4 119 2

109 1 110. 4 112 5 112. 5 112 7 112.3 109.1 106.8

133 7
118. 3
147 6
104. 7
74.8
119.5

139 9
119 2
148 1
105. 6
72.3
123.6

140 6
118.7
149 0
104.8
70. 7
123.4

141 1
117 6
148. 4
103 6
68.3
123.4

140 9
117 8
148 6
103. 7
68.9
123.2

139. 4
116. 1
149 6
101 2
64 2
123.0

Finished goods (goods to users, Including raw foods and
fuels)................................................................... ........ .
Consumer finished goods______________________ _
Consumer foods__________________________
Consumer crude foods__________________
Consumer processed foods_______________
Consumer other nondurable goods____________
Consumer durable goods___________________
Producer finished goods........... .................................
Producer finished goods for manufacturing....... .
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing__

121.6
113.5
107.1
90.7
110.4
114.5
125.4
154.3
161.0
148.4

121.4 121.3
3113.2 113.2
106.8 107.1
94.4 3 93.8
3109. 4 109.9
3114.1 113.8
125.4 3125. 3
*154.1 154.0
160.9 *160.8
148.3 148.1

121.3
113.2
106.9
92.7
109.8
113.9
125.5
153.8
160.6
147.9

121.4
113.3
107.2
94.8
109.8
114.0
125.5
153. 8
160.6
147.8

121.2
113 1
106.8
95.7
109 1
113 9
125 6
153. 8
160.6
147.9

120.7
112.5
105. 7
89. 9
108 9
113. 5
125. 5
153 7
160. 6
147.7

121 3
113. 3
106. 8
90 6
110. 1
114 2
125. 5
153 7
160.8
147.6

122.2
114 3
108. 6
97.2
111 0
115.0
125 5
153.8
160.6
147.9

122 6
114.8
109. 5
96. 8
112 1
115 2
125 6
153 9
160. 8
147.9

122.4
114 5
109. 1
96 8
111. 7
114.9
125.8
154.0
160. 8
148.1

114 4
109 0
99 6
111 0
114. 7
125.8
153.8
160.6
147.8

110 9
133.3
115 8
1472

120.8
112 1
105 0
90 5
108 0
113.8
125 6
153 9
160 7
147.9

94.5 96.7
85.7 86. 8
107.5 112.2
105.5 110.8
140.3
123 4
122.9
124.1

126.7 126.7 126.4 127.0 127.0
127 8 127.8 127.9 128.9 129.0
103.6 102.4 101.3 99.3 98.5
104.9 105.2
155.5 156.6
149.3
133.7
111.6
111.3

150.0
133.7
111 9
111 5

138. 6
115.8
149.3
101.0
63.8
122.9

106. 4
157.9
151. 5
136. 5
106 0
105.6
136. 7
118.6
143.5
104.1
74.7
121.3

122.2 121.5 120.3

113.6
107.7
98 0
109.7
114.1
126.1
153 8
160.0
148.4

112.5
105.5
91.9
108. 4
113. 4
126.5
153, 2
158.1
149.1

D u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t

Total durable goods__ _____________________________
Total nondurable goods____________________________

145.0 144.9 145.0 145.2 145.2 145.3 145.4 145.3 145.3 145.1 145.0 145 1
105.1 104.7 104.4 104.5 104.6 104.2 103. 5 104.3 105. 3 106.2 106.3 106.1
Total manufactures___ ____________________________ 125.3 125.0 124.8 125.0 124.9 124.9 124. 8 125 1 125. 7 126.0 126.1 126 1
Durable manufactures________________________ ... 146.2 146.2 146.2 146.3 146.3 146. 4 146. 5 146 5 146 5 146.3 146.3 146 5
Nondurable manufactures_______________________ 108. 7: 108.2 107.9 108.2 108. 1 107 9 107. 7 108.3 109 3 109.9 110. 1 109 9
Total raw or slightly processed goods____________ _____ 98. 5| 98.1 98.2 97.8 98.6 97.3 95.8 97.0 98.0 99.3 99.3 98. 9
Durable raw or slightly processed goods___________ 107.2, 106.4 111.7 114.2 112. 7 110.8 111 9 109.7 110. 7 108.6 105.1 103 5
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods________
98.1 97.7 97.5 97.0 97.9 96. 6, 95.0 96.3 97.4 98.8 99.0 98 6
* See footnote 1, table D-3.
s Preliminary.
* Revised.


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145.0 145.7 145.9
105.6 105.3 105.0
125.7
146 4
109. 4
98 3
101.8
98.1

125.8
147 0
108 9
98.6
107.4
98.1

125.6
147 0
108. 5
98.9
114.1
98.1

N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices (In Monthly Labor Review.
Decomber 1965, pp. 1448-1463); and by durability of product and data begin­
ning with 1947, ses Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BL8 Bull.
1238 (1958).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1962

240

E.—Work Stoppages
T able

E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved In stoppages

Number of stoppages
Month and year

1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average).
1945..........................
194«..........................
1947 .....................
1948 .....................
1949 ....................
1950 ....................
1951 ....................
1952 .....................
1953 ....................
1954 .....................
1965..........................
1956..........................

1967
1968
1959

..................
..................
..................

1960

.....................

Beginning in
month or y8ar

In effect durtng month

In effect durIng month

760

4 986
3 693
3 419
3 ft *6
4 843
4 737
6 117
5 091
3 468
4 320
3 82fi
& 673
3 694

3 708
3 333

Number

Percent cf estimated worktng time

16, 900,000
39, 700, 000
38. 000, 000
116. 000, 000
34.600,000
34, 100, 01»
60, 500,0<»
38, 8i», 000
22. 900, (»0
59. 100,000
28. 31». 000
22 600. 000
28, 200, 000
33 100,000
16 Si», OOO
23 900,000
6« (H» 000
19,100,000

1, 130.000
2, 380,000
3 470,000
4 600, 000
2, 170,000
1 «60,000
8 030. 000
2. 410. 000
2 220, 000
3 540.000
2. 400. 000
1, 530 000
2, 650,000
1 ,900, 000
1,390.000
2, 060. 000
1 gun, 000
1 , 320.000

2 862
3 573
4

Beginning In
month or year

Man-days idle during month
or year

0. 27
.46
.47
1. 43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21

.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17

1960: December...

110

250

27. .500

53,200

458,000

.06

1961: January*—
February *..
March *___
April *------May *_____
June *..........
July *-------August *___
September *.
October *__
November *.
December *..

170
210
220
320
430
330
330
325
310
300
225
100

300
330
350
460
620
570
500
650
530
510
430
250

80.000
120.000
55,000
«4 OOO
120noo
140 0(H)
95. 000
95, 000
334.000
223.000
83.000
27,000

100.000
150.000
75,000
126. 000
165. 000
211,000
183. 000
160.000
390.000
277.000
156,000
75,000

700,000
940,000
610. (»0
1, 180. 000
1, 530,000
1,760,000
1 , 65». 600
1.320.000
3, 150. (»0
2,380. (H»
1,000,000
500,000

.08
.11
.06
.14
.16
.18
. 19
..13
.35
.23
.10
.05

*The data Include all known strikes ot lockouts involving a or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers In volved
and man-days Idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift In estab­
lishments directly Involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the Indirect


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or seco n d ary etlect on other establishments or Industries whose employees
are m ade Idle as a result of material or service shortages.
* Preliminary.
* Revised preliminary.

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