Full text of Monthly Labor Review : February 1958, Vol. 81, No. 2
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Monthly
Labor
Review
FEBRUARY 1958
VOL. 81 N O .
Hours and Overtime in Union Contracts
New H ousing Demand, 1957-65
H ighlights of the AFL-CIO Convention
W ages in the Motor Vehicle Parts Industry, 1957
UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
J ames P. M itchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C laque,
Commissioner
J. F it z g e r a l d , Assistant Commissioner
H
enbt
H
erm an
B. B y e r , Assistant Commissioner
W. D u a n e E v a n s , Assistant Commissioner
P h il ip A r n o w ,
Assistant Commissioner
A rnold E. Chase , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Joseph P. G oldbero , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L eon Greenbero , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones , Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim, Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschraum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
F rank S. M cE lrot, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E. R iley, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
A be R othman, Acting Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
Oscar W eioert, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M . W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
S eymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
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Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES D EPA R TM EN T OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w r e n c e R . K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief
M a r y S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
133
142
146
153
Hours of Work and Overtime Provisions in Union Contracts
Housing Demand in the United States, 1957-65
The Second Biennial Convention of the AFL-CIO
Workmen’s Compensation in Belgium
Summaries of Studies and Reports
161
167
171
176
Wages in Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacture, 1957
Union Wage Scales in Local City Trucking
Union Wage Scales in Building Trades, 1957
Wage Chronology No. 4: Bituminous Coal Mines—Supplement No. 4—
1956-57
178 Wage Chronology No. 30: Anthracite Mining Industry—Supplement No. 2—
1956
Departments
hi
182
195
180
183
188
190
196
203
The Labor Month in Review
Conferences and Institutes, March 16 to April 15, 1958
Union Conventions, March 16 to April 15, 1958
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
February 1958 • Voi. 81 • No. 2
THE FEDERAL CIVIL SERVICE
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For Classroom . . .
For Libraries . . .
For Ready Reference
The 1957 Edition
of the
B rief History o f the American Labor Movement
The first revision of this convenient, authoritative booklet in 7
years.
Illustrated and pocket size, it tells the story of American labor
from early colonial times to the expulsion of the Teamsters from the
AFL-CIO.
The process of collective bargaining, important strikes
and landmarks, the structure and methods of unions, and the aims of
organized labor are but a few of the subjects covered.
A concise chronology of noteworthy labor events covering 250
years is appended.
27 illustrations . . .
85 pages
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The Labor Month
in Review
J ames R. H offa, president-elect of the Teamsters
since last October, finally took office on January
23 following a compromise which ended a Federal
court injunction trial proceeding brought by 13
Teamster members to contest his right to the post.
The settlement called for a court-appointed board
of three monitors to insure democratic procedures
in the union and protection of its funds. At the
end of a year Hoffa may petition for discharge of
the monitors.
Naming of the monitors took place on February
3, the day the Executive Council of the American
Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial
Organizations opened its winter meeting in Miami.
The Hoffa ascendancy could hardly be said to
lighten the council’s burden. His influence was
especially strengthened in the merger stalemate
between the Michigan Federation of Labor and
the CIO State Industrial Union Council. The
MFL has adamantly refused to expel the Team
sters or to meet the CIO without Teamster repre
sentation. This has forced the council to approve
revocation of the charters of both groups; it will
attempt on February 24 to establish a new merged
State group on its own initiative. However, the
council deferred action on the application of a
number of dissident Teamster locals for direct
affiliation with the AFL-CIO.
Some other problems faced the Miami meeting:
(a) The council established machinery to settle
jurisdictional disputes between industrial and
building trades unions and strengthened the no
raiding agreement. The disputes settlement for
mula was essentially that proposed by President
George Meany last June: all new construction at
industrial plants goes to the building trades;
day-to-day maintenance work to the industrial
union in the plant. Work not clearly fitting
into these categories will be performed on the
basis of past practice; if there is dispute, adjusting
teams will intervene. On the no-raid pact, even
nonsignatories will now be required to submit
unresolved interunion raiding cases to the im
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
partial umpire who currently arbitrates such dis
putes for signers of the agreement, but his decision
cannot be binding on nonsigners. However, if
his recommendation is disregarded, the council
itself “will make such decision as is necessary.”
(b) The Flight Engineers asked suspension of the
Air Line Pilots Association on grounds that it was
a professional society rather than a union, raided
other unions, and refused to respect picket lines.
(c) The council was embroiled in a dispute with
an organization of staff members over economy
reductions in force; the organization has petitioned
the National Labor Relations Board for a repre
sentation election, with the AFL-CIO as employer
claiming that staff organizers are really repre
sentatives of management. (d) The Ethical Prac
tices Committee was investigating activities of
the Jewelry Workers and the Operating Engineers,
especially testimony before the Senate Select
Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor
or Management Field in which officers of the
latter union were charged with following the
familiar pattern set by the Teamsters, Bakers, and
Textile Workers in regard to undemocratic
methods and misuse of unions funds for personal
gain. (On February 6, William E. Maloney,
77-year-old president of the union, resigned on
grounds of “ill health.”) (e) The council was
about to set up a new international union of
Laundry Workers to replace the group expelled
last December.
C urrently, the Building Trades and the Na
tional Constructors Association announced a con
struction cost-cutting program which resulted
from 3 years of joint study. Among the items
was elimination of work quotas and resistance to
labor-saving tools.
David Dubinsky, president of the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers’ and a member of the
AFL-CIO Executive Council, on the eve of the
council meeting, departed from the viewpoint of
many of his colleagues to support the recommenda
tion of President Eisenhower for legislation cre
ating a new Federal office with wide authority to
compel proper reporting of union finances as well
as certain stipulated democratic procedures in
union affairs. A few days earlier, Dr. Clark
Kerr, president of the University of California and
a noted labor economist, had made some additional
pertinent suggestions in a report on Unions and
U1
rv
Union Leaders of Their Own Choosing. His pro
posals included increased professional leadership
training of union officers, changes in union consti
tutions to encourage local union autonomy,
easier procedures for stripping an unwelcome union
of its exclusive bargaining rights, and better means
of ousting entrenched union leaders who no longer
hold membership confidence.
only a scant showing of negative votes,
the United Automobile Workers, at its special
convention in Detroit January 22 to 24, approved
a lengthy list of demands for its bargaining with
automotive manufacturers next spring. They
were designed, the union said, to give the economy
a “massive injection of purchasing power.” In
cluded was the profit-sharing scheme against which
the industry has taken an exceptionally strong
stand. A separate set of bargaining aims, co
ordinated with those of the International Associa
tion of Machinists, was adopted for the aircraft
and missiles industry. Another important action
of the convention was sanction to raise dues tem
porarily to help increase the UAW strike fund,
then at $24 million, to $50 million by June 1.
The strike fund approval, UAW President Walter
P. Reuther told the convention, did not mean that
the union was “strike happy” or approaching
negotiations “with a chip on our shoulders.” He
warned that economic conditions in 1958 were not
favorable. Harlow H. Curtice, president of Gen
eral Motors, suggested in a letter to the convention
that the union in the interests of industrial peace
not place itself in a “frozen position” in relation
to bargaining. He offered a 2-year renewal of the
present contract.
Shortly after the convention, Mr. Reuther testi
fied before a Senate committee investigating
prices. He suggested that large companies be re
quired to rationalize their price increases at
a public hearing. Joseph A. Bierne, president
of the Communications Workers of America,
on the other hand, suggested a public board ap
pointed by Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell
to review the union’s wage demands prior to its
negotiations with Southern Bell in March. The
board, Mr. Bierne said, could guide the union on
“paring down [demands] if . . . they should be
pared.”
Production schedules at the Chrysler Corp.
rather than overall economic demands were the
W ith
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
immediate problem of the UAW. Early in Feb
ruary nearly 14,000 workers from 5 different
Detroit area Chrysler plants were idle in a dispute
over work pace, an issue which has plagued the
company during much of the past year.
On February 1, the month and a half strike of
the American Newspaper Guild against the St.
Paul Dispatch and Pioneer Press was settled with
a 2-year contract calling for total weekly increases
for Guild members ranging up to $9.25. The
Mailers and Printers, who also had struck, agreed
to contracts of 27 and 24 months, with ultimate
wage increases of $8 a week and 24 cents an hour.
In the airline field, a Presidential fact-finding
board met February 10 to consider disputes
between pilots and flight engineers and Eastern
Air Lines. The 600 engineers have been negoti
ating for a wage increase and a place for an engi
neer in the pilot’s cabin of jet aircraft. It is
this issue which is at the heart of the union’s
quarrel with the pilots’ organization, which
wants instead a third pilot on such craft. Earlier,
National Airlines became the first carrier to
establish a higher scale of pay for pilots on turbo
prop and jet passenger planes. Top pay by
1959 will be almost $27,000 a year.
A unanimous decision by the United States
Supreme Court on February 3, in a case involving
the United Mine Workers’ District 50, held that
the National Labor Relations Board went too far
in ordering Bowman Transportation, Inc., to with
draw recognition from the UMW. The NLRB
had charged an unfair labor practice due to col
lusion between the parties to prevent organization
by the Teamsters. It ordered recognition with
held until the UMW was certified as the employees’
choice in an election. The union, however, could
not qualify for certification since it had not
complied with Taft-Hartley Act eligibility require
ments. The Court ruled the Board could never
theless hold an election without certifying or
could arrange for another agency to hold the
election; it stipulated that an election would have
to precede recognition.
On the same day the Court in a 5-4 ruling said
that an injured seaman under the Jones Act might
recover damages if a statute or regulation was
violated by a shipowner in causing the injury,
even though employer negligence is not shown.
Hours of Work and
Overtime Provisions
in Union Contracts
H arry P . Cohany
and
D ena G . W eiss *
8 - h o u r w o r k d a y and a 40-hour workweek
were the predominant work schedules established
through collective bargaining, according to the
U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor
Statistics analysis of 1,813 major collective
bargaining contracts in effect in the latter part
of 1956 and in 1957. Of the 1,508 agreements
providing for standard weekly schedules, 1,266
established a 40-hour workweek. Only 126
agreements fixed the normal weekly schedule at
less than 40 hours, but plant supplements to
multiplant agreements (as in rubber manufactur
ing) and the language of multiemployer agreements
(as in men’s clothing) indicated that shorter
workweeks were somewhat more frequent in major
collective bargaining situations than this study
revealed.
Although there were noteworthy exceptions, the
work schedules provided in agreements generally
defined the straight-time workday or workweek.
Premium pay for work in excess of 8 hours (or less
in some cases) in any one day was provided by
the vast majority of agreements. Virtually all
agreements established a 5-day week.
Scheduled hours of work, as the term is used in
this study, define the number of hours which
constitute the normal, standard, or regular
workday or workweek. Such provisions do not
guarantee the stipulated hours of work, nor do
they, as a rule, fix a ceiling on the number of hours
that may be worked. Hours of work provisions in
agreements tend to serve two major purposes:
An
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(1) to safeguard against unilateral decisions
significantly affecting work patterns and (2) to
establish a framework for defining overtime. Paid
time allowances for preparatory activities related
to the job such as checking out tools, paid rest
periods, paid washup time, where these practices
are in effect,1are normally included in the standard
daily or weekly schedule.
Each of the agreements studied covered 1,000
or more workers, and related in total to more than
8 million workers, or almost half of all the workers
estimated to be under agreements in the United
States, exclusive of railroads and airlines.2 The
vast majority of the 1,813 contracts studied con
tained clauses which, in varying degree of detail,
listed the hours to be worked per day, the number
of days to be worked per week, and the total
number of hours that constitute a week’s work.
Among the contracts which did not list work
schedules were a significant number negotiated
by multiplant companies, particularly in the rub
ber and transportation-equipment industries. In
these instances, matters pertaining to hours of
work were covered in local plant supplements
(excluded from this study). On the other hand,
relatively few agreements failed to define over
time.3
Weekly Hours of Work
Nearly 85 percent of the agreements with weekly
work schedules, covering about 80 percent of the
workers, provided for a 40-hour week. (See table
1.) Weekly schedules of less than 40 hours were
found to apply to approximately 588,000 workers,
or about 10 percent of all workers under agree
ments defining weekly hours. Nearly 290,000
workers in the apparel industries, plus an addi*Of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
i
See Paid Time for Washup, Cleanup, and Clothes Change, 1952-53, and
Paid Rest-Period Provisions in Union Agreements, 1952-53 (in M onthly
Labor Review, April 1954, pp. 420-423, and M ay 1954, pp. 531-535, respec
tively), or Bull. 1196 (1954), pp. 14-22.
J The Bureau does not maintain a file of railroad and airline agreements,
hence their omission from this study. For an analysis of the characteristics
of major agreements as defined in this study, see Characteristics of Major
Union Contracts (in M onthly Labor Review, July 1956, pp. 805-811).
3
For purposes of analysis, a contract had to specify the scheduled hours
of work per week. A provision for overtime after 40 hours a week was not
used as a basis for assuming a 40-hour schedule.
133
134
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
T able
Number studied
Industry
Number without
provisions for
weekly hours
1.
Scheduled weehly hours of work in major collective
Scheduled weekly hours of work
Less than 35
35
Over 35 and less
than 37J4
37^
Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers
ments
(thou ments
(thou ments
(thou ments
(thou ments
(thou ments
(thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
All industries_______________________________
1,813
8,024. 6
305
2,035.0
4
20.6
77
455.4
19
58.0
26
54.3
Manufacturing______ ________________
1,187
5,074.4
195
1,345.6
1
2.5
54
328.4
19
58.0
16
32.1
Ordnance and accessories____________________
Food and kindred products___________ ______
Tobacco manufactures______________________
Textile-mill products. ______ _________ _____
Apparel and other finished textile products____
Lumber and wood products (except furniture) _
14
118
12
53
54
17
28.1
384.2
33.3
128.9
488.4
44.2
4
31
1
4
12.5
84.5
2.2
5.2
3
8.0
Furniture and fixtures______________________
Paper and allied products.. . . ____________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____
Chemicals and allied products_______________
Products of petroleum and coal. ___ ________
Rubber products________ _________________
Leather and leather products________________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______________
Primary metal industries____________________
Fabricated metal products______________ ____
Machinery (except electrical)________________
Electrical machinery. . . . _______ ______ . . .
Transportation equipm ent.. . . ____________
Instruments and related products..
_______
Miscellaneous manufacturing in d u stries______
23
54
36
60
26
23
23
40
119
68
149
114
145
27
12
37.4
124.7
70.2
127.5
78.6
130.4
78.5
120.7
720.8
187.5
410.3
473.8
1,324.1
60.1
23.4
4
16
6.9
27.4
10
7
8
24.9
29.2
104.3
13
24
2
22
9
32
3
2
46.9
71.1
9.0
110.9
17.9
776.5
6.2
2.2
Nonmanufacturing_____ _____________
626
2, 950.2
110
689. 5
Mining, crude-petroleum, and natural-gas production.
Transportation • ______ _ ______________ . . .
Communications__________ ______ __________
Utilities: electric and gas_________ __________
Wholesale trade_______ _________ ________
Retail trade_______ ____________ _______
Hotels and restaurants______________________
Services____________________________________
C on stru ctio n ..______ _ _ . _______________
Miscellaneous nonmanufaeturing_____________
18
264.8
7
209.0
114
76
77
14
86
30
58
149
4
587.7
571. 5
201.2
26.7
254.0
161.4
187.1
689.5
6.5
41
5
3
3
11
2
18
17
3
195.0
81.6
12.8
8.5
31.1
2.8
66. 2
77.4
5.3
1
3
i
2
2
6.7
2
10.0
2
40
12. 8
286.1
2
1
2.8
1.5
8
20 6
15
31.5
9
10.3
3
9.0
10
22.2
7
14.0
2
1
fi 8
1.4
2.5
18 1
15.0
3.1
2
2.2
23
127.1
1
30.0
5
35. 0
1
16
1. 1
61.0
1
3.0
2
22.0
1 Contains agreements providing for 50-, 54-, and 60-hour workweeks.
* Includes agreements which establish the scheduled workweek on the basis
of geographical location, and some which vary hours by department. Also
in this group are contracts in which the length of the workweek is optional
with the employer; others in which hours are to be mutually agreed upon;
and some which specify scheduled hours for some employees and make no
reference to hours for others,
tional 126,000 workers divided almost equally
between the printing and the construction indus
tries, accounted for 2 out of 3 workers in this
group.4
The prevalence of shorter workweeks in major
agreements is understated by these figures, as
mentioned earlier. In the rubber products and
men’s clothing industries, where workweeks below
40 hours have been in effect for many years in
certain localities, the major agreements did not
explicitly establish weekly hours. The multiplant
agreements negotiated by the Big Four rubber
companies provided that work schedules were to
be negotiated locally. An examination of local
plant agreements for Akron workers revealed that
all specified a 36-hour schedule, spread over 6 days.
The industrywide agreement for the men’s cloth
ing industry contained the following provision:
The regular hours of work for all employees may be
8 hours in any one day, from Monday to Friday inclu
sive. . . . The 36-hour week for all manufacturing opera
tions in which it has been heretofore established shall be
maintained.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Scheduled weekly hours in excess of 40 applied
to only about 60,000 workers, mainly in trans
portation, hotel, and service industries. Almost
twice as many workers were under agreements in
which scheduled hours of work were permitted to
vary according to occupation and 105,000 work
ers, according to seasonal requirements. In
these circumstances, however, a 40-hour week
4 For trends in the workweek in the printing and building construction
industries, see Union Wages and Hours: Printing Industry, July 1, 1956,
and Trend, 1907-56 (BLS Bull. 1207, 1957), which was summarized in the
M onthly Labor Review, April 1957, pp. 466-471; and Union Wage Scales in
the Building Trades, 1957, on pp. 171-175 of this issue.
135
HOURS AND OVERTIME PROVISIONS IN AGREEMENTS
bargaining agreements by industry, 1956-57
Scheduled weekly hours of work—Continued
Over 40 and less
than 48
40
Over 48 1
48
Vary by occu Vary by season
pation
O ther3
Industry
Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers
ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
1,266 4, 755.0
5
7.4
14
38.7
861 2, 990.0
2
2.5
4
9.6
10
61
11
45
9
12
15.6
168.1
31.1
108. 2
31.7
32.7
17
30
4
50
19
14
20
24
94
66
127
104
112
24
8
26.8
81. 5
7.8
102. 6
49.4
23.1
69.5
50.8
647.7
178. 5
299.4
450.8
542. 4
53.9
19.0
2
10
25 8
291.0
316.9
185.3
14. 5
200.2
108.3
75.3
546.8
1.2
1.5
1
1.0
3
405 1, 765.0
45
43
72
9
67
17
28
113
1
1
2
1
4.9
3.8
1.1
2
10
3
1
4
1
1
6
15.3
4.0
21
118.8
20
105.4
50
360.9
4
20.8
18
100.9
13
184.2
1
6.3
1
10.0
1
2.5
1
2.0
3 17
99.9
1
1.0
5.6
29.2
6
6
3.1
15.3
15.3
4.5
10.3
10 0
1.3
17
5
1
1
2
4
4
98.0
45.7
1.5
1.2
7.9
30.2
11.5
2
1
1
4.5
2.5
2.0
2
4.7
3
* 159.2
1
5
1.3
8.8
1
1
5.2
5.2
37
176.8
16
11
1
64.7
78.3
1.8
4
1
4
8.4
3.0
20.7
All Industries.
Manufacturing.
Ordnance and accessories.
Food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures.
Textile-mill products.
Apparel and other finished textile products.
Lumber and wood products (except furniture).
Furniture and fixtures.
Paper and allied products.
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Chemicals and allied products.
Products of petroleum and coal.
Rubber products.
Leather and leather products.
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products.
Machinery (except electrical).
Electrical machinery.
Transportation equipment.
Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
N onmanufacturing.
Mining, crude-petroleum, and natural-gas
production.
Transportation.3
Communications.
Utilities: electric and gas.
Wholesale trade.
Retail trade.
Hotels and restaurants.
Services.
Construction.
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing.
3 M ost of these agreements are in the food processing and packing industries.
* The national agreement for the m en’s clothing industry defines the regular
workweek as 8 hours per day, 5 days a week; however, it stipulates that opera*
tions already on a 36-hour week shall maintain that schedule.
5 Excludes railroad and airline agreements.
.
,
,
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
may be standard for large groups of workers or
for long periods of the year. The following
excerpts from agreements in the hotel and food
processing industries illustrate seasonal and occu
pational variations.
exempt weeks shall be deemed non-exempt and shall be
weeks of not more than 40 hours at straight time.
Non-tip receiving employees exclusive of dining room
department employees. The hours of work for male and
female employees shall be 40 hours per week.
Dining room department employees. Male—The work
week shall be 48 hours per week. . . . Female— The
workweek shall be 44 hours per week.
Bellmen and doormen. . . . The hours of work shall
be 48 hours per week.
*
*
*
*
*
*
An “exempt” week is a workweek of not more than 48
hours at straight time in which work of preparing, or
placing in containers, or cooking or freezing of perishable
products is being conducted. . . . All weeks other than
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Additional variations in working hours were
provided for under the terms of 50 agreements
covering over 360,000 workers. Included in this
category is the nationwide agreement for the
men’s clothing industry previously mentioned.
Varied weekly schedules were also found in the
transportation industry. Location of work was
a factor in the maritime industry, where the
scheduled workweek was 40 hours in port and
56 hours at sea, and in interstate trucking agree
ments, where the length of the workweek varied
by State. Geographical location was also the
basis for varied workweeks in some communica
tion contracts.
A sixth of the contracts studied contained no
provisions on standard weekly hours of work.
136
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
T able 2.
Scheduled daily hours of work in major collective bargaining agreements by industry, 1956-57
Number w ith
out provisions
for daily hours
Scheduled work hours per day
Less than 7
7
8
7H
Split s h ift1 Vary by occu
pation
Industry
O ther2
Work
W ork
W ork
W ork
WorkW ork
W ork
W ork
A gree ers
A gree ers Agree ers Agree ers A gree ers A gree ers A gree ers A gree ers
ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
All industries__________________
258 1,271.5
7
31.4
73
26
54.3
1, 324 5, 408. 7
Manufacturing___________
175
888.4
3
7.3
50
296.0
16
32.1
902 3,601.4
Ordnance and accessories_____
Food and kindred products_____
Tobacco manufactures ________
Textile-mill products___________
Apparel and other finished textile products______ ________
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)_______________
Furniture and fixtures_________
Paper and allied products______
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries____ ______ ____ _
Chemicals and allied products ..
Products of petroleum and coal...
Rubber products. . _________
Leather and leather products____
Stone, clay, and glass produ cts...
Primary metal industries............
Fabricated metal products____
Machinery (except electrical)____
Electrical machinery__
Transportation equipment___
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______________
2
31
1
4
2.3
85.0
2.2
5.2
2
6.7
2
10.0
2
12.8
2
2.8
36
253.7
2
28.2
3
3
13
8.0
4.6
20.8
9
5
8
18.6
18.8
106.0
18
14
1
19
8
29
3
74.1
39.1
3.0
69.1
15.1
380.8
6.2
2
2.2
N onmanufacturing........ .......
83
383.1
Mining, crude-petroleum, and
natural-gas production________
Transportation 8 _________ .
Communications_________
Utilities: electric and gas______
Wholesale trade_________
Retail trade.. ________
Hotels and restaurants_________
S ervices..._________
Construction_____________
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing
2
32
5
3
4
12
1
17
4
3.2
165.1
72.4
12.8
9.5
33.8
1.2
64.2
15.8
5.3
3
1
2.5
1
1.8
423.1
48
1
20. 6
24.1
1
15.0
2
2.2
23
127.1
1
30.0
5
35.0
1
9.1
16
11
61.0
1 Includes 22 transportation agreements, 19 of which provide that daily
scheduled hours are to be worked within spread-time ranging from 10 to 13
hours, and 3 in which specified percentages of employees are required to
complete their runs within different spread limits.
2 Includes 5 agreements in transportation and services, 4 of which provide
for an 8H- or 9-hour day, and 1 in which the day is to consist of “not more
than 9 hours of straight tim e” ; 15 agreements in the printing industry which
proyide for ?H-hour workdays; agreements in the food processing and pack
ing industries which detail 8-hour workdays during the nonprocessing season,
but make no reference to hours of work during the processing season; mari
Reference has already been made to the existence
of master agreements which leave the determina
tion of work schedules to local negotiations.
However, as indicated later in this article (table
5), many agreements without provisions for weekly
hours contained weekly overtime clauses. It is
reasonable to assume that in many instances the
overtime provisions also were intended as defini
tions of the standard hours of work.
8 As previously explained, this study understates the prevalence of the
short workday in the rubber and men’s clothing industries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10.3
3
9.0
3.0
4
3
49
10
22.2
7
14.0
2
1
6. 8
1.4
12
76
11
44
9
31.7
33.7
29 1
96.3
4
50
21
14
20
22
104
67
130
105
115
24
7 8
108.4
59.8
21.4
69. 5
46.6
679.7
184.5
341.2
453 6
938 1
53. 9
7
17.0
422 1, 807.3
1
93.0
25.8
266.1
31.1
106.5
13
18
36
14
45
43
72
8
65
21
28
125
27
31. 6
291 4
31Q 4
184 2
13 5
1Q7 7
93 5
74 8
600 2
1.2
20
303.5
78
439.5
4
12.5
37
236.9
1
6.3
6
10.1
1
1.7
7
« 174. 8
1
4
12
5.9
15
1
31 5
LI
1
1
52
5.2
1
1
27
93.0
22
2
52 7
16.4
2
91 9
1
l! 8
2.5
2.Ò
16
291.0
1
200.0
1
1
2 5
1 2
2
2
11 .5
1
2.0
41
202.7
14
9
fi9 6
I
18
9 5
1
7
2
16 6
1
3 .5
time agreements in which length of working days depends on whether the
employees are on port or sea duty; agreements which vary hours of work by
city, area, department, and sex; and contracts which designate specific hours
for 1 group and make no reference to hours for others.
3 See footnote 4, table 1.
4 15 agreements providing for a 7J4-hour day are classified as “other.”
8 Excludes railroad and airline agreements.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
Daily Hours of Work
An 8-hour day was the standard in 85 percent
of the agreements which specified daily schedules
(table 2). Nearly half of the workers under a
less than 8-hour schedule were employed in the
ladies’ garment industry under a 7-hour day
schedule. A 6-hour day applied to Pacific Coast
longshoremen.5
Included in a retail trade agreement was a
provision in which the hours differed daily, i. e., a
scheduled 45-hour week was divided into 8-, 8J£-,
137
HOURS AND OVERTIME PROVISIONS IN AGREEMENTS
and 9%-hour days, varying by the day to be worked.
Daily hours of work based on type of store were
provided for in an areawide retail trade agreement.
In a number of States, a maximum limit on the
hours of work of women and minors is established
by law. Such restrictions were reflected in
agreements which specified shorter daily hours
for women, or specified that daily hours for such
workers were to be in accordance with State law.
No agreement in the survey provided for less than
5 workdays. Seasonal variations were again
encountered in the food processing industry, and
sea or port duty determined schedules for mari
time personnel. A tour of duty which may
extend over 4 full days and 2 half days was
prescribed in a considerable number of telephone
agreements.
Daily and Weekly Overtime
Number of Workdays
Pay at the rate of time and one-half for work
in excess of 40 hours a week is required by the
Fair Labor Standards Act for employees engaged
in interstate commerce or in the production of
goods for such commerce. Of more limited
Five out of six agreements designated the
number of scheduled workdays within the work
week (table 3). The 5-day week was the normal
schedule in almost 95 percent of these agreements.
Scheduled workdays per week in major collective bargaining agreements by industry, 1956-57
T a b l e 3.
Number withNumber
studied
Scheduled number of workdays per week
for weekly
workdays
5
6
Varies by
occupation
O ther1
Industry
WorkWorkWorkers
ers
Agree- Workers Agree- Workers Agree- Workers Agreeers
AgreeAgreements (thou- ments (thou- ments (thou- ments (thou- ments (thou- ments (thousands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
1,813
8,024.6
297
1,926.5
1,408
5,547.6
18
39.8
13
51.1
77
459.7
M anufacturing....... .......................................................... 1,187
5,074.4
196
1,336.4
959
3,614.6
5
13.4
2
3.7
25
106.5
Ordnance and accessories_____________________________
Food and kindred products___________________________
Tobacco manufactures_______________________________
Textile-mill products_________________________________
Apparel and other finished textile.products____________
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)__________
Furniture and fixtures________________________________
Paper and allied products____________________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____________
Chemicals and allied products________________________
Products of petroleum and coal_______________________
Rubber products____________________________________
Leather and leather products_________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products________________________
Primary metal industries_____________________________
Fabricated metal products____________________________
Machinery (except electrical)_________________________
Electrical machinery__________________ ______________
Transportation equipment____________________________
Instruments and related products_____________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___ ___________
14
118
12
53
54
17
23
54
36
60
26
23
23
40
119
68
149
114
145
27
12
28.1
384.2
33.3
128.9
488.4
44.2
37.4
124.7
70.2
127.5
78.6
130.4
78.5
120.7
720.8
187. 5
410.3
473.8
1,324.1
60.1
23.4
5
30
1
4
1
3
3
18
13.5
88 0
2.2
5.2
2.2
8.0
5.6
31.9
9
72
1
3.0
15
92.5
1
1.7
1
1
7
1.0
1.3
9.8
8
7
9
18.7
29.2
108.6
18
21
2
22
9
30
3
2
74.1
67.1
9.0
94.2
17.9
752.8
6.2
2.2
48
53
13
19
26
36
52
19
13
23
22
97
66
127
105
115
24
9
14.6
200. 7
31.1
122.1
486.2
35.2
30.5
75.7
70.2
108.8
49.4
18.8
78.5
46.6
651. 7
178. 5
316.1
455.9
571.3
53.9
19.2
N onmanufacturing........... ......................- .......................
626
2,950.2
101
590.1
449
1,933.1
Mining, crude-petroleum, and natural-gas production___
Transportation 2_____________ ______ ____________ ____
C ommunications____________________________________
Utilities: electric and gas......... ..................................................
Wholesale trade------------------ --------- ---------------------------Retail trade__________________________ ____ __________
Hotels and restaurants_______________________ ________
Services............... ......................- .................... - .................. ...........
Construction______________ ____ _______ _____________
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing............................. ..............
18
114
76
77
14
86
30
58
149
4
264.8
587. 7
571. 5
201.2
26.7
254.0
161.4
1S7.1
689. 5
6.5
7
35
4
2
4
11
2
16
17
3
209.0
178.3
10.9
10.3
11.0
29.9
2.8
55.5
77.4
5.3
11
61
39
73
9
71
19
34
131
1
55.8
346.1
297.4
187.0
14. 7
212.3
115.1
92.9
610.8
1.2
All industries_______________________________________
1
Includes agreements in the food processing and packing industry in which
the number of weekly workdays varies by season; agreements in the maritime
industry which base number of days on sea or port duty; and other transpor
tation contracts where the number of days are not specified. Also in this
group are communications agreements which provide for weekly tours of
5 days or the equivalent thereof (4 full days and 2 half days), and agreements
in which the number of weekly workdays are to be mutually agreed upon.
452918—58-
2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
h
3
7.4
1
3.0
13
26.5
5
7.4
1
1
4
1
1
1.0
4.5
10.3
2.0
1.3
1
2.0
11
47.5
2
4.0
2
4
3
5.8
30.2
7.5
1
2.0
52
353.2
13
33
56.1
263.3
I
1
4
1.5
3.0
29.3
8 Excludes railroad and airline agreements.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
138
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Overtime premium pay provisions in major
T a b l e 4.
D aily overtime only
Number
studied
Number
without over
time provisions
Industry
After less than
8 hours 1
After 8 hours
W eekly overtime only
For work out
side daily
schedule 2
After 40 hours
Other 3
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
All Industries____________________
1,813
8,024.6
106
412.1
29
201.9
279
1,467. 9
233
956.8
34
93.5
Manufacturing_.......................- 1,187
5,074.4
35
155.2
25
177.4
187
1,113.6
106
451.0
13
23.9
14
118
12
53
28.1
384.2
33.3
128.9
7
14.0
1
8.0
1
1.5
4
9
6
2
8.4
23.2
14.2
6.3
3
2
1
7.0
10.1
7.0
2
1
2
3. 4
2 2
2.7
54
488.4
4
67.5
22
167.1
8.8
10
181.6
2
4.4
17
23
54
44.2
37.4
124.7
2
4.5
2
2.5
12.0
8.0
9.4
o
4
10.1
4.1
1
1.5
36
60
26
23
23
40
119
68
149
114
145
27
70.2
127. 5
78.6
130.4
78.5
120.7
720.8
187. 5
410.3
473.8
1,324.1
60.1
1
1
2
1.0
1.1
11.7
27
2
3
56.4
2. 8
5.7
1
2.5
3
1
2
8
10
15
11
12. 0
1. 4
3. 2
19. 2
55.9
36.1
36.4
Ordnance and accessories..... ............
Food and kindred products_______
Tobacco manufactures____________
Textile-mill products-.- ________
Apparel and other finished textile
p rod u cts____ ________________
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture! __ - _ ______________
Furniture and fixtures..................... .Paper and allied p r o d u c t s . -- ---- Printing, publishing, and allied industries________ _____
. ...
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal____
Rubber products_____ __________
Leather and leather products______
Stone, clay, and glass products____
Primary metal industries__________
Fabricated metal products________
Machinery (except electrical)______
Electrical machinery_____________
Transportation equipment-- Instruments and related products - Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________ - ,
2
1
4
5
3
2
51
4
2
2.4
6.0
2.5
9.9
28.4
12
23.4
2
2.2
N onmanufacturing____ _____
626
2,950.2
71
256.9
4
24.5
Mining, crude-petroleum, and natural-gas production_____ ______
Transportation •________ _______
Communications_________________
Utilities: electric and gas__________
Wholesale trade_____ ________ . .
Retail trade__ _________________
Hotels and restaurants____________
Services______________
________
Construction__
. ...
_____
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing
18
114
76
77
14
86
30
58
149
4
264.8
587.7
571. 5
201.2
26.7
254.1
161.4
187.1
689. 5
6.5
1
21
1
2
1.3
85.8
18.5
9.5
1
1
15.0
2.4
4
4
16
20
2
7.4
19.3
54.0
57.9
3.3
2
7.1
1
6
1
1
4
6
15
15
28
39
29
6
1.6
11.1
4.6
4.0
23.5
33.3
31.2
62.1
108.1
200.8
533.1
8.4
1
1.1
2
2.1
1
3.0
4
5.3
1
1. 8
2
2 2
1
3.5
92
354.3
127
505. 8
21
69.7
4
5.3
1
25
2
7
4
8
5
4
36
1.1
78.0
27.0
11.3
6. 5
20.0
23.4
6 4
180.9
18
10
22
1
9
2
4
61
80.3
76.2
46. 7
1.2
21. 4
5.5
13 fi
260 9
3
5
1
3.0
15.8
2.7
2
1
2.2
1.7
7
33.1
4
1
1
4! 5
1.4
1 Agreements provide for premium pay after completion of 6-, 7-, and 7Vihour workdays. Included in this group are 22 agreements in the garment
industry providing for 7-hour workdays. In 12 of these, daily premium pay
starts upon completion of one-half hour overtime at straight pay.
2“ Work outside daily schedule” refers to any time worked before or
after the daily scheduled (clock) hours.
2 Agreements provide for premium pay for time worked in excess of 37Yi,
45, and 48 hours; also included is a hospital agreement providing for com
pensatory time after working more than 80 hours within a 2-week period,
or for premium pay, at the employer’s option.
4
Agreements provide for premium pay after 8 or 48, 9 or 45, and after 10
or 40 hours. Also included is an agreement providing for premium pay after
a 48-hour week but basing daily overtime on sex. This group also includes 3
agreements which provide premium pay after
and 9 hours daily.
application, the Public Contracts (Walsh-Healey)
Act of 1936, which applies to work performed on
United States Government contracts in excess of
$10,000, also calls for time and one-half rates for
work in excess of 8 hours a day. Relatively few
of the major agreements studied did not liberalize
the overtime pay requirements of the Fair Labor
Standards Act (table 4). The chief methods, as
revealed by this study, provided for daily overtime
rates or premium overtime rates for all work
outside of the normal schedule. In addition,
union agreements frequently define “hours
worked’’ for overtime pay purposes more liberally
than the law requires (for example, by counting
holidays as working time). Another common
practice, but not covered in this study, is the
payment of premium overtime rates for all work
performed on Saturday or Sunday.6
Notwithstanding the Federal requirements, all
but 106 of the 1,813 agreements studied contained
specific provisions covering overtime payments.
With few exceptions, the agreements provided for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
« See Premium Pay for Weekend Work, 1952 (in M onthly Labor Review,
September 1953, pp. 933-939).
Another study on premium pay provisions for Saturday and Sunday and
the 6th and 7th day in the workweek is currently in progress.
139
HOURS AND OVERTIME PROVISIONS IN AGREEMENTS
collective bargaining agreements by industry, 1956-57
D aily and weekly overtime
Overtime varies by—
Other s
After 7 or 35
hours
Agree
ments
After 7 ^ or
37}-£ hours
After 8 or 40
hours
Other '
Occupation
Season
Industry
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Agree
ers
ers
ers
Agree
ers
ers
Agree
ers
ers
Agree
Agree
Agree
(thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
13
76.0
6
10.4
990
3, 969.3
19
62.0
32
342.9
18
102.6
50
324.4
8
33.1
4
5.6
769
2, 941.3
5
9.0
7
26.4
17
100.1
11
38.2
10
71
3
45
19.7
205.6
6.8
104.7
2
2.2
2
7.5
1
1.5
1
12.0
2
6.7
1
2.0
1
5.8
1
1.0
3
17.5
2
5
1
1
3
3.1
42.9
1
1.1
1
1.5
2
4.8
30.0
1
3.0
1
1.8
1.1
11.9
3
7.8
12
13
43
26.7
16.8
104.6
1
51
20
22
13
33
99
43
109
56
96
20
1.0
112.5
56.6
126.4
37.9
86.0
682.3
100.3
242.6
227.0
713.7
49.1
6
13.7
221
1,028.0
13
21
43
42
8
43
8
17
25
1
30.7
182.9
261.1
125.0
16.5
128.4
64.3
55.0
162.9
1.2
1
1
1.6
1
3.7
14
53.1
16
99.1
1
1.0
2.5
1
2.0
1
1.2
1
1.2
25
316.5
5
18.9
1
1
7
2
200.0
1.2
76.6
4.3
2
3
4
7.9
4.3
22.0
6
3
4
10.6
10.4
11.5
1
2.0
1
1
2.5
2.5
2
5.6
5
20.3
1
1.2
2
1
8.4
2.7
39
286.3
1
17
5
1
1.7
120.5
89.3
1.8
7
4
3
1
25.2
32.5
11.8
3.5
All industries.
Manufacturing.
Ordnance and accessories.
Food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures.
Textile- mill products.
Apparel and other finished textile
products.
Lumber and wood products (ex
cept furniture).
Furniture and fixtures.
Paper and allied products.
Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries.
Chemicals and allied products.
Products of petroleum and coal.
Rubber products.
Leath er and leather products.
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products.
Machinery (except electrical).
Electrical machinery.
Transportation equipment.
Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing in
dustries.
N onmanufacturing.
Mining, crude-petroleum and nat
ural-gas production.
Transportation.®
Communication.
Utilities: electric and gas.
Wholesale trade.
Retail trade.
Hotels and restaurants.
Services.
Construction.
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing.
5
Includes some agreements in the garment industry in which overtime pro
visions for pieceworkers and for hourly workers differ. In other agreements,
premium pay was based on salary, the sex of the employee, or the location of
the work performed. In some instances, premium pay applied to some
groups of employees, and no reference was made to other groups receiving
such payments.
'Excludes railroad and airline agreements.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
premium rates for work in excess of 8 hours (or less
in some cases) in any one day. On a 5-day week
schedule, daily overtime, perhaps with provisions
for premium pay for Saturday and Sunday,
normally governs weekly overtime as well ; thus,
many agreements contained no reference to
weekly overtime (in terms of number of hours).7
Provisions for overtime pay for hours less than 8
per day or 40 per week were relatively uncommon.
One out of 8 agreements, distributed widely
among manufacturing and nonmanufacturing in
dustries, provided premium rates for all work per
formed outside of regularly scheduled hours, re
gardless of the number of hours previously
worked. About 3 out of 4 major agreements in
the printing industry fell in this category, as did
a significant number of agreements in the con
struction and apparel industries.
Overtime exemptions for seasonal workers, as
permitted under the Fair Labor Standards Act,8
7 Pyramiding of overtime, that is, paying for daily as well as weekly over
time hours, is generally prohibited.
s The Fair Labor Standards Act provides for both minimum wage and over
time exemptions. Among the workers exempt are those engaged in specified
handling and processing activities of agricultural commodities within “ the
area of production.” The Administrator of the Wage and Hour and Public
Contracts Divisions may also grant a 14-week overtime exemption for em
ployees in any seasonal industry.
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140
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
were incorporated in 16 agreements in the food
processing industry, as in the following example:
the run determined the hours after which overtime
was to be paid. In addition, different eligibility
requirements were set forth for local delivery and
over-the-road drivers. Contracts in the maritime
industry specified different overtime provisions
for port or sea duty.
As a rule, scheduled weekly hours are identical
with the hours after which overtime is to be paid.
However, a few agreements scheduling a less
than 40-hour week provided for overtime only
after 40 hours have been worked (table 5).
Several contracts providing a schedule of more
than 40 hours started overtime compensation
after 8 hours daily or 40 hours weekty. In these
The company, being engaged in canning fresh fruits
and vegetables at certain times of the year, is exempted
from the overtime provisions of this agreement as follows:
(a) For a period of 14 weeks in canning perishable fruits
and vegetables.
(b) Exempt from the overtime provisions of this agree
ment up to 12 hours in any one workday and up to 56
hours in any one workweek for an additional period of 14
weeks when such work is directly related to the processing
of perishable fruits and vegetables.
In a number of trucking agreements, the over
time provisions in effect at the starting point of
T
able
5.
Relation of overtime premium pay provisions to scheduled weekly hours of work in major collective bargaining
agreements, 1956-57
D aily overtime only
Number studied
Number w ith
out overtime
provisions
Scheduled weekly hours of work
Agree
ments
After less than
8 hours
After 8 hours
Work
Work
Work
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
(thou ments (thou ments (thou ments
sands)
sands)
sands)
For work outside After 40 hours
daily schedule
Work
Work
Work
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
(thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
T otal................... ..................................
1,813 8,024. 6
106
412.1
29
201.9
Weekly hours not specified..................
Less than 35 hours________________
35 hours_____ _______ _____ ____ . . .
Over 35 and less than 37)3 hours.. . .
37)3 hours___ _ __________ _______
40 h o u rs... _________ _________
Over 40 and less than 48 hours........ .
48 hours.. __________ ___________
Over 48 horns_____ ______________
Other » . . . ____ ____________________
305 2, 035.0
4
20.6
77
455.4
19
58.0
26
54.3
1,266 4, 755.0
5
7.4
14
38.7
6
15.3
91
585.1
59
1
6
225.7
2.5
63.9
1
1
23
6.0
15.0
168.2
43
545.3
2
2.6
1
32
1
1
3
2
1.0
88. 7
1.1
6.0
11.3
12.0
4
12.8
2
222
1
4
7.5
882
1.5
8.5
5
20.1
279 1,467.9
D aily and weekly overtime
After 7 or
35 hours
Total__________ __________________
Weekly hours not specified________
Less than 35 hours.I_______________
35 hours___ ____ ____
__________
Over 35 and less than 37)3 hours____
37)3 hours________________________
40 h o u rs... _ . . . _______________
Over 40 and less than 48 hours______
48 hours______________ ___________
Over 48 hours__________________ _
Other 4............................................. .........
After 7 or
37)3 hours
Agreements
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
Workers
(thousands)
13
76.0
6
10.4
After 8 or
40 hours
76.0
6
10.4
i See table 4, footnote 3.
* Includes 21 agreements in which the weekly hours vary by occupation
and 20, by season. For the remaining 50 agreements, see table 1, footnote 2.
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233
956.8
34
93.5
16
2
21
14
7
161
91.7
3.1
76.1
27.8
10.1
554.0
6
22.6
1
1.4
1
19
1.4
59.2
1
3.0
11
191. 2
1
2
4
10
¿0
5.8
Other 1
Agree
ments
Work
ers
(thou
sands)
4
5.3
1
1
1
1
1.7
14
I 2
1.0
Overtime varies by
O ther3
Occupation
Other overtime
provisions 4
Season
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
Workers
(thousands)
990 3,969.3
19
62.0
32
342.9
IS
102.6
50
324.4
6
18.5
9
211.4
1
3.3
12
135. Ï
5
20.3
Agreements
152
13
Weekly overtime only
775.9
5
35.0
3
25.0
3
4.5
807 8,079 1
1
1.0
1
1.1
18
47.7
2
5.2
4
1
5
8 1
2.6
18.2
1
9.5
1
12. Ò
1
6
5.0
32.7
2
3.9
12
45.6
15
81.9
15
95.4
1
20
2n
12L5
8 See table 4, footnote 4.
4 See table 4, footnote 5.
N ote.—B ecause of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
141
HOURS AND OVERTIME PROVISIONS IN AGREEMENTS
Table 6. Relation of overtime premium pay provisions to scheduled daily hours of work in major collective bargaining
agreements, 1956-57
Weekly overtime only
D aily overtime only
Number studied
Number without overtime
provisions
After less than
8 hours
After 8 hours
For work outside After 40 hours
daily schedule
Other 1
Scheduled daily hours of work
Agree
ments
T otal______
____________ ____
D aily hours not specified.. ----------7 hour«?
75^ hours_________________________
8 hours
_ ________________
Vary by occupation
O ther2. . . . . --------------------------
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
ers
Agree
ers
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
ers
Agree
(thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
1,813 8,024. 6
106
412.1
29
201.9
258 1,271. 5
7
31 4
73
423.1
54.3
26
1,324 5,408. 7
03 0
27
20
303. 5
439.5
78
55
1
6
1
37
1
206.1
2 5
63.9
1.0
112.0
9.2
1
2
21
4
26.0
21. 0
139.8
12.8
5
17.5
1
2.4
279 1,467.9
24
88.2
2.6
2
7.5
2
241 1,330. 4
7
22.9
3
16.5
T otal______________ .
-------------
D aily hours not specified__________
than 7 hours
7honrs
7k£ honrs
8 hours
. ________ . ________
Split shift
Vary by occupation
O ther4...................................—................
After 7)3 or
37li hours
5.3
1
1.0
1
1
17
1.4
1.4
54.9
1
1
1.7
1.4
2
2.7
1
1.2
Occupation
Other 3
Other overtime
provisions 4
Season
Agreemonts
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
10.4
990 3,969.3
19
62.0
32
342.9
18
102.6
50
324.4
4
6.3
8
12.0
4
11.5
8
130.4
10.4
132
722.5
2
4.8
35.0
5
3
4.5
828 3,127.0
8
35.7
2
5.7
34.2
10
1
1
5
12.0
5.0
30.2
9
83.7
15
2
274.7
9.1
5
7.4
Workers
(thousands)
13
76.0
6
Agreements
1 See table 4, footnote 3.
2 See table 2, footnote 2.
2 See table 4, footnote 4.
situations, the regular working schedule includes
“built in” overtime hours. Among the 305 con
tracts which contained no scheduled weekly
hours, 152 agreements provided overtime premium
pay after 8 hours daily or 40 hours weekly. An
additional 43 agreements based overtime payments
on an 8-hour day.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
33.0
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
6
93.5
13
Agreements
Workers
(thousands)
76.0
34
34.6
3.1
73.9
10.1
612.9
5.7
1.2
215.5
Workers
(thousands)
Agreements
13
After 8 or
40 hours
956.8
8
2
20
7
168
5
1
22
Overtime varies by
D aily and weekly overtime
After 7 or
35 hours
233
5
3
9.9
14.7
7
31.1
Workers
(thousands)
4
18.5
13
3
2
20
46.5
4.9
21.9
102.3
4See table 4, footnote 5.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily
equal totals.
The practice of establishing overtime provisions
without defining work schedules was again noted
in comparing such provisions with daily schedules
(table 6). Of the 258 agreements which did not
specify the length of the workday, all but 55 con
tained overtime provisions, chiefly after 8 or
40 hours.
Housing Demand in
the United States,
1957-65
A rnold E. Chase *
I m p r o v e m e n t s in housing standards should be a
a major goal of the American people between now
and 1965, when housing demands will turn sharply
upward because of population pressures. In the
meantime, basic physical need for additional
dwelling units (to provide one for each household
and support population mobility) will probably
average somewhat less than for the past 7 years,
while social and economic pressures will be even
more influential than in the past. Under these
circumstances, a general and accelerated upgrad
ing of the housing supply can be achieved. This
would greatly benefit the American public and
prepare the construction industry as a whole—
employers and labor force—for the huge demands
that will be placed upon it after 1965. One way
in which substantial progress in this direction
could be made is through reduced costs to bring
quality housing within reach of a larger propor
tion of families and enable housing to compete
more effectively with other consumer goods and
services.
Major factors generally recognized as contrib
uting to the demand for new housing include: (1)
An increase in households; (2) demolitions, aban
donments, and other losses from housing supply;
(3) migration and mobility of the population;
(4) popular desire for improved housing stand
ards; and, (5) existence of a favorable relation
ship between housing expense and income, in com
petition with other consumer goods and services.
Another influence in recent years is the need to
raise vacancy rates to support population mobility
(factor 3 above). The first three factors have
142
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played significant roles in the housing market
during the postwar period to date, but the first
factor will be less important between now and
1965. Factor (4) is ever present, if not articulate
and effective, and, in conjunction with factor (5),'
it can determine whether this country will have
only a moderate or a high rate of new homebuilding during the next 7 years.
Physical Factors
H ousehold F o rm a tio n . The net increase in house
holds will average about 755,000 annually between
1957 and 1965, according to a Census Bureau pro
jection.1 (See table 1.) This will be about 100,000 less than the annual average increase in house
holds from 1950 to 1957,2 reflecting the low birth
rate of the 1930’s and early 1940’s. Beginning
about 1965, annual net additions to households will
begin to exceed the average of the past 7 years by
a wide margin.
In view of the high marriage rate that has pre
vailed for a number of years, it is surprising to
note a net increase of less than 3 million in the
number of married couples with their own house
holds from March 1950 to March 1957.3 (See tab
ulation, p. 143.) Adding married couples who
moved to establish their own households (un
doubled) during this period, there was a net in
crease of 3,636,000 in husband-wife households.
Since this represents only 60 percent of the nearly
6-million increase in all households, it is apparent
that household formation has stemmed to a consid
erable extent from establishment and maintenance
of households by family heads other than hus
bands, and by unrelated individuals.
♦Of the Division of Construction Statistics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
This article is an adaptation of a paper entitled “Outlook for
Housing, Housefurnishings and Equipment in 1958,” presented
by the author before the Agricultural Outlook Conference in Washington, D. C., November 20, 1957.
1 Projections of the Number of Households and Families, 1960
to 1975, Current Population Reports, Population Characteristics,
Series P-20, No. 69, U. S. Bureau of the Census. The Census
Bureau Series II projection was selected by the author. This
projection assumes that the annual rates of change in age com
position, and in marital and household status between 1950 and
1955 will continue to 1975.
3 Households and Families, by Type: 1950 to 1957, Current
Population Reports, Population Characteristics, Series P-20, No.
76, U. S. Bureau of the Census, table 1, p. 1.
8Op. cit., table 4, p. 4.
143
NEW HOUSING DEMAND, 1957-65
Total households, March 1950--------------------
43, 554,000
Net increase, March 1950 to March 1957----Husband-wife families-------- 3, 636, 000
With own household___ 2, 849, 000
From undoubling---------787, 000
Other families_____________
736, 000
Unrelated individuals______ 1, 617, 000
5, 989, 000
Total households, March 1957--------------------
49, 543,000
Prosperity and the desire of widowed or di
vorced persons, many of the elderly, and numerous
single working people to have their own house
holds, have contributed to the past high rate of
increase in the total number of households. Con
tinuation of these trends, as well as the number of
young persons who may reach marriageable age,
underlie the projection of household formation.
T able
1.
Households in the United States, 1950-70
Number of households (in thousands)
Item
Actual
1950......................... .......................
1957__________________________
Average annual increase, 1950-57.
Total, Husbandall types
wife
Other
family
Unrelated
individ
uals
43, 554
49, 543
856
34,075
37, 711
519
4, 763
5,499
105
4,716
6,333
231
51, 573
677
55, 579
801
755
60, 762
1,037
38, 527
272
41,070
509
420
44,449
676
5, 758
86
5,915
31
52
6,123
42
7,288
318
8,594
261
283
10,190
319
Census Bureau Series I I
projection 1
1960______________________ ____
Average annual increase, 1957-60.
1965__________________________
Average annual increase, 1960-65.
Average annual increase, 1957-65.
1970________ __________________
Average annual increase, 1965-70.
The increase in households was made possible
by the availability of housing, which had resulted
from the high rate of new homebuilding and to
a large extent, also, from conversion of existing
structures and other additions to the housing sup
ply. The National Housing Inventory shows that
more than 9 million dwelling units were added
to our housing supply between April 1, 1950, and
the end of 1956.4
Components of Change in the Housing Inventory of the
United States, U. S. Bureau of the Census press release dated
November 23, 1957.
BMobility of the Population of the United States: March 1955
to 1956, Current Population Reports, Population Characteristics,
Series P-20, No. 73, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
6 See te x t fo o tn o te 4.
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Economic and social
developments during and since World War I I have
resulted in a high degree of mobility among our
population. For example, one-fifth of the popu
lation moved during the year ending in March
1956.5 As a result, the need for additional housing
has been much greater in some areas than in others.
Outmigration appears not to have resulted in an
excessive increase in vacant dwelling units in any
section of the country, however, but merely in a
smaller number of additional dwelling units be
ing required in the slower growing sections. It
is apparent, therefore, that while migration and
mobility have been important factors in determin
ing where new housing should be built, they have
not added to the overall national demand for
additional housing.
The most persistent migration has been from
farms to nonfarm areas. Construction of new
farm houses has averaged less than 100,000 per
year since 1950,6 while the demand for nonfarm
homes has been strengthened by this migration.
M ig ra tio n an d M o b ility .
1 See text footnote 1.
S oubce: Households and Families, by Type: 1950 to 1957, and Projections
of the Number of Households and Families, 1960 to 1975, Current Population
Reports, Population Characteristics, Series P-20, Nos. 76 and 69. U. S.
Bureau of the Census.
*
Demolitions re
duced the housing supply by an average of about
170,000 dwelling units annually between 1950 and
1956; disasters and other factors, including mer
gers (usually, combination of 2 or more separate
dwelling units within a structure), accounted for
losses of more than 300,000 units per year.4 To the
degree that the demolitions affected unoccupied
units (including units unfit for human habitation),
they did not increase the demand for new housing.
To some extent, the availability of better housing
may lead to the demolition of existing substandard
units. Of course, some previously occupied, good
quality dwellings were demolished to make way
for street improvements and to permit other
changes in land use. These did require replace
ment, and such losses are likely to increase mod
erately in the future. Disasters hit occupied and
unoccupied, high-quality and low-quality homes
alike, of course, and the great majority of losses
from these causes probably result in a direct in
crease in the demand for new housing. There is
no reason to expect any significant change in the
volume of such losses in the next few years.
Losses fr o m H o u sin g S u p p ly .
144
T able 2.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Income and housing cost data, 1950 and 1956
Item
Median income of nonfarm fa m ilies___ ___
Median selling price, new nonfarm 1-family
houses. _ _______________
Construction costs:
Boeckh index (1947-49=100)___ ____
Average for nonfarm 1-family houses
Consumer Price Index (1947-49=100):
All items___________ ____ _______
Rents . . _____ _______
Median monthly housing expense, FH A
Sec. 203, new homes___________ ______
1950
1956
Percent
increase,
1950-56
$3, 497
$5, 049
44.4
$10,200
$14,500
42.1
107.7
$8, 675
129.4
$12,225
20.1
40.9
102. 8
108.8
116.2
132.7
13.0
22.0
$75. 41
$104. 60
38.7
S ources: Median income—Current Population Reports, Consumer In
come, Series P-60, Nos. 24 and 26, U. S. Bureau of the Census. Median
selling price—Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60,
Nos. 9, 24, and 26, IT. S. Bureau of the Census. Construction costs—E. H.
Boeckh and Associates (Washington, D . C.) cost index for residences, and
BLS average for nonfarm 1-family houses (published m onthly in Construc
tion Review). Consumer Price Index—BLS. Housing expense—N inth and
Tenth Annual Report (U. S. Housing and Home Finance Agency, 1955
and 1956, pp. 133 and 117, respectively).
Migration and mobility will probably continue at
a high rate, but they are not expected to add to the
overall national demand for additional housing
any more than they have in the past. Relatively
more new nonfarm than farm houses will be
needed, and the western and southern areas of
greatest immigration may continue to have higher
homebuilding rates than the rest of the country.
Likewise, building in the suburbs is likely to con
tinue to exceed that in central cities.7
The normal movement of the population was
restricted by the critical housing shortage that
existed at the end of World War I I and for some
time thereafter. The margin between dwelling
units added to the housing stock and the increase
in households between 1950 and 1956 has substan
tially increased the stock of vacant units. I t ap
pears that, except possibly in a few areas, the
population now has adequate freedom to move,
insofar as housing availability is concerned, and
that no further significant increase in the overall
vacancy rate is required. Vacant, year-round
dwelling units (not dilapidated) for rent or for
sale comprised 2.4 percent of the housing stock
during the third quarter of 1957.®
Social and Economic Factors
D esire a n d N e ed f o r I m p r o v e d H o u sin g S ta n d
ards. A desire for better housing undoubtedly
exists in almost all our population. Growth in
family or household size has occasioned some of
the current requirements for more space. The
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quality of housing presently occupied also may not
be commensurate with other aspects of many fam
ilies’ standard of living. A significant growth in
the number of “two house” families could develop,
given favorable economic conditions. The market
problem, as suggested earlier, is to make better
housing available at prices which not only are
within reach of families of all income levels, but
which also could compete with other goods and
services offered to consumers. This is essentially
a problem of construction costs—or selling prices
and rents—as related to incomes.
The median in
come of nonfarm families rose by about 44 per
cent between 1950 and 1956 (table 2). The median
selling price of new nonfarm 1-family houses in
creased by 42 percent or more during the same
period. I t appears from these data, therefore,
that the ability of families to buy new houses was
not improved by the rise in incomes.
The increase in selling prices of new houses was
caused in part by an advance in construction costs.
Another factor was the rise in the price of land
and costs of land development (extension of utili
ties, etc.). Significantly larger and more fully
equipped houses also were being built in 1956, on
the average, than in 1950.
Many families were prompted to buy homes dur
ing the past 7 years, if they could qualify for
mortgage loans, when downpayments were low and
monthly housing expense was considered to be less
than rent.10 A comparison of rent increases (as
measured by the Consumer Price Index) with the
rise in housing expense (as measured by data
on FH A Sec. 203 insured loans11) indicates
that this situation probably no longer favors pro
spective buyers of new homes. While rents were
advancing by 22 percent, which was more than the
H o u sin g C osts V ersu s In com es .9
7For analysis of trends in suburbanization, see Building in
Metropolitan Areas, 1954—
56, by Dorothy K. Newman (in
Monthly Labor Review, June 1957, pp. 689-696).
8Vacant Dwelling Units in the United States, Third Quarter
of 1957, Housing and Construction Reports, Housing Vacancies,
Series H—
111, No. 10, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
8These subjects are discussed primarily in relation to the
nonfarm population, because many of the types of statistics used
are not available for the farm population.
10See, for example, Monthly Cost of Owning and Renting New
Housing, 1949-5-0, by M. Mead Smith (in Monthly Labor Review,
August 1954, pp. 851-858, and September 1954, pp. 977-982).
11Loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration on new
1-family houses.
NEW HOUSING DEMAND, 1957-65
145
13-percent increase in tlie Consumer Price Index
(all items), housing expense for new homes with
FHA-insured loans rose by 39 percent.
Another approach suggests that the pricing of
new houses was better fitted to incomes in 1950
than in 1956. When distribution of family in
comes (nonfarm and farm) is matched with a dis
tribution of selling prices for new nonfarm houses
(table 3), there appears to be no overbuilding in
the higher price range in 1950, using the rule of
thumb that purchase price should not exceed an
amount about 2y 2 times a house purchaser’s an
nual income. In 1956, however, 44 percent of the
new houses were priced at $15,000 or more, whereas
only 33 percent of the families had incomes of
$6,000 and up, which would qualify them to buy
houses in that price class.12
Distribution of fam ily incomes and selling
prices of new 1-family houses, 1950 and 19561
T a ble 3.
Percen t of total
Fam ily incomes
All
Nonfarm
families families
Selling prices of new Percent
of
nonfarm
1-family
houses 1
total
1950
All income groups.......
Under $3,500__ ______
$3,500 to $4,999_______
$5,000 and o v e r ______
100
54
23
23
1950
100
50
25
25
All price groups
Under $9,500
$9,500 to $12,499
$12,500 and o v e r ____
1956
All income groups___
Under $4,500_________
$4,500 to $5,999 _____
$6,000 and over.......... . .
100
46
21
33
100
40
37
23
1956
(2)
(*)
(J)
(2)
All price groups... . . .
Under $12,000
$12,000 to $14,999
$15^000 and over_____
100
27
27
44
i Percentage distribution for 1956 does not add to 100 because selling prices
on 2 percent of the houses were not determined. Data for 1950 cover houses
completed in the 4th quarter in 10 selected metropolitan areas. Data for
1956 cover houses started in the 1st quarter in nonfarm areas (urban and
rural nonfarm). Similar coverage for 1950 presumably would have increased
the proportion in the lower price classes.
3 Data are not available for 1956 on the distribution of incomes for nonfarm
families separately. Such data probably would show a slightly larger per
cent in the higher income brackets than the data for all families in 1956, as
in 1950.
S ources: Family income—Current Population Reports, Consumer In
come, Series P-60, Nos. 9, 24, and 26, U . S. Bureau of the Census. Selling
prices—N ew Housing in Metropolitan Areas, 1949-51 (BLS Bull. 1115, 1952),
and Characteristics of N ew 1-Family Houses, 1954-56 (in Construction
R eview, April 1957, pp. 4-10).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Conclusions
Pressure on housing demand from the physical
factors appears destined to be less during the pe
riod from 1957 until 1965 than it has been during
the past 7 years, primarily as a result of the ex
pected smaller increase in households but also be
cause no further significant increase in the overall
vacancy rate appears to be needed. Whether the
Nation will maintain or increase the rate of new
homebuilding in the years immediately ahead will
depend to a larger extent, therefore, upon social
and economic factors.
It seems likely that the new housing market will
be expanded and housing standards will be im
proved appreciably only if ways are found to hold
down construction costs and, at the same time,
maintain a quality product. This would call for a
concerted effort on the part of building tradesmen,
homebuilders, and materials suppliers. Lower
costs per dwelling unit can be achieved, of course,
through construction of a larger proportion of
multifamily structures. A trend toward more
rental-type housing already is in evidence.
Progress in cost-cutting and acceleration in
homebuilding activity are imperative during the
period immediately ahead, and before 1965, when
a sharp upturn in household formation can be ex
pected to strain the resources of the homebuilding
industry. I f efforts to expand the new-house mar
ket are successful during this interim period, in
dustry and labor will be in a much better position
to meet the greatly increased requirements for
housing after 1965.
13If data were available for 1956 on the distribution of incomes
fornonfarmfamilies separately, theyprobably would showa slightly
higher proportion of nonfarm families than that for all families
having incomes of $6,000 and up. In 1950, 25 percent of the
nonfarm families had incomes of $5,000 and over, compared with
23 percent of all families (farm and nonfarm), as shown in
table 3. It should be pointed out, at the same time, that a
significant number of farm families have been in the market for
nonfarm housing (not necessarily new housing) as a result of
migration from farms.
The Second
Biennia! Convention
of the AFL-CIO
J o se ph
W.
Disciplinary Actions
B loch*
T he optimism and high expectations that had
prevailed at the 1955 merger convention were not
much in evidence at the Second Biennial Con
vention of the American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations, which met
in Atlantic City, N. J., December 5-12, 1957.
The convention carried through the unpleasant
job of expelling the Teamsters, the Bakers, and
the Laundry Workers on charges of domination
by corrupt influences and failure to comply with
Executive Council directives aimed at removing
these influences; but a reckoning of the gains
(e. g., a stronger public position) and the possible
costs (e. g., Teamster retaliation) remained for
the future to determine. The organizing fervor
unleashed by the merger convention appeared to
be substantially dampened by the absence of
notable achievements over the 2-year interval and
by the expectation that the circumstances con
tributing to this lack of success would continue.
The rival State federations (formerly AFL) and
councils (formerly CIO) in the major industrial
States remained stubbornly unmerged, despite a
constitutional directive imposing a 2-year time
limit. Thorny jurisdictional issues continued to
divide the Building Trades and the Industrial
Union Departments. The Federation viewed the
domestic economy and international affairs and
found few of the prospects pleasing.
The 1957 convention provided the first critical
test of the authority vested in the Executive
Council by the AFL-CIO constitution and the
delegation of substantial responsibility to the
Ethical Practices Committee. Although chal
lenged during the debate on the expulsions and
the ethical practices resolutions, the council’s
146
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
interpretation and exercise of its constitutional
authority were in no ways circumscribed by the
convention. That the 2-year-old Federation sur
vived major self-surgery in good shape, without
more scars than were necessary, was widely at
tributed to the forceful leadership of President
George Meany.
Four unions—the Teamsters, Bakers, Laundry
Workers, and United Textile Workers—had been
suspended by the Executive Council on charges
of domination by corrupt influences prior to the
convention, and each appealed the council’s
action to the convention. An Appeals Committee
of the convention 1 held hearings at which each
union was given an opportunity to present its
case—to refute the charges in the hope of reversing
the council’s action, to forestall convention action
on procedural or constitutional grounds, or to
agree to the specific acts of compliance demanded
by the council. A fifth union—the Distillery,
Rectifying and Wine Workers’ Union—had, under
probation, agreed to comply with Executive
Council’s directives and did not appeal to the
convention; thus it remained on probation.
The Appeals Committee recommended, and the
convention adopted by a legal majority (at least
two-thirds of the vote cast),2 the expulsion of
the Teamsters, Bakers, and Laundry Workers.
The United Textile Workers, upon a satisfactory
showing of the will to comply, was restored to
good standing, and its delegates were seated on
the final day of the convention.
Although behind-the-scenes attempts on the
part of the accused unions to avoid the final
verdict and on the part of President Meany and
the Executive Council to obtain a last-minute
pledge of compliance continued up to the eve of
the convention vote (and beyond in the case of
*0f the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1 The Appeals Committee for these cases consisted of 8 delegates under the
chairmanship of President Alex Rose of the Hatters. An appeals committee,
it should be noted, acts as an arm of the convention, the supreme constitu
tional authority in the Federation. Thus, in these instances the Appeals
Committee had the authority to recommend acceptance, rejection, or modifi
cation of Executive Council recommendations. In turn, the convention
voted on the recommendations of the Appeals Committee, allowing the
unions involved an opportunity to Dresent their cases on the convention floor.
2 None of the suspended unions had the right to vote. Abstentions did
not coimt.
THE AFL-CIO CONVENTION
the Bakers), the delegates, the general public, and
the record were not spared the details of the crimes
against the labor movement charged to these
unions. Expulsion is the most drastic action
within the power of the convention to take, and
such proceedings are not entered into lightly,
particularly in view of the historic antipathy
to expulsion shared by many of the Federation’s
affiliates. Apparently, strong feelings about the
degree of authority vested by the constitution in
the Executive Council were still latent. The case
against the accused had to be presented, with
President Meany reluctantly cast in the role of
chief prosecutor, despite the unfavorable light
such exposure might reflect upon the labor move
ment. Debate on the convention floor, which
ranged from lofty constitutional issues to strong
recriminations directed against the Executive
Council, was most vigorous in opposition to the
explusion of the Teamsters, but it tapered off, as
did the “nay” votes, when the charges against the
Bakery Workers and the Laundry Workers were
reviewed before the convention.
There appeared to be no inclination to hide the
fact that expulsion of the Teamsters would not be
without cost to the Federation and to the affiliates
that depend on Teamster support. During the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1957, according to the
general report of the Executive Council, the 3
expelled unions had paid per capita taxes and as
sessments of about $970,000, which would cover
an average annual dues-paying membership of 1.6
million. Total membership claims of the ex
pelled unions for 1956, as reported to the Bureau
of Labor Statistics,3 were as follows: Teamsters,
1,368,082; Bakers, 160,000; Laundry Workers,
90,000. (The United Textile Workers claimed
100,000 members; the Distillers, 25,000.)
The Team sters’ Case. Based upon the report of
the Ethical Practices Committee which indicted
the top leadership of the Teamsters on a number
of grounds and the failure of the Teamsters to
take sufficient corrective action at its recent
convention,4 the Executive Council had suspended
the union on October 24, 1957. The conditions
set forth for lifting the suspension and for avoiding
* See Directory of National and International Labor Unions in the United
States, 1957 (BLS Bull. 1222).
4
See The 17th Convention of the Teamsters Union (in M onthly Labor
Review, November 1957, pp. 1335-1338).
s If the suspended unions had had the privilege of voting, the margin in
avor of expulsion would still have been large enough to carry.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
147
a council recommendation for expulsion were
(1) removal from office of officials held responsible
for certain abuses, and (2) acceptance of a special
committee, appointed by the council, with au
thority to supervise a cleanup in the union. The
Teamsters’ appeal to the convention, consistent
with the position the union had taken with regard
to the charges of the Ethical Practices Committee
and the council, did not challenge the specific
findings; rather, it raised procedural and con
stitutional issues and charged the council with
acting arbitrarily in refusing to grant time to
“seek out, review, and modify those practices
and situations which might require adjustment.”
These were also the major issues stressed by the
opponents of ouster in convention debate on the
Appeals Committee’s recommendation for
expulsion.
The rollcall found 82 percent of the votes cast
in favor of expulsion; abstentions accounted for
less than 0.5 percent of eligible votes.5 The
larger unions voting against expulsion were the
Carpenters, Hod Carriers, Hotel and Restaurant
Workers, Meat Cutters, and Typographers.
Neither President Meany, speaking bluntly for
expulsion, nor Teamster officials Einar O.Mohn
and John F. English, who appealed to the con
vention to withhold an expulsion order, appeared
to view the act of expulsion as a declaration of war,
a hope presumably shared by the Federation as
a whole. There was, for example, no followup
during the convention to the expulsion such as
abrogating the mutual assistance agreements to
which the Teamsters and a number of AFL-CIO
affiliates were parties. “The door is open,”
President Meany said, but it was quite evident
that this invitation did not include Teamster
President-elect Hoffa.
The B akers’ Case. The Bakery and Confectionery
Workers’ Union had been suspended by the council
on November 15, upon failure to comply with a
council directive to (1) convene a special conven
tion to elect new officers at which President
James G. Cross and others accused of improper
conduct in the report of the Ethical Practices
Committee would be barred from seeking office,
(2) take the steps necessary to eliminate other
corrupt influences and to comply with the AFLCIO Codes of Ethical Practices, and (3) promptly
reinstate Curtis Sims as secretary-treasurer.
148
The Appeals Committee acknowledged that the
union had taken some steps to eliminate improper
practices and had agreed to call a special conven
tion not later than June 1958, but the committee
took the refusal to bar Cross and to reinstate Sims
as evidence of a continued domination by corrupt
influences. Accordingly, it recommended expul
sion, with a proviso, however, that expulsion would
be effective on or before March 15, 1958, if the
union, by that time, had not demonstrated to the
satisfaction of the Executive Council its will and
ability to comply. The rollcall showed 87 per
cent of the votes approving the committee’s recom
mendation; abstentions accounted for less than 1
percent of eligible votes.
The subsequent expulsion of the Bakers before
the convention had adjourned was executed by
the Executive Council. (The convention’s accept
ance of the Appeals Committee’s report had put
the responsibility of actual expulsion in the hands
of the Executive Council.) In his appeal to the
convention, Cross had indicated that he had no
intention of resigning or barring himself from
office or of reinstating Sims, which prompted
President Meany to remark “If . . . this group
is not going to comply, then the Executive Council,
for my part, isn’t going to take 90 days to act—
they are going to act in about 90 minutes.”
Three days after the convention action, upon the
refusal of Bakery Union officials to attend a special
meeting of the Executive Council, the union was
expelled by the council.
An important element in the Bakers’ case, which
differentiated it from the other expulsions, was
the existence of a substantial organized opposition
in the union, then holding its own convention in
Atlantic City. In supporting the Appeals Com
mittee report and, later, in explaining the Execu
tive Council’s action, President Meany referred in
detail to claims of reprisals and acts of intimida
tion visited upon dissident groups by Bakery
Union officials. Within a few hours after the con
vention adjourned, on December 12, the Executive
Council chartered the American Bakery and Con
fectionery Workers’ International Union, an or
ganization which subsequently established tem
porary headquarters in Washington, D. C.
The L a u n d ry W orkers’ Case. As in the case of the
Bakers, the Laundry Workers had taken steps to
comply with an Executive Council directive, but
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
had stopped short of satisfying the council that
all corrupt influences had been removed. The
union had been suspended on May 23, 1957. A
proposal offered to the union a few days prior to
the convention set forth the conditions for com
pliance, which included (1) a special convention
within 90 days, chaired by a representative ap
pointed by President Meany, at which all officers
would stand for election (none of the present
officers were barred) ; (2) the reading of the report
of the Ethical Practices Committee at the special
convention; and (3) removal of Eugene C. James
(former secretary-treasurer) from any connection
with the union while instructing newly elected
officers to institute court proceedings to recover
“any or all monies converted by” James. Accord
ing to the Appeals Committee, the union had refused
to accept the proposal for a special convention,
claiming that its smaller locals could not raise the
necessary funds and that such a convention would
be inconsistent with the union’s constitution.
The committee rejected these reasons and recom
mended expulsion.
In a long appeal to the convention, Laundry
Workers President Ralph T. Fagan, who, as Presi
dent Meany pointed out, came out of James’ local
in Chicago, outlined the steps taken by the union
to set its house in order, but reiterated the reasons
already mentioned in defense of the union’s posi
tion against calling a special convention with the
accompanying council requirements. However,
when President Meany, in another withering
attack on a carefully prepared defense, offered to
explore the possibility of financing the partici
pation of the small unions in a special convention
in exchange for an agreement on the part of
Laundry Workers to accept the Federation’s
recommendations, there was no response from Mr.
Fagan. The vote: for expulsion, 99 percent of the
votes cast; abstaining, about 5 percent of eligible
votes.
The U nited Textile W orkers. Upon agreement to
comply with all of the conditions laid down by the
Executive Council, the United Textile Workers,
suspended on December 4, 1957, for failing to
comply in good faith with council directives, was
restored to good standing (on probation) by the
convention on the recommendation of the Appeals
Committee. The terms of the agreement, signed
by a committee representing the UTW, included
149
THE AFL-CIO CONVENTION
(1) calling a special convention within 90 days, at
which all present officers would stand for election
(to be supervised by an AFL-CIO representative);
(2) barring Anthony Valente (former president),
Lloyd A. Klenert (former secretary-treasurer),
and Joseph Jacobs (former southern director) from
office, and severing all connections, financial or
otherwise, between the UTW and Valente and
Klenert; (3) adoption of ethical practices codes
and reading the report of the Ethical Practices
Committee at the special convention; and (4)
election by secret ballot of delegates to the con
vention and of international union officers.
On the occasion of seating the delegates from the
United Textile Workers following the removal of
the suspension order, President Meany suggested
that the United Textile Workers and the Textile
Workers Union of America explore the possibility
of merger. He pledged the full cooperation of the
AFL-CIO, but repeatedly emphasized that no
compulsion was involved. President William
Pollock of the TWUA invited the UTW to join
with his union in a new attempt to arrive at a
merger.
E thical Practices Resolutions. The meaning of the
disciplinary actions taken by the convention and
the previous work in this area by the Executive
Council was summed up in a series of four resolu
tions presented to the convention on its final day.
The first outlined the constitutional principles
that had been put into pla3^ by the Executive
Council in the cases discussed above; in the second
resolution, the convention adopted the 6 Codes of
Ethical Practices 6 and authorized the council to
formulate other codes as required; the third clari
fied and reaffirmed the Executive Council’s stand
on the use of the Fifth Amendment; and the
fourth pledged cooperation “with all proper
investigations of criminal and corrupt influences
in labor or management which are pursued with
objectivity and fairness” and expressed concern
that the Senate Select Committee on Improper
Activities in the Labor or Management Field
“may allow itself to be used for political retalie See Codes of Ethical Practices of the Labor M ovement and AFL-CIO
Ethical Practices Codes 5 and 6 (in M onthly Labor Review, March and
July 1957, pp. 350-353 and 838-840, respectively).
* A summary of the committee’s final report appeared in the July 1956
M onthly Labor Review (pp. 812-815); its findings in a detailed study of 29
welfare plans were summarized in the April 1955 Review (pp. 424-427).
* See M onthly Labor Review, January 1958, pp. 45-47, for the text of this
portion of the Secretary’s address.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ation, and as a forum for the display of anti
union propaganda.” The adoption of these
resolutions, in effect, put the convention stamp
of approval on 2 years of intensive work by the
Executive Council.
New Labor Legislation
That the Federation’s cleanup campaign would
receive help in the form of Federal legislation,
whether or not such assistance was wanted, had
been in prospect before the merger (in large part
as a consequence of the revelations of the Senate
Subcommittee on Welfare and Pension Funds 7)
and had become virtually a certainty as the hear
ings of the Senate Select Committee gained mo
mentum. The Federation had long urged and
supported legislation designed to protect health
and welfare funds. In a statement issued on
January 28, 1957, the Executive Council had
acknowledged other Government responsibilities
in eliminating racketeering and corruption; but
the Federation was fearful that the disclosures
before the Senate Select Committee would be
made “the pretext for the enactment of broadside
antiunion measures irrelevant to the disclosed
abuses.”
In an address delivered on the first day of the
convention, Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell
assured the delegates that “this administration
will not permit those who have never approved
of organized labor or collective bargaining to use
labor’s present difficulties as a club to suppress
unionism. . . . this administration will not
propose and in fact will vigorously oppose any
legislation designed to bust unions. . . . we will
not recommend a so-called national right-to-work
law and we will oppose such legislation if it is
proposed. . . . this administration is not pro
posing any move to extend antitrust laws to
unions.” Secretary Mitchell then unveiled the
two sets of proposals which he said the administra
tion would submit to Congress in January 1958.8
The first set of administration proposals dealt
principally with disclosure measures designed to
“open to public view and inspection some of the
areas of union and management affairs which are
now hidden and in which crooks and racketeers
have operated.” Briefly, the Secretary of Labor
recommended the enactment of legislation re
quiring (1) registration, reporting, and public
150
disclosure of the operations of all health, welfare,
and pension plans; (2) filing by all labor organiza
tions of annual financial reports and copies of
their constitutions and bylaws with the Depart
ment of Labor (only organizations desiring to use
the services of the National Labor Relations Board
presently file such reports); (3) reports by all
unions showing that members have the right to
elect local officers directly by secret vote and
national officers either by secret vote or through
delegates elected by secret vote; (4) annual re
ports by employers on payments not specifically
authorized by law made to employee representa
tives; and (5) annual reports by union officers
on any financial dealings with employers. All
of the required reports would be open to public
inspection; the Secretary of Labor would have
broad powers to investigate the accuracy of these
reports, with the right to subpena witnesses and
evidence. Secretary Mitchell described the new
bureau in the Department of Labor, headed by a
Commissioner of Labor Reports, which would be
established if these proposals are enacted.
The convention’s reaction to these proposals, as
reflected in discussion at a General Board meet
ing 9 on the following day and in a resolution later
adopted, appeared to be wary and noncommittal,
but by no means hostile. President Meany ex
pressed concern over the possible ramifications of
the secret vote proposal, and the resolution
warned against Government intervention or super
vision of union elections and internal procedures.
The resolution stated that the Federation would
have no objection to making public the union
financial reports required by the Taft-Hartley
Act, but did not explicitly support the extension
of this requirement to all labor organizations.
According to the resolution, the AFL-CIO “will
also be prepared to support such other legislative
measures as may be necessary to strengthen the
ability of the American trade union movement to
fulfill its responsibility and to achieve its proper
and legitimate objectives.”
The second set of administration proposals
announced at the convention by Secretary Mitchell
consisted of a number of amendments to the
Taft-Hartley Act, some of which had been recom
mended to the Congress in previous years. The
convention’s long resolution on the act reviewed
the Federation’s grievances in connection with it
and its administration, but did not deal specifically
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
with the proposals made by Secretary Mitchell.
At the General Board meeting, where some im
mediate reactions were expressed, objection ap
peared to center on the proposed limitations on
secondary boycotts and organizational picketing.
It is expected that the stand of the Federation
will be determined later by the Executive Council
when faced with specific legislative proposals, as
reflected in President Meany’s words: “I am very
skeptical about some of the proposals made by
Secretary Mitchell. . . . I am going to have a
very good look at any of the legislation which is
drawn to carry out these proposals.”
The Economic Front
The Federation’s appraisal of the economy at
the beginning of 1958 was decidedly pessimistic,
even after allowing for an increase in defense
expenditures. The AFL-CIO analysis of this
situation was set forth in a lengthy resolution on
the national economy and in a major address by
Vice President Walter P. Reuther. Translating
the outlook into immediate collective bargaining
objectives, the Federation held to this position:
“The period ahead poses a serious challenge for
union collective bargaining efforts. The general
economic climate has been deteriorating as we
enter 1958, and a decline in business activity is
often reflected in tighter bargaining conditions.
But the very fact of an economic slackening
makes it doubly imperative that unions gain
sizable wage increases to bolster consumer pur
chasing power and thereby provide a needed
stimulating force for an upturn in the economy.”
Mentioned among the benefits which should
accrue from advancing technology was a reduction
in hours of work with no reduction in take-home
pay. However, there was no indication, either
in Vice President Reuther’s address or in the
resolutions, that the shorter workweek might be
an important issue in 1958 negotiations. Antici
pation of some of the possible repercussions of a
defense crisis led to this insertion in the resolution
on collective bargaining objectives: “While Ameri8 The General Board, consisting of the Executive Council and the principal
officer of all affiliated unions and departments, was convened for its annual
meeting during the convention to consider Secretary M itchell’s address.
In a rare act of nonconcurrence, the convention’s Committee on the Con
stitution rejected an Executive Council’s recommendation that the meeting
of the General Board be required only in the year in which a convention is
not held,'rather than annually as presently provided in the constitution.
151
THE AFL-CIO CONVENTION
can labor will cooperate wholeheartedly in the
national defense effort, no need has been demon
strated for any wage freeze or for any nationwide
extension of the statutory [40-hour] workweek.”
As usual, a number of resolutions on legislative
matters, designed to gain the attention of the
public, Congress, and Federal agencies, as well as
the delegates, were presented to the convention.
Included were AFL-CIO policy statements on
housing, old-age, survivors, and disability insur
ance, unemployment insurance, workmen’s com
pensation, distressed areas, atomic energy, the
Fair Labor Standards Act and the Walsh-Healey
Public Contracts Act, Federal aid to education,
women workers, Government statistics programs,
Government employees’ pay standards, taxation,
and civil rights.
International Affairs
The international ties and concerns of the
AFL-CIO were on continuous display during the
convention, beginning with President Meany’s
opening address which dealt mainly with the
Soviet threat. Nearly 400 foreign visitors at
tended the convention; a large number were
introduced from the platform; many spoke to the
convention. The resolutions on international
matters, in addition to advancing numerous
suggestions regarding American foreign policy,
pledged the Federation’s continued support to the
United Nations, the International Labor Organi
zation, and the International Confederation of
Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).
Rumblings of disagreement in the ICFTU
reached the convention floor when AFL-CIO Vice
President A. Philip Randolph took the platform
to decry the “abandonment” of an AFL-CIO
scholarship program for selected African trade
unionists for an ICFTU-sponsored training center
in Africa. President Meany, in response, denied
abandonment, emphasizing that the ICFTU
program would be more effective in reaching a
larger number of African students, but he also
referred to differences of opinion between the
AFL-CIO and the ICFTU on the role and
effectiveness of each organization in the matter of
aid to other countries. For the AFL-CIO,
President Meany announced a number of personnel
changes in the Federation’s Department of Inter
national Affairs, including the appointment of
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Michael Ross as director and the transfer of
Jay Lovestone, formerly director of the Free
Trade Union Committee (a carryover from the
old AFL), to the Department.
Other Business
What President Meany had termed the “hue
and cry about labor political activity” in the press
at the time of the merger convention was appar
ently no more than a whisper in December 1957.
A resolution on political action, which reaffirmed
“dedication to the principle of nonpartisan politi
cal education designed to protect and secure the
legitimate economic and political aspirations of
America’s working men and women,” was passed
without fanfare or discussion.
Thirty-three State bodies were represented at
the convention; in the other 15 States, which
included the major industrial areas, the rival
organizations had failed to comply with the consti
tutional requirement that merger be effectuated
by December 5, 1957. In a resolution presented
to the convention, the Executive Council author
ized the president to revoke the charters of
unmerged State and local bodies, in accordance
with the constitution. President Meany, however,
stated that the Executive Council had rejected
forced mergers as a solution, and that it would
continue to work with the State groups in the role
of mediators attempting to achieve voluntary
agreements. No time limit was set.
The convention agreed to raise the per capita
tax paid by affiliates to the Federation from
4 cents (established in the 1955 constitution) to
5 cents, effective January 1, 1958. Since affiliates
had been paying a 1-cent per capita assessment
since July 1, 1956 (this was not renewed), the
change was not expected to increase the income of
the Federation. The resolution pointed out that
during the first full year of the assessment, income
of the Federation exceeded expenditures by
approximately $900,000. Although not mentioned
in the resolution, this excess would scarcely cover
the loss of per capita revenue occasioned by the
expulsions voted at the convention, assuming
that the three expelled unions remain outside the
Federation for as long as a year.
The expulsion of the Teamsters and Bakery
Workers removed from the Executive Council two
officers of these unions—John F. English and
152
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Herman Winter, respectively. They were replaced
by Peter T. Schoemann and Paul L. Phillips.
The 27 vice presidents constituting, with President
Meany and Secretary-Treasurer William F.
Schnitzler, the new Executive Council are: Harry
C. Bates (Bricklayers), Joseph A. Beirne (Com
munications Workers), William C. Birthright
(Barbers), L. S. Buckmaster (Rubber Workers),
James B. Carey (International Union of Electrical
Workers), Joseph Curran (Maritime Union),
William C. Doherty (Letter Carriers), David Dubinsky (Garment Workers), Karl F. Feller (Brewery
Workers), George M. Harrison (Railway Clerks),
A. J. Hayes (Machinists), Maurice A. Hutcheson
(Carpenters), Joseph D. Keenan (Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers), O. A. Knight (Oil Workers),
Charles J. MacGowan (Boilermakers), David J.
McDonald (Steelworkers), William L. McFetridge
(Building Service Employees), Lee W. Minton
(Glass Bottle Blowers), James C. Petrillo (Mu
sicians), Paul L. Phillips (Papermakers and
Paperworkers), Jacob S. Potofsky (Clothing
Workers), A. Philip Randolph (Sleeping Car
Porters), Walter P. Reuth er (Automobile Work
ers), Emil Rieve (Textile Workers Union), Peter
T. Schoemann (Plumbers), James A. Suffridge
(Retail Clerks), and Richard F. Walsh (Stage
Employes).
While the early wage philosophy of the Federation dismayed the classical
economists, it must, I think, be recognized that the bargaining philosophy of
wages proved effective in the early days of recruiting the armies of labor. It
was perhaps fortunate that the labor leaders were indifferent to productivity
theory. For with the rousing call, “The cry of the Toilers is for more,” there
was ample hope for making the workers fall into line. But had the slogan
been “Work harder, if you want more wages,” the enrollment might have
been considerably smaller. In counseling the labor movement to abandon
its militant techniques and to trust employers to reward workers in proportion
to their efficiency, the classical economists were displaying a lamentable ig
norance or an astounding naivete concerning the basic assumption of their
own theory—free competition. More realistic union economists knew that
such free competition existed only in textbooks, that in the actual workaday
world the rewards of increased productivity did not drop like manna from the
heavens. Confronted with the demand that they abandon their interest in
the distributive process, they quite naturally returned a curt refusal.
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— Jean Trepp McKelvey, AFL Attitudes Toward Production, 1900-1932, New York
State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.,
1952, p. 11.
Workmen’s
Compensation
in Belgium
Oscar W eigert *
A m o n g the many national programs providing
compensation for employment injuries, the Bel
gian scheme of accident compensation seems
particularly close to the prevalent programs of
workmen’s compensation in the United States,
but not their minor scheme covering occupational
diseases. There are principles common to prac
tically all accident compensation schemes within
the United States and abroad, such as “liability
without fault” and “standardization of the
indemnities.” 1 However, in their basic philos
ophy, the Belgian as well as most American
programs deviate from that of most other coun
tries, among them pioneers of accident compen
sation such as Germany, France, and Great
Britain. These countries consider employment
injuries as social risks rather than as incidents in
the execution of an employment contract and
handle their compensation schemes as a branch of
their social security systems. Insurance is com
pulsory in these countries and the insurance car
riers—mostly public and in no case profitmaking
institutions—are established by statute.
In variance with these principles, the Belgian
Accident Compensation Program, and also the
American programs, are not part of the social
security system. Their basic tenet is the liability
of the individual employer, who carries the whole
financial burden of the program. Insurance is
not compulsory, but the predominant practice is
insurance with a private carrier, commercial or
mutual, freely chosen by the employer among a
major number of such carriers which have been
admitted to this branch of insurance.
There are, on the other hand, important features
through which the Belgian compensation program
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differs from the typical American approach, such
as the broad coverage, prescribed by the Belgian
legislation, and its liberal benefit scheme. Their
combination with characteristics familiar to the
American student of workmen’s compensation
presents a rewarding subject for a comparative
analysis.
Belgium is one of the most industrialized coun
tries of the world and one of the leading nations
in foreign trade. In 1954, only 11 percent of the
labor force were employed in agriculture and re
lated activities, but 42.1 percent in mining and
manufacturing. Belgium has a high ratio of
small shops in industry and trade. However,
more than half of the wage earners work in estab
lishments with 100 or more employees.
A centuries-old tradition of individual freedom,
of political and social democracy, and of laissezfaire has shaped the Belgian labor legislation.2
This tradition is evident in the law of 1903 that is
still the basis of accident compensation, in
features such as the voluntary character of
insurance and the absence of a specialized gov
ernment agency. After half a century of changes,
this program is characterized by Belgian jurists
as “belonging to civil law,” although “conceived in
a particularly social spirit.” 3 The special legisla
tion for occupational diseases, which requires
insurance with a single public fund (Fonds de
Prévoyance en Faveur des Victimes des Maladies
Professionnelles), also creates, according to Belgian
jurisprudence, a civil law liability of the individual
employer.4
Coverage and Benefits Under Belgian Schemes
Coverage under both programs is compulsory.
The Accident Compensation Program covers every
enterprise, private or public, that employs regu
larly 1 or more persons during at least 2 months
of the year, in agriculture as well as in mining,
manufacture, trade, and transportation, and also
in all categories of services, including domestic
‘ Special Assistant to the Commissioner of Labor Statistics.
1
For a review of common tendencies in the world’s compensation programs,
see Alexandre Berenstein, Les Tendances actuelles dans la Réparation des
Accidents du Travail, Rivista di diritto del lavoro (Cappelli, Bologna), Vol.
II, April 1955.
3
For the development of Belgian labor legislation, see Histoire de la Législa
tion Sociale en Belgique, Bulletin of the Christian Trade Union Confedera
tion (CSC) (Brussels, September 1953); Paul Horion, Législation Sociale,
(Brussels, 1950), 2d ed., pp. 9 ff.
3 Paul Horion, ibid., p. 155.
3 Ibid.
153
154
services. Not covered are maritime enterprises,
for which special legislation exists, and small
farmers who produce exclusively for the mainte
nance of their family. Beneficiaries of the program
are manual and white-collar workers, without
income limit, and apprentices, even if they do not
receive remuneration.
Coverage under the Occupational Diseases
Program is limited to occupations listed in
schedules issued by royal decrees. Beneficiaries
are manual workers, handicraft men, and appren
tices. White-collar workers at all salary levels are
also covered provided they are exposed to the same
danger as the manual workers.
In 1950, the accident program covered more than
135,000 employers of manual workers and, partly
identical with them, almost 40,000 employers of
white-collar workers, while in 1954, almost 13,500
employers were subject to the program for
occupational diseases.5 Also in 1954, the number
of persons protected by the two programs was
estimated at more than two million, equal to more
than four-fifths of all wage and salary earners.6 In
1955, the accident program had an income of
almost 3.3 billion Belgian francs 7and expenditures
of almost 3.6 billion, while the occupational
diseases program received 22.2 million francs and
spent 26.2 million.8 The deficit of the accident
program was absorbed by the insurance carriers,
while the Occupational Diseases Program was
balanced by government loans.
Be
cause of the two separate programs, the American
concept of “employment injuries”—which includes
both injuries from industrial accidents and injuries
from occupational diseases—has no parallel in
Belgium.
A work accident, according to Belgian juris
prudence, is a sudden and unexpected event,
resulting from the sudden action of an exterior
force, that takes place while the worker carries
out his employment contract, and that is caused
by this activity. An accident occurring in the
course of work is assumed to be caused by this
work. The nullity of an employment contract
does not exclude compensation, even if nullity
results from a violation of protective labor laws,
such as the nonauthorized employment of a minor.
The various terms which constitute the definition
of “work accidents” have been interpreted in a
In ju ries Compensated; D am ages Indem nified.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
most liberal way by a large body of court deci
sions.9 Belgium has extended compensation to
injuries from accidents that occur on the worker’s
way to and from the place of work, but only when
the accident is “inherent” in the “means of
traveling.”
Injuries are compensated also if a work accident
is not their only cause, e. g., in cases where the
victim is predisposed for the injury because of
congenital or acquired weaknesses or because of
an earlier accident. Injuries from occupational
diseases, however, must be their “direct and
exclusive result.”
Compensation is due not only for fatal injuries,
for permanent disability (partial and total), and
for temporary total disability but, in cases of
accidents, also for temporary partial disability,
down to very small degrees, and in the form of
medical treatment even for injuries that do not
cause any loss of earning capacity.
The damages to be indemnified are, in the case
of disability, the reduction of earning capacity
and of physical or mental health, and, where
necessary, the costs of prostheses and other appli
ances; in the case of death, funeral costs and the
loss of support which the victim previously gave
or owed to close relatives. Nonmaterial damages
are not compensated, not even disfigurement if it
does not reduce earning capacity.
The Belgian statutes do not contain or allow
any schedule of impairment for specific injuries.
Instead, it must be determined in each case how
much the victim is still able to earn.
Temporary disability is defined by the victim’s
earning capacity in his old or in some related occu
pation, while permanent disability depends upon
earning capacity on the general labor market.
In both cases, the earning capacity left to the
victim counts, not what the victim actually earns
after he is injured.
Temporary disability comes to an end when the
victim has regained his earlier earning capacity
or when the permanent character of the injury,
5
Revue du Travail, Ministère du Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale de
Belgique, Brussels, February 1956, pp. 196 fl.; M ay 1957, p. 564. These are
the latest official data available.
8 Yearbook of Labor Statistics (International Labor Office, Geneva, 1956),
table 31, p. 398; table 4, p. 30.
’ Since 1950, 1 U. S. dollar has been equal to 50 Belgian francs.
8 Revue du Travail, op. cit., February 1957, pp. 189 fl.
8 Janssens-Brigode, Report on Belgian Workmen’s Compensation (in
Revue de Droit International et de Droit Comparé, Institut Belge de Droit
Comparé, Brussels, Numéro Spécial, 1954, pp. 257-265).
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION IN BELGIUM
the degree of permanent disability, and the date
of its beginning have been established by an
approved agreement between the two parties or by
a final court decision.
With the exception of travel accidents only,
where the victim’s negligence excludes compensa
tion, both Belgian programs compensate injuries
caused even by gravest negligence on the part of
the victim, such as his conscious and willful viola
tion of safety regulations. Only when the accident
or disease is intentionally caused by the victim is
the injury not compensated.
If the employer, a supervisor, or a coworker has
caused the accident or the disease intentionally,
the employer is liable for damages under general
civil law provisions as well as under the compensa
tion statutes.
Where a third person is responsible for the in
jury, and there is any link between the incident
and the execution of the victim’s employment
contract, the victim can claim workmen’s com
pensation from the employer and the part of his
damages which is not covered by this compensa
tion from the third person, or all his damages
from the third person.
Cash Benefits of the C om pensation Program s. In
their scheme of disability benefits, the Belgian
programs differ strikingly from the American ones.
Of all the factors making up the “basic formula”
in the United States, only one, a statutory per
centage of the worker’s earnings, is basic also to
the Belgian scheme. However, while this factor
has been “virtually submerged” in the American
programs by other qualifications 10 such as maxi
mum money amounts, maximum duration, and,
for injuries from accidents, a waiting period, no
such qualifications are contained in the Belgian
formula.
The percentages of earnings prescribed for disa
bility benefits in Belgium have gradually been
raised to 80 percent for the first 28 days and to 90
percent thereafter in the case of temporary total
disability, and to 100 percent in the case of perma
nent total disability. They may reach 150 per
cent if the victim “absolutely needs” continuous
assistance by another person. In the case of
partial disability, temporary or permanent, the
victim receives the full difference between his
10
Herman M . Somers and Anne R. Somers, Workmen’s Compensation
(John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1954), p. 60.
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155
former earnings and the amount he is still able
to earn.
Wage percentages prescribed for survivors’
pensions have not been raised to the same degree.
They amount to 30 percent for a widow or widower,
15 percent for a child, or 20 percent for a child if
both parents are dead. Total pensions of all
surviving children may not exceed 45 percent,
and, in the second case, 60 percent. Similar
limits apply to pensions due, under certain condi
tions, to parents, brothers and sisters, and other
relatives. But no money limits are set for any of
these pensions, and no limits of duration, although
descendants, brothers, and sisters receive pensions
only up to the age of 18.
All benefits are computed from the victim’s
annual remuneration earned prior to the injury.
A detailed jurisprudence provides a “hypothetical
remuneration” for periods of illness, temporary
layoffs, or strikes and lockouts. Other rules,
with similar liberal tendencies, deal with seasonal
unemployment, work hours, and intermittent
work. Benefits of apprentices and youthful
workers must be computed from legally defined
minimum earnings, which in cases of permanent
disability or death equal the average earnings of
adult workers in identical occupations. An over
all ceiling for basic earnings, recently fixed at
120,000 francs (U. S. $2,400 per annum), has
practical meaning only for some categories of
white-collar workers.
Legislation initiated in 1926 provides supple
mentary allowances from tax money for accident
victims and their survivors who have been
awarded lifelong pensions which do not reach
certain minimum amounts established by govern
ment decrees. Victims whose permanent disa
bility is less than 30 percent, and survivors other
than widows or orphans, receive allowances only
if they pass a test of need. A decree of 1957 not
only raised the minimums but also tied their
future development to the cost-of-living index.
Supplementary allowances are also paid to the
victims of occupational diseases or their survivors
“if their benefits have been calculated on the
basis of earnings which were lower than the
average earnings of able-bodied workers.”
Lump-sum payments, which are so frequent in
this country, are rare under the Belgian program.
If the degree of permanent disability has been
definitely fixed at 5 percent or less, the capi-
156
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
talized value of the pension is paid to the victim.
In all other cases, the capital payment depends
upon a demand by the victim or by a survivor—
on which the employer or insurance carrier may
be consulted—and is limited to one-third of the
capitalized value. The decision lies in the discre
tion of the judge or, in the case of an occupational
disease, the president of the public fund.
Medical
Services,
Prostheses,
and Appliances.
Under the accident program, everything must be
done to assure “the most complete possible restora
tion of the victim’s working capacity.” 11 The
victim of an occupational disease can claim only
the reimbursement of his expenditures for nonspecialized treatment, unless the president of the
fund considers a specialized treatment as neces
sary and the case as “intéressant” (significant).
The employer or his insurance carrier can either
maintain a “medical, pharmaceutical, and hospital
service” for victims of accidents or reimburse their
medical expenditures. The victim must use a
service approved by the Ministry for Labor and
Social Welfare and announced in company rules
or stipulated in employment contracts. The em
ployer must name at least three physicians from
whom the victim can choose his attendant doctor.
The victim has no choice of the hospital. No
such services are provided for the victims of
occupational diseases.
Where no company service exists, the victim
is free to choose his doctor, pharmacist, and
hospital. His expenditures are reimbursed in
the limits of tariffs fixed by government decrees,
which may give him less than he actually pays.
When the victim has the free choice of doctor
and hospital, the employer or the insurance
carrier can designate a physician to control the
treatment. The victim has the same right when
he is treated by the employer’s service.
The accomplishments of these employers’ or
carriers’ services have been severely criticized
by the Belgian Christian Trade Union Con
federation.12 They complain about the frequent
lack of occupational orientation in surgery, the
scarcity of installations for occupational therapy
and physical rehabilitation, and the absence of
programs for retraining and placement.
When prostheses or orthopedic appliances are
needed, the employer or the insurance carrier
has to reimburse the victim for their cost and,
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in addition, pay a “supplementary indemnity”
for their maintenance and renewal. A “Service
National de Prothèse” guides the victim in the
use of this indemnity and, if requested, adminis
ters the moneys which are not yet needed. Ac
cording to official complaints, this opportunity
is not sufficiently utilized.13
The cost of medical services and supplies under
the accident program has grown continuously in
recent years, from 240 million francs in 1951 to
384 million in 1953. The ratio of medical cost to
indemnity expenditures, however, remained prac
tically the same, amounting to something more
than 19 percent.14 It was only 3.7 percent under
the compensation program for occupational dis
eases.
Insurance for Compensation
Self-insurance is not admitted under the Occu
pational Diseases Program. In accident com
pensation, it is treated in the wording of the law
as the primary form of security, and genuine
insurance as an exception. Actually, however,
self-insurance is used only by a few major or large
enterprises—63 in 1950—with less than 3 percent
of all insured workers. Self-insured employers
are bound to contribute to a public Guarantee
Fund and to deposit securities equal to the
capitalized value of all life-long pensions which
they owe, but can under certain conditions be
freed from these obligations.
The Guarantee Fund pays benefits for a selfinsured employer who is in default and recovers
the moneys from him like taxes. The fund seems
to act rarely and only “after a very protracted
procedure.” 15
When the employer takes out insurance, the
carrier steps into all his obligations. There are
two categories of carriers: “Caisses Communes,”
numbering 15 in 1953, similar in character to our
mutuals, and 55 commercial carriers corresponding
to our stock companies. They all need approval
11 Official statement quoted by Y . Delaruwière and R. Bertrand (in La
Réparation des Dommages Résultant des Accidents du Travail, Brussels,
1947, p. 266).
12 Bulletin of the Confederation, op. cit., November-December 1954,
pp. 586 ff.
is Revue du Travail, op. cit., April 1951, p. 387.
24 Revue du Travail, op. cit., June 1955, p. 770.
i* Paul Horion (in Problèmes, Federation Générale du Travail de Belgique.
Brussels, 1948, p. 598).
157
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION IN BELGIUM
by the government which is given only if they
satisfy detailed conditions.
In applying for approval, a carrier must submit,
among other documents, a description of the
methods used for ratemaking, and the tariff of
rates itself. The information must be repeated
at regular terms to allow continuous supervision
by the Ministry. How effective this supervision
is cannot be judged from the available information.
It seems that the Ministry rarely interferes with
the rating practice of the insurance carriers and
that this practice is far from being uniform. The
overall average of employers’ premiums has been
estimated at 3 percent of their payroll.16
More than 80 percent of all enterprises covered
were in recent years insured with commercial
companies. Expressed, however, in workers em
ployed, the share of the mutuals was much
higher—45 percent of manual workers in 1950—
and the percentage of accidents which they com
pensated exceeded the percentage compensated
by the stock companies, primarily because of the
high frequency of accidents in mining which is
mostly insured by special mutuals.17
Although the mutuals use a higher percentage
of their premium income for compensation than
the commercial carriers—89 percent in 1953,
compared with 82 percent for the stock com
panies—their income continually exceeds their
expenditures, while the reverse is true for the
commercial carriers. The apparent cause of this
situation is the difference in costs of administration
(2 percent of total contributions with mining
mutuals, 11 percent "with other mutuals, 16 per
cent with stock companies, in 1953), and in the
agents’ commissions paid by the stock companies
which amounted to 12 percent of their income in
1953.
The public fund which operates the Program for
Occupational Diseases is financed by employers’
contributions and by supplementary loans from
the government in case of a deficit. Under the
18 Études et Conjoncture, Ministère des Finances et des Affaires Écono
miques, Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques,
Paris, March 1954, p. 280.
17 For these and the following data, see Revue du Travail, op. cit., February
1956, pp. 196 ff.; Belgian Ministry of Labor Reports for 1951 to 1953, Brussels.
18 Revue du Travail, op. cit., M ay 1957, pp. 559 ff.
i* In the U nited States ". . . court administration of workmen’s compen
sation is virtually nonadministration except in contested cases. . . . The
major difficulties in court administration have been summed up as (1) delay,
(2) cost, and (3) the unfitness of the courts for the settlement of compensa
tion claims,” Problems of Workmen’s Compensation Administration,
BLS Bull. 672, 1940, pp. 121 and 215. See also Somers and Somers, op. cit.,
pp. 148 ff.
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law, the contribution rates should be fixed every
year by government decree on the basis of ex
penditures made during the preceding year but,
according to official reports, this is done as a rule
with considerable delay. To keep up its current
payments, the fund has had to liquidate its re
serves and is now dependent upon the government
loans which also suffer undesirable delays.18 The
financial difficulties of the fund are increased by
the continuous growth of its expenditures—almost
32 million francs in 1956, compared with an income
in 1955 of not quite 14 million.
The contribution rates differ in accordance with
the diseases to which employees in the various
enterprises are exposed. No contributions have
to be paid by an employer whose protective
installations eliminate any risk for his workers.
Administration and Litigation
No special agency has been established in Bel
gium to administer the Accident Compensation
Program. The Minister for Labor and Social
Welfare is responsible for the program, prepares
legislation, controls the activities of the insurance
carriers and of the Guarantee Fund, and is re
sponsible for basic decisions such as the approval
of the carriers and of the company-furnished
medical services. The Minister is assisted by an
advisory committee whose members include rep
resentatives of employers, labor unions, and
insurance carriers.
As in most American States, compensation was
left in the early stages of the program to settle
ment by the parties. A special procedure was
provided only for contested cases. These are in
the jurisdiction primarily of the judges of peace
or, in their stead, of arbitration committees which
can be established under the bylaws of mutuals,
with a judge of peace as president and labor and
management representatives as assessors. In the
course of time, however, important administrative
functions were assigned to the courts and com
mittees, so that the Belgian scheme can no longer
be considered as “court administration” as the
term is used in this country.19 Most important of
these functions is the examination of any settle
ment between the employer or insurance carrier
and a claimant. Without approval by the judge
or the arbitration committee no agreement on
indemnity benefits is valid.
158
The second important administrative function
results from the power given to the justice of
peace—not to the arbitration committee—to make
a preliminary investigation of all cases in which
an accident reduces the victim’s ability to work,
but in which indemnities have not yet been de
termined by approved settlement or judgment.
The judge can undertake such an investigation on
his own initiative or on the request of one of the
parties, and may attempt to bring about an ac
cord between the parties. He may also inform
the parties about their rights and duties and “take
all measures necessary to assure the compensa
tion.”
The basis for such spontaneous inquiries is given
in the reports of all work accidents which the em
ployers are obliged to send to the clerk of the
court and to the inspection service of the Ministry
of Labor and Social Welfare. The victim or, in
case of his death, his survivors, may make a report
also.
While the procedure in contested cases follows
the general rules to be observed by the justices of
peace or, in the case of the arbitration committees,
by the Belgian labor courts, some special devices
reflect the social character of the compensation
program.
Both the judge of peace and arbitration com
mittee can adjudge preliminary payments when
it is clear that some benefits are due under the
law but all the facts are not yet assembled for their
determination. Definite decisions can be executed
while an appeal against them is pending if they
do not award a life-long pension or the payment
of capital settlement. But even in these cases,
judge or committee can assign to the claimant
provisory payments.
The judge of peace may be asked by one of
the parties to call in as assessors an employer
and a worker who are familiar with the type of
enterprise and occupation in which the accident
occurred, to advise the judge in determining the
degree of permanent disability. Among the rea
sons given for this device is the fear that too much
weight might be assigned to a purely physiological
evaluation of the disability if only medical experts
are consulted.20
The costs of all actions based upon the com
pensation program are borne by the employer or
the insurance carrier, with the exception only of
claims which are adjudged “rash and annoying.”
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
The Occupational Diseases Program is admin
istered by the public fund which is its insurance
carrier. Before a decision is made about a com
pensation claim, a technical committee is con
sulted, composed in equal numbers of physicians
and representatives of employers and workers.
The fund’s decision is at first provisory only.
The claimant and the last employer can appeal
it to a committee composed of three medical
specialists; after they have given their opinion,
the fund officials make their definite decision.
The claimant can appeal this decision to the judge
of peace, and the members of the technical com
mittee have the same prerogative. If the matter
is not ripe for a decision, the judge can adjudicate
provisory daily allowances to the claimant.
Prevention of Accidents
An imposing body of laws, decrees, and regula
tions deal with safety and industrial health in
Belgium. Their application is controlled by in
spectors with technical or medical training who
are officials of the Ministry of Labor and Social
Welfare. In addition, “safety and hygiene serv
ices” and “safety and hygiene committees” have
been established according to government regula
tions within individual establishments, designed
to “seek out all the general or accidental causes
of danger attaching to the undertaking, to study
ways and means of eliminating those causes, and
to develop safety consciousness among the work
ers.” 21
A number of private associations are also pro
moting safety and are operating their own inspec
tion services. Among their members are insurance
carriers, while other carriers have developed sepa
rate inspection services. Legal amendments have
been proposed but not adopted under which car
riers would be approved only if they are active in
preventing accidents or include in the premium
an amount reserved for such activities.22 It is
generally assumed that the carriers have in indi
vidual premium rating an important instrument
for the reduction of accidents. Critics of the pres
ent insurance arrangements contend, however,
50 Delaruwiere and Bertrand, op. cit., pp. 503-504.
21 A. Uydtenhoef (in International Labor Review, Geneva, March 1951,
p. 274).
22 F. Waleffe, Jr. (in Revue du Travail, op. cit., December 1948, pp.
1104-1105).
159
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION IN BELGIUM
that”such rating is difficult in Belgium because of
the strong competition between the carriers.
There seems to be widespread disappointment
in Belgium with the fact that the frequency of
accidents has only slightly declined since prewar
times. The opinion prevails that the answer lies
not primarily in premium rating or in improved
technical safety measures, but in a changed atti
tude of employers and workers which might be
attained by systematic training.
Proposals for Basic Reforms
Certain aspects of the Belgian Accident Com
pensation Program, particularly its security ar
rangements, have been controversial since its
inception. The discussion became particularly
lively at the end of World War II when many
social institutions underwent important changes,
among them the Belgian social security system.
Prior to the war, most social insurance programs—
sickness, invalidity, and unemployment insur
ance—were of voluntary character, although sub
sidized by the government; only old-age and
survivors’ insurance was compulsory. The Social
Security Act of December 28, 1944, extended
compulsion to the other programs and gave in
this way a new argument to advocates of compul
sory insurance for work accidents.
A movement developed for the “incorporation”
of workmen’s compensation by adding the contri
butions for this program to the unified payments
for social security, either as uniform rates, to
assure the highest degree of administrative sim
plification, or as graded premiums, to support the
prevention of accidents. All advocates of “incor
poration” conceded that such proposals could be
carried out only if the present Accident Compen
sation Program were basically revised. Most
opponents of “incorporation” also proposed basic
reforms in the security arrangements.
In January 1953, the government addressed it
self to the National Labor Advisory Board 23 with
the question whether it recommended the “incor
poration” into social security of the Accident
Compensation Program. The board rejected this
proposal unanimously “for the time being.”
sa The National Labor Advisory Board, a semiofficial body established in
1952 to advise the government on important labor issues, is composed of a
president and representatives in equal numbers of management and of the
most representative trade union confederations.
« Revue du Travail, op. cit., October 1954, pp. 1129 ff.
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Instead, the board proposed—with the votes of
the employers’ and Christian labor representa
tives^—to change the composition of the existing
advisory committee and to broaden its functions.
The committee should become a strictly labor
and management body. It should, in addition
to its present functions, study and supervise all
operations in accident compensation, prevention,
and rehabilitation, and give special attention to
the cost of insurance and to the improvement of
statistics. The committee should be authorized
to make, on its own initiative, proposals to the
Minister for Labor and Social Welfare. Whenever
these proposals were made unanimously, the
committee could request that the Minister give
them binding power by royal decree.
In a separate opinion, the Labor Advisory Board
rejected the “incorporation” of the Program for
Occupational Diseases into the social security
system but unanimously proposed changes in the
program, among them (1) a bipartite body for its
administration; (2) the extension and coordina
tion of all preventive measures; (3) the listing of
additional occupational diseases; and (4) an
annual government subsidy.24
The list of occupational diseases has been fur
ther expanded recently. With this exception,
the government has not yet acted on the board’s
proposals to both programs. It seems that
changes in workmen’s compensation are consid
ered by all groups concerned as less urgent than a
reform of various branches of social security,
particularly sickness and invalidity insurance
which has been suffering for some time already
from serious financial difficulties.
Balance Sheet of the Belgian Programs
A summary of the preceding sections will con
firm the initial statement that the Belgian Accident
Compensation Program has important features
in common with most American programs.
Among these features, we find (1) the segregation
of accident compensation from the social security
system; (2) the admission of self-insurance; (3)
the choice allowed the employer among approved
private insurance carriers, stock companies as
well as mutuals; (4) government concern not only
with contested cases but also with the speedy and
fair settlement of noncontested claims; (5) highly
developed medical services; and (6) a drive for
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
160
improved safety and, with less success, for the
rehabilitation of victims.
Significant features of the Belgian program
that differ from the prevailing American pattern
include (1) its broad coverage which extends to
small enterprises, farm labor, and domestic
servants and does not allow self-elected exemp
tion; (2) the compensation of travel accidents;
(3) indemnities for temporary partial disability,
and the absence of a waiting period; (4) the
rejection of injury schedules; (5) the restriction of
capital payments; and (6) the assignment to the
employer (or carrier) of all costs for actions in
contested cases.
The most outstanding feature of the Belgian
Accident Compensation Program is the high
level of its benefit rates—up to the full loss of
earning power—and the absence of any money
or time limits for cash benefits. Factors which
make this liberal policy possible include the high
percentage of premium income which the carriers
use for indemnities, and an average premium rate
much higher in Belgium than in the United States.
While the same benefit rates apply also under
the Occupational Diseases Program, that program
is much more restrictive in many other points.
It covers only listed diseases and occupations,
excludes temporary partial disability, prescribes
a waiting period, limits the medical services,
provides for no administrative interventions by
the judge of peace, and holds the premiums at
such a low level that they cover only part of the
necessary expenditures. It should not be for
gotten, however, that most of these gaps are
filled by the Belgian program of compulsory
health insurance.
Workmen’s compensation laws had their beginning [in the United States]
about 50 years ago. The Federal Government led the way with the passage
of an act in 1908 covering civil employees. In 1911, 10 States adopted such
laws. Others followed, and by 1920, 42 States and all the Territories had
workmen’s compensation laws, and Federal employees were covered under a
new act passed in 1916. Between 1920 and 1948, the remaining six States
adopted such legislation and another Federal law was passed—the Longshore
men’s and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, which was made applicable
also, by a separate act, to the District of Columbia.
The main purpose of workmen’s compensation laws was to eliminate the
uncertainties of getting damages for injuries at common law or under em
ployers’ liability laws. Before workmen’s compensation laws were adopted,
the employee who lost an arm or was otherwise injured on his job got little
or nothing in recompense. To recover damages against his employer he had
to file suit and to prove that the injury was due to the employer’s negligence.
The employer, even though he had been negligent, could avail himself of
three common law defenses: “assumption of risk,” “fellow servant rule,” and
“contributory negligence.” That is, the employer could defeat recovery if
it was proved that the employee’s injury was due to the ordinary risks of his
work, if it was caused by the negligence of a fellow worker, or if the employee
by his own negligence in any way contributed to the injury.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— State Workmen’s Compensation Laws, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Standards, 1957, Bull. 161 (Revised), p. 1.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Wages in Motor Vehicle
Parts Manufacture, 1957
T h e p r o d u c t i o n of motor vehicles and their com
ponent parts in the United States is largely carried
on by two distinct groups of firms—the passenger
car producers and the independent automotive
parts producers.1 The five companies assembling
passenger cars in 1957 also account for the bulk of
truck assembly, and manufacture such major com
ponents as engines, bodies, and transmissions, as
well as minor parts. Excluding emploj^ment in one
establishment producing heavy-duty trucks and a
small number of establishments manufacturing
automotive parts sold extensively to other pro
ducers, these five companies employed 490,000
production and related workers in their automotive
operations in April 1957.2
The independent automotive parts producing
branch comprises hundreds of plants, many of
which specialize in the production of a particular
item for delivery to motor vehicle assemblers and
for the replacement market. In recent years, this
branch of the industry has experienced consider
able change. Body manufacturing by independent
producers has all but disappeared. Also, product
and market diversification by some parts makers is
said to have been developed to a point where auto
motive production accounts for a sharply reduced
proportion of their gross sales.3 Such a shift can
occur through purchase or the building of new
plants for the production of nonautomotive items
or by introducing or expanding nonautomotive
operations at an established automotive parts
facility. (For industrial classification purposes,
such plants would be classified in the motor vehicle
parts industry only if more than half their produc
tion is automotive parts and accessories.)
This article deals with wages and supplementary
benefits in motor vehicle parts plants. More speci
fically, the wage survey related to establishments
primarily engaged in the manufacture of metal
452918—58-----3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
parts (except personal convenience accessories) for
motor vehicles.4 In addition to independent parts
producers, the study included a small number of
motor vehicle company operated plants manu
facturing automotive parts sold extensively to
other producers. An estimated 389 establishments
and 226,000 production and related workers were
within the scope of the study.5 Comparisons are
provided with the motor vehicle industry on
characteristics of the work force, wage structure,
and supplementary benefits.
Characteristics of Parts Manufacture
p The manufacture of the great variety of motor
vehicle parts involves, in the composite, most if
not all of the processes developed in the metal
working field. Depending upon particular prod
uct or products made and degree of integration of
operations, individual plants may be engaged in
casting, forging, stamping, machining, or other
forming operations. Heat treating, plating, painting, assembling, and welding are among the num
erous fields of work represented in motor vehicle
parts production. Substantial employment is re
quired in testing and inspection, plant custody
and maintenance, material stocking and handling,
and toolroom activities. The homogeneity of oc
cupational staffing found within many other in
dustries is thus lacking within the product group
studied.
1 Relatively minor segments, employmentwise, are the independent pro
ducers of trucks and buses, and manufacturers of truck and bus bodies and
truck and automobile trailers.
2 See Wages in the Motor Vehicle Industry, 1957 (in M onthly Labor Re
view, November 1957, pp. 1321-1329).
*W . Q. PattoD, A uto Parts Makers Go After Diverse Markets (in Iron
Age, Philadelphia, Pa., M ay 16, 1957, pp. 107-109).
4
The study covered establishments, with more than 100 employees, prima
rily engaged in manufacturing (a) body parts, including stampings, trim,
window and seat mechanisms, and hardware; (b) engine parts, including
pistons, rings, carburetors, air cleaners, fuel pumps, exhaust, cooling and
lubricating systems, friction bearings, instruments, and electrical engine
parts; (c) chassis parts, including frames, wheels, steering mechanisms, shock
absorbers, lights, horns, bumpers, springs, transmissions, differentials, and
axles.
* Wage data were collected only for production workers, but data on supple
mentary benefits were obtained for both production and office workers.
161
162
Parts production, like motor vehicle production,
is largely concentrated in the North Central region.
Of the 226,000 production and related workers em
ployed by the 389 establishments in the scope of
the study, 78 percent were in the North Central
region (12 percent in Detroit) and most of the re
mainder were in the Northeast. Plants in the
South and West together accounted for less than
3 percent of total employment. Nationwide, em
ployment was nearly equally divided between
plants in cities of 100,000 or more population and
those in smaller communities. Although twothirds of the plants employed from 100 to 500
workers, the one-sixth of the plants with 1,000 or
more employees accounted for fully three-fifths of
total employment.
Women accounted for a larger proportion of the
production worker total in the parts branch (about
15 percent) than in the motor vehicle branch
(about 7 percent). Large numbers of them were
employed in routine and repetitive work in assem
bling, inspection, punch press, and drill press
operations. Among the selected jobs studied,
women were also reported in resistance welding
operations and in janitorial work.
The wages of 72 percent of the production work
ers in parts plants (as compared with over 98 per
cent in motor vehicle plants) were on a time basis.
Formalized wage systems with single rates or rate
ranges for each job applied to all except 3 percent
of the workers paid on a time basis ; individual rate
determination (primarily with reference to the
qualification of the individual workers) applied to
about a tenth of the workers outside the North
Central region. Employmentwise, formalized
wage structures were divided in a 2 to 1 ratio be
tween single-rate plans and rate-range plans.
Single-rate plans with special provision for rate
ranges for skilled maintenance or toolroom em
ployees were reported by establishments that em
ployed somewhat more than half of the workers
classified under single-rate plans.
Incentive wage systems were used to at least a
limited extent in slightly more than half of the 389
establishments. More than a fourth of the pro
duction workers were eligible for incentive pay
ments. The proportion of workers on incentivepaid jobs ranged from more than a third in the
Northeast to a fifth in Detroit. Nationwide and
within each region, straight piecework systems of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
payment outnumbered bonus plans by more than
2 to 1.
Collectively bargained agreements covered 95
percent of the production and related workers
within scope of the study.6 A sixth of the es
tablishments, widely distributed geographically
and relatively small in size, did not have union
agreements covering a majority of their workers.
A majority of the workers are represented for
collective bargaining purposes by the United
Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement
Workers of America. About a score of other
national unions, however, had one or more agree
ments, either covering a majority of the plant
workers or particular departments or occupations
such as guards, machinists, molders, pattern
makers, polishers and buffers, tool and die makers,
or truckdrivers. A majority of the workers in a
few establishments were represented by single
plant unions.
Distribution of Workers by Hourly Earnings
Straight-time average hourly earnings of pro
duction workers in motor vehicle parts manufac
ture amounted to $2.26 in July 1957 (table l).7
Averages were $2.42 in Detroit, $2.25 in the
remainder of the North Central region, and $2.23
in the Northeast.
Earnings of indiviual workers ranged from $1
an hour to more than $3.50 an hour. In sharp
contrast to the 63-percent concentration of motor
vehicle workers within a 20-cent range ($2.20
and under $2.40), earnings of workers in the parts
branch were so dispersed that the largest cluster
within any 20-cent range amounted to 30 percent
(in the $2.05 and under $2.25 bracket). A
fifth of the workers earned less than $2 an hour
and nearly a fourth earned $2.50 or more.
Detroit not only had a generally higher pay
level than other geographic groupings but in
dividual earnings were less dispersed. Again
selecting the 20-cent range with the greatest con
centration, 37 percent were at the $2.15 and under
« All such workers in an establishment were considered to be covered byagreements if the terms of one or more such agreements applied to a majority
in the establishment studied.
t The employment data developed in the survey are representative of the
April-M ay 1957 period, but the wage data were adjusted to reflect wage
changes (including cost-of-living adjustments) through July 1957.
Earnings figures exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on week
ends, holidays, and late shifts.
WAGES IN MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS MANUFACTURE
Percent distribution of production workers in
motor vehicle parts manufacture, by straight-time average
hourly earnings,1 United States and selected areas, July
1957
T a b l e 1.
N orth Cent ral
Average hourly earnings 1 United North
(in cents)
S tates2
east
Total
Detroit
Other
than
Detroit
Under 125__________ _____
125 and under 130_______
130 and under 135_________
135 and under 1 4 0 _______
140 and under 145____ ____
145 and under 150_________
150 and under 155_________
155 and under 160_________
160 and under 165________
165 and under 170________
170 and under 175_________
175 and under 180_____ _
180 and under 185_________
185 and under 190_____ __
190 and under 195________
195 and under 200.......... .......
200 and under 205____ ____
205 and under 210___ _____
210 and under 215_________
215 and under 220_________
220 and under 225_________
225 and under 230_________
230 and under 235.................
235 and under 240_________
240 and under 245_________
245 and under 250_________
250 and under 260________
260 and under 270_____ __
270 and under 280___ ____
280 and under 290_________
290 and under 300_________
300 and under 310_________
310 and under 320____ ____
320 and under 330_______
330 and under 340 ________
340 and under 350_______
350 and over................. .........
0.8
.5
.5
.5
1.3
.6
.7
.7
.9
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.6
1.8
2.7
3.0
4.3
7.3
7.6
5.9
8.8
6.4
5.1
4.4
2.9
3.2
5.0
4.2
4.4
4.2
2.6
1.5
.9
.6
Total............................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers_______ 226,145
Average hourly earnings >..
$2. 26
43, 756
$2.23
175,946
$2.28
27,773
$2.42
148,173
$2.25
.3
.2
.5
1.0
.4
1.1
.8
1.2
1.0
.8
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.9
1.9
1.7
2.1
3.2
4.7
5.0
8.0
5.3
6.3
5.6
7.0
2.7
3.1
2.9
2.7
7.3
5.4
4.8
3. 3
1.8
1.4
.9
.7
0.3
.2
.2
.3
1.1
.4
.6
.6
.8
1.8
1.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.6
2.6
4.3
7.2
8.4
5.8
9.8
6.3
5.8
4.8
2.8
3.3
4.5
3.9
4.4
4.5
2.9
1.6
1.0
.5
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
0.4
(3)
.3
(3)
.2
.2
.1
1.4
3.1
5.2
7.1
5.9
10.1
10.3
10.9
5.5
4.7
5.0
4.5
3.6
3.9
6.5
3.7
3.2
1.9
.8
.5
.2
.7
0.4
.3
.3
.4
13
.5
.7
.7
.9
2.1
1.2
1.9
1.9
1.8
3.1
2.8
4.5
7.6
8.6
5.8
9.7
5.5
4.8
4.7
2.5
3.0
4.5
4.0
4.5
4.1
2.7
1.3
.8
.5
.3
.2
.4
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. The
Northeast region includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hamp
shire, N ew Jersey, N ew York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
The North Central region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin.
3 Less than 0.05 percent but greater than 0.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
$2.35 level. In the Detroit area, less than 3
percent earned under $2 and 30 percent earned
$2.50 or more.
As indicated earlier, the survey covered the
manufacture of three broad categories of motor
vehicle parts—body parts, engine parts, and chassis
parts. Production worker employment and hourly
averages were as follows: body parts, 41,400—
$2.25; engine parts, 100,200—$2.17; and chassis
parts, 84,600—$2.37 (table 2). The earnings
relationships among the product groups varied
«Job descriptions used in classifying workers in the selected occupations
studiedareavailable uponrequest to the Bureauof Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
163
among regions. In the Northeast, for example,
the highest average was recorded in body parts
plants, but in the North Central region, the
average was highest in chassis parts plants.
Community size wage comparisons indicated a
higher average earnings level in the larger cities.
Nationwide, the hourly averages for cities of
100,000 or more population and smaller cities were
$2.32 and $2.21, respectively. Averages for the
larger and the smaller cities were $2.25 and $2.21
in the Northeast, and $2.33 and $2.23 in the
North Central region; excluding Detroit, how
ever, the differential in the latter region narrowed
to 6 cents.
Size of establishment comparisons indicated a
fairly consistent pattern. Establishments with
over 1,000 workers paid $2.35 an hour, on the
average, or 15 cents more than establishments
with 501-1,000 workers and 30 cents more than
average pay in establishments with 101-500
workers.
The influence of such variables as product, size
of community, size of establishment, and geo
graphic location on the wage structure is suggested
by the foregoing data. The comparisons do not
isolate the influence of each factor as a determi
nant of wages. Many of the larger plants, for
example, were located in large cities.
Occupational Earnings
Average hourly earnings are presented in table
3 for 57 job categories selected for study.8 About
65 percent of the production and related workers
Production worker employment and straight-time
average hourly earnings 1 in motor vehicle parts manufac
ture, by product, United States and selected areas, July
1957
T a b l e 2.
North Central
Product group 2
United North
States 3 east
Body parts:
Number of workers________ 41,355
Average hourly earnings L ._ $2.25
Engine parts:
Number of workers________ 100, 203
Average hourly earnings L__ $2.17
Chassis parts:
Number of workers________ 84,587
Average hourly earnings 1__ $2.37
Total D etroit
Other
than
D etroit
10,929
$2.46
29,071
$2.22
9, 434
$2.34
19,637
$2.16
17, 847
$2.11
78,115
$2.19
2,559
$2.29
75, 556
$2.19
14,980
$2.22
68,760
$2.41
15,780
$2.50
52,980
$2.38
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
8 For definitions, see text footnote 4.
8 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. For
definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
164
were employed in these jobs. Considering the
variety of products encompassed in the study, it
is not surprising that variation occurred in the
incidence of employment by field of work.
Whereas inspection and toolroom workers were
found in over 90 percent of the plants, assembling
and punch-press operators were reported in threefourths of the plants, machining and hand welding
T
able
3.
operations in two-thirds, and heat treating in less
than half the plants.
Occupational averages in July 1957 ranged from
$1.93 an hour for janitors, porters, and cleaners
to $3.02 for die sinkers (drop forge dies). Tool
and die makers, numerically the largest skilled
category, averaged $2.83. Except for carpenters,
who averaged $2.51, hourly averages for the
Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 for selected production occupations in motor vehicle parts manufacture,
United States and selected areas, July 1957
North Central
United S tatess
Northeast
Other than Detroit
Detroit
Total
Occupational classification
Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average
of
hourly
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
workers earnings1 workers earnings1 workers earnings1 workers earnings1 workers earnings1
Assemblers, class A -----------------------------------Assemblers, class B -------------------- —...........—
Assemblers, class C ----------------- -----------------Carpenters, maintenance........ .............................
Checkers, receiving and shipping..................—
D ie sinkers, drop forge............ .............................
Electricians, maintenance....................................
General foundry laborers......................................
Guards........................ ..............................................
Heat treaters, class A --------------------------------Heat treaters, class B -------- --------- --------------Helpers, trades, maintenance..............................
Inspectors, class A ----------------------------------- Inspectors, class B _ .---------------------------------Inspectors, class C ------------------------------------Janitors, porters, or cleaners-----------------------Laborers, material handling-----------------------Machine repairmen....................- ......... . . . . .
Machine-tool operators, production, class A ».
Automatic-lathe operators............. — ----Engine-lathe operators---------------------------------Grinding-machine operators-------------------------Müling-machine operators---------------------------Screw-machine operators, automatic--------------Turret-lathe operators, including hand screw
machine_________________________________
Machine-tool operators, production, class B 8..........
Automatic-lathe operators................. ...........7—- Engine-lathe operators----------------------- --------- Grinding-machine operators..........- ....................Milling-machine operators....... ..............................
Screw-machine operators, automatic--------------Turret-lathe operators, including hand screw
machine----------- -------------------------------------Machine-tool operators, production, class C 3.......... .
Automatic-lathe operators................... ........----Engine-lathe operators--------------------------------Grinding-machine operators.................................
Milling-machine operators.....................................
Screw-machine operators, automatic-------------Turret-lathe operators, including hand screw
machine............. .............. ......................................
Machine-tool operators, toolroom................................
M etal finishers________________________________
M illw rig h ts.....................................................................
Molders, machine_____________________ _____
Patternmakers, m etal------------------------- ------ -----Pipefitters, maintenance............................- ..................
Polishing-and-buffing machine operators..................
Punch-press operators, light or m edium -------------Punch-press operators, heavy (double crank or
toggle) _______________ ____ __ ___ ___ _
Sheet-metal workers, maintenance (tinsmiths)
Tool and die makers...........- ..................................
Truck drivers............- ...............................................
Truckers, power.......................................................
Welders, hand........................... ...............................
Welders, machine (resistance)..............................
$2.54
2.23
2.07
2.51
2.09
3 02
2.66
1.98
2.00
2.40
2.26
1.93
2.42
2.24
2.09
1.93
1.98
2.63
2.67
2.72
2.67
2.51
2.69
2.61
2.61
79
3,384
4,501
75
410
$2.24
2.31
2.08
2.48
2.00
413
122
192
59
152
70
242
488
1,747
609
1,245
490
379
29
73
24
49
33
65
2.63
2.12
1.94
2.23
2.19
1.90
2.44
2.10
2.00
1.86
1.95
2.48
2.40
2.27
2.28
2.31
2.28
2.29
2.66
210
9,806
1,608
905
675
1,985
583
1,002
2.45
2.45
2.48
2.31
2.31
2.47
2. 37
2.53
38
1,611
72
200
167
239
79
242
2.38
2.31
2.13
2.21
2.25
2.38
2.16
2.31
149
8,132
1,536
684
506
I,
504
755
2.48
2. 49
2.49
2.36
2.33
2.49
731
2.40
2.60
666
11, 926
544
3,496
766
1,336
671
741
2.49
2.21
2.29
2.19
2.24
2.25
2.18
2.49
46
1,050
50
266
14
29
68
114
2.43
2.08
1.63
2.02
2.20
2.24
1.96
2.28
606
10,491
456
3,183
752
1,258
603
627
2. 52
2.25
2.40
KOI
3,149
494
1,777
514
45
981
3,858
14,208
2 25
2.67
2 30
2.60
2. 55
2.95
2.64
2.46
2.13
690
2.47
361
29
2.58
2.67
230
363
1,989
2.62
2. 29
2.14
491
2, 416
491
1,413
485
40
740
3,203
II,
2.26
2.75
2.30
2.61
2.54
3.01
2.64
2.47
2.15
782
2,857
367
6,100
892
3,295
3, 896
3,170
2.48
2.64
2. 83
2.14
2.11
2.53
2.20
707
105
1,429
123
559
522
444
2. 66
2.66
2.67
2.08
2.08
2.49
2.19
2,111
2.42
2.64
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
,
,
. .
__
1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. I or
definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
318
13, 855
14,579
249
1.072
61
1,486
478
871
374
1,227
165
862
3,123
8.080
3, 743
5, 782
2,316
3,042
576
74
85
867
71
452
17,750
19, 817
334
1,516
182
1,936
604
1, 075
439
1,398
253
1,116
3, 713
9, 999
4, 431
7,165
2,868
3,493
607
148
114
944
106
291
222
262
4, 554
732
2, 677
3,337
2 , 688
2.22
2.24
2.27
2.20
2,034
46
196
$2.28
2.69
2.24
290
66
212
2.81
2.18
2.21
2.17
2.12
2.54
2.21
$2.75
2.23
2.06
2. 50
2.12
3. 27
2.64
1.91
1.95
2.43
2.27
2.00
2.40
2.24
2.10
1.93
1.95
2.61
2.70
2. 74
3.03
2.56
2.72
2.78
2.61
123
6,842
1,009
653
474
1,455
398
676
2.42
2. 50
2.53
2.37
2.33
2.50
2. 43
2.62
453
9, 777
440
2,594
746
1,236
552
627
2.55
2.25
2.40
2.22
2.24
2.27
2.19
2.53
2.26
2.68
2.08
2.58
2.58
2.97
2.61
2.46
2.11
2.40
2.62
2.84
2.12
2.09
2.43
2.19
120
2.32
53
551
960
665
1,012
531
287
2.73
2.38
2.22
2.06
2.14
2. 82
2. 74
37
2.63
1,290
2.40
276
106
79
2.41
2.29
2.49
153
714
2. 41
2.25
589
2.23
22
51
2.34
2.33
599
2.95
217
130
17
144
671
3,033
2. 76
2.42
3.06
2. 78
2.50
2.25
467
1,817
191
1,196
355
23
596
2, 532
8,749
710
26
856
221
635
1,056
801
2.44
2. 78
3.06
2.28
2.21
2. 77
2.25
1,401
236
3, 698
511
2,042
2,281
1,887
2.53
2.88
318
13,773
12, 545
203
876
32
1,196
412
659
367
1,107
161
809
2, 572
7,120
3,078
4, 770
1,785
2, 755
526
70
78
817
62
185
shown separately.
N o t e : Dashes Indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica
tion criteria.
165
WAGES IN MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS MANUFACTURE
Straight-time average hourly earnings 1for selected
occupations in motor vehicle parts manufacture, by method
of wage payment, United States and selected areas, July
1957
T a b l e 4.
United States 2
Occupation
Assemblers, class B:
T im e _______________
Incentive_____ ____
Assemblers, class C:
T im e________________
Incentive_____ ____ —
Inspectors, class C:
T i m e , . _______ ____ Incentive___________
Machine-tool operators,
class B:
T im e. _____________
Incentive______ _____
Machine-tool operators,
class C:
T im e_________ ______
Incentive____________
Punch-press
operators,
light or medium:
Tim e________ _______
Incentive____________
Northeast
North Central
N um Average N um Average N um Average
ber of hourly ber of hourly ber of hourly
work earn work earn work earn
ers
ings 1 ers
ings 1
ings i
ers
$2.06 11,286
2.68 2,569
$2.13
2. 68
13, 721
4,029
$2.10
2. 67
2,062
1, 322
7,115
12, 702
1.81
2.21
314
4,187
1.40
2.13
6, 279
8,300
1.86
2.26
8,851
1,148
2.07
2. 20
1,694
53
1.99
2.09
•6,985
1,095
2.10
2.21
4,929
4,877
2. 38
2.52
138
1,473
2.00
2.34
4,728
3,404
2.40
2.61
7,216
4, 710
2.11
2.36
537
513
2.07
2.10
6,294
4,197
2.15
2.39
8,424
5,784
2.04
2. 26
1,134
855
2.07
2.22
6,926
4,856
2.07
2.27
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. For
definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
skilled maintenance trades represented in the
survey were bracketed at $2.6Q-$2.66.
A sixth of the estimated 226,000 workers were
employed as assemblers and more than a tenth
were machine-tool operators engaged in production
work. Among subgroupings of assemblers accord
ing to level of duties and responsibilities, averages
ranged from $2.07 for class C (more than half of
all assemblers) to $2.54 for a relatively small
group of class A assemblers. Similarly, machinetool operator averages ranged from $2.21 for
class C workers to $2.67 for class A.
Occupational averages in the North Central
region generally exceeded those in the Northeast.
Among numerically important jobs, North Central
averages were from 17 to 31 cents higher in the
machine tool categories and 21 cents higher for
tool and die makers. The smallest differences
(from 1 to 4 cents) were found for class C as
semblers, laborers, punch-press operators on lighter
work, and machine welders. Within the North
Central region, averages for Detroit exceeded
those for the remainder of the region with the
major exception of the machine-tool operators.
Incentive workers generally had higher average
hourly earnings than time-rated workers in the
same job. Job averages for time and incentive
workers combined were thus directly influenced
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
by the proportion of workers paid on an incentive
basis. The six j ob classifications for which employ
ment and average earnings are shown in table 4
accounted for slightly more than half of all in
centive workers. Although incentive workers’
averages were higher than time-rated workers’
averages in all of these jobs, differentials were
substantially larger in assembling work than in
the other categories.
Nearly all establishments studied had specified
minimum entrance rates for inexperienced workers
in unskilled occupations (other than watchmen).
An eighth of the establishments reported entrance
rates of less than $1.25 and about half started
inexperienced workers in unskilled occupations at
rates of less than $1.70 an hour. Entrance
rates varied widely within the Northeast and
North Central regions; in Detroit, however, 30 of
32 plants had entrance rates of $1.70 or more.
Established minimum rates for experienced workers
in unskilled occupations were generally 5 to 10
cents higher than the entrance rates.
Supplementary Wage Practices
Data were also obtained in the survey on certain
supplementary benefits for both production and
office workers that add to earnings, leisure, or the
security of workers.
S hift D ifferentials. Nearly all establishments had
provisions for paying a differential over first-shift
rates to workers when employed on extra shifts.
Nationwide, the most common differentials for
the second shift were: 5 percent, 7 or 7% cents, 10
percent, and 10 cents. More common third-shift
premiums in order of incidence (as measured by
employment) were 10 percent, 10 cents, and 12
or 12% cents. Provisions for uniform cents-perhour differentials were somewhat more common
but also more varied than percentage additions to
first-shift rates.
During the spring of 1957, a fourth of the pro
duction workers were employed on late shifts,
with more than four-fifths of the shift workers
reported on the second shift.
All workers were eligible for
vacations after 1 year of service, and establish
ments employing over a fourth of the workers
granted vacations to plant workers after 6 months’
P a id Vacations.
166
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
would be eligible for 3 weeks’ or more vacation,
and after 25 years of service, 1 out of 10 plant and
office workers would be eligible for 4 weeks’
or more vacation.
employment. Most office workers (84 percent)
were eligible for vacations after 6 months.
Office workers generally received longer vaca
tions (2 weeks as compared to 1 week) for periods
of service up to 5 years, but after 5 years of
service, plant workers had vacation provisions
either equal to or exceeding those for office workers.
After 10 years of service, 78 percent of plant
workers would be eligible for over 2 weeks’
vacation, as compared to 69 percent of office
workers. After 15 years of service, 81 percent of
plant workers and 87 percent of office workers
T a b l e 5.
P a id H olidays. Two-thirds of both plant and
office workers were provided 6 full holidays plus
1 or 2 additional half-day holidays (table 5). A
fourth of the workers received 7 or more full
holidays. When 2 half holidays were counted as
the equivalent of a full holiday, nine-tenths were
eligible for the equivalent of 7 or more holidays.
Percent of workers employed in motor vehicle parts establishments having provisions for selected supplementary
wage benefits, United States and selected areas, July 1957
North Central
North Central
Item
United
States 1
North
east
Total
Detroit
Other
than
Detroit
United
S tates1
North
east
100
Detroit
Other
than
Detroit
Office workers
Production workers
A ll w o r k e rs...________ __________________ ______
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
2
89
8
1
74
25
1
69
27
4
75
25
19
1
80
25
2
73
92
8
95
5
100
100
100
Paid vacations
1 year of service:
Under 1 week______________ ____ . ... ..............
1 week_____________________________________
Over 1 and under 2 weeks_______ ______ ____
2 weeks______ . . . . . . ______ _
Over 2 and under 3 w eek s.. _________________
5 years of service:
i week__ . . . . . . . . . ________
Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ..___ . . . _________
2 weeks______ . . . __________
__________
Over 2 and under 3 w eek s..
. . . ________
3 weeks____ ______________ _
15 years of service:
1 w eek........................................
2 weeks____________________ ______________
Over 2 and under 3 weeks___________________
3 weeks____ _ . . . _______ ____ ____
Over 3 and under 4 weeks___________________
4 weeks___ ________ ______ _________________
25 years of service:
1 week_______ ____________ . .
2 weeks_________ _________________ ______
Over 2 and under 3 w eek s.. . _ . . . . .
3 weeks___ ________________________________
Over 3 and under 4 weeks__________ ________
4 weeks___________ __________
Over 4 weeks_______________ _____ ____ _
(2)
77
22
1
0
0
(2)
1
77
22
0
0
90
10
0
0
7
12
76
5
8
15
76
0
0
0
1
74
25
75
25
5
10
78
7
1
1
16
79
4
7
11
66
7
9
8
15
62
0
14
0
1
74
25
5
95
90
10
94
4
2
19
0
81
6
9
77
7
5
9
68
9
7
0
12
10
77
9
3
87
0
7
1
92
12
10
68
10
10
i
8
2
65
23
1
1
9
2
64
20
4
1
1
99
95
99
91
60
2
98
98
77
20
0
89
10
0
6
1
92
11
89
1
9
3
77
6
8
66
10
9
i
0
0
0
0
1
1
16
79
4
0
0
0
0
0
17
83
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
11
82
89
6
0
0
10
1
81
11
1
Paid holidays
Less than 6 full holidays_______ ________________
6 full holidays_____ .’ _______ _________________
6 full holidays plus 1 half day__________________
6 full holidays plus 2 half days___________________
7 full h o lid a y s______________ _______ .
More than 7 full holidays___ ____ __________ ____
i
6
2
64
23
3
i
i
54
32
12
99
95
100
97
i
7
2
68
20
1
1
3
88
8
11
2
67
19
1
62
21
15
3
12
3
64
20
1
84
12
Health, insurance, and pension plans *
Life insurance_____________ ______ _ . . .
Sickness and accident insurance_________ _ .
Sick leave (full pay and no waiting period)_______
Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period)______ .
Hospitalization insurance_____________________
Surgical insurance________ ______________ _
Medical insurance________________ _____
Catastrophe (major medical) insurance___________
Supplemental unemployment benefits_______ ____
Retirement pension_________________________ .
0
0
99
99
74
3
60
85
1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
* Less than 0.5 percent but greater than 0.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
95
96
63
11
71
93
For
99
96
100
99
99
99
78
2
60
85
100
100
90
0
68
82
1
99
99
75
2
58
86
0
88
100
92
56
99
91
61
3
99
99
79
18
95
96
73
27
0
96
0
87
99
96
58
99
90
62
3
99
99
78
19
99
99
88
9
0
3 Limited to plans wholly or in part paid for b y employers.
4 Data not collected.
79
0
88
167
UNION SCALES IN CITY TRUCKING
Plants located in the Northeast generally had the
most liberal holiday provisions.
Nearly
all plant and office workers in the industry were
eligible for life insurance at least partially paid
for by their employer. A vast majority were also
covered by some type of sickness insurance and
were protected by hospitalization and surgical
insurance. Three-fourths of the workers also
were eligible for medical insurance.
Insurance benefits were as prevalent for plant
workers as for office workers except for catas
trophe (major medical) insurance which was pro
vided for only a few plant workers but covered a
fifth of office workers. Sick leave at full pay and
without a waiting period was provided for 60
percent of office workers but virtually none of the
plant workers. Retirement plans, supplementing
social security benefits, were reported in establish
ments employing 85 percent of the plant workers
and 88 percent of the office workers.
Supplemental unemployment benefit plans,
which originated in the motor vehicle assembling
branch, have spread to parts manufacture.
Sixty percent of the production workers were in
establishments having such plans. Most of the
plans were of the type found in the motor vehicle
plants, i. e., companywide pooled funds which
supplemented unemployment insurance payments
to provide up to 65 percent of a worker’s regular
take-home pay for limited periods of unemploy
ment. Such plans were most common in the
Detroit and Northeast areas (about 70 percent)
but were also prevalent in other areas.
Comparison of supplementary wage practices
in motor vehicle parts manufacture and the motor
vehicle plants indicates a high degree of similarity.
Some of the benefits that were provided for
workers in motor vehicle manufacture were not
universally provided in the parts branch and
greater variation in specific provisions was charac
teristic of this industry segment. The most com
mon individual practices relating to shift pre
miums, number of paid holidays, and amount of
vacation pay were, however, virtually the same
in both segments of this broad and important
industry.
—Toivo P. K a n n in e n a n d J a m e s F. W a l k e r
Union Wage Scales in
Local City Trucking
Health, Insurance, and P ension P lan s.
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e u p w a r d t r e n d in the wage scales 1 of organ
ized local motortruck drivers and helpers in cities
of 100,000 or more population continued during
the 12 months ending July 1, 1957. The average
rate for drivers and helpers engaged in local city
trucking advanced to $2.29 an hour.2 This ad
vance represented an increase of 12 cents or 5.4
percent for the year.
Higher pay scales were reported for 91 percent
of the workers included in the 22d annual survey
of union wage scales in local trucking by the U. S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Increases typically ranged from 7% to 17% cents
an hour; 1 of every 8 workers had scale advances of
17% cents or more.
The wage adjustments resulted in raising the
average hourly scale to $2.32 for drivers and to
$2.05 for helpers. On July 1, 1957, approximately
half of the drivers had scales of $2.10 to $2.45; a
similar proportion of helpers had rates of $1.90 to
$2.15.
1 Union scales are defined as the minimum wage scales or maximum sched
ules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade unions
and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be
paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
The information presented in this report was based on union scales in
effect on July 1, 1957, in 52 cities with populations of 100,000 or more, and
covered approximately 2(35,000 drivers and 37,000 helpers. Over-the-road
drivers and local city drivers paid on a mileage or commission basis were
excluded from the study. Data were obtained from local union officials pri
marily by mail questionnaire; in some cities, data were obtained from regional
or local officials of the union by representatives of the U. S. Department of
Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Forthcoming BLS Bull. 1230 contains detailed summary information.
Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for each city included in
the survey.
The current survey was designed to reflect union wage scales of local motor
truck drivers and helpers in all cities of 100,000 or more population. All
cities with 500,000 or more population were included, as were most cities in
the population group of 250,000 to 500,000. The cities in the 100,000 to 250,000
group selected for study were distributed widely throughout the United
States. The data from some of the cities in the two smaller size groups were
weighted in order to compensate for cities which were not surveyed. In order
to provide appropriate representation in the combination of data, each
geographic region and population group was considered separately when city
weights were assigned.
2 The averages computed on the basis of hourly scales are designed to show
current rate levels in effect on July 1, 1957. Individual scales are weighted
by the number of union members having each rate. These averages are not
designed for precise year-to-year comparisons (e. g., see Union Scales in Local
City Trucking, July 1, 1956, in M onthly Labor Review, February 1957, pp.
191-193) because of fluctuations in membership and in classifications studied.
Average cents-per-hour and percent changes from July 1,1956, to July 1, 1957,
are based on comparable quotations for the various occupational classifica
tions in both periods, weighted by the membership reported for the current
survey. The index series, designed for trend purposes, is similarly
constructed.
168
Straight-time weekly work schedules averaged
40.5 hours on July 1, 1957, for both drivers and
helpers and thus maintained the trend toward a
shorter workweek for these categories of employ
ees. The most common schedule, 40 hours,
applied to about 7 of every 8 drivers and helpers.
Pension plan provisions were incorporated in
labor-management contracts covering 60 percent
of the workers surveyed, and health and insurance
programs were applicable to slightly more than
85 percent.
Scale Changes and Trend
Wage scale adjustments for local trucking work
ers reported in this study were achieved primarily
through negotiations on contract expirations or
reopenings. In recent years, there has been a
tendency to negotiate labor-management contracts
of more than a year’s duration. Of the contracts
in effect July 1, 1957, many were for 2 or 3 years,
some for longer periods. Multiyear contracts
usually provide for wage reopenings or for interim
deferred increases. Only those scale changes
which actually became effective between July 1,
1956, and July 1, 1957, were included in the
survey. Thus, the scale changes presented in this
report do not reflect the total wage adjustments
negotiated in individual contracts during the
survey year.
The Bureau’s index of union wage scales for
motortruck drivers and helpers as of July 1, 1957,
was 63.9 percent above the level for the years
1947-49 (table 1). For the 12-month period end
ing July 1, 1957, the rise amounted to 5.4 percent,
as compared with a 4.9-percent gain recorded in
the previous year and a 5.7-percent advance regis
tered in the 12 months ending July 1, 1955.
Average rates for drivers increased 5.3 percent
and those for helpers, 5.8 percent during the year
ending July 1, 1957. The advance, in terms of
cents-per-hour, amounted to 12 cents for drivers
and 11 cents for helpers.
Bate revisions were extensive during the 12month period for both drivers and helpers. Ap
proximately nine-tenths of the workers in each of
these classifications had their scale adjusted up
ward between July 1, 1956, and July 1, 1957.
Scale advances varied from 5 to 10 cents an hour
for a fifth of the truckdrivers and of the helpers;
from 10 to 15 cents for a third; and from 15 to 20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly
hours for motortruck drivers and helpers, 1936-57
T a b l e 1.
[Average 1947-49=100]
Date
1936:
1937:
1938:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:
M a y 15_________
M a y 15_________
J u n e 1_____________
J u n e 1___________ _
J u n e 1______________
J u n e 1______________
J u l y 1______________
J u l y 1______________
J u l y 1______________
J u l y 1______________
J u l y 1______________
J u l y 1_____________
J u l y 1 ______________
J u l y 1 ______________
J u l y 1 _______
____
J u l y 1 _______ _ __
J u l y 1 ______________
J u l y 1 ______________
J u l y 1 . . . __________
J u l y 1 ______________
J u l y 1 ______________
J u l y 1 ______________
Drivers and
helpers
Drivers
Wage
rates
Hours
Wage
rates
50.6
53.9
55.9
57.1
58.3
60.6
64.9
68.4
70.0
71.5
79.6
91.9
109.0
108.1
108.1
107.1
106.1
105.5
105.8
105.6
105.5
105.3
103.1
100.7
(0
54.3
56.3
57.5
58.7
60.9
65.0
68.5
70.1
71.6
79.6
91.9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 1 1 .9
1 1 8 .2
1 2 4 .7
134. 5
1 4 0 .2
1 4 8 .2
1 5 5 .5
1 6 3 .9
9 9 .8
9 9 .5
9 8 .8
9 8 .7
9 8 .3
9 6 .4
9 5 .6
9 5 .1
9 4 .3
9 3 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 1 1 .7
1 1 7 .9
1 2 4 .1
1 3 3 .8
1 3 9 .3
1 4 7 .2
154. 4
1 6 2 .6
Hours
(>)
108.4
108.4
107.5
106. 6
105.9
106.0
105.8
105.7
105.4
103.3
100.6
9 9 .9
9 9 .5
9 8 .9
9 8 .8
9 8 .4
9 6 .5
9 5 .8
9 5 .3
9 4 .5
9 4 .2
Helpers
Wage
rates
(')
51.3
53.1
54.5
55.6
58.3
63.4
67.0
69.1
70.7
79.3
90.9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 1 3 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 2 7 .7
1 3 7 .9
1 4 5 .0
1 5 3 .4
1 6 1 .8
1 7 1 .2
Hours
( ')
106.8
106.8
105.5
104.2
103.5
105.5
105.3
105.3
105.2
102.9
101.1
9 9 .7
9 9 .2
9 8 .5
9 8 .2
9 7 .7
9 5 .6
9 4 .2
9 3 .6
9 2 .8
9 2 .4
1 Information not computed separately.
cents for a fourth. Slightly less than a tenth of
the workers had their scale advanced 20 cents or
more. Percentagewise, the increase represented
a gain of 4 to 6 percent for a fourth of the drivers
and a similar proportion of helpers; of 6 to 8 per
cent for a third and a fourth of the drivers and
helpers, respectively; and of 8 to 9 percent for a
fifth of the helpers and for a twelfth of the drivers.
Rates were raised 9 percent or more for a ninth of
the drivers and helpers.
Average scale advances for drivers engaged in
local city trucking ranged from 7 to 13 cents in all
regions except the Southeast and Southwest where
they were 18 and 17 cents, respectively. The rate
of gain ttms 9.5 percent in each of the two southern
regions, and from 3.7 to 6.5 percent in the other
regions. Among drivers’ helpers, the greatest
advance was in the Southwest region where aver
age hourly scales increased 17 cents, or 9.8 percent;
in other regions, the increase ranged from 7% to
13 cents. Percentagewise, the gain varied from
3.4 to 7.1 percent except in the Southeast, where
it was 9.3 percent.
Pay scales were adjusted upward for some truckdrivers in each of the 52 cities included in the
study. Among individual cities, the increase in
average hourly rates for motortruck drivers
varied from 7 cents in Denver and San FranciscoOakland to 24 cents in Birmingham, and ranged
from 11 to 16 cents in 3 of every 5 cities. Bir-
UNION SCALES IN CITY TRUCKING
mingham and Atlanta were the only cities in which
the rise in average scales exceeded 20 cents.
Part of the advance in each of these and other
cities resulted from provisions of contracts ne
gotiated on a broad regional basis. These con
tracts, which cover a period of several years,
provide for rate increases and reductions in weekly
hours at stated intervals until the previously
determined uniform rates and workweeks are
attained. For helpers, hourly rates increased in
all but 1 of the 49 cities for which information for
truckers’ helpers was reported. These advances
varied from 8 to 12 cents in 23 cities and from 12
to 16 cents in 12 others.
Hourly rates in effect on July 1, 1957, for
drivers engaged in local motortrucking ranged
from $1.06 to $3.61 and averaged $2.32 an hour
for all drivers combined. A fifth of all motor
truck operators had hourly scales of $2 to $2.20;
a third, $2.20 to $2.40; and a fourth, $2.40 to
$2.60. Scales of $2.60 to $2.80 an hour prevailed
for a twelfth of the drivers; the same proportion
had rates of less than $2 an hour. Helpers’ rates
averaged $2.05 an hour and ranged from $1.03
to $2.82. Negotiated scales of $2 to $2.20 were
stipulated for two-fifths of the helpers on trucks,
of $1.80 to $2 for a fifth, and of $2.20 to $2.40 for
another fifth. Kates of less than $1.80 an hour
were applicable to a tenth of the helpers.
City and Regional Scale Levels
Although broad regional agreements were ne
gotiated for some types of local trucking, negotia
tions for most of the labor-management con
tracts were conducted on a locality basis. Wage
scales in this study, therefore, varied widely among
the individual cities. In addition to differences
occasioned by geographic locations, wage scales
were affected by size and type of truck and the
kind of commodities hauled within individual
cities. Because of varying classifications and
terminology used in individual cities, it is impos
sible to present separate averages by type of
commodity, industry, or type and size of truck.
Hence, the city and regional averages shown in
this report relate to all drivers and/or all helpers,
combined. They are designed to show current
levels of rates and do not measure differences in
union scales among areas. The city and regional
averages are influenced not only by the differences
452918-58-
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
169
in rates among cities and regions, but also by
differences in the proportion of organized workers
in the various groupings. These differences are
reflected in the weighting of individual rates by
the number of union members at the rate. Thus,
even though rates for various trucking categories
in two areas may be identical, the average for all
categories combined in each of the areas may differ.
Average hourly scales for motortruck drivers
varied among the individual cites surveyed from
$1.77 in New Orleans to $2.52 in San FranciscoOakland. Kates averaged $2.40 or more in 11
cities; between $2.20 and $2.40 in 16; and be
tween $2 and $2.20 in 19. Scales for helpers
averaged highest ($2.33) in San FranciscoOakland and Spokane, and lowest ($1.13) in
Birmingham. Helpers’ averages were $2.20 or
more in 10 cities, and ranged from $2 to $2.20 in
17 and from $1.80 to $2 in 11 of the cities studied;
of the 11 cities showing averages of less than $1.80
an hour, only 3 had levels below $1.50.
When the individual cities were grouped ac
cording to population, the group averages showed
comparatively little variation. Drivers in the 5
cities comprising the largest size population group
(1,000,000 or over) averaged highest ($2.40),
and those in the smallest size group (100,000 to
250,000) had the lowest average ($2.17). In
the two intermediate groups (250,000 to 500,000
and 500,000 to 1,000,000), the averages were
$2.30 and $2.33, respectively.
Average union hourly wage rates of motortruck
drivers and helpers, by r e g io n J u ly 1, 1957
T a b l e 2.
Drivers
and helpers
United States____________ _____
N ew England_______ _ _ _ _ _ _
M iddle Atlantic___________________
Border States______________ _______
S ou th east_____________________ _ _
Great Lakes_______ _________
Middle W est______________________
Southwest___________ ______ _______
M ountain____________________ ____
Pacific___________________________
Drivers
Helpers
$2.29
$2.32
$2.05
2.13
2.31
2.08
2.05
2.38
2.25
1.98
2.05
2.42
2.17
2.36
2.12
2.06
2.40
2.27
1.99
2.09
2.43
1.98
2.05
1.91
1.45
2.17
2.12
1.90
1. 72
2.25
i The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, M ississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisi
ana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
N ew Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific—California, N evada, Oregon, and
Washington.
170
Average scales for helpers showed practically
no variation by population groups. Scales for
cities of 1,000,000 or more and for those of 500,000
to 1,000,000 population averaged the same—$2.07
an hour—2 cents more than in the 250,000 to
500,000 population group, and 7 cents more than
the average for the smallest sized city group
studied. Scale levels for both drivers and helpers
overlapped among cities in the different size
population groups. To illustrate the overlapping
of scales among cities in the different size group
ings, the average scale for truckdrivers in Peoria,
111. ($2.44), highest in the smallest city size group,
was exceeded by only 4 of the 33 cities in the 3
larger size groups.
Hourly scales for local city truckdrivers on a
regional basis averaged highest ($2.43) in the
Pacific region and lowest ($1.99) in the South
west. The Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes
regions also had scales averaging in excess of the
$2.32 national level. Among helpers, average
scales varied from $1.45 in the Southeast to
$2.25 on the Pacific Coast. Five of the geographic
regions had levels of $1.90 to $2.12, inclusive
(table 2); the average hourly rate was $2.05
nationally.
Standard Workweek
Straight-time weekly hours for all local truckdrivers and helpers studied in cities of 100,000 or
more population averaged 40.5 on July 1, 1957,
as compared with 40.6 on July 1, 1956; 40.9
on July 1, 1955; 41.1 on July 1, 1954; and 48.1
on May 15, 1936. The Bureau’s index of straighttime workweeks for drivers and helpers has shown
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
a steady decline since May 1936, except during
World War II.
On July 1, 1957, 86 percent of the local truck
ing workers were covered by labor-management
contracts which provided for a 40-hour workweek.
Workweeks of 48 or more hours prevailed for
about 1 of every 35 workers. In 1936, however,
weekly work schedules of 40 hours were appli
cable to 1 of every 10 workers and of 48 hours or
more to 8 of every 10.
Insurance and Pension Plans
The coverage of negotiated health, insurance,
and pension programs for local motortruck
drivers and helpers continued to increase. Be
tween July 1, 1956, and July 1, 1957, the propor
tion of workers covered by health and insurance
plans increased by about 2 percent. Pension-plan
coverage rose slightly more than 25 percent.3
On July 1, 1957, provisions for health and insur
ance plans were incorporated in labor-manage
ment agreements affecting about seven-eighths of
the truckdrivers and helpers; pension plan provi
sions were applicable to three-fifths of the work
ers. Plans wholly financed by employers pre
vailed for approximately 95 percent of the workers
covered by each type of program.
— J ohn
F.
L a c is k e y a n d A l o y s iu s
R.
P feffer
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
* The prevalence of negotiated health, insurance, and pension programs for
local motortruck drivers and helpers was first studied by the Bureau in July
1951. Information for these plans was restricted to those financed entirely or
in part by the employer. Plans financed by workers through union dues or
assessments were excluded from the study. N o attempt was made to secure
information on the kind and extent of benefits provided or on the cost of plans
providing such benefits.
UNION SCALES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1957
Union Wage Scales in
Building Trades, 1957
sc a l e s continued upward between July 1,
1956, and July 1, 1957, to a new high for union
building-trades workers in cities with populations
of 100,000 or more. Construction activity during
this period was maintained at relatively high
levels. Union hourly rates advanced an average
of 16 cents, or 5.2 percent, according to the 51st
annual survey of union scales in the building trades
by the U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of
Labor Statistics.1 Most of the 33 trades surveyed
showed advances of 14 to 18 cents during the 12
months ending July 1, 1957.
Increased scales resulting from labor-manage
ment negotiations affected 96 percent of the union
workers in the building trades included in the
study. The advances typically varied from 10 to
20 cents an hour; for 1 of every 7 workers, how
ever, scales advanced 25 cents or more.
As a result of these extensive rate revisions,
union hourly scales on July 1, 1957, averaged
$3.20 for all building-trades workers studied,
$3.39 for journeymen, and $2.45 for helpers and
laborers.2 Negotiated rates of $3.10 to $3.60 an
hour were in effect for 56 of every 100 journeymen,
and of $2.20 to $2.70 for a like proportion of help
ers and laborers.
Straight-time weekly work schedules for all
building-trades workers averaged 39.4 hours,
unchanged from the previous year. The most
common schedule, 40 hours, applied to seveneighths of the workers.
Health and insurance program provisions were
contained in labor-management contracts appli
cable to two-thirds of the surveyed workers.
Pension plans developed through collective bar
gaining were reported for about three-tenths of the
building-trades workers.
W age
Trend and Scale Changes, 1956-57
The 5.2-percent rise in union wage rates for
building-trades workers in the 12 months ending
July 1, 1957, advanced the Bureau’s index of
union hourly rates to 155.3 percent of its 1947-49
level.3 (See table 1.) The rate of advance dur
ing the year exceeded the gain registered in each of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
171
the 3 preceding 12-month periods and equaled the
rate of increase for the year ending July 1, 1953.
Reflected in the year’s increase were advances of
5.0 percent for journeymen and 5.9 percent for
helpers and laborers.
Scale changes in the building industry result
primarily from negotiations between labor and
management representatives. Many of the con
tracts currently in effect were negotiated for 2
years; a few were for longer periods. The multiyear
contracts frequently provide for increases at
stated intervals. Although provisions of indi
vidual contracts may become effective at various
times throughout the year, many contracts are
negotiated in the spring and early summer months.
Only those scale changes that actually became
effective during the 12 months ending July 1,
1957, were included in the current survey. Thus,
the scale changes presented in this report do not
reflect the total wage advances negotiated in
individual contracts during the survey year.
Between July 1, 1956, and July 1, 1957, union
building-trades workers in cities of 100,000 or
more population advanced their wage scales an
average of 16 cents an hour, to record their greatest
yearly gain, in terms of cents-per-hour, since
1 Union scales are defined as the minimum wage scales (excluding holiday
and vacation payments made directly to the worker each pay period) or maxi
mum schedules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between
trade unions and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum,
which may be paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
The information presented in this report was based on union scales in
effect on July 1, 1957, and covered approximately 665,000 journeymen and
165.000 helpers and laborers in 52 cities with populations of 100,000 or more.
Data were obtained primarily from local union officials by mail questionnaire;
in some instances, Bureau representatives visited local union officials to
obtain the desired information.
Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for each city included
in the survey. BLS Bull. 1227 (forthcoming, 1958) contains detailed sum
mary information.
The current survey was designed to reflect union wage scales in the build
ing construction industry in all cities of 100,000 or more population. All
cities with 500,000 or more population were included, as were most cities in the
population group of 250,000 to 500,000. The cities in the 100,000 to 250,000
group selected for study were distributed widely throughout the United
States. The data for some of the cities included in the study in the two
smaller size groups were weighted to compensate for the other cities which
were not surveyed. In order to provide appropriate representation in the
combination of data, each geographic region and population group was con
sidered separately when city weights were assigned.
2 The averages computed on the basis of hourly scales are designed to
show current rate levels in effect on July 1, 1957. Individual scales are
weighted by the number of union members having each rate. These averages
are not designed for precise year-to-year comparisons because of fluctuations
in membership and in job classifications studied. Average cents-per-hour
and percent changes from July 1, 1956, to July 1, 1957, are based on com
parable quotations for the various occupational classifications in both pe
riods weighted by the membership reported for the current survey. The
index series, designed for trend purposes, is similarly constructed.
3 For data as of July 1,1956, see Union Wage Scales in the Building Trades,
1956 (in M onthly Labor Review, February 1957, pp. 186-190).
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
172
1 , Indexes of union scales of hourly ivages and
weekly hours in the building trades, selected years,
1907-57
T able
[Average 1947-49=100]
Minimum hourly wage
rates
Date
1907:
1913:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1926:
1931:
1933:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
M ay 15_________
June 1__________
June 1__________
June l ___ _
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1--___ _
July l--_ - _____
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
All
trades
Jour
ney
men
18.2
22.5
28.2
32.3
43.6
44.4
41.7
55.0
60.6
50.3
62.3
63.3
65.6
72.2
80.5
92.1
101.8
106.1
110.7
117.8
125.1
131.6
136.4
141.2
147.7
155.3
19.0
23.5
29.3
33.4
44.7
45.6
42.9
56.6
62.4
51.9
63.8
64.7
67.0
73.0
80.9
92.3
101.7
106.0
110.5
117.4
124.6
130.7
135.4
140.0
146.2
153.6
Maximum weekly
hours
Helpers All
and la trades
borers
14.5
16.9
22.7
26.2
38.1
38.4
35.0
45.2
49.4
40.3
53.2
54.3
56.9
67.0
77.9
91.1
102.6
106.4
112.2
119.9
127.7
136.5
142.4
148.5
157. 4
166.6
124.1
118.0
116.1
115.5
115.0
114.9
114.9
114.8
108.4
106.1
99.9
99.8
100.2
101.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
Jour Helpers
ney and la
men
borers
122.6
116.8
115.0
114.6
114.1
114.0
114.1
114.0
107.4
105.1
99.0
99.0
99.5
101.2
100.1
99.9
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
129.6
121.5
119.5
118.4
117.6
117.6
117.3
117.0
111.1
108.1
102.7
102.1
102.4
100.8
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
1948. The gain during the year was 3 cents more
than in the preceding 12-month period and 6
cents more than in each of the years ending on
July 1 of 1954 and 1955. Average hourly scales
for journeymen rose 16 cents during the year
while those for helpers and laborers increased 14
cents.
Regionally, average scale advances for journey
men were generally uniform. They ranged from
12K to 16 cents in all regions except the Middle
Atlantic and Mountain States. In these regions,
average scales rose 21 and 19 cents, respectively.
The advances represented gains of 5.9 percent in
the Middle Atlantic, 6.4 percent in the Mountain
States, and from 4.3 to 5.1 percent in the other
regions. Among helpers and laborers, the great
est gain (16.5 cents or 7.0 percent) was in the
Pacific region. In all other regions, the increase
ranged from 8 to 15 cents; percentagewise, the
gain varied from 4.8 to 5.9, except in the South
eastern region where it was 6.8 percent.
Average scale increases for the individual jour
neymen trades studied varied from 10 cents for
stonemasons to 20 cents for boilermakers. Plumb
ers and marble setters advanced their average
scale 19 cents during the year. Gains of 14 to
18 cents, inclusive, were registered by 18 of the
24 crafts.
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Among the nine helper and laborer classifications
included in the study, average scale advances
ranged from 10 cents for elevator constructors’
helpers to 16 cents for terrazzo workers’ helpers.
Four of the classifications advanced their average
rate 13 cents. The numerically important group
of building laborers advanced their average 14
cents.
Percentagewise, the increase amounted to 5.0
percent for all journeymen combined and among
individual crafts varied from 2.9 percent for
stonemasons to 6.3 percent for paperhangers.
Half of the journeymen crafts showed gains
ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 percent. The higher paid
trades generally registered the lower rate of
advance. All the trades having an average hourly
rate of less than $3.35 on July 1, 1957, showed a
gain of at least 5 percent. Hourly scales rose 5.9
percent for all helpers and laborers as a group and
by trade classification, from 4.0 for elevator
constructors’ helpers to 7.0 for composition
roofers’ helpers. Six of the nine groups showed
gains of more than 5 percent.
Wage rates were raised during the 12 months
ending July 1, 1957, for 96 percent of the unionized
journeymen building-trades workers and for a
like proportion of the helpers and laborers. At
least nine-tenths of the workers in 24 of the 33
trades studied had their hourly scale adjusted
upward during the year. The increases ranged
from 10 to 20 cents for nearly three-fifths of the
workers. The most frequent increase was 15
cents; almost a fifth of the journeymen and a
fourth of the helpers and laborers had such raises.
Advances of 10 cents affected an eighth of the
journeymen and slightly more than a sixth of the
helpers and laborers. Raises of 20 cents or more
were applicable to a greater proportion of journey
men (34 percent) than of helpers and laborers
(18 percent); on the other hand, those of less
than 10 cents were more common for helpers and
laborers than for journeymen, 12 percent as
compared with 8 percent.
Although the amount of increase in terms of
cents per hour was greater for journeymen than
for helpers and laborers, the rate of increase was
usually higher for helpers and laborers. Advances
of 4 to 6 percent affected 38 of every 100 journey
men and 25 of every 100 helpers and laborers.
However, with respect to gains of 6 to 8 percent,
these proportions were reversed. An eighth of
173
UNION SCALES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1957
the journeymen and a fourth of the helpers and
laborers showed an improvement of 8 to 10
percent in their scale.
helpers. All other classifications averaged in ex
cess of $2.50 an hour except building laborers, the
largest group numerically, which had scales averag
ing $2.37.
Current Hourly Wage Scales
City and Regional Variations
Union hourly rates in effect on July 1, 1957,
for journeymen building-trades workers showed
wide variation. They ranged from $1.75 for
glaziers, painters, and paperhangers in Charlotte
to $4.46 for boilermakers in Newark and $4.50
for crane and derrick operators on steel erection
in New York City. Scales of $3.10 to $3.60 an
hour were stipulated in labor-management con
tracts for 55 percent of the journeymen included
in the study. Scales of $3.60 to $4 affected 22
percent, twice the proportion of those having
rates of less than $3 an hour. Almost 5 percent
of the journeymen had hourly pay scales of $4 or
more. Such scales were negotiated for at least
14 percent of the bricklayers, plasterers, and
plumbers, and for some workers (generally 8 to
10 percent) in 12 other crafts. Rates of less than
$2.50 an hour were in effect for small groups of
workers in 7 crafts; composition roofers was the
only trade in which the proportion exceeded 7
percent.
For all journeymen crafts combined, the average
scale was $3.39 an hour. All 24 of the individual
trades studied had rates averaging in excess of $3
an hour. Bricklayers were the highest paid craft
with an average hourly scale of $3.76; plasterers
and stonemasons followed with average rates of
$3.63 and $3.62, respectively. The lowest average
($3.09) was recorded for glaziers. Painters, roof
ers, and paperhangers were the only other crafts
to average less than $3.25 an hour.
Individual rates for helpers and laborers varied
from $1.20 for building laborers in Jacksonville to
$3.688 for plasterers’ laborers in Los Angeles.
Hourly scales of $2.10 to $2.60 prevailed for a
majority (53 percent) of the helpers and laborers
and those of $2.60 to $3 affected 20 percent. The
proportion of helpers and laborers with scales of
$3 or more was only slightly smaller than the
proportion of those with rates of less than $2 an
hour—11.9 percent as compared with 12.6 percent.
Union scales on July 1, 1957, averaged $2.45
for all helpers and laborers as a group and, by
trade classification, from $2.02 for composition
roofers’ helpers to $2.76 for terrazzo workers’
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In the building industry, scale negotiations are
generally conducted on a locality basis. Among
the factors affecting the pay scales of buildingtrades workers are the variations in local building
activity, the demand for skilled construction
workers, the extent of unionization, and the general
level of wages in individual localities. These fac
tors are reflected in the relatively wide variations
in scales negotiated for individual crafts within a
locality, as well as in the differences in scales
among cities and regions. The variations in nego
tiated rates among individual trades can be illus
trated by the wage scales for plasterers. The
scales for this craft on July 1, 1957, ranged from
$2.50 in Charlotte to $4.25 in Newark. The range
of rates among the 24 journeymen trades in 6
typical cities is shown in the following tabulation:
Scale range
Atlanta____________
Boston_____________
Chicago____________
Dallas_____________
New York_________
San Francisco-Oakland_____________
$2.
2.
3.
2.
3.
Difference
Amount
Percent
00 -$3. 35
$1. 35
775- 4. 35
1. 575
40 - 4. 075
. 675
50 - 3. 775
1. 275
00 — 4. 30
1. 30
3. 05 - 4. 036
. 986
68
57
20
51
43
32
The difference between the lowest and highest
scales for the nine helper and laborer classifica
tions was smaller than for the journeymen in
each of the above cities. The difference ranged
from 41 cents in Boston to $1 in San FranciscoOakland.
City and regional averages presented in this
survey are designed to show current levels of
rates. They do not measure differences in union
scales of the various crafts among areas. As in
dicated previously, scales for individual crafts
differ from one city to another. The city and
regional averages are influenced not only by the
differences in rates among cities and regions, but
also by differences in the proportion of organized
workers in the various crafts. For example, a
particular craft or classification may not be or
ganized in some areas or may be organized less
intensively in some areas than in others. In
174
addition, certain types of work are found in some
areas but not in others or are found to a greater
extent in some areas than in others. These dif
ferences are reflected in the weighting of individual
rates by the number of union members at the rate.
Thus, even though rates for all individual crafts
in two areas are identical, the average for all
crafts combined in each of the areas may differ.
On a city basis, average hourly wage scales for
construction trades workers showed a wide varia
tion among the 52 cities surveyed. Scales aver
aged highest in Newark, and lowest in Charlotte
both for journeymen and for helpers and laborers.
The respective hourly averages for these groups
of workers were $3.96 and $3.17 in Newark and
$2.76 and $1.28 in Charlotte. Journeymen scales
averaged $3 or more an hour in all but 6 of the 52
cities surveyed. Averages ranged from $3 to $3.25
in 19 cities and from $3.25 to $3.50 in 20 cities.
Newark and New York were the only cities to
have scales averaging in excess of $3.75 an hour.
For all helpers and laborers combined, 3 of every
4 cities studied had scale levels of $2 or more.
Half of the 30 cities with an hourly level of $2.25
an hour had scales averaging at least $2.50.
A grouping of the cities by population size shows
that average hourly scales for building-trades
workers differed for the various size population
groups. Scales for journeymen and for helpers
and laborers averaged highest in the group of
cities with a million or more population and lowest
in the 100,000 to 250,000 population group, the
smallest size studied. The respective average
hourly scales were $3.59 and $3.15 for journey
men and $2.73 and $2.26 for helpers and laborers.
The spread between the average rates for journey
men and for helpers and laborers was smallest (86
cents) for the cities with a million or more popula
tion, and greatest ($1.01) for the group of cities
with a population of 250,000 to 500,000.
Average hourly scales for both classifications
of workers showed considerable variation among
the cities within each population size grouping.
The range of average scales was wider for helpers
and laborers than for journeymen in each of the
city-size groups. The difference between the
highest and lowest city averages was greatest
in cities having populations of 250,000 to 500,000—
$1 for journeymen and $1.67 for helpers and
laborers. In the other size groups, the spread for
helpers and laborers was about double that for
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
T a b l e 2.
Average union hourly wage scales in the building
trades, by regionJ July 1, 1957
All trades
Journey
men
United States.............. .............................
$3.20
$3.39
$2.45
N ew England_____________________
M iddle Atlantic____________ _______
Border States___________ __________
Southeast______ ______ _____ _______
Great Lakes______________________
M iddle W est_______ _____ ____ ____
Southwest...................... ................ ...........
M ountain______ ________ __________
Pacific____________________________
2.99
3.50
2.95
2.70
3.29
3.11
2.88
2.92
3.16
3.23
3.72
3.28
2.97
3.45
3.29
3.08
3.16
3.30
2.36
2.71
2.05
1.65
2.63
2. 36
1.77
2.20
2.54
Region
Helpers
and
laborers
i The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas,
Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, N ew Mexico, U tah, and Wyoming; Pacific—California, Nevada,
Oregon, and Washington.
journeymen. There was an overlapping of average
scales among cities in different size groups for
both classifications of workers. For example, the
average scale for helpers and laborers in Toledo,
while second highest to Newark in the 250,000 to
500,000 group, was higher than the average for
all but one city in the next larger size group and
for all but New York and Chicago in the million
or more group.
Union hourly scales for building constructiontrades workers in cities of 100,000 or more popula
tion on a regional basis averaged highest in the
heavily populated and industrialized Middle
Atlantic and Great Lakes regions, $3.50 and
$3.29, respectively, and lowest in the Southeast
and Southwest regions where the respective levels
were $2.70 and $2.88. In the other regions,
levels varied from $2.92 to $3.16 (table 2).
Average hourly rates for journeymen ranged
from $2.97 in the Southeast to $3.72 in the Middle
Atlantic States. With the exception of painters
and paperhangers, all journeymen trades in the
Middle Atlantic region averaged in excess of
$3.40 an hour; in the Southeast region, only
three trades—bricklayers, stonemasons, and mar
ble setters—had such levels. Hourly scales
averaged $3 or more for each journeymen craft
in the Great Lakes, Middle West, and Pacific
regions. The only regions in which more than 3
trades had averages of less than $3 an hour were
the Southeast and Southwest.
The highest ($2.71) and the lowest ($1.65) levels
for helpers and laborers were in the Middle At-
175
UNION SCALES IN CONSTRUCTION, 1957
lantic and Southeast regions, respectively. Scales
averaged in excess of $2.50 an hour for 8 of the 9
helper and laborer classifications in the Middle
Atlantic region and for 7 of those in the Great
Lakes region. Elevator constructors’ helpers was
the only classification with average rates exceeding
$2 an hour in the 2 southern regions. Plasterers’
laborers in the Pacific region and terrazzo workers
helpers in the Middle Atlantic States were the
only groups of workers with scales averaging more
than $3 an hour. The respective levels were $3.38
and $3.04.
Standard Workweek
Straight-time weekly hours remained virtually
unchanged during the 12 months ending July 1,
1957. Changes that occurred had no effect on the
average straight-time workweek which has re
mained at 39.4 hours for all building-trades
workers for the past 5 years.
The predominant standard workweek consisted
of 40 hours. This schedule prevailed for 87 per
cent of the journeymen and for 91 percent of the
helpers and laborers. Labor-management con
tracts specifying a 35-hour workweek were appli
cable to 1 of every 8 journeymen and to 1 of every
13 helpers and laborers. Such work schedules
affected a fifth of the bricklayers and a fourth or
more of the painters and bricklayers’ tenders.
Negotiated straight-time workweeks of 30 hours
were reported for approximately a fifth of the
plasterers and a tenth of the plasterers’ laborers.
Insurance and Pension Plans
Health, insurance, and pension plans incorpo
rated in labor-management contracts covering
building-trades workers have increased in recent
years. The development of such plans on a wide
spread basis has perhaps been less rapid than in
industries where problems of seasonal operations
and casual employment are not as extensive.
Also, most construction-trades unions have oper
ated their own programs providing their members
with one or more types of benefits (e. g., death,
old-age, sickness, or disability). The development
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of negotiated insurance and pension programs
undoubtedly has been affected by these factors.
A substantially greater proportion of the
organized construction-trades workers were in
cluded in negotiated health and insurance plans
than in pension programs. During the year ending
July 1, 1957, the proportion of workers covered
by each type plan increased slightly.4 On July 1,
1957, slightly over two-thirds of the buildingtrades workers were covered by labor-management
contracts providing for health or insurance plans,
and approximately three-tenths were covered by
pension plan provisions.
Of the workers provided health and insurance
protection, more than 95 percent were covered by
programs financed entirely by employer contribu
tions. Such programs were incorporated in con
tracts applicable to a majority of the union mem
bers in many crafts. Included among these trades
were asbestos workers, boilermakers, lathers,
painters, pipefitters, plumbers, rodmen, sheetmetal workers, and structural-iron workers.
Pension programs financed by employers affec
ted about nine-tenths of the workers covered by
negotiated agreements providing for such plans.
Pension-plan provisions occurred more frequently
in contracts covering electricians than in those for
any other trade. Bricklayers, carpenters, cement
finishers, lathers, pipefitters, plasterers, plumbers,
sheet-metal workers, structural-iron workers, tile
layers, and bricklayers’ tenders were also among
the trades in which substantial proportions of
workers were covered by pension programs.
— J ohn
F.
L a c is k e y
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
« The prevalence of negotiated health, insurance, and pension programs for
construction workers was first studied by the Bureau in July 1954. Informa
tion for these plans was restricted to those financed entirely or in part by the
employer. Plans financed by workers through union dues or assessments
were excluded from the study. N o attempt was made to secure information
on the kind and extent of benefits provided or on the cost of plans providing
such benefits. In the current study, however, information was obtained on
the amount of employer contribution in terms of cents-per-hour or percent
of rate. Such information, although not summarized, is presented for the
individual trades in each city in the mimeographed city listings and in BLS
Bull. 1227. Although some employer payments are calculated on the basis
of total hours or gross payroll, these variations in method of computation are
not indicated.
176
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Wage Chronology No. 4:
Bituminous Coal M ines1
Supplement No. 4—1956-57
A t e n t a t i v e a g r e e m e n t providing for increased
wage rates and changes in supplementary benefits
reached by international officers of the United
Mine Workers of America (Ind.) and officials of
the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association was
announced on October 3, 1956, to delegates to
the 42d constitutional convention of the union.
The amendment to the 1950 agreement contain
ing the new contract terms was signed on October 4
by the union and the Bituminous Coal Operators’
Association and the Southern Coal Producers’
Association, while other groups, including the
Illinois Coal Operators’ Association, the Indiana
T able
1
.
Coal Operators’ and Coal Producers’ Association,
as well as individual coal companies, signed
subsequently.
The agreement became effective October 1,
1956, and is the fourth amendment to the basic
National Wage Agreement of 1950; either party
may terminate it on or after September 30, 1957,
by 60 days’ written notice. Daily wage increases,
effective October 1, 1956, and April 1, 1957, were
provided for in amounts identical to those under
the August 1955 amendment; in addition, improve
ments were made in holiday and paid vacation
provisions.
The following tables bring the bituminous coal
mines wage chronology up to date, including the
wage increase that became effective in April 1957.
1 See M onthly Labor Review, March 1949, pp. 303-309, June 1951, pp. 676678, September 1953, pp. 961-962, and February 1956, pp. 187-188, or Wage
Chronology Series 4, N o. 4.
Changes in basic wages and hours in bituminous coal mines in the Appalachian area
Normal schedule of w o r k 1
Effective date
Days
per
week
Amount of wage change
D aily hours paid for—
Total
Work
Travel
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
L u n ch 3
OUTSIDE DAYWORKERS 3
Oct. 1, 1956 (by amendment of
October 1956).
Apr. 1,1957 (by amendment of
October 1956).
5-6
7H
6Ji N ot applicable...............
H $1.20 a day increase___ Flat amount added to previous 7}4
5-6
7H
6%____ do-----------------------
% $0.80 a day increase___ Flat amount added to previous 7M
hours' pay.
hours’ pay.
INSIDE DAYWORKERS 1
Oct. 1, 1956 (by amendment of
October 1956).
Apr. 1, 1957 (by amendment of
October 1956).
5-6
8
7V2
$1.20 a day increase__
5-6
8
7V2
V2 $0.80 a day increase__
Flat amount added to previous 8 hours’
pay.
Flat amount added to previous 8 hours’
pay.
INSIDE TONNAGE AND PIECE-RATE WORKERS 3
Oct. 1, 1956 (by amendment of
October 1956).
5-6
8
7V2
Vi $1.20 a day increase__
Apr. 1,1957 (by amendment of
October 1956).
5-6
8
7J4
V2 $0.80 a day increase__
i The schedule of mine operation provided in the National Wage Agreement
of 1950 does not represent a guaranty of the stipulated hours or days of work.
8 Since April 1, 1945, the contracts have provided that the lunch period be
staggered without any interruption or suspension of operations throughout
the day.
3
Data pertain to bit sharpeners, car droppers, trimmers, car repairmen,
dumpers, sand dryers, car cleaners, slate pickers, and other able-bodied labor,
and do not necessarily cover other outside workers paid on a day basis.
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Addition to daily tonnage or piece-rate
earnings increased to a total of $11.45
plus 1/9 of such tonnage or piece-rate
earnings.
Addition to daily tonnage or piece-rate
earnings increased to a total of $12.25
plus 1/9 of such tonnage or piece-rate
earnings.
< Data pertain to motormen, rock drillers, drivers, brakemen, spraggers,
trackmen, wiremen, bonders, timbermen, bottom cagers, coal drillers, snap
pers, pumpers, trackmen helpers, wiremen helpers, greasers, trappers,
flaggers, switch throwers, mobile-loading-equipment operators, and other
inside labor not classified.
5
Data pertain only to pick mining, machine loading, cutting (short wall),
and dead-work (yardage).
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: BITUMINOUS COAL MINES
T a b le 2.
177
Changes in related wage practices in bituminous coal mines in the Appalachian area
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
HOLIDAYPAY
Oct. 1, 1956 (by amendment of October
1956).
Changed to: Double time or double rates for work on
holidays specified in district agreements.
PAID VACATIONS
Oct. 1, 1956 (by amendment of October
1956).
Increased vacation pay from $140 to $180 and vacation
period from 12 to 14 calendar days.i
1 Th? contract also provided for $40 added vacation pay for 1956 and observance of December 24,26, and 31, 1956, as vacation days. These days were not
T a b l e 3.
observed as a vacation period in 1957: $180 was paid in vacation benefits in
1957.
Full-time daily and weekly earnings and straight-time hourly earnings for selected occupations in bituminous coal
mines, Appalachian area (1956-57)1
Effective date
Effective date
Occupational group
Apr. 1,
1956
Oct. 1,
1956
Apr. 1,
1957
Occupational group
Inside dayworkers
Inside day workers—Continued
Motormen, rock drillers, and rubber-tired
shuttle car operators:
Full-time daily earnings..............................
Full-time weekly earnings:
5- day w eek .____________ _______
6- day week........................................
Straight-time hourly earnings__________
Drivers, brakemen, spraggers, trackmen,
wiremen, bonders, timbermen, bottom
cagers, coal drillers, and snappers:
Full-time daily earnings____ __________
Full-time weekly earnings:
5-day w eek__________________ ;____
6- day w eek____________________
Straight-time hourly earnings__________
Pumpers, trackmen helpers, wiremen help
ers, timbermen helpers, and other inside
labor not classified:
Full-time daily earnings____ __________
Full-time weekly earnings:
5- day week____________________
6- day week__ ____ _____________
Straight-time hourly earnings....................
Loading machine operators and cutting and
shearing machine operators and helpers:
Full-time daily earnings— ..........................
Full-time weekly earnings:
5-day week_______________________
6-day week_______________ ________
Straight-time hourly earnings.....................
$20. 44
$21.64
$22.44
102. 20
132.86
2. 555
108.20
140. 66
2.705
112.20
145.86
2.805
20.25
21.45
22.25
101.25
131. 62
2.531
107.25
139. 42
2.681
111.25
144. 62
2.781
Oct. 1,
1956
Apr. 1,
1957
$22.68
$23.88
$24.68
113.40
147.42
2.835
119. 40
155.22
2.985
123.40
160. 42
3.085
Outside dayworkers
19.96
21.16
99.80
129. 74
2.495
105. 80
137. 54
2.645
21.96
109.80
142. 74
2.745
1 Full-time daily and weekly earnings reflect gross pay for scheduled hours
show nin table 1, including premium pay m the case of work on the sixth day.
These rates and earnings are based on the National Agreement and do not
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Apr. 1,
1956
B it sharpeners, car droppers, trimmers, car
repairmen, and dumpers:
Full-time daily earnings...............................
Full-time weekly earnings:
5-day w eek.............. .................................
6-day w eek_______________________
Straight-time hourly earnings__________
Sand dryers, car cleaners, and other ablebodied labor:
Full-time daily earnings— ____ ________
Full-time weekly earnings:
5-day w eek_______________________
6-day week........... .............. ... ................ .
Straight-time hourly earnings__________
19.23
20. 43
21.23
96.15
125.00
2.652
102.15
132.80
2.818
106.15
138.00
2-928
18.93
20.13
20.93
94. 65
123.04
2. 611
100. 65
130.84
2. 776
104. 65
136.04
2.887
take account of variations among districts. Shift premium pay is excluded
from all figures.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
178
Wage Chronology No. 30:
Anthracite Mining Industry
Supplement No. 2— 1956
M e m b e r s of the Anthracite Operators’ Wage
Agreement Committee and representatives of the
United Mine Workers of America (Ind.) met at
Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on November 27, 1956, and
signed the first amendment to the basic hard coal
contract since November 1952.1 The settlement
was reached after the committee agreed to the
request of the union that the 60-day contract re
opening notice be waived. Almost 2 months
earlier, a settlement had been reached in the
bituminous coal industry.2
Terms of the anthracite agreement became
effective on December 1, 1956; it can be termi
nated by either party on or after December 1,
1957, provided at least 60 days’ written notice has
been given. In addition to general wage increases,
improved premiums for work on weekends and
higher vacation and holiday pay were also nego
tiated, as indicated in the following tables.
i See M onthly Labor Review, November 1952, pp. 52S-534, and April 1954,
pp. 425-426, or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 30.
* See pp. 176-177 of this issue.
A—Changes in Basic Wages in Anthracite Mines, 1956
Normal schedule of work
Effective date
Amount of wage change
D aily hours paid for—
Days per
week
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
At the site
Total
Outside Company Workers
Dec. 1, 1956 (agreement of
N ov. 27, 1956).
7
7
5
21.4 cents an hour increase:
$1.50 a day.
Inside Company Workers
Normal schedule of work
D aily hours paid for—
Effective date
D ays per
week
Dec. 1, 1956 (agreement of
N ov. 27, 1956).
5
In the
mine
Total
7
Amount of wage change
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Travel
7
21.4 cents an hour increase:
$1.50 a day.
Contract Workers
Dec. 1, 1956 (agreement of
N ov. 27, 1956).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
7
7
$2 increase per start, or 28.5
cents an hour.
Flat amount, which together with earlier increases now
totals $8,117, added to daily tonnage or piece-rate earn
ings as previously computed.
179
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: ANTHRACITE MINES
B—Changes in Provisions for Overtime in Anthracite Mines, 1956
Overtime Pay
Outside company workers
Inside company workers
Effective date
Dec. 1, 1956 (agreement of N ov. 27,
1956).
Contract workers
Added: Time and one-half for work performed on Saturday as such, double time for work performed on Sunday as such;
excludes continuous service employees.
C—Changes in Related Wage Practices in Anthracite Mines, 1956
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Holiday Pay
Dec. 1,1956 (agreement of Nov. 27,1956)—
Changedto: Double timeforworkonspecifiedholidays..
Excludes continuous service employees.
Paid Vacations
Dec. 1,1956 (agreement of N ov. 27,1956).. Payment increased from $100 to $140 annually.
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Vacation period increased from 10 to 14 calendar days.
Eliminated provision requiring work in at least 6 semi
monthly pay periods for vacation pay eligibility.
Foreign Labor Briefs*
Council of Trade Union Federations
in the Netherlands
O n June 21, 1957, the Netherlands Federation of
Trade Unions (NVV-Socialist) announced willing
ness to resume cooperation with the Netherlands
Catholic Workers’ Movement (KAB) and the
Christian National Trade Union Federation
(CNV) in a revived Council of Trade Union
Federations (Raad van Yakcentralen). By this
move, it opened the way for the resumption of
unified trade union action which had ended when
the NVV withdrew from the council and the latter
was dissolved in July 1954.
Since the NVV announcement, leaders of the
three federations have met to establish functions
for a new council in the light of the economic and
political changes that have taken place in the
Netherlands since the old council disbanded.
Although favored by the NVV, the unification
of the Dutch labor movement has traditionally
been prevented by the confessional unions (the
KAB and CNV) which have opposed it on ideo
logical and doctrinal grounds. Although during
the German occupation renewed merger efforts
failed, the three labor groups in 1945 formed
the Council of Trade Union Federations in which
the individual federations fully retained thenautonomy.
From 1945 until the termination of its activities
in 1954, the council, representing a total of about
80 percent of the Dutch organized labor, served
as a united labor front for the pin-pose of collective
bargaining and otherwise promoting labor’s social
and economic interests. The prewar dissension
between the three unions was for the most part
eliminated through constant association and
deliberation, and the council was given consider180
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
able credit for creating and maintaining the good
will that characterized Dutch labor-management
relations after World War II.
On July 17, 1954, the NVV announced its with
drawal from the council. Its decision did not
result from any serious disharmony in the council
but from a directive issued by the Catholic bishops
on May 31, 1954, forbidding membership of
Catholics in certain social and political organiza
tions and placing limitations on their association
with other groups. The directive reaffirmed the
1919 ban on membership in the Socialist NVV
and strongly disapproved membership in the
Labor Party. The NVV was greatly disturbed
when the Catholic trade union federation fully
endorsed the document. When, in addition,
President Ruppert of the Protestant CNV took
advantage of the mandate to warn against Chris
tian membership in the NVV, the latter withdrew
from the Council of Trade Union Federations,
stating that, under the circumstances, it could no
longer maintain close formal relations with the
other two federations.
As a result, the prewar antagonism between the
confessional unions and the NVV was renewed.
The ideological differences, which were submerged
during the resistance and reconstruction periods,
were again brought to the surface.
The discontinuance of trade union cooperation
was regretted on all sides—by the unions as well
as the government and the employers, the latter
two groups fearing the extent to which disunity in
the trade union movement could create instability
in industrial relations.
Prominent Catholic leaders finally succeeded in
arranging a series of conferences between NVV
leaders and Archbishop B. Alfrink. Although the
latter emphasized that the Catholic Church was
not able to reverse its decision, he agreed to a new
interpretation of certain phrases in the mandate
which had been particularly objectionable to the
NVV.
‘ Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Foreign Labor Conditions. Based
on United States Foreign Service reports and information from other Ameri
can and foreign sources.
FOREIGN LABOR BRIEFS
German Bundestag Elections
and Organized Labor
in the Federal Republic
of Germany on September 15, 1957, confirmed the
trend, evident in 1953, toward a stronger appeal
of the Christian Democratic Union and its
Bavarian affiliate, the Christian Social Union
(CDU/CSU), to the “labor” vote. On that date,
the greatest number of voters in the history of the
Republic registered an overwhelming victory for
incumbent Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and his
middle-of-the-road Christian Democrats.
Analysts of the election results noted also a
strong new tendency toward a two-party system.
Of the four parties elected to govern, the CDU/
CSU obtained 50.2 percent of the votes cast, the
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 31.8
percent, the Free Democratic Party (FDP—conservative) 7.7 percent, and the German Party
(DP—conservative) 3.4 percent. The remaining
votes were cast for a number of splinter parties,
none of which met the necessary qualifications 1to
obtain a seat in the Bundestag.
The 497 elected deputies included 38 factory
owners and managers, 67 small businessmen, 71
farmers and officials of farmers’ organizations, 49
trade unionists, 42 other manual and white-collar
workers, 15 housewives, 126 civil service officials
(including teachers and clergymen), and 89
professional men. The CDU/CSU obtained 270
seats in the Bundestag, the SPD 169, the FDP
41, and the DP 17.
Despite an obvious sympathy for the SPD
displayed by individual unionists, the 6,124,500member German Trade Union Federation (DGB)
and its constituent unions were, in theory,
politically neutral and, in fact, less committed to
the SPD than during previous elections. In an
election appeal dated August 14, 1957, the DGB
Executive Board called for “the election of
candidates from whom, without regard for party
affiliation, sympathy for the just interests of all
workers, pensioners, and war victims is to be
expected.” An Adenauer-controlled Bundestag
had been expected, but the absolute majority
achieved by the CDU/CSU came somewhat as a
T h e n a t io n a l e l e c t io n s
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
181
surprise to the Social Democratic majority in the
DGB. The main reasons offered by many labor
leaders and SPD supporters for the overwhelming
CDU/CSU victory were (1) Germany’s economic
health, (2) the tremendous personal appeal of
Adenauer, (3) the absence of an important issue
that would have enabled the SPD to offer a
dramatic and effective opposition to the CDU/
CSU, and (4) the greater wealth of the CDU/CSU,
making for a more elaborate campaign.
Commenting on the election results at a press
conference on September 16, 1957, Chancellor
Adenauer stated that a structural change was
taking place in German politics. The CDU/CSU
had made considerable gains among the working
people, he said, and had thus succeeded in invad
ing the traditional territory of the SPD. A
change in voting habit was particularly noticeable
among the younger people, he stated, which was
a sign that the detrimental class distinction,
which had produced so much internal disunity,
was beginning to be less pronounced.
Reflecting on Adenauer’s evident satisfaction at
having made inroads in the labor vote, the weekly
DGB periodical Welt der Arbeit of September 20,
1957, wxmdered whether desire for further inroads
in this vote would induce the Christian Democrats
to make greater concessions to labor during their
next term of office. The paper further called on
the victorious Christian Democrats to be fully
aware of their responsibilities to the population as
a whole and to refrain from using their strength
to make life difficult for persons of other political
ideologies. It concluded that in the next 4 years,
German foreign and rearmament policies would
probably remain unchanged, and the third Ade
nauer government would continue to face the
question of who will pay for their implementa
tion—labor or business.
In an interview for the Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung toward the end of September, the then
incumbent Minister of Labor, Anton Storch
(CDU), stated that the election outcome might
influence future trade union policy in that it
might force the DGB to cater to a growing union
i A party is eligible for seats in the Bundestag if it meets any of the following
three requirements: (a) obtains more than 5 percent of the total vote; (b)
obtains a plurality of the votes of 3 of the 247 electoral districts; or (c) is recog
nized as a party of a foreign minority in Germany, with enough votes to
elect 1 deputy.
182
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
element with Christian Democratic sentiments.
He felt firmly convinced that the Christian
Democratic element would continue to grow.
Storch went on to say that both he and Eco
nomic Minister Ludwig Erhard were agreed that
the government should make every effort to main
tain its present neutral attitude toward labormanagement relations. With this statement he
tried to allay one of organized labor’s main fears:
that the new government would legislate com
pulsory arbitration. In its issue of December 27,
1957, the Welt der Arbeit again reiterated the
widespread feeling in labor circles that, although
employers’ organizations have officially come out
against compulsory arbitration, their frequent
statements that the state should have the power
to intervene in critical situations show they wish
to arrive at the same result via the back door.
Along with compulsory arbitration, labor worries
most over the question of what attitude the new
government will take toward persistently rising
prices.
Conferences and Institutes, March 16 to April 15, 1958
E d it o r ’s N o t e .— A s a service to its readers, the M on th ly Labor Review
publishes a list of forthcom ing conferences and institutes devoted to the broad field
of in du strial relations. In stitu tes and organizations are invited to subm it schedules
of such meetings fo r listing. To be tim ely enough fo r publication, announcements
m ust be received 90 days p rio r to the date of a conference.
Date
Mar. 17-19.
Conference and sponsor
Seminars on (1) Preparation for Collective Bargaining
and Negotiating the Union Contract; (2) Building an
Effective Communications System; (3) Selecting, In
terviewing, and Orienting the New Employee; (4)
Planning for a Sound Industrial Relations Program;
and (5) Supervisory Development Methods. Sponsor:
American Management Association.
Mar. 24-26_____ Seminar on Problems in Administering Personnel Benefit
Plans. Sponsor: American Management Association.
Mar. 30-Apr. 25__ Seminar on Human Relations in Administration. Spon
sor: New York State School of Industrial and Labor
Relations, Cornell University.
Mar. 31-Apr. 2__ Seminars on (1) Job Evaluation—An Instrument of
Management Control; and (2) Establishing and Oper
ating a Sound Wage and Salary Program. Sponsor:
American Management Association.
Mar. 31-Apr. 3__ Annual Convention: The Individual in a Changing Cul
ture. Sponsor: American Personnel and Guidance
Association.
Apr. 9-11______ Seminars on (1) Planning, Organizing, and Conducting a
Personnel Program; and (2) Techniques of Supervisory
Training. Sponsor: American Management Associa
tion.
Apr. 11-12_____ Eighth Annual Labor-Management Conference. Spon
sor: Institute of Industrial Relations, West Virginia
University.
Apr. 14-16_____ Seminars on (1) How to Improve your Grievance Pro
cedure; How to Prepare and Present Arbitration Cases
and (2) Installation and Operation of Management
Development Program. Sponsor: American Manage
ment Association.
Apr. 14
6th Annual Conference. Sponsor: Suggestion Plans
Association.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Place
Chicago, 111.
New York, N. Y.
Ithaca, N. Y.
New York, N. Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
New York, N. Y.
Morgantown, W. Va
New York, N. Y.
Hollywood, Calif.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
P icketin g— State Court J u risd ictio n , N o. 1.
The
Supreme Court of the United States held 1 that a
State court can enjoin intimidation, threats of
violence, and violence, including the abusive use of
otherwise innocuous words, committed by strikers
and union representatives but cannot enjoin
peaceful picketing of an interstate employer’s
premises because this matter is under the exclusive
jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations
Board.
In this case, the employer had refused to rein
state the employees who had been replaced while
on strike to compel the employer to recognize the
union and who had not returned to work after the
employer had notified them of his intent to replace
them if they did not return to work within a few
days. During the initial strike and before the
reestablishment of the picket line (in protest
against the employer’s failure to recognize the
union and to reinstate the strikers), strikers
damaged the property of both the employer and
a member of the family of a nonstriking employee.
On one occasion, nails were strewn over the com
pany’s parking lot and, on another, the entire lot
was covered with roofing tacks. The plant mana
ger was threatened with violence and harrassed at
his home and tacks were scattered in the driveway
of his home. When the second picket line was
established, the strikers would congregate daily
at their headquarters across the street from the
plant entrance and shout abusive language con
sisting mainly of the word “scabs” in a boisterous
manner at the employees entering and leaving the
plant at recess time. In the main, however, the
picketing was peaceful and there was little, if any,
conduct designed to exclude those who desired to
return to work.
The employer filed a complaint in the local
chancery court in which it described the conduct of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the strikers and alleged that such conduct
amounted to unlawful acts for the unlawful pur
pose of intimidating and coercing respondent’s
employees into joining the union. The trial court
found that the picketing employees had resorted
to violence, coercion, intimidation, and other un
lawful conduct calculated to cause a breach of the
peace; it permanently enjoined the threatening
and intimidation of the employees of the em
ployer by the strikers and also prohibited all
picketing and patrolling of the employer’s premises
by the strikers and all other persons in sympathy
or acting in concert with them. The Supreme
Court of Arkansas affirmed the decree.2
The U. S. Supreme Court, with three justices
dissenting, upheld the State court’s finding that
the conduct and language of the strikers was likely
to cause physical violence and rejected the position
of the strikers and union that the abusive language
was protected under the National Labor Relations
Act. In so holding, the Court stated that “if a
sufficient number yell any word sufficiently loudly
showing an intent to ridicule, insult, or annoy, no
matter how innocuous the dictionary definition of
that word, the effect may cease to be persuasion
and become intimidation and incitement to
violence.” However, the Court reversed the
injunction of the State court insofar as it pro
hibited all picketing which did not involve the
threatening or provoking of violence and the
obstructing or attempting to obstruct the free use
of the streets adjacent to the employer’s place of
business and the free ingress to and egress from
that property.
The
Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals upheld 3 the
constitutionality of a State statute making the
picketing of a struck employer by any person who
is not or was not an employee immediately prior
to the strike a misdemeanor. The court held that
Picketing— State Court Ju risdiction , N o. 2.
»Prepared in the IT. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. N o attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 Youngdahl and Amalgamated Clothing Workers v. Rainfair, Ine. (U. S.
Sup. Ct., Dec. 9, 1957).
2 226 Ark. 80, 288 S. W . 2d 589 (1956).
3 Dougherty v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Va. Sup. Ct. of App., Dec. 2,
1957).
183
184
the statute was neither an abridgement of the
rights of free speech and assembly protected by
the Federal Constitution or a deprivation of the
picketing rights protected by the National Labor
Relations Act.4
This case arose upon the conviction of two
members of the union’s regional council who had
assisted in the organization of the union at estab
lishments of two employers. The defendants,
who had never been employed by these employers,
had participated daily in the picketing activities,
occasionally marched in the picket line, and one
defendant had carried a sign on one occasion
during picketing while the union was on strike for
a lawful purpose. At all times, the picketing was
peaceful, free from violence, threats, or other
lawlessness.
Interpreting the doctrine of the Supreme Court
of the United States 5 to be that peaceful picketing
may be enjoined by a State in the enforcement of
some public policy when it is aimed at preventing
that policy’s effectuation, the court found that
if the defendants were “allowed to freely join the
picket line, then other strangers to the controversy
would have the same right and numbers could
thus be added with sufficient strength to turn
peaceful picketing into picketing by force with
its accompanying coercion and power.” There
fore, according to the court, the statute’s limita
tion of picketing to those persons directly involved
in the issue that caused the picketing had a direct
relation to the prevention of disorder and coercion.
Consequently, the present statute in prohibiting
peaceful picketing was held valid under the Federal
Constitution.
The court further held that the picketing activi
ties by defendants were not protected by the
National Labor Relations Act, because the perti
nent provisions of that act were concerned with
and limited to relations between employers and
employees. As the defendants in this case had
never been employees of the establishment, the
court said that the protection of the act could not
be applicable to them.
A Federal court
of appeals held6 that the Norris-LaGuardia Act
deprived a Federal district court of jurisdiction to
issue a preliminary injunction, in an action
brought by an employer under section 301 of the
National Labor Relations Act, to restrain a union’s
Breach-of-Contract In ju n ction.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
continuation of a peaceful strike, even if the
strike constituted a breach of a no-strike clause in
a collective bargaining contract.
In this case, the union and the employer had
entered into a collective bargaining agreement
which was to expire in September 1958 and which
provided that no strikes were to be called while its
provisions were in effect. After the union sought
unsuccessfully to renegotiate wages, it called a
strike, contending that the matter of these wage
renegotiations was not within the scope of the
agreement. Thereafter, the employer sought to
enjoin the strike under section 301 of the NLRA,
which provides that suits for violation of con
tracts between an employer and a labor organiza
tion representing its employees may be brought in
any Federal district court. The district court
found that the strike was in violation of the col
lective bargaining agreement and granted the
injunction.7
In reversing the lower court, the court of
appeals held that section 4 of the Norris-La
Guardia Act, which deprives Federal courts of
jurisdiction to enjoin peaceful strikes in cases
involving or growing out of any labor disputes,
was not repealed by implication by section 301 of
the NLRA. In distinguishing this case from a
1957 Supreme Court decision8 which allowed a
union injunctive relief to compel an employer to
arbitrate, the court reasoned that the Supreme
Court in that case had found that refusal to arbi
trate was not the conduct that gave rise to the
abuse of injunctive power prohibited by section 4
of the Norris-LaGuardia Act. The appellate
court held that the activity enjoined by the dis
trict court in this case was clearly within section 4
of that act. In analyzing the legislative history
of the NLRA, it found no manifestation incon
sistent with an interpretation that Congress had
intended only to provide employers under section
301 with a monetary recovery for a union’s breach
4 The court had previously held unconstitutional a similar statute which
prohibited persons not employed or immediately prior to a strike not em
ployed by the employer to picket the employer “ with respect to such strike
or such business or industry.” Edwards v. Commonwealth, 191 Va 272 60
S. E. 2d 916 (1950).
5 See International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. Vogt, Inc., 354 IT. S. 284
(1956); also see M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 957.
6 A . II. Bull Steamship Co. v. Seafarers’ Union (C. A. 2, N ov. 21,1957).
7 A . H. Bull Steamship Co. v. Seafarers’ Union (U. S. D . C., E. D ., N . Y
Sept. 27, 1957).
8 Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills, 353 U. S. 448 (1957); see M onthly
Labor Review, August 1957, p. 976.
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
of a no-strike agreement and to impose certain
sanctions against employees suck as loss of status
for violations of such agreements.
“H ot Cargo ” Clause— Interstate Commerce A ct.
The Interstate Commerce Commission held 9 that
a common carrier’s refusal to accept goods of
another carrier in compliance with a “hot cargo”
clause in a labor contract violates a carrier’s duty
to serve the public.
This case arose out of the refusal of nine com
mon carriers to handle the interline shipments of a
truckline company from which a union was seek
ing an agreement. When an impasse in the nego
tiations was reached, the union notified the com
pany that picketing would begin and notified the
nine other carriers that the company had been
declared “unfair” and that the union expected
them to enforce the hot cargo clauses contained
in their respective agreements with it. There
after, the nine carriers did not handle the com
pany’s interline shipments. The company filed
charges with the ICC against the other truckers,
alleging violations of the Interstate Commerce
Act and the terms, conditions, and limitations of
their ICC certifications.
The Commission, in ordering the nine carriers
to cease and desist from refusing to perform their
duties as common carriers, referred to a recent
NLRB decision 10 which held that “at least where
common carriers for hire are involved, the kind
of ‘hot cargo’ clauses here before us are invalid
at their inception and can be given no operative
cognizance so far as administration of [the TaftHartley Act] is concerned.” It held that the
carriers’ fears of a systemwide strike by their own
employees were unfounded in view of the TaftHartley prohibitions against union-inspired sec
ondary boycotts and its findings that (1) no
serious dispute between the carriers and their em
ployees existed and (2) the individual employees
of the carriers appeared to have little, if any, real
interest in the basic dispute between the union and
the complaining company. Even if these fears
had a basis in fact, the Commission held, the
• Galveston Truck Line Corp. v . A D A Motor Lines, Inc. (ICC, N o. M CC
1922, Dec. 16, 19S7).
10 Local 728, International Brotherhood of Teamsters and Genuine Parts Co.,
119 N L R B No. 53 (Nov. 8, 1957); see M onthly Labor Review, January 1957,
p. 63.
» Associated General Contractors and Operating Engineers, 119 N L R B No.
133 (Dee. 16, 1957).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
185
carriers’ “obligation to continue to render service
to all without undue discrimination,” which is
almost an absolute duty and for which a common
carrier must be held strictly accountable, must be
regarded as paramount to their own potential
labor difficulties.
U nion Shop fo r Subcontractor's Em ployees. The
NLRB held 11 that an employers’ association and
a union discriminated against the employees of a
subcontracting employer in violation of the NLR A,
the latter by causing a work stoppage to secure
their discharge and the former by securing their
discharge in compliance with the union’s demands.
It further held, however, that the enforcement of a
union-shop contract between the union and the
employers’ association, which would require em
ployees of the subcontractor to join the union,
was valid.
For several years, the collective bargaining
agreement between an employer association repre
senting 90 building contractors and a union con
tained a provision that the contract would apply
to any work subcontracted by association mem
bers. While the contract was in force, several
members of the association engaged a subcon
tractor whose technical employees were organized
by another union as exclusive bargaining repre
sentative. The union representing the employer
association’s employees, in protest over the asso
ciation’s failure to enforce the provision in ques
tion, called a work stoppage at the project on
which the subcontractor was working. Conse
quently, the subcontractor’s work was canceled
but w'as resumed as a result of an NLRB consent
order. Shortly thereafter, the union and the as
sociation negotiated a new contract which con
tained a provision that all employees covered by
the agreement must become members of the union
within 31 days following the beginning of their
employment or the effective date of the contract
and that the association provide in all subcon
tracts that the subcontractor would comply with
all the provisions of the collective bargaining
agreement during work on a subcontract. Later,
the subcontractor in this case submitted a bid to a
member of the employer association and, in re
sponse, was informed that the subcontract would
be awarded if he agreed to comply with all of the
provisions of the collective bargaining agreement
between the association and the union. The sub-
186
contractor declined to accept on those terms, stat
ing that he could not compel his employees to be
come members of the union which represented the
association’s employees because he had a collective
bargaining agreement with another union.
A majority of the Board held that both the
union and the employer association had com
mitted unfair labor practices in discriminating
against the employees of the subcontracting com
pany in the initial work stoppage. Two members
of the majority held that section 8 (a) (3) of the
NLRA precludes any employer from discriminat
ing against any employee regardless of the fact
that they are not his employees. The other ma
jority member also held that a specific contract of
employment is not necessary where, in all practical
effect, the employees of the subcontractor were
the employees of the association.
On the other hand, a majority of the Board,
consisting of different members, held that the new
agreement between the union and the association
was valid and that its enforcement by the associa
tion through its refusal to contract work to the
subcontracting company, unless the subcontractor
agreed to the union-shop provision notwithstand
ing its own collective bargaining agreement, was
not a discriminatory practice under the act. The
Board stated that Congress did not intend that
an employer who discriminated against another
employer by refusing to do business with it be
cause its employees were not members of a partic
ular union should be charged with committing
an unfair labor practice under the NLRA.
Veterans’ Reemployment
A Federal district
court rejected 12 a union’s effort to become a
defendant along with a railroad in a reemployed
veteran’s action to correct his seniority date.
The veteran in this case had been employed by
a railroad as a laborer before his military service;
he was reinstated as a carman helper with a
seniority date which fell within his military service,
but was later changed to the date of his reemploy
ment after military service. The veteran asserted
that the employer’s consistent practice was to
recognize the position of carman helper as above
that of laborer in a line of promotion and to
D enial of Union Intervention.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
advance laborers to vacant carman helper positions
in strict order of their seniority as laborers. In
his suit, he sought to recover the seniority date
to which he would have been promoted if not in
military service, in accordance with the alleged
practice of the employer.13 The railroad failed
earlier to have the action dismissed on the ground
that rights depending on practice are not within
the protection of the reemployment statutes.
Following the court’s refusal to dismiss the case,
the union attempted to intervene as a defendant,
in opposition to the veteran’s claim. It contended
that the court should permit it to intervene
because (1) its collective bargaining agreement
will or may have to be interpreted in the court
proceedings and (2) the employees who would be
adversely affected (nonveterans who moved ahead
of the veteran because of his military service)
should be represented in the case.
The court ruled that the union had no legal
right to intervene because such a right exists
only where an intervenor stands to gain or lose
by direct legal operation of the judgment in the
case; the union was not found to be in that position.
The court further considered that the absence of
the union did not affect the case “since no agree
ment between the [union] and the defendant
railroad can impair the service adjustment benefits
secured to a veteran under the act here in question.”
Since the court had found that practice, rather
than the union contract, was the basis of the
veteran’s statutory claim and that the union’s
contentions had failed to show that any provision
of an agreement would play a part in deciding
the case, it rejected the first ground for inter
vention. Moreover, the court pointed out that,
in deciding whether to permit intervention on a
discretionary basis, a court must consider whether
the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice
the adjudication of the rights of the original
parties. In this case, the court held, the union
merely underscored the issues raised by the
original parties and presented no new questions;
intervention could only cause undue delay; in
12 Wilson v. Illinois Central R. R. Co. (U. S. D . C., N . D ., 111., N ov. 20,
1957).
w Facts from opinion on earlier motion in the same court (147 F. Supp.
513); see M onthly Labor Review, April 1957, p. 486.
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
such a situation, the third party could generally
help best and always help most quickly by filing
a brief as a friend of the court.
As to the second reason for intervention, the
court pointed out that other employees who might
be adversely affected by the seniority adjustment
claimed by the veteran were not, under the deci
sion, indispensable parties in his action. It
concluded that no purpose would be served, so far
as these employees were concerned, by the union’s
È.
intervention that would not be served by the
railroad’s defense of the action. The union had
contended that the railroad’s only interest in
seniority rosters was to know the order it should
follow in layoffs and that, therefore, it might not
present an adequate defense for the nonveterans.
This argument was rejected because the railroad,
if it lost the case, might be required to pay the
veteran damages and could be expected for that
reason to make an energetic defense.
What’s the origin of the word “strike” as applied to a work stoppage?
The first recorded use of “strike” dates from the year 1200. It meant
“to make one’s way,” as in “strike out for home.” Over the next 500 years
it got other meanings: “to strike a person a blow,” etc. In 1707, the London
Gazette, reporting a battle, said, “The enemy struck their tents and formed in
line.”
The next step came a few years later when the official English chronicles,
describing an event at Bath involving a masters’ guild, stated: “This day
the whole body of chairmen . . . struck their poles and proceeded in a
mutinous way to Guildhall, respecting the granting of their licenses.” Pre
sumably the masters kept shop in tents.
The Annual Register of Britain reported in 1768 that “this day (May 9)
the hatters struck and refused to work till their wages are raised.” Less
than 50 years later the word was first heard in America when the Society of
Cordwainers of New York—the shoemakers’ union—ordered a “general
strike” of its members.
— Origin of Word “Strike.” (In The Carpenter, United Brotherhood of Carpenters
and Joiners of America, Indianapolis, September 1956, p. 11.)
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#
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
December 2, 1957
T he Supreme Court of Virginia ruled, in Dougherty v.
Commonwealth of Virginia, that the State’s law forbidding
picketing by persons who are not employees of the struck
employer, is constitutional. (See also p. 183 of this issue.)
of the United
Aircraft Corp. and the Machinists signed a 2-year contract
providing for pay-rate increases of 9 to 14 cents an hour,
effective December 1, a wage reopener, and improved
hospitalization benefits for 23,000 hourly rated employees
in the Hartford, Conn., area. (See also p. 194 of this issue.)
and
W h i t n e y A ir c r a f t D
T he U. S. Supreme Court denied review in Olyphant v.
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen and thus
in effect upheld a lower court decision that a union certified
as bargaining agent under the Railway Labor Act is not
required by the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause to
admit Negroes to membership, and that the certification is
not a sufficient Federal action to change the union’s private
character. (See MLR, Dec. 1957, p. 1492.)
December 10
December 4
P ratt
commerce, to the extent that it was directed at acts of
intimidation, violence, and threats of violence, but over
ruled it insofar as it prohibited peaceful picketing, over
which NLRB has exclusive jurisdiction. The case was
Youngdahl and Amalgamated Clothing Workers v. Rainfair,
Inc. (See also p. 183 of this issue.)
iv is io n
December 5
T he AFL-CIO opened its second convention at Atlantic
City, N. J., during which it expelled the Teamsters, Bak
ers, and Laundry Workers on charges of corrupt leadership
and for failing to comply with previously issued orders to
rid themselves of these influences. (See Chron. items for
Oct. 24, 1957, MLR, Dec. 1957; Nov. 15, 1957, MLR,
Jan. 1958; and May 20, 1957, MLR, July 1957.) Two
other unions—the Distillery Workers and the United Tex
tile Workers (see Chron. items for Nov. 2 and 26, 1957,
MLR, Jan. 1958)—were put on probation for similar
reasons until they clean up under AFL-CIO supervision.
Immediately following the convention the Federation
issued a charter to the newly formed American Bakery
and Confectionery Workers’ International Union. (For
an account of the convention’s activities, see p. 146 of
this issue.)
December 6
T he Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in
the Labor or Management Field began hearings on strongarm tactics of Teamster organizers in Tennessee.
On December 17, the committee heard testimony on a
Chattanooga, Tenn., Teamster local’s alleged payoff in
connection with an acquittal, directed by Judge Raulston
Schoolfield, of 13 teamsters charged with dynamiting,
arson, and other acts of violence. Later in the month,
the Governor of Tennessee started an investigation of the
case. (See also p. 190 of this issue.)
A c t in g o n r e c o m m e n d a t io n s of the National Committee
on Radiation Protection and Measurement, the Atomic
Energy Commission lowered by two-thirds the permissible
level of radiation exposure for atomic workers and popula
tions outside atomic facilities. (See Chron. item for May
18, 1957, MLR, July 1957.)
T h e Civil Service Commission announced salary raises,
effective later in the month, for certain physical scientists
and engineers on the Federal payroll, which were designed
to hold and attract critically needed specialists. (See also
p. 195 of this issue.)
December 13
P r e s id e n t E i s e n h o w e r named John H. Fanning, a Gov
ernment career lawyer, to the National Labor Relations
Board to replace Abe Murdock, whose term expired
December 16.
E u g e n e C. J a m e s , former secretary-treasurer of the
Laundry Workers (recently expelled from the AFL-CIO,
see item for Dec. 5), was indicted by a Federal grand jury
in Chicago on charges of income tax evasion in the years
1951-54. James was ousted from his position in 1956
(see Chron. item for Dec. 3, 1956, MLR, Feb. 1957) for
alleged misappropriation of $700,000 in union welfare
funds.
December 14
T e a m s t e r P r e s i d e n t Dave Beck was convicted of em
bezzling $1,900 received from the sale of an automobile
owned by the Western Conference of Teamsters. (See
Chron. item for Aug. 28, 1957, MLR, Oct. 1957; see also
p. 190 of this issue.)
December 16
Interstate Commerce Commission ruled, in Galveston
Truck Line Corp. v. A D A Motor Lines, Inc., that, under
the Interstate Commerce Act, common carriers have a
“clear and unmistakable duty” to transport goods offered
in accordance with their published tariffs; and that this
T he
December 9
T he U. S. Supreme Court upheld an Arkansas State court
antipicketing injunction, in a dispute affecting interstate
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189
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
duty is “almost an absolute one” which, if the public is
to be protected, may not be “bargained away” through
“hot cargo” clauses in labor agreements. (See also p. 185
of this issue.)
T h e National Labor Relations Board reopened the case
of Darlington Manufacturing Co., Darlington, S. C.,
which was permanently closed after the Textile Workers
Union won a bargaining election among its employees.
The Board ordered further hearing on the union’s charge
that the mill was one of a chain whose operations and
labor relations were controlled by Deering, Milliken & Co.,
Inc. (See Chron. item for Nov. 6, 1957, MLR, Jan. 1958.)
T h e NLRB ruled that a provision of a union-shop agree
ment between a contractors’ association and a union which
required that employees of subcontractors join the union
was legal and enforceable. However, the Board held,
both the union and the association discriminated illegally
by actions to enforce the agreement which effected the
discharge of subcontractor employees who were members
of another union. The case was Northern California
Chapter, the Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.
and St. Maurice, Helmkamp & Musser; Operating Engi
neers, Local 8 and Same. (See also p. 185 of this issue.)
T h e Federal court of appeals in Boston ruled that, in
actions brought under the Federal Arbitration and the
Taft-Hartley acts for specific performance of arbitration
clauses in collective bargaining contracts, the Federal
district courts must themselves determine whether a given
grievance is arbitrable and any term in the agreement
violated, before ordering arbitration. The case was Local
149, American Federation of Technical Engineers v. General
Electric Co.
8-day New York City strike by the Motormen’s
Benevolent Association for craft bargaining ended without
resolving the issue, as the 1,500 motormen and other
craftsmen involved voted to resume work. On the same
day, in a union representation election recommended by
a factfinding panel earlier in the month, New York City
Transit Authority employees voted (10,029 to 2,328) to
retain the Transport Workers Union as their representa
tive on the subways and certain bus lines. (See also p. 193
of this issue.)
On December 31, the Transport Workers reached a
2-year settlement with the authority, calling for an increase
of over 30 cents an hour for 31,000 city transit workers who
were scheduled to strike on New Year’s Eve. The terms
included the authority’s agreement to set aside $2%
million for inequity adjustments between skilled and
unskilled workers. (See also p. 193 of this issue.)
502 of the Taft-Hartley Act, that a company’s employees
had the right to walk out because of abnormally dangerous
work conditions, and that such a move was not in violation
of a no-strike clause in their union contract. The case
was N LRB v. Knight Morley Corp.
December 19
I n New York City, the Federal court trial of James R.
Hoffa, Teamster president-elect, and two codefendants on
charges of conspiring to wiretap illegally subordinates’
office telephones in the Detroit Teamsters headquarters,
ended in a deadlocked jury. (See Chron. item for May
14, 1957, MLR, July 1957; see also p. 190 of this issue.)
December 23
was made that the Steamship Office
Workers, Local 1809 of the International Longshoremen’s
Association (Ind.), signed an 18-month contract—its first
for ship line office workers—with the French Line in New
York City, providing for wage increases averaging 30
cents an hour, a 35-hour week with overtime provisions,
and other benefits, including free trips to Europe for em
ployees and their families every 3 years, subject to some
limitations.
A nnouncem ent
December 26
T h e United Auto Workers Public Review Board, in its
first decision since it was created last April (see MLR,
June 1957, p. 699), ruled that 10 ex-Communists who had
invoked the Fifth Amendment before the Senate Internal
Security Subcommittee had the right under the AFL-CIO
ethical practices code and the UAW constitution to hold
union office. (See also p. 192 of this issue.)
T he
December 18
Federal court of appeals in Cincinnati, Ohio, upheld
an NLRB decision (see Chron. item for July 12, 1956,
MLR, Sept. 1956), based on the rarely invoked section
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December 29
T h e Honest Ballot Association reported that members of
the National Maritime Union, in a recent referendum,
approved 17 actions of the union’s convention in October
1957, including a $20-a-year increase in dues. (See also
p. 192 of this issue.)
December 31
A N e w Y o r k s u p r e m e c o u r t ruled that an employer was
entitled to an in junction restraining a union from violating
a strike settlement which provided that neither the com
pany nor the union would engage in acts of reprisal or
disciplinary action against any employee for his conduct
during a strike. The case was Republic Aviation Corp. v.
Lodge 1987, International Association of Machinists.
T h e United Shoe Workers reached a 1-year agreement with
various eastern Massachusetts shoe manufacturers affect
ing about 10,000 workers and providing a 5-cent hourly
wage increase and other benefits.
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Union Activities
n e w s
during December centered on the
second biennial convention of the American Fed
eration of Labor and Congress of Industrial Or
ganizations and on ensuing developments.
Measures taken at the convention of the AFLCIO to eliminate corruption within the ranks of
organized labor included expulsion of 3 unions
and placing 2 others on probation.1 On Decem
ber 6, the Federation, by a majority of nearly 5
to 1, voted to oust the International Brotherhood
of Teamsters, and on December 9 the Bakery and
Confectionery Workers’ International Union was
expelled. A few days later, the Laundry Workers’
Union was also dropped from the Federation ranks.
The AFL-CIO subsequently ordered that locals
of these expelled unions be dropped from State
and local councils. The United Textile Workers
avoided expulsion by compliance with cleanup
directives. The Distillery, Rectifying and Wine
Workers’ International Union, under threat of
expulsion, accepted Federation cleanup orders
under which a special convention is to be held to
elect officers by secret ballot.2 An AFL-CIO
representative is to manage the convention to as
sure a fair vote.
L abor
Teamsters. The Teamsters union, as well as some
of its top officials, faced other problems during
the month. On December 14, Teamster President
Dave Beck was found guilty of embezzling $1,900
from the sale of a union-owned automobile in
1956. The case was tried in a King County
(Wash.) Superior Court and followed an indict
ment issued in July 1957.3 Attorneys for Mr.
Beck said they would ask for a new trial.
In New York City at the trial of James R. Hoffa,
president-elect of the Teamsters, and two co
defendants (Owen B. Brennan and Bernard
Spindel),4 the jury was unable to reach a verdict
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
concerning charges of conspiring to tap telephones
illegally in the Detroit Teamsters offices. At issue
in the trial was whether the installation of listening
and recording devices was intended to “bug” the
offices (that is, equip with hidden microphones),
which in itself is not illegal, or, as the prosecution
contended, to wiretap telephone talks by union
officials. A new trial is scheduled to begin on
February 3.
In Washington, D. C., trial of the suit instituted
by 13 rank-and-file members of the Teamsters
union, charging the election at the Teamsters
convention was “rigged,” 6 began early in Decem
ber. Testimony coming before the court charged
that in many instances delegates were chosen in
violation of the union’s constitutional procedures.
Meanwhile, the U. S. Senate Select Committee
on Improper Activities in the Labor or Manage
ment Field continued its investigation into Tennes
see Teamster activities. Testimony coming before
the committee included charges against Teamster
members of shooting nonunion truckdrivers in an
organizing campaign, pouring syrup into truck
crankcases, slashing tires, and dynamiting trucks.
Paul L. Andrews, former president of B & S Motor
Lines in Nashville, Tenn., testified that between
December 9, 1954, and November 21, 1955, acts
of violence occurred after he rejected contract
demands of Teamster Local 327. He told the
committee that, in his opinion, only “in the very
minority of cases” were law enforcement officials
“vigorous” in their investigation of the acts of
violence.
The committee also heard evidence of an alleged
payoff by a Chattanooga, Tenn., Teamster local
to “fix” charges growing out of vandalism in a
labor dispute. Witnesses testified that in 1951
Judge Raulston Schoolfield dismissed an in
dictment against 13 Teamster defendants and
later directed a verdict of not guilty. Raymond
Hixson, a deputy State fire marshal, said that an
official of Teamster Local 515 in Chattanooga
told him that “$18,500 had been passed to quash
the indictments.”
’ Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material,
i For details of the convention, see pp. 146-152 of this issue.
1 A November attempt to hold a convention under a monitor failed. See
M onthly Labor Review, January 1958, p. 72.
5 See M onthly Labor Review, September 1957, p. 1109.
* See M onthly Labor Review, January 1958, p. 73.
8 See M onthly Labor Review, January 1958, p. 72.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Later, in reply to a Tennessee Bar Association
recommendation that he step down from his Crim
inal Court bench, Judge Schoolfield stated that
he would not do “anything which might lead
some people to believe me . . . guilty of any
wrongdoing.”
Shortly after expulsion of the
Bakery Workers’ International Union from the
AFL-CIO on December 12, it was revealed that
AFL-CIO President George Meany had, under
power granted to him by the Executive Council,
issued a charter to the newly formed American
Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ International
Union. On December 16, officers of the expelled
union announced that five leaders of the new
union had been suspended for “dual unionism.”
On December 17, six locals that were supporting
the new union were placed under trusteeship by
the unaffiliated Bakery Workers officials.
The president of the expelled union, James G.
Cross, as well as two other union officials, faced
other problems, as they were indicted on charges
of embezzling union funds to buy automobiles,
jewelry, and other personal items. The indict
ment was based substantially on testimony before
the McClellan Committee during the early sum
mer of 1957.® Mr. Cross said he was glad that
“sneers and inferences from the McClellan Com
mittee and elsewhere” would be tried “where they
belong—in a court of law.”
B akery W orkers.
Other U nion A ctivities. Just prior to the AFLCIO convention, three Federation departments—
the Building and Construction Trades, the Mari
time Trades, and the Metal Trades Departments—
held their conventions. Richard J. Gray, head
of the Building and Construction Trades Depart
ment, advocated that unions affiliated with the
department forego wage increases in 1958 to help
combat inflation. In addition, Mr. Gray pro
posed the full use of laborsaving tools, ma
chinery, and material that would help cut pro
duction costs. Mr. Gray contended that inflation
was of paramount importance to labor and
expressed the belief that a wage-increase mora
torium would relieve increasing unemployment
« See M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, pp. 986-987.
7 See M onthly Labor Review, January 1958, p. 73.
• The Seafarers belong to the Maritime Trades Department, while the
N M U is affiliated with the Maritime Committee.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
191
in the construction industry. In response, George
Meany, president of the AFL-CIO, appeared
before the department and charged that Mr.
Gray’s proposal was akin to the “big business”
argument that higher wages were responsible
for higher prices. Mr. Meany contended that,
with a downturn in the economy, higher wages
were needed in order to increase consumer pur
chasing power.
On the question of longstanding jurisdictional
problems, Mr. Meany declared to the construction
delegates that renewed labor warfare would not
resolve the dispute over work on major repairs in
factories. Recalling “20 years of dog fighting,”
Mr. Meany pointed out that if the labor movement
wants to fight, it should fight to organize the un
organized. “This problem [of jurisdiction] can be
solved,” Mr. Meany went on, “by intelligence and
faith and determination and devotion to the ideals
of the trade union movement. I know it cannot
be solved by labor fighting labor.”
The threat of secession from the Federation was
shelved, at least temporarily, on the following day
when the delegates passed a compromise resolution
calling for the Federation “to condemn any
activity on the part of any affiliated industrial
union which would tend to encroach and usurp
. . . collective bargaining contracts” of the con
struction unions. The resolution also directed the
department’s negotiating committee to meet again
with representatives of the Industrial Union De
partment; if no agreement could be reached by
February 28, 1958, a meeting of the presidents of
the 19 building trades unions was to be called to
make a “final decision on the future steps to be
taken . . . with respect to this controversy.”
Speaking before the Maritime Trades Depart
ment convention on December 3, Mr. Meany
admitted that efforts to merge the department
(initially representing former AFL unions but
now including the former CIO Marine Engineers) 7
with the Maritime Committee (composed of 4
former CIO international unions) had been un
successful to date. However, the AFL-CIO chief
said that “some concessions have been made . . . ”
Mr. Meany reported that an understanding had
been reached in late November by which two
traditional maritime rivals—the Seafarers’ Inter
national Union and the National Maritime Union8
—will first meet with him to try to work out any
disputes that arise before taking action against
192
one another. In recent years, the groups have
engaged in jurisdictional quarrels which some
times have ended up before the National Labor
Relations Board.
The NMU revealed in late December that its
members had ratified a resolution adopted at the
union’s convention in October,9 raising dues $20
a year to finance a $ 10-million, 10-year program
for construction of new union halls in 24 port cities.
The program includes a building in New York to
house the NMU national offices and port facilities,
which is expected to cost over $5 million.
On December 26, the Public Review Board of
the United Automobile Workers union10 upheld
rulings that 10 UAW officials should not be barred
from office because they admitted they were
former Communists or because they refused to
answer certain inquiries by a congressional sub
committee concerning past or current affiliation
with the Communist Party. For 5 of the persons
involved, the cases had been previously heard by
the UAW’s Executive Board, and for the others
by the members’ respective local unions. In a
written decision, the board declared that “There
is nothing in the said [AFL-CIO ethical practices]
code nor in the international constitution barring
former Communists from office.” 11 The cases had
been referred to the review board by the union’s
top Executive Board on August 28.
The review board’s action was criticized by
Senator James O. Eastland of Mississippi, who
said that union leaders should be as strict with
union personnel who plead the Fifth Amendment
in response to queries about Communist connec
tions as with those who refuse to testify about
corruption. A1 Zack, a press officer of the AFLCIO, replied that the Auto Workers “has abided
in complete accordance with the AFL-CIO prac
tice in the use of the Fifth Amendment.” The
Federation’s constitution, he went on to say, does
not condone either communism or corruption, nor
the use of the Fifth Amendment to hide subversive
or corrupt practices; the Federation does maintain
as proper, however, use of the amendment for
personal protection.12
Rulings and Decisions
“Hot cargo” clauses in collective bargaining
contracts received a further setback 13 when the
Interstate Commerce Commission ruled on De
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
cember 16 that common carriers must serve
everyone regardless of such clauses in their union
agreements. The ICC declared that Federal laws
impose on common carriers “the clear and un
mistakable duty to provide adequate service,
equipment, and facilities for the transportation of
property in interstate or foreign commerce . . .
and . . . they are obligated to accept and trans
port all freight offered to them in accordance with
the provisions of their published tariffs.”
The U. S. Supreme Court on December 9 upheld
the right of State courts to bar strikers from
“threatening, intimidating, or coercing” non
striking employees. The ruling arose from a 1955
dispute between the Amalgamated Clothing
Workers and Rainfair, Inc., at Wynne, Ark., in
which a county court issued an injunction barring
picketing. The Supreme Court noted, however,
that the subsequent State court ruling barring
peaceful picketing had gone too far. In the
majority opinion, Justice Harold H. Burton said
that the field of peaceful picketing in such cases
was exclusively within the jurisdiction of the
National Labor Relations Board.
Wage Developments and Collective Bargaining
Announcement of the U. S. Department of
Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer
Price Index for November presaged automatic
cost-of-living increases in pay for over a million
workers. Under semiannual adjustment provi
sions in existing contracts, more than 680,000
workers in basic steel and related industries
received 5-cent increases in January; 100,000
employees in the aluminum and metal container
manufacturing industries were scheduled to receive
the same amount in February or later, and a 4-cent
• See M onthly Labor Review, December 1957, p. 1502.
See M onthly Labor Review, June 1957, p, 699.
11 The A FL-C IO ethical practice codes and the U AW international consti*
tution bar Communist Party members from union office. See also M onth
ly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 988.
,J The AFL-C IO Executive Council had adopted in January 1957, a state«
ment outlining the Federation’s position regarding the uso of the Fifth
Amendment recognizing “ that any person is entitled, in the exercise of his
individual conscience, to the protection afforded by the Fifth Amend
ment . . .” The Council declared, however, that if a “ anion official decides
to invoke the Fifth Amendment for his personal protection and to avoid
scrutiny . . . into alleged corruption on his part, he has no right to continue
to hold office in his union." See also M onthly Labor Review, March 1957,
pp. 353 and 361.
15 In November, the N L R B had ruled “ hot cargo" clauses with common
carriers to be in violation of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947.
See M onthly Labor Review, January 1958, p. 74.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
adjustment went into effect in January for more
than 120,000 meatpacking workers.
N onm anufacturing. Within hours of a threatened
strike deadline on New Year’s Eve, representa
tives of the Transport Workers Union and the
New York City Transit Authority reached agree
ment on a 2-year contract providing for a “pack
age” valued in excess of 30 cents an hour. The
settlement, affecting 31,000 employees, called for
a wage increase of 15 cents an hour on January 1,
1958, and another wage advance of 10 cents an
hour effective January 1, 1959; in addition, the
authority agreed to set aside $2% million for
inequity adjustments between skilled and un
skilled workers, averaging about 3 cents an hour
for the skilled workers. Other improvements in
the agreement proposed payment for the first day
of sick leave for employees who have either more
than 7 years’ service or 50 days of accumulated
sick leave (estimated to cost about 3 cents an
hour) 14and, effective January 1959, a fourth week
of vacation after 20 years’ service (valued at
approximately 1% cents). The TWU and repre
sentatives of privately owned New York City bus
lines a few hours later agreed on “package” in
creases of from 18 to 24 cents an hour over a 2year period; approximately 8,200 workers were
affected.
Earlier in the month, an 8-day strike had idled
about 1,500 New York subway motormen and
other workers. Precipitated by a factfinding
board’s recommendation for “the continuance of
the present type of union representation” among
hourly rated Transit Authority employees on a
systemwide rather than a craft basis,15 the strike
ended on December 16 after the Motormen’s
Benevolent Association and allied craft groups
were assured by Mayor Wagner, Governor
Harriman, and Republican leaders of the State
Legislature that their efforts to obtain separate
craft recognition and bargaining rights would be
given a fair hearing. Before the return of the
striking workers, assurances were given that a
Republican-sponsored bill to be introduced in the
State Legislature would provide for the first time
u In the spring of 1955, the State Rapid Transit Law was amended to
eliminate pay for the first day of sick leave unless an employee was absent
for 9 or more continuous days.
18 The Transport Workers Union won the union representation election on
December 16, 1957. The strike seriously affected transit service during its
first days but reportedly became less effective as it continued.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
193
a statutory right for transit employees to organize
and bargain collectively with the Transit Author
ity and give the State Labor Relations Board the
power to decide whether bargaining should be on
a general or craft basis. Strikers were also
assured by Mayor Wagner that there would be no
summary dismissals of striking employees; that
charges against returning strikers would be passed
on by Simon H. Rifkind, formerly a Federal
judge; and that a special wage fund would be
established to correct inequities in pay rates for
motormen and other skilled workers.
Tentative agreement on a settlement was
reached on December 29, 1957, by Teamster union
leaders and negotiators for trucking companies in
13 midwestern States. Ratified on January 9,
1958, by union officials, the settlement provided
for wage advances of 10 cents an hour effective
February 1, 1958, and 7 cents more in both 1959
and 1960; incorporation of the current 10-cent
cost-of-living allowance into base rates; and con
tinuation of the existing escalator clause. Other
changes included an increase in the employers’
weekly contributions to the pension fund from $2
to $4 by 1960, and a 25-cent weekly increase in
contributions to the health and welfare plan be
ginning in 1958. The settlements, negotiated
under reopening clauses of 6-year contracts due
to expire in 1961, affected about 160,000 overthe-road and local cartage drivers and were ex
pected to set a pattern for negotiations in other
areas.
Early in December, 6 locals affiliated with the
Painters District Council 22 of Detroit and the
Wayne (County) Association of Painting and
Decorating Contractors, Inc., announced that
beginning January 1, 1958, a 4-day workweek
would be put into effect in an effort to avoid any
drastic layoffs among the 5,000 workers. Pro
vision for the shorter workweek is contained in a
contract negotiated earlier in 1957 providing that
if there were “a large number of qualified members
unemployed,” the workweek should be reduced to
4 days during the months of January and Feb
ruary so as to “stabilize the industry.”
The Retail Clerks International Association and
chain food stores in the Chicago, 111., area reached
a tentative agreement on a 2-year contract
affecting approximately 12,000 workers. Effec
tive November 21, 1957, full-time weekly rates of
pay were to be increased by $6 and $5 for men and
194
women respectively, while part-time employees
were scheduled to receive pay advances of 10 and
15 cents an hour. Deferred raises of $5 weekly
for assistant managers and produce department
heads, $4 for other full-time and 10 cents an hour
for part-time workers, will become effective in
November 1958. Eligibility for 3 weeks’ vacation
after 10 instead of 12 years’ service was also
included in the settlement.
The United Aircraft Corp., Pratt
and Whitney Division, and the International
Association of Machinists announced on Decem
ber 4 that they had agreed upon a new 2-year
contract for 23,000 employees in the Hartford,
Conn., area. Hourly rates of pay were increased
by 9 to 14 cents effective December 1, and a wage
reopening clause was provided for the second
contract year. The agreement also raised group
hospitalization benefits from $12 to $15 daily.
The company also announced that, effective
December 1, it would raise by 4 percent the pay
of its 11,000 salaried employees who are not
organized.
A wage increase averaging 10.1 cents an hour for
about 15,000 employees of Western Electric Co. was
negotiated in mid-December by representatives of
the International Brotherhood of Electrical Work
ers. The agreement, reached under a wage
reopening clause of a contract expiring in 1959,
affected employees in the firm’s Hawthorne and
other Chicago area plants.
Wage advances and improved pension and
insurance benefits were provided in an agreement
signed by the Corning Glass Works and the
American Flint Glass Workers Union in early
December. Retroactive to November 25, wage
rates of approximately 6,300 workers at the com
pany’s plants in Corning and Horseheads, N. Y.,
and Wellsboro, Pa., were raised by 3% percent or
7% cents an hour, whichever was greater. Begin
ning December 1, 1957, the daily hospital room
allowance was upped by $2.50 to a new maximum
of $13.50, and effective January 20, 1958, monthly
pension benefits were increased from. $1.50 to $2.50
for each year of service for workers already
retired as well as for those retiring in the future.
Other contract changes included double time and
one-half instead of double time for work on Labor
Day and New Year’s Day and extension of a
funeral-leave clause to include parents-in-law.
M anufacturing.
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In mid-December, Charles Pfizer & Co. an
nounced an 8-cent hourty pay raise for 5,700
employees in Groton, Conn.. Brooklyn, N. Y,.
and Terre Haute, Ind. Effective December 16,
the increase applied to both hourly- and weeklypaid workers and reportedly brought the average
hourly rate to $2.13. Workers at plants of this
drug firm are not unionized.
About 10,000 employees of various shoe manu
facturing companies in the eastern Massachusetts
area were affected by the signing of a new 1-year
contract. Reached on December 31, 1957, the
agreement with the United Shoe Workers union
called for a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase and
increased the minimum rate for employees with 3
months’ service from $1.05 to $1.13 an hour.
A retirement plan covering approximately 5,000
employees of members of the Specialty Shoe
Manufacturers Association of St. Louis was nego
tiated by the Boot and Shoe Workers in November.
Under the agreement, which is generally similar
to the one negotiated in the summer of 1957 for
the International Shoe Co.,15 employers will pay
5y2 cents per man-hour to provide monthly pension
benefits of $1.25 for each year of service up to a
total of 30 years; eligibility for benefits is estab
lished after 15 years’ seniority. The plan also
provides for transfer of credit in the event an
emplo3me moves from 1 employer to another within
the 11-member association.
Negotiations were
conducted in accordance with a provision of a 3year contract agreed to in late 1955 providing for
termination in 1957 unless agreement was reached
on a pension plan.
In mid-November, protracted negotiations
between the John B. Stetson Co. and the Hatters
Union eventuated in a new contract, retroactive
to May 1957, for approximately 1,450 workers in
the company’s Philadelphia plant. Under the
agreement providing for a package worth at least
7 cents an hour to the workers over a 2-year period,
workers received a 2-cent-an-hour wage advance
retroactive to May 16, 1957, and another 2 cents
effective November 15, 1957. An additional 2cent increase is scheduled for November 1958,
with the provision that if the cost of living rises
sufficiently to warrant further wage advances, the
contract may be reopened on wages, in which event
workers may receive additional amounts up to 3
11 See M onthly Labor Review, October 1957, pp. 1249-1250.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
cents an hour. Inequity wage adjustments and
special adjustments for maintenance department
employees were also provided. Additional con
tract changes included an improved hospitaliza
tion and medical plan and a $5 increase in monthly
pension allowances. Eligibility requirements for
pensions were also liberalized to provide benefits
after 15 instead of 25 years’ service. The com
pany further agreed to participate in a national
men’s hat promotion campaign currently being
initiated by several other hat firms. Under the
plan, the company will contribute 1 percent of its
payroll to the fund.
In Milwaukee, Wis., a local of the Brewery
Workers reportedly became the first union to nego
tiate 5 weeks of vacation for its members with 20
years’ service. The agreement, reached with 3
malt brewing companies, also included increased
wages which will rise by November 1958 to a mini
mum of $3 an hour for powerhouse employees,
195
$2.90 for maintenance workers, and $2.77% for pro
duction workers. The contract was praised by
the secretary of the local, John Schmidt, as being
“one answer to the problem [of] winter lay
offs . . . ” About 250 workers were affected by
the agreement.
G overnm ent. The U. S. Civil Service Commission
announced in December that the rates of all
Federal engineers and certain physical scientists in
General Schedule grades 6 and 8 through 17 would
be increased to the top regular salary step of their
grades. The increases were mandatory upon all
Federal agencies, and affected about 19,800 em
ployees not already at the top of their respective
grades. In 1956, Government engineers and
certain physical scientists in specified grades re
ceived pay advances bringing their pay either to
the top or to about the midpoint of their grade;
about 35,500 employees were affected at that time.
Union Conventions, March 16 to April 15, 1958
Pate
March 19----March 28-----
0
March 19----March 27----April 14------April 14-------
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
National and international unions
Place
National Union United Welders of America (Ind.)
International Die Sinkers’ Conference (Ind.)______
Hawthorne, Calif.
Lansing, Mich.
State federations
North Carolina State AFL-CIO__________________
South Carolina Labor Council__ _________________
Arizona State AFL-CIO_________________________
Louisiana State Labor Council___________________
Place
Charlotte
Charleston
Tucson
Baton Rouge
Book Reviews
and Notes
N o t e .— L istin g of a 'publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of p o in t of view
or advocacy of use.
E d i t o r ’s
Special Reviews
P rinters and Technology: A H isto ry of the Interna
tional P rin tin g Pressm en and A ssista n ts’
U nion. By Elizabeth Faulkner Baker. New
York, Columbia University Press, 1957.
xviii, 545 pp., bibliography. $7.
Documentary histories of unions rarely have the
attribute of being timely, a distinction achieved
by Professor Baker’s volume on the International
Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union. This
feature is neatly packaged in the introductory
“Setting” which analyzes the impact of technology
on an industry and unions with a long history of
exposure to change. In this section, the author
sets the stage for clarifying the maze of jurisdic
tional conflicts, union personalities and union
politics, and various union and employer agree
ments which are the essence of any union history.
At first, wisely disregarding a strict chronologi
cal approach, Professor Baker discusses each broad
building block. These include the nature of the
printing industry; employer organizations and
their divergent views on foremen, which signifi
cantly influenced employer-employee relations;
the shift from union concern over technological
unemployment to the matter of job control; and
finally, the origins of discontent with compositor
rule in the mother of all printing unions, the In
ternational Typographical Union (ITU), which
ultimately led to the secession of printing press
men and other groups of craftsmen. In dealing
with technological developments, the author care
fully points up the gradualness of changes which
blunted job displacement problems in the printing
industry. At the same time, she makes a note196
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
worthy reference to other technological advances
“that came with a sudden impact—such as the
introduction of recorded music and of the printing
telegraph, which displaced many musicians and
telegraphers . . . ”
Having set guide lines, the author’s major em
phasis shifts to a more formal chronological ac
counting of the Printing Pressmen’s history. Be
cause of her long interest and background as a
researcher in this complicated subject matter field,
Professor Baker raises interesting speculation along
the way. For example, at the 1883 convention of
the Typographical Union, 6 years before the with
drawal of the pressmen, the latter requested that
the union’s name be changed to the Internationa]
Typographical and Pressmen’s Union of North
America. The author surmises that had the ITU
accepted this proposal, it might have allayed the
printing pressmen’s distrust of ITU motives and
altered the pattern of conflict in the years ahead.
In the crucial matter of job control, it is made
clear that the Pressmen’s struggle to grow had to
be waged on three fronts—with employers, with
other printing unions, and with divisive elements
within the Pressmen’s Union itself. In their rela
tions with employers, although at times stormy,
the Pressmen’s enviable record of conciliation and
arbitration is underscored. It is “still the only
printing trade union to arrive at an arbitration
agreement with organized employing printers on
a national scale.” Regarding other unions, the
Pressmen are found in the incongruous position
of, on the one hand, fending off ITU thrusts for
pressmen members, and on the other, seeking
agreement with the ITU to regulate the use of the
union label—long recognized as a defensive weapon
against antiunion employers. A significant chap
ter, worthy of close scrutiny by the practical trade
unionist, deals with the Pressmen’s unionization
of the relatively new printing specialty workers in
plants where printing is supplementary to produc
tion. In this area, the Pressmen, convinced that
rigid application of craft unionization principles
would hamper organizing efforts, successfully
adopted a policy of organizing along industrial
(vertical) lines.
The vision of printing union leadership in
shaping a purposeful structure during its forma
tive years increases in dimension as technology
becomes more complex. Thus, Professor Baker
relates how in the early 1900’s the late^Printing
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Pressmen’s president George L. Berry pressed for
a technical trade school run by the union to teach
members how to master new printing techniques.
A few years later, the union also established a
statistical department which became an expanded
“Service Bureau” whose factfinding services are
vital today in the union’s collective bargainingactivities. While paying tribute to Berry’s fore
sight in most matters, the author presents a full
discussion of events surrounding the congressional
hearings in 1949 on the Printing Pressmen’s
Union, which led the investigating committee
chairman to state that “the evidence disclosed
misconduct upon the part of the deceased presi
dent of this union.” A final chapter raises key
questions on the future of all printing trade
unionism. These questions could be construed
as an appeal by the author for printing trade
unions to lay aside partisan considerations and
to weigh the merits of a return to one all embrac
ing printing union in light of possible technological
thrusts in the future.
This book is a mine of detailed information
about events, perhaps familiar in broad outline to
those interested in industrial relations. Although
the copious footnotes indicate references mainly
to union sources, a bibliography shows many
others were used as well. Moreover, the views
of employing printing organizations receive ade
quate attention throughout the text. At least
part of this book, the introductory setting, is
recommended to the observers in many fields who
may be interested in an overview of how tech
nology affected an industry, its jobs, and its unions.
This book undoubtedly fulfills the author’s in
tended purpose, and will serve as a valuable
reference source for practical and academic
students of industrial relations.
—W illiam P aschell
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The
International Protection of Trade Union
Freedom. By C. Wilfred Jenks. London,
London Institute of World Affairs, 1957. xl,
592 pp., bibliographical notes. $15, Fred
erick A. Praeger, Inc., New York.
In acquainting the reader with the theory and
practice of the international protection of trade
union freedom, the author presents a compre
hensive handbook of the structure of the Inter
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
197
national Labor Organization (ILO), of the existing
international procedures for the protection of
freedom of association, and of the procedural
adjustments made in the light of the growing
international awareness of the vital role which
free and independent trade unions are called upon
to play within the national and international
society. References to inquiries made by the ILO
into the status of trade unions within the member
countries, as well as case histories of complaints
brought before the ILO concerning infringement
of trade union rights, make the book indispensable
to those government officials, employers, or
workers who are assigned to deal with inter
national labor affairs.
The student of international law will also find
a study of the material contained in the book
useful and inspiring. In evaluating the progress
made internationally in promoting and protecting
freedom of association for trade union purposes,
the author emphasizes “the significance of the
international recognition of freedom of association
as an element in the contemporary transformation
of the scope and character of international law” ;
and calls it “the legal counterpart of its political
significance as the deathknell of a monolithic
conception of the State.”
One notes with interest the author’s implied
suggestion that the experience with “the inte
grating forces” in the ILO tripartite system may
be applied to future world bodies of international
organization, without, however, fully sharing this
opinion.
—A rnold L. S teinbach
Office of International Labor Affairs
Incentive Payment Systems: A Review of Research
and Opinion. By R. Marriott. London,
Staples Press, Ltd., 1957. 232 pp., bibliog
raphy. 21s.
The author, who is affiliated with the Medical
Research Council’s Group for Research in Indus
trial Psychology at University College, London,
states that his main objective in writing this book
is “to provide an outline of the present state of
knowledge on incentive payment systems.” This
sizable task is approached through comparison
and evaluation of views (many divergent) ex
pressed in some of the literature and conferences
on the subject. The review concentrates on
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
198
weekly wage incentive plans but delves also into
longer term systems including profit sharing,
bonus plans based on attendance, length of serv
ice, or quality, and even merit rating.
Following a brief recording of periods in which
production incentives have been widely intro
duced and of some problems of research on incen
tives, the second chapter is devoted to definition
and classification of the multiplicity of original
and modified schemes in use.
Advantages and disadvantages of specific sys
tems are reviewed in chapter III. The author
found no reliable investigation which clearly
establishes any general superiority or inferiority.
Marriott concludes, however, that the general
view that individual workers and small groups are
more efficient than large groups in achieving
desired results, is confirmed by studies reviewed.
A few statistics on use of incentives (largely from
International Labor Office reports) permit some
international comparisons.
The setting of time and work standards, with
special attention to methods, merits, and defects
of time study, are reviewed next. Perhaps of
major interest to the reader is a chapter on the
effectiveness of incentive systems. Marriott states
that in spite of the evidence in favor of incentive
payment systems, many questions are left un
answered. A careful perusal of the opinion, case,
and experimental studies suggests that the incen
tive payment system has perhaps less to offer, in
itself, than is commonly supposed. Though it is
an additional spur to effort by the workers, it is
perhaps an equal or greater spur to management
to provide the right type of human and technical
organization, with all that those terms mean.
Failures and restriction of output, the influence
of the “total factory situation,” and a general
appraisal round out this comprehensive study. It
is evident that there is a growing acceptance of
greater participation by workers and their repre
sentatives in the institution and operation of
incentive systems.
This fully documented volume will serve well as
a reference book on this controversial subject.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—Toivo P.
K a n n in e n
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Executives for Government: Central Issues of Federal
Personnel Administration. By Paul T. David
and Ross Pollock. Washington, Brookings
Institution, 1957. 186 pp., bibliography.
$1.50.
Although this monograph is directed to Federal
officials and to students of Government, it may
serve to inform a more general audience of some
of the complexities and issues surrounding the
executive staffing problems of the Federal Govern
ment. Politics is treated amply and frankly, and
it is this feature, perhaps, that holds the reader’s
interest through a long list of alternative propos
als for obtaining, developing, and holding a
sufficient supply of qualified executives for the
Federal Government.
A framework for discussion is established bv
stating four questions: (1) How can a sufficient
supply of competent, qualified, and politically
loyal executives be developed and recruited for
the positions through which the President and his
political party attempt to control and direct the
executive branch? (2) What relative emphasis
should be given to alternative staffing concepts
in filling the higher nonpolitical posts under con
ditions of peace, war, national emergency, and
political transition? (3) What should be done to
provide a more effective career service system for
the upper levels of the Federal civil service?
(4) Should there be a clear line of demarcation
between the political and nonpolitical appointive
positions in the upper levels of the Federal serv
ice; and if so, where should the line be drawn?
Those seeking pat answers will be disappointed
because little effort is made to give a preferred
answer to any of these questions. Instead, the
pros and cons of alternative answers are discussed.
While practically all the proposals have been ad
vanced before, it is helpful to have them assembled
side by side and critically analyzed so that in
formed judgments may be made on controversial
policy issues.
One of the recent and most publicized series of
proposals dealing with staffing Federal executive
positions is the report of the second Hoover Com
mission which appeared in 1955. Certain of the
commission’s proposals, therefore, are prominent
in this monograph. Like other proposals dis-
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
199
cussed, however, they are treated in a pro and
eon fashion so that those who wish a critical
analysis of some of the Hoover Commission’s
recommendations will find it here.
The monograph is easy to read—it is well organ
ized, concisely expressed, and free of the abstract
jargon sometimes found in writing on manage
ment topics. The final chapter contains a com
pact summary of the volume and is followed by a
bibliography and index. The authors, both of
whom have had Government experience, have,
through a clear understanding of how the Gov
ernment operates, produced a penetrating analysis
of an important policy issue.
—R. R. M ortimer
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Automation
About Automation. By Serge Colomb and Pierre Lienart.
Paris, Organization for European Economic Coopera
tion, European Productivity Agency, Trade Union
Information and Research Service, [1957]. 62 pp.,
bibliography.
Toward the Automatic Factory: A Case Study of Men and
Machines. By Charles R. Walker. New Haven,
Yale University Press, 1957. xxii, 232 pp. $5.
Automation and the White-Collar Worker. By Jack
Stieber. (In Personnel, American Management
Association, New York, November-December 1957,
pp. 8M7. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Benefits and Benefit Plans
Fringe Benefits—A 1956 Study. By Robert D. Henderson.
(In Personnel and Guidance Journal, Washington,
December 1957, pp. 259-262. 80 cents.)
The Trend in Fringe Benefit Costs. By Harold Stieglitz.
(In Management Record, National Industrial Con
ference Board, Inc., New York, November 1957, pp.
386-390, 398-400.)
State Actions on SU B Plans. (In Labor Market and
Employment Security, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Employment Security, Washington,
November 1957, pp. 21-23, 44. 30 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.)
Analysis of Health and Insurance Plans Under Collective
Bargaining, Late 1955—Life Insurance, Accidental
Death and Dismemberment, Accident and Sickness,
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Hospitalization, Surgical, Medical, Maternity. By
Evan Keith Rowe and others. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1957. 87 pp. (Bull. 1221.) 50 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Major Medical Insurance— An Analysis of Evolving
Patterns. New York, Industrial Relations Coun
selors, Inc., 1957. 42 pp., bibliography. (Industrial
Relations Memos, 134.)
The Extent of Voluntary Health Insurance Coverage in the
United States as of December 31, 1956. New York,
Health Insurance Council, 1957. 33 pp. Free.
Collective Bargaining
The Collective Bargaining Agreement: Its Negotiation and
Administration. By Fred Witney. [Bloomington],
Indiana University, School of Business, Bureau of
Business Research, 1957. 137 pp., bibliography.
(Indiana Business Report 25.)
Today’s Collective Bargaining. By Victor G. Reuther.
(In IU D Digest, American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations, Industrial
Union Department, Washington, Fall 1957, pp. 37-41.)
Basic Patterns in Union Contracts. Washington, Bureau of
National Aifairs, Inc., 1957. 112 pp. 4th ed. (Re
printed from Collective Bargaining Negotiations and
Contracts.) $1.25.
Cooperative Movement
Credit Unions in Canada, 1956. By Roger Perreault.
Ottawa, Canadian Department of Agriculture, Mar
keting Service, Economics Division, 1957. 21 pp.
Recent Trends in the Yugoslav Cooperative Movement. By
M. Vuckovic.
(In International Labor Review,
Geneva, November 1957, pp. 467-478. 60 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
Agenda and Reports of the Twentieth [International Coopera
tive] Congress, Stockholm, August Jj-7, 1957. London,
International Cooperative Alliance, 1957. 169 pp.
Education and Training
Workers’ Education in the United States. By Amy Hewes.
(In International Labor Review, Geneva, November
1957, pp. 423-445. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Research on Skill Development in Industry. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship
and Training, 1957. 8 pp., bibliography. Free.
200
Management-Employee Communication in Action. By
Harold P. Zelko and Harold J. O’Brien. Cleveland,
Howard Allen, Inc., 1957. 177 pp., bibliography.
(Oral Communication Series.) $3.50. Guide to
assist training instructor. 51 pp. $1.
Housing
Housing in the Economy, 1956— With a Statistical Supple
ment Excerpted From the Tenth Annual Report. Wash
ington, U. S. Housing and Home Finance Agency,
Office of the Administrator, 1957. 44 pp. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
European Housing Trends and Policies in 1956. Geneva,
United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe,
1957. 89 pp. (Sales No., 1957, II, E. 11.) 50 cents,
Columbia University Press, International Documents
Service, New York.
Carolina Textile Workers Seek Modern Housing: A Report
on New Housing Needs in Erwin, North Carolina.
New York, Textile Workers Union of America,
AFL-CIO, 1957. 17 pp.
Industrial Hygiene
Bibliography of Occupational Health, 1953-57. Washing
ton, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service, 1957. 47 pp. Free.
Scope, Objectives, and Functions of Occupational Health
Programs. [Chicago], American Medical Association,
1957. 10 pp. (Reprinted from Journal of the
American Medical Association.)
The Effect of Fatigue on Work. By Thomas Q. Gilson.
(In Personnel Administration, Washington, November-December 1957, pp. 20-27. $1.)
Labor Organizations
Distribution of Union Membership Among the States, 1939
and 1953. By Leo Troy. New York, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1957. 32 pp.
(Occasional Paper 56.) 75 cents.
Union Labor in California, 1956: A Report on Union
Membership, Negotiated Pension Plans. San Fran
cisco, California Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1957.
51 pp.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Report of Proceedings at 89th Annual Trades Union Con
gress, Blackpool, September 2-6, 1957. London, Trades
Union Congress, 1957. 543 pp.
Corruption in American Trade Unions. By John Hutchin
son. Berkeley, University of California, Institute of
Industrial Relations, 1957. 22 pp. (Reprint 91, from
Political Quarterly, July-September 1957.) Free.
The Jurisdictional Dispute. By Jack Barbash.
(In
Industrial Bulletin, State Department of Labor, New
York, November 1957, pp. 1-8.)
Union Member Orientations and Patterns of Social Integra
tion. By William H. Form and H. Kirk Dansereau.
(In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca,
N. Y., October 1957, pp. 3-12. $1.75.)
Minority Groups
Equal Job Opportunity— Fourth Annual Report of the
President's Committee on Government Contracts, 195657. Washington, 1957. 20 pp.
The Nondiscrimination Clause in Government Contracts. By
Robert S. Pasley. (In Virginia Law Review, Char
lottesville, October 1957, pp. 837-871. $2.)
Discrimination in the Field of Employment and Occupation.
Geneva, International Labor Office, 1957. 35 pp.
(Report IV (1) prepared for International Labor
Conference, 42d session, 1958.) 25 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Production and Productivity
The Output of Selected Commodities. (In Survey of Current
Business, U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of
Business Economics, Washington, November 1957,
pp. 10-16. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Productivity and Progress. Edited by John "Wilkes. Syd
ney, Australian Institute of Political Science, 1957.
306 pp. $3, Angus and Robertson, Ltd., Sydney.
Profit Sharing
Profit Sharing Manual, 1957 Edition. Edited by Joseph B.
Meier. Chicago, Council of Profit Sharing Industries,
1957. 463 pp.
Fifty-Second Directory of Labor Organizations in Massachu
setts, 1957 (With Statistics of Membership, 1955-57).
[Boston], Department of Labor and Industries, 1957.
151 pp. (Labor Bull. 200.)
Sharing Profits with Employees. New York, National
Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1957. 92 pp.,
bibliography. (Studies in Personnel Policy, 162.)
Directory of Labor Organizations in the Territory of Hawaii,
September 1957. Honolulu, Department of Labor and
Industrial Relations, Bureau of Research and Statis
tics, 1957. 31 pp. (No. 32.)
Every Man a Capitalist: Highlights of Ninth Annual Con
ference of Council of Profit Sharing Industries, Cleve
land, Ohio. Chicago, Council of Profit Sharing
Industries, 1957. 151 pp. (Publication 170.)
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201
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Social Security
of Labor Statistics, December 1957, pp. 3-19. 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Social Security in Central America. By Carl H. Farman.
{In Social Security Bulletin, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Washington, November 1957, pp.
11-18. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Career as Plasterer and Cement Finisher; Careers in Chiro
practic; Social Casework. Washington, B’nai B ’rith
Vocational Service, 1957. 11, 11, 15 pp., bibliog
raphies. (Occupational Brief Series.) 25 cents each.
Report of the M inistry of Pensions and National Insurance,
[Great Britain], for the Year 1956. London, 1957.
116 pp. (Cmnd. 229.) 5s. 6d., H. M. Stationery
Office, London.
Vocational Development: A Framework for Research.
By Donald E. Super and others. New York, Colum
bia University, Teachers College, 1957. 142 pp.
(Career Pattern Study Monograph 1, Horace MannLincoln Institute of School Experimentation.) $2.75.
National Sickness Insurance in Sweden. {In International
Labor Review, Geneva, November 1957, pp. 496-512.
60 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing
ton Branch of ILO.)
Technical and Scientific Personnel
A Report to the President with Recommendations for the
Improved Personnel Management of Scientists and
Engineers in the Federal Service.
[Washington],
Committee on Scientists and Engineers for Federal
Government Programs, 1957. 58 pp., bibliography.
Scientists and Their Employment Preferences. By George
A. Peters. {In Personnel Administration, Washing
to n , November-December 1957, pp. 10-15. $1.)
Engineering Manpower: How To Improve Its Productivity.
A special report for management by graduate students
at the Graduate School of Business Administration,
Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass., Engineer
ing Management Reports, 1957. 162 pp., bibliog
raphy. $18.50.
The Supply and Demand of Engineers, 1950-1960— An
Analysis of Recent Developments and a Forecast of
Future Trends. New York, Deutsch & Shea, Inc.,
1957. 56 pp. $3.
Two Views of the Technical Manpower Problem—I, Better
Personnel Administration: A Key to the Engineering
Crisis; II, Why Engineers Join Unions. By Herbert
R. Northrup and John E. Taft. {In Personnel,
American Management Association, New York,
September-October 1957, pp. 60-71. $1.75; $1.25 to
AM A members.)
Proceedings of Third General Assembly of Engineers Joint
Council, New York, January 17-18, 1957. New York,
Engineers Joint Council, 1957. 48 pp. (Report
103.) $1.
Vocational Guidance Materials
The Growing Demand for School Counselors. By Stewart
C. Hulslander and Charles E. Scholl, Jr. {In Occu
pational Outlook, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
4 5 2 9 1 8 -5 8 -
-6
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Women Workers
Employment of Older Women— An Annotated Bibliography:
Hiring Practices, Attitudes, Work Performance. By
Jean A. Wells. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1957. 83 pp. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Women in the Railroad Industry. {In Monthly Review,
U. S. Railroad Retirement Board, Chicago, Decem
ber 1957, pp. 231-235.)
Women in Jobs. New York, State Department of Labor,
Division of Research and Statistics, 1957. 6 pp.
(Special Labor News Memorandum, 76.)
Work Injuries
Accident Facts— 1957 Edition. Chicago, National Safety
Council, 1957. 96 pp. $1.15.
Federal Work Injuries Sustained During Calendar Year
1956. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Employees’ Compensation, 1957. 16 pp.
Free.
Injuries and Injury Rates in the Fabricated Structural Steel
and Ornamental Metalwork Industry, 1954. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1957. 27 pp. (BLS Report 125.) Free.
Miscellaneous
Labor Offices in the United States and Canada. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand
ards, 1957. 49 pp. (Bull. 177, revised.) Free.
Plant Relocation and Job Security: A Case Study. By
Margaret S. Gordon and Ann H. McCorry. {In
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y.,
October 1957, pp. 13-36. $1.75.)
Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Industrial Relations
Center Labor Conference, February 14~15, 1957:
Automation; the Union Health and Welfare Dollar.
Edited by Walter H. Uphoff. Minneapolis, Univer
sity of Minnesota, Center for Continuation Study,
1957. ix, 52 pp.
202
Spotlight on Problems of White Collar Organization: Notes
on Proceedings of Conference Conducted by Labor
Education Division, Roosevelt University, January
10-12, 1957. [Chicago, Roosevelt University], 1957.
33 pp., bibliography. 50 cents.
Management, Labor, and Community. Edited by D.
Cleghorn Thomson. London, Sir Isaac Pitman &
Sons, Ltd., 1957. 263 pp. 35s.
Younger and Older Workers in Seven Labor Market Areas.
By Olive E. Young. (In Personnel and Guidance
Journal, Washington, November 1957, pp. 184-189.
80 cents.)
Economics of Atomic Energy. By Mary Goldring. New
York, Philosophical Library, Inc., 1957. 179 pp. $6.
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1958
Western Enterprise in Indonesia and Malaya: A Study in
Economic Development. By G. C. Allen and Audrey
G. Donnithorne. New York, Macmillan Co., 1957.
321 pp, bibliography. $5.75.
Workers’ Management in Yugoslavia.
By Benjamin
Ward. (In Journal of Political Economy, Chicago,
October 1957, pp. 373-386. $1.75.)
The Challenge of Soviet Industrial Growth: Papers Delivered
at a Meeting of the Princeton University Conference,
December 11-12, 1956. Princeton, N. J., Princeton
University Conference, 1957. 79 pp., bibliography.
National Employment Services: Belgium. Geneva, Inter
national Labor Office, 1957. 128 pp. 75 cents.
(Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
205 Table A -l.
206 Table A-2.
210 Table A-3.
213 Table A-4.
213 Table A-5.
Table A-6.
Table A-7.
214 Table A-8.
215 Table A-9.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing
Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, se
lected operations
Labor Turnover
216 Table B -l.
217 Table B-2.
Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
Labor turnover rates in selected industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars
0—
3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activity
C-4. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
C-5. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of produc
tion workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
219 Table C -l.
235 Table
235 Table
236 Table
237 Table
Table
1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
203
204
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y
1958
CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
238 Table D -l.
239 Table D-2.
239 Table D-3.
240 Table D-4.
241
242
243
244
246
246
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
D-5.
D-6.
D-7.
D-8.
D-9.
D-10.
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups of
items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
and indexes of selected foods
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
E.—Work Stoppages
247 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.— Building and Construction
248 Table F -l.
249 Table F-2.
250 Table F-3.
250 Table F-4.
251 Table F-5.
252 Table F-6.
Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetro
politan location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner
ship and location, and construction cost
G.—Work Injuries
Table G -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 2
* This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
205
A.—Employment and Payrolls
T able
A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1957 »
Employment status
Dec.
N ov.3
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
June
I
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual average
1957
1956
Total, both sexes
Total labor force____________________ 70, 458 70, 790 71,299 71,044 71,833 73,051 72,661 70, 714 69, 771 69, 562 69,128 68,638 69,855
70, 746
70,387
Civilian labor force_______________ _ 67, 770
Unemployment___________ ________ 3,374
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____ 1,593
Unemployed 5-10 weeks ..............
857
Unemployed 11-14 weeks_______
297
Unemployed 15-26 weeks. _........ .
380
Unemployed over 26 weeks ____
246
Employm ent______________ ____
64, 396
"Nonagricultural............................. 69,012
Worked 35 hours or more___ 46, 579
Worked 15-34 hours________ 7,343
Worked 1-14 h o u rs............... 3,188
W ith a job but not at work 4 1,901
Agricultural..................................... 5,385
Worked 35 hours or more__
3, 266
Worked 15-34 hours................. 1,301
Worked 1-14 h o u r s .......... .
557
With a job but not at work 4_
260
67, 946
2,936
1,485
650
240
321
239
65, 011
58, 789
46,238
6,953
2, 777
2,821
6,222
4,198
1,413
416
196
67, 530
2, 551
1,214
594
211
301
232
64, 979
58,394
46,062
6,715
2, 648
2,969
6, 585
4,577
1,399
416
192
68,061
3,188
1,724
699
240
280
243
64, 873
59,057
42,170
11,558
3,090
2, 239
5, 817
3,586
1,427
548
256
68, 513
2,508
1,272
538
175
268
255
66,005
59,168
47,051
6,784
2,934
2,399
6,837
4,893
1,383
390
172
68, 225
2,552
1, 438
448
210
263
193
65, 674
59,156
47, 652
6,207
2, 664
2,632
6. 518
4,318
1,633
421
146
68, 994
2,609
1,386
506
247
238
232
66, 385
59, 562
45, 992
5,637
2,110
5,823
6, 823
4,918
1,364
317
224
70, 228
3,007
1, 582
731
201
234
260
67, 221
59, 449
44, 272
5,969
2, 345
6,863
7, 772
5, 742
1, 514
366
150
69,842
3,337
2,028
620
182
261
247
66, 504
58,970
46,988
6,241
2,498
3,243
7,534
5,402
1,622
396
115
67, 893
2, 715
1, 398
520
161
377
260
65,178
58, 519
47,116
6. 576
2,942
1, 886
6,659
4, 616
1, 523
351
170
66, 951
2,690
1,251
507
224
439
267
64,261
58, 506
47, 230
6,671
2, 920
1, 684
5, 755
3, 851
1,411
356
137
66, 746
2,882
1,167
684
368
410
253
63, 865
58, 431
46,989
6,699
3,065
1,678
5,434
3, 492
1, 352
364
225
66,311
3,121
1, 335
883
288
390
227
63,190
57, 996
46,183
7,134
2,894
1,787
5,195
3, 254
1,264
454
222
65, 821
3,244
1,645
808
292
312
188
62, 578
57, 643
46,638
6, 612
2, 672
1, 721
4,935
3,032
1,162
471
270
67,029
2,479
1,231
580
183
238
247
64, 550
59, 440
48, 309
6,555
2,804
1,772
5,110
3, 245
1,175
460
229
Males
Total labor force____________________ 48,096 48, 286 48,503 48, 620 49, 745 50, 307 50,160 48. 657 48, 214 48,006 47, 692 47, 498 47,927
48,649
48, 579
Civilian labor force_________________
Unem ployment_________ ________
Employm ent__________ ____ ______
Nonagricultural_______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work 4
Agricultural ________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work 4_
45, 882
1,893
43,989
38,952
32, 546
3,461
1,197
1,748
5,037
3,716
842
309
171
45, 756
1,608
44,148
38, 870
32, 536
3,388
1,135
1, 810
5, 278
3,993
806
308
171
Total labor force__________ _________ 22,362 22,506 22,796 22, 424 22,088 22, 745 22,500 22,056 21, 556 21, 557 21, 436 21,140 21.928
22,097
21,808
Civilian labor force ........................ .........
Unemployment___________________
Employm ent_____________________
Nonagricultural__________ ____
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work 4
Agricultural. __________ _____
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work 4
22, 064
1,043
21, 021
19,837
13,692
3,491
1,580
1,073
1,184
482
571
107
25
21, 774
943
20, 831
19, 524
13, 526
3.327
1, 513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108
21
45,440
2,392
43, 047
38, 413
32,096
3,680
1,375
1,262
4, 634
3, 075
876
444
239
45, 589
2,041
43,548
38, 713
29, 402
6,471
1,381
1,458
4,834
3,264
952
393
226
45,751
1, 594
44,156
38,865
32,773
3,317
1,240
1, 534
5,292
4,111
758
270
153
45, 835
1, 565
44, 270
39,155
33,371
2,992
1.162
1,630
5,115
3, 779
925
282
128
46,940
1,596
45,344
39,953
32, 992
2, 711
950
3, 299
5,391
4,221
741
231
198
47, 517
1,803
45, 713
39, 738
31,823
2, 891
1,010
4,015
5, 975
4,862
754
238
121
47,375
2,054
45,321
39, 647
33, 713
2,984
1,096
1,854
5, 674
4,499
820
260
96
45,870
1,665
44, 205
38, 982
33, 251
3,165
1,309
1,257
5, 222
4, 006
815
249
152
45,428
1,809
43, 620
38, 747
33, 027
3,350
1,248
1, 122
4,872
3,560
912
282
118
45,223
1,950
43,273
38, 635
33,046
3,260
1,218
1,111
4,638
3,279
856
309
194
44,908
2,095
42,813
38. 331
32,439
3,424
1,228
1,240
4, 482
3,076
867
354
185
44, 714
2,150
42, 564
38,244
32,619
3,291
1,143
1,190
4,320
2,854
825
400
240
45,135
1,665
43,470
39,112
33, 620
3,080
1,219
1,193
4,358
2,998
773
378
210
Females
22,330
981
21,349
20, 598
[4, 483
3,663
1,813
639
751
191
425
113
22
22,473
1,147
21, 326
20.343
12, 768
5,086
1,709
780
982
322
476
155
30
22, 763
914
21,849
20,303
14,278
3,467
1,694
864
1, 546
782
625
120
19
22, 390
986
21, 404
20, 001
14, 281
3, 215
1,502
1.002
1, 403
539
708
139
17
22,054
1,013
21,041
19, 609
12,999
2,926
1,159
2, 524
1.433
697
623
86
26
1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers fn
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
1 Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem
ployed. For a full explanation, see M onthly Report on the Labor Force,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22, 711
1,203
21, 508
19, 711
L2, 449
3, 078
1,335
2, 849
1,797
879
760
129
29
22,467
1,283
21,183
19,323
13, 275
3,257
1,402
1,389
1,860
902
802
137
19
22,023
1.050
20, 974
19, 537
13,865
3,411
1, 632
628
1,437
609
708
101
18
21,523
882
20,641
19, 758
14, 203
3. 322
1, 672
562
883
291
499
74
19
21, 524
932
20,692
19, 796
13, 943
3. 439
1,847
567
796
213
496
56
31
21,403
1,026
20, 377
19, 665
13, 745
3, 710
1, 666
644
712
178
398
100
36
21,107
1,094
20,013
19,399
14,018
3,321
1,529
531
614
178
337
71
30
21,894
814
21,080
20, 327
14, 689
3. 475
1,585
579
752
248
403
82
20
February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
» Survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as
unemployed.
S o u r c e : U. 3. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
206
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u s a n d s ]
1956
1957
A nnual
average
In d u stry
D e c .2
T o t a l e m p l o y e e s .......................— ................................
M ining_______________________ _______
M e t a l . . . . ............... ...........................................................
I r o n ____ ____________________________________
C o p p e r .......................................... ................................
L e a d a n d z i n c ______________________________
A n t h r a c i t e ____________________________________
B i t u m i n o u s - c o a l .................. ........... ............................
820
103.7
234.6
N o n m e t a l l i c m i n i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g ..............
115.8
Contract construction------------------------------
2,833
N o n b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n __________________
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t _______________________
O th e r n o n b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n _________
B u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n _______________________
G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s _______________________
S p e c i a l- t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s _________________
P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g _________________
P a i n t i n g a n d d e c o r a t i n g _______________
E l e c t r i c a l w o r k ------------ ------------ ---------O t h e r s p e c ia l - t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s _______
D u r a b le g o o d s
_________ _________
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s 4_______________
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ___________________
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ________________
M e a t p r o d u c t s _____________________________
D a i r y p r o d u c t s ____________________________
flfvnn lnfr a n d p r e s e r v in g
G r a i n - m i l l p r o d u c t s _______________________
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s __________________________
S u g a r _______________________________________
C o n f e c t io n e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ____
B e v e r a g e s _______ _________________ ______
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d p r o d u c t s ____________
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
1956
1955
853
110.1
39.6
32.0
15.4
86.2
112.2
40.1
32.8
15.9
857
113.4
39.3
33.4
16.8
858
112.4
38.9
33.4
17.5
835
111.9
38.2
33.0
17.4
833
110.8
36.1
33.5
18.2
831
110.2
34.8
33.9
18.3
833
110.2
34.9
33.7
18.3
832
110.2
35.1
33.6
18.3
837
111.1
35.7
33.7
18.3
816
108.3
34.6
33.3
17.4
777
101.4
34.2
28.9
16.6
23.7
235.8
27.3
237.3
28.4
237.0
27.2
237.9
31.0
231.3
30.6
241.9
26.6
23S. 7
28.5
239.0
30.4
240.1
30.8
242.9
31.1
242.0
31.8
242.4
29.7
230.8
31.3
218.7
346.2
346.8
356.3
363.1
362.0
354.8
340.0
339.8
338.8
338.7
336.5
336.1
330.8
317.1
205.0
206.8
213.3
217.6
217.6
212.0
203.6
204.0
202.3
201.8
200.4
197.6
196.4
189.0
118.6
120.1
121.2
121.3
119.2
118.7
118.2
115.3
111.8
110.0
111.8
115.7
116.2
108.3
3, 059 3,224 3,285 3,305 3,275 3,232 3,082 2.906 2,756 2,673 2,667 2,997 2,993 2,759
496
514
652
715
738
714
663 572
502
580
606
730
728
516
275.0 320.2 333.8 340.4 331.0 321.5 296.2 237.3 199.9 184.9 191.5 233.3 263.3 232.4
376.5 395.0 396.4 397.4 397.4 392.0 366.8 334.7 314.1 310.6 310.4 346.9 342.6 284.0
2,407 2, 509 2. 555 2, 567 2, 547
2,518 2, 419 2,334 2,242 2,177 2,165 2,417 2,387 2,243
936.2 980.3 1, 009.6 1,030.2 1,039.8 1,005. 5 977.5 944.6 898.7 878.2 885.7 1,001. 6 995.1 922.6
1,470. 5 1, 528.2 1, 545.4 1, 537.0 1, 507.1 1, 512. 5 1,441.1 1,389. 5 1,343.3 1, 298. 5 1,279.5 1,415.5 1,391.8 1,320.8
339. 6 350. 4 351.8 344.2 332.6 342.7 333. 7 334.6 331.8 331.5 335.1 345.7 334.0 317.0
199.0 211.8 223.0 226.6 226.5 205.2 190.5 176.5 159.0 148. 9 151.5 176.4 179.5 162.3
231.8 237.1 240.2 242.7 241.2 237.2 223.5 218.2 219.5 221.0 223.2 228.7 198.1 168.4
700.1 728.9 730.4 723.5 706.8 727.4 693.4 660.2 633.0 597.1 569.7 664.7 680.2 673.1
16,333 16,581 16,783 16,905 16,955 16,710 16,852 16, 762 16,822 16,933 16,945 16,959 17,159 16,905 16,563
9,426 9, 593 9,687 9,710 9,802 9, 756
9,913 9,895 9,927 9, 976 9,992 9,990 10,067 9.825 9,549
6,939 6, 867 6,895 6,957 6.953 6,969 7,088 7,080 7,014
6,907 6,988 7,096 7,195 7,153 6,954
116.2
117.9
119.8
123.6
126.5
126.2
126.7
127.6
129.4
130.0
130.6
132.0
132.9
130.6
139.2
1,475.9 1, 519. 4 1, 591.8 1, 673.6 1,654.6 1, 578.9 1,510. 7 1,451.8 1,433.1 1,430. 8 1,429.2 1,459.0 1, 521.8 1,552.0 1, 536.9
332.1 330.7 330.4 327.0 328.9 325.7 320.7 320.3 323.1 325.4 338.2 350.8 337.4 325.9
99.4
98.7 102.6 103.8 109.3 112. 7
96.5
98.8 103.2 109.1 111.1 109.8 104.3 101.5
193.3 261. 5 347.5 326.7 253.9 197.1 168.2 166.1 158.0 159.5 164.9 183.0 231.1 227.4
115.4 116.8 118.0 118.2 115.1 113.2 113. 5 114.4 116.1 116.3 116.5 117.0 118.7 121.3
289.5 290.7 290.9 292.4 292.2 289.5 287.6 286.5 285.9 286.2 286.3 290.8 289.1 285.9
28.7
25.2
25.9
30.4
49.4
27.9
25.4
29.8
27.1
25.0
42.7
32.4
31.8
43.3
78.8
75.6
77.4
79.1
71.3
81.1
85.0
83.7
73.8
73.5
86.6
79.3
85.6
79.8
218.4 222.1 226.8 229.9 234.4 229.4 218.8 207.4 209.0 202.7 204.2 211.1 215.3 211.1
139.8 142.3 143.3 143.8 144.1 145.1 140.2 135.9 136.7 135.4 134.8 136.0 140.0 140.4
—
T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s ..................................... .........
978.1
S c o u r i n g a n d c o m b i n g p l a n t s .......................
Y a r n a n d t h r e a d m i l l s ____________________
B r o a d - w o v e n f a b r ic m i l l s . ..............................
N a r r o w f a b r ic s a n d s m a l l w a r e s _________
K n i t t i n g m i l l s _____________________________
D y e i n g a n d f in i s h in g t e x t i l e s ____________
C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r flo o r c o v e r i n g s
H a t s ( e x c e p t c lo t h a n d m il li n e r y ) ”
M i s c e l l a n e o u s t e x t i l e g o o d s ____ _________ —
984.9
5.3
116.2
418.7
28.7
211.9
87.8
48.9
10.3
57.1
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r f in i s h e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ___________________________ _____ _____
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s ________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h i n g s a n d w o r k
c l o t h i n g . . . ______________________________
W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r . ___________ __________
W o m e n ’s , c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s ___
M i l l i n e r y ___________________________________
C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r ............ ..............................
F u r g o o d s __________________________________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r ie s
O t h e r f a b r ic a t e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s . .............
308.8
354.0
124.1
15.3
78.7
13.6
64.4
131.9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ug.
837
105.7
38.1
30.3
14.9
95.7
35.8
32.7
6.5
20.7
See footnotes at end of table.
S e p t.
829
104.5
37.1
30.4
14.7
92.4
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s . . . .....................................
C ig a r e tte s
_______________________________
C i g a r s _________ _____________________________
T o b a c c o a n d s n u f f . . ____________________
T o b a c c o s t e m m i n g a n d r e d r y i n g _______
O ct.
52, 992 52,807 53,043 53,152 52,891 52, 605 52,881 52, 482 52, 270 51,919 51, 704 51,716 53,639 51,878 50,056
C r u d e - p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l- g a s p r o d u c t i o n ___________________________________
P e t r o l e u m a n d n a t u r a l- g a s p r o d u c t io n
( e x c e p t c o n t r a c t s e r v i c e s ) ............................ _______
M anufacturing..__________________ ____
N o v .2
103.8
35.2
32.8
6.5
29.3
108.3
35.8
32.3
6.6
33.6
100.0
35.7
32.0
6.6
25.7
998.1 1,003.0 1,002.3
6.6
6.4
5.9
117.2 118.2 116.1
424.1 426.4 427.5
29.1
29.3
29.3
215. 7 216. 5 217.2
87.9
88.5
88.3
49.9
50.3
50.3
10.0
10.2
9.7
58.0
57.1
57.7
80.1
34.2
30.1
6.3
9.5
82.5
34.3
32.6
6.6
9.0
81.9
33.7
32.9
6.6
8.7
82.8
33.7
33.4
6.7
9.0
85.9
33.7
33.4
6.7
12.1
92.6
33.7
33.7
6.7
18.5
97.3
34.2
33.1
6.7
23.3
101.7
34.3
34.4
6.7
26.3
97.3
34.2
34.5
7.0
21.6
102.2
33.0
38.1
7.4
23.7
986.2 1,004. 2 1, 003. 6 1,012.1 1,020.1 1,024. 5 1,026.9 1,039.3 1,057.3 1,077.0
6.4
6.4
6.2
6.9
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.9
6.6
114.9 117.7 118.1 118.5 119.2 120.5 120.7 121.6 123.0 129.9
423.1 428.4 429.2 434.5 437.4 441.5 444. £ 448.3 457.2 467.4
28.5
29.4
29. C 29.2
29.6
29.8
29.6
29.2
29.8
30.5
211.2 216.2 213.2 211.7 212.6 209.6 208.9 215.6 220. 6 221.9
88.9
86.1
89.1
89.3
88.1
88.0
89.6
90.6
91.7
91.0
49.4
52.8
55.2
49.0
54.0
54.2
53.1
51.1
54.3
53.8
10.9
11.5
11.1
10.2
10.6
10.0
11.5
11.8
13.1
12.3
59.2
60.4
57.9
58.2
60.0
61.3
56.8
61.7
61.6
63.5
1,196. 7 1,205. 9 1,211. C 1, 219.4 1, 219. 5 1,156. 8 1,180. 5 1,173. 2 1, 204. 5 1, 233.4 1,228. 5 1, 209.2 1, 227.4 1,215.4 1, 206.3
115. ] 119.1 121.7 121.3 117.; 122.8 121. C 122.6 124.8 124.8 124.5 125. £ 124. ] 119. 7
313.1
346.8
124.3
18.6
79.7
12.8
64.8
131.8
315.5
354.2
124.2
19.7
80.1
12.7
64.2
127.
312.5
358. 4
122.0
19.7
80.4
11. f
63.5
129. f
303.9
328.4
115.8
16.1
78.9
12. (
60.9
123.5
309.4
336.1
119.2
14.1
79.6
12.5
61.7
125.1
304.9
337.2
121.1
15.3
75.4
11.7
60.3
126.3
307.2
357.9
123.8
20.5
72.5
9.8
61.2
129.0
310.1
372.6
124.8
22.4
76.5
9. £
62.7
129.7
309.0
372.1
123.6
21.9
78.4
9.5
61.1
128.1
303.3
368.1
120.7
18.9
75.8
10. (
60.2
127.7
305. 6
371.0
121.8
18. 6
74.9
12.8
62.8
134.0
315.4
356.4
121.6
18.7
74.8
11.6
63.4
129.4
309. 7
358.0
119.7
20.2
73.0
12.3
61.4
132.3
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
207
T able A~2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
Industry
1956
______
D ec.2 N ov.2
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1956
1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)___________ _____________
642.4
Logging camps and contractors___ __________
Sawmills and planing mills_________________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________________
Wooden containers._____ __________________
Miscellaneous wood products_______________
Furniture and fixtures......................... .........
Household furniture_________________
Office, public-building, and profes
sional furniture.......................................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures___________________________
Screens, blind3, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures............................
367.4
Paper and allied products__________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes_
Other paper and allied products__
574.6
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
t r ie s .................................................... ..... 875.5
Newspapers_______________________________
Periodicals..................................................................
Books_____________________________________
Commercial printing_______________________
Lithographing______________________ _______
Greeting cards............................................. .............
Bookbinding and related industries__________
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services.....................................................................
666.0
79. 5
353.5
691.9
91.2
361.8
699.5
88.4
368.9
713.5
94.7
376.8
713.7
101.6
373.0
729.7
110.9
377.3
708.1
100.6
368.4
680.0
83.2
359.5
660.9
75.4
349.4
657.4
72.0
349.4
662. 9
71.4
353.5
696.9
89.0
366. 9
741.4
104.0
388.1
746.6
103.0
393.1
129.8
48. 5
54. 7
133.3
50.1
55. 5
135.0
50.8
56.4
135. 5
50.0
56.5
132.7
50.1
56.3
131.9
52.5
57.1
129.2
52.5
57.4
127.2
52.2
57.9
126.4
52.0
57.7
125.9
52.6
57.5
127.2
53.3
57.5
129.2
53.6
58.2
135.8
55.0
58.5
139.8
55.3
55.4
373. 7
266.3
378.1
267.9
379.8
267.9
378.2
266.6
369. 6
259.1
371.8
261.0
368.6
259.1
372. 5
263.2
373.1
263.1
373.9
263.1
373.0
261.5
380.4
267.4
379.0
266.4
368.2
259.3
44.9
46.2
47.4
47.7
47.0
47.5
47.1
47.6
47.4
47.9
47.4
48.0
48.1
44.2
37.2
38.4
39.2
38.8
38.8
38.6
38.1
37.7
37.6
37.6
38.3
38.5
37.9
37.7
25.3
25.6
25.3
25.1
24.7
24.7
24.3
24.0
25.0
25.3
25.8
26.5
26.6
27.0
578.3
276.8
164.7
136.8
580. 4
277.1
164.1
139.2
580.6
277.8
163.5
139.3
576.0
278.4
159.4
138.2
569.7
276.0
156.6
137.1
578.7
281.5
158.8
138.4
573.1
277.8
157.1
138.2
575.0
278.8
157.1
139.1
574.6
279.1
156. 7
138.8
573.1
279.6
155.9
137.6
575.7
280.9
157.6
137.2
580.1
282.5
160.5
137.1
569.9
278.0
156.7
135.2
550.0
271.2
148.3
130.5
876.1
324.2
62.3
53. 5
231.1
62.8
19.0
45.3
875.5
322.8
61.7
53. 6
231.4
63.1
18.9
46. 7
869.9
321.6
60.9
53.6
229.3
62.6
18.1
47.1
859.5
317.9
58.9
53.4
228.9
62.2
17.3
45.8
860.3
320.0
59.1
53.6
228.0
62.1
17.2
45.4
861.7
321.8
58.5
53.3
227.2
62.5
17.6
46.1
859. 5
320.5
59.2
53.4
227.0
62.1
16.6
45.9
863.8
320.0
59.7
54.0
227.6
62.6
16.4
46.4
864.4
319.5
60.5
55.0
227.9
62.7
16.3
45.9
861.0
318.8
61.0
54.7
225.8
62.1
16.2
45.9
862.2
317.3
61.5
54.4
228.1
62.2
17.2
46.2
874.8
321.0
66.5
54.4
228.9
64.0
18.7
46.5
852. 5
313.7
64.2
53.1
222.4
63.1
18.8
46.0
823.6
302.1
64.0
51.1
214.2
62.0
18.9
42.9
77.9
77.3
76.7
75.1
74.9
74.7
74.8
77.1
76.6
76.5
75.3
74.8
71.2
68.4
Chemicals and allied products_________
824.6
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______________
Industrial organic chemicals_________________
Drugs and medicines................................. ..............
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tio n s........................................................................
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________________
Gum and wood chemicals___________________
Fertilizers___ ______ ____ __________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____ ______
Miscellaneous chemicals.............. ................... .......
827.6
104. 5
309.6
107.6
832.2
105. 8
309.3
106.2
833.9
107.0
313.3
105.7
832.5
107.6
315.1
105.5
829.4
107.7
316.0
104.4
831.8
108.1
315.8
102.6
837.8
108.0
314.7
101.5
841.8
107.7
316.4
101.5
840.1
107. 7
317.1
101.4
835.7
107.6
317.4
100.9
834.5
107.8
318.8
100.3
834.4
107.8
318.0
100.5
830.6
108.4
315.7
97.7
810.5
105.0
308.6
93.2
50.5
75.8
8.0
32. 5
41.4
97.7
51.0
77.0
8.6
33.9
41.8
98.6
51.3
77.9
8.7
33.3
39.0
97.7
51.2
78.6
8.8
31.0
36.3
98.4
50.6
79.0
8.8
30.5
35.5
96.9
50.7
77.9
8.5
33.5
36.5
98.2
50.1
77.5
8.6
42.5
37.2
97.7
50.3
77.0
8.7
44.9
38.0
97.3
50.6
76.6
8.7
42.0
39.4
96.6
50.6
76.6
8.6
36.7
40.6
96.7
50.2
76.4
8.5
34.4
41.2
96.9
50.1
76.2
8.5
33.3
42.1
97.9
50.3
76.2
8.4
36.0
40.5
97.4
49.8
73.8
8.0
36.7
41.5
93.9
Products of petroleum and c o a l...
Petroleum refining____________
Coke, other petroleum and
products____ _____ __________
252.8
256.3
204.6
257.9
205.0
261.3
208.1
261.3
208.5
259.9
207.2
259.1
206.3
257. 2
205.4
256.8
205. 5
255.6
204.4
255.9
204.5
253.0
203.9
255.2
203.9
254.3
202.6
252.8
201.3
51.7
52.9
53.2
52.8
52.7
52.8
51.8
51.3
51.2
51.4
49.1
51.3
51.7
51.5
263.0
268.9
111. 1
22.3
135.5
269.9
111.6
22.1
136.2
266.9
111.6
22.1
133.2
264.7
111.3
22.0
131.4
259.7
110.6
21.6
127.5
255.7
104.5
21.8
129.4
262.1
110.7
21.6
129.8
249.7
97.5
21.7
130. 5
269.9
113.1
22.1
134.7
271.1
113.1
22.1
135.9
274.5
113.6
22.6
138.3
274.3
113.6
22.9
137.8
269.2
111.5
24.1
133.6
271.9
115.4
22.5
134.0
Leather and leather products___________ 373.0
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished_______
Industrial leather belting and packing________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_________
Footwear (except rubber)___________________
Luggage......................................................... ..............
Handbags and small leather goods___________
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods_______
374.9
40.5
5. 4
19.5
238.9
17.6
36.0
17.0
375.4
40.4
5.3
19.4
239.5
17.5
36.0
17.3
378.0
40.6
5.2
19.3
242.6
17.3
35.1
17.9
382.9
41.0
5.1
19.9
246.8
17.6
34.7
17.8
372.5
40.3
5.0
20.0
243.2
17.0
29.9
17.1
373.9
41.0
5.0
19.9
243.6
17.1
30.2
17.1
366.3
40.4
5.1
19.7
238.4
16.8
29.2
16.7
375.3
40.7
5.2
19.9
243.7
16.6
32.6
16.6
382.3
40.9
5.2
20.4
248.2
16.8
34.0
16.8
381.3
41.5
5.3
20.5
246.5
16.5
35.0
16.0
376.6
41.7
5.3
20.2
245.8
15.9
33.0
14.7
378.9
42.2
5.3
20.4
244.2
16.3
33.9
16.6
381.5
42.7
5.2
20.0
246.3
10.6
33.7
17.0
382.9
44. 6
5.0
18.3
248.4
16.8
33.1
16.7
Stone, clay, and glass products................... 531.9
Flat glass._____________________ ___________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown_______
Glass products made of purchased glass_______
C ement, hydraulic.___________ _____________
S tructural clay products__________________
P ottery and related products____ ___________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts_____________________________________
Cut-stone and stone products____ ___________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products_________________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
543.5
32.8
96.3
16.3
42.5
80.9
50.4
551.3
32.6
97.2
16.9
42.5
82.4
50.3
556.8
31.6
98.5
16.5
43.1
83.6
50.9
555.3
31.3
98.2
16.6
41.6
83.9
50.2
538.2
30.9
94.3
16.3
29.7
83.5
49.7
555.2
30.7
97.7
16.5
41.5
83.3
51.4
550.4
30.7
96.0
16.5
42.6
80.7
52.0
549.0
31.5
94.8
16.7
42.2
80.5
53.4
545.5
32.3
94.1
16.9
42.4
79.3
54.0
543.0
33.4
93.1
16.9
42.3
78.1
54.6
545.6
34.2
93.6
17.2
42.4
80.5
54.0
558.0
34.9
95.5
17.8
43.2
83.2
55.1
561.5
34.2
95.0
17.5
43.4
86.9
54.6
548.1
33.5
93.7
17.3
42.6
82.5
53.9
115.3
18.6
118.8
19.3
120.9
19.2
120.9
19.2
121.5
19.2
122.2
18.9
120.2
19.1
117.6
19.2
114.8
18.9
113.3
18.8
112.9
18.8
116.1
19.2
117.6
19.5
111.7
90.4
91.3
92.5
93.4
93.1
93.0
92.6
93.1
92.8
92.5
92.0
93.0
92.8
93.1
Rubber products_______
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear_____
Other rubber products.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
coal
19.8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
208
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1956
1957
Industry
Dec.2 N ov.a
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1956
1956
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries................. ........... 1,231.1 1, 253. 7 1,276.9 1,289. 4 1,306. 5 1,302. 7 1,318. 9 1,318. 7 1, 328.0 1,338. 2 1,348.8 1,355.4 1,357.3 1,311.0 1,284.1
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
fi14 4
7 fi41 7 fi4R 4 648 9 652.1 651. 5 654.6 659.5 662.2 661.8 663.7 630.6
218.7 222.6 218.6 225.4 224.3 229.6 229.8 231.5 234.9 240.4 241.8 242.9 241.0 230.5
Iron and steel foundries...........................Primary smelting and refining of non70.3
70.3
68.9
68.5
67.5
63.4
68.9
67.9
67.9
66.9
67.1
64.8
64.6
66.0
ferrous m e ta ls .___________________
Secondary smelting and refining of
14. 6
14. 5
14. 5
14.4
14.3
13.0
14. 4
14.1
14.1
14.4
14.1
14.1
13.9
non ferrous metals_________________
13.9
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non109.5 107.8 109.0 111.6 109.9 112.3 112.2 112.4 109.7 112.2 116.8 115. 5 116.9 114.0
ferrous metals
________________ _
83.5
79.6
82.3
82.6
83.8
79.6
77.5
75.3
77.0
77.4
76.1
76.4
76.8
74.3
Nonferrous fou ndries._______________
Miscellaneous primary metal Indus158.1 161.3 163.9 163.9 163.1 166.5 165.5 166.6 168.5 168.4 167.4 166.9 161.1 1.50.4
tries __ _________________________
Fabricated metal products (except, ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)- ................................ 1,113.8 1,127.1 1,129.1 1,118.8 1,118.2 1,108. 2 1,125. 6 1,121.1 1,128.2 1,134.1 1,138.8 1,137.8 1,141.8 1,116.6 1,108.6
55.4
53.3
57.4
54.7
53.8
58.3
59.9
57.7
58.4
56.6
52.9
55.4
58.9
60.6
Tin cans and other tinware__________
146.5 145.2 140.5 138.4 136.6 140.9 142.7 144.4 147.9 150.1 152.3 153.1 149.2 154.1
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies________________
111.2 109.9 109.8 112.8 109. 7 111.4 111.7 111. 7 111.4 111.6 110.3 113.6 121.4 125.7
331.8 336.5 337.5 335.4 332.4 334.2 327.5 323.4 322.1 320.2 317.0 316. 7 303.4 278.2
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav231.0 228.5 219.1 220.1 222.6 228.7 230.4 236.0 240.6 244.1 246.3 247.5 234.3 242.4
ing _____________________________
53.2
53.4
53.8
52.0
50.8
51.6
50.8
51. 1
52.7
51.9
51.2
55.5
54.6
53.5
Lighting fixtu res___________________
65 0
65.1
62.1
63.8
61.9
59.4
62.8
61.1
60.4
59.1
60.6
58.7
59.5
58.8
Fabricated wire products............ ............
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod139.4 140.3 140.4 139.5 136.8 140. 5 140.4 141.2 141.2 140.9 139.9 138.7 137.9 137.2
ucts ____________________________
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1, 586. 2 1, 608.3 1, 635.9 1,657.0 1,658.7 1, 686. 4 1, 714. 6 1, 728.4 1, 750.1 1, 764.0 1, 763.6 1, 752. 4 1, 740. 5 1, 716. 4 1, 592.3
85.5
86.5
85.8
86. 5
81.6
84.1
85.0
74.3
79.6
83.9
81.8
81.7
81.8
82.6
Engines and turbines-----------------------136.3 142. 5 142. 5 142.4 143.2 146.6 147.7 154.2 157. 3 154.7 149.4 144.9 149.5 1.54.3
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
139.4 144.0 148.3 149. 6 151.2 152.1 153.9 155.2 155. 4 156.9 154.6 154.7 151.9 132. 7
Construction and mining machinery__
Metalworking m achinery........................
261.1 267.6 275.2 277.3 283.5 289.1 290.9 292.3 293.5 291.7 290.7 289.5 282.5 262.9
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)
174.6 177.2 177.6 176.3 179.9 183.7 183.6 183.8 185.4 185.8 187.9 188.4 188.1 179.0
257. 7 260. 6 263.7 262.6 267.7 267.3 266.7 268.2 269.8 269.2 268.3 267.3 259. 6 236.8
General industrial machinery _______
126.6 129.2 131.5 132.2 131.3 134.9 135.2 136.0 136. 4 136.0 134.5 131.4 124.7 109.8
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma163.2
163.0 165.0 163.5 174.1 179.6 187.3 192.9 196.7 199.6 198.5 196.1 205.6 189.3
chines__________________ ________
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
267.6 270.0 271.5 272.2 273.9 277.4 279.0 282.5 284.0 283.2 282.7 281.7 274.9 253.2
Electrical machinery...................................... 1,189. 4 1. 221. 6 1, 239.2 1,251.3 1,232.8 1, 219. 7 1, 222.0 1, 211. 2 1,216.2 1, 228. 2 1,232.0 1,236. 2 1,250. 7 1,202.9 1,123.6
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa407.1 409. 5 415.0 410.5 413.7 417.6 419.6 424.1 428.6 430.1 433.0 433.2 415.9 383.4
ratus
____________ _________ ___
47.9
50.4
51.5
52.4
53.2
47.4
48.1
52.6
62.6
46.4
49.2
49.7
49.0
47.2
Electrical appliances. ______________
26.2
26.2
27.5
26.8
27.0
27.6
26.4
26.2
26.0
26.1
26.2
26.2
22.8
25.8
Insulated wire and cable_____________
72.6
75.3
79.1
79.4
79.6
78.6
71.8
73.9
80.3
75.1
74.8
72.6
73.6
75.7
Electrical equipment for vehicles____
28.4
28.5
28.4
28.4
28.6
28.6
28.4
28.4
27.1
28.3
26.6
28.2
28.3
28.2
Flee trie lam ps____ _
____________
Hornmuni ration equipment__________
585.2 600.2 606.2 596.9 580.9 578.6 568.0 562.4 564.9 665. 5 566.1 579.7 557.7 515.7
50.0
49.3
48.9
48.8
49.0
50.0
49.6
51.5
50.3
49.3
48.4
50.4
50.2
51.2
Miscellaneous electrical products____
Transportation equipment......................... 1,850.1 1, 853.1 1, 822.1 1, 787.4 1,876.5 1, 888.3 1,925. 9 1, 941.4 1, 950.8 1,980.1 1,984.7 1,977.3 1,971.0 1,830.5 1,832.1
Motor vehicles and equipment*______
826.7 753.7 694.3 772. 5 762.9 793.9 812. 7 823.4 853.1 863.6 872.7 876.4 815.2 903.8
806. 7 847.2 868.5 885.8 902.0 905. 6 906.9 909.1 908.6 904.8 891.5 884.6 814.4 740. 5
Aircraft and parts___________________
489.7 516.7 529.5 542.4 553.9 556. 2 558.3 557.0 557.2 554.9 546.8 540.0 499.1 466.6
Aircraft .
_
. _______________
158.2 165.5 169.7 173.0 176.9 178.9 179.7 183.3 184.2 183.8 181.0 181.1 165.6 147.1
Aircraft engines and parts__________
21.0
20.6
20.4
20.1
19.7
19.6
20.6
20.4
16.9
20.6
20.6
20. i
20.5
13.8
Aircraft propellers and parts__
138.7 144.4 148.7 149.9 150.2 149.9 148.5 148.2 146.8 146.0 144.0 143.9 132.8 113.0
Other aircraft parts and' equipm ent..
146. 5 145.8 146.9 146.5 146.6 148.7 146.5 143.6 145.2 142.3 139.6 137.6 128.9 123.0
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Shipbuilding and repairing_________
129.9 129.7 131.2 130.7 129.8 129.9 127.1 124.0 125.5 122. 7 120.7 119.5 110.0 101.0
16.8
19.6
18.9
18.1
15.7
19.7
19.6
18.9
19.4
22.0
16.1
18.8
Boatbuilding and repairing_________
16.6
15.8
67.2
65.2
65.3
64.0
65.0
63.6
62.1
65.6
67.0
55.8
64.8
61.1
67.7
63.3
Railroad equipment______ ___________
9.6
9.4
8.3
9.2
9.0
8.8
10.7
9.9
9.7
9.0
9.9
10.6
10.6
10.0
Other transportation equipment______
Instruments and related products______
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments___ _______________ .
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instrum en ts_______ ________
Optical instruments and lenses _. . . .
Surgical, medical, and dental Instruments____________________________
Ophthalmic goods___________________
Photographic apparatus_____________
Watches and clocks__________________
327.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Musical instruments and"parts........... .
Toys and sporting g o o d s... _ . ______
Pens, pencils, other office supplies___
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Fabricated plastics products_________
Other manufacturing industries............
469.6
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
335.3
336.9
338.8
340. 5
335.2
338.0
339.0
342.3
342.2
341. 2
341.7
343.4
335.9
321.0
70.3
71. 6
73.2
75.4
75.6
75.1
74.8
75.6
73.9
73.8
72.7
72.2
67.3
57.6
82.9
13.9
84.1
13.7
84.4
13.6
84.6
13.6
84.6
13.8
85. 4
13.8
85.5
13.7
86.4
14.0
87.3
14.1
86.3
14. 1
87.5
14.0
88.2
14.1
85.5
13.9
82.4
13.8
42.2
24.6
69.5
31.9
41.6
24.6
69.2
32.1
41.6
24.2
70.0
31.8
41.3
24.0
70.4
31.2
41.5
23.5
70.0
26.2
42.2
24.0
69.4
28.1
42.2
24.0
68.5
30.3
42.3
24.2
68.6
31.2
42.0
24.5
68.8
31.6
42.0
24.7
69.0
31.3
41.7
24.7
69.2
31.9
41.5
24.9
69.3
33.2
41.0
25.7
68.1
34.4
39.9
25.2
65.7
36.4
493.1
50.0
17.7
88.4
32.2
60.5
88.4
155.9
505.5
50.6
17.6
96.1
32.5
61.4
89.9
157.4
507.7
50.4
17.5
97.5
32.6
63.4
90.4
155.9
494.8
48.5
16.9
94.3
32.6
62.5
88.6
151.4
468.0
45.9
16.5
83.8
31.4
57.4
86.0
147.0
485.0
47.2
16.9
88.9
31.9
59.5
88.8
151.8
480.6
47.2
17.1
88.2
31.1
58.1
88.0
150.9
480.1
47.7
17.3
84.9
31.0
59.0
87.9
152.3
479.4
48.8
17.8
80.8
30.7
60.3
89.9
151.1
477.6
50.1
18.0
79.1
30.7
60.4
89.6
149.7
475.5
50.3
18.1
76.1
31.4
60.8
89.6
149.2
498.5
51.6
18.9
85.0
32.3
62.2
90.7
157.8
499.3
50.8
18.3
93.2
31.9
63.8
86.5
154.8
485.2
52.3
17.7
86.9
30.7
64.9
81.5
151.2
209
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1956
1967
Annual
average
Industry
Dec.2 N ov.2 Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
1956
1955
4,100 4,123 4,159 4,206 4,215 4,199 4,181 4,156 4,153 4,147 4,120 4,126 4,194 4,157 4,062
Transportation................................................ 2,692 2,714 2. 747 2,783 2, 776 2,760 2,762 2,749 2, 747 2,746 2, 723 2, 733 2, 797 2, 768 2,727
1,081.6 1,115.0 1,136.5 1,148.6 1,139.8 1,144.5 1,137.1 1,136.0 1,132.0 1,132. 5 1,139.0 1,172. 5 1,190. 5 1. 205.3
Interstate railroads.....................................
943.5 975.2 994.8 1,007. 2 1,007.7 1,011.9 1,004. 4 992.4 988.0 988.7 996.1 1,016.0 1,042.6 1,057.2
Class I railroads- ..................................
105.2 107.4 107.6 107.7 107.7 108. 0 108.4 108.4 108.6 108.5 108.2 108.6 110.6 116.1
Local railways and buslines__________
854.7 855.1 854.1 838.3 833.4 829.2 82L0 821.1 820.2 819.3 817.0 842. 8 807.5 764.9
Trucking and warehousing___________
672.6 669.4 684.9 681.0 678.8 679.8 682.6 681.4 685.2 662.3 669.0 672.9 658.9 640.7
Other transportation and services_____
42.5
41.8
43.6
43.2
42.3
42.4
46.2
42.6
45.7
45.1
44.0
44.5
45.8
44.2
Buslines, except local________ ______
141.8 141.5 147.6 147.6 147.0 146.1 145.2 144.7 143.1 141.8 141.2 137.9 130.5 114.3
Air transportation (common carrier).
802
799
809
795
750
824
824
806
803
809
813
810
814
807
807
Com munication _ . ................... ....... ............
765.7 766.8 771.8 782.0 781.6 770.0 767.1 766.3 763.8 760.9 756.9 759.4 751.2 706.7
Telephone__________________________
42.1
41.4
42. 1
42.6
42.3
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.5
41.9
41.7
41.3
40.3
41.0
Telegraph . _
__________________
597
594
593
595
594
585
615
615
606
595
603
597
602
609
6ÔÏ
Other public utilities__________________
571.0
569.6
562.1
589.6
572.5
569.9
570.1
581.5 573.3
570. 7
577.9 578.2 584.1 589.8
Gas and electric utilities_____________
251.3 251.3 254.4 256.9 256.6 253.0 249.3 248.8 247.9 247.1 246.6 247.2 247.8 248. 7
Electric light and power utilities ___
145.2 145.1 146.3 147.5 147.7 146.1 143.7 143.6 143.1 143.4 143.8 144.5 144.2 140.8
Gas utilities _____________________
Electric light and gas utilities com181.4 181.8 183.4 185.4 185.3 182.4 180.3 180.1 179.7 179.4 179.2 179.3 178.1 172.6
bined. ________________________
23.6
23.8
23.0
24.0
23.6
23.9
24.9
24.9
23.9
24.1
24.3
24.4
24.0
24.5
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified-
Transportation and public utilities...............
Wholesale and retail trade_____________
Wholesale trade.-. ___________________
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
function___ _____________________
Automotive
__________________
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liq u o r s ...................... .
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware, and plumbing equipment___
Other full-service and limited-function wholesalers---- -----------------Wholesale distributors, other
Retail trade_____ ______ _____ ______ _
General merchandise stores____ ______
Department stores and general mailorder houses
Other general merchandise stores. _
Food and liquor stores_______ _______
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets
Dairy product stores and dealers____
Other food and liqnor stores..
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores................
Other retail trade. ______ ___________
Furniture. and appliance stores
Drug stores.
Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ..____
12,324 11,845 11,664 11.620 11,499 11,493 11,505 11,411 11,428 11,265 11,225 11,298 12,260 11,292 10,846
3, 215 3, 211 3, 200 3, 180 3,179 3,166 3,140 3,113 3,114 3,117 3,114 3,106 3,149 3,032 2,873
1, 858.0 1, 844.8 1,837.7 1,831.2 1,825.3 1,807. 9 1, 795.8 1, 796. 3 1, 800.9 1,800. 6 1, 803. 2 1, 837. 5 1, 767. 5 1,679. 4
125.8 126.2 126.3 125. 8 125.1 123.7 121.6 121.6 120.3 119.8 119.5 119.5 118.8 113.4
___
Hotels and lodging pla ces.......... .............
Personal services:
Laundries__________________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants........ .............
M otion pictures_______________________
324.7
324.6
320.6
321.2
319.3
315.2
318.4
319.2
317.8
316.4
322.3
310.2
298.4
465.5
466.0
465. 7
467.4
466.3
464.4
460.9
461.4
462.8
462.7
462.4
464.8
456.9
432.2
938.1 927.9 921.1 917.4 917.2 900. 5 898.1 894.9 898.6 900.3 904.9 930.9 881.6 835.4
1,352. 5 1, 354. 9 1. 342.2 1, 347. 7 1,340.3 1,332.0 1.317.3 1, 317. 6 1,315. 9 1,313.6 1,302. 7 1,311.8 1,264.9 1,193.9
9,109 8,634 8, 464 8,440 8, 320 8,327 8,365 8,298 8,314 8.148 8.111 8,192 9.111 8,260 7,973
1,900. 0 1,559. 8 1, 447. 4 1, 419.2 1,351. 6 1,346.9 1,379.8 1,382. 2 1, 401. 9 1,343.0 1, 333.2 1,387. 7 1, 969. 6 1,450. 7 1,430. 9
1,015. 3 932.7 909.3 874.1 871.1 888.4 885.0 890.5 862.0 859.2 899.4 1, 266.8 938.8 912.7
544.5 514.7 509.9 477.5 475.8 491.4 497.2 511.4 481.0 474.0 488.3 702.8 511.9 518.2
1, 665.3 1, 650.6 1, 622.1 1, 613. 7 1,599. 7 1, 605.8 1,606. 9 1, 600. 7 1, 602. 6 1, 590.8 1, 586.8 1, 575. 2 1,612.2 1, 553.6 1,486.4
1.182. 5 1,156. 6 1,140.1 1,120.9 1,126. 5 1,127. 6 1,126. 2 1,124.7 1,123. 5 1,118. 5 1,113.3 1,137.0 1,086.4 1,034.2
228.5 230.2 237.6 244.4 245.4 241.9 237. 3 234.0 230.3 227.3 226.7 227.4 231.9 226.6
239.6 235.3 236.0 234.4 233.9 237. 4 237.2 243.9 237.0 241.0 235.2 247.8 235.3 225.6
812.7 809.6 801.6 801.1 805. 2 806.5 803.6 798.2 795.8 796.0 793. 2 794. 1 816.6 808.7 803.0
718. 1 644.4 625.9 614.7 571.6 580. 7 619.8 621.7 657. 9 592.4 581.2 608.2 758. 5 616.0 596.8
4,013.2 3,969. 2 3, 967. 0 3, 991.1 3, 992. 2 3,987. 4 3,955.1 3, 895. 5 3, 855. 6 3,826.1 3,816. 2 3, 827.1 3.954. 2 3,831.0 3,655.9
402.3 397.6 392.5 392.4 392.6 392.8 392. 2 394.7 395.3 395.1 394.2 415.7 395.8 384.7
382.3 380.2 373.5 374.1 376.5 372.4 360.9 364.2 354. 7 352.2 360.1 378.7 345.6 328.6
2,353
2,356
626.1
83.8
865.0
781.1
2,356
623.4
83.8
861.6
787.1
2,361
621.7
84.2
861.8
793.5
2,389
629.6
85.6
867.7
805.8
2,390
626.0
85.3
865.0
814.0
2,359
614.4
83.8
853. 1
807.8
2,329
606.7
82.8
845.8
793.4
2,320
606.9
83.0
845.6
784. 3
2,310
6Ó5.2
83.6
842.5
779.1
2,301
602.3
82.7
837.0
779.1
2,293
596.5
82.6
830.3!
783.1
2,308
597.2
83.0
829. 9
797.6
2,306
581.9
82.4
821.7
820.1
2,219
549.3
77.6
795.4
796.8
6,480
6,515
480.4
6,547
487.9
6,541
527.1
6,509
597.7
6.524
598.0
6,551
539.7
G, 520
512.6
6,432
499.0
6,317
482.3
6,273
480.7
6,239
473.6
6,295
482.0
6,231
518.0
5,916
498.7
324.8
162.1
218.3
327.7
163.6
226.6
329.5
160.6
232.1
333.2
156.1
230. 5
337.9
162.7
229.3
336. 5
167.6
228.9
333.5
168.0
227.0
328.5
164.0
224.1
328.2
160.3
216.5
328.0
158.9
212.3
329.6
160.6
211.6
330.2
162.9
214.8
333.5
164.8
226.6
332.1
103.4
231.8
Banks and trust companies
Security dealers and exchanges
Insurance carriers and agents ________
Other finance agencies and real estate.
Service and miscellaneous_____________
328.6
___
7,749 7,499 7,473 7,381 7,157 7,157 7,343 7,387 7,376 7, 360 7,334 7,302 7,589 7,178 6,914
Federal1
_______________________ 2, 435 2,148 2,156 2, 179 2,212 2, 219 2, 211 2,202 2,205 2,203 2,200 2,196 2,483 2,209 2,187
State and local1_______________________ 5,314 5, 351 5,317 5, 202 4, 945 4,938 5.132 5,185 5,171 5,157 5,134 5.106 5,106 4,969 4, 727
Government__________________________
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data for 1955-56 shown in this
table are not comparable with those published in previous issues. They have
been revised because of adjustment to first quarter 1956 benchmark levelsindicated by data from government social insurance programs. Comparable data
for earlier years are available upon request. Data for 1956 and 1957 are sub
ject to revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based on establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
• Durable goods include: Ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
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4
Nondurable goods include: Food and kindred products; tobacco manu
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products
* Data for Federal establishments refer to the continental United States;
they relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last
day of the month.
* State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles." Data not affected.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U. S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
210
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
T able A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Industry
D ec.2 N ov.2 ¡ Oct.
Mining_________
672
87.9 i
Sept.
694
92.5
34.4
26.5
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1956
1955
12.8
703
94.5
35.0
27.2
13.3
212.0
25.4
214.5
26.5
214.2
25.2
214.8
28.9
208.6
28.3
218.9
24.7
216.7
26.
217.
28.4
218.4
28.8
221.8
28.8
221.4
29.4
222.0
27.1
210.8
28.3
200.5
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction........ ............................. .............
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)_______
248.7
248.
258.0
264.7
264.0
260.6
248.5
248.5
249.7
250.5
249.4
250.7
249.8
243.1
125.9
127.4
133.3
137.7
137.9
136.3
129. 5
130.1
130.1
131.0
130.3
129.0
130.7
129.4
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.
100.9
102.3
103.0
103.3
101.5
100.9
100.8
98.0
95.2
93.4
95.0
99.0
99.6
M etal_________
Iron...................
Copper______
Lead and zinc.
3 2 .2
25. 2j
12. 2 ]
Anthracite___________________________
Bituminous coal___________________
22.1
33.2
24,
12.4
699
95.8
34.3
27.7
14.2
704
95.5
34
28.0
14.8
95.7
33.8
27.7
14.8
686
685
94.i
31. £
28.3
15. £
686
93. £
30.
28.6
15.
689
94. £
30.6
28.6
15.7
689
94.6
30.8
28. £
15.6
696
95.2
31. £
28. £
15.
680
92. £
30.
28.3
14. £
651
86.6
29.7
24.4
14.2
92.7
12,482 12,719 12.893 12,992 13,024 12,788 12,955 12,894 12,960 13.085 13,114 13,150 13,350
13.061
7,160 7,318 7,389 7,397
7,476 7,432 7,603 7,600 7, 635 7,693 7, 721 7, 740 7,827 7,13,196
7, 551
5, 322 5,401 5,504 5, 595
Nondurable goods A
5, 548 5, 356 5, 352 5,294 5,325 5, 392 5, 393 5,410 5, 523 5, 659
537 5, 510
67.5
68.2
Ordnance and accessories_________ ____
69.5
72.7
75.0
74.0
75.8
76.5
78.3
79.0
79.4
80.6
82.5
83.0
93.8
Food and kindred products____________ 1, 030. 1,074. 3 1,143. 2 1,218.0 1,194.3 , 120. 2 1,056. 1,004. 2 989.8 988.8 987.1 1,014.9 1,075.6
1.105.
3
1,097.3
265.4 264.2 262.8 259.2 261.1 257.
Meat products____________________
253.2 252.7 255.3 257.6 269.8 282.9 269. 1 255.9
Dairy products____ _______________
65.2
66.9
70.1
75.3
77.1
76.
71.5
68.5
66.8
65.3
67.2
67.9
7. 27
74,9
161
Canning and preserving____________
228.9 312.9 292.2 220.8 164.
136.2 135.1 127.2 128.6 134.3 152.0 199.6 196.3
82.2
80.
82.
Grain-mill products________________
83.2
79.2
77.
78.4
78.7
80.5
80.7
81.4
81.9
83.7
87.1
170.8 171.
Bakery products__________________
172.0 172.8 173.1 171.
169. 4 168.4 168.2 168.5 168.3 172. 5 172.1 172.1
43.9
Sugar____________________________
37.9
24.5
23.6
22.7
22.
20.3
19.8
20.2
20.9
25.3
37.3
26.5
27.0
70.5
69.2
71.3
Confectionery and related products..
64.4
57.4
59.
59.6
61.3
62.8
64.5
66.4
71.0
64.8
65.5
120.2
Beverages_________________________
122.3 124.9 125.2 130.0 127.
120.9 113.0 114.8 109.2 111.0 117.9 120.8 119.9
95.6
98.4
Miscellaneous food products________
97.7
98.7
100.
95.2
91.8
93.0
91.8
91.1
92.2
96.0
98.6
85.
8 2 .2
Tobacco manufactures_______________
98.4
94.0
90.4
70.8
73.2
73.6
72.8
76.5
83.7
88.1
93.0
88.7
93.8
Cigarettes._______________________
31.2
30.6
31.2
31.1
29.6
29.8
29.3
29.3
29.3
30.4
29.8
30.7
30.7
30.0
Cigars__ ____ ____________________
31.0
31.1
30.
30.3
28.4
30.
31.2
31.7
31.6
32.0
31.2
32.7
32.8
36.3
5.4
Tobacco and sn u ff..________________
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.9
6.3
18.2
Tobacco stemming and redrylng.........
31.1
26.8
23.5
7.5
6.9
6.9
6.7
10.0
16.3
20.8
23.9
19.3
21.2
Textile-mill products__________________
886.4 893.0 906.2 911.6 911.4 895.4 912.9 911.2 919.4 928.5 932.7 934.6 947.8 965. 6
983.7
Scouring and combing plants............
4.6
5.2
5
6.0
5.8
5. 5
6.2
5.9
5.8
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.0
Yarn and thread mills____________
107.1 108.4 109.2 107.3 106.0 108.7 109.2 109.5 110.6 111.5
111.6 112.6 113.9 120.4
Broad-woven fabric mills____________
391.2 396.5 398.
400.2 396.0 401.4 401.9 407.1 410.4 414.5 417.6 421.2 430.
0
439.6
Narrow fabrics and small wares_______
25.0
25.6
25.
25.4
24.8
25.4
25.8
25.6
26.0
26.2
26.0
25.6
26.2
26.6
Knitting mills____ _______ ________
191.6 195.3 196.5 197.2 191.2 196.7 193.2 191.5 192.7 189.5
188.7 195.2 200.7 201.0
76.6
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
77.4
77.2
77.0
75.2
76.5
77.4
76.7
77.5
77.8
78.2
79.2
80.1
79.7
Carpets, rags, other floor coverings___
40.0
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.3
40.2
41.9
43.7
45.3
46.2
45.2
45.1
45. 6 44.8
Hats (except cloth and millinery)_____
9.3
9.0
8.6
8.9
9.0
9.4
9.6
8.8
10.1
10.1
9.7
10.5
10.8
11. 6
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
47.6
47.6
48.1
48.3
47.1
48.2
48.2
49.3
50.1
50.8
51.4
52.1
52.0
54.0
Manufacturing___________
Durable goods 3____
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts______ _____ ______ _____ _____ 1, 062.7 1,072.1 1,075.2 1, 083. 7
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
102.8 106.1 109.0
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing___ ______ _______________
282.2 285. 7 288.4
Women’s outerwear.................................
314.7 306.6 313.6
Women’s, children’s undergarments...
111.1 111.3 111.1
M illinery.......... ............ ....................... .
13.2
17.3
16.2
Children’s outerwear___________ ____
69.8
70.6
71.1
Fur goods.....................................................
10.6
9.9
9.8
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
58.1
58.
58.0
Other fabricated textile products_____
109.6 110.4 105. 4
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_________________ ______
Logging camps and contractors..........
Sawmills and planing m ills...................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_________________
Household furniture.............. ...................
Office, public-building, and professional
furniture.....................................................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures...........................................................
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures______________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
574.8
306.5
083. 5 1,023.8 1,044. 1,039.0 1,068. 9 1,098.1 1,094. 5 1,075. 5 1,092.8 1,083.3 1,077.1
108.8 104.7 110.
108.1 110.0 112.2 112.5 112.3 113.2 111.8 107.7
286.0 277.5 282.
278.3 280.6 282.8 282.1 277.0 278.9 289.5 285.6
318.0 289.1 295.
296.9 316. 5 331.9 331.2 327.8 329.7 316.0 317.5
108.9 102.6 106.
107.! 110.5 111.9 111.0 107.5 108.9 108.9 107.1
17.3
13.8
11,
13.1
18.1
20.0
19.5
16.5
16.4
16.4
17.9
71.6
70.2
70.
66.8
63.7
67.8
69.8
67.4
66.7
66.9
65 9
8.9
9.2
9.
8.9
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.3
9.8
8.6
93
57.2
54.7
55.
54.0
54.9
56.3
54.7
53.6
56.7
57.0
54.9
106.8 102.0 103.
105.0 107.6 108.0 106.7 106.1 112.5 108.2 111.2
597.9
73.3
322.8
622. 7
84.6
330.9
630.9
81.6
338.5
644.6
88.2
346.1
645.3
94.8
342. 6
658.9
103.1
345.5
638.0
92.6
337.6
611.8
76.3
329.2
592.6
68.3
318.9
689.0
64.8
318.9
594.3
64.5
322.9
627.8
81.6
335.9
672.2
96.6
358.0
679.2
96.3
364.5
109.4
44.2
48.2
112.6
45.7
48.
114.5
46.3
50.0
114.8
45.4
50.1
112.1
45.8
50.0
111.5
48.2
50.6
108.8
48.2
50.8
107.1
47.9
51.3
106.5
47.8
51.1
106.1
48.3
50.9
107.0
49.0
50.9
109.1
49.3
51.9
115.0
50.6
52.0
318.3
51.0
49.1
311.8
229.1
316.
231.2
318.9
231.6
316.6
229.9
308.6
222.9
311.0
225.0
307. 5
222.5
311.5
226.9
312.3
226.6
312.8
226.5
312.4
225.4
319.6
231.1
318.5
230.4
310.8
225.3
35.2
36.6
37.8
38.0
37.4
37.8
37.5
38.0
38.0
38.5
37.9
38.9
38.9
35.7
27.7
28.8
29.5
29.2
29.1
28.9
28.6
27.9
28. l|
28.0
28.7
29.0
28.6
29.1
19.8
20.3
20.0
19.5
19.2
19.3
18.9
18.7
19. 6
19.8
20.4
20.6
20.6
20.7
r
211
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
Industry
Dec. 2 Nov .2 Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1956
Annual
average
Dec.
1956 1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes..........
Other paper and allied products_____
465.2 452. 5
4G4.7 467.5 470.4 468.9 465.1 459.0 468.9 464.9 467.1 466.5 465.6 467.8 472.2 2
228.3 228.6 228.6 229.1 226.6 232.8 230.0 231.1 231.1 231.5 232. 0 233.9 30.4 227.4
132.9 132.8 131.3 128.2 125.6 128.0 126.7 126.6 126. 5 126.1 127.8 130. 7 128.0 121.7
106.3 109.0 109.0 107.8 106.8 108.1 108.2 109.4 108.9 107.9 108.0 107.6 106.8 103.4
Printing, publishing and allied industries... 564.7 565.5 566.8 563.3 553.1 552.2 556.0 554.9 559.2 558.7 555.3 557.1 565.9 551.1 529.1
58.7 158. 5 157.8 157.4 160.8 156.0 150.4
161. 5 160. 4 159.8 156.4 157.1 159.3 159. 3 12
Newspapers___ _________________
25.5 25.8 25.3 24.1 24.1 24.2 24.9 5.4 25.6 25.5 25.5 27.5 27.7 26.7
Periodicals_______________________
3
4.8 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.5 33.1 31.0
3
4
.1
3
4
.2
3
3
.7
3
3
.8
3
3
.9
3
4
.0
3
3
.5
_____________
Books _ _
82.0 183.9 185.0 180.6 173.8
187.4 188.2 186.9 185.0 184.4 184.1 183.4 184.2 184.1 14
Commercial printing..................... ........
4
7.7 47.9 7.2 47.3 48.9 47.6 46.9
4
7
.1
4
7
.6
4
7
.2
4
7
.0
4
7
.4
4
7
.9
4
8
.1
Lithography
______________
13.9
13.8 13.8 13.2 12.5 12.3 12.6 11.6 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.9 13.3 13.6 3
____ _____
Greeting cards.
36.0 37.5 37.8 36.6 36.3 37.1 36.9 37.4 37.2 37.2 37.6 37.8 37.2 4.3
Bookbinding and related industries___ —
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
59.6 59.1 58.7 57.8 57.3 57.2 57.5 59.7 59.3 59.6 58.7 58.1 55.3 52 1
services
5
29.4 532.3 533.1 529.5 528.8 534.7 544.3 549.1 550.0 547.9 548.5 547.4 551.6 546.0
5
2
6
.9
Chemicals and allied products_________
3.7 75. 0 74.1
70.5 71.4 71.7 72.1 72.0 73.0 73.2 73.2 73.5 73.6 73.8 27
Industrial inorganic chemicals__ ____
1
98.6 196.9 200.4 200. 9 203.3 205.8 206.7 208.4 210.7 212.1 214.4 13.5 215.6 215.0
Industrial organic chemicals____ ____
62.2 61.4 60.7 60.3 59.9 59.2 58.8 58.7 58.8 58.8 59.1 58.6 57.8 56. 6
Drugs and medicines
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara31.1 31.5 31.8 31.5 31.0 30.7 30.4 30.7 30.9 31.0 30.6 30.4 30.4 30.1
tions
45.4 46.5 47.4 48.0 48.5 47.7 47.5 47.2 46.9 47.2 47.3 47.1 47.3 46.6
Paints, pigments, and fillers
6.6 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.1 6.8
Gum and wood chemicals___________
2
3.6 24.9 24.2 22.2 21.6 24.4 33.3 35.8 33.1 27.8 25.7 24.6 27.3 27.8
Fertilizers
29.3 29.8 27.3 24.7 23.7 24.4 24.9 25.9 27.5 28.7 28.9 29.8 28.3 28.7
Vegetable and animal oils and fats__
6
2.1 62.7 62.2 62.3 61.4 62.3 62.2 61.8 61.2 61.4 61.5 62.6 62.8 60.3
Miscellaneous chemicals..
1
7
1.5 173.0 175.0 175.1 174.8 175.3 174.0 173.4 172. 8 173.4 171.8 174.3 173.8 173.8
Products of petroleum and coal________ 168.0
131.0 131.2 132.8 133.4 133.0 133.3 132.9 132.7 132.0 132.3 132.8 133.1 132.2 132.2
Petroleum refining
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod40.5 41.8 42.2 41.7 41.8 42.0 41.1 40.7 40.8 41.1 39.0 41.2 41.6 41.6
ucts - __ _ __________________
Rubber products____________________ 204.4 208.6 209.5 206.4 204.3 199.8 196.8 204.2 191.3 211.4 212.6 216.0 215.8 211.1 214.7
83.8 84.4 84.4 84.2 83.9 78.2 84.9 71.1 86.9 86.8 87.4 87.3 85.2 88.6
Tires and inner tubes
8.2
18.0 17.7 17.6 17.2 16.8 17.4 17.3 17.5 17.8 17.8 18.3 18.6 19.8 11
Rubber footwear
1
06.8 107.4 104.4 102.9 99.1 101.2 102.0 102. 7 106.7 108.0 110.3 109.9 106.1 07.9
Other rubber products__________ ___
Leather and leather products__________ 331.3 333.4 333. 6 336.1 341.1 331.6 332.7 324. 8 333.6 340.8 340.1 335.5 337.8 340.8 342.0
36.1 36.0 36.3 36.8 36.0 36.7 36.0 36.3 36.5 37.1 37.3 37.8 38.4 40.1
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
4.2 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.9 3 9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8
Industrial leather belting and packing.
18.1 18.3 18.0 16.3
17.3 17.3 17.1 17.7 17.8 17.8 17.6 17.7 18.2 18.3 22
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
2
1
4.6 215.1 217.8 221.8 218.9 219.0 213.8 218.9 223.4 221.8 1. 2 219. 5 221. 5 223.6
Footwear (except rubber)....................... —
14. 7 14.6 14. 5 14.9 14.2 14.4 14.1 14.0 14.1 14.0 13.4 13.8 14.2 14.4
31.7 31.4 30.6 30.3 25.7 25.8 24.7 28.1 29.8 30.8 28.9 29.8 29.7 29.4
Handbags and small leather goods
14.8 15.2 15.8 15.7 15.2 15.1 14.7 14.6 14.8 14.1 12.6 14.6 15.0 14.4
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
437.6 448.2 455.5 460.8 459.3 442.6 459.3 456.2 455. 2 451. 4 449.0 453.3 464.5 469.6 460.6
Stone, clay, and glass products________
30.6 30. 1
29. 4 29.0 28.0 27.5 27.2 27.1 27.4 28.3 28.9 30. 0 30.9 31.3 8
81.7 82.5 84.0 83.8 79.9 83.0 81.7 80.5 79.6 78.4 79.1 81.0 0.4 79.6
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown .
15.1 14.8 14.9
13.5 14.1 13.8 13.9 13.7 13.8 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.5 3
Glass products made of purchased glass.
5.7 6.4 36.5 35.8
35.5 35.6 36.1 34.8 23.0 34.6 35.7 35.3 35.5 35.4 3
Op.mivnt, hvdranlie
70.6 72.1 73.6 73.7 73.4 73.3 70.8 70.5 68.9 68.1 70.4 72.9 77.0 73.7
Structural clay products____________
4
43.8 43.7 44.2 43.5 42.8 44.5 45.3 46.7 47.2 47.8 7.3 48.4 48.1 47.6
Pottery and related products................. —
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod92.8 96.4 98.0 98.5 99.0 99.1 97.3 94.8 92.5 90.7 91.0 93.8 96.3 91.7
ucts
- __ ____________________
16.1 16.7 16.6 16.6 16.6 16. 4 16.7 16.8 16.5 16.4 16.4 16.7 17.0 17.4
Out-stone and stone products
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
64.8 65.4 66.5 67.0 67.0 67.5 67.5 68.3 68.2 68.0 68.0 68.9 68.9 69.8
products
Primary metal industries_____________ 1, 004.11, 027. 71, 049. 21, 061.01, 077.31, 075. 31, 092. 51, 092. 61, 101.01, 112.01, 123.71, 132. 71, 135. 41, 096.01, 084.8
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
507.8 523.2 534.1 540.6 542. 5 546.6 546. 4 548.9 553.7 558.7 559.0 562.5 532.9 544.6
mills
___________________
187.7 190.8 187.6 194.1 193.1 197.9 198.4 199.9 203.3 208.3 210.4 211.1 210.0 202.2
Iron and steel foundries.......................... —
Primary smelting and refining of non51.0 50.7 52.0 52.7 52.6 53.5 53.9 54.7 54.6 54.5 56.5 56.5 54.2 51.1
ferrous metals
Secondary smelting and refining of
10.3 10.4 10.5 10.3 10.5 10.5 10. 7 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.9 10.7 9.8
nonferrous metals _.
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non1.2
84.8 83.0 84.1 86.6 85.1 87.4 87.2 87.5 85.5 87.2 91.1 90.6 92.6 9
ferrous metals
60.7 62.9 62.1 62.3 61.5 63.2 63.3 65.6 68.0 68.3 69.7 69.3 65.8 64.4
Nonferrous foundries __
Miscellaneous primary metal Indus125.4 128.2 130.6 130.7 130. C 133. 4 132.7 133.6 136.1 135.9 135.2 134.5 129.8 121.5
tries
__________________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment)_____________
Tin cans and other tinware. _ ____ _
Gutiery handtools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies _________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
873.5 887.6
45.6
116.8
85.5
246.9
190. (
44.3
47.5
Fabricated wire products___________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. —
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 111.0
889.4
48. 1
115.6
83.8
251.2
187.8
43.5
47.3
112.1
878.1
51.5
111.3
84.0
252.0
177.2
42.3
47.7
112.1
878.4
53.1
109. C
86.7
249.7
179.7
40.9
48.1
111.2
868.6
52.5
107. 2
83.7
247.7
181. (
39.8
48.1
108.6
886.5
51. C
111. 4
85.2
249.7
187.8
40.2
48.8
112.4
882.9
49.3
113.4
85.3
243.4
189.1
40.6
49.2
112.6
889.4
50.2
114.9
85.1
239.5
193.9
41.4
50.7
113.7
898.0
48.3
118.5
84.5
239.6
199.6
42. C
51.3
114.2
902.4 903.7
47.5 46.8
121.2 123.2
84.5 83.5
237. 6 235.5
202.6 205.2
42.7 42.7
52.5 53.6
113.81 113.2
907.8
46.2
124.1
86.4
235.8
206.0
43.2
54.1
112.0
888.4 893.6
50.5 51.0
120.3 126.5
94.1 98.9
226.1 209.0
193.9 2u3. 6
40.7 41.7
51.2 50.9
111. 61 112.1
212
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
T able A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
1957
1956
In d u stry
D e c .2
N o v .8
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
A nnual
average
1956
1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)..... ....... 1 ,1 2 3 .2 1 ,1 4 4 .1 1 ,1 6 6 .4 1 ,1 8 5 . 8 1 ,1 8 0 .3 1, 206. 6 1 ,2 3 8 . 6 1, 255. 4 1 ,2 7 7 .3 1 ,2 9 1 .1 1, 294. 4 1, 2 8 7 .4 1 ,2 7 7 .2 1 ,2 6 7 .9 1 ,1 7 8 .6
Engines and turbines................... .
57.1
57. f
59 5
60 5
56 i
57 i
56 Ç
59 i
5 3 .4
5 7 .9
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
9 5 .3
100.6
1 0 0 .4
100.1
1 0 1 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .5
111 .’ 8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 0 7 .8
1 0 3 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 0 8 .0
Construction and mining machinery...
9 7 .6
101.6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .1
110. £
112. 5
112.6
114.4
112.6
1 1 2 .4
111.1
9 6 .2
Metalworking machinery...............
1 9 4 .6
2 0 0.0
2 0 7 .2
2 0 7 .9
220.2
2 1 3 .9
2 2 2.6
2 2 4 .3
2 2 5 .7
2 2 4 .4
2 2 3 .5
2 2 2 .5
2 1 7 .2
2 0 0 .9
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery).............
1 2 0 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .7
121.0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 2 8 .0
1 3 0 .2
1 2 9 .7
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .5
1 2 7 .0
General industrial machinery_____
1 6 6 .3
1 6 8 .7
1 7 4 .1
1 7 0 .7
1 6 9 .2
1 7 4 .5
175. 8
1 7 2 .6
178. S
1 7 8 .6
1 7 8 .7
1 7 8 .5
1 7 4 .3
1 5 9 .6
Office and store machines and devices..
8 9 .0
9 2 .0
9 2 .9
9 7 .2
9 3 .3
9 2 .7
9 8 .5
9 9 .8
100.2
101.2
1 0 0 .5
9 8 .5
9 4 .2
8 5 .4
Service-industry and household ma
chines...................................
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .0
1 2 0 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 1 8 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 4 6 .4
1 4 0 .6
1 4 9 .6
1 5 2 .0
1 5 0 .8
1 4 8 .2
1 5 7 .4
1 4 3 .7
Miscellaneous machinery parts____
2 0 4 .1
2 0 5 .2
2 0 8 .5
2 0 7 .4
2 1 3 .2
2 0 9 .5
2 1 4 .4
2 1 7 .8
2 1 9 .4
2 1 8 .9
2 1 9 .6
2 1 8 .6
2 1 4 .3
1 9 8 .0
Electrical machinery....... ............ . 8 2 4 .5 8 5 2 .7 8 6 9 .1 8 7 8 .9 8 6 1 .1 8 4 7 .5 8 5 4 .9 8 4 7 .3 8 5 3 .0 8 6 9 .4 8 7 6 .7 8 8 4 .4 9 0 0 .1 8 7 1 .3 8 2 2 .0
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, andindustrial apparatus...
2 7 6 .5
2 7 8 .4
2 7 8 .9
2 8 0 .9
2 8 6 .7
2 8 3 .5
2 9 0 .1
2 9 4 .2
2 9 9 .2
3 0 1 .8
3 0 4 .9
3 0 7 .4
2 9 7 .3
2 7 0 .1
Electrical appliances......................
3 7 .5
3 7 .8
3 5 .6
3 8 .7
3 7 .1
3 5 .3
3 5 .9
4 1 .1
3 6 .6
3 9 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
3 7 .3
Insulated wire and cable________
19. 7
20.1
20 .2
20 .0
1 9 .9
1 9 .9
1 9 .8
1 9 .9
2 0 .6
2 0 .9
2 1 .5
2 1 .7
20 .8
1 8 .2
Electrical equipment for vehicles___
59. 5
5 8 .9
5 8 .2
5 6 .3
5 7 .6
5 6 .5
5 9 .5
5 5 .8
6 3 .2
6 3 .9
6 4 .3
63. 6
5 9 .0
65. 6
Electric lamps______________
24. 3
24. 4
24. 5
24 5
24 3
24 5
7
Communicationequipment.............
3 9 8 .6
4 1 3 .0
4 0 9 .2
4 1 7 .9
393 ! 7 39 4 .2
3 8 0 .3
384 6
3 8 6 .5
3 8 9 .0
3 9 2 .3
4 0 4 .5
3 9 2 .0
3 7 1 .5
Miscellaneous electrical products___
3 6 .6
36. 5
3 7 .5
3 7 .1
3 6 .4
3 6 .1
3 5 .7
3 5 .6
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
3 5 .4
3 6 .5
3 6 .1
3 6 .6
Transportationequipment________ 1 ,3 6 2 .3 1 ,3 6 4 .3 1, 3 2 1 .3 1, 277. 8 1 ,3 6 3 .0 1, 373. 0 1, 415. 2 1 ,4 3 4 . 8 1 ,4 4 6 .0 1 ,4 7 4 .3 1 ,4 8 2 . 2 1 ,4 8 0 .8 1, 4 7 7 .8 1 ,3 5 8 .3 1 ,4 0 7 . 7
Motorvehiclesandequipment*....... .
664. 7
5 9 0 .2
6 3 2 .4
5 3 1 .2
6 1 0 .3
6 0 2 .6
6 6 3 .0
6 5 1 .9
6 8 9 .2
6 9 9 .8
7 0 9 .7
7 1 4 .6
6 5 1 .8
7 4 6 .4
Aircraft and parts.........................
519. 6
5 4 8 .7
5 6 0 .6
5 8 5 .0
5 9 3 .9
5 7 3 .5
6 0 1 .6
5 9 8 .3
6 0 3 .1
6 0 2 .6
6 9 5 .2
5 8 9 .2
5 4 0 .8
5 0 6 .6
Aircraft_________________
3 1 6 .4
3 3 4 .8
3 6 3 .2
3 4 1 .0
3 5 1 .4
3 5 7 .8
3 6 6 .5
3 6 6 .8
3 6 7 .2
3 6 7 .3
3 6 2 .6
3 5 8 .0
3 2 9 .8
3 1 9 .3
Aircraft engines and parts______
9 5 .2
1 0 0 .3
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 0 9 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 1 6 .8
1 1 3 .2
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .1
1 0 4 .4
9 5 .3
Aircraft propellers and parts..... .
13. 7
1 4 .1
1 3 .9
1 4 .2
1 4 .0
1 4 .4
1 4 .1
1 3 .9
1 3 .9
1 3 .6
1 3 .3
1 3 .2
1 1 .3
9 .4
Other aircraft parts and equipment__
9 4 .3
99. 5
1 0 4 .2
1 0 2 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .4
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .1
1 0 3 .3
1 0 2 .9
9 5 .3
8 2 .6
Ship and boat building and repairing..
124. 5
1 2 4 .1
125. 4
1 2 8 .0
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .5
1 2 3 .2
1 2 5 .8
1 2 4 .9
1 2 2 .3
1 1 9 .8
1 1 8 .2
1 1 0 .5
1 0 5 .7
Shipbuilding and repairing_____
110. 5
1 1 0 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 1 .6
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .9
1 0 9 .1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .8
1 0 5 .4
1 0 3 .5
1 0 2 .6
9 4 .1
8 6 .6
Boatbuilding and repairing_____
1 4 .0
13. 5
1 3 .1
1 3 .1
1 4 .1
1 6 .1
1 6 .9
1 6 .7
1 7 .1
1 6 .9
1 6 .3
1 5 .6
1 6 .4
1 9 .1
Railroad equipment___________
4 7 .3
49. 5
5 1 .5
4 5 .6
5 2 .0
5 2 .7
6 0 .5
5 0 .8
4 9 .6
5 0 .1
4 9 .5
4 8 .7
4 7 .0
4 1 .7
Other transportationequipment____
8 .2
8 .8
9 .1
8 .9
7 .9
8 .2
7 .7
8 .0
7 .6
7 .4
6 .6
7 .1
8 .2
7 .3
Instruments and related products____ 2 1 6 .5 2 2 2 .8 2 2 3 .4 2 2 5 .1 2 2 5 .2 2 2 0 .6 2 2 4 .0 2 2 6 .1 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .6 2 3 0 .2 2 3 1 .4 2 3 3 .3 2 3 0 .3 2 2 3 .8
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments_______________
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
4 1 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 4 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
3 9 .1
3 4 .0
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments___ ___________
5 5 .9
5 6 .9
5 7 .6
5 7 .7
5 7 .7
5 8 .3
5 8 .6
5 8 .5
6 0 .6
5 9 .5
6 1 .0
6 1 .6
5 9 .9
5 8 .5
Optical instruments andlenses.........
1 0 .3
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
1 0 .1
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
1 0 .4
1 0 .2
1 0 .5
1 0 .6
1 0 .5
1 0 .5
1 0 .6
1 0 .6
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
ments__________________
2 8 .4
2 8 .8
2 8 .3
2 8 .0
2 8 .4
2 9 .0
2 9 .1
2 9 .4
2 9 .3
2 9 .2
2 8 .9
2 8 .8
2 8 .5
2 7 .6
Ophthalmic goods____________
1 9 .3
1 9 .3
1 8 .9
1 8 .7
1 8 .7
1 8 .3
1 8 .9
1 8 .8
1 9 .2
1 9 .3
1 9 .3
1 9 .5
2 0 .3
2 0 .0
Photographic apparatus......... ...... .
42. 7
4 2 .6
4 3 .7
4 3 .9
4 3 .5
4 3 .5
4 2 .9
4 2 .9
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
4 4 .1
4 3 .7
4 3 .9
4 3 .3
Watches and clocks___________
2 6 .3
2 6 .6
2 6 .4
2 5 .8
2 0 .5
2 2 .1
2
5 .1
2 4 .3
2 5 .5
2 5 .5
2 5 .8
2 6 .9
2 8 .0
2 9 .8
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 3 6 9 .9 3 9 2 .9 4 0 5 .4 4 0 7 .3 3 9 4 .9 3 6 9 .4 3 8 6 .1 3 8 2 .7 3 8 2 .3 3 8 2 .0 3 8 0 .7 3 7 9 .0 4 0 1 .0 4 0 3 .5 3 9 5 .9
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 8 .0
3 5 .7
3 6 .8
3 6 .7
3 7 .1
3 8 .2
3 9 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 2 .0
Musical instruments and parts____
1 5 .1
1 5 .1
1 5 .0
1 4 .5
1 3 .7
1 4 .0
1 4 .4
1 4 .3
1 4 .9
1 5 .1
1 5 .2
1 6 .0
1 5 .5
1 5 .1
Toys and sporting goods__ _____
7 4 .7
8 1 .8
8 2 .9
7 9 .6
6 9 .7
7 4 .5
7 3 .4
7 0 .1
6 6 .2
6 2 .1
6 4 .7
7 0 .8
7 8 .3
7 3 .0
Pens, pencils, other office supplies___
2 4 .0
2 4 .5
2 4 .7
2 4 .7
2 3 .5
2 4 .0
2 3 .2
2 3 .2
2 3 .1
2 3 .0
2 3 .1
2 4 .0
2 3 .8
2 2 .8
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions__
4 8 .1
4 9 .0
5 1 .0
5 0 .5
4 5 .7
4 7 .6
4 7 .5
4 6 .6
4 8 .5
4 8 .5
4 8 .9
5 0 .1
5 1 .7
5 3 .9
Fabricated plastics products______
6 8 .8
7 0 .2
7 0 .5
6 5 .8
6 8 .3
6 9 .2
6 8 .8
6 8 .9
7 1 .2
7 1 .4
7 1 .4
7 2 .8
6 9 .5
6 6 .4
Other manufacturing industries____ !
1 2 2 .8
1 2 4 .8
123. 5
1 1 9 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 2 0 .0
1 1 9 .7
1 2 1 .1
1 1 9 .9
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .3
1 2 6 .2
1 2 4 .1
1 2 2 .7
—
24 H
24
_________
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
» F o r c o v e r a g e o f t h e s e r ie s a n d c o m p a r a b i l i t y o f d a t a w i t h t h o s e p u b l i s h e d
in i s s u e s p r io r t o J u l y 1957, s e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e A - 2 .
P r o d u c t i o n a n d r e la t e d w o r k e r s i n c l u d e w o r k i n g f o r e m e n a n d a ll n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s ( i n c l u d i n g l e a d m e n a n d t r a i n e e s ) e n g a g e d i n f a b r ic a t in g ,
p r o c e s s in g , a s s e m b l in g , i n s p e c t i o n , r e c e i v in g , s to r a g e , h a n d l i n g , p a c k i n g ,
w a r e h o u s i n g , s h i p p i n g , m a in t e n a n c e , r e p a ir , j a n it o r ia l , w a t c h m a n s e r v i c e s ,
p r o d u c t d e v e l o p m e n t , a u x i li a r y p r o d u c t io n for p l a n t ’s o w n u s e (e. g ., p o w e r
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p la n t ), a n d r e c o r d k e e p in g a n d o th e r s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w it h
a f o r e m e n t io n e d p r o d u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s .
8 P r e li m in a r y ; s u b j e c t t o r e v i s i o n w i t h o u t n o t a t i o n .
8 S e e f o o tn o te 3 , t a b le A -2 .
4 S e e f o o t n o t e 4 , t a b le A - 2 .
• F o r m e r ly t it le d “ A u to m o b ile s .” D a t a n o t a ffe c te d .
Sou rce: U . 8 . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
th e
A : EM PLO YM EN T AND
213
PA Y RO LLS
T able A-4. Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing 1
[1947-49=100]
Employ
ment
Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
93.8
Average. ___________
Average. _ ________
Average. ___________
Average_____________
Average. ___________
Average..
________
Average___ __________
Average . __________
Average_____________
Average_____________
A v e ra g e __ _ ______
Period
Weekly
payrolls
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
97.2
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
Employ
ment
Average_____________
Average.........................
Average ____________
Average...........................
Average. ____ _______
A v e ra g e .......................
Average_____________
1956: December___________
1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
In issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
* Preliminary.
Weekly
payrolls
99.6
106.4
106.3
111.8
101.8
105.6
106.7
111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137.7
152.9
161.4
107.9
171.4
Employ Weekly
ment
payrolls
Period
January_____________
February...... ..................
March_____________ .
April................................
M ay________________
June________________
July-------------------------August______________
September___________
October___ . . . . . _
N ovem ber2____ . . . .
D ecem ber2. . . _____
106.3
106.0
105.8
104.8
104.2
104.7
103.4
105.3
105.0
104.2
102.8
100.9
165.5
165.0
164.3
161.5
161.0
163.8
160.5
164.7
164.7
162.6
161.1
158.1
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able A-5. Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel1
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual average
Item
Nov.
T o ta l c iv ilia n em p lo y m e n t2__________________ 7,499
Oct.
7,473
Sept.
7,381
Aug.
7,157
July
7,157
June
7,343
May
7,361
Apr.
7,351
Mar.
7,335
Feb.
7,334
Jan.
7,302
Dec.
7,589
Nov.
7,334
1956
7,178
2, 209
2, 211
2, 202
2,179
2,219
2,205
2, 483
2,201
2,156
2,212
2,203
2,200
2,196
Federal employment— ........ 2,148
Executive....... .................. 2,120.9 2,128. 9 2,152. 7 2,184. 7 2,192.0 2,184. 4 2,175.8 2,178. 6 2,176. 5 2,173.3 2,170.1 2, 456. 2 2,174. 7 2,183.1
Department of De995.3 1,018.1 1,023.4 1,023.0 1,021.1 1,025. 2 1,028. 7 1,031. 7 1,033. 5 1,034. 8 1,037. 5 1,034.1
961.2
971.5
fense. . ________
Post Office Depart535.3
519.1
805. 3
518.9
521.8
521. 9
520.4
526.6
523.7
521.9
521.4
518.7
522.3
ment ................... . 533.8
613.7
632.4
625.9
618.3
633.7
642.7
631.6
621.3
617.6
616.1
630.8
647.2
644.7
Other agencies_____ 625.9
21.9
22.0
22.1
21.9
21.9
22.0
21.9
21.8
22.0
22.1
22.3
22.3
22.3
22.0
Legislative_____ _____ _
4.3
4.5
4.6
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
Judicial..............................
District of Columbia 8___
Executive____________
Department of Defe n s e .......................
Post Office Department ...................
Other agencies..........
L egislative___________
Judicial.............................
State and local employment *_________________
State..................................
L o c a l.................... ...........
Education____________
O th er................................
6,914
2,187
2,161. 7
1,027.9
530.0
603.8
21.6
4.1
230.4
209.5
231.0
210.2
231.5
210.6
235.4
214.3
237.0
215.9
236.3
215.2
232.1
211.3
232.8
212.0
232.9
212.0
232.5
211.6
232.2
211. 4
239.4
218.5
231. 4
210.4
231.2
210.3
230.1
209.6
83.6
84.3
85.3
87.3
88.3
88.2
87.0
87.3
87.4
87.5
88.0
88.0
88.1
88.6
89.3
9.2
116.7
20.2
.7
9.1
116.8
20.1
.7
9.0
116.3
20.2
.7
8.9
118.1
20.4
.7
8.8
118.8
20.4
.7
8.9
118.1
20.4
.7
8.9
115.4
20.1
.7
9.0
115. 7
20.1
.7
8.9
115.7
20.2
.7
8.9
115.2
20.2
.7
8.9
114.5
20. 1
.7
16.8
113.7
20.2
.7
8.8
113.5
20.3
.7
9.3
112.4
20.2
.7
9.3
111.0
19.8
.7
5,351
1, 371.4
3,979.9
2,489.9
2,861.4
5,317
1,359. 8
3,957.1
2,448.9
2,868. 0
5,202
1,322. 8
3, 878. 9
2,296. 5
2,905. 2
4,945
1,288. 7
3,656.3
1,988. 9
2,956.1
4,938
1, 298. 5
3, 639.8
1,982.3
2, 956.0
5,132
1, 340. 3
3. 791.3
2, 216. 5
2,915.1
5,159
1, 344. 7
3, 814.2
2,342. 6
2, 816.3
5,146
1,340.7
3, 804.9
2,350. 8
2, 794.8
5,132
1,333. 4
3, 798. 6
2, 351. 0
2, 781.0
5,134
1,328. 5
3,805.9
2, 345. 5
2, 788. 9
5,106
1, 323. 9
3, 782. 3
2,313. 9
2, 792.3
5,106
1,321.5
3, 784. 7
2, 314. 3
2, 791. 9
5,133
1,322.7
3, 810. 2
2,316. 4
2, 816. 5
4,969
1,281.5
3, 687. 3
2,178. 6
2, 790. 2
4,727
1, 215. 4
3, 511. 2
2, 060. 8
2,665.8
2,729
2,789
2,819
2,839
2,826
2,820
2,821
2, 821
2,817
2, 816
2,809
2,827
2,848
3,024
Total military personnel *... 2,689
Army.................................
Air Force.........................
N a v y _______ _______ _
Marine C o rp s________
Coast Guard.....................
1955
935.9
889.8
639.2
193.5
30.2
955.3
902.1
646.8
194.9
30.3
980.3
916.7
663.1
198.0
30.4
992.4 1,001.3
922.2
920.8
685.5
674.7
199.1
200.7
30.5
30.5
998.0 1,000. 2 1,001.1 1,001.2
916.4
914.2
919.8
914.8
677.1
675.9
678.0
678.3
197.4
200.9
198.1
197.7
29.9
29. 5
29.3
29.7
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to July
1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Data for Federal establishments relate to persons who worked on, or
received pay for, the last day of the month. Those for State and local govern
ment relate to employees who worked during, or received pay for, any part
of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Because of rounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals.
> Data refer to the continental United States only.
* Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard M et
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
997.3
915.3
676.4
198.9
29.1
993.4
918.4
676.0
199.6
29.0
992.3 1,002. 4 1,030.1
918.3
916.1
914.6
672.7
675.0
673.1
200.4
202.1
200.8
28.8
28.8
28.6
1,165.8
955.3
668.8
205.9
28.6
* Excludes, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and
paid volunteer firemen.
‘ Data refer to the continental United States and elsewhere.
S ource: Federal civilian employment, U. S. Civil Service Commission;
State and local government employment, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics; military personnel, U. S. Department of Defense, Office
of the Secretary.
214
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
T able A-8. Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment compen
sation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In thousands)
1957
1956
Annual average
Geographic division and State
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Continental United States........ .............- 1, 513.1 1, 236.9 1,166. 7 1,150. 7 1, 284.6 1, 251. 2 1,349.7 1, 475. 4 1, 592. 5 1, 730. 3 1, 737. 4 1, 285.0 1,013.4
95.0
98. 2 110.1
98.3 113.7 122. 9 125. 4 136.1 145 9 109. 3
New England
_ ............... .............. 128.7 104.6
80. 7
14.1
10.3
7.6
8.8
7.8
11.0
10.2
7.7
13.3
10.6
7.3
M aine,_________________________
11.7
10.0
5.7
4.9
5.4
New Hampshire_____________ . . .
5.1
4.9
5.3
6.6
7.0
5.6
5.9
5.9
5.3
6.9
3.6
2.0
2.1
Vprmont_______________________
2.6
2.1
19
2.3
2.7
3.1
3.2
2.6
2.2
1.6
63.0
53.4
50.2
50.9
47.6
45.9
M assachusetts__________________
57.2
59.8
64.7
72.1
59.4
79.9
42.9
14.5
12.2
17.2
14.3
11.0
17.2
18.9
19.8
Rhode Isla n d .,. _____ ________
13.8
19.8
12.8
18.9
8.9
27.9
20.4
23.7
24.2
18.8
21.2
Connecticut_______ _____________
24.0
19.5
22.0
24.5
25.9
19.0
14.7
1956
1955
1,225.2
86 7
8.2
6.4
1.8
41. 7
12.0
16.5
1,269.4
100 9
10.6
6.4
2.9
47.3
12.5
21.1
Middle Atlantic_____________ _______
New Y o r k .______ _____________
New Jersey______________ ______ Pennsylvania___________________
423.7
184.2
75.6
163.9
358.9
147.8
69.4
141.8
326.7
132.4
63.0
131.2
343.7
140.7
66.7
136.3
405.2
183.1
77.1
145.1
390. 3
183.8
71.2
135.3
411.6
190.5
77.2
143.9
429.4
191.7
81.1
156.5
441.6
195.2
83.1
163.3
481.6
217.8
91.3
172.6
511.9
231.5
101.5
178.9
377.9
176.3
68 2
133.4
292.7
125.6
57.1
110.0
370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8
403.5
185.6
67.1
150.9
East North C entral..................... ...........
Ohio......................................................
Indiana_________________________
Illinois_________ ________________
M ichigan. _____________________
Wisconsin__ ____ _______________
295.0
79.6
33.9
61.5
94.2
25.8
256.9
57.3
26.5
53.8
101.5
17.9
277.8
52.3
26.9
52.7
129.8
16.2
234. 4
50.7
26.5
61.1
79.2
16.9
248.7
52.6
28.0
63.1
87.1
17.8
252.3
54.0
28.7
70.5
81.2
17.8
254.8
55.3
31.8
67.0
81.4
19.3
272.3
62.4
33.7
68.1
84.8
23.3
283.8
65.8
33.7
74.9
82.7
26.7
304.2
70.7
41.6
79.6
82.8
29.5
308. 6
69.1
43.8
85.3
80.4
30.0
228.3
51.4
29.3
56.0
67.8
23.9
193.0
38.4
24.4
51.4
58.9
19.8
257. 5
47. 5
31.3
59.6
100.0
19.0
221.1
48.9
23.7
78.3
51.8
18.4
West North Central___________ ____ _
M in n eso ta_____________________
Iowa. ________ _________________
Missouri________________________
North Dakota___________________
South Dakota __________________
Nebraska_______________________
Kansas_________________________
71.7
18.9
7.1
30. 6
1.8
1. 1
3.9
8.2
55.0
12.4
5.2
27.7
.5
.5
2.6
6.1
46.5
9.8
5.0
22.9
.3
.4
2.4
5.6
45.2
11.3
5.8
19.8
.4
.5
2.6
4.9
51.1
12.1
6.2
23.1
.4
.5
3.0
5.8
58.8
13.5
6.3
28.3
.5
.5
3.1
6.6
69.6
18.7
7.2
29.9
1.0
.8
4.3
7.6
96.0
32.1
9.6
32.0
3.4
2.1
6.9
10.0
110.8
37.2
12.7
31.7
5.6
3.7
8.9
11.1
126.6
38.1
IS, 5
37.8
6.0
4.5
10.8
13.8
120.0
34.8
14.2
38.7
5.4
4.0
9.9
12.9
83.6
23.1
9.5
29.4
3.4
2.4
6.9
8.8
60.0
14.2
6.2
26.0
1.5
1.1
4.3
6.5
71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9
2.2
1.6
5.1
7.6
75.9
22.3
6.7
29.3
2.7
1.5
4.2
9.2
South Atlantic___________ _____ ____
Delaware____ ___________________
Maryland___________ __________
District of Columbia_____________
Virginia._____ _______ ________ „
West Virginia_______ __________
North Carolina_________________
South Carolina_____ ____ _____ _
G eorgia____________ ___________
Florida_________________________
147.1
2.7
19.4
5.2
11.9
16. 2
33.4
14.4
25.8
18.0
136.7
2.7
16.1
4.6
10.1
12.0
28.3
14.0
26.0
22.9
139.8
2.9
16.6
4.5
11.4
11.3
28.8
13.4
24.8
26.0
145.6
2.5
16.7
4.8
14.2
11.9
30.5
13.8
24.9
26.3
166.1
2.8
17.1
4.8
16. 9
13.1
40.9
16.7
29.8
24.1
148.8
2.4
15.5
4.4
15.9
12.1
40.7
14.8
26.8
16.3
148.3
2.5
16.9
4.4
12.3
12.2
44.5
14.6
26.8
14.0
146.5
3.0
15.3
5.1
11.1
12 7
44.9
14.9
26.5
13.0
154.3
3.7
14.0
6.1
14.2
13.9
45.8
15.3
27.2
14.1
163.2
4.2
17.3
7.2
15.5
15. 7
45.9
15. 3
27.6
14.5
162.6
3.7
17.9
6.3
13.9
15.0
43.9
16.8
30.1
15.1
116.4
2.6
12.2
4.6
9.4
10.3
30.1
12.7
21.6
13.0
100.8
1.9
8.7
4.0
7.1
8.3
25.2
12.4
19.1
14.1
123.3
2.1
12.2
4.4
11.3
11.0
31.3
13.0
21.9
16.0
133.8
2.2
16.5
4.9
12.9
17.2
30.8
11.5
21.1
16.6
East South Central_________ ________
Kentucky______________________
T en nessee.................... .......................
Alabama............................................ .
M ississippi_______________ ____ _
107.6
29.3
37.2
27.1
13.9
91.8
27.2
31.6
22.5
10.5
87.6
26.1
31.9
19.8
9.9
90.6
28.9
32.7
17.7
11.2
102.7
30.8
38.6
19. 7
13.7
101.8
31.9
37.3
18.9
13.7
109.2
34.5
38.6
20.5
15.5
119.8
37.4
43.5
22. 1
16.9
125.7
38.5
45.0
23.8
18.4
133.3
40.4
49.7
24.1
19.1
127.0
35.6
50.4
22.6
18.4
97.7
29.6
36.4
17.5
14.1
85.8
27.3
32.1
15.6
10.8
98.5
30. 1
36.1
20.8
11.5
95.9
31.0
35.6
17.9
11.3
West South Central_________________
Arkansas_______________________
Louisiana_______________________
O klahom a_________ ______ ____
Texas_________ _______ ____ _____
73.0
13.2
11.8
12.9
35.1
54.7
8.7
8.7
9.6
27.7
50.3
8.5
8.6
9.0
24.1
53.4
9.8
9.4
9.7
24.5
58.5
11.0
11.8
9.8
25.9
62.5
11.4
12.3
11.4
27.4
72.6
14.3
14.2
13.1
31.0
81.5
18.2
15.9
14.0
33.5
85.7
19.3
16.7
14.9
34.7
94.2
23.0
17.8
17.4
36.0
86.5
21.6
16.5
15.8
32.7
65.3
15.0
11.2
12.3
26.8
51.7
10.6
8.8
9.8
22.5
57.9
11.6
12.4
10. 5
23.5
63.6
11.8
16.4
11.3
24.1
M ountain___________ ______________
Montana____ ___________________
Idaho_________ _____ _______ ____
W yoming_______________________
Colorado_______ ______ __________
New M exico................ ........................
Arizona_________________________
U tah............................................ ...........
N evada._________ ______________
38.1
6.8
6.0
1.4
5.6
3.6
6.4
4.3
4.0
23.1
4.0
2.7
.7
3.2
2.4
5.1
2.2
2.7
18.3
2.9
1.9
.4
2.8
2.0
4.5
1.9
1.9
19.4
2.7
2.2
.5
3.2
2.4
4.5
2.2
1.6
19. 8
2.7
2.1
.6
3.5
2.7
4.2
2.5
1.5
20. 4
2.9
1.9
.9
3.7
2.7
4.0
2.8
1.5
26 8
4.5
3.3
1.3
4.5
3.2
4.6
3.6
1.8
37.8
7.8
5.4
1.9
5.7
4.0
5.6
4.9
2.5
49.6
10.5
8.4
3.0
6.6
4.8
6.4
6.7
3.4
56.9
11.3
10.2
3.6
7.5
5.5
6.8
8.1
3.9
49. 4
8.9
9 0
3.1
6.6
4.3
6.0
7.8
3.8
33.0
5.2
6.5
1.7
4.7
2.7
4.2
4.8
3.2
21. 5
2.3
3.6
.9
3.4
2.1
3.5
3.1
2.7
26. 5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4.5
3.9
2.8
28 3
Pacific____________ ______________
W ashington...______ __________
Oregon__________ __________ ____
California____________ _______ ___
228.1
46.1
29.3
152.7
155.2
31.2
20.8
103.2
124.7
23.9
15.6
85.3
120.1
20.0
11.9
88.2
122.3
16 4
11.3
94.7
118.0
13.3
9.1
95.7
143.1
18.3
13.1
111.7
169.1
26.6
20.7
121.8
215.5
38.8
30.0
146.6
234.2
51.4
35.6
147.2
225.4
52.2
37.5
135.8
173.5
41.8
28.8
102.9
127.3
30.6
19.3
77.5
132.2
28. 1
16.2
87.8
146.5
30.9
17.1
98.4
1 Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month,
may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figures
Z.Q
4.7
1.6
3. 5
3 3
4.5
4.6
2.1
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
215
T able A -9. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1957
Item
N ov.
Employment service:
New applications for work_____
Nonfarm placements__________
819
406
Oct.
813
540
Sept.
713
561
Aug.
July
672
536
738
533
June
832
528
May
740
534
Apr.
709
480
Mar.
Feb.
691
425
747
387
Jan.
Dec.
898
433
612
410
1956
1955
Nov.
N ov.
674
474
656
504
8tate unemployment insurance pro
grams *
Initial claims
............... .............
1,346
1,193
1,032
842
1, 267
881
1,001
1,099
897
1,002
1,565
1,229
973
937
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver
age weekly volum e)__________
1,513
1,237
1,167
1,151
1,285
1,251
1,350
1, 475
1, 592
1,730
1, 737
1, 285
1,013
881
Rate of insured unemployment
3.6
3.0
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.0
3 3
3.6
4.0
4.3
'4.4
3.2
2 6
2.3
Weeks of unemployment com
pensated.......................................
4,814
4,693
4,095
4, 497
4,883
4,686
5,517
5,766
6,302
6,118
6,680
3, 950
3. 503
3,015
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment.........__ $29.44 $29. 20 $28.64 $27.87 $27. 59 $27. 44 $27. 47 $27. 72 $27. 72 $27.85 $27. 73 $27. 43 $27. 26 $25.85
Total benefits paid......................... $136,627 $131, 832 $113,325 $121,333 $130,130 $123, 540 $145,657 $154, 329 $168,841 $164, 860 $177,598 $104, 245 $91, 700 $74,674
Unemployment compensation for
veterans: •
Initial claims 8_______________
Insured unemployment * (aver
age weekly volum e)....................
Weeks of unemployment com
pensated __________________
Total benefits paid T........ _............
21
18
16
21
20
24
16
18
21
23
31
23
21
30
24
29
35
34
33
31
39
47
49
45
35
28
37
115
$3,104
112
$3, 013
142
$3, 793
165
$4.400
165
$4, 539
138
$3, 710
156
$4,222
191
$5,155
218
$5,886
207
$5, 694
206
$5, 572
145
$3, 883
118
$3. 168
156
$4,132
34
27
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 8......................... .........
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volum e)_____________
Number of payments • __ ______
Average amount of benefit pay
ment • _____________________
Total benefits paid 10___ ____
22
16
18
54
33
16
10
9
11
19
17
21
17
79
142
59
119
45
92
43
113
60
94
36
86
42
109
53
125
60
151
67
138
68
165
59
119
49
98
37
73
$62. 59
$8, 852
$62. 20
$7,332
$62.01
$5,689
$58. 62
$6,660
$53. 50
$4, 960
$60. 86
$5,109
$57. 68
$6, 211
$58.14
$7, 227
$59. 68
$8,973
$60. 01
$8, 252
$58. 65
$9, 772
$58. 08
$6,868
$58 04
$5 637
$55. 59
$3,917
All programs:11
Insured unem ploym ent4..............
1,623
1,314
1,240
1,228
1.368
1, 319
1,424
1,566
1,700
1,846
1,851
1, 379
1,090
956
1 Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
Include them.
* Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa
tion for Federal Employees (U C FE ), which became effective on January 1,
1955.
* An initial claim Is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured unem
ployment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
‘ Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
* The rate of insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
* Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, U C F E , or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
f Federal portion only of benefits paid Jointly with ot her programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $2fi
8 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
• Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods; the aver
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. N ot adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
11 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, U C FE , and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U. S. Railroad Retirement Board
216
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
B.—Labor Turnover
Table B -l.
Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[Per 100 employees]
Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
M ay
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
N ov.
Dec.
Annual
average
Total accessions
1948........ .....................................
1949....................................................
1950_________ ______________ _
1951_____________ ______ ______
1952................................................ .
1953___________________ ______
1954....................................................
1955.________ ___________ ____
1956__________________________
1957________ _________
4.6
3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3. 2
1948.................................................
1949...................... .............................
1950_______ _____ ____________
1951________ _______ __________
1952..................... ............ .............. .
1953__________________________
1954.____________________ ____
1955-........................ .................... .
1956__________________________
1957_________________ ________
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4. 2
2. 5
3.2
3.1
2. 8
4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
2.8
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2.8
4.1
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3 4
3.0
4.3
4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2.9
3.6
3.3
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.6
3.0
4.5
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.3
4.3
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
3.4
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.0
1948____________________ _____
1949__________________________
1950________________ ______ _
1951________ _____ _________ _
1952........ ................. ........................
1953............................... .................. .
1954._________________________
1955___________ ____ _____ ____
1956__________________________
1957..._____________ _________
2.6
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3
2.5
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1. 2
2.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
3.0
1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
1. 3
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
2.9
1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.3
1948__________________________
1949_______ ____ ____ _________
1950___________________ _____ _
1951__________________________
1952____________ ____ _________
1953________ ______ __________
1954__________________________
1955__________ ____ _________ _
1956__________________ ____ _
1957_________ ____ ___ _______
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
1948....................... ................ ............
1949__________________________
1950.._____________________ _
1951_______________ _____ ____
1952.......... — .............. .....................
1953__________________ _______
1954__________________________
1955________ _________________
1956__________________________
1957. - ..........— .............................
1.2
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.1
2.5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.1
1948_________ ____ ______ _____
1949_____ _____ ______________
1950__________________________
1951_________________ ____ _
1952....................................................
1953___________________ ______
1954______________ ____ ______ _
1955.......... ............ ............................
1956...................................................
1957....................................................
0.1
1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
0.1
.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
5.7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
3.9
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.2
5.0
4.4
6.6
4. 5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4.5
3.8
3.2
5.1
4. 1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
3.3
4. 5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4. 1
4.2
2.9
3.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2 2. 1
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
2.5
2 2
4.4
3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.7
3.4
5.1
4.0
4.2
6.3
4.6
4.8
3. 5
4.0
3.9
4.0
5.4
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3. 1
3.3
2 3.9
4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
4.6
4.3
3.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.4
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3. 1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.8
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.3
2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.4
1.3
2. 9
1. 7
.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.1
.9
1.1
1.0
2.8
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
1.6
1.6
0.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
0.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
2. 2
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.2
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
2.3
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2 2.6
2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.3
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.5
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
2. 2
0.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
Total separations »
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.1
Quits
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1. 1
1.6
1.5
1. 4
Discharges
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
Layoffs
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
Miscellaneous separations, including military
' Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measure changes during the calendar month,
while the employment series measure changes from midmonth to midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
3
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
(4) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
turnover series, but the employment series reflect the influence of such
stoppages.
1 Preliminary.
>Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rates because of rounding.
N ote: Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
217
B : LABOR TURNOVER
T able B -2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Total accessions
Industry
Nov.
1957
1957
1957
N ov.
1957
Oct.
1957
N ov.
1957
Oct.
1957
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Layoffs
Discharges
Quits
Total
Manufacturing
All manufacturing......................................
Durable goods *...................................
Nondurable goods 11--------------------Ordnance and accessories------------------Food and kindred products__________
Meat products. ..................................
Grain-mill products______________
Bakery products----------- ------------Beverages:
M alt liquors..................................
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes..............................................
Cigars--------- -----------------------------Tobacco and snuff_______________
Textile-mill products......................................
Yarn and thread mills--------------------Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber..........
Woolen and worsted____________
Knitting mills................... .....................
Full-fashioned hosiery....................
Seamless hosiery----------------------Knit underwear................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles...............
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings..
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts.............. .......................- ...........-...........
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats....... ..
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing..................................................
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)...........................................................
Logging camps and contractors-------Sawmills and planing mills------------Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products----Furniture and fixtures___________
Household furniture....................
Other furniture and fixtures---Paper and allied products.................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills—
Paperboard containers and boxes.
Chemicals and allied products--------Industrial inorganic chemicals—
Industrial organic chemicals------Synthetic fibers-----------------Drugs and medicines---------------Paints, pigments, and fillers------Products of petroleum and coal-------Petroleum refining..........................
Rubber products....................................
Tires and inner tubes.....................
Rubber footwear---------------------Other rubber products-------------Leather and leather products----------Leather: tanned, curried, and finis
Footwear (except rubber)---------Stone, clay, and glass products............
Glass and glass products................
Cement, hydraulic------------------Structural clay products................
Pottery and related products----Primary metal industries___________
mills________________
Iron and steel foundries.
Gray-iron foimdries.
Steel foundries.....................
Primary smelting and refining of non
ferrous metals:
f
Primary smelting and refin
copper, lead, and zinc___
Rolling, drawing, and alloying (
ferrous metals:
copper........................
Nonferrous foundries..................... .
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings............
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.2
.2
.2
0.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.4
2.8
2.8
1.9
2.3
2.9
2.9
2.9
1.7
3.9
3.5
2.5
3.6
3.9
4.3
3.3
4.0
4.5
3.8
3.3
4.4
4.0
4.4
3.2
4.1
4.0
3.0
3.2
3.6
0.9
.8
1.1
0.6
1.1
.5
.9
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.4
0.9
1.4
.6
1.2
2.0
(4)
1.1
1.1
1.2
.8
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.2
4.0
2.3
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.7
(4)
2.0
2.1
1.1
3.4
1.6
3.1
2.8
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.3
3.4
3.0
1.9
2.1
2.4
(4)
1.8
.7
2.9
1.9
3.5
2.9
2.9
2.2
7.5
4.2
2.2
4.0
2.8
2.2
(4)
4.9
2.3
2.0
2.8
2.0
3.9
3.6
4.0
3.2
10.0
4.2
2.5
3.3
4.5
2.2
4.4
(4)
1.2
.5
2.1
.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.1
.8
(4)
.4
1.5
.9
2.2
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.3
1.9
1.7
2.1
1.5
.9
1.0
2.6
1.8
3.1
2.1
4.0
6.4
3.8
5.3
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.8
.2
.1
2.6
3.3
3.3
3.3
1.9
2.4
2.4
5.8
2.0
3.4
6.5
3.0
5.4
10.0
4.8
5.7
9.8
5.2
1.3
2.5
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.5
1.1
2.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
.7
2.4
.7
.6
.3
1.4
.7
3.7
1.7
3.7
1.6
4.0
1.5
1.7
.3
1.9
1.1
1.1
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.1
2.5
1.6
3.2
1.5
1.3
.9
1.0
1.9
1.3
.7
.5
2.6
1.4
3. 4f
3.5
3.9
3.4
4.0
2.3
3.3
1.4
2.1
1.7
1.7
3.5
4.5
4.1
5.6
2.8
1.5
3.6
1.9
1.5
1.4
.9
1.6
2.8
1.6
1.3
2.3
1.3
2.7
3.0
3.5
1.9
3.8
2.7
1.9
1.2
3.4
2.8
3.6
3.9
4.8
4.0
7.0
2.7
1.8
3.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.1
2.1
1.9
1.5
2.1
1.4
2.8
2.6
4.4
3.7
4.5
2.8
2.8
1.4
3.2
2.8
3.3
.7
1.6
1.6
2.5
1.4
1.1
2.3
2.4
1.7
3.7
3.5
2.7
2.6
4.7
1.4
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
0.2
.3
.2
0.1
.3
.1
.2
.4
2.6
3.0
1.8
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.2
2.1
Oct.
1957
N ov.
1957
Oct.
1957
Nov.
1957
Oct.
1957
2.3
2.8
1.4
2.9
2.2
2.0
1. 5
1 .1
0.2
.2
.2
0.1
.2
.3
.1
.3
.5
.9
2.0
1.4
1.4
.7
6.2
2.5
.7
2.2
1.6
1.1
(4)
4.1
.5
.7
.2
.3
1.9
1. 7
1.9
1. 0
8.2
2.0
.5
.9
2.8
.9
3.1
.2
.1
1.9
4.7
1.3
3.2
,i
.1
.2
.2
1.2
.7
.1
1.9
2.8
1.8
.2
.5
.2
.3
.2
.3
3.7
6.8
3.3
3.3
6. 5
3.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.0
.9
.5
1.4
.6
.5
.4
.3
.9
.8
.2
.2
.8
.4
2.1
1.0
1.9
.7
2.1
.6
.5
.2
.9
.8
.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.1
.7
1.7
.7
.6
.3
.3
.8
.8
.6
.4
.9
.5
1.7
1.2
2.2
1.1
2.4
1.0
1.0
.6
1.2
1.2
.6
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.1
.5
.2
.1
.1
.3
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
2.1
2.9
2.4
4.0
1.5
.6
1.6
1.0
.7
.9
.5
.3
1.8
1.0
.6
1.1
.7
.3
1.6
1.2
.9
1.2
1.7
1.1
.8
1.8
1. 8
2.8
2.0
2.9
1.9
5. 3
l.i
.8
.8
.7
.4
.6
1.2
.1
1. 1
1.0
.8
.8
.6
.7
1.0
1.5
2.1
1. 4
1.4
1. 4
.3
1. 5
1.4
2.3
.2
.1
•2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
,i
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.5
.1
.2
3.0
4.1
3.4
4.0
4.9
.3
.5
.6
.7
.4
.5
.9
1.0
1.2
.8
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
3.0
2.5
1.9
1.4
3.8
2.2
2. 8
2.1
2. 4
3. 6
.3
.2
.1
.3
.2
1.3
2.0
.5
.9
.3
.2
.4
.7
.1
1.1
3.6
2.1
5.4
1.5
5.6
.2
1.0
.3
.1
.2
.1
.4
1.6
4.0
.9
1.3
3. 5
.2
.2
1.4
5.4
3.6
.6
.7
.2
.2
4.3
2.4
.2
3.3
1
(4)
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
9
(4)
(5)
0)
.4
.1
.1
(5)
(5)
.1
.1
.1
(5)
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
(s)
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
(4)
.3
0)
0.
.2
0.1
.
w
.1
.1
.1
.4
,i
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
(5)
(5)
.1
.
.
.
(s) “
•
(')
(5)
(4)
.3
218
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. FEBRUARY 1958
T a b l e B-2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries ^ C ontinu ed
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry
Total accessions
Total
N ov.
1957
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)__________ _______ ________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools.............................
Handtools_____________________
Hardware......... ......................... .........
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ su p p lies............ .........
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies...........................................
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not else
where classified____________ _
Fabricated structural metal products Metal stamping, coating, and en
graving______ ______ __________
Machinery (except electrical)...... ................
Engines and turbines________ ______
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery___________
Machine tools______ ______ _____
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)____________ ___
Machine-tool accessories..............
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household ma
chines..... .................................................
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical machinery........................ ..............
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial ap
paratus._____________________ ___
Communication equipment_________
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment________ . . .
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment_______ ____ _______
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products_______________
Transportation equipment............................
Motor vehicles and equipment*_____
Aircraft and parts.................................. .
Aircraft______ _____________ ___
Aircraft engines and parts_______
Aircraft propellers and parts_____
Other aircraft parts and equip
ment....................................
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment________ ________
Locomotives and parts..................
Railroad and street cars.. ..............
Other transportation equipment..........
Instruments and related products_______
Photographic apparatus____ _______
Watches and clocks................................
Professional and scientific instru
m ents..............................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
2.4
2. 5
2. 1
1.7
3.0
Oct.
1957
N ov.
1957
Quits
Oct.
1957
3.5
3.2
2.9
2. 7
3.6
4.0
2.8
1.9
3.0
2.9
4.3
3.1
2.3
2.8
3.4
N ov.
1957
0.8
1.0
.9
.9
1. 1
Nov.
1957
1. 2
1.3
1.4
1.0
1. 4
Oct.
1957
0.3
.3
.2
.2
.4
N ov.
1957
Oct.
1957
0.4
.4
.2
.2
.5
2.7
1.4
.6
1.8
1.3
2.5
1.2
Nov.
1957
0. 2
.1
.1
.2
.1
1.4
1.3
Oct.
1957
0. 2
.2
.2
.1
.2
2.6
3.0
4.3
4. 4.
.7
1.4
.3
.4
3.1
2.4
.1
.2
3. 7
1.7
2.9
.6
1.2
.4
.3
.6
1.2
.1
.2
1.5
2.3
2.7
2.9
6.0
4.1
5.0
4.0
.8
.9
1. 5
1.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
4.8
2.6
2.9
2.1
.2
.2
.2
3.3
1.6
2.3
2.8
1.4
.8
.7
5.7
2.1
2.6
2. 6
1. 6
1.1
.7
4.0
4.0
4.9
7.3
5.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
3. 8
4.3
6.1
4.9
4.4
5.4
1.0
.6
.6
.7
.6
.6
.5
1.2
.8
.8
.7
.9
.8
.7
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
2.5
3.0
3.9
6.0
4.3
3.3
3.4
2.4
2. 6
3. 0
5. 0
3.6
3.4
4.4
.1
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
9
.2
.2
.7
1.1
1.1
1.8
3.1
5. 5.
1.9
5.2
.5
.9
.8
.9
.1
.1
.2
.2
2.4
4.3
.8
3.9
.1
.2
.2
.1
1.3
1. 6
1.4
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.9
3.4
2.4
2.8
3.2
2.7
.7
.7
.6
.8
.9
.9
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
1.8
2.2
1.6
1. 5
1.9
1.5
.2
.2
.1
9
.2
.2
2.3
1.6
1.9
3.2
2.5
2.8
4.4
3.2
4.0
4.2
2.9
3.7
.7
.4
1.2
.8
.7
1.5
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
3.1
2.3
2.3
2.8
1.7
1.7
J2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
1.4
1. 9
1.9
3. 1
2.9
4.4
2.9
4.4
.7
1. 7
1.0
2.0
.2
.5
.2
.4
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.8
9
.2
.2
.2
2.4
3.7
6.4
5.6
2.5
2.0
.4
.5
3.4
2.9
.2
.2
1.4
1.9
2.2
2.2
.8
1.5
.6
.3
.6
.3
.2
.2
2.8
3.3
4. 5
1. 0
.9
1.1
w
3.9
4.3
6.1
1.4
1.3
1. 5
2.1
4.5
5.1
3.8
5.5
5.1
7.1
(4)
3.5
6.3
6.1
5.7
5.8
4.2
3.5
1.0
.8
.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
(4)
1.4
1.3
.8
1.5
1.6
1.2
.9
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.4
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
3.0
3.7
2.4
4.3
3.9
5.8
(4)
1.4
4. 4
4.5
3.9
3.9
2.7
2.4
.3
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.3
.4
.7
.1
.1
.2
.1
2.0
(9
(4)
(4)
5. '6
.5
1.6
(4)
2. 6
2.4
10.4
6. 0
2. 5
7. 6
3. 0
1.9
.8
3.1
8.6
(4)
(4)
(4)
10. 9
10.1
3.5
(4)
3. 7
9.9
10.9
5.7
4.3
6.4
4.0
2.5
1.3
3.8
.9
.3
.2
.5
.8
.4
.1
.6
.5
.2
.1
.3
7.3
(4)
(4)
(4)
10.0
7.8
2.3
(4)
2.4
7. 4
7.5
4.3
2.7
5.0
.9
1.1
.5
2.0
.1
.4
1.3
.9
(4)
.9
1.9
2.4
.6
.7
.5
2.3
1.0
.D
1.2
l.i
2.4
2.1
1.8
3.9
2. 5
3. 7
6. 2
2.9
2.7
6.0
2.0
.7
1.2
1.2
1. 1
1. 9
1.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.4
.2
2.6
4.7
1.3
1.2
3.6
.5
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1.2
.8
2.2
.6
2. 5
4.2
2.9
6.6
2.8
1.5
1.5
(4)
(4)
(4)
,4)
.3
(4)
(4)
(4) (4)
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.3
3.7
1.5
.5
.9
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1.4
.8
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
2.3
2.4
(4)
(4)
1.7
1.0
(4)
(4)
1. 7
1.9
(4)
(4)
.2
.7
(4)
(4)
1. 4
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table B -l.
* For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
» For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2, except that the labor turnover
series excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industriesgroup, and the
following industries: canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and children’s
outerwear; and fertilizer
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oct.
1957
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Layoffs
4.2
(4)
(4)
(4)
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining__________________________
Iron mining____ ___________________
Copper mining.................... ..................
Lead and zinc mining________ ______
Anthracite mining________________ _____
Bituminous-coal mining_____ ______ ____
Communication:
Telephone_________________________
Telegraph •______________ ________
Discharges
.7
.4
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.4
.9
.2
1.5
.3
2. 1
.9
.9
.4
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
«
(s)
«
(5)
1.3
.9
(4)
(4)
«
(5)
.3
.2
.i
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
9
.2
.1
.3
.4
.7
.3
.1
.2
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.i
.3
.2
.4
.2
.1
2
.1
.1
.2
4 N ot available.
• Less than 0.05.
6 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
Sottbce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
.i
.2
219
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
C.—Earnings and Honrs
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hriy. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Mining
Coal
Metal
Total: Meta!
1855: Average^..........
1956: Average--------November___
December____
1957: January_____
February------March_______
April________
M ay________
June________
July-------------August______
September___
O ctober..........
November___
$92. 42
96.83
96.00
99.92
98.05
97.29
97.23
97.10
97. 58
98.81
100. 28
101. 35
102. 84
98. 31
97.17
Iron
42.2 $2.19 $92.86
2.30 96. 71
42.1
41.2
2.33 98. 21
42.7
2. 34 103.09
2.34 100.90
41.9
41.4
2. 35 99. 31
41.2
2. 36 99. 45
40.8
2.38 96. 26
41.0
2.38 99. 58
2.41 103.06
41.0
40.6
2. 47 109. 61
41.2
2. 46 111.76
2. 49 114. 78
41.3
39.8
2.47 106.23
2. 46 101.35
39.5
Mining—Continued
Petroleum and nat
ural-gas produc
tion (except con
tract services)
1955: Average_____ $94.19
1956: Average............ 101.68
November___ 101.50
December____ 104.58
1957: January............ 104.83
February____
March_______
April________
M ay..................
June________
July...................
A u g u st...........
September___
October______
November___
101.91
101.25
100. 75
104.23
109.18
110.00
106.52
113. 28
106. 92
108. 41
40.6
41.0
40.6
41.5
41.6
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.4
41.2
41.2
40.5
41.8
40.5
40.3
36.2 $2. 66
2.80
36.4
35.8
2.87
2.89
36.3
104.91
2.92
34.1
99.57
2.91
36.3
105.63
36.0
2.91
104.76
36.2
2. 92
105. 70
36.4
2.94
107.02
2. 94
36.9
108.49
2.96
36.8
108.93
2. 97
37.2
110. 48
3. 02
36.8
111. 14
3.02
36.6
110. 53
3.04
104. 27
34.3
Building construc
tion—Con.
Special-trade con
tractors— Continued
29
1955: Average______ $96
92
1956: Average............ 101.
November___ 102. 75
December____
February____
M arch_______
April................
M ay..................
Tune------------„
July...................
A u g u st_____
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
Other special-trade
contractors
35.5
35.8
35.3
November___ 103.08
35.5
December____ 104. 73
32.3
95.93
1957: January_____
35.
February____ 104.25
35.5
March_______ 103. 49
35.4
April________ 105. N
M ay_______ 107.04
35.8
36.4
June____ ____ 108.84
36.2
July.................. 108.6C
36.5
August______ 110.6C
36. C
September___ 110. 88
35.6
October______ n o . oc
November___ 103. 52
33.5
See footnotes at end of table.
1955: Average_____ $96. 21
1956: Average .......... 102.39
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.2
39.8
39.6
41.4
40.2
39.1
39.0
37.6
38.9
40.1
40.9
41.7
42.2
39.2
37.4
$2.31 $95. 70
2. 43 100.28
2. 48 96.93
2. 49 100. 66
2.51 99.68
2.54 98. 37
2.55 98. 94
2. 56 99.83
2.56 99. 17
2. 57 98.88
2. 68 98.00
2.68 97.20
2. 72 93. 60
2. 71 92.20
2. 71 97.20
44.1
43.6
41.6
43.2
42.6
42.4
42.1
42.3
42.2
41.2
40.0
40.0
39.0
38.1
40.0
Anthracite
Lead and zinc
Copper
$2.17 $83. 82
2.30 89. 24
2. 33 88 37
2. 33 91.14
2.34 89. 44
2. 32 88. 78
2.35 90. 25
2.36 91.10
2. 35 90.03
2. 40 89.60
2. 45 87.85
2.43 88. 75
2. 40 89. 60
2.42 88.10
2.43 87.29
33.4
41.7 $2.01 $84.50
33.2
2.14 87.65
41.7
33.9
2.15 91.19
41.1
36.3
2.17 107.45
42.0
35.9
2.15 105. 55
41.6
32.0
2.16 95.36
41.1
27.8
2.18 79. 79
41.4
31.1
2.19 92.06
41.6
30.8
41.3
2.18 88.70
34.3
2.18 100. 50
41.1
33.1
2.18 95.33
40.3
31.3
40.9
2.17 91.08
35.3
2.18 105.19
41.1
31.5
40.6
2.17 93.87
27.6
2.15 80.87
40.6
Contract construction
Bituminous
$2.53
2. 64
2.69
2. 96
2.94
2. 98
2.87
2. 96
2.88
2.93
2. 88
2. 91
2. 98
2. 98
2.93
$96. 26
106. 22
106. 79
115. 33
110.63
112. 51
109. 58
111. 74
107. 76
114.68
112.17
110. 96
112.91
110. 66
104.01
37.6 $2. 56
37.8
2.81
2. 95
36.2
2. 98
38.7
2. 95
37.6
38.4
2.93
37.4
2. 93
3. 02
37.0
3.01
35.8
37.6
3.05
3.09
36.3
3.04
36.5
36.9
3.06
3.04
36.4
34.11 3.05
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetalllc mining
and quarrying
$2.32 $80. 99
2. 48 85.63
2.50 87.22
2. 52 85.46
2.52 82.32
2. 51 84.05
2. 50 84.63
2.50 84.87
2. 58 87.71
2.65 90.45
2.67 90.70
2.63 92. 57
2. 71 92.25
2.64 91.19
2.69 86. 50
Total: Building
construction
1957: January_____
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
44.5
44.6
44.5
43.6
42.0
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
45.0
44.9
45.6
45.0
44.7
42.4
$1.82
1.92
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
2. 04
2.04
General contractors
$90. 22
95.04
96. 21
96. 48
89. 76
98.19
95.93
97. 46
99.00
100.65
102.03
103. 79
102.65
102. 65
95. 99
35.8
36.0
35.5
35.6
33.0
36.1
35.4
35.7
36.0
36.6
36.7
37.2
36.4
36.4
33.8
Total: Contract
construction
$95.94
101.83
102. 48
103. 78
98.55
104.80
104. 23
104.88
106.39
108.11
109.15
111.07
110. 84
110.25
103.01
Highway and street
41.3
40.3 $2.36 $91.27
36.9 $2.60 $95.11
41.9
2.49 97. 63
40.8
2. 73 101. 59
37.3
40.6
95.41
2.54
39.7
2.80 100.84
36.6
39.2
2.55 90.94
39.2
2.82 99.96
36.8
36.8
83.90
2.
55
94.86
37.2
2.84
34.7
40.3
2.56 93.09
39.6
36.9
2.84 101.38
39.9
91.77
2.
55
39.4
2.84 100. 47
36.7
39.9
2.58 93.37
39. 1
36.8
2. 85 100.88
40.1
96.64
2.61
39.8
103.88
37.2
2.86
41.7
2.62 101.33
40.7
2.86 106.63
37.8
43.5
107.01
2.65
41.8
110.
77
2.88
37.9
43.8
2.67 109.06
42.1
38.3
2.90 112. 41
41.6
104.00
2.
70
40.8
2. 94 110.16
37.7
41.5
2. 69 103.34
40.6
2. 94 109.21
37.5
36.2
2.71 89. 41
36.4
2.96 98. 64
34.8
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total : Special-trade
contractors
$2. 52 $100.83
2.64 107.16
2. 71 108.00
2 71 111.14
2. 72 106.45
2. 72 111.33
2.71 110.96
2. 73 111.33
2. 75 112.61
2. 75 114. 58
2. 78 113.34
2. 79 115.63
2. 82 116. 55
2.82 115. 97
2. 84 109. 65
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
36.4
36.7
36 0
36.8
34.9
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.8
37.2
36.8
37.3
37.0
36.7
34.7
Plumbing and
heating
$2 77 $106. 40
2. 92 112.31
3.00 112. 57
3 02 117.56
3.05 115.67
3.05 116.89
3.04 116.97
3.05 116.97
3.06 117.73
3.08 119.42
3.08 116.80
3.10 120. 74
3.15 123. 77
3.16 122.11
3.16 116.12
38.0
38.2
37.4
38.8
37.8
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.4
37.8
38.7
38.8
38.4
36.4
$2.80
2.94
3.01
3 03
3.06
3.06
3.07
3.07
3.09
3.11
3.09
3.12
3.19
3.18
3.19
$2.21
2.33
2.35
2.32
2. 28
2. 31
2.30
2. 34
2.41
2.43
2. 46
2.49
2.50
2.49
2.47
34.7
35.0
33.8
34.5
33.2
34.1
34.8
34.8
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.8
35.5
34.8
33.4
$98. 50
104. 94
105. 30
106.23
101. 73
106. 50
106. 35
106. 54
109. 93
111.32
114.05
115.30
115.89
114. 23
105. 77
39.4
39.9
39.0
39.2
37.4
39.3
39 1
38.6
39.4
39.9
40.3
40.6
40.1
39.8
36.6
$2. 50
2.63
2.70
2. 71
2.72
2.71
2. 72
2. 76
2. 79
2.79
2.83
2. 84
2.89
2.87
2. 89
Electrical work
Painting and
decorating
$94.38
100.10
98. 36
100. 74
97.28
99.57
102. 31
102.31
104.14
105. 55
105.95
107.76
107. 57
105.79
102. 20
Other nonbuilding
construction
$2. 72 $116. 52
2.86 125. 61
2.91 124 97
2 92 129.82
2.93 127. 65
2.92 130. 75
2. 94 131.26
2. 94 130. 48
2. 95 131. 66
2.99 134.06
3.01 132.83
3.01 132. 50
3.03 134. 30
3.04 135.49
3.06 127.91
39.1
39.5
38 1
39.7
38.8
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.9
39.3
39.2
39. 5
39.5
37.4
$2.98
3.18
3 28
3 27
3 29
3.31
3.34
3.32
3. 35
3.36
3.38
3. 38
3.40
3.43
3.42
Manufacturing
Total: Manu
facturing
$2. 71 $76. 52
2.86 79.99
2 93 82. 22
2.95 84.05
2. 97 82.41
2. 97 82. 41
2 94 82. 21
2. 97 81.59
2.99 81.78
2. 99 82. 8C
3. 00 82.18
3.03 82.8C
3. 08 82.99
3.09 82. 56
3. OS 82.92
Durable goods
40.7 $1.88 $83. 21
40.4
1.98 86. 31
40.5
2.03 88.9E
2. 05 91.34
41.
2. 05 89.16
40.2
40.2
2.05 88. 75
40.1
2.05 88.94
39.8
2.06 88.2£
39.7
2.06 87.85
40. C 2.07 88.7C
39.7
2.07 88.06
2. 07 89. 06
40.
39.9
2.08 89.24
39.5
2.09 88.75
39. C 2.11 88. 95
41.4
41.1
41.
41.
40.
40.
40.
40.5
40.5
40.5
40. f
40.5
40.
39.
39.7
Nondurable goods *
$2.01 $68. Of
2.1C 71.1C
2. It 72. 8f
2. 18 73 84
2.18 72 73
2.17 73.1C
2.18 73.12
2.18 72. 74
2.18 73.15
2. IS 74. OS
2. 2C 74. 47
2.21 74. 2f
2. 21 75. 24
2. 25 74.1(
2. 24 1 74.3f
39.
39.5
39 e
39
39.
39.5
39.
38.
38. S
39.2
39.
39.5
39.
39.
38.7
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$1.71 $83.44
1.8C 91.54
1 84 94 . 5C
1.86 96. 7C
1.86 95. 7t
1.86 96.15
1.87 95.65
1.87 95.6f
1.88 94. OS
1.85 94.8C
1.85 93. 6C
1.85 93.8C
1.9C 95.0^
1.96 94.9t
1. 97 95. 6(
40.7
41.8
42.
42.
42.
42.
41.
41.4
40.'
40.'
40.
40.
40.
39.
40.
Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products *
$2.05 $72.1C
2.19 75.03
2.25 78. Of
2.27 77.71
2.28 77.18
2 29 77. 3S
2.3C 76.81
2.31 77. 2C
2.31 78.38
2. 32 78.94
2. 34 79. 2'
2. 34 77.7
2.3' 79. If
2.38 77.9Í
2. 3S 79.35
41.2 $1. 76
1.83
41.0
1.89
41 3
1 90
40.9
1.92
40.
1 93
40.
39.8
1.93
40. C 1.93
1.94
40.4
1.93
40.
1.91
41.
1.90
40.
41.
1.92
1.94
40.
40.
1.96
220
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 195S
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. Wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—C on tinued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat products4 5
1955: Average_____ $83. lb
1956: Average........... 84.03
November....... 91.80
December____ 87.14
1957: January_____
87.10
February____
85. 57
March............ .
83. 71
April.—............ 84.99
M ay.................. 86.28
June________
87.13
July------------87.31
August-...........
85. 22
September___
89. 60
October- 89.13
November___
91.05
42.0
41.6
43.3
41.3
40.7
39.8
39.3
39.9
40. 7
41.1
40.8
40. 2
41.1
40.7
41.2
$1.98
2.02
2.12
2.11
2.14
2.15
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.12
2.14
2. 12
2. 18
2.19
2.21
Canning and
preserving »
1955: Average_____ $56. 50
1956: Average_____
62. 02
November___
57. 56
December___
61.02
1957: January...........
61.99
February......... 61.78
March_______ 61. 59
April________
62.83
M ay.................. 62. 75
June________
61.18
J u ly-.................
64.17
August............. 65.93
September___
66.01
October______ 62.65
N ovem ber___
60.15
38.7
39.5
36.9
37.9
37.8
37.9
37.1
37.4
37.8
38.0
41.4
40.7
41.0
38.2
36.9
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.3
40.0
40.0
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.4
39.3
39.9
40.2
39.5
39.0
40.4
39.4
40. 6
40.9
39.6
39.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32.2
30.7
26.8
31.9
29.7
27.4
30.9
31.4
31.1
32.0
33.6
30.2
33.6
29.8
26.3
41.1
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.3
39.7
39.8
40.1
40.3
39.0
39.6
40.0
39.2
38.7
40.2
39.0
40.5
40.8
39.3
39.0
Dairy products®
$1.94 $72.48
2. 05 74. 47
2.10 75.23
2.11 75.5'
2.12 75.66
2.13 75.06
2. i: 76.02
2.15 75.8'
2.17 77.5Î
2.18 78.87
2.19 80.85
2.18 77.8:
2. 21 78.91
2 .2 4
77.38
2.27 77.42
39.9
41.5
39.0
39.4
38.8
39.3
38.4
38.2
39.2
38.6
44.0
41.9
41.9
39.7
38.7
$1.47 $77. 62
1.59 80.97
1.57 82.70
1.65 83.14
1.68 83.38
1.67 82.60
1. 71 82.03
1. 74 82. 22
1. 70 83.61
1.66 83. 66
1.53 86. 72
1. 65 87. 56
1.65 90. 74
1.66 88. 24
1.64 86.25
39.7
40.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.6
40.9
41.6
40.1
39.6
39.0
39.0
$1.41 $82.22
1.50 85.41
1.52 85.97
1.52 86.18
1.53 84. 67
1.56 85. 72
1.56 86.29
1.57 87.16
1. 58 88.62
1.59 91.35
1.58 92.74
1.58 89. 95
1.59 89. 42
1.58 87. 47
1.57 87.02
40.5
40.1
39.8
39.9
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.1
40.6
41.4
40.7
40.1
39.4
39.2
44. 1
43.3
43.3
43.3
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.6
43.1
43.8
44.7
44.0
44.7
43.9
42.7
43.8
43.0
49. 5
47.5
39.4
40.0
40.8
39.4
40.2
43.4
42.0
39.1
41.8
41.7
50.2
42.0
41.2
40.4
41.6
40.5
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
42.5
43.7
42.5
42.2
40.5
40.3
45.4
43.
42. £
42.7
43.4
42.
42. S
42.7
43.3
43.2
43.6
42.7
43.0
41.5
41.1
44.9
43.9
44.6
44.8
45.5
44. 1
43.3
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
44.0
45. 5
44.0
43.1
Ice cream and ices
$1.64 $75.08
1. 73 77. 46
1.77 78.17
1.78 78. 47
1.80 77.33
1.80 78.66
1.83 79.07
1.83 79. 27
1.83 82.60
1.85 83.89
1.85 86.29
1.84 81. 51
1.87 82 37
1.87 82. 59
1.89 81.80
Flour and other
grain-mill products
$1.76 $83.51
1.87 84. 73
1.91 89.20
1. 92 88.70
1.93 91.00
1.93 87. 32
1.93 84.87
1.93 84.91
1.94 85. 50
1.91 86.17
1.94 89.49
1.99 90.20
2.03 95.10
2.01 90. 64
2.02 89.22
42. î
42
41
41
40
41 4
41. 4
41. 5
42. 8
42.8
43 8
41. 8
41 6
41 5
40.9
$1
1
1
1
1
75
84
87
QO
QO
} 90
1 91
1 91
1 93
1.90
1 97
1 95
1 98
1 99
2.00
F’rcvared feeds
$1.86 $74. 25
1.93 76.83
2.00 77.94
1.98 78.99
2.00 79.17
1.98 77. 47
1.96 77. 29
1.97 79.06
1.97 79.17
1.99 80.10
2.02 81.99
2.05 81. 35
2.09 82. 40
2.06 82. 21
2.07 80.28
45.0
43 9
43 3
43 4
43. 5
42.8
42. 7
43. 2
43. 5
44. 5
45.3
44. 7
44 3
44J2
42.7
$1 05
1 75
1 80
1 8S}
1 82
1 81
1 81
1.83
1 82
1 80
1 81
1 82
1 80
1 80
L 88
42. 4
43 4
49 6
48 2
37 1
42. 6
39. 4
39 0
37.2
40. 2
40. 3
35.3
42 4
41 6
48.7
.$1 73
1 80
1 72
1 78
1 92
1 95
2 03
2 01
2 00
2 03
1 98
2 00
1 98
1 75
1.77
Cane-sugar refining
$1.76 $84.12
1.86 86.94
1.73 89.66
1.76 86. 71
2.00 88.78
2.01 85. 75
2.04 88.75
2.06 87.64
2.08 91.10
2.13 102. 38
2.09 96.78
2.07 90. 86
2.06 92. 80
1.89 93. 91
1.73 92.96
Bottled soft drinks
$2.03 $63. 42
2.13 64.68
2.16 63.83
2.16 66.98
2.16 63.99
2.17 64.31
2.19 64.96
2.19 65.19
2.21 67.23
2.25 70.98
2. 24 72.54
2. 21 69.28
2.23 69. 21
2.22 65.61
2.22 65.69
Condensed and
evaporated milk
$1.67 $74. 4b
1. 74 75.9£
1.77 75.23
1.79 76.01
1.81 78.12
1.80 76.68
1.81 78.51
1.81 78.14
1.82 79.24
1.83 79.92
1.85 80.66
1. 84 78.57
1.87 80.41
1.86 77. 61
1.87 77.68
Sugar ®
$1.58 $77.09
1.65 79. 98
1.67 85. 64
1.70 83. 60
1.71 78.80
1.71 81.61
1.70 83.23
1.71 81.16
1.71 83.62
1. 72 92.44
1.73 87. 78
1.73 80.94
1.72 86.11
1.76 78. 81
1.80 86.85
Beverages 4
43.
42.3
42.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
43.1
43.7
42.3
42.2
41.6
41.4
Grain-mill products *
Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels
$1.75 $62.73
1.84 66.00
1.89 65.13
1.86 66. 81
1.87 66.18
1.88 66.52
1.88 65.96
1.89 66.69
1.91 67. 72
1.92 70. 35
1.93 71.97
1.92 69.37
1.94 68.11
1.95 68.64
1.97 70.20
Confectionery
41.8
41.5
42.2
41. ‘
40. ]
39.8
39.:
40.5
41. (
41.8
41.6
40.7
40. 7
40.5
41.0
Canned fruits, vegetables, and soups
$1. 57 $58. 65
1.65 65.99
1. 67 61.23
1.72 65.01
1.70 65.18
1.69 65.63
1. 72 65.66
1.71 66. 47
1.73 66. 64
1.57 64.08
1.63 67.32
1. 70 69.14
1. 73 68.30
1.70 65.90
1.83 63. 47
Bread and other
bakt ry products
$1.46 $55.98
1.55 59.70
1.56 60.95
1.56 61.26
1.58 59.67
1.60 61.78
1.60 62.40
1.61 61.54
1.63 61.15
1.63 63. 92
1.63 61. 62
1. 62 63.99
1.63 64.87
1.62 62.09
1.62 61.23
Sausages and
casings
42.4 $2.05 $81.0G
42.2
2. li 85.08
43. G 2. 32 88.62
42.:
2.29 87. 35
42. :
2.31 85.0]
41.0
2. 31 84. 77
40.4
2. 29 83. 7]
40.5
2. 3( 87.08
41.2
2.31 88. 97
41.5
2.31 91.12
41.1
2.3£ 91.10
40.6
2. 32 88.7 :
41.7
2. 4C 89. 95
41.2
2.41 90.72
42.1
2.42 93.07
Seafood, canned and
cured
$1. 72 $71.93
1.80 74. 89
1.85 77.30
1.83 75.52
1.84 74.99
1.85 75.76
1.84 75. 39
1.85 76. 55
1.87 77.55
1.88 78.53
1.89 78.94
1. 88 78.14
1.90 78. 57
1.91 78.59
1.94 79.39
Confectionery and
related products5
1955: Average_____ $58.11
1956: Average_____
61.85
November___
62. 71
December........ 63.02
1957: January_____
62.09
February____
63.84
March_______ 64.32
A p r il_______
63. 60
M ay_________ 63. 57
Jtine. ________
65.85
JLily. . . . . . . . . . . 64.22
August_____
65. 77
September___
66. 67
October______ 64.15
November___
63. 67
$86. 92
92.00
101.85
96.87
97.25
94. 71
92. 52
93.15
95.17
95.87
95.76
94.19
100. 08
99.29
101. 88
$1.46 $50. 55
1.57 50.66
1.56 44. 76
1.61 54. 87
1. 64 50.49
1.63 46. 31
1.66 53.15
1.68 53. 69
1.66 53.80
1.61 50. 24
1. 55 54. 77
1.62 51.34
1.61 58.13
1.64 50.66
1.63 48.13
Bakery products *
1955: Average_____ $70.35
1956: Average_____
73.08
November___
74.9.3
December........ 73. 75
1957: January_____
73.23
February......... 74.00
March_______
73. 23
April-----------74.37
M ay________
75.55
June__ ______ 76.89
J u ly _ . . . . . . . . . .
77.49
August______
76.33
September___
76. 57
October............ 76. 40
November___
77.60
Meatpacking, wholeSalt
$1.51
1. 57
1.58
1.61
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.59
1.62
1.67
1.66
1.63
1.64
1.62
1.63
42.7
41.8
41.7
40.9
41.1
39.7
40.9
40 2
41.6
45.3
43.4
41.3
41.8
42.3
41.5
Malt liquors
$97.84
103.08
102.57
104.28
102.18
103. 49
103. 74
105.86
108.13
111.35
112. 74
109. 73
108. 08
106.15
105.49
40.1
39.8
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.5
39.9
40.2
40.7
39.9
39.3
38.6
38.5
$1.97 $73.35
2.08 78.12
2.15 85.31
2.12 85.80
2.16 71.23
2. IP 83.07
2.17 79.98
2.18 78. 39
2.19 74.40
2. 26 81.61
2,23 79. 79
2.20 70.60
2. 22 83.95
2.22 72. 80
2. 24 86.20
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
$2.44 $78. 76
2.59 81.90
2.63 88.94
2.64 82.35
2.62 80. 59
2.64 84.42
2.66 83. 76
2.68 85.09
2.71 83. 54
2. 77 84.42
2. 77 86.02
2. 75 85.69
2.75 84. 52
2.75 84.97
2.74 85.80
38.8
39.0
40.8
38.3
36 8
38. 2
37.9
38. 5
37.8
38. 2
39.1
38. 6
37. 9
38. 8
39.0
$2 03
2 10
2 18
2 15
2 19
2 21
2. 21
2. 21
2. 21
2 21
2 20
2. 22
2 23
2 19
2.20
221
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Tobacco manufactures
Food and kindred products—Continued
Miscellaneous food
products 1
1955: Average........ . . $67. 97
1956: Average______ 72.92
75.95
November___
December____ 75.40
1957: January........... 75.62
77.00
February____
March_______ 75. 03
April................. 74.85
M ay_________ 74.30
76.36
June........ .........
July_________ 77. 79
78. 06
A u g u st...........
78.88
September___
October______ 77.49
78.31
N ovem ber___
41.7
41.2
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.3
41.0
41.0
Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch
$1.63 $83.16
1. 77 86. 53
1.83 90. 50
1.83 90.03
1. 84 89. 44
1. 86 87. .53
1.83 87.10
1.83 86.88
1.83 88.80
1.84 90.69
1.87 95.37
1.89 96.02
1.91 94.62
1.89 95.26
1.91 95.63
42.0
41.4
41.9
41.3
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.6
41.3
41.6
42.2
42.3
41.5
41.6
41.4
Manufactured ice
$1. 98 $66. 28
2.09 69. 71
2.16 71.07
2.18 72. 61
2.15 71.97
2.14 73. 55
2.14 72. 58
2.14 73.02
2.15 72.90
2.18 72.70
2.26 74. 49
2.27 73. 54
2.28 74.09
2. 29 71.81
2.31 74.12
45.4
44.4
43.6
45.1
44.7
45.4
44.8
44.8
45.0
44.6
45.7
44.3
44.1
43.0
43.6
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
38.8
38.9
38.9
39.8
38.8
38. 5
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.8
38.3
37.0
$1.46 $51.60
1.57 56.41
1.63 56.41
1.61 58. 90
1.61 57. 81
1. 62 57. 37
1.62 57. 99
1.63 57. 04
1.62 61.78
1.63 60.99
1.63 63. 76
1.66 57.22
1.68 58.11
1.67 56.30
1.70 56. 98
1955: Average........... $54.17
57.13
1956: Average_____
58.88
November___
December____ 60. 29
58.30
,1957: January_____
57. 56
February........
M arch_______ 57.92
57.83
A p r il_______
M a y ................. 59.98
61.94
June________
62.16
July..................
August—.......... 62. 48
61.61
September___
October____ _ 60.47
60.89
N ovem ber___
37.1
37.1
37.5
38.4
36.9
36.2
36.2
35.7
36.8
38.0
37.9
38.1
37.8
37.1
36.9
Tobacco stemming
and redrylng
$1. 46 $42.08
1. 54 47. 04
1.57 44.01
1.57 48.86
1. 58 47.63
1.59 49.15
1.60 49.45
1.62 53.65
1.63 56. 36
1.63 54. 52
1.64 55.15
1.64 45. 48
1.63 47. 85
1.63 45.19
1.65 40.30
39.7
39.2
37.3
39.4
38.1
38.7
36.9
37.0
38.6
37.6
38.3
37.9
40.9
38.3
32.5
40.3
40.5
40.7
41.8
41.3
39.7
39.6
37.5
41. 5
40.1
43.4
39.5
39.9
37.9
38.4
$1.33 $67.30
1.45 70.88
1.45 72. 85
1. 48 76.08
1. 49 75.17
1.49 71.06
1.53 71.28
1. 55 67.88
1. 58 77.19
1.58 74. 59
1.61 81.16
1.49 72.29
1.46 72. 62
1.47 68. 98
1.54 71.42
$1.67 $43.90
1. 75 47.63
1.79 50. 57
1.82 49.92
1. 82 48.12
1.79 49.01
1.80 48. 10
1.48 47.55
1.86 48. 86
1.86 49.63
1.87 47. 78
1.83 50.27
1.82 52. 38
1.82 52.90
1.86 52.09
37.2
37.5
38.6
38.4
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.3
37.3
37.6
36.2
37.8
38.8
38.9
38.3
$1.18
1. 27
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.30
1. 30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.35
1.36
1.36
Textile-mill products
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco and snulï
Cigars
Cigarettes
Total: Textilemill products
$L 06 $55. 74
1.20 57. 57
1.18 60.30
1. 24 60.30
1.25 58. 65
1. 27 58.80
1.34 58. 35
1.45 57.90
1.46 57.60
1.45 58. 35
1.44 i 7.90
1.20 58.65
1.17 59.04
1.18 59.04
1.24 58.14
40.1
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
39.1
38.5
Scouring and
combing plants
41.2
41.6
40.7
41.5
41.0
41.4
39.4
40.2
41.2
42.1
42.1
39.5
40.3
37.4
36.7
$1.39 $63. 86
1.45 66.56
1.50 67.16
1.50 67. 23
1.50 65.19
1.50 65.83
1.50 62. 65
1.50 64.72
1.50 65.92
1.50 68.20
1.50 69.47
1.50 62. 81
1.51 64.08
1.51 59. 84
1.51 60. 56
Yarn and
thread mills 1
$1. 55 $50.04
1.60 52.53
1.65 55. 46
1.62 54. 79
1. 59 54.10
1. 59 53.82
1. 59 52.99
1.61 52.44
1.60 52.68
1.62 52.85
1.65 53.10
1.59 52. 61
1.59 52. 58
1.60 52.82
1.65 51.99
39.4
39.2
39.9
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
38.0
37.9
38.3
38.2
38.4
38.1
38.0
37.4
Yarn mills
$1.27 $50.04
1.34 52.53
1.39 56.00
1.38 55.18
1.38 54. 49
1.38 54. 21
1.38 52.99
1.38 52.68
1.39 52.54
1.38 53. 24
1.39 53.10
1.37 52. 61
1.38 52. 44
1.39 52. 54
1.39 51.85
39.4
39.2
40.0
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
37.9
37.8
38.3
38.2
38.4
38.0
37.8
37.3
$1.27
1.34
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
1. 38
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.30
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.39
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
Broad-woven
fabric mills 1
Thread, mills
W5S: Average_____ $51. 74
53.33
1956: Average...........
54. 24
November___
December____ 56.00
56.26
¿957: January_____
February......... 55.30
March_______ 55.13
54.60
April________
M ay.................. 64.88
June_________ 54. 46
July................... 54.85
56.09
August......... . .
55.98
September___
October______ 56. 52
November____ 54.43
39.8
39.5
38.2
40.0
39.9
39.5
39. 1
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.5
39.7
39.8
38.6
$1.30 $54.27
1.35 56.28
1.42 59. 42
1. 40 59. 71
1.41 57. 57
1. 40 56.70
1.41 56. 55
1.40 56.26
1.40 55.97
1.40 56.41
1.41 56.26
1.42 56. 99
1.41 57. 52
1.42 57.67
1.41 56. 79
40.5
40.2
40.7
40.9
39.7
39. 1
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.9
38.8
39.3
39.4
39.5
38.9
Woolen and worsted
$1.34 $52.79
1.40 54. 66
1.46 58. 64
1.46 58.34
1.45 56. 49
1. 45 55.10
1.45 55.34
1.45 55.06
1.45 54.10
1.45 54. 91
1.45 54. 77
1.45 55. 77
1.46 56.30
1.46 56.88
1.46 56.16
40.3
39.9
40.8
40.8
39.5
38.8
38.7
38.5
38.1
38.4
38.3
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.0
South
North
United States
40.3
39.5
39.2
40.5
37.5
37.4
37.9
37.8
37.9
39.0
39.2
39.7
39.5
38.8
37.6
$1.31 $57.63
1.37 58. 46
1. 43 59.58
1.43 61.16
1. 43 57.00
1.42 56.47
1.43 57. 61
1.43 57. 46
1.42 57. 61
1.43 59. 67
1.43 59.98
1.43 60. 74
1.44 60.83
1.44 59. 36
1.44 57.53
$1.43 $51.99
1.48 54.00
1. 52 58.36
1.51 58.08
1. 52 56.12
1. 51 54.99
1.52 54. 71
1.52 54. 43
1.52 53. 72
1.53 54.00
1.53 53.86
1.53 54.85
1.54 55.38
1.53 56.63
1.53 56.06
40.3
40.0
41.1
40.9
39.8
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.1
38.3
38.2
38.9
39.0
39.6
39.2
1955: Average........... $56.28
58.51
1956: Average-------58. 59
November___
December____ 60.30
4957: January—........ 60.80
60. 40
February____
March_______ 60.70
60.10
April_______
M ay..... .......... . 60.10
61.40
June________
J u ly ................. 61. 51
August............. 60.80
September___ 61.97
O ctober.......... 61.14
November___
60.14
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.2
39.8
38.8
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.2
39.8
39.8
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.5
39.7
38.8
Knitting mills *
$1.40 $50. 81
1.47 53.68
1. 51 55.15
1.50 54.43
1. 52 53.36
1. 51 54.09
1.51 54. 31
1.51 53. 65
1.51 I 53.73
1.52 54.46
1.53 1 53.94
1.52 55.33
1.53 55. 71
1.54 55.19
1.55 54. 68
38.2
37.8
38.3
37.8
36.8
37.3
37.2
37.0
36.8
37.3
37.2
37.9
37.9
37.8
37.2
United States
$1.33 $56. 54
1. 42 58.98
1. 44 60. 37
1.44 60.61
1. 45 59. 59
1.45 59. 59
1. 46 59. 75
1. 45 57.97
1. 46 55.80
1. 40 54.56
1.4- 54.10
1.46 55.90
1.47 56.06
1.46 58. 28
1.47 1 59.21
38.2
38.3
39.2
39.1
38.2
38.2
38.3
37.4
36.0
35.2
34.9
36.3
36.4
37.6
38.2
South
North
$1. 48 $55. 42
1.54 58.98
1.54 61.20
1.55 59.34
1. 56 58. 75
1.56 58.60
1. 56 59. 06
1.55 56. 62
1.55 57.60
1.55 58.06
1.55 58.37 I
1.54 59. 21
1.54 61.23
1.55 : 62. OS
1.55 ! 63.52 1
37.7
38.8
40.0
39.3
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.0
37.4
37.7
37.9
38.2
39.0
39.3
40.2
$1. 47 $56. 83
1. 52 59.06
1.53 60.30
1. 51 61.23
1.55 59. 75
1.53 59. 82
1.53 59.81
1. 49 58.40
1.54 55.22
1.54 53.20
1. 54 52.08
1.55 j 54.67
1.57 ! 54.01
1.58 56. 46
1.55 57.07
41.7
41.6
40.1
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.7
42.0
41.6
41.3
41.4
39.4
38.1
$1.52
1.57
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.61
1. 60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.59
1.59
Seamless hosiery
Full-fashioned hosiery
Narrow fabrics
and small wares
$1.29 $63. 38
1.35 65.31
1. 42 64.16
1.42 66.49
1.41 65. 44
1.41 66.49
1.41 65.92
1.41 65.44
1.41 66. 72
1.41 67.20
1.41 66.56
1.41 65.67
1.42 66.24
1.43 62.65
1.43 60.58
38.4
38.1
38.9
39.0
38.3
38.1
38.
37.2
35.4
34.1
33.6
35.
35.3
36.
37.3
United States
$1.48 $42. 80
1. 55 46.21
1. 55 49. 50
1.57 49. 24
1. 56 47. 75
1. 57 48. 64
1. 57 47. 97
1. 57 47.30
1.56 47.88
1.56 49.21
1.55 47.95
1.54 49.63
1.53 49. 34
1.53 50. 25
1.53 49. 41
36.9
36.1
37.5
37.3
35.9
36.3
35.8
35.3
36.0
37.0
36.6
37.6
37.1
37.5
36.6
$1.16
1. 28
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
222
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Table C 1. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earning3
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ing3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w klv.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Textile-mill products—Continued
Seamless hosiery—Continued
Knit outerwear
North
1956: Average.........
1957: January...
February.
March___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July...........
August__
October___
$46. 71
49.27
51.07
50.12
50.18
51.51
50. 92
50. 69
51.17
51.05
52.11
52. 26
52. 90
52. 85
52.72
38.6
37.9
38.4
37.4
36.9
37.6
36.9
37.2
37.9
38.1
38.6
39.0
38.9
38.3
38.2
$1.21 $42. 21
1.30 45. 82
1.33 49.24
1.34 49. 24
1.36 47.61
1.37 48. 01
1.38 47. 35
1.36 46.90
1.35 47. 48
1.34 48.94
1.35 47.19
1.34 49.37
1.36 48. 94
1.38 49.74
1.38 48.64
Carpets, rugs other
floor coverings 1
1955: Average_____
1950: Average_____
November__
December___
1957: January_____
February___
March______
April...............
M ay________
June________
J u ly ................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
$73. 74
73.98
76. 31
77.28
76. 96
78.26
75. 44
74. 34
73.05
72. 29
72.07
73. 53
75. 67
75. 26
74.37
41.9
41.1
41.7
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.0
40.4
39. 7
39.5
39.6
40.4
40.9
40.9
40.2
Knit underwear
South
36.7
35.8
37.3
37. 3
35.8
36.1
35.6
35.0
35.7
36.8
36.3
37. 4
36.8
37.4
36.3
$1.15 $53. 76
1.28 56.15
1.32 58.05
1.32 55.58
1.33 53. 87
1.33 55.43
1.33 56.10
1.34 55. 88
1. 33 57.00
1.33 58. 75
1.30 59.14
1.32 59. 75
1.33 60. 21
1.33 58.06
1.34 56. 92
Wool carvets. TUQ8.
a n d carpet yarn
$1. 76 $71.05
1.80 714 26
1.83 74.85
1.84 76.54
1.85 77.15
1.85 77. 52
1.84 73. 20
1.84 72. 44
1.84 71.16
1.83 68. 76
1.82 68. 76
1.82 72.07
1.85 72.47
1.84 71.55
1.85 69.32
40.6
40. 7
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.9
40.0
39.8
39. 1
38.2
38.2
39.6
39.6
39.1
38.3
38.4
38.2
38.7
37.3
36.4
37.2
37.4
37.5
37.5
38.4
38.4
38.8
39.1
37.7
37.2
$1.40 $48. 34
1.47 49.91
1.50 49.82
1.49 48. 74
1.48 48. 55
1.49 49. 87
1.50 50.14
1.49 51.47
1.52 50.05
1.53 51.14
1.54 50.86
1.54 51.14
1.54 52. 03
1.54 51.75
1.53 49. 68
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1. 75 $58.03
1.80 57. 38
1.83 55.61
1.84 58.13
1.85 53.61
1.85 61.15
1.83 56. 76
1.82 54. 61
1.82 58. 48
1.80 59.76
1.801 59.01
1.821 62.16
1.83 61.38
1.83 58. 91
1. 811 61.62
37.2
35.2
33.5
34.6
33.3
36.4
34.4
33.3
36. 1
36.0
36.2
37.9
37.2
35.7
36.9
39.3
38.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
36.4
36.6
37.3
36.8
37.6
37.4
37.6
37.7
37.5
36.0
$1. 23 $65.14
1.31 65.92
1.35 70.22
1.35 69.55
1.36 65.51
1.37 68.15
1.37 68.06
1.38 67.49
1.36 66.83
1.36 69.22
1.36 65.60
1.36 67.16
1.38 67.16
1.38 67.16
1.38 67.06
Miscellaneous textile
goods *
$1.56 $66. 56
1.63 66.83
1.66 70.28
1.68 71.99
1.61 69.02
1.68 68.85
1.65 68.68
1.64 67.49
1.62 67.15
1.66 69.37
1.63 69. 95
1.64 69.65
1.65 70. 53
1.65 70.00
1.67 70.13
41.6
40.5
41.1
42.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
39.7
39.5
40. 1
40.2
39.8
40.3
40.0
39.4
1955: Average_____ $73. 44
1956: Average_____
68.85
N ovem ber___
72.07
December____ 75. 50
1957: January...........
71.17
February____
72.38
March_______ 71.45
April................
70. 24
M ay____
69. 49
June.......... .
69.95
July................... 71.28
August______
70. 45
September___
70. 84
October______ 70. 27
November___
73.20
43.2
40. 5
41.9
42.9
40.9
41.6
41.3
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.5
39.8
39.8
39.7
40.0
$1.70 $51.17
1. 70 53.97
1.72 56.71
1.76 59.60
1. 74 56.72
1.74 57. 54
1.73 57. 55
1.73 56.30
1.72 57. 26
1.74 58. 66
1. 76 58.80
1. 77 57.82
1.78 58. 66
1.77 57.37
1.83 55. 70
M en’s and boys’
furnishings
and
work clothing •
1955: Average_____ $41. 92
37.1
1956: Average_____
45.26
36.5
N ovem ber..
45. 82
35.8
December___
45. 95
35.9
1957: January........
45.44
35.5
February____
46. 36
36.5
March_______ 46. 72
36.5
April................. 45.72
36.0
M ay________
45. 97
36.2
June.................. 46. 37
36.8
July-------------- 46.48
36.6
August______
47.63
37.5
September___
48.00
37.5
October______ 46. 98
36.7
November___
45. 44
35.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
41.6
41.2
41.7
43.5
41.4
42.0
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.6
40.4
39.5
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
$1.13 $42.29
1.24 45. 51
1.28 48. 49
1.28 47. 32
1.28 46. 44
1.27 46.21
1.28 46.18
1.27 44.67
1.27 45. 57
1.26 45. 97
1.27 46.48
1.27 47. 74
1.28 48.26
1.28 47.86
1.28 47.09
37.1
36.7
37.3
36.4
36.0
36.1
35.8
34.9
35.6
36.2
36.6
37.3
37.7
37.1
36.5
45.9
44.0
45. 2
47.0
44. 4
42.0
41.8
41.6
41.8
43.9
44.7
44.9
45. 6
45.0
43.8
37.2
36 9
35. 3
37. 0
36. 8
37. 2
37. 2
36.3
36.0
36.3
36.7
37.1
36.2
35.6
33.0
Cordage and twine
$1. 93 $55. 58
2. 00 56.99
2. 06 57. 87
2.10 59.60
2. 08 59. 40
2. 05 59. 70
2.04 59. 85
2. 05 58. 80
2.07 57.15
2.12 57. 68
2.17 57.83
2.17 58. 67
2. 20 59. 67
2.18 58.82
2.23 57. 53
Separate trousers
$1.14 $43. 52
1.24 46. 49
1.30 45. 54
1.30 48. 10
1. 29 47. 84
1.28 48.36
1.29 48. 73
1.28 47. 55
1.28 46.80
1. 27 47.19
1.27 47. 34
1.28 48. 23
1.28 47. 42
1.29 45.92
1.29 42. 57
41.3
40.4
42.6
43.2
42.1
40.4
41.1
38.6
38.5
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.0
41.4
40.2
Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)
$1.54 $64. 87
1.60 65.51
1.66 70.55
1.66 69.89
1.65 65.44
1. 65 68.15
1.66 67. 65
1.65 66. 75
1.65 66.09
1.66 68. 81
1.64 64.87
1.65 66. 42
1.65 66. 42
1.65 66. 91
1.66 67.16
42.4
41.2
42.5
42.1
39.9
41.3
41.0
40.7
40.3
41.7
39.8
40. 5
40.5
40.8
40.7
$1.53
1.59
1.66
1.66
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.65
Lace goods
$1.79 $63. 91
1.76 66.09
1.88 66.02
1.89 67.97
1.85 67. 68
1.85 67. 28
1.84 67.32
1.84 67. 32
1.85 67.13
1.87 68.80
1.85 69.36
1.88 67.51
1.88 68.99
1.87 66.98
1.86 66. 77
38.5
38.2
37. .3
38.4
37.6
37.8
37.4
37.4
37.5
37.8
37.9
37.3
37.7
36.8
37.3
$1.66
1. 73
1.77
1.77
1.80
1.78
1.80
1.80
1. 79
1.82
1.83
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.79
Apparel and other finished textile products
Artificial leather, oil
cloth, and other
coated fabrics
$1.23 $88. 59
1.31 88.00
1.36 93.11
1.37 98. 70
1.37 92.35
1.37 86.10
1.39 85.27
1.39 85,28
1.40 86.53
1.41 93.07
1.41 97.00
1.40 97. 43
1.41 100. 32
1.42 98.10
1.41 97. 67
42.3
41.2
42.3
41.9
39.7
41.3
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.7
40.0
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.4
Felt goods (excevt
woven felts and hats) <
$1.60 $73. 93
1.65 71.10
1.71 80.09
1.71 SI. 65
1.70 77. 89
1.70 74. 74
1.70 75. 62
1. 70 71.02
1.70 71.23
1.73 73. 49
1.74 72.52
1. 75 73. 70
1.75 73.32
1.75 77. 42
1.78 74. 77
Textile-mill products—Continued
Paddings and uphol
stery filling
Dyeing and finishing
textiles J
39.7
39.3
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.6
39.0
38.7
37.6
Work shirts
$1, 17 $36. 29
1. 26 39. 82
1. 29 37.15
1.30 40.72
1 30 40. 47
1.30 45. 40
1. 31 42. 60
1.31 42. 60
1.30 42. 34
1. 30 42.92
1. 29 43. 50
1. 30 43.82
1.31 43.15
1.29 41.18
1.29 41.30
37.8
36. 2
32.3
35.1
34.3
38.8
35.8
36. 1
36.5
37.0
37.5
38.1
37.2
35.5
35.0
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
$1.40 $49. 41
1.45 52. 64
1.48 53. 43
1.49 54. 45
1.50 53. 49
1.50 54. 39
1. 50 54. 75
1. 50 52. 84
1.50 52.98
1.51 53. 34
1.51 54.15
1.52 55. 20
1. 53 55. 42
1.52 53.49
1.53 53.10
36.6
36.3
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36.5
35. 7
35. 8
35. 8
36.1
36. 8
36. 7
35.9
35.4
$1.35 $59.86
1.45 63.12
1.48 64. 25
1.50 64.78
1.49 63. 89
1.49 64. 08
1.50 64. 05
1. 48 62.48
1.48 63. 37
1. 19 64.08
1.50 63.90
1.50 64. 62
1 51 63. 90
1.49 61.42
1.50 60. 68
Women’s outerwear * »
$0. 96 $52.90
1.10 57. 02
1.15 56. 54
1.16 58.38
1.18 58. 27
1.17 58.74
1.19 59. 43
1.18 57. 70
1.16 57. 35
1 16 55. 24
1.16 58. 98
1.15 60.48
1.16 59.14
1.16 56.25
1.18 55. 92
35. 5
35.2
34 9
35. 6
35. 1
35.6
35.8
35 4
35.4
34. 1
34.9
36.0
35.2
34.3
34.1
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
36.5
36. 7
36.3
36.6
36.3
36. 4
36.6
35.5
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.1
35. 7
34.7
33.9
$1.64
1.72
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.79
1. 77
1. 79
1.79
1.77
1.79
Women’s dresses
$1. 49 $53. 40
1.62 55. 62
1.62 55. 97
1. 64 57.28
1.66 55. 49
1.65 55. 62
1.66 57.80
1.63 59.01
1.62 58.03
1.62 53. 09
1.69 54. 42
1.68 58.19
1.68 57. 75
1.64 55.24
1.64 53.92
35.6
35.2
35.2
35.8
34.9
35. 2
35.9
36.2
35.6
33.6
33.8
35.7
35.0
34.1
33.7
$1. 50
1. 58
1. 59
1.60
1.59
1.58
1.61
1.63
1.63
1.58
1.61
1.63
1.65
1.62
1.60
223
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kiy. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Household apparel
Average______
Average_____
November___
December____
January--------February____
March ______
A pril..............
M ay. .............
June_________
July-------------A u g u s t............
September___
October______
November___
1955:
1956:
1857:
3 6 .5
3 6 .1
3 6 .2
3 7 .3
3 6 .0
3 6 .3
37. 1
3 7 .0
3 6 .9
3 5 .0
3 5 .2
3 5 .5
3 5 .2
3 5 .3
3 6 .4
$40. 52
44. 76
45. 97
4 7 .7 4
4 6 .0 8
4 6 .8 3
4 8 .2 3
4 8 .1 0
47. 97
45. 50
4 5 .0 6
45. 44
45. 76
4 5 .8 9
4 7 .3 2
$ 1 .1 1
1 .2 4
1. 27
1 .2 8
1 .2 8
1 .2 9
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .2 8
1 .2 8
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
Children’s outerwear
1955:
1956:
1957:
Average_____
Average--------November___
December___
January-------February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June..................
July-------------August______
September___
October___ .
November___
3 7 .2
3 6 .6
3 6 .8
3 6 .4
3 6 .9
37. 7
3 7 .4
3 6 .3
3 6 .6
3 7 .4
3 8 .2
3 7 .5
3 6 .6
3 6 .2
3 6 .2
$45. 38
4 8 .3 1
48. 94
4 9 .1 4
50. 55
5 1 .2 7
5 0 .8 6
4 8 .2 8
4 9 .4 1
5 1 .6 1
5 2 .7 2
5 1 .3 8
5 0 .5 1
4 9 .5 9
4 9 .5 9
$ 1 .2 2
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1 .3 5
1 .3 7
1 .3 6
1 .3 6
1 .3 3
1 .3 5
1 .3 8
1 .3 8
1 .3 7
1 .3 8
1 .3 7
1 .3 7
Women’s suits, coats, Women’s and chil Underwear and night
dren’s undergarments5 wear, except corsets
and skirts
$64. 27
6 8 .1 4
65. 27
6 8 .7 4
70. 52
70. 45
68.68
59. 87
63. 70
65. 73
7 4 .9 1
7 5 .0 3
7 1 .9 0
65. 89
. 79
66
3 3 .3
3 3 .9
3 2 .8
3 4 .2
3 4 .4
3 4 .2
3 3 .5
3 0 .7
3 2 .5
3 2 .7
3 5 .5
3 5 .9
3 4 .4
3 2 .3
3 2 .9
$ 1 .9 3
2.01
1 .9 9
2.01
2 .0 5
2 .0 6
2 .0 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
2.01
2.11
2. 09
2 .0 9
2 .0 4
2 .0 3
3 7 .1
3 7 .1
3 6 .5
3 6 .8
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 5 .7
3 4 .8
3 4 .4
3 5 .2
3 6 .0
3 5 .1
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 6 .6
3 6 .7
3 6 .3
3 7 .2
3 6 .7
3 6 .3
3 7 .0
3 6 .9
3 5 .6
35. 5
3 5 .9
3 6 .1
3 7 .2
3 7 .8
3 6 .9
3 6 .4
$ 1 .2 2
1 .31
1 .3 3
1 .3 3
1 .3 3
1 .3 3
1 .3 4
1 .3 4
1 .3 4
1 .3 4
1 .3 3
1 .3 4
1 .3 6
1 .3 5
1 .3 6
Other fabricated
textile products !
Miscellaneous apparel
and accessories
$45. 63
49. 71
50. 37
5 1 .1 5
4 9 .2 3
49 73
4 9 .2 7
48. 37
4 8 .1 6
4 9 .6 3
5 0 .4 0
48. 79
5 1 .1 8
5 1 .6 6
5 1 .2 4
$44. 77
47. 55
49. 48
48. 81
48. 28
49. 21
49. 45
4 7 .7 0
47. 57
4 8 .1 1
4 8 .0 1
49. 85
5 1 .4 1
4 9 .8 2
49. 50
$ 1 .2 3
1 .3 4
1 .3 8
1 .3 9
1 .3 6
1 .3 7
1 .3 8
1 .3 9
1 .4 0
1 .4 1
1 .4 0
1 .3 9
1 .4 1
1 .4 0
1 .4 0
$ 5 1 .3 2
5 3 .5 3
5 6 .3 0
5 7 .2 2
5 5 .3 5
5 5 .8 6
55. 42
54. 54
55. 73
57. 23
5 6 .1 0
5 7 .9 8
57. 75
5 8 .8 3
5 8 .9 7
3 8 .3
3 7 .7
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 7 .4
3 8 .0
37. 7
3 7 .1
3 7 .4
3 7 .9
3 7 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 7 .8
$ 1 .3 4
1. 42
1 .4 7
1 .4 9
1 .4 8
1. 47
1 .4 7
1. 47
1 .4 9
1 .5 1
1 .5 0
1 .5 1
1 .5 0
1 .5 4
1 .5 6
$42. 44
4 5 .5 0
48. 00
46. 74
4 5 .8 6
4 7 .5 0
4 7 .6 2
4 5 .9 5
45. 70
4 5 .9 5
46. 46
48. 38
50. 44
48. 88
4 8 .0 8
36. 9
3 6 .4
37. 5
3 6 .8
3 6 .4
3 7 .4
3 7 .2
3 5 .9
3 5 .7
3 5 .9
3 6 .3
3 7 .8
3 8 .5
3 7 .6
3 6 .7
$ 1 .1 5
1 .2 5
1 .2 8
1. 27
1 .2 6
1. 27
1 .2 8
1 .2 8
1 .2 8
1 .2 8
1 .2 8
1 .2 8
1 .3 1
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings
$45. 72
46. 98
4 8 .6 2
4 8 .1 0
47. 45
4 8 .8 6
4 9 .5 2
4 8 .8 6
4 6 .6 4
47. 92
4 8 .3 4
5 0 .0 5
51. 59
5 1 .1 9
49. 88
3 8 .1
3 6 .7
3 7 .4
3 7 .0
36. 5
3 7 .3
3 7 .8
3 7 .3
3 5 .6
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 7 .5
$ 1 .2 0
1 .2 8
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 2
1 .3 1
1 .3 0
1 .3 4
1 .3 4
1 .3 3
Corsets and allied
garments
$48. 78
5 1 .7 7
5 2 .9 3
5 2 .9 3
52. 85
5 2 .6 4
52. 85
5 1 .6 0
51. 74
52. 41
5 1 .6 2
5 2 .9 2
53. 72
5 2 .1 0
5 2 .4 8
3 6 .4
3 6 .2
3 6 .5
3 6 .5
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 6 .2
3 5 .1
3 5 .2
3 5 .9
3 5 .6
3 6 .0
3 6 .3
3 5 .2
3 5 .7
$ 1 .3 4
1. 43
1. 45
1 .4 5
1 .4 6
1 .4 5
1 .4 6
1 .4 7
1 .4 7
1. 46
1 .4 5
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .4 7
3 8 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .1
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
4 0 .1
3 9 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
$ 5 6 .9 9
61. 85
56. 95
6 1 .0 3
6 3 .0 0
69. 27
72. 98
57. 62
5 1 .1 5
5 4 .9 4
58. 64
63. 41
6 5 .9 1
6 0 .7 2
5 6 .2 4
3 6 .3
3 6 .6
3 3 .9
3 5 .9
3 6 .0
38. 7
4 0 .1
3 4 .3
3 1 .0
3 2 .9
3 4 .7
3 7 .3
3 8 .1
3 5 .3
3 2 .7
$1. 57
1 .6 9
. 68
1 .7 0
1 .7 5
1 .7 9
1 .8 2
1
1.68
1 .6 5
1 .6 7
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 3
1. 72
1 .7 2
Canvas products
Textile bags
$ 5 3 .6 5
5 7 .2 8
5 7 .0 9
5 9 .6 4
5 8 .0 7
5 9 .3 5
57. 72
56. 74
5 7 .3 0
5 9 .4 0
60. 50
5 9 .1 5
6 2 .2 7
5 8 .6 7
5 8 .4 4
Millinery
$ 1 .3 9
1. 45
1 .4 6
1 .4 8
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .4 7
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
1 .5 2
1 .4 9
1 .5 3
1 .5 2
1 .5 1
$53. 58
5 5 .6 6
5 4 .5 3
5 6 .0 6
56. 99
5 5 .2 0
5 6 .0 6
56. 34
5 8 .6 9
5 9 .0 9
59. 45
6 0 .5 3
5 5 .8 6
58. 56
56. 45
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 8 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
386
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
3 8 .0
3 9 .3
3 8 .4
$ 1 .3 6
1 .4 2
1 .4 2
1 .4 3
1. 45
1 .4 3
1 .4 3
1 .4 3
1 .4 6
1 .4 7
1 .4 9
1 .5 6
1 .4 7
1 .4 9
1 .4 7
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
1955:
1956:
1957:
Average_____
Average........ ...
November___
December____
January..........
February____
March_______
April________
M ay------------June..................
J u ly ..............
August______
September___
O ctober..____
November___
$ 6 8 .8 8
70. 93
7 0 .8 0
69. 25
67. 25
. 51
70. 27
7 2 .0 0
7 3 .1 6
74. 89
7 1 .7 1
7 5 .6 2
7 1 .7 6
73. 97
7 1 .5 5
68
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
3 9 .4
4 1 .1
3 9 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .1
$ 1 .6 8
1 .7 6
1. 77
1 .7 4
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1. 77
1 .8 0
. 82
1 .8 4
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 3
1
Sawmills and plan
ing mills *
$69. 55
71. 51
7 1 .2 0
69. 13
. 95
. 21
6 9 .7 4
70. 67
7 2 .0 0
73. 42
7 0 .2 3
7 4 .1 2
7 2 .1 3
7 2 .4 4
7 0 .6 2
66
68
4 1 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
4 0 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 8 .8
$ 1 .6 8
1. 77
1 .7 8
1 .7 5
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1. 77
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 4
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products *
Sawmills and planing mills, general
4 1 .4
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 8 .6
39. 1
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 8 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .1
3 9 .8
3 8 .8
West
South
United States
$70. 38
72. 54
7 2 .2 2
69. 95
6 7 .9 4
6 9 .2 1
7 0 .5 3
7 1 .8 6
7 3 .2 0
7 4 .4 0
7 0 .8 2
7 4 .9 3
72. 73
7 3 .2 3
7 1 .3 9
$1. 70
1 .8 0
. 81
1 .7 8
1. 76
1. 77
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1
1.86
1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1.86
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
$46. 76
4 9 .0 9
4 9 .8 0
4 9 .5 6
4 8 .0 0
4 8 .1 2
48. 52
48. 64
5 0 .2 6
4 9 .2 5
4 9 .1 3
50. 87
5 0 .3 1
5 0 .5 5
4 8 .1 9
4 3 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 1 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
3 9 .5
$ 1 .0 7
1 .1 8
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1. 21
1. 21
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.22
1 .2 3
1 .2 3
1.22
$88. 43
90. 87
9 0 .6 4
8 6 .1 6
8 4 .0 4
8 6 .1 8
8 7 .7 8
89. 31
9 0 .2 5
9 1 .8 9
85. 74
9 2 .3 6
8 8 .6 4
8 9 .4 7
8 9 .3 9
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 7 .3
36. 7
3 7 .8
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 9 .1
3 6 .8
3 9 .3
3 7 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
$2. 25
2. 33
2. 33
2 .3 1
2 .2 9
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .2 9
2 .3 2
2 .3 5
2 .3 3
2. 35
2 .3 7
2 .3 3
2 .3 4
$73. 99
74. 30
7 3 .0 2
75.11
7 3 .6 3
7 4 .0 0
7 1 .9 7
74. 40
76. 73
77. 71
75. 98
7 7 .5 2
77. 95
7 6 .5 7
74. 68
4 1 .8
4 0 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 8 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 9 .3
3 9 .1
$ 1 .7 7
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1. 85
1. 85
1. 85
1. 85
1.86
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
Furniture and fixtures
1955:
1956:
1957:
Average_____
Average_____
November___
December____
January______
February____
March_______
April________
M ay________
June............ .
July_______ _
A ugust.............
September___
October______
November___
$72. 56
7 2 .9 0
7 2 .9 8
73. 93
7 2 .6 5
7 2 .8 6
7 2 .6 8
7 3 .6 3
7 5 .3 3
7 7 .4 6
7 7 .6 4
77. 46
78. 47
7 7 .1 1
7 5 .0 3
4 1 .7
4 0 .5
40. 1
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wooden containers *
Plywood
Millwork
$ 1 .7 4
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1. 84
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.88
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
$78. 37
7 6 .2 2
7 3 .0 2
7 5 .6 7
74. 37
7 6 .0 7
7 1 .2 3
7 6 .1 1
7 8 .3 1
7 8 .3 4
7 2 .9 5
77. 76
7 6 .0 3
7 6 .0 2
7 4 .3 0
4 3 .3
4 1 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
3 8 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 8 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
$1. 81
1. 85
1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1.86
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1.9 1
1 .9 2
1 .8 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
$52. 48
56. 71
5 6 .1 4
5 7 .5 3
5 5 .7 2
5 5 .3 0
5 6 .0 0
56. 82
5 7 .0 8
5 7 .0 8
5 7 .6 0
5 7 .6 0
5 6 .5 9
5 6 .7 4
5 4 .7 7
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 8 .3
$ 1 .2 8
1 .3 9
1 .4 0
1. 41
1 .4 0
1 .4 0
1 .4 0
1 .4 1
1 .4 2
1 .4 2
1 .4 4
1 .4 4
1 .4 4
1 .4 4
1 .4 3
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$ 5 3 .1 2
5 6 .5 8
6 6 .0 3
5 6 .3 0
5 5 .1 8
5 5 .0 4
5 5 .8 8
5 6 .4 2
5 6 .9 6
5 7 .4 9
58. 58
5 8 .1 5
56. 59
5 7 .2 0
53. 86
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
3 8 .2
$ 1 .2 8
1 .3 8
1 .3 8
1. 39
1 .3 9
1 .3 9
1 .3 9
1. 40
1 .4 1
1 .4 3
1 .4 5
1 .4 5
1. 44
1 .4 3
1 .4 1
Miscellaneous wood
products
$ 5 7 .8 2
6 0 .1 5
61. 39
61. 39
6 0 .0 5
60. 94
6 1 .5 0
6 1 .7 6
6 1 .8 6
6 3 .1 4
6 1 .9 1
6 2 .2 7
6 2 .3 7
6 2 .0 6
6 1 .0 7
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .4
$ 1 .3 9
1 .4 6
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1 .5 1
1 .5 2
1. 54
1. 54
1 .5 3
1. 54
1 .5 4
1 .5 5
Total: Furniture and
fixtures
$ 6 7 .0 7
. 95
6 9 .6 6
71. 45
6 8 .4 6
6 9 .5 5
69. 55
6 8 .2 8
6 7 .8 2
6 9 .0 8
6 8 .3 8
7 1 .6 3
7 2 .3 9
7 2 .0 4
6 9 .3 0
68
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
39. 7
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
3 9 .6
$1. 62
1 .6 9
1 .7 2
1. 73
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1. 73
1 .7 2
1. 73
1. 74
1. 74
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 5
224
T able
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1958
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg, Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Furniture and fixtures
Household furniture »
1955: Average............ $64.17
1956: Average............ 65.77
66. 42
November___
December........ 68. 56
64.78
1957: January_____
February......... 66.00
M a rc h .,.......... 66.40
65.01
April________
M a y ........... .
64.02
65.74
June............ .
July........... ....... 64.68
67.97
August_____
68.71
September___
October______ 69.12
66.30
November___
41.4
40.6
40.5
41.3
39.5
40.0
40.0
39.4
38.8
39.6
39.2
40.7
40.9
40.9
39.7
42.3
41.7
42.2
42.1
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.9
42.3
41.3
Books
1955: Average_____ $80.40
1966: Average........... 83. 84
November___
84.44
December____ 84.66
1957: January_____
82. 74
February.........
84.80
March_______ 85.68
April________
85.26
85.84
M ay________
June.................. 84.56
July........... ....... 83. 95
August______
86.18
85. 75
September___
October______ 82.68
November___
82.89
40.0
40.5
40.4
40.7
39.4
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
38.1
38.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
Fiber cans, tubes,
and drum s
$1.74 $77.30
1.82 79.37
1.84 83. 42
1.85 82. 61
1.86 78. 21
1.87 81.20
1.88 81. 61
1.88 82. 42
1.89 81.80
1.91 84.87
1.94 83.01
1.93 82.62
1.96 84.24
1.96 84.38
1.94 82. 97
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.1
39.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.9
41.0
40.1
40.3
40.5
39.8
39.7
$2.01 $90. 23
2.07 93.03
2. 09 92. 90
2. 08 95. 41
2.10 94. 24
2.12 94.80
2.10 96.39
2.10 95. 20
2.13 94. 49
2.13 95.04
2.12 95.12
2.16 95. 76
2.16 97. 93
2.17 96. 56
2.17 95.35
40.1
40.1
39.7
40. 6
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.3
39.9
39.4
41.3
40.5
39.1
40.3
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
39.9
40.4
41.0
40.3
39.6
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.3
41.7
40.9
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.3
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.7
39.3
39.4
39.7
39.4
39.8
39.8
39.1
39.0
40.9
39.4
38.4
39.4
38.8
39.0
38.5
37.2
38.7
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.5
39.2
37.1
38.9
38.8
38.6
39.1
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.7
38.4
37.9
$2. 35
2.43
2. 45
2. 46
2. 46
2. 48
2.49
2. 49
2.51
2. 51
2. 51
2.51
2. 53
2. 53
2.53
Greeting cards
$2.28 $56.68
2.36 61.44
2. 36 63. 76
2.39 62. 32
2.41 64.56
2.42 65.15
2.44 64. 77
2. 43 64.98
2. 45 65. 45
2.46 63.96
2.50 63. 63
2.48 64.13
2. 48 63.41
2.46 62. 87
2.45 63.03
Wood office furniture
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
38.3
38.4
39.6
38.0
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.0
38.5
38.3
38.8
38.4
38.2
38.1
38.2
Newspapers
$96. 65
99. 64
102. 28
103. 21
97.86
98. 84
99. 76
101.03
103. 25
102.96
100.54
100. 67
103.32
103.46
102.53
36.2
36.1
36.4
36.6
35.2
35.3
35.5
35.7
36.1
36.0
35.4
35.7
36.0
35.8
35.6
39.6
39.4
39.0
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.0
38.9
39.4
38.8
39.1
39.0
38.8
38.2
$1.55
1.66
1.63
1.65
1.60
1.61
1.59
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.56
1.61
1.62
1.59
1.61
42.2
41.6
32.1
42.0
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.6
42.0
41.1
$1.75
1.83
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.97
1.98
1.96
Periodicals
$2.67
2. 76
2.81
2.82
2. 78
2.80
2. 81
2.83
2.86
2.86
2.84
2.82
2.87
2.89
2.88
Bookbinding and
related industries
$1.48 $70.09
1.60 72.10
1.61 72. 54
1.64 74. 61
1.69 73.12
1. 71 73. 66
1.70 74. 45
1.71 73. 32
1.70 73.13
1.67 74.07
1.64 72. 94
1.67 75.07
1.66 73.71
1.65 73.72
1.65 73.34
42.0
42.9
41.0
42.7
42.0
42.0
41.4
40.8
39.9
41.1
40.5
41.6
41.7
41.3
39.3
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes *
43.0 $1.83 $85.94
44.3 $1.94 $73. 85
1.94 91.05
2.06 76.13
44.2
42.8
43.0
1.98
92.
86
2.12 78.31
42.7
43.0
1.99 94.15
44.2
2.13 78. 54
42.3
1. 99 93.07
43.9
2.12 76. 48
2.00 93.08
2.13 77.49
42.3
43.7
2.00 92.66
42.3
2.13 78. 28
43.5
42.1
2.13 77.71
43.4
2.00 92. 44
2.13 77.74
43.3
2.01 92.23
42.0
2.03 93.53
42.2
43.1
2.17 80.10
2.20 80. 73
43.4
2.06 95.48
42.3
43.3
2.06 95.26
42.5
2.20 81.87
43.6
42.9
2.22 83.92
2.08 96.79
42.4
2. 22 83.16
2.08 96.35
43.4
42.9
41.8
2.08 95.24
2.22 80. 56
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries
$1.69 $91.42
1.77 94.28
1.81 94. 57
1.82 96.19
1.83 94. 22
1.83 95. 48
1.83 96.61
1.84 95.87
1.84 96.38
1.85 96.38
1.87 96.13
1.88 96.64
1.89 97.91
1.90 97.15
1.91 95.89
Office, public
building, and
professional
fu rn itu re *
$1.75 $75. 78
42.1 $1.80 $65.10
1.83 79.42
41.8
1.90 71. 21
1. 87 79.52
41.2
1.93 66. 83
1.87 82.91
42.3
1.96 70. 46
1.88 78.55
1. 93 67. 20
40.7
41.0
1.88 79.13
1.93 67.62
1.86 79. 73
41.1
1.94 65. 83
1.84 77.78
40.3
1.93 64. 06
1.87 77. 79
1.94 63.04
40.1
1.91 77.22
39.6
1.95 64. 94
1.90 77.61
1.95 63.18
39.8
1.91 81.56
41.4
1.97 66. 98
1.92 81.97
41.4
1.98 67. 55
1.92 78. 41
39.8
1.97 65.67
1.90 79.00
39.9
1.98 63.27
Paper and allied products
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1.59 $78.69
1.64 83.03
1.66 84. 55
1.69 85. 57
1.66 84.18
1.68 84.60
1.69 84.60
1.68 84.20
1.69 84. 42
1.70 85.67
1.72 87.14
1.72 87.55
1.75 89.23
1.74 88.19
1.74 86. 94
Lithographing
$2. 25 $91. 66
2.32 94.16
2. 34 92. 75
2. 35 94. 41
2. 35 93.51
2.37 95. 35
2.38 96. 87
2.38 95.50
2. 38 96.53
2. 40 97.66
2.39 98. 50
2.40 98.70
2. 43 98.70
2.42 96.19
2.42 95.55
M attresses and
bedsprings
$1.70 $71.58
1.80 72.10
1.82 71.81
1.86 73.68
1.80 72.94
1.84 73. 32
1.84 71.61
1.83 68.45
1.81 72.37
1.83 76. 97
1.80 76. 95
1.82 77.16
1.86 77.76
1.86 75.26
1.85 70.49
Other paper and
allied products
$1.89 $69.97
1.95 72.92
2. 01 74. 57
2.01 75.35
1.99 74.48
2. 02 75.03
2.03 74.85
2.04 75.07
2.05 74.89
2.07 75.85
2.07 76.67
2.05 77.64
2. 08 78.81
2.12 77.71
2.09 77.16
Commercial printing
40.7
39.9
41.0
41.9
38.1
39.6
40.2
39.3
37.3
38.8
37.9
40.4
40.6
40.6
39.6
Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous furni
ture and fixtures
42.2 $1.99 $80.78
40.8 $1.98 $65.67
2.09 84.05
41.6
41.0
2.05 66. 42
2.14 84.45
41.5
40.6
2.08 64. 91
42.4
2.18 85.70
41.2
2. 08 68.11
2.15 86.32
40.8
41.3
2.09 65.40
40.4
2.15 84.66
40.9
2. 07 66. 53
2.15 85. 69
40.3
41.0
2.09 67. 77
2.14 84. 23
39.3
40.3
2.09 68. 04
2.15 85. 24
39.1
40.4
2.11 67.26
2.15 86.05
37.5
40.4
2.13 68.00
2.18 84.96
39.6
2.14 68.63
39.7
2. 21 86.86
40.2
40.4
2.15 69.49
2.20 86.80
40.4
40.0
2.17 71.75
2.19 87.70
38.2
2.16 70.12
40.6
2. 21 83.64
38.9
38.9
2.15 68.90
Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard boxe»
1955: Average_____ $73.60
1956: Average......... . 75.89
77.65
November___
December........ 77.89
1957: January.......... 76. 45
February....... . 76. 86
March_______ 77.64
April................. 77.08
77.11
M ay________
J u n e ............. . 79. 46
80.70
July................
81.83
August______
84.08
September___
October______ 82.91
80.12
November___
Wood household
fu rn itu re, upholstered
$1.55 $58. 24
42.2 $1.38 $69.19
41.4
1. 62 59.20
1. 43 71.82
1. 64 60.15
41.2
1. 46 74. 62
1.66 61. 45
41.8
1. 47 77.93
1.64 58.84
40.3
1.46 68. 58
1.65 58. 98
40.4
1.46 72.86
1.66 59. 39
40.4
1. 47 73. 97
1.65 58.80
1.47 71.92
40.0
1.65 58. 61
39.6
1.48 67.51
1.66 59.20
1.48 71.00
40.0
1.65 58.21
39.6
1.47 68.22
1.67 61.39
41.2
1.49 72.80
1.49 75.52
1.68 61.69
41.4
1.69 62.40
1.50 75.52
41.6
40.4
1.67 60.20
1.49 73.26
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
M etal office fu rn itu re
1955: Average........... $83.98
1956: Average........... 86.94
88. 81
November___
December____ 92. 43
87. 72
1957: January_____
86.86
February____
March.............. 86.65
April................. 84.10
84.07
M ay________
June................ . 80.63
86.33
July..................
88.84
August______
88.88
September___
October______ 83.66
85.97
November___
Wood household
fu rn itu re ( except
upholstered)
$1.77
1.83
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.92
1.89
1.90
1.92
$92. 97
39.9 $2.33
96.16
39.9
2.41
96. 92
39.4
2. 46
93.30
2.35
39.7
95.68
2. 41
39.7
99.60
2. 49
40.0
99. 75
2.50
39.9
101.09
2. 54
39.8
96.47
38.9
2.48
39.4
97.71
2.48
100.90
40.2
2.51
104. 60
40.7
2. 57
107. 38
41.3
2.60
104. 49
2.58
40.5
102. 29
39.8
2.57
Miscellaneous pub
lishing and printing
services
$109.05
109. 09
108. 64
110. 26
109.06
112.22
113.18
109. 52
110.88
110.30
110.30
112.91
111.07
111.36
106.69
39.8
39.1
38.8
39.1
38.4
39.1
39.3
38.7
38.5
38.3
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.8
37.7
$2.74
2. 79
2.80
2.82
2. 84
2. 87
2.88
2. 83
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.91
2.87
2.87
2. 83
15
C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or non supervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Chemicals and allied products
Total: Chemicals and Industrial inorganic
chemicals 6
allied products
1955: Average_____ $82. 39
1956: Average____ - 87.14
November___ 89.23
December___
89.86
1957: January_____ 89. 21
February____ 89.40
March______
89.40
April_______
89.40
M a y ..,....... .
90. 64
June...... ........ . 91.88
July------ ------ 92.25
August--------- 92.25
September___ 92. 70
O c to b e r.___
91.84
November___ 92.66
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
$1.99
2.11
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.20
2. 23
2. 25
2. 25
2.25
2.24
2. 26
S y n thetic fib ers
1955: Average_____ $75. 36
1956: Average_____ 77.81
November___ 78. 99
December___
79.38
1957: January_____ 79. 79
February____ 80. 00
March______
79. 60
April___ ____ 80.80
M ay________ 81.61
June________ 83.03
July----- ------ - 83.42
August______ 83.22
September___ 82.41
October.. ..
83.01
November___ 83.41
40.3
39.9
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.1
42.2
41.4
41.4
41. 4
41.0
41.0
40.7
41.2
41.0
41.6
41.5
41.4
40.8
40.6
40.3
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.0
40.6
40.9
$2.20 $87.67
2. 32 93.20
2. 36 93.96
2. 37 95.94
2. 37 94. 37
2.38 95. 71
2. 39 95.24
2. 39 95.65
2. 41 95.41
2.43 96.80
2. 47 99.31
2. 48 99.63
2. 49 98.98
2.50 98.09
2.51 100.94
E x p lo siv e s
$1.87 $81. 40
1.95 87.08
1.96 91.30
1.96 91.96
1. 97 91.05
1. 99 91. 24
1.99 92. 29
2. 00 92. 25
2.02 94.89
2. 05 93.94
2.07 95.68
2.06 96.10
2.05 96. 87
2.07 94.48
2.08 94. 89
P a i n ts , v a rn ish es,
lac quers, a n d e n a m e ls
1955: Average_____ $82. 29
1956: Average_____ 84. 04
November . . 85. 70
December___
80.11
1957: January_____ 85. 28
February____ 85.69
M arch______
85. 06
April________ 86. 93
M ay________ 86. 92
June________ 88.61
July------------- 88. 81
August______ 89.01
September___ 87. 72
October..
87. 70
November___ 87.45
$89. 98
95.12
97.00
98.12
96. 93
97.34
97.51
97. 99
98.33
99.63
100.53
101.18
102. 09
101. 50
102.66
40.1 $2. 03
2.15
40.5
2.20
41.5
41.8
2.20
41.2
2. 21
41. 1 2. 22
41. 2 2. 24
2. 25
41.0
2. 27
41.8
41.2
2. 28
41.6
2.30
2.31
41.6
2.29
42.3
40.9
2.31
2. 32
40.9
Qum and wood
chemicals
$1.95 $71. 98
2.03 75. 33
2. 07 76. 01
2. 08 76.08
2. 08 77. 25
2.09 76. 32
2.09 75.60
2.11 77. 35
2.12 79.49
2.13 78.07
2.14 80. 91
2.15 78.81
2.15 80. 97
2.16 77.98
2.17 78. 98
A lk a lie s a n d chlorine
40.4 $2.17 $87. 33
2.29 92.89
40.7
2. 32 94.76
40.5
2. 34 95.40
41.0
2. 33 94. 94
40.5
2. 34 94. 89
40.9
40. 7 2. 34 95.06
2.35 95. 30
40.7
40.6
2.35 96.35
40.5
2.39 97. 82
2. 44 98.16
40.7
40.5
2.46 98. 40
40.4
2. 45 98.81
2. 44 98.33
40.2
2.48 98. 74
40.7
Drugs and medicines
$75. 07
78. 55
80. 78
81. 19
81. 60
82.00
82.01
81.61
82.01
82. 62
82.42
81.81
83.64
84.05
85.28
40.8
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.3
40.8
41.0
41.4
42.6
42.3
41.7
42.6
42.3
42.2
43.5
43.6
44.4
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.7
41.5
1955: A verage____
1956: Average_____
November. —
D ecem ber___
1957: January...........
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay_____ _
June________
.Tnlv
A u g u s t..___
September___
October____
November___
$75. 48
80. 38
82.81
83.84
82. 42
83.03
83. 23
83.03
83.22
84. 03
83. 21
83.82
85. 47
84. 82
85.41
40.8
40.8
41.2
41.3
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.2
40.1
See footnotes at end of table.
452918—58-
-7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E s s e n tia l oils ¿ p erf u m e s , cosm etics
$1. 85 $63.18
1.97 66. 47
2. 01 68. 97
2.03 70.93
2.04 66.99
2. 03 67. 25
2.04 68. 03
2.04 68. 78
2.06 68.64
2.08 69. 45
2.07 67.94
2.08 69.42
2.10 71.06
2.11 (38. 71
2.13 69.60
$1.50 $71.14
1.60 74. 42
1.65 75.82
1.66 75. 33
1.66 75. 24
1.65 75.10
1.63 76. 64
1.62 76. 74
1. 69 78. 55
1. 70 80. 78
1.73 82.47
1.73 81. 10
1.74 78. 85
1.73 78.32
1.71 78.82
P la s tic s , e x cep t s y n thetic rubber
$88. 41
93.88
97. 44
98.09
96.56
97. 21
98. 28
97.86
98. 41
99.60
101.16
101. 64
101. 50
101.99
101.50
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.1
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.0
41.7
41.5
41.8
42.0
41.6
41.8
41.6
$2.09
2. 23
2. 32
2. 33
2.31
2. 32
2. 34
2.33
2.36
2. 40
2. 42
2. 42
2.44
2.44
2. 44
S o a p a n d g lycerin
40.9 $2.08 $91.88
41.2
2.20 98.16
4!. 1 2.23 99. 39
2. 25 100.28
41.3
2. 28 102. 92
41.3
41.2
2. 28 101. 93
41.5
2.29 102. 84
41.0
2.30 102. 66
2. 32 102. 97
40.6
41.2
2. 34 105.06
41.0
2.33 103. 73
41.3
2. 36 107. 43
41.4
2. 36 106.91
40.9
2.38 106.30
40. 8 2.40 107. 53
$97.81
103. 50
103. 57
107. 33
106. 30
104.19
104. 86
103. 94
105. 93
103. 88
108. 75
109.34
108. 40
108.14
113.71
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.6
41.2
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.9
39.8
41.2
40.8
40.6
40.5
41.5
$2. 34
2. 50
2. 52
2. 58
2. 58
2.56
2. 57
2.56
2. 59
2.61
2.64
2.68
2. 67
2.67
2.74
Paints, pigments, and
fillers 5
40.3 $2.28 $84.18
40.9
2. 40 86.11
2. 43 87. 35
40.9
41. 1 2.44 88.18
41. 5 2. 48 87. 54
41.1
2.48 87.53
41.3
2. 49 87.31
2. 51 88. 78
40.9
2. 53 88. 75
40.7
41.2
2. 55 90.09
2. 53 90. 67
41.0
41.8
2. 57 91.08
41.6
2.57 89.76
41.2
2. 58 90.13
41.2
2.61 89. 47
Vegetable oils
45.6 $1. 56 $65. 07
45.1
l. 65 67. 95
1.62 69. 97
46.8
1.62 69. 24
46.5
1.65 69. 60
45.6
44.7
1.68 68.40
1.73 69. 26
44.3
1.76 69.17
43.6
43.4
1.81 71.05
43.9
1.84 73.53
44.1
1.87 76.46
43.6
1.86 74. 90
44.8
1.76 71.65
45. 8 1.71 72.07
1.74 71.75
45.3
S y n th e tic rubber
42.3
41.6
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.9
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.6
41.4
41.4
40.8
40.6
40.3
$1. 99
2. 07
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.14
2. 14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2. 22
2. 22
A n i m a l oils a n d fa ts
45.5 $1. 43 $81.17
45.0
1.51 85.43
47.6
1. 47 87.17
1.47 85. 54
47.1
46.4
1.50 84. 88
1.51 85.89
45.3
44.4
1. 56 87. 32
43. 5
1. 56 87.60
1.66 87. 96
42.8
43.0
1.71 89.55
1.77 89.95
43.2
1.75 88.31
42.8
1.61 89. 95
44.5
46.2
1.56 89. 75
45.7
1.57 92.35
45. 6
45.2
45.4
45.5
44.2
43.6
44.1
43.8
44.2
45.0
45.2
44.6
45.2
45.1
44.4
$1. 78
1.89
1.92
1.88
1.92
1.97
1.98
2.00
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.08
Products of petroleum and coal
C o m p re sse d a n d
liq u e fie d gases
39.0 $1.62 $87. 72
39.1
1.7C 90.09
40.1
1. 72 94. 35
40.3
1.76 94. 13
38. 5 1.74 94.08
39.1
1. 72 95.18
39. 1 1.74 94.50
1. 75 95.37
39.3
39.0
1.76 94.81
38.8
1. 79 96.83
38.6
1.76 96. 79
39.0
1. 78 95.08
39.7
1.7£ 98.09
38.6
1.78 96. 7C
39.1
1.78 98.77
$2.13
2.26
2. 30
2. 31
2.31
2.32
2. 33
2. 33
2.35
2.38
2.40
2.40
2.41
2.41
2. 42
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 5
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Miscellaneous chemioals 8
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.8
Soap, cleaning and
polishing preparations5
$1.84 $85. 07
1.93 90,64
1.98 91. 65
1. 99 92. 93
2.00 94.16
2.00 93. 94
2. 01 95.04
2.02 94. 30
2. 03 94.19
2.03 96.41
2.03 95.53
2.03 97.47
2. 05 97. 70
2.05 97.34
2.06 97. 921
Fertilizers
43. 1 $1. 67 $63. 90
1. 76 67.68
42.8
42. 7 1. 78 68. 81
42.5
1.79 70. 72
43.4
1. 78 70. 22
42.4
1.80 69.63
42.0
1.80 70. 91
1.82 70. 63
42.5
1.84 75.04
43.2
42.2
1.85 71.06
1.86 71.80
43.5
42.6
1.85 71.97
43.3
1.87 72.91
41.7
1.87 72.14
1.95 70. 97
40.5
Industrial organic
chemicals 8
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
43.0 $2.04 $97.00
42.1
2.14 104. 39
2. 22 105.11
42.5
42.1
2. 22 105.37
2. 24 106. 45
42. t
42.3
2. 25 104.45
42. C 2. 25 104. 6C
42.2
2.26 106. 71
41.4
2.29 106. 75
42.1
2. 3C 108. 7£
41.9
2.31 111. 61
41.7
2. 28 109.21
42.1
2. 33 113. 3C
41.5
2.33 110.03
2. 38 110. 571
41.5
Petroleum refining
41.1 $2. 36 $100.37
41. 1 2. 54 108. 39
40.9
2. 57 109. 20
41. C 2. 57 109. 74
41.1
2. 59 110. 68
2. 56 107. 86
40.8
40. 7 2.57 108. 26
41.2
2. 59 110. 95
40.9
2.61 110.84
40.9
2.66 113. 70
41.5
2.6£ 115. 92
40.6
2. 69 111. 60
41. 5 2. 75 117.01
40.6
2.71 113.36
40. 5 2.73 115.30
Coke,otherpetroleum,
and coal products
40.8 $2. 46 $86.31
40.9
2. 65 91. 32
40.9
2. 67 91. 98
41.1
2. 67 91.53
41.3
2. 68 93.38
40.7
2. 65 93. 52
40.7
2.66 92. 57
41.4
2. OS 92. 57
2. 71 93.02
40.9
40.9
2. 78 94.30
2. 80 98.41
41.4
40.0
2. 79 101.39
41.2
2.84 101. 81
40.2
2. 82 99.66
40.61 2. 84| 94. 87
41.9
41.7
40.7
40.5
40.6
41.2
40.6
40.6
40.8
41.0
41.7
42.6
42.6
41.7
40.2
$2.06
2. 19
2. 26
2. 26
2.30
2.27
2. 28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2. 36
2.38
2.39
2.39
2.36
226
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y
1958
Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. ■wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products
1955: Average,
$87.15
1956: Average______ 87. 23
87.89
November___
December____ 92.74
1957: January
91. 21
February,........ 90.80
March_______ 89. 28
April________
87.60
M a y ................ 88.80
June_________ 91.21
July_________ 94.16
August______
92.84
September___
92. 97
October______ 93.03
November___
92.97
41.7
40.2
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.1
39.9
$2.09
2.17
2.17
2. 24
2. 23
2. 2?
2.21
2.19
2.22
2. 23
2.28
2. 27
2.29
2.32
2.33
Tires and inner
tubes
$101. 09
100.95
103. 53
109. 25
107. 64
106.19
102. 40
103. 46
103. 46
107. 23
112. 20
107.83
107. 20
105.18
106.35
41.6
39.9
40.6
41.7
41.4
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.1
41.4
42.5
41.0
40.3
39.1
39.1
Leather and leather products
Rubber footwear
$2.43 .$70. 70
2.53 71.89
2. 55 71. 55
2.62 73. 26
2.60 71. 76
2.59 72.10
2. 56 72. 68
2. 58 70.64
2.58 71.92
2. 59 72. 29
2. 64 72.13
2.63 73.05
2. 66 74. 45
2. 69 76.02
2.72 79.35
40.4
39.5
39.1
39.6
39.0
39.4
39.5
38.6
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.8
40.9
Other rubber products
$1.75 $78.35
1.82 78.96
1.83 79.98
1.85 82. 59
1.84 81. 39
1.83 81.18
1.84 81.19
1. 83 79.60
1.83 79.80
1.83 81.81
1.84 82.62
1.84 83.84
1.88 85. 08
1.91 86.10
1.94 84.84
41.9
40.7
40.6
41.5
40.9
41.0
40.8
40.2
40.1
40.7
40.7
41.1
41.1
41.0
40.4
Total: Leather and
leather products
$1.87 $53. 44
1. 94 56. 02
1.97 56.09
1.99 57.30
1.99 57.76
1.98 58.60
1.99 58.52
1.98 66.83
1.99 55.90
2. 01 58. 21
2.03 58.29
2.04 58.67
2. 07 57.66
2.10 57.04
2.10 57.31
Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished
37.9 $1.41 $72. 40
37. C 1.49 74.24
36.9
1.52 75.64
37.7
1.52 76.42
38.0
1.52 75.65
38.3
1. 53 75.65
38.0
1.54 75.26
36.9
1. 54 76.43
36.3
1.54 75.27
37.8
1.54 77. 81
38.1
1.53 76. 83
38.1
1.54 77.22
37.2
1.55 77. 42
36.8
1.55 77.81
36.5
1.57 77. 81
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.4
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.0
39.9
39.4
39.4
39.3
39.1
39.1
$1.81
1.87
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.95
1. 96
1.97
1.99
1.99
Leather and leather products—Continued
Industrial leather
belting and packing
1955: Average
$71. 81
1956: Average_____
72.40
79.38
November___
December____ 75.70
1957: January_____
78.63
February____
75. 70
March_______ 75.36
April________
73. 47
74. 34
M ay________
June_________ 74. 77
J u ly .................. 77.36
August.........
78.91
September___
79.13
October______ 77. 90
November___
79.17
40.8
40.0
42.0
40.7
42. 5
40. 7
40.3
39. 5
40.4
40.2
40.5
41.1
41.0
41.0
40.6
Root and shoe cut
stock and findings
$1. 76 $51.95
1.81 53.48
1.89 53. 14
1.86 55. 30
1.85 55. 77
1.86 56.50
1.87 55. 71
1. 86 53.07
1.84 54.68
1.86 57. 72
1.91 56.74
1.92 56.30
1.93 53.95
1.90 55.28
1.95 54.66
38.2
37.4
36.4
38.4
38.2
38.7
37.9
36.6
37.2
39.0
38.6
38.3
36.7
37.1
36.2
Footwear (except
rubber)
$1.36 $49. 98
1.43 53. 57
1.46 52. 71
1.44 54. 31
1. 46 55. 71
1.46 56.39
1. 47 56. 47
1.45 54. 39
1.47 53.04
1.48 55. 73
1.47 56.09
1.47 56.32
1.47 54. 90
1.49 54.15
1.51 53. 91
37.3
37.2
36.1
37.2
37.9
38.1
37.9
36.5
35.6
37.4
37.9
37.8
36.6
36.1
35.7
Luggage
$1.34 $60.28
1.44 62.72
1. 46 67.03
1.46 64.13
1. 47 61.88
1.48 62. 59
1.49 63.08
1. 49 61.45
1.49 61.56
1.49 63. 50
1.48 64.40
1.49 63. 27
1.50 65.11
1.50 62.21
1.51 61.25
39.4
39.2
39.9
38.4
37.5
38.4
38.7
37. 7
38.0
39.2
40.0
39.3
39.7
37.7
36.9
Handbags and small
leather goods
$1.53 $48. 51
1.60 51.00
1.68 53. 30
1. 67 53.02
1.65 52.50
1.63 53.82
1. 63 53.96
1. 63 52.05
1.62 51.05
1.62 52.82
1.61 53.34
1.61 54.14
1.64 53. 58
1.65 54.10
1.66 55. 58
38.2
37.5
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.9
38.0
36.4
35.7
37.2
37.3
38.4
38.0
38.1
38.6
Gloves and miscel
laneous leather goods
$1. 27 $46.38
1.36 48. 34
1.41 48.37
1.41 49. 71
1.40 49.28
1.42 49. 82
1.42 49. 87
1. 43 48.96
1.43 49.46
1.42 50.01
1.43 49.32
1.41 50.32
1.41 50.14
1.42 49.78
1.44 49.13
37.1
36.9
36.1
37.1
36.5
36.9
36.4
36.0
36.1
36.5
36.0
37.0
36.6
36.6
35.6
$1. 25
1.31
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.36
1.38
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
1955: Average........... $77.19
1956: Average_____
80. 56
November___
82. 61
December____ 82.81
1957: January______ 81. 41
February____
81.61
March_______ 82.21
April________
81.20
M ay________
82.42
June.................
83. 44
July................... 82.82
August______
84.25
September___
84.86
October______ 84.85
November___
84.21
41.5
41.1
41. 1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.1
$1.86
1.96
2.01
2. 01
2. 02
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.10
Cement, hydraulic
1955: Average_____ $78.85
1956: Average_____
83. 84
November___
86.11
December____ 85.49
1957: Januarv
86.73
February____
84. 46
March..............
85. 28
April________
84.66
M ay_________ 84.66
June.................. 86.51
J u ly ................. 83.16
August______
91.39
September___
93.30
October____
90.50
November___
91.35
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.3
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.7
41.0
37.8
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Flat glass
$114.38
113.03
119.23
117.99
117.29
114. 49
112. 59
110. 80
110.95
108. 90
112. 28
109.02
113.52
116. 76
124.32
43.0
41.1
41.4
41.4
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.2
39.6
40.1
39.5
40.4
40.4
42.0
Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown *
$2.66 $74.82
2. 75 79. 80
2. 88 82.00
2. 85 82.21
2.84 82. 59
2. 82 81.78
2. 78 81. 99
2. 77 81.18
2.76 84.44
2. 75 84.02
2. 80 84. 82
2. 76 84.00
2.81 83.95
2.89 83.74
2.96 85.72
Structural clay
products *
$1.90 $70.04
2.03 73. 62
2.09 73.60
2.08 73. 97
2. 10 72.86
2.07 73. 23
2. 08 73.82
2.08 74.00
2.08 74. 59
2.11 75. 74
2.20 76.33
2. 24 76. 52
2. 27 76.38
2.24 76.59
2. 25 74.28
41.2
40.9
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.2
40.1
39.3
39.8
39.7
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.7
39. 8
39.6
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.5
$1.88 $76.19
2.01 80. 59
2.05 83.21
2.05 82.81
2.07 84. 44
2. 06 82. 78
2. 06 82. 78
2.05 82.80
2.09 86.09
2.09 85. 65
2.11 86.46
2.10 85.63
2.12 84.74
2.12 84.74
2.17 87.08
Brick and hollow tile
$1.70 $67.94
1.80 70,14
1.84 68. 78
1.84 68.71
1.84 65.24
1.84 66.07
1. 85 67.30
1.85 69.29
1.86 69,87
1.87 71.55
1.88 71:55
1.88 71.72
1.90 72.28
1.91 71.58
1.89 69.08
43.0
42.0
40.7
40.9
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.3
40.9
39.7
Glass containers
40.1
39.7
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.6
39.6
40.5
$1.90 $73.08
2.03 77.81
2.07 79.80
2.06 81.40
2.09 79. 76
2.08 80.39
2.08 80. 59
2.07 78. 97
2.11 81.39
2.12 81.40
2.14 81.59
2.13 80.78
2.14 82. 58
2.14 82. 74
2.15 82. 78
Floor and wall tile
$1. 58 $69.25
1.67 73.75
1.69 73.66
1.68 74. 43
1.66 75.03
1.66 74.80
1.67 74.05
1. 69 73. 87
1.70 75.81
1.72 76.80
1. 72 76.80
1.72 77.36
1.75 78.34
1.75 76. 99
1.74 76.02
39.8
40.3
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.8
40.1
39.8
Pressed and blown
glass
39.5
39.7
39.7
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.7
38.9
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.6
39.7
39.4
37.8
Sewer pipe
$1.74 $69.32
1.83 72. 76
1.86 74.56
1.87 72.29
1.89 73.16
1.87 73.16
1.87 72. 83
1.87 71.00
1.90 74. 64
1.92 73.51
1.92 76.33
1.91 74.37
1.92 75.74
1.92 76.55
1.91 73.28
40.3
40.2
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.2
39.8
38.8
39.7
39.1
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
39.4
Glass products made
of purchased glass
$1. 85 $65.03
1.96 68.71
2.01 73.10
2.04 72.39
2. 04 70.22
2.03 69.30
2. 03 70.80
2.03 69. 65
2.05 67. 55
2. 04 69. 42
2.05 68.78
2.04 69. 78
2.08 72. 72
2.10 74.44
2.19 72.04
40.9
40.9
41.3
40.9
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.8
38.6
39.0
39.3
39.2
40.4
40.9
39.8
$1.58
1.68
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.75
1. 77
1.75
1.75
1.78
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.81
Clay refractories
$1.72 $75. 27
1.81 80.36
1.85 81. 48
1.83 S3. 95
1.82 84.38
1.82 84.14
1.83 84. 56
1.83 83.50
1.88 83.07
1.88 83.28
1.88 85. 02
1.85 85. 58
1.87 82.65
1.89 84.80
1.86 83.98
38.8
39.2
38.8
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.7
39.2
39.0
39.1
39.0
38.9
37.4
38.2
38.0
$1.94
2.05
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.18
2.20
2. 21
2. 22
2.21
227
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
W'kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Stone, clay, andglass products—Continued
Pottery andrelated Concrete, gypsum,
andplasterproducts8
products
1955: Average___
IQnfi- Average
November__
December__
1957: January___
February___
March____
April_____
May-------June__ __
July______
August ___
September__
October. __
November__
$66.38
72.20
74. 50
74.88
71.20
74.10
74.69
73. 91
73.11
72.07
71.87
74. 27
74.84
75.20
76. 58
37.5
37.8
38.4
38.4
36.7
38.0
38.3
37.9
37.3
36.4
36.3
37.7
37.8
37.6
38.1
$1.77 $78.23
1.91 81.88
1.94 81.03
1.95 81.03
1.94 77.75
1.95 79.98
1.95 81.08
1.95 80. 51
1.96 83.28
1.98 85. 55
1. 98 84.39
1.97 87.02
1.98 86.29
2.00 85.06
2.01 82. 29
44.7
44.5
43.8
43.8
41.8
43.0
42.9
42.6
43.6
44.1
43.5
44.4
43.8
43.4
42.2
Concrete products
$1.75 $74.98
1.84 78. 75
1.85 77.70
1.85 77. 79
1.86 74.16
1.86 77. 25
1. 89 78.01
1.89 78. 62
1.91 81.07
1.94 83. 59
1.94 81.47
1.96 83. 78
1.97 82.72
1.96 83.35
1.95 78.68
44.9
45.0
44.4
44.2
41.9
43.4
43.1
43.2
44.3
44.7
43.8
44.8
44.0
44.1
42.3
$1.67 $67. 78
1.75 69.87
1.75 70.93
1.76 71.40
1.77 68.16
1.78 69.65
1.81 70.00
1.82 70.05
1.83 72.62
1.87 72.22
1.86 71.56
1.87 72.67
1.88 73.21
1.89 72. 62
1.86 70. 27
Average___
Average ___
November. ..
December__
1957: January___
February
March____
April_____
May_____
June_____
July______
August..__
September_
October____
November__
1955:
1958:
$84.67
84. 65
87.14
88.19
85.49
88.41
88.20
89.46
92. 24
92. 88
89.84
92.18
91.76
91.30
87.67
43.2
41.7
42.3
42.4
41.5
42.1
41.8
42.0
42.9
42.8
41.4
41.9
41. 9
41.5
40.4
$1.96 $81.75
2.03 88.24
2.06 96.52
2.08 91.41
2.06 96.56
2.10 100.45
2.11 94. 49
2.13 85.98
2.15 86.30
2.17 88. 83
2.17 85.79
2.20 92. 54
2.19 89. 86
2. 20 87.12
2.17 87. 45
Ironand steel foundries°
Average___
Average___
November ..
December__
1957: January___
February.... .
March____
April_____
Mav_____
June_____
July._____
August____
September__
October___
November__
1955:
1956:
$85.06
87. 34
87.89
91.32
88. 73
87.78
87.12
86.68
86.85
88. 53
88.09
87. 58
89.04
86.64
85.58
41.9
41.2
40.5
41.7
40.7
39.9
39.6
39.4
39.3
39.7
39.5
39.1
39.4
38.0
37.7
Average___
Average___
November. ..
December.....
1957: January___
February___
March____
April_____
May..... .....
June_____
July______
August____
September_
October____
November__
$89.28
95.34
99.06
100. 86
100. 21
100.94
100.35
101. 25
102.16
102.82
101.66
106. 93
106.13
107. 59
105.20
40.4
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.3
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.2
39.9
40.6
40.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.2
38.7
40.9
39.4
40.4
41.0
39.7
36.9
37.2
37.8
36.2
38.4
37.6
36.3
36.9
$2.14
2.28
2. 36
2. 32
2.39
2.45
2.38
2.33
2. 32
2.35
2.37
2.41
2.39
2.40
2.37
Gray-iron foundries
Total: Primarymetal
industries
42.0
40.7
39.9
41.3
39.9
39.1
38.6
38.5
38.4
39.1
39.1
38.8
39.0
37.6
37.3
$92.29
96. 52
99.06
100.94
101. 27
99.14
98.65
97. 91
97.42
99.70
100.44
89.82
101. 26
98.18
97.16
41.2
40.9
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
38.1
$2.24
2.36
2.44
2.45
2.47
2.46
2.46
2. 46
2.46
2.48
2. 53
2.54
2. 57
2. 55
2. 55
Malleable-iron found-
$2.00 $83. 82
2.06 83. 84
2.12 85. 44
2.15 86.07
2.13 86.24
2.15 85.39
2.15 83.50
2.15 82.01
2.16 84.10
2.18 84.89
2.19 83.85
2.19 83.33
2.20 87.47
2.23 84.29
2.23 85.73
41.7
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.3
39.9
39.2
38.5
39.3
39.3
39.0
38.4
39.4
37.8
38.1
$95.99
102.06
105.18
107.16
108. 79
105.06
104.01
103. 89
102.31
104.67
107.17
105. 65
107.09
103. 74
101.46
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.4
38.7
38.8
38.0
37.3
42.2
42.1
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.7
41.3
40.8
40.9
40.3
42.1
41.6
40.4
40.8
$1.93 $89.89
2.02 93. 38
2.04 92.97
2.11 95.82
2.11 94. 71
2.11 92.86
2.10 93.32
2.12 94.30
2.11 94. 54
2.12 95.88
2.12 94.24
2.16 95.52
2.16 98.01
2.17 97.28
2. 20 96.32
42.2
41.5
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.1
39.8
40.5
40.2
39.8
$2.37
2. 52
2. 61
2.62
2.66
2. 62
2.62
2.63
2.61
2. 63
2. 72
2.73
2.76
2. 73
2. 72
Steel foundries
$2.01 $88. 62
2.07 95.63
2.12 95.30
2.12 99.10
2.14 98.18
2.14 96. 28
2.13 97. 86
2.13 96.98
2.14 95. 58
2.16 96.41
2.15 95.24
2.17 95. 27
2.22 96.32
2. 23 93.21
2.25 91.63
Secondary smelting Rolling, drawing,
and refining of and alloying of
nonferrous metals nonferrousmetals8
$2.21 $81. 45
2.36 85.04
2. 44 84. 86
2. 46 87. 78
2. 45 87.35
2. 48 86. 51
2.49 87. 57
2.50 87.56
2.51 86.09
2. 52 86.71
2. 51 85.44
2. 66 90. 94
2. 66 89.86
2.65 87.67
2.63 89.76
$1. 61 $81.12
1.70 83.03
1. 73 86. 73
1.75 88.41
1.73 86.72
1.75 87. 77
1.75 87.34
1.76 85.67
1.78 86.92
1. 77 87. 74
1. 78 85.79
1.79 87.26
1.79 87. 67
1.78 87. 85
1.77 85.50
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills 8
T ie s
$2.03 $84.00
2.12 83. 84
2.17 84.59
2.19 88.80
2.18 84. 99
2.20 84.07
2.20 82.99
2.20 82.78
2. 21 82.94
2.23 85.24
2.23 85.63
2.24 84.97
2.26 85.80
2.28 83.85
2.27 83.18
Primary refining of
aluminum
1955:
1956:
Nonclay refractories
42.1
41.1
41.0
40.8
39.4
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.8
40.8
40.2
40.6
40.9
40.8
39.7
41.6
40.7
41.3
41.9
41.1
41.4
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.4
40.4
40.3
39.4
Abrasive products
$1.95 $86. 73
2.04 88.18
2.10 93.89
2.11 99. 72
2.11 91. 76
2.12 91.13
2.12 92.89
2.11 91.35
2.12 91.30
2.14 91. 71
2.15 88.98
2.16 88.53
2.17 88. 55
2.18 90. 94
2.17 87. 93
41.3
39.9
41.0
42.8
40.6
40.5
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.2
39.0
38.5
39.2
37.9
$2.10
2.21
2.29
2.33
2.26
2.25
2. 26
2. 25
2. 26
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.30
2.32
2. 32
Primary metal industries
Stone, clay and glass products—Continued
Asbestos products
Cut-stone and stone Miscellaneous nonproducts
products ¡
41.8
42.5
41.8
42.9
42.5
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.2
41.2
40.7
40.2
40.3
39.0
38.5
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills, except electro
metallurgical prod
ucts
$96.39
102.47
105. 59
107. 57
109.20
105. 46
104.41
104. 28
102. 70
105. 07
107.56
106. 04
107.48
103.85
101. 58
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.4
38.7
38.8
37.9
37.2
$2.38 $87.14
2.53 88.44
2.62 90.27
2. 63 91.13
2.67 92. 21
2.63 90.85
2.63 90.80
2.64 91.25
2.62 90.52
2.64 92.00
2.73 92. 28
2. 74 95.34
2.77 96.39
2. 74 95.76
2. 73 97.44
Primary smelting
andrefiningofnonferrous metals 8
$2.12 $84. 66
2.25 91.46
2.28 93.71
2.31 93.43
2.31 94. 76
2.32 93.43
2. 33 93. 61
2. 32 94.02
2.32 94.89
2. 34 95. 53
2.34 95.18
2.37 96.96
2.39 97.53
2.39 97.04
2.38 96. 24
40.7
41.2
41.1
40.8
41.2
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.1
43.4 $2.15 $86.09
42.3
2. 25 91.13
2. 27 93.09
40.5
2.32 94.42
41.5
41.1
2.30 94.60
39.9
2.30 95.34
40.4
2.31 94.24
40. C 2. 31 95. 99
2.
32 95. 27
40.5
2.34 94.40
41.5
93.69
2.35
40.5
2.34 97.57
39.8
40.5
2.37 100. 75
2.39 98.46
40.6
2.40 97.32
40.0
40.8
40. 5
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.0
39.7
39.5
40.3
39.7
39.4
41.3
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.2
40.0
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.1
40.4
40. 5
39.9
40.6
$2.11
2.20
2.24
2. 25
2.26
2.26
2.27
2. 27
2.28
2.30
2.36
2.36
2.38
2. 40
2.40
Primary smelting and
refining of copper,
lead, and zinc
$2. 08 $81.61
2. 22 89.02
2. 28 90.03
2.29 89.38
2.30 90.64
2. 29 88.94
2.30 89. 79
2.31 89. 57
2.32 90.20
2.33 90.83
2.35 91.13
2.40 90.45
2. 42 91.94
2. 42 89. 50
2. 40 89.38
Rolling, drawing, and Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of aluminum
alloying of copper
$2.13 $93.31
2.25 95.18
2.29 91.94
2.32 96.28
2.31 94.53
2.31 91.77
2.31 93.32
2. 34 92. 4C
2.34 93. 96
2.35 97.11
2. 35 95.18
2. 40 93.13
2.42 95.99
2. 42 97.03
2.42 96.00
Electrometallurgical
products
40.6
41.6
41.3
41.0
41.2
40.8
41.0
40. 9
41.0
41.1
40.5
40.2
40.5
39. 6
39.9
$2.01
2.14
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.25
2.25
2.27
£. 26
2. 24
Nonferrousf oundries
$2.11 $85.89
2.25 88.94
2.31 90.76
2.32 94.02
2.33 91.13
2.36 91.35
2.35 91. 58
2. 37 89. 95
2.37 90.63
2.36 91.88
2.36 91.77
2.47 92.06
2. 50 93.26
2.48 91.64
2.47 91. 34
40.9
40.8
40.7
41.6
40.5
40.6
40. 7
39.8
40.1
40.3
39.9
40.2
40.2
39.5
39. 2
$2.10
2.18
2.23
2.26
2.25
2.25
2.25
2. 26
2.26
2. 28
2.30
2.29
2.33
2.32
2.33
228
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Table C -l.
•
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Yearandmonth
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal in
dustries *
$97.10 42.4 $2.29 $101.28
99.90 41.8 2.39 105. 42
101.26 41.5 2.44 108. 71
102.83 41.8 2. 46 108. 88
103. 91 41.9 2.48 112. 66
102. 92 41.5 2. 48 109. 62
102.18 41.2 2. 48 109.36
100.12 40. 7 2.46 105. 52
99.38 40.4 2. 46 105. 52
102. 67 41.4 2.48 107. 90
101.34 40.7 2.49 105.52
102.06 40.5 2.52 104. 52
101. 45 40.1 2.53 103.89
99. 57 39.2 2.54 102.43
98.42 38.9 2. 53 100.20
Cutlery, handtools,
andhardware 8
42.2
42.0
42.3
42.2
43.0
42.0
41.9
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.9
40.2
39.5
38.8
38.1
$79.30
81.60
85.70
88. 41
83. 62
84.03
83. 82
83. 21
84,44
84.63
84.19
85.65
90.27
89.38
89.35
41.1
40.8
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.8
40. 4
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.9
40.1
40.3
39.8
I r o n a n d s te e l fo r g in g s
1955: Average___
1956: Average.......
November__
December__
1957: January___
February___
March____
April..........
May_____
June..... .....
July............
August—.__
September__
October.__
November....
$2.40 $95.67
2.51 97.06
2. 57 98.28
2. 58 99. 59
2. 62 97. 53
2. 61 97. 70
2.61 96.76
2. 58 96. 52
2. 58 95.18
2.60 97.23
2. 58 94. 56
2. 60 98.09
2.63 97.36
2.64 96. 56
2.63 95.68
C u t l e r y a n d e d g e to o ls
1955: Average___
1956: Average___
November__
December__
1957: January...... .
Februarv. .
March____
April_____
May_____
June_____
July............
August____
September__
October___
November__
41.3
40.8
41.4
42.1
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.9
40.4
41.6
41.0
40.8
$1.92 $69. 87
2.00 72.62
2.07 75. 53
2.10 75. 58
2.08 74.30
2. 08 74.12
2. 08 75.07
2. 07 74.34
2. 09 74. 40
2.10 74. 77
2.11 73. 42
2.12 73.82
2.17 75.39
2.18 76.17
2.19 75.62
O il b u r n e r s , n o n e le c
tr ic
h e a lin g
and
c o o k in g a p p a r a tu s ,
n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s i
fie d
1955: Average.
1956: Average___
November__
December__
1957: January___
Februarv
March__
April...........
May_____
June_____
July............
August____
September__
October____
November__
41.3
41.5
41.4
42.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.1
42.2
41.8
41.8
42.1
41.4
40.8
$86.10
87. 34
91. 78
94.15
87.91
87. 51
87.89
88.29
89.32
91.21
88.80
89.91
92.29
90.72
92.84
39.7
39.2
40.6
39.9
40.5
39.8
43.0
37.3
36.8
38.9
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.7
37.8
p r o d u c ts
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 05
2.12
2.18
2. 21
2.16
2.15
2.17
2.18
2.20
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.24
2. 24
2.27
$65.11
66. 64
70.24
67. 83
70. 07
69.25
74. 39
64.90
65.14
68.85
72. 86
74.34
75.12
76.31
69.17
r iv e te d p i p e
$2.23 $91.46
2.30 94. 66
2. 34 94. 64
2. 36 96.32
2.35 97. 20
2.36 98.25
2. 36 96. 56
2. 36 96.80
2. 35 96.47
2.36 104. 58
2.37 104.67
2. 41 102.91
2.41 102.87
2.42 97. 27
2. 41 97.02
H a n d to o ls
$1.70 $77.95
1.78 82.62
1.82 84.05
1.83 85.90
1.83 83.01
1.83 83.01
1.84 82. 99
1. 84 82. 58
1.86 82. 99
1.86 82.97
1.84 80.47
1.85 84.19
1.88 85.60
1.89 84.96
1.90 85.39
Fabricatedstructural
metal products 8
$76.17 40.3 $1.89 $83. 01
79.00 39.9 1.98 87. 57
79.80 39.7 2. 01 89. 42
81.81 40.3 2.03 92. 21
80. 99 39.7 2. 04 90. 47
83. 02 40.3 2.06 91.12
82.19 39.9 2.06 91.76
80. 77 39.4 2.05 91. 96
80.96 39.3 2.06 93.04
82.80 40.0 2.07 93.68
80.55 39.1 2.06 93. 63
82. 97 39.7 2.09 94.89
85.46 40.5 2.11 95.99
85.46 40.5 2.11 94. 39
82.08 38.9 2.11 93.02
Metal stamping, coat
ing, andengraving 8
42.0
41. 2
42.1
42.6
40.7
40.7
40.5
40. 5
40.6
40.9
40.0
40.5
41.2
40.5
40.9
42.9
42.2
42.0
42.2
41.5
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.2
39.9
40.7
40.4
39.9
39.7
W e ld e d a n d h e a v y -
41.2
40.8
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.6
39.9
40.0
39.7
42.0
41.7
41.0
40.5
38.6
38.5
H a rd w a re
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Fabricatedmetal products (except ordnance,
machinery, andtransportationequipment)
Total: Fabricated Tin canandother
metal products
tinware
$2.22 $82.37 41.6 $1.98 $85.69
2.32 85.28 41.2 2.07 91.78
2.36 87. 56 41.3 2.12 90.80
2. 39 90.09 42.1 2.14 95.15
2.40 86.90 40.8 2.13 90.17
2. 42 87.33 41.0 2.13 91.98
2. 42 87. 74 41.0 2.14 92. 84
2. 42 87.94 40.9 2.15 97.25
2. 43 88. 34 40.9 2.16 94. 07
2. 49 89. 40 41.2 2.17 97.90
2.51 89.13 40.7 2.19 101. 76
2. 51 90. 20 41.0 2. 20 99. 64
2. 54 91.91 41.4 2.22 97.34
2. 52 90.35 40.7 2.22 96.00
2.52 90.32 40.5 2.23 97.04
Heating apparatus
(except electric)
and plumbers'
supplies 8
$1.99 $78.18 40.3 $1.94 $82. 21
2.05 80.19 39.7 2. 02 82. 68
2.13 80. 36 39.2 2.05 81.70
2.18 81.99 39.8 2. 06 83. 21
2.14 81.95 39.4 2.08 83. 76
2. 14 83.39 39.9 2.09 84.63
2.15 82. 56 39.5 2.09 83. 55
2.13 81. 93 39.2 2.09 84.53
2.16 82.11 39.1 2.10 84. 53
2.17 83. 77 39.7 2.11 85. 97
2.19 81.90 39.0 2.10 85. 53
2.19 84. 56 39.7 2.13 88. 36
2.25 86.24 40.3 2.14 88.58
2.26 86.03 40.2 2.14 87.69
2. 27 84. 46 39.1 2.16 90.06
41.8
42.1
40.9
42.1
39.9
40.7
40.9
42.1
40.9
42.2
43.3
42.4
41.6
40.0
40.1
$2.05
2.18
2.22
2. 26
2. 26
2. 26
2.27
2.31
2.30
2.32
2.35
2. 35
2.34
2.40
2.42
S a n ita r y w a re a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
40.6
40.9
40.8
41.3
40.1
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.9
39.7
38.5
39.9
40.0
39.7
39.9
$1. 92 $82. 78
2.02 83.44
2.06 88.61
2.08 92.87
2.07 86.03
2.07 86.67
2.08 86.86
2.08 85. 84
2. 08 87.91
2.09 88.10
2.09 88. 48
2.11 89. 35
2.14 95.85
2.14 94.02
2.14 93. 75
S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l 'a n d o r
n a m e n t a l m e t a l v jo r k
$2.01 $83.00
2.11 87. 57
2.16 90. 69
2.18 92. 21
2.18 90. 89
2.18 91.98
2.19 93.28
2, 20 93.93
2.21 94. 57
2. 22 95. 67
2.24 95.37
2.27 97.10
2.28 97.98
2.28 96. 37
2.28 93.89
V itr e o u s e n a m e le d
1955: Average..
1956: Average___
November__
December__
1957: Jannarv
February___
March____
April_____
May___
June_____
July__ __ _
August____
September__
October____
November__
W ir e d r a w in g
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.5
41.5
41.6
42.3
41.5
42.0
42.4
42.5
42.6
42.9
42.2
42.4
42.6
41.9
41.0
42.3
41. 5
42.4
43.1
40.9
40.8
41.1
40.6
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.6
41.5
40.7
41.3
M e ta l
doors,
sa sh ,
fr a m e s , m o ld in g ,
a n d tr im
$2.00 $82. 82
2.11 84.85
2.18 81.93
2.18 90.09
2.19 86. 07
2.19 86. 48
2. 20 87. 51
2. 21 87. 91
2. 22 89. 42
2.23 90.25
2.26 90.67
2.29 92.51
2.30 94.02
2.30 89.82
2.29 90. 54
B o ile r -s h o p p r o d u c ts
40.3
39.0
38.0
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.5
38.6
38.6
38.9
38.7
39.8
39.9
39.5
39.5
$2.04
2.12
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.19
2.21
2.21
2. 22
2.22
2. 22
2.28
S h e e t- m e ta l w o r k
41.0 $2. 02 $81. 40 40.7 $2.00 $84.85 41.8 $2.03
40.6 2.09 87.98 41.5 2.12 90. 52 42.3 2.14
39.2 2.09 91.14 42.0 2.17 91.56 42.0 2.18
41.9 2.15 92.00 42. 2 2.18 93. 94 42.7 2.20
40.6 2. 12 91.56 42.0 2.18 91.12 41.8 2.18
40.6 2.13 91.98 42.0 2.19 91.96 41.8 2. 20
40.7 2. 15 92.40 42.0 2.20 91. 94 41.6 2. 21
40.7 2.16 91.54 41.8 2. 19 90. 61 41.0 2.21
41.4 2.16 92.40 42.0 2. 20 93.18
41.6 2. 24
41.4 2.18 91.10 41.6 2.19 94.92 42.0
. 26
41.4 2.19 92. 35 41.6 2.22 94.85 41.6 22.28
41.3 2.24 93.15 41.4 2. 25 94.62 41.5 2.28
41.6 2.26 94.95 42.2 2. 25 95. 40 41.3 2.31
40.1 2.24 94.85 41.6 2. 28 94.12 41.1
40.6 2. 23 92.57 40.6 2. 28 92. 75 40.5 2.29
2. 29
iscellaneous fabri
Fabricatedwire Mcated
Lighting fixtures
m
etal
prod
products
ucts 8
$2.11 $78. 72 41.0 $1.92 $77. 87 41.2 $1.89 $84. 08 42.9 $1.96
2.20 76. 40 40.0 1.91 80. 75 41.2 1.96 86.09 42. 2 2. 04
2. 27 80. 57 40.9 1. 97 82.81 41.2 . 01 88. 20 42.0 2.10
2. 30 82.60 41.3 2.00 84.65 41.7 22.03
90. 52 42.7 2.12
2.24 78.80 39.8 1. 98 82.22 40.5
89. 25 42. 1 2.12
2.23 78.41 39.8 1.97 81.20 40.2 2.03
2. 02 89.68 42.3 2. 12
2.26 78. 41 39.8 1. 97 82. 42 40.6 2.03 89. 89 42.2 2.13
2.26 78. 21 39.7 1. 97 81.20 40.2 2. 02 89.24 41.7 2.14
2. 28 78.80 39.6 1.99 80. 40
2. 02 88.18 41.4 2.13
2. 33 78.80 39.4 2.00 82.42 39.8
40.4
89.02 41.6 2.14
2.31 80.19 39.7 2.02 81.18 39.6 2.04
89. 21 41.3 2.16
2.30 80.00 40.0 2.00 82.40 40.0 2.05
2.06
41.2 2.18
2.34 82.62 40.3 2.05 84.03 40.4 2.08 88.99
89.82
2.19
2.32 82.19 39.9 2.06 82.16 39.5 2.08 89. 79 41.2
41.0 2.19
2.37 84.02 40.2 2.09 82.18 39.7 2. 07 88. 91 40.6
2.19
S ta m p e d a n d p re ssed
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
$1.64 $89. 25
1.70 91.30
1.73 96. 25
1.70 99.13
1.73 91. 62
1.74 90.98
1.73 92. 89
1. 74 91. 76
1. 77 93. 25
1. 77 96.00
1. 76 92. 86
1.80 93.38
1.81 97.11
1.83 94.42
1.83 97.88
41.6
40.7
41.6
42.6
40.2
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
42.6
41.6
41.3
229
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table' C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wklv. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
w kly. w kly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—
Continued
Metal shipping barrels,
drums, kegs, and pails
1955: Average........ .
1956: Average........ .
N ovem ber...
December__
1957: January____
February___
M arch_____
A p r il........... .
M ay.............. .
June_______
July.............. .
August......... .
Septem ber...
October------N ovem ber...
$91.16
97.16
95.30
97. 58
97. 06
96.05
98.65
97. 64
96. 70
103.53
103.58
102. 55
99.23
95.01
96.23
42.6
42.8
40.9
41.7
41.3
40. 7
41.8
41.2
41.5
43.5
42.8
42.2
40.5
39.1
39.6
$2.14 $89.02
2. 27 90.17
2. 33 92.11
2.34 98. 94
2.35 95.94
2. 36 93. 50
2. 36 96.17
2. 37 94.60
2. 33 93. 32
2.38 97.94
2.42 94.71
2.43 96. 76
2. 45 95.82
2.43 93.85
2.43 92. 90
Steam engines, tur
bines, and water
wheels
1955: Average........ .
1956: Average____
N ovem ber...
December__
1957: January........
February___
March_____
April............. .
M ay_______
June_______
July.............. .
August_____
Septem ber...
October____
November__
$91.96
101. 50
105. 50
113. 27
108. 88
110.85
113. 71
111. 11
113. 62
112.99
114. 70
111. 04
109. 59
112. 75
116. 60
39.3
41.6
41.7
43.4
42.2
42.8
43.4
42.9
43.2
42.8
42.8
41.9
41.2
41.3
42.4
1955: Average____
1956: Average____
N ovem ber...
December__
1957: January____
February___
March_____
April______
M ay_______
June_______
J u ly ............. .
August_____
Septem ber...
October____
N ovem ber.. .
1955: Average........
1956: Average____
N ovem ber...
December__
1957: January____
February___
March_____
April...........
M ay_______
June_______
July..............
August..........
Septem ber...
October____
N ovem ber...
41.6
40.8
40.4
42.1
41.0
40.3
41.1
40.6
40.4
41.5
40.3
41.0
40.6
39.6
39.2
$2.14 $88. 27
2.21 88.20
2. 28 89. 88
2. 35 92. 66
2. 34 90.72
2.32 91.58
2. 34 91.14
2.33 90. 27
2.31 89. 62
2.36 89.82
2.35 90.45
2. 36 90.39
2.36 91.88
2. 37 92. 70
2. 37 93.11
Diesel and other in
ternal combustion,
not elsewhere clas
sified
$2.34 $90. 72
2. 44 93. 98
2. 53 94. 07
2. 61 95. 82
2. 58 94. 89
2. 59 91. 66
2. 62 94.02
2.59 93. 32
2.63 94.94
2.64 96. 87
2. 68 93.85
2. 65 94.01
2. 66 97. 44
2.73 96. 62
2. 75 97. 20
Construction and min
ing machinery, ex
cept for oilfields
Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets
Steel springs
42.0
41.4
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.7
39.6
39.5
40.1
39.6
40.0
$2.16
2.27
2. 30
2. 32
2.32
2. 32
2.31
2. 31
2. 35
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.43
2.44
2. 43
Oilfield machinery
and tools
43.7
42.2
42.0
42.9
42.0
42.4
42.0
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.2
$2.02 $82.94
2. 09 85.63
2.14 86.94
2.16 89. 65
2.16 89. 66
2.16 90.08
2.17 89. 66
2.17 89. 25
2.17 87. 57
2.18 87. 36
2.19 86.52
2. 21 86.51
2.23 87.34
2. 25 87.53
2.26 86.46
Agricultural machin
ery and tractors *
$83. 84
86.80
87. 47
89.15
89. 95
89.89
91.43
90. 57
91. 25
91.60
90.74
89.08
93.37
92.83
92.28
40.5
40.0
39.4
39.8
39.8
39.6
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.0
39.8
38.9
39.9
39.5
39. 1
Screw-machine
products
$1.92
2.01
2. 07
2.08
2.09
2. 09
2.09
2.10
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.14
2.14
40.9
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.6
39.5
39.3
38.0
39.4
39.5
38.8
$87.36
93. 26
93. 83
96. 70
95.11
95.11
95. 30
94.39
93. 71
94. 53
93.61
93.15
94.42
93.67
92. 66
41.8
42.2
41.7
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.6
$2.09
2.21
2. 25
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2. 28
2.28
2. 28
2. 30
2.30
2.30
2. 32
2.33
2.34
Agricultural machin
ery (except tractors)
Tractors
$2.07 $87. 94
2.17 90. 27
2.22 91.37
2. 24 92. 63
2. 26 93.67
2. 27 92.73
2. 28 93.20
2. 27 91.64
2. 27 91.48
2.29 92. 04
2.28 91.57
2.29 88.92
2.34 94.95
2.35 95. 59
2. 36 93.90
Metalworking ma
chinery »
43.2
42.6
42.0
43.1
42.9
43.1
42.9
42.5
41.9
41.6
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.4
Total: Machinery Enginesandturbines!
(except electrical)
$2.15 $79. 80
2. 24 82. 37
2. 29 82.04
2.31 84.93
2.33 84. 67
2.33 86. 07
2.33 89. 47
2. 32 89.28
2.31 90.58
2.33 90.72
2. 33 89.47
2. 34 88.98
2.41 91.71
2.42 89.44
2. 42 90. 23
Machine tools
40.1
39.6
38.7
39.5
39.2
39.3
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.4
39.4
39.4
$91.08
95. 45
97.00
100. 32
98. 47
99.12
99.36
98.23
100. 53
101. 60
100. 28
99.29
101.00
101.45
102.97
$2.20
2.30
2. 36
2.40
2.39
2.40
2. 40
2. 39
2. 44
2.46
2.47
2. 47
2.50
2. 53
2. 53
Constructionand
mining machinery »
$1.99 $86. 92
2.08 92.23
2.12 91.94
2.15 94. 78
2.16 93.24
2.19 93. 86
2.22 93. 86
2. 21 94.02
2. 22 92.25
2. 24 93.34
2. 22 91.94
2. 23 92.16
2.27 93.84
2. 27 91. 25
2.29 89.70
Metalworking ma
chinery (except ma
chine tools)
41.4
41.5
41.1
41.8
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.1
40.7
42.4
42.5
41.6
42.5
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.6
41.0
41.3
40.5
40.6
40.8
39.5
39.0
$2.05
2.17
2.21
2. 23
2.22
2.24
2. 24
2. 26
2.25
2.26
2.27
2. 27
2.30
2.31
2.30
Machine-tool
accessories
$2.33
$2.18 $91.80 42.5 $2.16 $102. 52 44.0
$87.14 42.3 $2.06 $86.90 42.6 $2.04 $98.10 43.6 $2. 25 $95.27 43.7
2. 32 97.63 43.2 2. 26 115.12 45.5 2.53
92.01 42.4 2.17 92. 45 42.8 2.16 108.69 45.1 2.41 106. 26 45.8
2.54
43.6
1
1
0
.
7
4
2.31
2.38 97.25 42.1
91.08 41.4 2.20 93.46 42.1 2.22 107.12 43.9 2.44 110170.. 8614 45.3
116.28 45.6 2.55
46.1 2.40 100. 89 43.3 2.33 116.68
94. 55 42.4 2.23 94. 57 42.6 2. 22 111. 44 45.3 2. 46
45.4
2. 57
2
.
3
4
2.39 98.98 42.3
93. 44 41.9 2.23 92.62 42.1 2.20 110.16 44.6 2. 47 106.83 44.7
45.7 2. 59
107.07 44.8 2.39 100.11 42.6 2.35 118.36
93. 41 41.7 2.24 94. 75 42.3 2.24 111. 10 44.8 2.48
2.62
4
5
.
7
1
1
9
.
7
3
2.36
44.6 2.50 105.16 44.0 2.39 100. 54 42.6
94.28 41.9 2. 25 93.44 41.9 2.23 111. 50 44.5
45.7 2.60
2.49 104. 44 43.7 2. 39 100. 77 42.7 2.36 111168.. 4882 44.8
93.56 41. 4 2.20 94.28 41.9 2. 25 110. 81
2.60
2.38
2. 39 99. 96 42.0
93. 56 41.4 2. 26 89. 60 40.0 2. 24 109. 25 43.7 2.50 110022.. 2090 42.8
44.4
2.62
42.5 2.40 99.25 41.7 2.38 116. 33 43.5
92.89 41.1 2. 26 93.60 41.6 2. 25 108.68 43.3 2.51
2.60
41.0 2.37 100. 26 41.6 2.41 113.10
91.25 40.2 2.27 93.34 41.3 2.26 106.00 42.4 2. 50 97.17
2. 56
2.38 99. 29 41.2 2.41 108. 03 42.2
91.25 40.2 2. 27 94.43 41.6 2. 27 103.17 41.6 2.48 97.58 41.0
41.9
2.
57
107.68
2.44
42.1
102.72
2.41
40.5
7. 61
92.46 40.2 2.30 97.02 42.0 2.31 103. 75 41.5 2.50 996.24
2.54
2. 40 97. 69 40.2 2. 43 103.38 40.7
89.93 39.1 2.30 94.13 40.4 2.33 100.19 40.4 2.48 94.08 40.1
2
.
55
40.1
1
0
2
.
2
6
2.44
96.14
39.4
2.40
39.2
88.62 38.7 2.29 91.64 39.5 2.32 98.85 39.7 2.49
Printing-trades
ma
Special-industryma
General industrial
chinery and equip
Paper-industries
Textile machinery
Food-products
chinery (except
machinery !
ment
machinery
■machinery
metal workingma
chinery) •
$2.21 $88.11 41.8 $2.06
$1.79 $89. 40 44.7 $2.00 $92. 60 41.9
$83. 58 42.0 $1.99 $84. 86 41.6 $2.04 $74.11 41.4
2.35 92.87 42.6 2.18
1.85 97.48 46.2 2.11 102. 70 43.7 2.40
89. 67 42.7 2.10 89.45 41.8 2 . 14 76. 59 41.4 1.90
94.78 42.5 2.23
100.19 46.6 2 . 15 105.12 43.8
91.38 42.5 2.15 88.75 40.9 2.17 78.85 41.5
2.37 96. 77 43.2 2.24
43.5
103.10
48.4
2
.
1
9
106.00
1.90
41.5
7
8
.
8
5
91.12
2.18
41.8
92.88 43.0 2.16
93.44
2.23
1.90 102. 86 47.4 2.17 101.91 43.0 2.37 93.44 41.9
90. 73 42.2 2.15 88. 75 40.9 2.17 78. 47 41.3
41.9 2.23
41.4 1.89 101. 77 46.9 2.17 104.16 43.4 2.40
90. 73 42.2 2.15 90. 03 41.3 2.18 78. 25 41.1
2.24
41.8
93.63
1.89 100.04 46.1 2.17 101. 86 42.8 2.38
90.72 42.0 2.16 91.94 41.6 2.21 77.68
41.3 2.23
46.0 2.17 102.29 42.8 2.39 92.10 41.3
90.07 41.7 2 . 16 91.52 41.6 2. 20 76. 57 40.3 1.90 99.82 44.2
2.24
9
2
.
5
1
2.39
2.15 102. 05 42.7
95. 03
89. 42 41.4 2 . 16 91.49 41.4 2. 21 76. 76 40.4 1.90
2.25
44.0 2.14 97.82 41.1 2.38 92.48 41.1
89.64 41.5 2 . 16 91.69 41.3 2. 22 77. 93 40.8 1.91 94.16
41.1 2.39 92. 21 40.8 2.26
1.91 92.88 43.4 2.14 98.23
89. 82 41.2 2 . 18 91.43 41.0 2.23 77.55 40.6
40.8 2.27
92.02 42.6 2.16 92.27 39.6 2. 33 92.62
89.38 41.0 2 . 18 91.17 40.7 2.24 77.16 40.4 1.91 94.83
2.30
43.5 2.18 97.10 40.8 2.38 94.99 41.3
90.23 41.2 2.19 92.48 41.1 2.25 76.21 39.9 1.91
2.30
43.2 2.18 99.12 41.3 2.40 93.38 40.6
90.64 41.2 2.20 91.80 40.8 2.25 78.74 40.8 1.93 94.18
2.31
39.9
92.17
2.40
41.5
89.28 40.4 2.21 89.78 39.9 2. 25 76.81 39.8 1.93 91.78 42.1 2.18 99.60
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
230
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn- hours
ings
égs
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
mgs
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earnégs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
égs
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
M anufacturé g—Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Pumps, air and gas
compressors
1955:
1956:
1957:
1955:
1956:
1957:
Average_____
Average_____
November___
December____
January_____
February.........
M arch_______
April________
M a y ...............
June_________
July------------A ugust______
September___
October, ____
November___
Average_____
Average_____
November___
December____
January,.........
February____
March_______
April________
M ay________
June_________
J u ly .,........ .
A u g u st...........
September___
October.
. .
November___
$84. 45
9 0 .5 3
9 1 .3 7
92. 66
9 1 .1 2
9 2 .4 3
9 0 .9 1
8 9 .1 9
9 1 .1 0
90. 39
8 9 .5 4
88.88
9 2 .7 4
90. 72
87. 42
4 1 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
4 1 .8
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
40. 4
4 1 .4
4 0 .5
3 9 .2
$ 2 .0 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 7
2 .1 9
2.21
2.20
2. 20
2 .2 4
2 .2 4
2. 23
1957:
Average_____
Average_____
N ovem ber.... .
December____
January...........
February........
March_______
April.................
M a y ............. .
June_________
July------------August______
September___
October______
November___
$86. 51
9 7 .6 1
98. 87
101. 09
96. 98
98. 56
9 9 .8 3
99. 36
9 7 .8 1
9 6 .9 3
9 7 .7 0
99. 29
100.02
98. 64
96. 00
4 1 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
4 3 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
41. 2
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .0
$ 2 .1 1
2. 27
2 .3 1
2 .3 4
2 .3 2
2 .3 3
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .3 4
2 .3 3
2 .3 6
2 .4 1
2 .4 1
2 .4 0
2 .4 0
Office and store mâ
c h é e s and devices 5
Computing machines
and cash registers
$82. 81
9 0 .2 3
9 2 .0 6
93. 41
91. 46
9 1 .2 1
90. 76
89. 47
8 8 .9 3
8 9 .8 9
8 9 .7 8
89. 72
9 1 .4 3
9 1 .5 4
9 2 .7 3
$89. 06
9 6 .0 5
9 6 .7 0
9 8 .8 8
9 9 .3 0
98. 53
97. 58
9 5 .3 4
96. 56
97. 60
9 9 .1 4
97. 28
99. 38
9 8 .9 5
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
$ 2 .0 6
2 .1 9
2. 24
2. 24
. 22
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
. 22
2 .2 4
2 .2 7
2 .2 5
. 26
. 28
2 .3 0
2 .3 3
2
2
2
2
Sewing machines
1955:
1956:
Conveyors and con
veying equipment
$83. 22
8 8 .9 7
8 8 .0 4
. 44
. 46
88
86
86.11
8 7 .7 8
8 8 .8 0
89. 87
8 9 .4 2
90. 27
90. 72
8 8 .4 0
. 09
9 3 .4 3
88
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
4 0 .8
$ 2 .0 6
2 .1 7
2 .1 9
100.00
2.21
2. 23
2 .2 9
$ 2 .2 1
2 .3 2
2. 37
2 .3 6
2. 37
2 .3 8
2 .3 8
2 .3 6
2. 39
2. 44
2 .4 3
2 .4 2
2 .4 6
2 .4 8
2. 50
Refrigerators and airconditioning units
$84. 46
. 22
8 5 .5 8
. 62
8 7 .7 8
9 0 .5 8
8 8 .6 2
84. 26
84. 48
8 6 .4 1
8 6 .2 4
8 7 .6 4
8 8 .4 8
8 9 .9 3
8 6 .9 4
86
2.20 88
2.20
2 .1 8
2.20
2.22
2. 23
2. 23
2 .2 4
2. 24
4 0 .3
41, 4
4 0 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
3 8 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .1
3 8 .3
$ 2 .0 7
2 .1 5
2.20
2.21
2.20
2. 22
2.21
2.20
2.20
2.21
2. 20
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .3 0
2. 27
Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans
$79. 95
. 53
8 6 .5 3
9 0 .3 1
8 7 .7 6
85. 65
8 6 .2 8
8 5 .0 5
. 88
87. 72
8 8 .0 4
. 67
9 1 .2 1
.4 4
8 7 .0 7
86
86
86
88
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
$ 1 .9 5
2 .0 7
2 .0 9
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2.12
2.12
2.10
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 9
2. 14
2. 23
. 20
. 21
2
2
4 0 .0
4 1 .1
4 3 .1
4 2 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
$ 1 .9 0
$83. 64
2 .0 8
2 .0 6
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1. 93
1 .9 4
1 9 .5
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
8 6 .3 3
8 8 .4 8
. 55
8 8 .7 0
8 7 .6 0
8 4 .1 5
8 4 .5 8
. 07
. 51
87. 07
8 9 .4 2
9 0 .1 2
8 7 .4 6
2.00 86. 24
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts8
$ 8 5 .8 8
8 9 .6 6
9 1 .5 2
94. 57
9 2 .6 0
92. 38
92. 35
9 0 .8 3
90. 80
91. 58
9 1 .1 3
9 1 .1 3
9 1 .5 3
9 1 .8 8
9 0 .6 8
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
$ 8 0 .9 3
9 1 .1 2
9 5 .6 0
97. 61
87. 78
8 8 .1 8
8 9 .4 7
90. 54
89. 47
90. 50
9 0 .8 5
90. 90
92. 69
9 0 .4 6
8 8 .8 5
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
4 3 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
3 8 .8
$ 2 .0 6
2 .1 8
. 26
2. 27
2
2.20
2.21
2.22
2. 23
2. 22
2. 24
2 .2 6
2 .2 5
2 .3 0
2. 29
2. 29
Service-industry and
household machines 5
Typewriters 8
$ 7 6 .0 0
82. 20
89. 65
8 6 .5 2
7 6 .4 3
7 6 .0 4
77. 41
77. 61
75. 27
7 5 .0 8
74. 31
7 5 .6 6
75. 27
7 8 .0 1
7 8 .4 1
Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.
$ 2 .0 4
2 .1 5
2.20
2. 22
2. 21
2. 21
2.22
2. 21
2. 22
2 .2 5
2 .2 5
2 .2 5
2 .2 6
2 .2 8
2 .2 9
86
86
86
4 0 ,8
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 8 .7
$ 2 .0 5
2 .1 4
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2.21
2 .2 3
2. 27
2 .2 6
Fabricated pipe, fit
tings, and valves
$ 8 3 .0 3
. 99
9 1 .0 5
9 4 .1 3
9 1 .0 2
9 1 .2 4
9 0 .5 8
9 0 .3 2
89. 24
90. 32
8 9 .2 0
89. 82
9 1 .7 1
91. 54
9 2 .1 7
88
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
$ 2 .0 3
2 .1 6
2.21
2.22
2. 22
2.22
2. 22
2 .2 3
2.22
2 .2 3
2. 23
2 .2 4
2. 27
2. 30
2 .3 1
Mechanical powertransmission equip
ment
$ 9 0 .3 1
95. 24
9 6 .0 2
9 9 .3 9
95. 76
9 5 .1 5
9 6 .1 8
9 3 .9 8
93. 48
9 4 .1 2
92. 92
9 3 .8 9
9 4 .7 1
93. 96
94. 07
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 3 .4
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
41. 4
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
$ 2 .1 1
2.22
2 .2 7
2 .2 9
2 .2 8
2 .2 6
2. 29
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
2. 29
2 .3 1
2. 32
2 .3 4
Domestic laundry
equipment
$ 8 5 .2 8
89. 32
9 2 .4 3
9 4 .3 9
8 4 .6 7
85. 91
8 4 .8 0
80. 74
8 6 .6 9
8 8 .2 6
8 9 .6 0
8 7 .9 8
99. 78
98. 65
8 9 .7 7
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
41. 4
3 7 .8
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 6 .7
3 8 .7
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .1
4 2 .1
4 1 .8
3 8 .2
$ 2 .0 8
2.20
2 .2 6
2. 28
2 .2 4
2. 22
2. 22
2.20
2 .2 4
2. 24
2 .2 4
2. 25
2 .3 7
2. 36
2 .3 5
Ball and roller
bearings
$ 9 0 .9 2
8 9 .0 1
9 2 .8 0
9 4 .3 3
9 1 .9 1
9 1 .2 4
9 1 .4 3
87. 34
8 8 .3 6
. 48
89. 55
. 70
8 9 .2 7
. 76
87. 94
88
88
88
4 3 .5
41. 4
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .1
3 8 .4
Mechanical stokers
and industrial
furnaces and ovens
$ 8 5 .0 8
9 0 .9 2
9 0 .2 3
9 3 .4 8
93. 24
9 1 .4 9
93. 88
93. 41
92. 77
9 4 .6 9
90. 74
9 4 .3 9
9 9 .6 4
98. 00
9 4 .6 6
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
3 9 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
4 0 .8
$ 2 .0 6
2 .1 7
2 .1 9
. 21
2
2.22
2. 21
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2. 23
2 .2 6
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .3 5
2. 35
2 .3 2
Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines
$78. 06
8 1 .3 4
8 0 .3 4
8 3 .1 3
7 9 .5 6
7 9 .2 0
80. 59
8 1 .7 6
8 1 .1 8
79. 79
. 52
8 3 .4 3
8 7 .9 9
87. 57
8 6 .3 0
86
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 2 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
3 9 .5
4 2 .0
4 0 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 0 .9
$ 1 .8 9
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
2.02
2 .0 6
2 .0 6
2.10
2.10
2.11
Machine shops (Job
and repair)
$ 2 .0 9
2 .1 5
2.22
2 .2 3
2.22
2.22
2. 23
2.20
2. 22
2. 24
2 .2 5
2 .2 4
2 .2 6
2. 27
2. 29
$85. 45
9 0 .3 1
9 1 .3 2
9 4 .8 1
9 3 .9 3
93. 93
9 3 .6 8
9 2 .6 0
92. 57
9 3 .1 1
9 3 .0 7
9 2 .4 8
9 2 .4 3
93. 30
90. 97
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
42. 5
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
3 9 .9
$ 2 .0 2
2 .1 4
2 .1 9
. 21
2
2.21
2.21
2. 22
2.21
2.22
2. 26
2 .2 7
2. 25
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
Electrical m achéery
Total: Electrical
m achéery
1955:
1956:
1957:
Average...........
Average_____
November___
December____
January_____
February____
March_______
April________
M ay________
June.............. .
July..................
August______
September___
October,. . .
November___
$76. 52
8 0 .7 8
83. 23
8 4 .4 6
8 2 .8 2
83. 23
8 3 .4 3
8 3 .0 2
8 2 .2 1
8 3 .0 2
8 1 .3 9
82. 81
8 3 .2 1
8 1 .9 5
82. 95
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1 .8 8
1 .9 8
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 5
2 .0 5
2 .0 6
2 .0 6
2. 05
2 .0 6
2 .0 5
. 06
2. 07
. 08
2
2
2.10
Electrical generating,
transmission, distri
bution, and indus
trial apparatus 4
$80. 57
8 7 .1 5
8 9 .4 0
9 0 .6 9
8 8 .1 3
8 8 .1 3
. 75
8 7 .8 9
8 7 .6 7
8 9 .1 3
. 91
89. 32
9 0 .1 3
8 9 .2 0
8 9 .7 8
88
88
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
$ 1 .9 7
2.10
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 6
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2.20
2.22
2. 23
2 .2 5
Wiring devices and
supplies
$ 7 1 .1 5
7 6 .1 1
7 7 .3 8
7 8 .1 2
76. 97
77. 57
7 7 .3 9
7 6 .2 4
76. 43
7 7 .4 1
77. 03
7 5 .4 6
7 6 .8 3
7 6 .4 4
78. 01
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
$1. 77
1 .8 7
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1. 93
1 .9 4
1. 96
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
$ 8 0 .1 0
8 4 .4 6
8 4 .8 6
. 93
8 5 .8 9
84. 65
85. 88
85. 26
84. 40
8 4 .2 3
84. 77
8 5 .2 0
8 4 .3 5
8 2 .6 8
84. 50
86
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
3 8 .1
3 9 .3
$ 1 .9 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 8
2.11
2.10
2 .0 9
2.11
2.10
2.11
2 .0 9
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 7
2 .1 5
Electrical indicating,
measuring, and re
cording instruments
$74. 56
8 0 .1 6
8 1 .0 0
8 3 .2 3
8 0 .0 0
8 1 .6 1
8 1 .0 0
8 1 .2 0
8 1 .2 0
8 3 .0 3
8 1 .8 1
8 1 .8 0
82. 61
8 2 .0 0
8 3 .2 1
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
$ 1 .8 5
1 .9 6
2.02
2 .0 3
1 .9 9
. 02
2
2.02
2 .0 3
2. 02
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 6
2 .0 5
2 .0 7
Motors, generators,
and motor-generator
sets
$85. 90
9 0 .8 8
9 3 .1 1
9 5 .0 8
9 1 .9 8
9 1 .5 3
9 2 .3 9
9 0 .8 5
9 1 .2 5
9 3 .7 9
9 4 .4 8
95. 76
9 6 .2 9
97. 03
9 6 .3 2
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
$ 2 .0 9
2.20
2. 26
2 .2 8
2. 26
2. 26
2. 27
2 .2 6
2. 27
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2 .3 3
2 .3 6
2 .3 9
2. 39
231
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Electrical machinery—Continued
Power and distribu
tion transformers
1955: Average.....__
1956: Average___
November__
December.....
1957: January___
February__
March. _..... April_____
May-------June...........
July--------August____
September__
October___
November__
$84.03
92.62
97. 71
97. 02
93. 89
94.76
95.17
93. 89
91.94
92.80
94.07
93. 43
92.92
91.25
92. 80
41.6
42.1
42.3
42.0
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.0
40.5
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.4
39.5
40.0
$2.02
2.20
2.31
2. 31
2.29
2.30
2.31
2. 29
2.27
2. 28
2.30
2. 29
2.30
2.31
2.32
Electric lamps
1955: Average___
1956: Average___
November__
December__
1957: January___
February__
March____
April........ .
May_____
June_____
July--------August____
September__
October____
November__
$68.80
75.07
76. 57
77. 74
78.12
77. 55
77. 36
76.19
74. 86
75.65
74.48
75.84
78.20
78. 41
79. 00
40.0
40.8
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.1
39.4
39.4
39.2
39.5
39.9
39. 6
39.5
$1. 72
1.84
1.90
1. 91
1. 91
1.91
1.91
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.90
1.92
1.96
1.98
2. 00
Switchgear, switch
board, and indus
trial controls
$80.18
90.30
92.80
94.30
91.91
91.72
92.13
92.13
92.10
93.15
92.70
93. 11
94.39
92. 52
92.80
40.7
42.0
41.8
42.1
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.2
41. 2
41.4
40.4
40.0
$1.97
2.15
2.22
2. 24
2. 22
2. 21
2.22
2. 22
2.23
2.25
2.25
2.26
2.28
2. 29
2.32
Communication
equipment8
$72.09
75. 95
77. 95
78. 55
78.40
79. 58
79. 59
79.19
79.00
79. 59
75.85
78. 00
78.40
76. 44
77. 81
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.0
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.4
39.1
40.0
40.0
39.0
39.1
Electrical welding
apparatus
$91.35
101.20
97.78
100. 99
99. 79
100. 25
101.38
97.44
98.18
99. 53
91.71
99.12
95.91
94.37
92.50
43.5
44.0
42.7
44.1
43.2
43.4
43.7
42.0
42.5
42.9
39.7
42.0
41.7
40.5
39.7
$2.10
2. 30
2. 29
2.29
2.31
2.31
2. 32
2.32
2.31
2. 32
2.31
2. 36
2.30
2.33
2.33
Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
$1.78 $69. 77
1.88 72.98
1.92 74. 77
1. 93 75. 76
1.96 75. 24
1.96 76. 40
1. 97 76.80
1.97 76.61
1.97 76. 21
1.97 76.97
1.94 75. 24
1.95 76. 00
1.96 76.02
1.96 74. 30
1.99 75. 66
40.1
40.1
40.2
40.3
39.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
39.6
40.0
39.8
38.9
39.0
Electrical appliances
Insulatedwire and Electrical equipment
for vehicles
cable
$79.17
80.60
84.25
83.01
82. 58
82. 74
82. 92
82.50
81.83
82.43
82.08
82. 47
83.10
83.74
84.32
$77.04
84.32
87. 95
88. 54
85. 27
84. 45
85. 48
85. 46
86.50
86.09
84.67
85. 49
86.31
84.26
83.63
40.6
39.9
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
38.7
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.5
39.4
$1.74 $66.40
1.82 67.25
1. 86 67.90
1.88 68.25
1.90 65.98
1. 91 69. 21
1.92 69. 95
1.92 69.63
1.91 69.84
1.91 71.89
1.90 67. 86
1.90 72. 98
1.91 74. 59
1.91 71. 80
1.94 69. 74
40.0
39.1
38.8
39.0
37.7
39.1
39.3
38.9
38.8
39.5
37.7
40.1
40.1
38.6
37.9
1955: Average___
1956: Average.....__
November__
December__
1957: January.......
February__
March____
April...........
May...........
June.......... .
Julv__ ___
August...... .
September__
October___
November__
$84.86
87.12
94.30
96.11
89.10
89.54
88.44
86.94
86. 94
89.42
87.86
92. 25
93.94
94. 35
91.03
41.6
40.9
42.1
43.1
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.7
39.7
40.1
39.4
41.0
41.2
41.2
40.1
$2.04 $61.69
2.13 64.48
2.24 65.74
2.23 65.90
2.20 66.86
2.20 67.43
2.20 68.34
2.19 70.18
2.19 70.11
2.23 67. 43
2. 23 66. 59
2. 25 67. 66
2.28 67.49
2.29 67. 82
2. 27 67.64
Truck and bus bodies
1955: Average___
1956: Average___
November__
December__
1957: January___
February. ...
March..... .
April...........
Mav_____
June_____
July--------August......
September__
October____
November__
$81.38
81.41
81. 58
84.85
81.35
83. 79
85.01
85. 86
83. 37
83. 35
84.80
87.26
85.79
82. 94
83. 21
41.1
40.3
39.6
40.6
39.3
39.9
40.1
40.5
39.7
39.5
40.0
40.4
39.9
38.4
38.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Primary batteries
(.dry and wet)
39.8
39.8
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.8
41.0
39.9
39.4
39.8
39.7
39.2
39.1
Trailers (truck and
automobile)
$1.98 $84.44
2.02 82.80
2.06 80.47
2.09 81.97
2.07 80.11
2.10 78. 74
2.12 79.75
2.12 80. 94
2.10 79.93
2.11 83.01
2.12 80.32
2.16 83. 42
2.15 85. 28
2.16 85.68
2.15 75.89
41.8
40.0
38.5
39.6
38.7
38.6
38.9
39.1
38.8
40.1
38.8
40.3
41.0
40.8
37.2
40.4
40.9
41.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
41.1
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.4
$2.01
2.14
2.18
2.20
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.19
2. 21
2. 25
2. 25
2.24
2.28
2.28
Aircraft and parts 8
$2.02 $89.62
2.07 95.99
2.09 98. 37
2.07 100.39
2.07 99.26
2.04 98. 56
2.05 99.17
2.07 99.12
2. 06 94.60
2.07 95.00
2.07 94. 94
2. 07 96.15
2.08 95. 68
2.10 95.84
2.04 96.64
$1. 83
1. 97
2. 05
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.04
2.03
2. 04
2.04
2.05
2. 07
2.05
2.05
2.07
$1.66
1. 72
1.75
1. 75
1. 75
1. 77
1. 78
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.84
$90.94
95. 24
101. 22
100.55
100. 25
100. 53
98. 67
97. 75
95. 49
94.81
85.91
91.03
91. 76
90.12
93.38
43.1
42.9
44.2
44.1
43.4
43.9
42.9
42.5
41.7
41.4
38.7
40.1
40.6
39. 7
40.6
$83. 64
84. 42
90. 47
94.13
86.62
85. 32
84.10
83. 85
83.03
85.58
85.58
86.46
87.91
86. 58
87.19
41.2
40.2
41.5
42.4
40.1
39.5
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.9
38.9
39.3
39.6
39.0
39.1
$2.03
2.10
2.18
2.22
2.16
2.16
2.14
2.15
2.14
2. 20
2.20
2.20
2.22
2.22
2.23
Miscellaneous elec
trical products 8
$2.11 $74. 48
2. 22 78.34
2. 29 82.19
2.28 83. 42
2. 31 81.20
2. 29 82.01
2.30 81.00
2.30 80. 79
2.29 80.20
2. 29 80.80
2. 22 80.60
2. 27 82. 21
2.26 83.23
2. 27 83. 22
2. 30 82.82
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.5
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.4
40.4
$1.83
1.92
1. 99
2.01
2.01
2. 02
2.00
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.02
2.04
2. 06
2.05
Transportationequipment
X-ray and nonradio
electronic tubes
$1.55 $81.20
1.62 87.53
1.66 89.60
1.66 89.10
1.68 86.76
1.69 87.60
1.70 89.10
1. 72 88.00
1.71 88. 26
1.69 89.06
1.69 92.48
1.70 90.68
1.70 89.60
1.73 90. 97
1. 73 92.11
42.1
42.8
42.9
43.4
41.8
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.4
42.2
41.3
41.3
42.1
41.1
40.4
Telephone, telegraph,
and related equip
ment
Radio tubes
Electrical machinery—Continued
Storage batteries
$1.95
2. 02
2. 07
2. 07
2.08
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.14
41.3
42.1
42.4
42.9
42.6
42.3
42.2
42.0
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.1
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
41.9
41.0
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.5
40. 2
39.7
39.5
40.7
$93. 44
94. 71
100.86
105.95
99.25
98.36
97.82
96. 22
94. 56
96.24
95.20
97. 69
97. 66
97. 57
101. 75
$2.23
2.31
2. 39
2.43
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.37
2. 37
2.40
2. 41
2. 43
2. 46
2. 47
2. 50
41.2
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.3
41.9
41.9
41.6
40.0
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.0
40.0
40.0
$97. 78
94.71
105. 72
112.95
100.36
99.29
97.12
94.17
93.84
97.42
94.71
98.80
99.43
99.31
108.36
42.7
40.3
42.8
45.0
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.4
39.1
39.6
38.5
40.0
39.3
39.1
42.0
$2.29
2.35
2. 47
2.51
2.43
2.41
2. 41
2.39
2. 40
2.46
2. 46
2.47
2.53
2. 54
2.58
Aircraft engines and
' parts
Aircraft
$2.17 $89. 40
2.28 94. 89
2. 32 97. 25
2.34 97. 67
2.33 97.71
2.33 97.21
2.35 98.05
2. 36 97. 76
2. 33 92.80
2.34 92.97
2.35 93.13
2. 38 95.04
2.38 94.80
2.39 95.20
2. 41 96. 00
Motor vehicles and
equipment **
$2.17
2.27
2.31
2.32
2.31
2.32
2.34
2. 35
2. 32
2. 33
2. 34
2. 37
2.37
2.38
2.40
$88.97
96. 67
99. 26
104.92
102.82
102. 62
101.20
100. 25
95.06
96. 76
96.29
96.16
95.11
96. 78
97.42
41.0
42.4
42.6
43.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
42.3
40.8
41.0
40.8
39.9
39.3
39.5
39.6
Motor vehicles, bodies,
parts, and accessoria
$98.87
96.15
107. 75
115.32
101.84
101.02
98.17
95.11
95.01
98. 60
96.00
100.15
100. 74
100. 49
110. 83
42.8
40.4
43.1
45.4
41.4
41.4
40.4
39.3
39.1
39.6
38.4
39.9
39.2
39.1
42.3
$2.3
2.3$
2.5C
2.54
2. 4f
2. 44
2.45
2.42
2.43
2.4®
2.56
2. 51
2. 57
2. 57
2.62
Aircraft propellers
and parts
$2.17 $90.47
2.28 96.93
2. 33 99. 62
2.39 103.84
2.38 92. 52
2.37 95.17
2.37 97.16
2. 37 102. 58
2. 33 97.76
2. 36 96.12
2.36 95.88
2. 41 98. 29
2.42 97.23
2. 45 98. 77
2. 46 98. 77
41.5
42.7
43.5
44.0
40.4
41.2
41.7
43.1
41.6
40.9
40.8
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.5
$2.18
2.27
2.29
2.36
2. 29
2.31
2.33
2.38
2.35
2. 35
2. 35
2. 38
2.30
2.38
2.33
232
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Transportation equipment--C ontinued
Other aircraft part»
and equipment
$90.49
98.24
101. 32
104. 31
101, 76
100.15
101. 05
101.24
99.17
100.06
99.30
99.07
99. 84
O ctober............. 97. 75
November___
98. 09
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
November___
December........
1967: January_____
February.........
March.......... __
April........... . . .
M a y ________
June________
July-------------August______
September___
41.7
42.9
43.3
44.2
43.3
42.8
43.0
42.9
42.2
42.4
41.9
41.8
41.6
40.9
40.7
Ship and boat building and repairing «
$2.17 $83.53
2 29 89.10
2. 34 90.40
2. 36 94. 71
2. 35 93. 87
2. 34 94.40
2. 35 94.80
2. 36 94. 87
2.35 96. 32
2.36 96.15
2.37 97.20
2. 37 97.28
2. 40 96. 53
2. 39 95. 5 5
2. 41 90.28
39.4
39.6
38.8
40.3
40. 2
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.4
39.0
37.0
Shipbuilding and
repairing
$2.12 $86. 63
2. 25 92. 27
2. 33 93.12
2. 35 97. 77
2. 33 96.88
2. 36 97.11
2. 37 97.76
2.36 97.60
2. 39 98.65
2.38 98.98
2.40 99.23
2. 42 99. 29
2. 45 98. 50
2.45 97. 50
2.44 92. 00
39.2
39.6
38.8
40.4
40.2
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.4
39.0
36.8
$2. 21 $70.30
2.33 73. 57
2.40 74.07
2. 42 74.64
2. 41 74. 43
2. 44 78. 06
2. 45 76.14
2. 44 77.93
2. 46 80.03
2. 45 78. 72
2. 45 79. 59
2. 47 77. 82
2. 50 77.82
2. 50 77.41
2. 50 75. 25
Transportation equipment-—Continued
Railroad and street
cars
1956: Average_____ $88. 20
1956: Average_____
91. 96
91.63
November___
December........ 97.11
1957: January...........
97.66
February....... . 98.40
March_______ 99.94
April................. 99,60
M ay...............
99.10
June_________ 97.96
July-------------- 100.30
99. 29
A ugust______
September___ 102. 56
O ctob er,_ . . .
98.43
November___ 103.88
39.2
38.8
38.5
39.8
39.7
40.0
40. 3
40.0
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.4
39.6
38.3
39.8
Other transportation
equipment
$2. 25 $77.83
2. 37 77.59
2. 38 76.61
2.44 77.02
2.46 77. 42
2. 46 80. 40
2.48 79. 99
2.49 79.40
2.49 81.20
2. 48 81.40
2.52 79.37
2. 52 82. 21
2. 59 82. 82
2. 57 81.18
2. 61 77. 29
Boatbuilding and
repairing
40.4
40.2
39.4
39.7
39.8
41.3
40. 5
40.8
41.9
41.0
40.4
39. 5
39.5
38.9
38.2
$1. 74
1.83
1.88
1.88
1. 87
1. 89
1.88
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.97
1. 97
1.97
1.99
1.97
Total: Instruments
and related products
41.4 $1.88 $77. 93
40.2
1.93 82.01
1.92 83.64
39.9
38.9
1.98 84. 87
39.3
1.97 84.66
40.4
1. 99 85.69
40.4
1.98 85. 47
40.1
1. 98 85. 26
40.4
2.01 84. 42
2.03 85.46
40.1
39.1
2.03 84.61
40.1
2.05 84.00
40.6
2.04 86.46
39.6
2.05 85.39
37.71 2.05 85.81
1955: Average_____ $69.02
1956: Average_____
71. 51
November___
73.75
December____ 73.12
1967: January_____
72.94
February____
74. 48
March_______ 73. 71
April________
73. 38
M ay.................
74.15
June.................. 75. 30
July-------------- 74.00
A ugust............. 74. 59
September___
75.92
October_____
76.17
November___
75.05
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.6
40.3
39.5
$1.70 $62. 52
1. 77 64. 48
1.83 64. 64
1.81 65. 93
1.81 64. 55
1.83 66. 23
1.82 67. 77
1.83 67. 54
1.84 67. 77
1.85 67. 54
1.85 67.83
1.86 68. 40
1.87 69. 08
1.89 67.49
1.90 65. 80
Jewelry and findings
1955: Average_____ $67.04
1956: Average_____
69.06
November___
71.91
December____ 73. 27
1957: January_____
68. 28
February____
68. 85
68.80
March______
April............. .
68. 68
M ay________
69.60
Juue_________ 70.88
July..................
67.49
August______
70. 47
September___
72.38
October.. . . . 70.99
November___
72. 51
41.9
41.6
42.3
42.6
40.4
40.5
40.0
39.7
40.0
40.5
39.7
40.5
41.6
40.8
41.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ophthalmic goods
40.6
40.3
39.9
40.2
39.6
39.9
40. 1
40.2
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.4
39.7
39.4
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.4
39. 9
40.1
Laboratory, scientiñe, and engineering instruments
$1. 91 $88. 99
2.01 94. 95
2.05 95.11
2.07 98.18
2.08 99.03
2.09 99.26
2. 10 98. 65
2. 10 97.34
2.10 93.03
2.11 96.05
2.11 95. 04
2. 10 94. 09
2.14 96.72
2.14 95. G8
2.14 99.22
$1.60 $80.14
1.66 83. 38
1.70 92.14
1.72 90. 67
1.69 82. 00
1.70 84. 66
1. 72 86. 72
1.73 84.23
1.74 80.20
1. 75 80.20
1.70 81.20
1.74 85.90
1.74 89. 67
1.74 88.41
1. 76 86.73
42.4
41.9
44,3
43.8
41.0
41.5
42.3
41.7
40.1
40.1
40.4
41.7
42.7
42.3
41.9
Photographic apparatus
$1.54 $85. 70
1.60 91. 46
1.62 93. 30
1.64 94. 85
1.63 94. 30
1. 66 93. 89
1.69 93. 84
1.68 93. 84
1.69 94.02
1.68 94. 71
1.70 94. 02
1. 71 92. 75
1. 71 97.20
1.70 95. 76
1.67 97. 61
Silverware and -plated
toare
$90. 45
94. 56
93.30
98.58
98. 74
98. 98
100.28
100. 44
98. 55
99.10
100. 80
99.79
103.86
99. 46
102.82
40.2
39. S
39.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.5
39.9
39.8
40.0
39.6
40.1
38.7
39.7
$2. 25
2. 37
2.38
2. 44
2. 45
2. 45
2. 47
2. 48
2. 47
2. 49
2.52
2. 52
2.59
2. 57
2. 59
$94. 28
99.17
97.10
102.06
101. 75
100. 85
101.02
102. 48
97. 28
102.47
102. 56
103. 22
107. 38
102.94
100. 73
41.9
42.2
40.8
42.0
41.7
41.5
41. 4
42.0
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.3
39.9
39.5
$2.25
2.35
2.38
2.43
2.44
2.43
2. 44
2. 44
2.42
2.53
2.52
2.53
2.60
2. 58
2.55
Instruments and related products
41.2
42.2
41.9
42. 5
42.5
42.6
41.8
41.6
40.1
40.7
40.1
39.7
40.3
39.7
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.6
41.0
41.0
40,8
40.8
40.7
41.0
40.7
40. 5
40.5
39.9
40.5
$1.89 $75.44
1.99 80. 54
2.08 84. 02
2. 07 83. 21
2 . On 81.00
2.04 82.01
2.05 83. 43
2.02 83. 44
2.00 82.42
2.00 82.00
2.01 73.53
2.06 81.80
2.10 84. 87
2. 09 85.70
2. 07 85.08
41.0
41.3
41.8
41.4
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.4
40.0
36.4
40.1
41.0
41.2
41.1
40.8
41.0
41.3
41.1
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.1
40.4
49.4
40.3
39.9
Optical instruments
and lenses
$1.94 $78.36
2.04 83.03
2.07 84.23
2.09 85.06
2.10 83.98
2.11 85.24
2.12 85.24
2.13 85.05
2.13 85. 41
2.13 85.84
2.12 85.84
2.12 84.38
2.15 86.24
2.15 86. 00
2.15 85.41
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.7
39.8
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
39.8
40.3
40.0
40.1
$1.93
2.05
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.15
2.13
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Watches and clocks
$2. 08 $69. 20
2. 22 70. 77
2. 27 71. 21
2. 28 71. 76
2.30 71.97
2. 29 73. 47
2. 30 72. 34
2.30 70.10
2.31 71.23
2.31 72.15
2.31 69.66
2. 29 71. 97
2.40 75.36
2. 40 73.10
2.41 74.24
Musical instruments
and parts
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments
$2.16 $79.15
2. 25 83.64
2. 27 85.49
2.31 85.90
2.33 85.68
2.33 86. 72
2. 36 86. 92
2.34 87. 64
2.32 86.69
2. 36 86.69
2. 37 85.01
2.37 85. 65
2. 40 86.86
2.41 86. 65
2.42 85.79
Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgical, medical,
and dental instruments
Locomotives and
parts
40.0
39.1
38.7
39.0
38.9
39.5
39.1
38.1
38.5
39.0
38.7
38. 9
40.3
39.3
39.7
$1.73 $67.40
1.81 70. 53
1.84 71.73
1.84 72. 67
1. 85 72. 40
1.86 72. 94
1.85 73.49
1. 84 72.22
1.85 72.04
1.85 71.82
1.80 71.50
1. 85 72.00
1. 87 72.94
1.86 72.40
1.87 72. 25
Toys and sporting
goods 5 8
$1.84 $60. 52
1. 95 62. 56
2.01 63.41
2.01 63.80
2. 00 66.69
2.02 67.37
2.03 66.92
2.05 66.59
2. 04 65. 74
2.05 64.96
2.02 63.58
2.04 65. 86
2.07 65.97
2.08 65.90
2.07 65. 57
39.3
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.6
39.4
38.9
38.9
38.3
39.2
39.5
39.7
38.8
Total Miscellaneous
manufacturing industries
40.6
40.3
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.7
$1. 66 $71. 40
1. 75 74. 23
1.78 78.69
1. 79 79.12
1.81 72. 67
1.81 74. 26
1.81 75.07
1.81 73.93
1.81 73. 20
1.80 74.34
1.81 72.22
1.80 75. 67
1. 81 78.12
1.81 76.41
1.82 77. 00
toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles
G am es,
$1.54 $60.28
1.60 61.85
1.63 62.76
1.64 61.29
1. 71 63.08
1. 71 64. 08
1.69 64. 29
1.69 63.80
1.69 63.69
1.67 62.53
1.66 61.50
1.68 64. 62
1.67 64.55
1. 66 64.31
1.69 64.24
39.4
38.9
38.5
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.6
38.2
39.4
39.6
39.7
38.7
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 8
42.0
41.7
43.0
43.0
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.9
42.0
41.3
41.4
$1.70
1.78
1.83
1.84
1.79
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.81
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.86
Sporting a n d athletic
goods 8
$1. 53 $60. 92
1.59 63.99
1. 63 65. 27
1.63 67.73
1.66 71. 33
1.66 71.86
1. 64 71.33
1.64 70. 98
1.65 69.17
1.62 69.34
1.61 67.94
1. 64 68.11
1.63 68.78
1.62 69.65
1.66 68.46
39.3
39.5
39.8
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
39.3
39.4
38.6
38.7
39.3
39.8
38.9
$1. 55
1. 62
1.64
1.66
1.77
1.77
1. 77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1. 76
1.76
1. 75
1.75
1.76
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
233
Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn hours
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hriy. w kly. w kly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
M anufaeturing— Continu ed
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Pens, pencils, other
Costume jewelry,
Fabricated plastic
Other manufacturing
office supplies
buttons, notions
products
industries
$62.88
41.1 $1.53 $60.30
40.2 $1.50 $72.80
41.6 $1. 75 $70.30
40.4 $1.74
66.58
41.1
1.62 62. 49
39.3
1.59 75.35
41.4
1.82 74.37
40.2
1.85
69. 39
41.8
1.66 63.08
38.7
1.63 77.61
41.5
1.84
1.87 73.23
39.8
69. 22
41.7
1.66 64.64
39.9
1.62 78. 21
40.2
41.6
1.88 75.17
1.87
67.24
41.0
1.64 64.06
39.3
1.63 78.06
1.89 74.84
41.3
39.6
1.89
40.9
67.89
1.66 65. 27
39.8
1.64 78. 25
1.89 75.41
41.4
39.9
1.89
40.9
67.49
1.65 65. 67
39.8
1.65 79.65
1.91 76.14
41.7
40.5
1.88
67.23
40.5
1.66 64.19
38.9
1.65 76.92
40.7
1.89 74.82
39.8
1.88
68.88
41.0
1.68 64. 57
38.9
1.66 76.36
40.4
1.89 75.01
39.9
1.88
41.1
68. 64
38.9
1.67 63. 41
1.63 78.12
1.91 75.39
40.9
40.1
1.88
65.86
39.2
1.68 64.35
39.0
1.65 80.10
41.5
1.93 75.05
39.5
1.90
66.50
40.3
1.65 64.12
39.1
1.64 78.47
41.3
1.90 74.82
1.88
39.8
66.80
40.0
1.67 66.17
40.1
1.65 79.10
41.2
1.92 74.82
39.8
1.88
67.09
39.7
1.69 66. 76
39.5
1.69 78.53
1.92 73.30
40.9
39.2
1.87
67. 70
40.3
1.68 67.82
39.2
1.73 77.10
40.4
1.91 73.30
39.2
1.87
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Class I railroads i
$82.12
88. 40
92.20
90.61
93.08
94. 53
89.98
92.82
94. 55
93.07
95.63
95.60
93.71
94.95
Communication
Telephone *
Switchboard operating
employees
1855: Average........... $72.07
39.6 $1.82 $59. 72
37.8 $1.58
1956: Average_____
1.86 60.70
39.5
73.47
37.7
1.61
November___
40.5
1.62
77.08
1.88 65.61
41.0
December____ 75.46
1.92 60.92
36.7
1.66
39.3
1957: January............ 73.92
1. 91 60.26
38.7
1.66
36.3
February____
1.92 61.79
37.0
74.88
39.0
1.67
March............
38.7
1.92 60.62
74.30
36.3
1.67
April................. 74.69
36.2
1.67
1.93 60.45
38.7
M ay________
75.66
1.94 63. 27
39.0
37.0
1.71
June................. 76.44
37.4
39.2
1.69
1.95 63.21
July.................. 76.63
37.9
1.94 64.05
39.5
1.69
75.47
August______
38.9
1.94 62. 50
37.2
1.68
September___
75.66
1.95 62. 87
37.2
1.69
38.8
October______ 77.22
1. 97 63.41
39.2
37.3
1.70
November___
79.00
40.1
1.97 66.52
38.9
1.71
Transportation and public utilities—Con.
40.8
40.9
41.6
41.2
41.4
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.8
$1.96
2.12
2.19
2.21
2.19
2.24
2.20
2. 21
2.23
2.27
2.25
2.26
2.28
2.25
Retail trade
Retail trade (except General merchandise Department stores
Electric light and gas
eating and drink
and general mail
stores
utilities combined
ing places)
order houses
41.5 $2.11 $77.14
$87. 57
36.0 $1. 32
35.3 $1.18 $47. 52
39.0 $1.50 $41. 65
40.6 $1.90 $58. 50
92. 89
35.0
41.1
35.6
2. 26 81.20
1.37
1. 24 48.77
1. 57 43.40
38.6
2.01 60.60
40.4
41.2
96.00
34.6
34.1
1. 25 47. 75
38.0
2.05 60.42
2.33 83.03
1.38
1.59 42.63
40.5
2.34 83.84
95.47
37.1
36.2
38.6
40.8
1. 35
1. 21 50.09
1. 55 43.80
2.06 59.83
40.7
40.4
2.33 82.81
94.13
1.41
34.8
38.2
40.2
1. 27 49.07
34.6
1. 61 43.94
2.06 61. 50
40.8
95.06
1.42
34.6
38.2
2.33 82. 81
1.28 49.13
34.3
1. 61 43.90
2. 06 61. 50
40.2
40.6
95.41
34.5
40.1
2.35 83.01
1.42
1.28 48.99
34.1
1.62 43. 65
38.0
2.07 61. 56
40.9
96. 52
1.29 49. 76
34.4
1.62 44.38
2.07 61.56
2.36 82.80
1.43
34.8
38.0
40.0
2. 35 83.81
95.18
40.5
1.45
34.7
1.31 50.32
1.64 44. 54
2.09 62.32
40.1
34.0
38.0
40.7
96.05
34.4
40.2
2.36 84. 82
1.47
34.9
1.33 51.30
38.2
2.11 63.41
1.66 45. 75
2.38 85.65
97. 58
34.7
1.32 51.01
2.12 64.46
40.4
41.0
1.47
34.6
1.67 45. 67
38.6
2. 39 85. 24
41.0
97. 99
34.9
34.9
2.11 64. 63
40.4
1.31 50.95
1. 48
1.67 45. 72
38.7
40.9
34.7
40.4
2.42 86.05
98.98
1.46
1.31 50.66
34.2
1.68 44.80
38.1
2.13 64.01
34.2
1.32 49.93
2.44 85.63
40.9
99.80
40.2
1.46
33.7
1.67 44.48
37.6
2.13 62.79
2.44 85.20
100. 04
41.0
34.2
1.44
33.7
1.31 49.25
37.5
1.66 44.15
2.13 62.25
40.0
Avg. w kly. earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
$2.02
2.11
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.23
2.24
2. 23
2. 26
2.27
2.28
Finance, insurance,
and real estate 1S
Other retail trade
and ac
Food and liquor stores Automotive
cessories dealers
38.1
37.5
37.2
37.0
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.7
36.7
37.1
37.9
37.7
36.7
36.1
35.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.87
1.96
1.99
2.00
2. 02
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.07
Other public utilities
Retail trade—Continued
1955: Average_____ $61.72
63.38
1956: Average_____
63.98
November___
December........ 63. 27
1957: January_____
63.66
63.86
February____
M arch............. 63.68
April............... . 03.86
M a y ................ 64.59
June.................. 65.67
J u ly ................. 67.46
August______
67.11
September___ 66.06
October............ 65.34
November___
65.16
and
Wholesale trade
Gas utilities
1955: Average--------1956: Average_____
November___
December____
1957: January-------February____
March_______
April________
M ay________
June..................
July-------------August______
September___
October............
November___
41.9
41.7
42.1
41.0
42.5
42.2
40.9
42.0
42.4
41.0
42.5
42.3
41.1
42.2
Local railways
buslines
43.1
$80. 60
84.48
43.1
85.97
43.2
86.80
43.4
86.86
43.0
86. 25
42.7
86.66
42.9
87. 29
43.0
88.71
43.7
89.96
44.1
90.02
43.7
43.4
89.40
90.05
43.5
89.01
43.0
89. 01
43.0
Line construction, in
Total: Gas and elec
Electric light and
stallation, and main
Telegraph
tric utilities
power utilities
tenance employees *
43.9 $2.32 $78. 54
$101.85
41.2 $2 13
41.2 $2.10 $87.76
42.0 $1.87 $86.52
43.5
101.36
2.33 82.74
2.22 93.38
2.25
41.5
41.2
1.97 91.46
42.0
102.96
2.34 84.03
41.6
2.29
41.5
44.0
2.27 95.26
2.02 94.21
41.6
104.01
2.38 84.03
41.2
43.7
41.5
2.28 95.45
2.02 93.94
41.6
2.30
99.88
2.35 86.32
42.5
41.1
2.29
40.9
2.27 94.12
2.07 92.84
41.7
100. 58
2.35 86.94
42.8
41.1
2.29
2.27 94.12
2.08 92. 62
41.8
40.8
42.5
2.35 87. 57
99.88
41.2
2.09 93.02
41.9
2.30
40.8
2.28 94.76
43.0
101.91
2. 37 86.11
2. 32
40.9
2.30 95.82
41.4
41.3
2.08 94.07
101. 63
42.7
2.38 89.25
2. 33
2.30 95.76
42.5
41.1
40.7
2.10 93.61
43.0
103.20
2.40 88.62
41.6
2.33 98.59
40.9
42.2
2.37
2.10 95.30
103. 63
2.41 88. 62
43.0
41.7
41.2
2.34 98.41
42.2
2.10 96.41
2.36
42.4
101. 76
2.40 87.99
41.3
2.37
2.34 97.88
2.10 95. 94
41.0
41.9
41.9
2.42 87.99
101.40
2.39
40.9
41.2
2.37 98.47
2.10 96.93
41.9
104.00
42.8
2.43 87.15
41.1
2.40
41.0
2.38 98.64
41.5
2.10 97.58
104.43
41.2
42.8
2.44 85.69
41.0
2.41
2. 39 99.29
2. 09 97.99
41.0
Wholesale and retail trade
Other public utilities—Continued
$82. 62
86.30
89. 86
89.40
90. 25
87. 67
86. 83
87.23
88. 04
89. 42
90.72
90.09
91.76
93.07
93.02
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
1955: Average............
1956: Average............
November___
December____
1957: January............
February____
March..............
April-................
M ay...... ...........
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
O c to b e r .____
November___
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.62 $79.64
1. 69 81. 28
1. 72 81.72
1. 71 81.91
1.73 82.34
1.74 82.53
1.74 82. 78
1.74 83.22
1.76 84.48
1.77 85.17
1.78 84.73
1.78 84. 73
1.80 84.10
1.81 82.84
1.82 82.65
44.0
43.7
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.8
43.6
43.5
Apparel and acces
sories stores
35.2
$1.81 $46. 82
1.86 47. 54
34.7
34.4
1.87 47.47
36.0
1.87 50.04
1.88 48.65
34.5
34.6
1.88 48.44
34.6
1.89 47.75
34.1
1.90 47.74
1.92 48.56 • 34.2
1.94 50.05
35.0
1.93 50.77
35.5
35.3
1. 93 49.77
34.6
1.92 49.82
1. 90 49. 30
34.0
1.90 49.10
34.1
Furniture and appli
Lumber and hard
ance stores
ware supply stores
43.1 $1.62
42.1 $1.59 $69. 82
$1. 33 $66.94
42.5
1.65 72.68
42.0
1. 71
1.37 69.30
42.2
1. 74
1.69 73.43
41.9
1. 38 70.81
42.0
1.74
1.71 73.08
42.8
1.39 73.19
1.74
41.5
1.69 72. 21
41.9
1.41 70.81
1.74
41.7
41.8
1. 65 72. 73
1.40 68. 81
1.74
41.8
1.38 69. 81
1.67 72. 73
41.8
42.2
1.75
1.67 73.85
41.8
1.40 69.81
1.77
42.5
1.70 75.23
41.8
1.42 71.06
42.5
1.78
1.71 75. 65
41.9
1.43 71.65
1.78
42.7
1.71 76.01
41.6
1.43 71.14
1.78
42.7
1.72 76.01
42.1
1.41 72.41
42.4
1.80
1.72 76.32
41.8
1.44 71.90
1.79
42.4
1.72 75.90
41.7
1.45 71.72
41.5
1.79
1. 71 74.29
41.7
1.44 71.31
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
$59. 28
61.97
62.35
62.86
63. 82
63. 74
63.89
63. 78
63.67
63.80
64.52
64.31
64. 48
64.74
64.80
Secu Insur
rity
ance
dealers car
and ex riers
changes
$102. IS $73. 29
97. 5( 77. 50
94.9t 78.92
99.68 79.89
101. 4i 79. 43
100. 57 79. 95
96.38 80.03
97.45 80.32
101.21 80. 47
100.1C 80.95
101.44 81.33
96.84 81.43
95.44 81.13
97. 7C 80.77
99.07 80.82
234
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 195S
T able C -l. Horn's and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
hrly,
earnings
Personal services
Laundries
$41.09
42.13
42.63
43.14
42. 42
42. 32
42. 63
42. 21
43. 23
43.42
43.93
44. 25
44.11
44.00
44.40
41.5
40.9
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.0
$0.99
1.03
1.05
1.06
1. 05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
$40.70
42. 32
42.29
42. 91
42. 59
42. 59
42. 69
43.20
43.93
44.04
43.38
43.34
43. 96
43.73
43.29
1 For coverage of these series, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers only. For the remaining
industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees
and working supervisors.
Data forthe most recent month are subject to revision without notation.
* For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
* For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2.
* Averages shown for 1955 are not strictly comparable with those for later
years.
1 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
* Data beginning with January 1957 are not strictly comparable w ith those
shown for earlier years.
1 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (IOC
Group I).
*Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboardoperators, serviceassistants, operating-roominstructors, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Service and miscellaneous
Hotels, year-round >i
1955; A verage...................... .
1956: A v era g e..........................
November____________
December____________
1957: January...........................
February_____________
March______ _______
April.------- ---------------M ay....................... ...........
June..............................
July--------------------------August.......... ...................
______
September..
October .
...
....
November_____
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
40.3
40.3
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.4
39.6
39.4
39.0
Cleaning and dyeing plants
$1.01
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.09
1. 10
1.11
1.11
1.11
$47.40
49.77
50.56
50.05
49.92
48.90
49. 54
52.26
52. 79
52.40
49.91
48. 88
51.35
51. 35
49. 52
39. 5
39.5
39.5
39.1
38.7
38.2
38.7
40.2
40.3
40.0
38.1
37.6
39.2
38.9
37.8
$1.20
1.26
1.28
1.28
1.29
1. 28
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.31
Motion
picture pro
duction and
distribution i«
$93. 78
91. 75
95. 73
94. 95
94.14
99.00
99. 13
94.09
97.61
101.03
100.30
100. 79
98.48
102.94
100. 58
pay-station attendants. In 1956, such employees made up 40 percent of the
total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting hours
and earnings data.
8Data relate to employees In such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1956, such employees made
up 27 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not
available.
11Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.”
Data not affected.
N o t e : Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : U, S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads (see footnote 7).
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufac
turing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
235
N et spendable average weekly
earnings 1
Worker w ith no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
A verage.....
Average___
Worker with no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents
Cur
rent
194749 3
Cur
rent
194749»
Cur
rent
1947493
Cur
rent
194749 5
Cur
rent
194749J
Cur
rent
194749»
$23.86
25.20
29. 58
36. 65
43.14
46. 08
44. 39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54. 92
59.33
64. 71
67.97
71.69
71.86
76.52
79.99
$40.17
42. 07
47.03
52.58
58.30
61.28
57. 72
52.54
62.32
52. 67
53.95
57. 71
58. 30
59.89
62.67
62.60
66.83
68.84
$23. 58
24.69
28.05
31. 77
36. 01
38. 29
36.97
37.72
42. 76
47 43
48.09
51.09
54. 04
55. 66
58.54
59. 55
63.15
65. 86
$39. 70
41.22
44.59
45. 58
4S 66
50. 92
48.08
45. 23
44. 77
46.14
47.24
49. 70
48.68
49.04
51.17
51.87
55.15
56.68
$23.62
24.95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63.62
66. 58
66. 78
70.45
73.22
$39. 76
41.65
46. 55
52.05
55.93
58. 59
55. 58
51.80
50. 51
51.72
52.88
55.65
55. 21
56.05
58.20
58.17
61.53
83.01
1956: November_____ _ _ $82.22
December_________
84.05
1957: January................... .
82.41
February.................... 82.41
March.........................
82.21
April. ______ _______ 81. 59
M~ay_.. _____ _____ 81.78
June______________ 82.80
July______________
82.18
A ugust----------------82.80
September________
82.99
October........ .............. 82. 56
November 3_...........
82. 92
$69. 80
71.23
69.72
69. 43
69.14
68.39
68.38
68.89
68.03
68. 43
68. 53
68.18
68.19
$67.63
69.10
67.58
67. 58
67. 42
66.93
67.08
67.90
67.40
67.9Q
68.05
67.70
67.99
$57. 41
58.56
57.17
56. 93
56. 70
56.10
56.09
56.49
55. 79
56.12
56.19
55.90
55.91
$75.04
76.54
74.99
74.99
74.82
74.31
74.47
75.31
74.80
75.31
75.46
75.11
75.40
$63. 70
64.88
63.44
63.18
62.93
62. 29
62.27
62.65
61.91
62.24
62.31
62.02
62. 01
1 N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have, therefore,
been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no de
pendents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The
T able
Year and month
N et spendable average weekly
earnings 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
1 These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after
adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s
Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
8 Preliminary.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Technical Note on the C a l
culation and Uses of the N et Spendable Earnings Series (Revised February
1957), which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
C -3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity1
(1947-49=100)
1957
1956
Industry
T o ta l3.
____________________________
Mining division_____________ _________
Contract construction d iv i s io n ...______
Manufacturing division_________________
Durable goods____________________ . . .
Ordnance and accessories ______
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture).. .
____ _ ________
Furniture and fixtures.. . . _________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries.. ______ .
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent). . .
___________
Machinery (except electrical)________
Electrical machinery________________
Transportation equipment____ _____
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Nondurable goods __________________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures. . . ___________
Textile-mill products___ __________
Apparel and other finished textile
products..
_ . . . _ -------------------Paper and allied products... . . _____
Printing, publishing, and allied Industr ie s ..------ ----- -----------------------------Chemicals and allied products________
Products of petroleum and coal_____ _
Rubber products_________________ _
Leather and leather products. ______
N ov.2
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar,
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
1956
103.5
79.5
130.9
101.2
108.2
295.2
107.5
83.2
149.6
103.1
109.6
300.1
109.9
86.5
153. 9
105.1
110.8
315.5
110.6
86.8
157.4
105.4
112.3
325.5
108.1
86.8
154.1
102.9
110. 6
320.3
109.5
88.1
151. 5
104.9
114.7
333.9
107.0
83.8
141.4
103.7
114.0
337.0
106.5
84.0
131.1
104.5
115.1
350.9
107.0
84.3
123.0
106.3
116.8
355.6
107. 2
85.3
119.8
106.9
117.7
360.9
106.4
85.1
112.0
107.0
117.9
366.3
112.5
87.7
135.9
110.8
122.0
380.4
112.6
85.2
144.2
109.9
120.2
371.9
110.3
84.7
138.0
108.1
117.2
375. 3
108.4
81.1
125.9
107.7
116.3
413. 2
76.5
102.2
101.8
96.3
81.9
106.7
104.6
99.5
80.5
107. 9
106.4
103.0
86.6
106.8
106.4
104.3
83.3
100.5
101.2
105.2
87.8
102.1
106.2
108.1
84.0
99.7
105. 4
106.6
80.1
102.2
104.1
108.0
77.0
104.0
103. 9
109.7
76.3
104.0
103. 2
111.6
76.2
102.9
103.3
114.3
81.8
109.3
108.2
115.3
85.8
107.3
109.3
113.3
88.8
107.4
109.3
110.5
91.1
106.6
108. 2
110.1
114.3
97.8
131.3
138.7
115.1
101.1
92.9
87.1
78.8
72.5
115.2
101. 2
133. 7
130.4
114.9
105.0
95.4
92.0
89.4
74.6
115. 5
104.3
137. 7
126.9
117. 2
106.4
98.4
100.4
97.1
75.2
114.4
103.1
134.8
136.7
116.1
102.4
97.3
97.8
86.2
75.0
112.5
106.0
131.1
135.6
113.8
94.4
93.8
93.1
69.5
72.8
116.0
109.8
134.5
141.7
117.0
100.0
93.2
86.5
70.2
74.7
114.7
111.4
132.4
142.9
117.1
98.7
91. 4
81.1
70.6
73.7
115.5
114.0
133.9
146.5
120.0
98.9
91.9
79.2
67.2
74.8
116.9
116.5
137.2
151.3
121.0
100.5
93.7
78.8
72.0
76.0
117.6
117.2
138.7
153.8
121.5
99.4
94.0
79.2
80.0
76.9
117.2
116.3
139. 2
154.1
121.4
98.3
94.0
81.6
85.0
77.0
121.4
117.4
144.7
161.0
123.3
105. 6
97.4
87.9
91.9
80.3
119.7
113.7
145.8
151.6
123.2
109.4
97.6
92.9
92.4
80.8
116.3
115.6
138.6
139.0
121. 1
105.5
97.2
90.7
85.6
80.6
118.0
106.4
130.6
147.2
117.5
104. 2
97.4
90.5
90.3
83.1
100.8
114.8
102.8
117.2
105. 7
118.1
106.1
116.2
98.4
114.0
99.6
116.2
99.1
114.6
101.6
115.6
106.7
115.8
106.3
115.8
102.6
116.3
105. 5
119.1
104. 9
117.9
104.5
116.9
104.9
114.4
113.4
102.9
92.0
104.6
89.6
114.9
103.4
93.0
105. 6
90.5
115.3
104.0
96.3
105.4
92.2
112.7
102.9
94.2
105.1
95.8
111.7
102.7
96.0
103.8
93.1
112.8
104.2
95.0
101.1
92.7
112.7
106.1
94.2
102.7
86.8
113. 8
107.1
94.7
96.2
90.7
114.5
107.3
93.1
107.2
95.6
112.8
106.9
93.8
109.2
95.9
112.6
107.2
93.6
111. 1
94.0
116.8
107.9
94.6
112.3
93.8
115.1
107.3
95.2
98.8
91.1
113.0
107.9
94.6
106.7
94.4
108.7
107.0
94.5
112. 4
95.5
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1,
table A-2.
Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining
and manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers.
For contract construction, the data relate to construction workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
3 Preliminary.
3 Includes only the divisions shown.
8 o u b c k : U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1955
236
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
C-4. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross
Exeluding
overtime *
Gross
Exeluding Gross
overtime *
Exeluding Gross
overtime 1
Exeluding Gross
overtime 1
Exeluding Gross
overtime *
Total:
manufacturing
$1.98
2.03
2. 05
2.05
2.05
2.05
2. 05
2. 06
2.07
2.07
2.07
2. 08
2.09
2.11
$1.91
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.01
2. 01
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
Total: Durable
goods
$2.10
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2. 22
2. 23
2.24
$2.03
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.18
Ordnance and
accessories
$2.19
2. 25
2. 27
2.28
2.29
2. 30
2.31
2.31
2.33
2.34
2.34
2.37
2. 38
2.39
$2.12
2.17
2.18
2. 21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2. 25
2.28
2.29
2.29
2.32
2. 35
2.35
Lumber and
wood products
(except
furniture)
$1.76
1.77
1.74
1.72
1. 73
1.77
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.82
1. 84
1.84
1.84
1.83
$1.69
1. 71
1.68
1. 66
1.67
1.71
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.78
1. 77
Furniture and
fixtures
$1.69
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.73
1. 72
1.73
1.74
1. 74
1. 76
1.77
1.77
1.75
$1.64
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.71
Stone, clay,
and glass
products
$1.96
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.01
2 02
2.01
2.02
2.04
2. 05
2.06
2.08
2. 09
2.10
$1.88
1.92
1.93
1.9«
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.01
2. 02
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery
(except
electrical)
1956: Average------November___
December___
1957: January-------February____
March____ _
April.......... .
M ay________
June________
July------------August-- . . . .
September__
October. ___
November3. . .
Exeluding Gross
overtime *
Exeluding
overtim e 1
Durable goods
Year and month
1956: Average..........
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
March______
April................
M ay.................
June.................
July...... ...........
August______
September__
October
N ovem ber3. . .
Exeluding Gross
overtime J
$2.21
2. 25
2. 27
2.27
2. 27
2.28
2. 28
2.28
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.32
2. 33
2.34
$2.12
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2. 21
2.23
2.23
2. 23
2.26
2. 27
2. 28
Electrical
machinery
$1.98
2.03
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.06
2. 06
2.05
2.06
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.10
$1.92
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2. 01
2.02
2.01
2.01
2. 02
2. 04
2.06
Transportation
equipment
$2.31
2.39
2.43
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.37
2. 37
2.40
2.41
2.43
2.46
2. 47
2. 50
$2.23
2.27
2.30
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.31
2. 32
2.35
2.35
2.37
2.39
2. 40
2.41
$2.36
2. 44
2. 45
2.47
2. 46
2.46
2.46
2.46
2.48
2. 53
2. 54
2. 57
2. 55
2. 55
$2.29
2.36
2. 37
2.39
2.39
2.40
2. 40
2. 40
2.41
2.46
2.48
2. 50
2. 50
2. 51
Fabricated
metal products
$2.07
2.12
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.20
2.22
2. 22
2.23
$1.99
2.04
2.06
2.06
2.06
2. 07
2.08
2. 09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.16
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
$2.01
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.14
2.14
2.14
Primary metal
Industries
$1.96
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2. 05
2.06
2.06
2.06
2. 08
2.09
2.09
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
Industries
$1.75
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1. 81
1.80
1.81
1. 80
1.81
1.81
1.82
$1.69
1.72
1.73
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.77
1. 75
1.75
1.75
1. 77
Total: Nondurable goods
$1.80
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.90
1. 90
1.92
$1.75
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
Food and
kindred
products
$1.83
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
$1.76
1.81
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.87
1.89
Tobacco
manufactures
$1.45
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.53
1.55
1. 58
1.58
1.61
1.49
1.46
1.47
1. 54
$1.43
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.55
1.57
1.47
1.43
1.45
1.52
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average_____
November___
December___
1967: January_____
February
March_______
April __
M ay
June________
July- ______
A ugust-.- -.September__
October ___
Novem ber3—.
$1.45
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 51
1. 51
1.51
$1.40
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
Apparel and
other finished
Paper and
textile products allied products
$1.45
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.48
1.48
1. 49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.49
1. 50
$1. 43
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1. 46
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.48
$1.94
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.08
$1.84
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.95
1. 95
1.97
1.98
1.98
Printing,
publishing,
and allied
Industries4
$2.43
2.45
2.46
2. 46
2.48
2. 49
2.49
2. 51
2. 51
2.51
2. 51
2. 53
2. 53
2. 53
<Beginning with the July 1857 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1, table
A-2.
* Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown in table C-5 are
paid for at the rate of time and one-half,
* Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chemicals and
allied products
$2.11
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.20
2.23
2.25
2. 25
2.25
2. 24
2.26
$2.05
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.18
2.20
Products of
petroleum and
coal
$2. 54
2. 57
2. 57
2. 59
2. 56
2. 57
2. 59
2.61
2. 66
2.69
2.69
2.73
2. 71
2. 73
$2.47
2. 51
2. 52
2. 54
2.51
2. 62
2. 52
2. 54
2.60
2.62
2.63
2.66
2. 65
2. 67
Rubber
products
$2.17
2.17
2.24
2.23
2. 22
2. 21
2.19
2. 22
2.23
2.28
2.27
2.29
2.32
2.33
$2.09
2.10
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.14
2 13
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.18
2.21
2. 23
2. 25
Leather and
leather
products
$1.49
1.52
1.52
1. 52
1.53
1. 54
1. 54
1. 54
1.54
1.53
1. 54
1.55
1. 55
1. 57
$1.47
1.50
1.49
1.50
1. 50
1 51
1 52
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.53
1. 54
4 Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
for the priming, publishing, and allied industries group, es gradnafed over
time rates are found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay
significantly above time and one-balf. Inclusion of data for tbe industry
in the nondurable-goods total has little eflaet.
S octece: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
237
T able C-5. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime horn’s of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross
Overtim e8
Gross
Overtime 8
Gross
Overtim e8
Gross
Total: Manu
facturing
May......... ..
June......... .
July-------August______
September_j
•October___ (
November3...
Gross
Overtime 8
Gross
Overtim e 8
40.4
40 6
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.7
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.3
2.»
3.0
3.1
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.3
Total: Durable
goods
41.1
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.8
39.7
3.0
3.3
8.5
2.9
2.7
2.0
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.2
Ordnance and
accessories
41.8
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
41.6
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.0
19
3.1
8.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.2
Lumber and
wood products
(except furni
ture)
40.3
40.0
39.8
39.1
39.6
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.7
39.4
41.1
39.0
40.2
39.1
3.3
2.9
3.0
2 7
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.7
Furniture and
fixtures
40.8
40.5
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.2
39.7
39.2
39.7
39.3
40.7
40.9
40.7
39.6
2.8
2.7
3.0
23
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.2
Stone, clay, and
glass products
41.1
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.1
3.0
8,0
3.4
3.9
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.0
Dura foie goods—Continued
5866: Average_____|
November___:
December___ ;
5967: January_____ !
February____
March_______:
April.......... .
M ay..... ...........
June................
July...........
August______
September_
October__
N ovem ber3. ..
Gross
Overtime 1
Gross
Overtim e8
Durable goods
Tear and month
1966: A verage.. ....
November___
December__ j
1967: January..........
•February____
March_____ ,
April________
Overtim e8
Machinery
(except
electrical)
Electrical
machinery
42. .2
41.7
42. 0
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.5 !
40.7
40.2
39.6
40.8
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.3
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.4
39.5
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.9
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.5
Transportation
equipment
41.0
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.5
40.2
39.7
39. 5
40.7
2.9
4.5
4.8
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2
3.2
40.9
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
38.1
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.1
Fabricated
metal producta
41.2
4].3
42.1
40.8
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.7
41.0
41.4
40.7
40.5
3.0
3.2
3.8
28
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.9
2.7
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.1
Primary metal
industries
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.9
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
Industries
40.3
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.7
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.4
Total Nondurable goods
39.5
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39. 1
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.0
38.7
2.5
2.7
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.3
Food and
kindred
products
41.0
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.4
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.2
40. 2
40.5
3 3
3.8
3. 2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2. 7
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.2
3. 4
3. 2
3.3
Tobacco
manufactures
38. 9
38 9
39.8
38 8
38 5
37 9
36 8
39 1
38. 6
39.6
38 4
39 8
38 3
37.0
1 1
11
1 fl
10
8
J
5
1 1
^9
1 fi
19
1 1
Ù
14
1.4
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1966: Average_____
November___
December___
1967: January_____
February____
M arch............
April................
M ay...... ..........
June________
July________
A ugust...........
September__
October_____
N ovem ber3. . .
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
39.1
38.5
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
Apparel and
other finished
teitllo products
38.3
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
30.5
35.7
35.8
35.8
36.1
38.8
36.7
35.9
35.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
Paper and
allied products
42.8
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.9
42.4
41.8
4.6
4.7
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.6
4.5
4.8
4.5
4.0
Printing, pub
lishing, and al
lied industries
38.8
38.6
39.1
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.7
38.4
37.9
* Beginning with the July 1967 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. S e e footnote 1, table
A-2.
8 Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
»umber of hour* of cither th« straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
452918—58-
8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.2
3.2
3.5
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.0
2.7
Chemicals and
allied products
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.2
Products of
petroleum
and coal
Rubber
products
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
40.6
40.5
40.2
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.1
39.9
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.8
Leather and
leather
products
2.8
2.8
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.8
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.7
37.6
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.9
36.3
37.8
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.8
36.5
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
.9
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
and holiday horns are included only if premium wsge rates were paid. Hours
for which only shift difiaientlsl, hazard, Incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded These data are not available prior to
1966.
8 Preliminary.
S oubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
238
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l. Consumer Price Index1—United States city average: All items and major groups of items
[ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
I960:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
All items
Food
Housing
Apparel
Transporta
tion
Medical care Personal care Reading and
recreation
Other goods
and services
A verage.....................
Average..................... .
Average. ...................
Average___________
Average___________
A verage.....................
Average.. ..................
Average.......................
Average.......................
Average................. .
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112. 8
112.6
110.9
111.7
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105. 5
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125. 2
128.0
132.6
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108.1
06 1
100 ft
103 4
10ft 2
100 7
11 ft 4
118 2
120 1
120 2
122.0
1953: January___________
February_________
March_____________
April_____________
May______________
June_____ _____ ___
Ju ly______ ____ ___
August____________
September_________
O ctober.................
November_________
D ecem ber..................
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.6
112.1
113. 7
113.8
114. 1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105. 6
105.5
105.3
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9
119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107.5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107. 6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
lift 0
115 8
1954: January_______ . . .
February__________
March_____________
April______________
May__________ ____
June______________
Ju ly_________ _____
August......... ............ .
September________
O ctober.....................
November_________
December...................
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118,9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119. 5
119.5
119.5
119.7
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3
113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113.5
113.4
113.8
113.6
108.7
108.0
108.2
106.6
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106. 5
106.9
106.8
106.6
1955: January.......................
Feburary...................
March_____________
April............................
M a y . . ........ ..............
June............ ................
July---------------------August
........... .
September________
October.......................
N ovem ber-...............
D ecem ber.................
114.3
114.3
114.3
114 2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5
119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120.8
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.2
103.2
103.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125.6
125.8
125.4
125.4
125.3
126.6
128.6
127.3
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2
113.7
113.5
113.5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115.5
115. 8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9
106.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8
1956: January___________
February_________
March______ ______
A prll______________
M a y .. ___________
June____________ _
114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117.1
117.7
117.8
118.0
109.2
108.8
109.0
109.6
111.0
113.2
114.8
113.1
113.1
113.1
112.9
112.9
120.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.9
121.4
126.8
126.9
126.7
126.4
127.1
126.8
127.7
128.5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133.1
130.7
130.9
131.4
131.6
131.9
132.0
132.7
133.3
134.0
134.1
134.5
134.7
118.6
118.9
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.9
123.0
123.5
104.1
104.6
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
105.3
105.5
106.6
106.8
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.5
107.7
108.2
108.2
107.6
107.7
107.9
108.4
108.5
109.0
109.3
123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125.3
125.5
125.5
125.7
126.3
126. 6
126.8
127.0
106. 4
106.1
106.8
106. 5
106.5
106.6
106.5
106.6
107.3
107.7
107.9
107.6
133.6
134.4
135.1
135. 5
135.3
135.3
135.8
135.9
135.9
135.8
140.0
138.9
135.3
135.5
136.4
136.9
137.3
137.9
138.4
138.6
139.0
139.7
140.3
140.8
J u l y _____________ _____
A u g u s t . . . .........................
S e p t e m b e r .......................
O c t o b e r ______ _______
N o v e m b e r ___________
D e c e m b e r ...................... ..
1957:
J a n u a r y .............................
F e b r u a r y ....... ..................
M a r c h _________________
A p r i l __________________
M a y .............. .......................
J u n e _______ _________
J u l y ........ ............................
A u g u s t — .........................
S e p t e m b e r ___________
O c t o b e r .........................
N o v e m b e r ______ __
D e c e m b e r .........................
118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
121.0
121.1
121.1
121.6
121.6
111. 1
110.4
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117.4
117.9
117.0
116.4
116.0
116.1
121.8
122.2
122.5
122.8
1T h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x m e a s u r e s t h e a v e r a g e c h a n g e i n p r ic e s o f g o o d s
a n d s e r v i c e s p u r c h a s e d b y u r b a n w a g e - e a r n e r a n d c le r ic a l- w o r k e r f a m i li e s .
D a t a for 46 la r g e , m e d iu m - s i r e , a u d s m a l l c i t i e s a r e c o m b i n e d lo r t h e U n i t e d
S ta te s a verage.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121.4
121.8
122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124.2
124.7
124.9
125.1
126.2
126.7
127.0
109.9
110.0
110.5
111.8
111.4
111.8
117 5
117 9
118 0
118 2
118 3
118 4
118 ft
HQ 7
120* 2
120.3
ten
190
ten
120
3
9
i
2
ion 1
ten i
120 3
120 2
ten i
120 1
120 n
119.9
110 0
no 8
110 8
no a
110 0
110 0
120 3
ion 4
120 6
120 6
120 0
m e
120 8
120 0
12L_2
121 4
121 ft
te l 8
122 2
122 1
122 7
123 0
123 2
123.3
123
124
124
124
124
124
8
0
2
2
3
6
112.4
120 0
112.6
120* 7
126 7
113.3
113.4
114.4
114.6
120 8
120 8
126.8
m o t e : if o r a d e s c r i p t io n o f t h i s s e r i e s , s e e T e c h n i q u e s o f P r e p a r in g M a jo r
B L S S t a t i s t i c a l S e r ie s , B L S B u l l . 1168 (1 0 6 4 ).
So u b c e : U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s .
239
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -2 . Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor
tation, and their subgroups
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0
A nnual
average
1956
1957
G rou p
D ee.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
F o o d »___________________ _______________________
F o o d a t h o m e . _____________________________
C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s . . ...........
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h ____________
D a i r y p r o d u c t s _ ....................................
F r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ........ ........... ...........
O t h e r fo o d s a t h o m e
____________
1 1 6 .1
1 1 4 .3
1 3 1 .8
1 0 6 .0
1 1 4 .6
1 1 3 .9
1 1 6 .0
1 1 4 .1
1 3 1 .6
1 0 4 .6
1 1 4 .5
1 1 4 .6
1 1 6 .4
1 1 4 .7
1 3 1 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .5
1 1 7 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 3 1 .2
1 1 0 .3
1 1 3 .1
1 1 4 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 6 .6
1 3 1 .0
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 2 1 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 1 6 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 2 6 .9
114.9
115.6
116.2
115.0
113.8
111.7
H o u s i n g 1---------------------------------------------------------R e n t ________ ________________________________
G a s a n d e l e c t r i c i t y ________________________
S o l id f u e ls a n d f u e l o i l ______ ______________
H o u s e f u m i s h i n g s ------ ---------- --------------------H o u s e h o l d o p e r a t i o n ............................................
127.0
136.7
114.3
138.3
104.9
129.6
126.8
136.3
114.3
138.0
104.5
129.4
126.6
136.0
113.8
137.6
104.8
128.7
126.3
135. 7
113.7
136.8
104.8
128.3
125.7
135.4
113.3
135.7
103. 9
128.0
A p p a r e l _______________ ___________ ______________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’. . . _____ _________________
W o m e n ’s a n d g i r l s ’ _______________________
F o o t w e a r ........ .............................................................
O t h e r a p p a r e l * . .................................— ................
107.6
109.5
100.1
129.1
92.3
107.9
109.4
100.8
129.0
92.6
107.7
109.4
100.6
128.3
92.5
107.3
109.3
99.8
128.1
92.3
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ........... ......................................................
P r i v a t e . .........................................................................
P u b l i c ................................ ......... ...................................
138.9
128.6
182.4
140.0
129.7
182.8
135.8
125.4
181.6
135.9
125. 5
181.1
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
1956
1955
1 1 3 .2
1 1 3 .6
112.8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 1 .7 1 1 0 .9
1 1 3 .8
112.1 1 1 1 .4 112.0 111. 1 111.2 110.2 1 0 9 .7
1 2 7 .4
1 2 3 .9
1 2 9 .1
1 2 5 .6
1 3 0 .1
1 2 9 .8
1 2 8 .0
102.0 100.6 1 0 1 .4 9 9 .0 9 8 .0 9 7 .1 101.6
110.0 110.0 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .7 111.1 111.2 1 1 1 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 0 5 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 1 4 .7
1 3 0 .6
1 0 6 .9
1 1 4 .6
1 1 3 .0
1 3 0 .4
1 0 3 .7
1 2 6 .8
109.5
122.5
109.9
118.7
111.0
116.1
111.6
116.5
113.0
116.9
112.7
117.4
114.2
119.0
112.8
113.5
111.5
125.5
135.2
112.3
135.9
104.1
127.9
125.5
135.0
112.3
135.3
104.6
127.6
125.3
134.7
112.3
135.4
104.2
127.3
125.2
134.5
112.4
138.1
105.1
126.4
124.9
134.4
112.4
139.2
104.9
126.2
124.5
134.2
112.4
139.3
105.0
125.6
123.8
134.2
112.3
138.9
104.0
125.4
123.5
134.2
112.0
136.1
104.1
124.8
121.7
132.7
111.8
130.7
103.0
122.9
120.0
130.3
110.7
125.2
104.1
119.1
106.6
108.8
98.6
128.3
92.0
106.5
108.8
98.6
128.1
91.9
106.6
109.1
98.5
127.8
91.9
106. 5
109.0
98.6
127.8
92.0
106.5
108.8
98.7
127.3
92.0
106.8
108.8
99.3
127.6
92.2
106.1
108.6
98.2
127.2
91.7
106.4
108.4
98.9
126.7
91.9
107.0
108.6
100.3
126.4
92.2
105.5
107.4
98.7
123.9
91.4
103.7
105.7
98.0
117.7
90.6
135.9
125.6
180.6
135.8
125.6
180.2
135.3
125.4
176.8
135.3
125.4
176.8
135.5
125.5
176.8
135.1
125.2
175.8
134.4
124.5
175.8
133.6
123.8
174.9
133.1
123.3
174.1
128.7
118.8
172.2
126.4
117.1
165.7
*
1
I n a d d itio n t o su b g r o u p s s h o w n h e r e , t o t a l h o u s in g in c lu d e s t h e p u r c h a s e
p r ic e o f h o m e s a n d o t h e r h o m e o w n e r c o s t s .
! I n c l u d e s y a r d g o o d s , d i a p e r s , a n d m i s c e ll a n e o u s i t e m s .
S e e f o o tn o te 1, t a b le D - l .
* I n a d d i t i o n t o s u b g r o u p s s h o w n h e r e , t o t a l fo o d i n c l u d e s r e s t a u r a n t m e a l s
a n d o th e r fo o d b o u g h t a n d e a te n a w a y fro m h o m e .
• I n c lu d e s e g g s , f a t s a n d o i ls , s u g a r a n d s w e e t s , b e v e r a g e s ( n o n a l c o h o li c ) ,
a n d o t h e r m is c e ll a n e o u s f o o d s .
T able
M ay
June
S oubce: U . 8.
D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
D-3. Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Special groups of items
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]
Nondura
ble com
modities
less food 1
All
services 1
All services
less rent >
95.7
102.9
101.5
101.3
108.9
109.8
110.0
108.6
107.5
108.9
94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113.8
112.6
108.3
105.1
105.1
95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.6
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0
94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124.2
127.5
129.8
132.6
94.7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114.6
120.1
124.6
127.7
130.1
133.0
111.8
111.1
108.0
114.7
134.4
134.9
111.9
112.3
112.4
112.8
113.0
113.7
114.4
114.6
114.5
114.3
114.7
114.7
111.2
111.4
111.9
112.1
111.8
111.9
112.2
112.1
112.6
112.8
113. 8
113.6
108.2
108.3
108.6
108.8
108.3
108.4
108.2
108.4
108.6
108.6
110.9
110.3
114.7
115.0
115.6
115.8
115.6
115.8
116.3
116.0
116.7
117.0
117.4
117.3
135.0
135.7
136.3
136.7
137.2
137.5
137.9
138.3
138.8
139.2
139.8
140.0
135.6
136.5
137.1
137.6
138.1
138.4
138.9
139.3
139.8
140.3
140.9
141.1
All items
less shelter
All com
modities
Average __ . _ _____________________________ __
AvArap-R
Average_______________________________________
Average
- __________________________________
Average_______________________________________
Average_______________________________________
Average_______________________________________
Average _ _ _ ________________________________
Average_______________________________________
Average -- __________________________________
95.1
101.9
103.0
104.2
110.8
113.5
115.7
116.4
116.7
118.8
95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110.5
112.7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111.7
111.3
110.2
109.0
110.1
1956: December_____________________________________
120.8
115.7
T057: .Tannnrv
■RAhrnary
March________________________________________
April__________________________________________
M ay___________________ _______________________
Juné________ ________________________________
July__________________________________________
August________________________________________
September___________________ _________________
October _______ ____________________ _______
November______________ _ ___________________
December
_______________________ __________
121.0
121.5
122.0
122.3
122.3
122. 5
122.8
123.0
123.4
123.7
124.6
124.5
115.9
116.4
116.5
116.9
117.1
117.8
118.5
118.7
118.7
118.6
119.2
119.2
1947:
1Q4R1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1S e e f o o t n o t e 1 a n d N o t e , t a b l e D - l .
1
I n c l u d e s h o u s e h o l d a p p l i a n c e s , f u r n it u r e a n d b e d d i n g , f lo o r c o v e r i n g s ,
d i n n e r w a r e , a u t o m o b i l e s , t ir e s , r a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n s e t s , d u r a b l e t o y s , s p o r t
i n g g o o d s , a n d fr o m 1953 f o r w a r d , w a t e r h e a t e r s , k i t c h e n s i n k s , s i n k f a u c e t s ,
a n d p o r c h flo o r in g .
s I n c lu d e s s o lid fu e ls , fu e l o il, t e x t ile h o u s e f u m is h in g s , h o u s e h o ld p a p e r ,
e le c t r i c l i g h t b u l b s , l a u n d r y s o a p a n d d e t e r g e n t s , a p p a r e l ( e x c e p t s h o e r e
p a i r s ) , g a s o li n e , m o t o r o i l , p r e s c r i p t io n s a n d d r u g s , t o i l e t g o o d s , n o n d u r a b le
t o y s , n e w s p a p e r s , c ig a r e t t e s , c ig a r s , b e e r , w h i s k e y , a n d f r o m 1953 f o r w a r d ,
h o u s e p a in t a n d p a in t b ru sh .
* I n c l u d e s r e n t , g a s , e l e c t r i c i t y , d r y c le a n i n g , l a u n d r y s e r v i c e , d o m e s t i c
s e r v i c e , t e l e p h o n e , w a t e r , p o s t a g e , s h o e r e p a ir s , a u t o r e p a ir s , a u t o in s u r a n c e ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All com
modities
less food
Durable
commodi
ties 1
All items
less food
Year and month
a u t o r e g is t r a t i o n , t r a n s i t fa r e s , r a ilr o a d f a r e s , p r o f e s s io n a l m e d i c a l s e r v i c e s ,
h o s p ita l s e r v ic e s, g r o u p h o s p ita liz a t io n , b a r b e r a n d b e a u t y s h o p s e r v ic e s,
t e l e v i s i o n r e p a ir s , m o t i o n p i c t u r e a d m i s s i o n s , a n d f r o m 1953 f o r w a r d , h o m e
p u r c h a s e , re a l e s ta t e ta x e s , m o r tg a g e in te r e s t, p r o p e r ty in s u r a n c e , r e p a in tin g
g a r a g e , r e p a i n t i n g r o o m s , r e s h in g l in g r o o f, a n d r e f i n i s h in g flo o r s .
F o r m e r l y a l l s e r v i c e s l e s s s h e l t e r fo r 1953 a n d l a t e r y e a r s ; fo r d e f i n i t i o n o f
s e r v i c e s , s e e f o o t n o t e 4.
1
N ote: I n d e x e s f r o m 1953 f o r w a r d h a v e b e e n r e v i s e d t o r e f l e c t t h e d i s t r i b u
t i o n o f s h e l t e r i t e m s , f o r m e r ly i n c l u d e d i n “ a ll s e r v i c e s a n d s h e lt e r ” n o w e n
t i t l e d “ a l l s e r v i c e s ,” a m o n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o m m o d i t y a n d s e r v i c e c la s s i
f ic a t io n s .
S oubce: U. S.
D ep a rtm en t
of
L ab or, B u rea u
of
L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
240
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
T able D -4. Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
I n d e x e s (1 9 4 7 -4 0 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c if ie d )
A ver
age 3
p r ic e ,
D ec.
1957
C o m m o d it y
1957
D e c .t
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
1 1 3 .8
9 6 .0
1 1 4 .1
9 5 .3
1 3 7 .2
1 4 3 .0
1 4 2 .7
1 1 3 .4
1 2 7 .9
1 1 3 .8
9 5 .9
1 1 4 .1
9 5 .2
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .5
142. 5
1 1 3 .4
1 2 7 .9
1 1 4 .1
9 5 .9
1 1 4 .0
9 4 .6
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .4
1 4 2 .2
1 1 2 .9
1 2 7 .8
1 1 4 .0
9 5 .6
1 1 4 .1
9 4 .4
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .2
1 4 2 .0
1 1 3 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 1 3 .9
9 5 .8
1 1 3 .4
9 3 .7
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .0
1 4 1 .8
1 1 3 .1
1 2 7 .2
1 1 3 .7
9 5 .7
1 1 3 .4
9 3 .3
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .4
1 4 1 .5
1 1 3 .2
1 2 7 .3
1 1 3 .7
9 5 .7
1 1 3 .7
9 3 .1
135. 7
1 3 5 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 2 7 .7
1 1 3 .6
9 5 .8
1 1 3 .6
9 2 .9
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 4 0 .6
1 1 2 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 1 3 .3
9 5 .9
1 1 3 .0
9 2 .7
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .1
1 4 0 .3
1 1 2 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 1 3 .0
9 5 .7
1 1 2 .4
9 2 .2
1 3 3 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 1 0 .5
1 0 7 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 1 7 .1
9 8 .4
1 1 3 .7
8 9 .7
1 2 8 .8
1 0 8 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 0 3 .7
9 5 .3
1 0 4 .5
115. 2
1 0 7 .3
1 1 9 .1
9 9 .9
1 1 5 .2
9 0 .6
1 2 9 .5
1 1 6 .0
1 2 4 .7
1 1 7 .4
9 9 .1
1 0 5 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 0 6 .9
1 1 9 .2
9 7 .9
1 1 4 .4
9 1 .2
1 2 8 .8
1 1 9 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 2 0 .3
1 1 3 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 1 7 .8
9 6 .1
1 1 3 .5
8 9 .7
1 2 8 .0
1 1 4 .3
1 2 7 .3
1 1 0 .5
1 0 3 .0
1 1 4 .1
9 4 .4
1 0 2 .4
9 6 .3
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .5
8 7 .0
1 2 8 .8
1 1 0 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 0 3 .0
9 8 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 6 .7
1 0 1 .3
1 1 2 .4
9 4 .0
.2
8 4 .2
1 2 7 .2
1 0 5 .2
1 1 7 .0
9 8 .3
9 6 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 0 4 .5
9 9 .4
1 1 4 .9
9 1 .8
1 3 0 .4
1 0 5 .2
1 1 7 .1
9 6 .8
9 9 .0
1 0 5 .1
1 0 8 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 1 6 .3
9 8 .5
1 1 2 .9
9 0 .1
1 2 8 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 1 7 .3
9 6 .0
9 4 .7
1 0 4 .3
9 2 .1
1 0 7 .1
8 2 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 1 4 .2
9 4 .3
9 5 .8
1 0 4 .1
9 7 .3
9 6 .8
7 4 .2
9 7 .2
9 6 .2
7 3 .1
9 8 .1
9 5 .2
7 3 .8
9 8 .5
9 4 .6
7 8 .5
9 7 .7
9 4 .2
8 3 .3
9 5 .0
9 3 .8
8 3 .3
9 3 .0
9 3 .5
8 0 .9
8 9 .7
9 2 .7
7 8 .9
8 8 .4
9 1 .8
7 9 .1
9 0 .7
8 0 .4
8 7 .8
8 9 .4
7 9 .9
1 1 1 .4
1 0 9 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 9 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 9 .7
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .8
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .6
105. 4
F eb.
Jan.
1 1 2 .5
9 5 .9
1 1 1 .9
9 5 .7
9 2 .2
1 3 1 .7
1 3 4 .5
1 3 9 .1
1 1 1 .5
1 2 6 .7
9 2 .2
1 2 8 .5
1 3 3 .4
1 3 8 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 2 5 .4
Unit Cents
C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s :
F l o u r , w h e a t .................................. 5 l b „
5 4 .7
B i s c u i t m i x *________________ 20 o z . .
2 6 .9
O o r n m e a l ______________________ l b . .
B i c e ..................... ..................................... l b . .
1 7 .8
R o l l e d o a t s .....................................20 oz__
2 2 .3
C o r n f la k e s .................................. .1 2 o z . .
2 4 .3
B r e a d ...................... .................................l b . .
1 9 .0
S o d a c r a c k e r s *.................................. l b . .
2 9 .2
V a n i l l a c o o k i e s _______________ 7 o z . .
2 4 .8
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d f is h :
M e a t s ........................ ........................................
B e e f a n d v e a l . . ........................... .........
R o u n d s t e a k ............................. l b . . " 9 6 . 9
C h u c k r o a s t ................................l b —
5 6 .3
R i b r o a s t ___________________ l b . .
7 6 .3
H a m b u r g e r ________________ l b . .
4 4 .6
V e a l c u t l e t s . _____ _________ l b —
P o r k _______________________________
P o r k c h o p s , c e n t e r c u t ___ l b . .
8 5 .2
B a c o n , s l i c e d ............................. l b . .
7 0 .4
H a m , w h o l e .......... ................. . l b . .
6 4 .3
L a m b , l e g . . . .................................. l b . .
7 2 .3
O th e r m e a ts:
F r a n k f u r t e r s *________ _____ l b —
5 9 .0
L u n c h e o n m e a t 3—1 2 -o z . c a n . .
4 6 .8
P o u l t r y , f r y i n g c h i c k e n s ___________
R e a d y - t o - c o o k _______________ l b —
4 4 .4
F i s h _______ _____ _____________________
F i s h , fr e s h o r f r o z e n . . . . ..................
O c e a n p e r c h f il le t , f r o z e n . . . l b . . " 4 3 . 6
H a d d o c k , f i l l e t , f r o z e n ............ l b . .
4 9 .4
S a l m o n , p i n k _______ 1 6 -o z . c a n . .
6 2 .8
T u n a f is h , c h u n k *
6 -6 ^ 4 -o z . c a n . .
3 2 .2
D a ir y p r o d u c ts:
M i l k , f r e s h , g r o c e r y .................................
H o m o g e n iz e d , w it h v it a m in D
a d d e d ............ ................................ q t _ .
2 4 .3
M i l k , f r e s h , d e l i v e r e d ______________
H o m o g e n iz e d , w it h v ita m in D
a d d e d ............................. ..............q t _ .
2 5 .8
I c e c r e a m *______________________p t ._
2 9 .6
B u t t e r ....................................... ..............l b . .
7 4 .9
C h e e s e A m e r ic a n p r o c e s s ____ l b . .
5 7 .8
M i l k e v a p o r a t e d . . . 14J i - o z . c a n . .
1 4 .8
A l l f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
F r o z e n f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s 8___
S t r a w b e r r ie s 3____________ 10 o z _ .
2 5 .7
O r a n g e j u ic e c o n c e n t r a t e * .6 o z . .
1 8 .2
P e a s, green
.................. . . 1 0 o z . .
3 9 .5
B e a n s , g r e e n 8____________ 10 o z _ .
2 4 .5
F r e s h f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ______
A p p l e s . ............................................. l b . .
1 3 .0
B a n a n a s ______________________ l b . .
1 5 .9
O r a n g e s _____________________ d o z . .
5 7 .2
L e m o n s 4_____________________ l b ._
1 9 .4
G r a p e f r u i t * 9____ __________ e a c h . .
P e a c h e s * 3 _____ ___________ l b .
S t r a w b e r r ie s • ls__......................p t _ .
»
G r a p e s , s e e d le s s 9 8. ______ _ lb ._
W a t e r m e l o n s * 19. . . ............._ lb ._
(9
P o t a t o e s ............................... . . . 1 0 l b . _
5 7 .7
S w e e t p o t a t o e s . . . .......................l b . .
1 3 .5
O n i o n s .............................................. . l b . .
8 .4
C a r r o t s ________________________l b . .
1 6 .9
L e t t u c e .......................... ..............h e a d . .
1 5 .0
C e l e r y «_........................ ............. . . l b . .
1 3 .6
C a b b a g e - ..........................................l b . .
8 .3
T o m a t o e s *___________________ l b _ .
3 2 .4
B e a n s , g r e e n ................................... l b . .
2 3 .3
C a n n e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s _____
O r a n g e j u i c e •..............4 6 - o z . c a n . .
" 3 3 .8
P e a c h e s .............................._#2J4 c a n . .
3 4 .0
P i n e a p p l e ___________ — . . # 2 c a n . .
3 4 .2
F r u it c o c k ta il
_____ # 303 c a n . .
2 6 .0
C o m , c r e a m s t y l e . . —#303 c a n . .
1 7 .3
P e a s , g r e e n ......................# 3 0 3 c a n . .
T o m a t o e s .......................... # 303 c a n . .
1 5 .4
B a b y fo o d s __________ 4 ^ 4 -5 o z .
D r i e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s _______
P r u n e s ............................................... l b . .
3 2 .9
D r i e d b e a n s . . . _____ _________ l b . .
1 6 .5
12.8
120.0
11.1
0
0
102.1
112.2
111.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
102.6 19191.1.0
111.8 110
110.2
88.2
1 0 4 .5
8 0 .9
1 2 6 .3
101.1
112.0
9 3 .2
9 5 .6
9 7 .5
88.1
112.1 111.2
1 0 3 .5
9 7 .1
1 0 7 .1
8 9 .8
1 0 4 .7
8 0 .6
1 2 6 .7
1 0 3 .0
113. 9
9 5 .4
9 6 .9
9 9 .0
101.2
9 7 .1
1 0 7 .7
88.8
1 0 8 .5
8 0 .4
1 2 4 .5
9 8 .5
1 0 9 .7
88.6
9 5 .4
9 8 .2
D ec.
111.2
9 5 .6
1 1 1 .4
9 2 .2
120.2
1 3 2 .6
137. 5
1 0 8 .7
1 2 5 .3
1 0 0 .3
9 8 .6
1 0 9 .0
9 3 .0
1956
1 1 0 .7
9 5 .4
111.0
9 2 .8
1 1 9 .1
1 2 8 .9
1 3 4 .7
1 0 7 .3
1 2 4 .0
9 7 .9
9 5 .7
1 0 7 .1
8 7 .2
1 0 4 .7
7 9 .3
110.8
9 6 .3
1 1 1 .4
9 5 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 3 1 .6
1 0 4 .9
1 2 2 .4
101.2
9 3 .1
1 0 7 .6
7 9 .0
9 2 .4
9 9 .8
9 7 .2
1 0 8 .7
8 9 .5
1 0 5 .3
8 1 .4
1 1 9 .4
9 8 .1
1 0 8 .5
8 9 .7
9 3 .8
9 8 .2
110.2
8 0 .6
122.0 120.8
9 5 .6
1 0 6 .9
814
9 4 .3
9 8 .9
1955
86.6 86.0
8 7 .9
7 5 .9
9 6 .8
717
8 5 .4
8 4 .4
8 0 .4
8 7 .1
8 9 .»
9 1 .7
1 0 9 .3
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .5
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .5
1 0 5 .5
" Î Ô 8 .6
1 0 5 .4
” il5 .7
1 1 1 .5
110.1
1 1 0 .5
1 0 8 .5
110.0 11 0170.8.2
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .7
1 3 0 .4
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .1
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .2
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 2 5 .5
9 3 .7
9 3 .4
9 3 .6
9 3 .6
9 3 .3
9 3 .6
9 3 .4
9 3 .2
9 2 .9
9 3 .0
9 2 .9
9 2 .7
9 2 .4
9 4 .6
9 9 .6
1 0 7 .6
1 2 1 .9
121.8 121.0
1 1 9 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 1 5 .0
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .7
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .2
113. 6
110.3'
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .1
1 2 5 .5
1 2 3 .8
1 2 1 .5
120.1
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .3
120.0
1 2 0 .5
121.0
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 1 8 .4
1 1 3 .9
9 8 .1
9 4 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .0
9 7 .8
9 4 .9
1 0 9 .5
1 0 8 .4
9 8 .0
9 5 .4
1 0 9 .5
1 0 8 .5
9 8 .1
9 4 .4
1 0 9 .6
1 0 8 .5
9 7 .9
9 3 .2
1 0 9 .6
1 0 8 .3
9 7 .7
9 3 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 0 8 .0
9 7 .7
9 3 .4
1 0 9 .4
1 0 7 .2
9 7 .3
9 3 .7
1 0 9 .0
1 0 6 .8
9 7 .0
9 3 .6
1 0 9 .0
1 0 6 .0
9 6 .6
9 3 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 0 5 .4
9 6 .3
9 3 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 0 5 .3
9 6 .5
9 4 .0
1 0 8 .8
1 0 5 .3
9 6 .3
916
1 0 8 .8
1 0 5 .2
9 5 .5
9 1 .3
1 0 8 .4
1 0 3 .4
9 5 .6
8 9 .2
1 0 8 .0
9 7 .7
7 9 .4
9 9 .2
9 9 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 1 6 .5
1 1 0 .9
9 9 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 0 5 .3
9 7 .8
7 9 .4
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .3
9 7 .6
7 9 .6
9 8 .9
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .5
1 1 7 .4
1 0 4 .8
1 1 4 .6
1 4 1 .9
9 6 .7
9 7 .0
7 9 .5
9 7 .8
9 6 .3
7 9 .0
9 6 .4
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .3
1 2 8 .5
)
1 1 5 .6
1 3 3 .6
9 8 .1
9 5 .8
7 9 .0
9 5 .0
9 5 .9
7 9 .5
9 5 .6
1 0 0 .4
9 9 .1
1 3 7 .1
1 9 5 .2
1 1 2 .4
9 7 .2
8 2 .2
9 8 .7
.2
9 8 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 7 1 .9
1 0 3 .6
1 1 8 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 1 3 .0
9 8 .7
8 5 .1
101. 7
9 9 .6
8 6 .5
1 0 2 .4
9 8 .1
1 1 9 .0
1 3 4 .6
1 0 0 .3
8 8 .4
1 0 4 .4
1 0 3 .0
9 4 .8
1 0 0 .4
9 8 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 5 0 .1
9 9 .8
8 7 .5
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .0
9 5 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 3 1 .7
1 0 5 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 1 3 .2
1 0 9 .9
1 0 3 .1
9 1 .2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .5
9 5 .9
1 2 6 .3
1 0 6 .8
1 1 8 .1
1 1 3 .4
3 1 3 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 0 3 .0
1 1 7 .3
1 1 4 .9
1 2 5 .4
9 9 .3
1 4 6 .9
1 0 7 .3
1 1 8 .2
9 1 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 2 9 .1
1 1 7 .2
1 2 0 .4
1 1 3 .7
1 2 9 .4
1 0 7 .7
9 9 .5
9 3 .7
9 9 .2
1 0 2 .7
9 8 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 0 5 .0
1 1 3 .8
9 7 .1
97. 5
» 1 3 3 .0
* 9 5 .3
» 7 9 .4
» 8 0 .2
1 0 7 .2
1 2 3 .1
9 5 .2
1 0 8 .8
1 1 3 .7
9 8 .9
1 1 9 .9
9 8 .5
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .1
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .5
8 4 .5
1 4 3 .1
8 4 .5
101.6
1 1 7 .6
1 0 4 .6
1 0 9 .7
1 3 3 .2
1 0 4 .9
1 1 3 .4
110.0
0
0
0
0 802 .6
0 1 007 .1
1 0 9 .3
0
0
0
7 7 .6
0
1 0 5 .9
1 2 0 .3
9 8 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 0 4 .7
9 3 .2
1 2 0 .4
1 1 5 .4
1 1 0 .5
105. 3
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 1 2 .7
9 5 .9
1 2 5 .5
1 3 3 .3
9 2 .7
1 1 4 .1
8 3 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 0 8 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 9 .2
9 7 .0
1 3 1 .6
1 2 8 .7
9 1 .3
1 1 3 .5
9 5 .1
1 1 3 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 0 9 .8
110.6 110.6
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
102.8 1 0 3 .2 102.8
21.2 101.0 101.6 102.1
1 0 5 .5
.0
10.0 102.1 11 00 14 .9.9 11 00 24 .8
111.1 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .1
1 3 6 .4
8 7 .3
8 6 .4
86.2
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le ,
A nnual
average
1956
100.8
9 9 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 2 3 .8
1 1 0 .9
1 3 9 .3
9 7 .5
0
100.6
100.2
1 3 7 .4
1 9 4 .8
112.2
1 2 6 .8
9 6 .5
0 909 .6 1 203 .5
0
0
0
88.0
7 5 .1
1 2 9 .6
7 2 .8
8 6 .4
0
111.0 1 1 4 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 5 5 .8
1 1 8 .2
110.2 11 63 56 .9.3
9 6 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 3 1 .1
1 2 7 .9
9 8 .5
1 2 5 .7
1 5 3 .4
9 7 .6
120.8 121.2
7 0 .9
9 3 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .1
7 7 .2
9 8 .8
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 1 0 .4
1 0 0 .4
1 0 1 .7
.9
1 0 3 .0
102. S
1 1 1 .4
1 4 0 .2
8 5 .2
110.8 110.8
102.0
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .0
111.0
86.1
1 3 7 .7
102
1 1 7 .2
1 3 0 .7
1 1 5 .9
1 2 4 .6
9 5 .7
1 0 9 .7
1 0 6 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .2
1 0 2 .9
100
100.1 102.0
100.8 101.1
1 1 9 .4
121.2
1 0 2 .5
9 8 .2
1
10.1
0
0
0
0
8 0 .0
8 1 .4
(0
0
0
0
1 0 3 .4
111.1 1 008 .1 1 005 .3
1 5 5 .1
1 5 3 .4
1 1 5 .9
1 2 5 .6
112.0
1 2 5 .6
121.1
9 9 .9
1 0 6 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .1
110.8
1 2 8 .6
1 1 6 .8
9 9 .9
1 0 9 .5
1 1 9 .0
1 0 5 .9
1 0 9 .1
0
0
0
0
1 0 3 .7
122.1
9 9 .4
101.8
1 0 7 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 3 2 .5
1 4 3 .4
128. 0
1 0 6 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 0 .7
1 5 3 .1
1 2 9 .4
1 2 4 .1
1 0 6 .7
1 1 6 .5
1 1 0 .7
9 5 .4
1 0 7 .7
1 3 8 .7
1 1 6 .5
1 5 3 .8
1 0 7 .1
1 1 8 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 0 0 .3
8 4 .2
8 4 .2
8 4 .2
101.0
0
0
0
0
1 0 6 .0
121.6
120.0
88.2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 3 .3
913
1 2 0 .4
1 2 3 .5
1 0 7 .5
122.6
1 1 0 .3
1 1 4 .6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 10(*)1.2
1 0 6 .3
120.1 122.6
1 1 3 .4
8 9 .9
1 0 9 .4
1 4 5 .4
1 0 1 .3
1 0 7 .1
122.8
1 3 0 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 2 4 .9
1 0 9 .7
1 0 9 .8
122.8
1 2 8 .9
1 0 4 .4
1 2 6 .7
1 0 1 .9
104.0
* 9 7 .4
» 9 9 .7
u 80. 9
» 7 9 .5
1 2 7 .8
1 1 4 .9
1 1 2 .4
1 0 8 .1
1 1 4 .4
9 2 .7
1 1 4 .5
1 0 5 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 0 7 .9
8
100.2
1
120.0
110.8
1 1 0 .3
1 0 9 .7
111.0
1 1 0 .3
110.2 110.0
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .7
1 0 8 .8
100.2 100.1 100.1
1
0
0
.1
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.2
101.6 101.6 1 0 1 .9 102.2 1 0 2 .3 102.6 103. 6 11 0060.8.8
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .4
102.0 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .7 101.8 102.1 101.8
102.8 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .7
102.8 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .9 1 0 2 .5 11 00 23 .5.0 11 0022.4.8 11 00 22 .9.7 110032.3.2 11 00 04 .1.9 190 83 .6.0
1 1 1 .7
111.8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .5 111.6 112.1 112.2 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .3
1 4 1 .4
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .3
1 4 2 .9
8 4 .9
8 4 .5
1 4 3 .6
8 5 .1
1 4 7 .2
8 5 .7
1 3 8 .4
9 3 .7
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
241
Table D-4. Consumer Price Index ^U nited States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
I n d e x e s ( 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c if ie d )
A ver
age 2
p r ic e ,
D ec.
1957
C o m m o d it y
O th e r fo o d s a t h o m e :
P a r t ia lly p r e p a r e d fo o d s:
S o u p , t o m a t o ..............1 1 -o z. c a n . .
1 2 .3
B e a n s w i t h p o r k ___ 16-o z. c a n . .
1 4 .8
C o n d im e n t s a n d sa u c e s:
P i c k l e s , s w e e t • _________
oz__
2 7 .1
C a t s u p , t o m a t o *_______ 14 o z . .
22.1
B e v e r a g e s ____________________________
(.5 )
C o f f e e ______________________________
T e a b a g s *...............p a c k a g e o f 1 6 . .
2 3 .7
C o la d r i n k • _____ c a r t o n , 36 o z . .
2 7 .3
F a t s a n d o i l s ________________________
S h o r t e n in g , h y d r o g e n a t e d
3 -lb . c a n . .
9 6 .1
M a r g a r i n e , c o lo r e d .....................l b . .
2 9 .7
L a r d . _____ ____________________ l b . .
2 2 .5
S a l a d d r e s s i n g _______________ p t_ _
3 7 .3
P e a n u t b u t t e r >.......................... . l b . .
5 3 .8
S u g a r a n d s w e e t s ___________________
S u g a r . ............................................6 l b s . .
5 5 .6
C o r n s y r u p • ........................................24 o z .2. 5 .0
G r a p e j e l l y *____________________ 12 o z .2. 7 .4
C h o c o l a t e b a r *__________________ 1o z . . 4 .5
E g g s , g r a d e A , la r g e ................... d o z _ .
66.6
M i s c e l l a n e o u s fo o d s :
G e l a t i n , f la v o r e d • ____________3 - 4 oz__ 8 . 9
1957
1956
A nnual
average
D ec t
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
19.56
9 8 .5
1 0 4 .6
9 8 .3
1 0 4 .4
9 8 .5
1 0 4 .1
9 8 .7
1 0 3 .6
9 9 .6
1 0 4 .2
9 9 .9
1 0 4 .1
9 9 .7
1 0 4 .3
9 9 .5
1 0 3 .3
9 9 .6
1 0 3 .5
9 9 .1
1 0 3 .1
9 8 .9
1 0 4 .1
9 8 .2
1 0 4 .0
9 7 .8
103. 2
9 8 .3
1 0 3 .0
9 8 .7
1 0 3 .9
9 9 .8
9 7 .4
1 8 3 .8
1 7 3 .9
1 2 3 .2
1 0 0 .7
9 6 .9
1 8 3 .9
1 7 4 .2
1 2 2 .7
1 0 0 .5
9 6 .3
1 8 4 .7
1 7 5 .4
1 2 3 .3
1 1 9 .8
9 9 .6
1 0 2 .7
1 9 4 .6
1 9 0 .3
1 2 2 .9
1 1 7 .5
8 7 .1
9 9 .5
102.6
m
2
1 0 2 .5
200.8
9 9 .3
1 0 2 .4
2 0 1 .3
9 9 .0
102. 4
1 9 6 .5
1 9 3 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 1 7 .1
8 7 .4
9 9 .8
102. 5
1 9 9 .5
1 9 7 .7
9 8 .8
9 7 .8
1 9 4 .7
1 9 0 .3
1 2 3 .0
1 1 7 .8
8 6 .7
122.6
1 1 8 .5
88.0
1 9 9 .7
1 2 2 .4
1 1 6 .3
8 7 .8
101.6
201.6 1 9 4 .0
201.0 201.8 1 9 2 .0
122.2 1 2 1 .9 121.2
1 1 5 .0
1 1 4 .3
1 1 3 .0
86.0 8 5 .3 8 3 .1
9 9 .4
9 8 .1
1 8 5 .0
1 8 0 .7
1 2 2 .5
1 1 1 .9
8 1 .3
9 1 .3
7 8 .0
8 3 .2
9 9 .7
9 0 .9
7 7 .7
8 4 .1
9 9 .9
9 4 .1
7 9 .0
8 1 .9
9 7 .0
1 0 9 .7
1 1 1 .5
9 2 .6
7 7 .3
7 9 .2
9 6 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 0 3 .7
1 1 3 .4
9 0 .5
7 5 .6
7 3 .1
9 4 .3
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .6
1 0 6 .9
1 1 5 .0
1 0 0 .4
95. 5
9 5 .4
8 0 .0
8 4 .5
9 7 .7
1 0 9 .0
8 4 .7
7 5 .0
7 6 .0
9 2 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 0 3 .6
1955
Unit Cents
7yi
100.1 100.2
100.0
9 5 .7
1 8 8 .0
18 0 .1
1 2 3 .5
1 1 9 .4
8 6 .5
9 6 .0
1 9 2 .5
1 8 6 .5
1 2 3 .2
1 1 9 .1
1 0 0 .3
9 7 .2
1 9 2 .6
1 8 6 .9
1 2 3 .3
1 1 8 .7
8 6 .5
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .5
106. 6
1 1 5 .0
1 0 0 .4
9 8 .1
9 0 .9
7 8 .0
8 4 .3
9 9 .7
1 0 9 .9
1 1 3 .3
1 1 5 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 1 4 .7
1 0 0 .4
9 9 .6
9 2 .0
7 7 .9
8 4 .9
9 9 .8
1 0 9 .9
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .5
1 0 6 .6
115 .1
1 0 0 .4
9 3 .0
9 2 .7
7 7 .7
8 4 .5
9 9 .7
1 0 9 .8
1 1 3 .3
1 1 5 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 1 4 .7
1 0 0 .5
8 5 .4
9 2 .8
7 7 .7
8 3 .1
9 9 .8
1 0 9 .7
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .9
1 0 6 .3
1 1 4 .8
1 0 0 .5
7 7 .5
9 3 .6
7 8 .1
8 2 .3
9 9 .3
1 0 9 .5
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 0 6 .2
1 1 4 .7
1 0 0 .5
9 4 .0
7 8 .5
8 3 .6
9 9 .5
1 0 9 .7
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 0 5 .8
1 1 4 .8
1 0 0 .5
6 9 .9
9 4 .3
7 9 .2
811
9 9 .3
1 0 9 .7
1 1 2 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 0 5 .7
1 1 4 .3
1 0 0 .4
7 2 .3
9 5 .3
8 0 .3
817
9 9 .0
1 0 9 .4
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .9
1 0 5 .5
1 1 4 .4
1 0 0 .3
7 2 .4
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .5
102.8
1 0 3 .4
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .3
120.2 120.1
86.1 86.1 86.1
110.2 110.2
86.6
1
2
S e e f o o tn o te 1 a n d N o t e , ta b le D - l .
B a s e d o n p r ic e s i n t h e 46 c i t i e s u s e d i n c o m p i l i n g t h e C o n s u m e r P r i c e
I n d e x . A v e r a g e p r i c e s for e a c h o f t h e 20 la r g e c i t i e s l i s t e d i n t a b l e D - 5 a r e
a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e st.
* D e c e m b e r 1952=100.
* M a y 1953=100.
* P r ic e d o n ly in se a so n .
•J a n u a r y 1953=100.
7 m o n th s’ average.
* J u ly 1953= 100.
* 3 m o n th s’ average.
1
68.8
112.1
1 1 3 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 1 3 .6
112.8
1 0 4 .5
1 1 3 .2
110.0
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .8
1 0 1 .5
1 1 1 .4
112.2
1 0 8 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 7 .8
.®
100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 112
7 6 .9
7 7 .0
8 3 .8
8 6 .3
86.8
102.6 102. 4 1 0 1 .3 9 9 .3 9 8 .8
1« A p r i l 1953 = 100.
N o t a v a ila b le .
!* 4 m o n t h s ’ a v e r a g e .
I! 5 m o n t h s ’ a v e r a g e .
“ Ju n e 1953=100.
P r ic e of
c a n 9 5 .0 c e n t s . P r i c e o f 1 - lb . b a g 7 6 .8 ( p r ic e d o n l y i n
c h a i n s to r e s a n d la r g e s u p e r m a r k e t s ) .
t P r i c e s c o ll e c t e d t h e 9 t h , 1 0 th , a n d 1 1 t h i n s t e a d o f t h e w e e k c o n t a i n i n g t h e
1 5 th a s u s u a l .
11
11
Mb.
S oubcb:
U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureauof Labor Statistics.
Table D-5. Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 100]
City
Dec.
1957
Nov.
1957
Oct.
1957
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
July
1957
June
1957
May
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Feb.
1957
Jan.
1957
Dec.
Annual average
1956
1956
United ßtates city average2
121.6
Atlanta. Ga_________
Baltimore, Md_______
Boston, Mass________
Chicago, B1 ____ ___ _
Cincinnati, Ohio.............
Cleveland, Ohio_______
Detroit, Mich____ ____
Houston, l’ex________
Kansas City, Mo..... ......
Los Angeles, Calif. ..........
Minneapolis, Minn_____
New Y o r k , N . Y __________
Philadelphia, Pa.............
Pittsburgh, Pa__ _____
Portland, Oreg____________
St. Louis, Mo________
San Francisco, Calif.........
Scranton, Pa___ ____
Seattle, Wash.................
Washington, D. O .. .........
122.4
122.1
0
125.6
120.8
(3)
0
125.6
(3)
(3)
122.0
124.7
0
123.3
(3)
(3)
122.9
123.3
123.5
122.4
(3)
122.9
122.7
0
121.8
122.2
(3)
118.7
122.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
118.6
122.1
(3)
0
122.2
118.4
122.0
121.1
121.9
122.5
124.8
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.8
123.9
119.4
121.6
(3)
121.1
121.1
121.0
120.8
(«)
122.2
121.7
0
124.3
120.9
0
0
0
124.1
0
122.1
124.1
122.8
0
0
122.8
123.0
122.1
122.0
121.2
0
0
118. 7
(3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
118.3
121.9
0
0
122.1
123.5
0
0
0
0
121.6
0
0
0
0
117.8
123. 7
119.1
0
0
0
0
123.1
0
121.7
121.1
121.6
118.4
121.2
120.7
122.2
0
0
0
0
0
1 S e e f o o tn o t e 1 a n d N o t e , t a b le D - l . I n d e x e s m e a s u r e tlin e -t o - tim e
c h a n g e s i n p r ic e s o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s p u r c h a s e d b y u r b a n w a g e - e a r n e r a n d
o l e r ic a l- w o r k e r f a m i li e s . T h e y d o n o t i n d i c a t e w h e t h e r i t c o s t s m o r e t o l i v e
in o n e c it y t h a n in a n o th e r .
• A v e r a g e o f 46 c i t i e s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
120.2
119.6
119.3
121. 2
121.2
0
0
0
122.2
0
120.2
122.0
(0
122.9
119,7
0
0
0
122.5
121.7
121.9
121.1
121.0
120.8
0
0
0
121.4
0
0
120.4
120.6
0
119.8
116.9
119.7
118.8
121.6
117.9
120.1
0
0
117.2
119.8
121.3
122.8
0
0
0
0
116.4
122.8
117.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
118.9
118.7
120.6
119.9
0
0
0
121.5
0
0
121.6
118.1
(«)
121.0
0
0
120.4
0
116.0
120.0
0
0
120.2
122.3
0
0
0
120.4
121.0
120.5
0
120.3
0
115.9
119.7
0
0
0
0
115.5
122.2
117.5
118.2
0
0
119.0
121.0
0
0
120.5
0
1955
118.0
116.2
114.5
119.5
119.5
118.1
116.9
117.1
119. 5
116.0
116.3
115.2
113.8
117.9
113.7
115.6
116.5
115.9
115.7
115.6
0
121.0
117.5
0
0
(*)
119.8
119.6
H9.4
118.0
118.7
117.8
117.5
117.4
119.4
115.6
118.8
118.8
120.1
0
115.5
118.6
0
0
117.0
113.9
117.0
116.5
118.0
116.8
112.2
115.5
113.8
115.1
119.1
121.6
0
0
117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9
116.0
115.6
111.4
116.7
113.6
0
0
0
0
0
120.2
0
* I n d e x e s a r e c o m p u t e d m o n t h l y fo r 5 c i t i e s a n d o n c e e v e r y 3 m o n t h s o n a
r o t a t i n g c y c l e fo r t h e 15 r e m a i n i n g c i t i e s .
Soubcb: U . S.
Department of Labor, Bureauof L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s .
242
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1958
Table D-6. Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1047- 40= 100]
Food at home
Total food 8
Cereals and bakery products
Total food at home
City
D ec.
1957
N ov.
1957
Dec.
1956
Nov.
1957
Dec.
1957
Dec.
1956
Dec.
1957
N ov.
1957
Dec.
1956
Meats, poultry, and fish
Dec.
1957
N ov.
1957
Dec.
1956
United States city average *__
116.1
116.0
112.9
114.3
114.1
111.2
131.8
131.6
127.4
106.0
104.6
98.0
Atlanta, Ga_ __ .........................
Baltimore, M d____________
Boston, Mass................. .........__
Chicago, 111________________
Cincinnati, Ohio............. ...........
113.6
117.4
115.3
113.9
117.6
113.2
117.1
115.8
114.1
117.3
111.1
114.8
111.9
109.8
113.9
112.2
113.9
112.9
111.4
115.7
111.7
113.7
113.6
111.7
115.6
109.8
111.0
109.3
107.6
112.1
125.3
127.4
130.6
124.5
132.2
124.7
127.3
130.6
124.5
131.8
119.2
126.6
126.3
121.3
124.8
108.7
105.8
105.1
99.4
106.8
106.3
105.4
103.6
98.7
105.2
99.7
99.3
97.0
90.8
99.8
Cleveland, Ohio.........................
Detroit, M ic h .. ___________
Houston, Tex______ _______ _
Kansas City, M o.....................
Los Angeles, Calif....... ..............
113.5
117.4
113.5
112.5
119.5
113.7
117.1
112.6
112.3
118.8
110.8
114.7
111.4
109.2
116.0
111.4
115.2
111.3
110.2
115.8
111.6
115.0
110.2
110.0
115.2
108.7
112.7
109.6
107.1
112.6
129.0
125.0
121.0
126.9
139.9
129.1
125.2
121.0
126.7
140.1
121.7
120.2
119.8
123.8
131.4
101.7
103.0
101.2
103.4
107.8
100.5
101.2
98.9
101.5
106.9
95.7
95.1
93.3
93.8
100.5
Minneapolis, M inn_________
N ew York, N . Y ____________
Philadelphia, Pa____________
Pittsburgh, Pa........................ ...
Portland, Oreg............................
115.1
115.8
118.8
116.9
117.5
115.0
116.0
119.0
116.8
116.8
112.3
112.6
115.2
114.6
115.4
113.7
113.6
116.3
115.3
116.0
113.6
113.7
116.6
115.1
115.2
111. 1
111.0
113.4
112.9
113.5
130.6
136.7
133. 5
129.6
135.4
130.1
135.9
132.9
129.5
135.4
129.2
131.1
130. 6
125.0
130.1
100.2
107.1
108. 5
105.4
106.8
99.6
105.6
107.4
104.0
106.4
93.2
100.6
100.6
97.4
98.3
St. Louis, M o......................... .
San Francisco, Calif ........ ...
Scranton, Pa_______________
Seattle, Wash______ ____ ___
Washington, D . C . .......... .......
117.5
119.5
113.0
117.3
116.8
116.2
118.5
112.2
116.4
116.8
114.5
116.3
110.0
115.5
113.1
113.4
117.3
112.4
116.3
114.2
112.5
116.6
111.5
115.3
114.2
110.4
114.9
109.2
114.3
111. 1
124.6
140.8
131.4
141.1
129.6
124.1
140.7
131.3
140.9
129.6
122.7
138.2
124.9
136.7
127.7
103.0
108.9
106.7
106.1
105.3
99.8
107.3
102.9
104.4
103.5
94.6
103.5
97.7
97.7
96.5
Food at home—Continued
City
Dairy products
Other foods at home *
Fruits and vegetables
D ec. 1957
N ov. 1957
Dec. 1956
Dec. 1957
N ov. 1957
D ec. 1956
Dec. 1957
N ov. 1957
United States city average8................... ..........
114.6
114.5
111.3
113.9
114.6
117.4
114.9
115.6
114.2
Atlanta, Ga______________________ _______
Baltimore, M d . ______________________ .
Boston, M ass.......................................................
Chicago, 111...... .....................................................
Cincinnati, Ohio.................................................
111.3
117.2
120.6
112.7
117.5
111.1
114.8
120.6
112.7
117.6
112.5
112.5
116.5
111.2
114.2
114.6
112.0
107.1
115.1
115.1
114.5
112.5
112.1
116.1
115.8
119.8
112.1
111.8
114.1
114.3
107.4
114.3
108.3
119.5
118.7
108.3
115.5
109.9
121.5
119.7
107.4
114.2
105.8
119.2
119.6
Cleveland, Ohio.________________________
Detroit, M ich.......................................................
Houston, Tex____________ ______________
Kansas City, M o______________ ____ _____
Los Angeles, Calif .............................................
110.3
113.1
112.9
111.5
110.1
110.2
111.9
112.4
111.4
109.9
108.3
112.8
112.4
108.2
105.4
107.7
124.5
115.4
108.2
116.9
110.7
125.9
113.8
110.1
114.8
110.0
128.1
120.9
114.5
122.1
117.6
115.9
113.7
108.9
115.1
118.3
117.2
113.4
109.1
115.1
118.2
116.4
113.7
107.0
114.0
Minneapolis, M inn______________________
N ew York, N . Y ._ ................... .........................
Philadelphia, Pa_________________________
Pittsburgh, Pa......................................................
Portland, Oreg............. .......................................
107.9
117.4
119.9
114.4
117.4
107.8
117.4
119.9
114.2
117.3
108.5
109. 7
116.1
113.8
114.1
121.3
106.1
113.4
111.6
114.3
121.2
107.6
116.9
112.2
111.0
120.9
113.7
118.2
118.6
118.8
122.9
113.0
113.7
124.2
116.5
123.6
115.0
114.4
125.2
116.0
121.5
113.6
112.8
123.0
117.3
St. Louis, M o........... .............. ............................
San Francisco, Calif............................................
Scranton, Pa................................... .....................
Seattle, Wash__________ _________________
Washington, D . C................... ............... ..........
103.3
116.6
113.3
118.5
119.3
105.6
116.6
113.4
118.5
119.3
102.4
113.2
108.8
116.4
116.0
121.0
118.7
104.0
117.8
108.8
121.1
118.6
104.0
116.9
109.7
122.8
121.4
112.3
123.5
111.9
123.2
114.6
111.9
112.8
115.2
122.4
113.9
113.0
111.3
117.0
122.9
112.7
111.1
114.5
114.3
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
} See footnote 2, table D-2.
* Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D ec. 1956
* See footnote 3, table D-2.
S oubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
243
D : C O N S U M E R A N D W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S
T able
D-7. Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Farm products
Processed foods
All commodities
other than farm
and foods
Textile products
and apparel
H id e s , s k in s ,
le a t h e r , an d
leather products
Fuel, power, and
lighting mate
rials
| O h e m ic a ls a n d
allied products
Rubber and rub
ber products
L u m b er and
wood products
Pulp, paper, and
allied products
M etals and metal
products
Machinery a n d
motive products
F u r n itu r e and
o th e r h o u se
hold durables
N on m etallic
minerals—struc
tural
Tobacco m a n u
fa c tu r e s an d
bottled bever
ages
1947-..............
1948--............
1949................
1950................
195 1 -.......... .
1952............. .
19,53________
1954............
1955....... .........
1956................
96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3
101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
111.2
101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104.5
105. 7
107.0
106.6
107.2
99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143.8
145.8
93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
120.2
118.0
123.6
125.4
98.6
102.9
98.5
100. 9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2
91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
148.4
92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8
95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1
93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113.6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129.6
97.2
100.5
102.3
103.5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121.6
122.3
100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
91.0
1953:
Jan u ary...
February..
March___
April..........
M ay _____
June_____
J u ly ..........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December-
109.9
109.6
110.0
109.4
109.8
109.5
110.9
110.6
111.0
110.2
109.8
110.1
99.6
97.9
99.8
97.3
97.8
95.4
97.9
96.4
98.1
95.3
93.7
94.4
105.5
105. 2
104.1
103.2
104.3
103.3
105.5
104.8
106.6
104.7
103.8
104.3
113.1
113.1
113. 4
113. 2
113.6
113.9
114.8
114.9
114.7
114.6
114.5
114.6
98.8
98.5
97.5
97.4
97.6
97.4
97.5
97.5
96.9
96.5
96.2
95.8
97.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.4
101.0
100.0
99.9
99.7
97.1
97.1
95.6
107.8
108.1
108.4
107.4
107.1
108.3
ill. 1
111.0
110. 9
111.2
111.2
111.1
103.6
103.6
104.2
105.5
105.5
105.6
106.2
106.3
106.7
106.7
107.2
107.1
127.3
126.2
125.7
124.8
125.4
125.0
124.6
123.5
124.0
124.2
124.3
124.8
120.5
121.1
121.7
122.2
121.8
121.5
121.1
120.4
119.2
118.1
117.3
117.4
115.8
115.3
115.1
115.3
115.4
115.8
115.8
116.2
116.9
117.5
117.3
117.1
124.0
124.6
125.5
125.0
125.7
126.9
129.3
129.4
128.5
127.9
127.9
127.5
121.5
121.6
121.8
122.0
122.4
122.9
123.4
123.7
124.0
124.1
124.2
124.3
112.7
112.9
113.1
113.9
114.1
114.3
114.7
114.8
114.9
114.8
114.9
115.0
114.6
114.6
115.1
116.9
117.2
118.1
119.4
119.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.8
111.9
111.9
114. 8
114.8
114.8
114.9
115.6
115.6
116.2
118.1
118.1
118.1
103.0
101.2
101.7
98.5
99.7
95.8
95.3
96.4
94.7
94.4
93.2
100.1
1954:
January__
February..
March____
April........ .
M ay. ___
Ju n e..........
J u ly ...........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
110.9
110.5
110.5
111.0
110.9
110.0
110.4
110.5
110.0
109.7
110.0
109.5
97.8
97.7
98.4
99.4
97.9
94.8
96.2
95.8
93.6
93.1
93.2
89.9
106.2
104.8
105. 3
105.9
106.8
105.0
106.5
106.4
105. 5
103.7
103.8
103.5
114.6
114.4
114.2
114.5
114.5
114.2
114.3
114.4
114.4
114.5
114.8
114.9
96.1
95.3
95.0
94.7
94.8
94.9
95.1
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.2
95.2
95.3
94.9
04.7
94.6
96.0
95.6
94.9
94.0
93.0
92.4
92.8
91.8
110. 8
110.5
109.2
108.6
108.2
107.8
106.2
106.9
106.9
106.9
107.4
107.5
107.2
107.5
107.4
107.2
107.1
106.8
106.7
106.8
106.8
106.9
107.0
107.0
124.8
124.6
124.9
125.0
125.1
126.1
126.8
126.4
126.9
128.5
131.4
132.0
117.0
116.8
116.7
116.2
116.1
116.3
119.1
119 1
119.3
119.8
119.9
120.0
117.0
117.1
116.6
116.3
115.8
115.8
116.2
116 3
116.3
116.3
116.0
115.9
127,2
126.2
126.3
126.8
127.1
127.1
128.0
128.6
129.1
129.7
129.9
129.8
124.4
124.5
124.5
124.4
124.4
124.3
124.3
124.3
124. 4
124.3
125.3
125.7
115.2
115.1
115.0
115.6
115.5
115.4
115.3
115.3
115.3
115.6
115.6
115.7
120.9
121.0
121.0
120.8
119.3
119.1
120.4
120.5
121.7
121.9
121.8
121.8
118.2
118.0
117.9
121.5
121.4
121 4
121.4
121.5
121.5
121.5
121.4
121.4
101.1
102.8
104.9
110.3
109.2
105.1
103.9
102.3
90.1
96.7
97.0
98.0
1955:
January__
February..
March___
A p r il.___
M ay_____
June_____
J u ly ...........
August___
SeptemberOctober__
November.
December.
110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
110.5
110.9
111. 7
111.6
111.2
111.3
92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9
103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101. 5
100.2
98.8
98.2
115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8
95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6
91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7
108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3
107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6
136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0
120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1
116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6
130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132. 5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9
125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0
115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3
122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4
121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
97.0
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.0
88.8
1956:
January..
February..
March........
April_____
M ay _____
June_____
July______
August___
September.
October.. .
November.
December
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115. 5
115.6
115.9
116.3
84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9
98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1
120.4
120. 6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7
95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6
96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2
111.0
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111. 1
111.7
111.2
114.0
106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3
148.4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143.3
146.9
145.7
145.8
146.9
147.9
126.3
126.7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0
124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0
145.1
145.1
146.5
147.7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3
133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136.5
136.8
136.9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6
118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2
127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130.6
130.8
131.1
131.5
131.2
131.3
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
123.1
123. 5
123.6
89.6
88.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7
1957:
Jan u ary... 116.9
February.. 117.0
March___
116.9
April_____ 117.2
M ay...........
117.1
June_____
117.4
July_____
118.2
August___
118.4
September. 118.0
October__
117.8
November. *118.1
December'. 118.4
89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
90.9
92.8
93.0
91.0
91.5
91.9
92.6
104.3
103.9
103.7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
106.8
106. 5
105.5
106.5
107.4
125.2
125. 5
125.4
125.4
125.2
125.2
125.7
126.0
126.0
125.8
*125. 9
126.0
95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95.5
95.4
95.4
95.4
95.1
95.0
94.9
98.4
98.0
98.4
98.8
99.0
99.9
100.7
100. 5
100.3
100.4
*100.3
99.8
116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118.5
117.2
116.4
116.3
116.1
115.8
*115.7
115.7
108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.8
110.2
110.4
110.3
110.5
145.0
143.9
144.3
144.5
144.7
145.1
144.9
146.9
146.5
146.2
144.7
145.7
121.3
120.7
120.1
120.2
119.7
119.7
119.3
118.6
117.8
117.3
*116. 9
116.4
128.6
128.5
128.7
128.6
128.9
128.9
129.5
129.9
130.1
130.9
130.9
131.0
152.2
151.4
151.0
150.1
150.0
150.6
152. 4
153.2
152. 2
150.8
150. 4
150.3
143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145.2
145.8
146.2
146.9
147.7
*149.2
149.3
121.9
121.9
121.9
121.5
121.6
121.7
122.2
122.4
122.3
122.6
*122.7
123.3
132.0
132.7
133.2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
135.3
135.2
135.3
*135.4
135.7
124.0
124.1
124.1
124. 5
124.5
124.7
127. 7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.8
128.0
93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
90.1
89.4
87.7
86.8
87.2
1 Preliminary
•Revised
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
|
M is c e lla n e o u s
products
Year and
month
All commodities
[1947-49=100]
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S oubce: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
244
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y
3958
Table D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
Dec.s
All commodities.................................................
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
118.4 *118.1
Aug.
1956
Annual avg.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
195«
195«
117.8
118.0
118.4 118.2
117.4
117.1
117.2
116.9
117.0
116.9
116.3
114.3
110.7
Farm products______
____ _____ ______ 92.6
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables___ 108.3
Grains_______________________________
80.5
Livestock and live poultry_____________ 82.7
Plant and animal fibers_______________ 103.7
Fluid milk_____ ____________ ______
98.9
Eggs...-------------------------------- ------------- - 93.4
Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds..................... . 78.6
Other farm produ cts.................................... 142.5
91.9
106.3
80.9
79.3
104.7
99.4
100.1
77.6
144.1
91.5
107.7
80.6
78.4
103.3
98.8
103.5
77.3
141.5
91.0
98.9
81.2
81.5
102.9
96.9
91.2
78.0
143.2
93.0
106.3
82.4
86.7
104.0
94.9
79.7
81.3
142.9
92.8
108.0
82.7
86.6
105.0
93.1
76.2
82.4
142.9
90.9
105.4
83.9
83.5
104.8
92.0
61.0
83.3
145,7
89.5
109.0
85.4
78.7
104.3
92.2
57.5
84.4
144.1
90.6
103.0
87.3
79.3
104.3
95.0
68.5
85.2
144.7
88.8
94.1
87.5
76.6
104.0
95.6
63.8
85.1
146.0
88.8
96.1
87.0
75.0
103.9
97.5
66.3
84.7
148.2
89; 3
100.7
89.5
73.9
102.9
98.1
65.7
86.6
148.8
88.9
102.6
88.8
71.7
101.3
99.0
74.3
85.4
147.9
88.4
104.2
87.0
71.3
102.8
94.5
81.9
82. 6
146.9
89.6
104.1
87.0
75.8
102. 4
91.5
85. T
84.9
142.5
107.4
118.3
95.5
114.7
104.6
114.3
172.9
70.4
67.1
70.9
85.5
96.3
106.5
117.6
93.6
114.5
103.8
114.4
172.9
71.1
*65.2
68.5
*84.7
96.6
105.5
117.3
91.6
113.7
103. 6
113.8
172.9
74.0
61.5
68.5
84.7
96.0
106.5
116.7
95.7
112.4
102.5
113.9
178.3
78.3
61.3
64.5
84.1
96.0
106.8
116.7
97.7
110.3
102.1
113.8
183.7
74.4
62.3
66.1
84.1
95.1
107.2
117.7
99.2
108.2
102.3
114.3
183.7
76.2
65.3
66.9
84.3
94.8
106.1
117.0
96.6
108.1
101.9
113.5
183.7
72.1
63.8
65.5
84.9
95.4
104.9
116.5
91.5
110.7
103.5
112. 8
183.7
70.3
62.9
65.4
85.2
95.3
104.3
116.8
88.2
111.4
104.9
112.1
183. 7
73.3
65.4
70.1
86.1
95.2
103.7
116.7
84.6
ill.3
105.9
112.3
190.9
78.8
67.6
78.2
89.2
95.1
103.9
115.9
83.9
112.5
105.9
112.0
194. 5
83.4
71.7
78.5
90.2
95.7
104.3
115.8
84.8
112.5
105.6
113.1
196.3
84.3
73.8
78.5
89.6
95.0
103.1
115.4
81.5
112.6
105.6
112.3
196.3
84.5
72.0
73.9
89.4
95.7
101. 7
115.2
81.6
108.6
107.9
109.8
192.7
69.8
68.5
73.4
85.3
96.8
101.7
116.2
84.8
106.1
105.5
110.5
180.1
67.7
62.2
71.2
81.4
99.6
All commodities other than farm and foods... 126.0 *125.9
125.8
126.0
126.0
125.7
125.2
125.2
125.4
125.4
125.6
125.2
124.7
122.2
117.0
94.9
Textile products and apparel.........................
Cotton products.......................... ................. 90.2
105.8
Wool products_____________________
82.1
Manmade fiber textile products________
Silk products_________________ ________ 119.5
Apparel______________ ______ _________ 99.6
75.8
Other textile products............ ...................
95.0
89.8
107.4
82.3
119.6
99.6
76.7
95.1
89.9
108.3
82.3
120.0
99.6
77.2
95.4
90.0
110.3
82.3
121.1
99.7
77.2
95.4
90.2
111.2
82.1
122.0
99.6
75.7
95.4
90.5
111.3
81.9
121. 5
99.5
75.8
95.5
90.6
111.5
81.9
122.4
99.5
76.8
95.4
90.7
110.9
81.8
124.7
99.6
76.9
95.3
90.8
109.9
81.5
124.8
99.6
75.9
95.4
91.1
109.0
81.7
123.0
99.6
76.1
95.7
91.9
109.5
82.0
123.2
99.6
75.9
95.8
92.3
109.1
82.1
122.8
99.7
76.8
95.6
92.7
107.7
80.5
122.8
99.7
78.7
95.3
93.0
103.7
81.4
121.9
99.6
72.8
95.3
91. 5
104.7
86.6
123.8
98.5
74.5
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 99.8 *100.3
Hides and skins_______________________ 50.3 *53.8
91.2
Leather................................................. ........... 90.8
Footwear_________________ ____ _______ 122.7 122.6
Other leather products.................................. 98.8 *98.9
100.4
56.8
91.2
122.4
98.4
100.3
58.2
91.6
121.6
98.4
100.5
61.5
91.6
121.3
98.2
100.7
62.1
92.2
121.2
98.5
99.9
59.4
91.1
121.2
97.3
99.0
55.8
88.8
121.1
97.5
98.8
51.8
88.6
121. 5
97.8
98.4
51.0
88.6
120.9
97.8
98.0
50.1
87.8
120.8
97.4
98.4
52.1
88.2
120.8
97.9
99.2
53.8
90.9
120.8
98.3
99.3
59.2
91.2
119. 3
98.6
93.8
56.6
84.6
112.3
95.9
Fuel, power, and lighting materials_______
Coal______________ __________ _____ _
Coke_______________ _____ ___________
Gas__________________________ ______ _
Electricity____________________________
Petroleum and products............................ .
115.7 *115.7
126.3 125.8
161.9 161.9
116.0 *116.0
96.1
96.1
123.5 123.5
115.8
125.6
161.9
112.2
96.1
124.6
116.1
124.8
161.9
112.2
95.5
125.6
116.3
124.4
161.9
111.1
96.6
125.5
116.4
124.0
161.9
111.8
95.5
126.4
117.2
123.3
161.9
113.0
94.3
128.4
118.5
123.3
161.9
116.5
94.9
129.8
119.5
123.2
161. 9
118.4
96.6
130.4
119.2
123.6
161.9
118.4
94.9
130.7
119.6
124.0
162.2
122.3
94.3
131.0
116.3
124.1
159.1
119.9
94.9
124.9
114.0
123.5
156.3
119.9
94.3
120.9
111.2
114. 5
149.7
115.1
94. 2
118.2
107.9
104. 8
135.2
111.6
97.0
112.7
Chemicals and allied products.......................
Industrial chemicals___________________
Prepared paint................................................
Paint materials______________ ____ ____
Drugs and pharmaceuticals...... ..................
Fats and oils, inedible_________________
Mixed fertilizer........................................ .....
Fertilizer materials......... ................ .............
Other chemicals and allied products____
110.5
123.9
128.5
101.7
93.5
65.4
112.1
107.8
106.8
110.3
123.6
128.1
101.6
93.4
*65.2
112.3
107.7
106.6
110.4
123.6
128.1
102.2
93.4
64.8
112.1
107.6
106.8
110.2
123.5
128.1
101.5
93.5
64.5
112.0
106.4
106.7
109.8
123.6
128.1
100.5
93.4
63.4
110. 5
106.5
105.5
109.5
123.5
128.1
99.9
93.4
61.0
108.3
106.3
105.4
109.3
124.0
125.5
99.7
93.4
60.2
108.3
106.3
105.0
109.1
123.6
124.7
99.8
93.3
59.2
108.4
107.2
105.2
109.1
123.6
124.1
99.8
93.5
58.2
108.6
107.5
105.2
108.8
122.9
124.1
100.1
93.2
57.9
108.5
106.8
105.2
108.8
123. 2
124.1
100.6
93.1
58.0
109.3
105.9
105.1
108.7
123.5
124.1
99.0
92.6
58.7
110.2
105.9
104.5
108.3
122.5
124.1
99.5
92.5
59.4
109.3
105.7
104.4
107.2
121.4
120.0
99.6
92.1
56.2
108.7
108.4
103.2
106.6
118.1
114.5
96.8
92.8
56.6
108.7
112.6
106.0
Rubber and rubber products.._____ ______ 145.7
Crude rubber................................................. 135.7
Tires and tubes............................................... 153.5
Other rubber products__________ ______ 142.7
144.7
131.6
153.6
142.3
146.2
138.1
153. 5
142.5
146.5
140.3
153.5
142.2
146.9
144.3
153.5
140.8
144.9
145.0
149.0
140.0
145.1
145.9
149.0
139.9
144.7
144.0
149.0
139.9
144.5
143.2
149.0
140.0
144.3
142.0
149.0
140.0
143.9
140.2
149.0
140.0
145.0
145.4
148.8
140.0
147.9
151.1
153.4
139.7
145. 8
146.7
152. 2
138.0
143.8
156.8
144.9
134.4
Lumber and wood products........... ............... 116.4 *116.9
Lum ber........................ ................................. 116.5 *117.1
Millwork......................................................... 127.7 128.0
Plywood................................. ......................... 95.6
96.4
117.3
117.5
128.3
96.9
117.8
118.3
128.3
94.7
118.6
119.4
128.3
95.2
119.3
120.0
1.28.3
96.9
119.7
120.4
128. 5
97.7
119.7
120.6
128.3
96.8
120.2
121.2
128.3
96.7
120.1
121.2
128.7
96.2
120.7
121.9
128.7
96.4
121.3
122.6
128.7
97.1
121.0
122.5
128.5
94.6
125.4
127.2
129.1
101.7
123.6
124.4
128.7
105.4
Pulp, paper, and allied products....................
W oodp ulp...................................................
Wastepaper.....................................................
Paper___ _____________ _______ ______
Paperboard________ ________ __________
Converted paper and paperboard prodU C t S — ____ ________________ ____________ _
Building paper and board______________
131.0
121.2
88.5
143.2
136.6
130.9
121.2
88.5
143.3
136.6
130.9
121.2
88.5
143.2
136.6
130.1
118.0
88.5
143.2
136.2
129.9
11S.0
74.7
143.2
136.2
129.5
118.0
68.0
142.8
136.2
128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2
128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2
128.6
118.0
68.6
140.7
136.2
128.7
118.0
75.4
140.1
136.2
128.5
118.0
76.4
139.2
136.2
128.6
118.0
77.3
139.2
136. 2
128.0
118.0
78.3
139. 2
136.2
127.2
117.7
112.3
137.3
134.8
119.3
112.9
110.7
129.8
127.1
127.1
141.7
127.0
141.7
127.0
141.7
126.5
141.7
126. 5
141.7
126.1
141.7
125.3
141.7
125.3
141.7
125.2
141.7
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
124.5
138.1
123.1
136.9
113.9
130.9
M etals and metal products................
Iron and steel.......................... ................... .
Nonferrous metals________________
M etal containers............................ ................
Hardware......... ..............................................
Plumbing equipment....................................
Heating equipment_______
Fabricated structural metal products___
Fabricated nonstructural metal products.
150.3 150.4
166.5 166.5
130.6 130.8
153.1 153.1
167.6 167.4
128.5 128.5
121.5 *122.1
134.6 134.6
147.0 *147.0
150. 8
167.8
129.9
153.1
167.4
128.5
122.3
134.6
147.1
152.2
170.2
131.7
153.1
167.2
128.9
122.3
134.9
147.1
153 2
171.2
134.6
153.1
165.9
129.0
122.3
135.6
146.6
152.4
170.3
134.1
152.8
164.5
129.1
122.8
134.5
145.3
150.6
165.4
138.1
152.5
164.3
129.1
121.9
131.7
143.1
150.0
162.9
139.9
152.5
164.3
130.1
121.4
132.2
143.3
150.1
161.9
142. 5
148.0
163.5
131. 6
121.6
132.8
143.3
151.0
163.8
143.2
148.0
162.2
132.0
121.6
133. 4
142.8
151.4
163.9
145.4
147.4
162.0
133.4
122.8
133.3
142,0
152.2
164.3
148.7
147.5
161.5
133.4
122.3
133.7
141.6
152.3
163.3
149.6
147.5
160.2
133. 9
122.1
137.5
141.2
148.4
154.7
156.1
141.6
155.9
133.9
119.0
132.6
135,1
136.6
140.6
142.7
132.9
146.4
125.4
115.0
122.5
128.2
Processed foods___________ ____________ _
Cereal and bakery products____________
Meats, poultry, and fish_____________
Dairy products and ice cream .. _______
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables..
Sugar and confectionery............. ..................
Packaged beverage materials___________
Animal fats and oils..... .............. .................
Crude vegetable oils___________________
Refined vegetable oils_________________
Vegetable oil end products........... ...............
Other processed foods...................................
See footnotes at end of tab le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
245
D : C O N S U M E R A N D W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S
Table D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[1947-49=100]
1957
1956
Annual avg.
Commodity group
D ec.2 N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
1956
1955
Machinery and motive products______. . . .
Agricultural machinery and equipm ent.—
Construction machinery and equipm ent-.
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
General purpose machinery and equip
m ent..... .........................................................
Miscellaneous machinery.............................
Electrical machinery and equipment___
Motor vehicles________________________
149.3 *149. 2
137.9 *137.4
165.2 165.2
171.3 *171.3
147.7
136.2
164.9
170.6
146.9
133.4
162.9
168.9
146.2
132. 5
161.4
167.0
145.8
132.3
157.9
166.1
145.2
132.3
157.6
165.6
145.1
132.3
157.6
165.6
145.0
132.1
157.5
165.3
144.8
132.2
156. 7
164.9
144. 5
132.0
156. 3
163.8
143.9
131.8
156.2
163.4
143.6
131.2
155.9
163.3
137.8
127.6
148.6
156.4
128. 4
123. 2
137. 1
142. 5
160.7
148.5
150.8
138.8
*160. 8
*148.3
*150.9
*138.7
159.5
147.7
150.7
135.5
158.5
147.3
150.8
134.8
158.0
146.3
149.6
134.7
157.4
144.5
149.5
134.7
156.5
143.9
148.2
134.7
156.0
143.8
148.2
134.7
156.2
143.7
147.8
134.7
155.9
143.3
147.5
134.6
155.8
143 0
147.1
134.6
155. 5
142.5
146.0
134.3
154.6
142.2
145. 4
134.3
147.5
137.0
138. 4
129.8
134.
129. 2
128. 2
122. 9
Furniture and other household durables___
Household furniture___________________
Commercial furniture..................................
Floor covering...................... ............. ..........
Household appliances.. _______________
Television, radio receivers, and phono
graphs........ .............. ........................... .........
Other household durable goods___ ____ _
123.3 *122.7
122.8 122.8
153. 9 153.8
132.5 132. 5
104.8 *105.1
122.6
122.6
153.6
132.5
105.4
122.3
122.5
153.6
132.5
104.6
122.4
122.9
153. 6
132.5
104.7
122.2
122.8
153.6
132.5
1C4.9
121.7
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.2
121.6
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.1
121.5
122. 4
147.3
133.8
105. 4
121.9
122.2
146.9
134.3
106.8
121.9
122.0
146.9
134.3
106.8
121.9
122.0
146.9
135.1
106.5
121.2
121.2
146.9
131.9
105.9
119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105. 5
115. 9
114.
132. 0
126. 4
106. 8
95.5 *95.6
152.7 *149. 5
95.6
148.8
95.6
148.3
95.6
148.2
94.8
147.9
93.4
147.9
93.1
147.7
93.1
147.0
93.1
147.0
93.5
147.0
93.5
146.8
93.3
146.7
93. 1
140.9
93. 0
133..8
Nonmetallic minerals—structural..................
Flat glass_____________________________
Concrete ingredients.....................................
Concrete products____ ____ ___________
Structural clay p r o d u c ts.......... ................
Gypsum products_____ ________ ____ _
Prepared asphalt roofing______________
Other nonmetallic minerals.........................
135.7 *135.4
135.7 135.7
136.9 136.9
127.2 *126.7
155.1 155.1
127.1 127.1
124.6 124.6
131.1 128.5
135.3
135.7
136.9
126. 5
155.1
127.1
124.6
128.5
135.2
135.7
136.7
126.3
155.0
127.1
124.6
128.6
135.3
135.7
136. 5
126.4
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.4
135.2
135.7
136.4
126.4
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3
135.1
135. 7
135.8
126.7
155.1
127.1
125. 8
128.3
135.0
135.7
135.7
126.7
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.3
134.6
135.7
135.7
126.6
155.0
127.1
121.6
128.3
133.2
135. 7
135.1
125. 7
150.8
127.1
118.2
127.5
132.7
135.7
134.8
125.6
150.7
127.1
115.3
126.0
132.0
135.7
134.6
125. 6
150.6
127.1
111.2
124.3
131.3
135.7
131.7
125.3
150.5
127.1
114.4
124 3
129.6
133.4
130.6
123.0
148.0
127.1
111.7
123.4
124. 2
128. 0
124. 8
118.
140. 1
122.
106. 1
121. 2
Tobacco manufactures and bottled bev
erages. ..........................................................
C igarettes......................................................
C ig a r s...................... ......................................
Other tobacco manufactures........................
Alcoholic beverages___________________
Nonalcoholic beverages______ __________
128.0
134.8
105.1
144.3
120.3
149.3
127.8
134. 8
105.1
144.3
119.8
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.6
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
124.7
124.0
105.1
134.9
119.6
149.3
124.5
124.0
105.1
127.7
119.6
149.3
124.5
124. 0
105.1
126.9
119.6
149.3
124.1
124.. 0
105. 1
126.0
119.0
149.0
124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119. 0
148.7
124.0
124.0
104.2
126.0
119.0
148.7
123.6
124.0
104 2
126.0
118.1
148.7
122.3
124.0
104. 2
122. 8
115. 8
148.3
121..6
124. 0
103.. 9
121. 8
114.
148.
86.8
Miscellaneous products.................................... 87.2
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
am m unition......................................... ....... 118.0 117.9
61.4
Manufactured animal feeds____ ________ 62.1
Notions and accessories....................... ........ 97.8 *97.8
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipm ent................................................... 107.7 *107.7
130.9 *130.9
Other miscellaneous products...............
1 See Note, table D-7.
* Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
1
6
1
87.7
89.4
90.1
88.8
87.3
89.4
91.4
92.0
92.4
93.2
91.7
91.0
92..0
117.9
63.2
97.4
118.2
66.4
97.4
117.8
68.2
97.4
117.5
66.0
97.4
117.5
63.4
97.4
117.5
67.2
97.4
117.5
71.0
97.4
117.5
72.0
96.7
117.5
72.8
96. 7
117.5
74.4
96. 7
116.9
72.6
96.0
116.1
72.0
95.3
113., 5
75..7
92.
107.6
130.7
107.6
130.1
107.2
129.4
106.8
128.8
106.8
127.2
107.6
126.8
107.6
126.8
107.6
126.5
107.7
126.3
107.5
126.1
105.4
126.4
104.9
124.1
103..7
121..6
•Revised.
S ocbce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
.1
246
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
Table D-9. Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
D ec.1 N ov.
Oct. Sept. Aug. July
Annual
average
1956
June M ay
Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
1956
1955
All commodities_____ _______ ______________
118.4 *118.1 117.8 118.0 118.4 118.2 117.4 117.1 117.2 116.9 117.0 116.9 116.3 114.3 110.7
Crude materials for further processing........... .
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs____________________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing___________________________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction............... ................................................. .......
Crude fuel _______________________________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing___________ ______ _
Crude fuel for nonmanufaeturing in d u str y ............
96.3 *95.3 95.3 97.0 99.6 99.7 98.8 96.5 97.1 96.7 96.7 97.4 96.6 95.0 94.5
88.5 86.8 86.1 87.3 90.3 90.4 89.1 86.9 88.0 86.5 85.9 86.3 85.0 84.0 85.7
107.7 108.1 109.9 112.6 115.0 115.2 115.0 112.0 111.6 113.4 114.2 115.8 115.9 114.2 110.1
106.2 106.6 108.5 111.5 114.1 114.3 114.2 110.9 110.5 112.5 113.3 115.1 1165 113.6 109.6
136.9
120.7
120.4
121.2
136.9
*120.5
*120. 2
*121.0
136. 9
119.0
118.7
119.4
136.7
118.6
118.4
118.9
136.5
118.0
117.8
118.2
136.4
118.0
117.9
118.3
135.8
118.1
117.9
118.3
135. 7
119.3
119.2
119.6
135.6
120.0
119.8
120.2
135.1
119.9
119.6
120.5
134.8
121.7
121.3
122.3
134.6
120.8
120.4
121.4
131.7
120.4
120.0
121.0
130.6
113.3
113.0
113.7
1219
105.8
105.4
106.5
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components. _____
Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing..... .................. ....................... ................
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing___
Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing__________ ________ ________ _______
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing_________________
Materials and components for construction ...........
Processed fuels and lu b rica n ts..____ _______ ________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturing industry.......... .......................................................
Containers, nonretumable___ ____ _________________
Supplies_______
___________________________
Supplies for manufacturing. __________________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry________
Manufactured animal feeds________ ________
Other supplies........... ...................................... .......
105.8 105.8
154.2 *154.2
149. 2 *149. 2
132.9 133.0
111.1 *111.1
109.8 *109.9
106.0
154. 2
148.9
133.0
111.5
110.0
106.0
154.3
149.4
133.1
112.0
110.3
105.9
154.7
148.8
133. 4
112. 6
111. 0
105.8
153.8
148.3
133.3
112.7
110.9
105.9
151.6
147.7
132.6
113.3
111.3
105.6
152.0
148.0
132.6
114.3
112.3
105. 4
152.5
147. 9
132. 8
115.2
113.2
105.2
152.5
147. 6
132. 7
114.7
112.6
105.5
152.6
147.4
132.8
114. 7
112.7
105.4
152.1
147. 5
132.8
112.2
110. 4
105.0
151.1
147.9
133 0
109.9
108.5
104.3
148.5
142.9
132.0
106.7
105.3
102.7
139.7
130.9
125.6
103.5
102.2
113.3
136.6
112.4
140.6
99.5
62.0
121.6
*113.3
*135. 5
*112.1
*140. 6
99.2
61.2
121.5
114.1
135.3
112.3
140.2
99.7
62.6
121.4
114.9
134.9
112.6
138.5
100.9
66.0
121.3
115.4
134.8
112. 5
136.9
101.5
67.9
121.1
115.7
134.5
111. 7
137.0
100. 2
65.6
120.4
116.8
134.1
110.9
136.7
99.1
63.6
119.9
117.9
134.1
112.0
136.7
100.8
67.8
120.0
118.6
132. 8
113.1
136. 8
102. 4
71.7
120.2
118.3
132.9
113.3
136.1
103. 0
73.1
120.4
118.2
132.7
113.4
135.9
103.3
73. 7
120.4
115.2
133.0
113.8
135. 4
104.0
75.7
120. 4
112.3
132.6
113.0
135.3
102.9
73.6
120.0
109.1
128.5
111.3
132. 9
101. 6
72.9
118.2
105.7
119.8
108. 5
127.3
100.0
76. 7
113.4
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)_____________________________________
Consumer finished goods________ ______ ___________
Consumer foods_______ _________ ________ ____
Consumer crude foods_______________ ______
Consumer processed foods__________________
Consumer other nondurable g o o d s..____ ________
Consumer durable goods_______________________
Producer finished goods__________________ ______ __
Producer goods for manufacturing industries____
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..
119.8
112.5
107.2
104.0
108.0
112.4
124.8
149.9
154.3
146.2
*119.6
*112.2
106.8
105.4
*107.3
*112.3
*124.7
*149. 8
*154.1
*146.1
119.0
111.8
106.2
106.9
106.3
112.4
123. 5
148.4
152.7
144.9
118.8
111.6
106.0
98.6
107.6
112.4
123.0
147.8
152.3
144.1
118.6
111.6
106.2
96.1
108.2
112.2
123.1
147.2
151.9
143.2
118.5
111.6
106.2
94.9
108.4
112.2
122.9
146. 4
151.1
142.6
117.6
110.7
104.2
88.1
107. 2
112.0
122.7
145.5
150.1
141.6
117.4
110.5
103.1
88.4
105.9
112.5
122.7
145.5
150.1
141.6
117.4
110. 5
102. 7
91.1
105.0
112. 8
122. 7
145.3
150.0
141.4
116.9
109.9
101.3
86.3
104.1
112.7
122.9
145. 1
149 7
141.2
117.0
110. 2
101.8
88.7
104. 3
112.9
123.0
144. 7
149. 2
140.9
116.7
109. 9
102. 3
91.0
104.4
111. 8
122.9
144.3
148.8
140.5
116.2
109.3
101.8
94.6
103.3
111.0
122. 4
144.0
148. 5
140.2
114 0
108.0
101.0
96.2
102.1
109.9
119. 7
138.1
142. 2
134.9
110 9
106.4
101.1
96.4
102.2
107.8
115 9
128 5
180 9
126.6
125.4 *125.3 125.2 125.4 125. 5 125.2 124.5 124. 7 125.0 124.9 125.1 124.8 124.2 122.1 117.0
127.6 *127. 5 127.3 127.4 127.4 127.1 126.2 126.2 126.3 126.3 126.5 126.4 125.9 123. 7 118 2
101.6 100.8 99.6 99.6 99.5 100.1 99.2 98.5 99.0 99.6 100.4 101.1 100.1 98.0 97.7
^Preliminary.
Kevised.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p. 1448).
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table D-10. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
All foods........................................................
All fish............ ........................................................
Special metals and metal products____________
Metalworking machinery____________________
Machinery and equipm ent......................... ...........
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)___
Total tractors_______ _____ _______________ _
Steel-mill products__________________________
Building materials......................................................
Soaps___________ ___________ _______________
Synthetic detergents_______ _____ ___________
Refined petroleum products______ _____ ______
East Coast petroleum____________________
Mid-continent petroleum________________
Gulf Coast petroleum.______ ____________
Pacific Coast petroleum__________________
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper........
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes______ _______
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork........
All commodities except farm products________
1 Preliminary.
•Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956
Annual
average
D ee.1 Nov.
Oct. Sept. Aug.
July
June M ay
Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
1956
1955
106.7 106.1
126.6 121.2
147.3 *147.3
178.7 178.7
154.9 *154.9
138.2 *137. 8
146.8 *146. 2
183.2 183.2
130.1 *130.1
107.2 107.2
101.0 101.0
121. 5 121.6
116.7 117.2
120.7 120.7
123.0 123.0
130.5 130.5
130.7 130.7
125.6 *125. 0
114. 7 *115.4
122.4 *122. 8
105.4
119.3
146.7
178.3
154.3
136.5
145.1
183.2
130.2
107.2
101.0
123.0
117.2
120.7
126.7
130.5
130.6
124.0
115.7
122.2
105.7
119.9
147.5
176.0
151. 7
132.4
139.3
182.9
131.4
103.8
98.2
125.0
121.2
121.7
127.9
135. 9
129. 2
119.1
118.0
122.4
103.7
117. 2
146.2
175.0
150. 9
132. 5
139.3
175. 6
130.7
103.6
97.9
127.3
123.7
126.2
129.2
135.2
128.6
117.2
118. 4
121.8
102. 4
119.4
145. 9
174. 5
150. 6
132.3
139. 2
175. 3
130. 7
103 6
97. 9
129. 7
128.8
128.4
133.6
130.2
128.3
116.5
119.0
121. 7
101.0
119.4
146.5
174.1
150.2
132.3
139.0
175. 3
130. 5
103.4
97.9
130. 0
128.8
129.4
133.6
130. 2
128.5
121.4
118.9
121.6
102.1
121. 8
147. 3
173.0
149.1
131. 6
138.0
172.1
130.5
100.9
97.9
124.6
120.6
121.9
130.1
127.0
128. 3
124.1
120.3
121. 5
101.6
116.1
147.3
172.4
148. 6
131. 1
137.2
169.9
130. 5
100.4
97.9
120.6
117.5
119.7
121.2
127 0
127.7
123.9
120.0
120.9
100.8
114.1
143. 3
165.0
142.1
127.4
132.5
163.2
130.6
99.7
95.1
117.5
114.6
118.3
118. 8
117.4
127.0
115.4
124.9
118.6
101.0
105.4
132.9
146.8
131.4
122.9
124.7
150.7
125.5
97.8
91.7
111.2
107.6
109.4
117.1
109.0
119.1
110.2
122.9
114.3
105.2
120.0
147.4
177.9
153.5
133.4
142.7
183.0
130. 9
107.0
101.0
124.1
117. 2
121.8
126.7
135.9
129.9
123.2
116.3
122.5
105.4
116.0
148.1
177.8
152. 4
132. 6
141.5
183. 0
131. 2
103.8
98.2
124.0
118.6
121.2
126.7
135. 9
129.6
121.2
117.2
122. 6
102.8
117.0
145.8
174.9
150. 7
132. 5
139.3
175. 7
130. 7
103.6
97.9
129.0
125.0
128. 4
131.0
135.2
128.6
116.1
118.5
121.7
101. 5
115. 3
146.8
173.6
149.8
132.2
138. 7
174. 5
130. 5
102.9
97.9
130. 3
128.8
130. 2
133. 6
130. 2
128.2
124.1
119.6
121.7
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1964).
S o u r c e : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
247
E: WORK STOPPAGES
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l . Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers Involved in stoppages
Number of stoppages
Month and year
1 9 3 5 -3 9 ( a v e r a g e )
1 9 4 7 -4 9 ( a v e r a g e )
1 945
...........
1 946
............
1 947
............
1948
............
1 949
............
1 950
.......... .
1951
............
1952 ...............................
1 953
______________ ______________
1 954
............
195 5
............
195 6
............
1956: November.
December.
1957: January*—
February *..
March *___
April *..........
M ay *...........
June *...........
July *............
A ugusts___
September *.
October *__
N ovem ber2.
December *.
Beginning in
month or year
2,862
3, 573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3, 419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3, 468
4.320
3,825
242
114
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
403
240
Number
158,000
29,000
204,000
53,000
1, 460,000
472,000
80,000
130.000
550.000
825.000
775.000
1.380.000
1.850.000
1.850.000
2.500.000
1, 600,000
1. 670,000
1.350.000
700, 000
400.000
325
350
375
525
650
600
625
575
525
500
325
60,000
60,000
80,000
150.000
190.000
140.000
160.000
140.000
270.000
100.000
50.000
100
220
20.000
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16, 900,000
39, 700,000
38,000, 000
116,000,000
34.600.000
34.100, 000
50. 500,000
38, 800,000
22.900.000
59.100.000
28.300.000
22, 600,000
28, 200,000
33.100, 000
1.130.000
2, 380, 000
3, 470,000
4.600.000
2,170, 000
1,960, 000
3.030.000
2, 410,000
2, 220,000
3, 640,000
2, 400,000
1, 530,000
2, 650,000
1.900.000
225
225
250
400
475
400
400
350
300
300
150
1 The data include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
Man-days idle during month
or year
120.000
190.000
260.000
220,000
260,000
220,000
315.000
185.000
100, 000
40,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.28
.29
.16
.05
.06
.09
.08
.14
.18
.20
.25
.16
.18
.13
.08
.04
* Preliminary.
N o t e : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u b c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
248
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
F.—Building and Construction
T able F -l.
Expenditures for new construction1
{Value of work put In place]
E x p e n d itu re s (in
Type of construction
1958
D ec.3 N ov.
T o t a l n e w c o n s t r u c t io n 1 __________________
3,285
3,667
4,112
4,495
4, 569
4,561
4,361
P r i v a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n ____ _____ ______________
R e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s ( n o n f a r m ) ______
N e w d w e l l i n g u n i t s _______ ________
A d d i t i o n s a n d a l t e r a t i o n s * ...............
N o n h o u s e k e e p i n g ___________________
N o n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s 4_____________
I n d u s t r i a l ___ ________ ________________
C o m m e r c i a l ......... ................................... ..
O ffic e b u i l d i n g s a n d w a r e
h o u s e s ............. ................ .................. .
S to res, r e sta u r a n ts, a n d g a
r a g e s ____________________ _____
O t h e r n o n r e s id e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s . . .
R e l i g i o u s __________________ _____
E d u c a t i o n a l ____________________
H o s p it a l a n d in s t it u t io n a l
S o c i a l a n d r e c r e a t io n a l________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s ______ _____________
F a r m c o n s t r u c t i o n ______________________
P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ......................................................
R a i l r o a d ............... .......................................... .
T e l e p h o n e a n d t e l e g r a p h __________
O t h e r p u b li c u t i l i t i e s ..............................
A ll o t h e r p r i v a t e _________________________
P u b l i c c o n s t r u c t i o n . ______ __________________
R e s i d e n t i a l b u i ld in g s ® ___________ ______
N o n r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g s (o th e r th a n
m i l i t a r y f a c i l i t i e s ) ...........................................
I n d u s t r i a l . . ........................................... ........
E d u c a t i o n a l _________________________
H o s p i t a l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l ......... ........
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d s e r v i c e . .............
O t h e r n o n r e s id e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s ____
M i l i t a r y f a c i l it ie s ______________________
H i g h w a y s _________________________________
e w e r a n d w a t e r s y s t e m s _______________
S e w e r _________________________________
W a t e r . . _____ ___ ____________________
P u b l i c s e r v i c e e n t e r p r i s e s _______________
C o n s e r v a t io n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t _______
A l l o t h e r p u b l i c __________________________
2,361
1,116
860
207
49
704
240
267
2,705
1,345
1,005
290
50
764
248
305
2,942
1,484
1,090
343
51
802
251
332
3,059
1, 535
1,130
357
48
806
256
332
3,100
1,561
1.140
374
47
802
260
322
3,124
1, 571
1,140
387
44
805
266
319
3,046
1, 547
1,115
392
40
778
262
311
161
172
179
177
168
167
156
106
197
68
42
47
25
lb
101
428
31
86
311
12
924
58
133
211
74
44
48
27
18
100
483
35
86
362
13
962
57
153
219
78
46
49
28
18
114
528
37
86
405
14
1,170
56
155
218
80
47
48
27
16
133
570
42
97
431
15
1, 436
54
154
220
81
47
48
28
16
159
560
41
87
432
18
1,469
53
152
220
80
47
47
29
17
173
556
41
89
426
19
1,437
48
155
205
75
42
41
27
20
169
535
41
95
399
17
1,315
40
341
30
228
22
30
31
80
250
96
58
38
26
65
8
342
32
226
24
29
31
88
275
97
61
36
25
71
7
364
33
235
25
34
37
107
410
107
67
40
31
86
9
406
35
262
27
41
41
132
575
118
73
45
38
102
11
416
35
261
30
46
44
134
580
127
77
50
44
104
11
414
38
259
29
44
44
138
550
129
77
52
43
103
12
389
36
249
28
38
38
117
505
120
68
52
38
94
12
i
8
Oct.
Sept.
“ yuciuiji value ui new construction put in place during the
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables F-3, F -4,
and F-5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-21
3 Preliminary.
«Includes revisions in the series on residential additions and alterations,
and data are not comparable with those published in issues preceding June
1957. See Technical Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions
and Alterations, 1945-56, on page 973 of the August 1957 issue.
4 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build
ing are included under “ Public utilities.”
5 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of dollars)
1957
Jan.3
*
m illio n s
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
4,308
4,025
2,971
1,489
1,070
379
40
786
270
309
2,808
1,396
985
374
37
747
270
287
153
158
207
73
43
43
26
22
159
518
40
90
388
19
1,337
40
406
43
254
32
39
38
110
520
121
67
54
38
89
13
383
42
233
33
38
37
103
445
117
64
53
35
83
13
1957
1956
Total
Total
Mar.
Feb.
3,657
3, 295
3,007
3,198
47, 255 46,060
2, 603
1,301
940
327
34
713
271
263
2,405
1,162
870
258
34
709
269
264
2,226
1,043
790
217
36
704
270
257
2,324
1,137
'885
214
38
722
269
269
33,313 33,242
16, 571 17,632
12,160 13,490
3, 912 3; 695
499
' 447
9,138 8,817
3,162 3, 084
3,570 3,631
146
135
133
135
143
141
190
68
40
•10
24
18
146
501
38
101
362
18
1,217
38
128
179
64
39
38
23
15
126
448
37
94
317
15
1,054
34
131
176
63
40
36
23
14
112
409
35
94
280
13
890
30
122
177
65
41
34
23
14
102
365
31
86
248
12
781
31
126
184
67
43
33
24
17
97
357
32
75
250
11
874
29
375
42
233
31
36
33
89
330
113
63
50
30
72
11
345
41
215
27
32
30
84
230
105
59
46
26
61
9
302
37
191
23
27
24
80
195
93
53
40
21
53
339
44
214
24
30
27
93
225
100
56
44
24
57
6
7
Jan.
1, 864
1,684
1 706 1, 947
2, 406 2,102
' 768
' 868
619
536
605
328
275
309
195
205
1, 590 1, 580
5,830 5,113
' 427
450
1, 080 1, 066
4, 300 3,620
184
120
13,942 12, 818
292
510
4, 481
458
2, 832
' 333
434
424
1, 275
4, 840
1,347
785
562
393
975
121
4,072
453
2. 549
298
362
410
1,395
4, 470
1,275
701
574
384
826
104
------- p u w u u i c i u u c u n a i w u o i i u b u u u no w o n a o H o u s e
keeping units.
« Covers all building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
Forces housing under the Oapebart program (which is included in public
residential building).
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : Joint estimates of the U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration.
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
249
T able F -2 . Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (Inmillions of dollars)
Ownership and type of construction
1957
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Total public construction____________
865.7
879.4
732.1
Federally owned____________________
Residential buildings______ _____
Nonresidential buildings.............
Educational, _______________
Hospital and institutional.........
Administrative and service___
Other nonresidential buildingsAirfield buildings_______
Troop housing.......................
Warehouses_____________
All other________________
A i r f i e l d s . . . . ___ _ ________ _
Conservation and development___
Highways______________ ____ ___
Electric power_____ _____________
All other federally owned________
State and locally ow ned... . . _______
Residential buildings_______ . . .
Nonresidential buildings________
Educational_________________
Hospital and institutional.........
Administrative and service___
Other nonresidential buildings.
Highways_____ _______________
Sewer and water systems..................
Sewer____________________ ..
Water___________ ____ _____
Public service enterprises_________
Electric pow er..-------------------Other_______________________
Conservation and development___
All other State and locally ow ned..
120.5
0
36.7
1.5
19.9
2.9
12.4
.6
1.0
0
10.8
.2
21.1
2.2
59.7
.6
745.2
23.3
267.7
207.4
15.8
24.6
19.9
334.6
93.4
129.2
56.5
40.3
.3
3.7
23.7
12.6
3.8
0
0
8.8
3.5
18.6
7.6
.8
1.9
750.2
55.2
303.5
215.4
41.6
19.7
26.8
248.0
77.0
42.7
34.3
48.2
24.3
23.9
8.4
9.9
49.8
1.5
14.0
.2
.7
1.7
11.4
2.3
1.1
.3
7.7
3.1
14.5
8.6
.9
7.2
682.3
20.4
278.1
201.0
15.5
31.7
29.9
272.3
69.8
47.8
22.0
26.6
10.1
16.5
7.8
7.3
4 4 .4
49.0
15.0
5.3
9.7
6.9
4.3
July
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1956
1955
Total
Total
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
865.3 1,132.8 1,315.9 1,119.3
971.6 1,107. 2 768.1
923.3
823.9
769.4 10, 372.2
9,000.5
53.3
1.4
13.9
0
.1
4.8
9.0
.8
0
.5
7.7
1.8
14.4
7.5
2.4
11.9
812.0
44.3
305.5
223.2
19.6
36.8
25.9
293.5
75.1
53.5
21.6
74.7
61.6
13.1
10.8
8.1
309.7
21.5
58.4
8.7
.4
7.4
41.9
7.4
9.8
2.7
22.0
34.7
143.0
15.8
23.4
12.9
661.9
14.7
256.2
191. 6
17.4
20.1
27.1
289.5
67.7
44.1
23.6
18.8
9.0
9.8
8.6
6.4
345.2
115.4
71.7
4.0
4.6
3.5
59.6
11.6
7.7
4.0
36.3
49.7
83.1
4.1
2.9
18.3
762.0
7.4
300.8
234.9
15.8
25.0
25.1
349.6
75.4
43.6
31.8
17.4
7.7
9.7
4.5
6.9
210.2
30.2
87.1
20.5
16.1
4.5
46.0
5.6
5.6
3.5
31.3
7.9
52.8
9.3
7.9
15.0
713.1
21.8
252.8
184.9
12.6
23.3
32.0
317.1
68.9
37.3
31.6
33.1
17.1
16.0
12.0
7.4
176.4
19.9
50.8
1.4
1.1
3.8
44.5
3.0
11.7
3.6
26.2
28.0
62.6
7.1
3.9
4.1
647.5
13.8
272.2
211.5
13.9
22.9
23.9
240. 5
80.8
49.1
31.7
31.2
11.2
20.0
4.1
4.9
119.0
1.2
57.3
.9
.5
3.0
52.9
6.4
4.7
1.2
40.6
21. 6
26.5
8.8
2.1
1.5
650.4
17.6
253.5
189.3
15.3
21.0
27.9
278.1
65.2
36.2
29.0
25.2
17.9
7.3
5.8
5.0
1, 556.0
61.4
885.5
21. fi.
77 5
fifi. 7
719.7
103.8
54.1
84.0
477.8
157.4
271.9
58.5
43.5
77.8
7, 444. 5
210.1
2, 842.0
2,107.2
185.9
263.0
285.9
2, 933. 5
' 895.5
501.9
393.6
378.0
247.4
130.6
117.2
68.2
145.1
60.3
30.9
2.1
.3
10.1
18.4
14.0
.2
.9
3.3
0
42.1
9.0
1.1
1.7
087.7
38.8
267.0
183.0
22.2
28.7
33.1
540.8
80.7
5 5 .5
25.2
38.7
14.7
24.0
12.3
9.4
1 I n c l u d e s m a jo r fo rc e a c c o u n t p r o j e c t s s t a r t e d ( c o n s t r u c t io n d o n e d i r e c t ly
by a g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y u s i n g a s e p a r a t e w o r k fo r c e t o p e r fo r m n o n m a i n t e n a n c e c o n s t r u c t io n o n t h e a g e n c y ’s o w n p r o p e r t y ) .
s L e s s t h a n $ 5 0 ,0 0 0 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
1956
385.9
30.6
205.8
7.6
29.1
64.5
104.6
23.3
9.2
11.3
60.8
26.4
73.5
12.1
6.0
31.5
930.0
27.5
337.8
231.9
35.8
34.2
35.9
414.7
103.7
74.4
29.3
3 3 .3
23.7
9.6
4.8
8.2
218.5
64.5
69.7
1.0
1.4
11.2
56.1
11.5
7.7
5.9
31.0
24.8
31.3
6.8
5.7
15.7
900.8
21.7
345.2
237.6
43.6
23.3
40.7
306.7
172.6
94.4
78.2
27.3
9.0
18.3
20.3
7.0
217.3
19.3
67.3
1.5
2.0
1.5
62.3
9.3
16.4
5.8
30.8
27.0
49.7
3.4
25.6
25.0
550.8
31.4
256.1
175.9
27.4
29.2
23.6
186.2
55.4
16.6
38.8
11.7
8.2
3.5
5.1
4.9
N ov.
2,037. 4
' 128.1
909.4
23. 7
43 9
87.3
754.5
72.1
122.7
63.2
496.5
155. 7
511.0
91.9
177.5
63.8
8, 334.8
' 253.2
3,202.8
2, 289.0
278.9
320.8
314.1
3, 211.6
1, 100.0
658.9
441.1
336.5
227.2
109.3
139.3
91.4
S o u r c e : U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s a n d U S .
D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e , B u s i n e s s a n d D e f e n s e S e r v ic e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
250
T able F~3. Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction, ownership,
and type of building
1956
1957
Nov.
Oct.
Sept."
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov."
All building construction........ ............. - 1,217. 7 1,607. 9 1, 551. 7 1, 626.1 1,693.4 1, 748. 7 1,829. 7 1, 714. 4 1, 534.3 1,218.9 1,111.0 1,053.0 1, 351.3
Private______ _________________ 1, 054.2 1,431. 4 1, 417.3 1,462.7 1, 518.9 1,484.9 1, 643.8 1, 530.4 1,373.6 1,053. 9 976.3 925.5 1, 203. 6
Public_____ ______________ ____ 163.4 176.5 134.4 163.4 174.5 263.7 185.9 184.0 160.7 165.0 134.7 127.4 147.7
New residential building------------------ 645.0 892.9 813.2 885.9 847.6 893.7 954.1 909.6 819.6 599.5 542.9 528.7 686.9
Dwelling units (housekeeping only). 631.8 867.4 796.9 871.8 832.4 881.9 935.9 896.3 803.2 588.2 535.2 519.9 678.9
Privately owned----------- ------- 600.5 825.0 784.8 852.0 807.6 823.2 918.5 884.0 801.5 571.7 528.0 614.0 672.0
535.0 730.6 696.7 748.8 724.6 734.1 818.6 794.8 710.5 504.7 465.5 454.0 612.7
1-familv_____ __________
11.8
20.3
20.2
17.1
15.8
20.1
19.6
20.3
21.5
12.7
18.8
16.5
21.9
2-family..............................
5.4
7.2
11.4
9.2
10.0
11.9
10.4
7.5
8.0
8.7
9.3
8.7
9.9
3- and 4-family__________
42.8
36.3
54.1
58.8
67.7
41.9
58.8
56.3
60.5
42.3
75.6
40.3
62.5
5-or-more family______ ._
5.9
6.9
17.4
12.2
24.8
58.7
12.3
1.7
16.5
7.2
31.3
42.5
19.8
Publicly owned..........................
8.9
7.9
11.8
18.2
13.3
16.4
11.3
7.7
16.3
14.1
15.1
13.2
25.4
Nonhousekeeping buildings........ .
New nonresidential buildings------------ 451.5 560.8 569.2 557.2 656.5 663.4 676.8 624.6 556.5 490.5 449.0 414.4 532.8
Commercial buildings........... . . . 2147.3 2183. 7 2 203. 4 2 167.3 2 203.3 2 183. 5 2 231. 7 2197.6 2167.3 2 155. 6 2124. 4 135.7 2162. 6
5.7 213.0
218.2 2 11.6 210.5 2 8.8 2 11.9 2 13.8 2 13.4 2 15.5 211.0 2 5.9 2 7.2
Amusement buildings----------4.9
4.0
4.7
5.3
6.9
7.1
7.3
3.7
3.7
4.5
4.0
2.9
5.1
Commercial garages-------------15.0
10.3
13.9
14.2
15.5
14.0
12.2
13.9
14.8
13.8
12.5
10.2
13.0
Gasoline and service stations...
57.6 259.7
Office buildings---------------- .. 260.3 » 72.2 2 102.1 2 69.1 2 76.2 »66.8 2106.1 »73.6 »56.6 >75.3 »46.1
Stores and other mercantile
86.2
58.2
82.2
89.6
81.9
54.2
71.2
71.7
71.4
95.1
58.5
82.0
55.7
buildings___ ______ ______
Community buildings---------------- 2188.2 2 213.8 2204.2 » 213.1 2 224.4 2 253. 5 2 241.6 2218.5 2215.9 2153.4 2 170.8 145.2 2177.8
99.6 121.8
93.8 127.2 134.3 119.7 123.5 123.1 155.7 139.9 138.2 101.4 110.9
Educational buildings_______
16.3 2 25.4
Institutional buildings_______ 260.7 2 46.1 2 32.0 2 50.9 2 60.4 »83.2 2 36.4 2 31.8 2 37.2 »22.3 >32.9
29.2
46.8
40.5
27.0
30.7
47.2
49.5
29.7
37.9
42.6
40.5
33.8
40.6
Religious buildings--------------6.4
23.1
19.8
5.2
13.8
24.2
21.6
22.7
14.5
6.7
23.3
12.1
21.9
Garages, private residential---------59.8 2115.2
Industrial buildings— ....... ............ »58.6 2 91.9 2 81.7 » 87.2 2 124.9 3101. 9 2 90.5 2109.0 299.O »87.1 »87.9
23.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
Public buildings_______________
(3)
(3)
28.4 2 28.2
Public utilities buildings— ------- 224.7 2 24. 6 2 34.2 237.0 2 49.5 2 37.7 2 45.8 2 37.8 »22.5 25I .7 2 35.0
15.9 235.I
All other nonresidential buildings.. 220.6 2 24.9 2 21.5 »29.4 5 32.7 2 64.1 2 44.0 241.9 2 37.5 2 36.1 2 25.7
Additions, alterations, and repairs------ 121.2 154.2 169.2 183.0 189.3 191.6 198.9 180.2 158.2 128.9 119.0 109.8 131.6
i Ilata relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
in all localities (over 7,000) having building-permit systems—rural nonfarm
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
permit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
by builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost of
construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between permit
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
1956
1955
Total
Total
18,760.7 18,939.0
16, 884.7 17, 264.3
1,876.0 1,674.7
10, 280.6
10,138. 5
9, 962.1
9, 211. 3
214.8
87.9
448.1
176.4
142.2
6,649.7
2,078.0
113.4
60.0
165.5
734.4
11, 696.1
11, 535.1
11, 386. 4
10, 643.1
208.4
84.0
451.0
148.7
161.1
5, 593.7
1, 858.7
99.4
66.7
140.0
563.4
1,004.7
2, 225.7
1, 407.1
367.8
450.8
201. 9
1, 260. 5
326.9
326.7
229.9
1, 830.4
999.1
1, 946.2
1, 242.3
307.7
396.2
187.6
830.4
306.6
273.1
191.0
1,649.1
* Includes data for some buildings previously classified as public buildings.
See Note.
* No longer available. See Note.
* Revised.
N ote : For current months and the corresponding months of 1956, build
ings formerly included in the public buildings category have been reclassified,
according to function, into other categories (e. g., office, industrial, or institu
tional buildings). Revised statistics for periods before January 1956 will
not be prepared, and revisions for certain intervening months are not yet
available, but the effect on comparability for any one type of building would
be minor for most months.
Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able F-4. Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction and
geographic region
1957
N ov.
Oct.
Sept."
Aug.
July
June
1956
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov."
1956
1955
Total
Total
All building construction *__________ - 1,217.7 1,607.9 1, 551. 7 1, 626.1 1, 693.4 1, 748. 7 1, 829. 7 1, 714.4 1, 534. 3 1, 218. 9 1, 111.0 1,053.0 1, 351.3 18, 760.7 18, 939.0
N o rth ea st______________________ 261. 5 330.0 350.8 371.8 344.1 338.4 439. 2 353.0 338.9 235.8 196.6 243.9 295.6 4, 047.8 4,129. e
324.3 489.3 480.0 504.5 516.8 558.5 542.1 536.5 446.5 320.6 242.8 258.0 388.3 5, 670.7 5, 715. 4
North Central------ -------- ------------324.3 400.0 381.1 387.3 439.6 465.6 425.7 404.6 354.9 360. 7 339.7 272.0 322.1 4, 462.6 4, 667.7
South__________________________
307.6 388.6 339.8 362.5 393.0 386.2 422.7 420.3 394.0 301.8 331.9 279.1 345.2 4, 579.7 4, 426. 2
W est___________________________
New dwelling units (housekeeping only).
Northeast_______________________
North Central------------- --------------South___________________________
W est___________________________
New nonresidential buildings________
Northeast_____________________ North Central___________________
South________________ - _______
W est_____________ _____________
Additions, alterations, and repairs-----Northeast_______________________
North Central___________________
South__________________________
W est----------------- --------- -------------
631.8
135.2
164.6
169.4
162.6
451.5
94.5
128.4
118.9
109.7
121.2
28.1
29.5
32.2
31.3
867.4
176.8
253.1
210.4
227.1
560.8
105. 0
193.5
144.0
118.4
154.2
34.7
38.9
41.4
39.1
796.9
158.4
247.7
199.5
191.3
569.2
147.8
177.6
137.1
106.8
169.2
42.5
47.4
40.6
38.7
871.8
199.8
267.3
203.6
201.1
557.2
129.4
181.7
129.8
116.4
183.0
40.5
52.5
49.1
40 9
832.4
162.3
257.7
223.4
189.0
656.5
139.8
202.2
155.8
158.7
189.3
39.8
54.6
52.2
42.7
i See footnote 1, table F-3.
»Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, notshown separately.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
881.9
183.7
277.6
220.3
200.3
663.4
112.3
230.6
183.1
137.4
191.6
40.3
48.0
57.4
45.9
935.9
195.5
283.0
232.2
225.2
676.8
189.2
202.1
136.1
149.4
198.9
51.6
55.0
48.6
43.7
896.3
190.4
266.7
210.6
228.7
624.6
124.1
216.5
139.6
144.5
180.2
36.8
51.1
50.1
42.2
803.2
160.4
240.0
185.5
217.3
556.5
141.0
164.8
118.0
132.8
158.2
35.0
39.6
43.3
40.3
588.2
96.6
146.1
177.9
167.6
490.5
114.1
140.3
137.0
99.2
128.9
24.0
32.8
39.7
32.4
535.2
86.9
106.7
172.5
169.1
449.0
83.2
110.7
131.0
124.1
119.0
24.8
24.8
35.3
34.0
519.9
118.0
127.1
132.6
142.1
414.4
99.2
99.0
108.4
107.8
109.8
24.1
30.1
29.4
26.2
678.9 10, 138. 5 11, 535.1
152.1 2, 196.6 2, 500.1
195.1 £, 137.0 3, 488.5
152.1 2, 347.1 2, 700.9
179.7 2, 457.9 2, 845. 7
532.8 6, 649.7 5, 593. 7
114.7 1, 431. 6 1, 233.8
157.5 1, 991.4 1, 748.7
133.1 1, 591.5 1, 455. 4
127.5 1, 635.2 1,155. 9
131.6 1, 830.4 1, 649.1
27.6
394.1
364.9
34.0
510. 2
449.2
34.8
451.1
481.9
35.2
444.2
383.9
"Revised.
SoTJfiCK: n . g. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able
251
F-5. Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
State and location
1957
Oct.
Sept.*
Aug.
July
June
1956
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.*
Oct.
1956
1955
Total
Total
All States...................................................... 1, 607.9 1,551.7 1, 626.1 1, 693.4 1,748.7 1,829. 7 1,714.4 1,534.3 1, 218.9 1, 111.0 1,053.0 1,351.3 1, 660. 8 18, 760.7 18, 939.0
Metropolitan areas3............................ 1,254.3 1,202. 5 1, 261. 8 1, 302.5 1,350.6 1,423.9 1,322.4 1,203.8 964.7 864.7 841.6 1,042. 8 1,301.1 14, 667. 4 15,108. 9
Nonmetropolitan areas....................... 353.6 349.2 364.4 390.9 398.1 405.8 392.0 330.5 254.2 246.3 211.4 308.5 359.7 4,093.3 3, 830.1
Alabama__________ ______ ______ ____
Arizona__________ _____ ____________
Arkansas________ ___________________
California____________ ______________
Colorado__________________ ____ ____
13.0
17.6
5.7
283.5
17.2
14.1
19.4
5.7
229.5
21.2
13.8
20.1
5.4
250.7
18.1
18.7
19. £
8.4
273.4
25.3
15.4
20.3
4.7
263.8
24.0
19.9
18.4
6.2
301.4
21.0
20.0
22.8
6.2
301.1
22.1
14.1
18.1
6.4
279.7
21.9
15.2
13.6
9.0
212.3
21.8
14.3
26.8
5.0
229.4
19.7
11.0
11.4
3.4
203,5
20.2
14.7
16.3
3.7
242.0
23.0
14.4
19.8
4.5
255.6
41.2
173.1
189.7
57.4
3,163.2
279.2
166.5
165.8
54.3
3,065.1
' 280.6
Connecticut..................................................
Delaware____________________ _ ___
District of Columbia............................ .
Florida_____________________________
Georgia____________________________
25.2
6.1
9.1
77.6
22.9
36.3
5. (
13.2
74.5
24.4
40.5
7.4
2.9
81.4
18.9
43.7
8.5
13.0
88.9
21.9
33.2
9.3
14.4
86.6
16.7
41.2
4. £
6.2
88.3
19.3
35.8
5.2
8.4
79.4
27.5
42.0
3.2
3.9
76.0
20.6
22.3
5. 4
2.8
72.2
22.1
21.1
6.1
5.3
70.3
20.2
22.6
3.4
2.4
57.8
12.8
37.1
6.6
4.4
65.7
17.4
33.0
7.8
17.9
77.5
19.2
375.1
66.0
70.2
834.8
250.2
359.1
62.0
87.7
746.9
276.7
Idaho__________ _______ ____________
Illinois____________ ________________
Indiana..........................................................
Iowa____ _ ______________________
Kansas_____________________________
4.7
108.9
44.1
16.6
10.8
3.0
105.7
43.9
17.1
12.6
4.0
103.9
49.0
14.7
17.9
3.6
3.3
109. C 120.1
37.8
42.2
18.5
18.2
10.6
15.8
3.9
115.9
34.9
16.4
12.3
4.5
142.0
33.0
17.3
9.9
3.5
111.7
51.3
11.2
10.8
1.3
93.2
20.7
6.0
10.0
2.0
61.5
23.2
4.3
6.8
1.3
75.2
20.5
7.6
8.7
3.3
92.6
30.7
13.0
14.2
3.3
119.3
40.1
21.6
13.3
39.6
1, 333. 8
432.0
181.9
151.9
36.5
1,261.6
'381.0
180.1
195.4
K entucky______________________ ____
Louisiana................. ...................................
M aine.......... ................................................
Maryland__________________________
M assachusetts..............................................
12.1
23.0
2.7
55.3
38.4
16. 5
20.1
3.2
29.9
31.5
14.5
20.9
1.8
32.5
42.6
16.1
23.2
3.3
40.7
50.9
18.8
27.2
3.4
53.2
45.5
22.4
24.6
4.9
44.6
42.3
16.1
17.9
3.7
36.0
39.0
16.8
17.4
2.5
30.8
51.2
13.6
20.4
1.0
38.0
28.4
6.5
19.3
.6
27.3
18.5
10.1
18.6
.8
28.5
25.9
10.6
14.9
2.7
28.1
39.5
11.2
21.7
2.7
36.5
42.9
168.2
273.1
33.9
429.8
470.0
189.3
292.6
29.8
494.4
445.1
Michigan...........................................
Minnesota
M ississippi_______________ __________
Missouri___________________________
M ontana___________________________
82.1
35.2
5.8
33.5
2.7
82.6
40.1
6.3
27.7
3.1
87.9
35.2
4.4
29.4
2.6
91.1
42.1
4.4
35.0
3.4
107.8
47.4
7.8
29.1
4.0
97.6
53.7
3.2
16.8
3.9
99.4
43.1
6.0
25.8
5.1
74.2
20.1
2.8
24.7
3.0
48.2
18.3
3.6
18.6
2.3
45.2
10.4
2.5
16.7
1.3
38.9
15.0
3.0
15.3
.9
74.0
22.5
3.5
19.4
2.3
115.5
30.8
5.0
29.9
3.2
1, 084. 6
' 376. 2
52.5
306.7
41.5
1,130. 4
403. 3
50.3
336.4
41.7
Nebraska___________________________
Nevada_____________________________
New Hampshire....................... .................
New Jersey_________________________
New Mexico________________________
7.5
3.2
1.9
70.1
5.7
4.0
1.6
65.0
7.6
8.3
4.7
2.1
71.8
5.5
7.0
3.5
3.0
60.3
6.7
6.6
3.9
2.6
68.4
10.4
15.2
3.6
3.0
71.8
7.9
6.1
7.2
4.5
72.3
7.0
5.6
4.3
2.1
58.8
6.7
4.7
3.0
1.5
50.4
5.4
2.4
3.6
1. 1
40.3
9.0
2.6
2.3
1.6
55.6
5.4
5.6
3.7
3.1
54.8
7.2
8.8
3.0
4.4
74.0
6.5
82.0
45. 5
37.8
810.5
77.2
100.0
75.3
41. 2
832.3
85.7
New York__________________________
North Carolina_____________________
North Dakota_____________________
Ohio_______________________________
Oklahoma__________________________
116.8
14.5
4.3
101.2
10.5
147.4
16.9
5.0
93.3
9.3
114.1
17.6
5.4
108.1
13.2
101.2
16.9
5.7
101.3
13.8
105.6
15.5
4.1
125.7
8.5
198.0
18.5
5.4
123.9
10.6
117.8
21.5
2.9
99.1
10.9
114.1
16.2
1.6
94.7
10.3
80.7
15.2
.5
73.6
9.2
73.3
16.1
.3
53.4
7.2
86.9
11.9
.9
53.5
8.2
103.8
14.9
1.8
78.8
15.9
122.0
16. 7
3. 5
113.9
9.4
1, 470.0
221.4
40.5
1, 202. 0
143.2
1, 489.9
' 216. 4
35. 6
1, 216. 0
' 149. 2
Oregon____________________________
Pennsylvania..............................................
Rhode Tslanri
South Carolina______________________
...................
South Dakota
12.1
66.8
6.3
5.0
4.2
12.3
53.4
5.3
5.3
3.4
13.7
93.0
5.3
6.2
3.5
14.6
75.8
5.3
7.3
4.6
13.2
74.1
3.9
5.9
2.5
14.0
72.0
5.2
5.1
4.1
12.1
74.3
4.3
8.2
6.0
11.4
64.1
2.9
4.4
2.0
7.9
49.6
1.8
4.7
1.0
12.8
39.9
1.6
4.9
.9
7.2
47.2
3.1
5.3
1.0
11.9
49.4
4.6
4. 7
1.6
13.4
65.8
3. 6
6.8
4.5
182.0
780.7
59.6
75. 8
37.4
157.2
871.9
49.0
94.6
36.9
Tennessee......................................................
Texas. _.. ...
Utah____________________________ .
V erm ont........
Virginia____________________________
14.5
89.6
11.6
1.8
30.1
14.2
88.0
10.2
7.0
32.2
15.8
83.6
9.8
.6
34.0
16.9
101.5
9.4
.6
32.4
22.0
91.3
12.2
.5
51.5
21.6
87.0
14.2
.9
36.4
18.3
83.2
8.1
1.3
33.8
15.4
82.4
13.3
1.2
29.6
10.5
77.1
7.6
.2
36.4
8.9
98.2
4.3
.2
24.7
13.6
56.1
4.3
.2
23.2
17.0
64 9
9.0
.6
29.9
15.7
76.1
8.2
.6
40.7
213.0
916.9
145. 2
10.1
452.4
219.8
1,024.6
118.7
11.3
475.2
Washington . . . .
West V irgin ia ._____________________
Wisconsin__________________________
Wyoming______
. .............
29.1
5.2
41.1
1.7
26.4
4.5
42.7
3.1
31.3
14.8
41.0
2.1
31.8
6.9
49.3
2.5;
28.9
16.4
44.9
2.2
32.5
6.8
45.9
1.8
28.5
6.0
51.8
1.8
30.5
4.6
38.7
1.6
25.7
5.2
26.0
.8
22.2
3.1
18.7
.9
20.7
2.8
18.8
1.9
25.7
5.2
34.0
.8
24.8
6.2
40.9
3.4
390. 6
64.4
442.0
25.6
381.0
67.4
438.8
18.6
1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
* Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950 Census.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•Revised.
Soui'.cic: U. S, Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958
252
T able
F-6. Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction cost 1
Number of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost 1
(in thousands)
Location
Period
Total
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
Metro Nonmetro North North
Central South
politan
politan
east
places
places
1950 ................................................. .
1951................. ................. ...............
1952 ............................................. .......
i053 ................................................... 1954......................................................
1955............................................... .......
1956...... .................................- .............
1957 *....................... ............................
1,396,000
1,091,300
X, 127,000
1,103,800
1,220,400
1,328,900
1,118,100
1,039,200
1,352,200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068,300
1,201,700
1,309, 500
1,093.900
987,700
43,800
71,200
58,500
35, 500
18,700
19,400
24,200
49,500
1,021,600
776,800
794, 900
803,500
896,900
975,800
779,800
699,300
1953: First q u arter____________
Second quarter__________
Third quarter____________
Fourth quarter ________
1954: First q u arter____________
Second quarter__________
Third quarter____________
Fourth quarter___________
1955: First quarter_____________
January ______________
February______________
March_________________
8econd quarter__________
A p r il--______________ _
M ay___________________
Juno___________________
Third quarter____________
July ________________
August ____ ___________
September_____________
Fourth quarter - ________
October. ______________
Novem ber. __________
December ____________
195fi; First quarter
January
February______________
March_________________
Second quarter___________
April ________________
M ay__________________
June___________________
Third quarter____________
J u l y __________________
August ______________
September_____________
Fourth quarter__________
October________________
November_____________
December______________
1057: First quarter_____________
January________________
February______________
March _______________
Second quarter___________
A p r il.._____ ___________
M ay
June____ ___ ___________
Third quarter*___________
July___________________
A u g u st* .______________
September*___________
257,100
324,300
285,000
237,400
236,800
332, 700
346,000
304, 900
291,300
87,600
89,900
113,800
404,100
132,000
137,600
134, 500
362,300
122; 700
124,700
114.900
271,200
105,800
89.200
76.200
252,100
75,100
78,400
98,600
332,500
111.400
113, 700
107.400
298.900
101,100
103,900
93,900
234,600
93.600
77,400
63.600
215,800
63.000
65,800
87.000
296, 600
93,700
103.000
99.900
291, 800
99.900
100.000
91, 900
235, 000
95,000
78, 000
62, 000
238,100
315,000
280,700
234, 500
232; 200
326,500
339,300
303, 700
288,000
87, 300
87,900
112, 800
397,000
130,500
135; 100
131,400
357,800
121,900
122,300
113, 600
266, 700
104.800
88,400
73,500
244.600
73,700
77.000
93,900
325,300
109.900
110.800
104.600
292.900
99.000
103,200
90,700
231,100
9L200
77,000
62,900
202,500
60,100
63,100
79,300
282,800
91,400
96, 900
94,500
280, 900
93,900
96,800
90, 200
223, 500
87,000
75, 700
60,800
19,000
9.300
4.300
2,900
4,600
6,200
6,700
1,200
3,300
300
2,000
1,000
7,100
1.500
2.500
3,100
4,500
800
2,400
1,300
4, 500
L000
800
2,700
7,500
1,400
1,400
4,700
7; 200
1,500
2, 900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3,200
3,500
2,400
400
700
13,300
2,900
2.700
7.700
13, 800
2.300
6,100
5,400
10, 900
6,000
3.200
1,700
11, 500
8,000
2.300
1.200
184,400
238,100
207,800
173,200
174,300
244,000
252,800
225,800
221,800
68,100
66,900
86,800
294,800
96,800
99, 700
98,300
263,400
88,400
91,500
83, 500
195,800
76.600
64.600
54, 700
183,800
54,300
57,600
71,900
228,300
76,200
77,600
74,500
202,900
69,700
70.900
62,300
164,800
64.900
54,800
45,100
149,100
44,000
46,600
58,500
200,300
63,500
68,200
68, 600
192, 600
63,400
67, 700
61, 500
157, 300
62, 000
52,900
42, 400
October A. ____________
N ovem ber3____________
D ecem ber3________ ____
1 Excludes temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations,
trailers, and military barracks; includes prefabricated housing if permanent.
These estimates are based on (1) monthly building-permit reports adjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issulng places, and (3)
reports of public construction contract awards.
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for indi
vidual projects.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
West
Total
Privately
owned
Publicly
owned
$11, 788, 595 $11,418,371
374,400
(2)
(s)
(2)
(s)
9,186,123
9,800,892
314, 500
(2)
(2)
<2)
(2)
9, 706,276
10, 208,983
332,100
(2)
(2)
(»)
Í2)
10,488,003 10,181,185
300,300
Í2)
(!)
«
(2)
323, 500 243,100 325, 800 359, 700 291,800 12,478.237 12,309,200
353,100 273,100 356,000 389,000 310,800 14, 544,647 14,345,829
338, 300 228,800 303,100 334. 200 252,000 13.086,118 12, 814, 776
12,304,813 11, 692,277
339,900
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$370, 224
614,769
502,707
306,818
169,037
198,818
271,342
612,536
2,183,710
3,000,120
2, 739,268
2,258,087
2,199,446
3, 398, 898
3,528,471
3,182. 385
3,043,959
890,092
934, 585
1,219,282
4,349,159
1, 421,309
1,479, 773
1,448,077
3,981.182
1,363,092
1,346,848
1,271,242
2,971, 529
1,168,229
985,891
817, 409
2,761,446
800,665
871,700
1,089, 081
3,844,192
1,293, 488
1,312,890
1,237,814
3,471, 787
1,179,266
1,222,281
1,070,240
2,737,351
1,078,142
925,991
733,218
2,351, 729
681,147
727,081
943, 501
3,367,334
1, 087,149
1,153, 246
1,126, 939
3, 333, 294
1,118,486
1,138,891
1,075, 917
2, 639, 920
1,035, 300
893, 260
711,360
162,503
83,136
38,339
22,840
41,002
55,673
61,895
10, 467
32, 239
2,702
19,985
9,552
67,126
13,086
23,128
30,912
44,259
9,058
23,100
12,101
55,194
10,580
8, 095
36, 519
89,241
13,783
15,438
60,020
79,992
15, 687
33,623
30,682
63,017
22,086
4,988
35,943
39,092
26,839
4,598
7,655
188, 287
37,171
35, 790
115,326
175, 541
28,677
82, 993
63.871
118, 758
71,343
30,863
16, 552
129, 950
94,340
22,560
13.050
72,700
86,200
77,200
64, 200
62,500
88, 700
93,200
79,100
69,500
19,500
23,000
27,000
109,300
35,200
37,900
36,200
98,900
34,300
33, 200
31,400
75,400
29,300
24,600
21,500
68,300
20,800
20,800
26, 700
104,200
35,200
36,100
32,900
96,000
31,400
33,000
31,600
69, 800
28,700
22,600
18,500
66,700
19,000
19,200
28,500
96,300
30,200
34; 800
31,300
99, 200
36, 500
32,300
30, 400
77, 700
33,000
25,100
19, 600
(»)
(2)
(S)
(2)
47, 400
67,300
72, 500
55, 900
53,100
16,000
13, 500
23,600
89,100
28,600
30,300
30,200
75, 400
27,100
24,900
23,400
55,500
23,500
17,700
14,300
45,700
12,400
14, 400
18,900
72,300
23,400
24,700
24,200
61,800
21,800
20,800
19,200
49,000
20,100
16,500
12,400
33,800
9,300
9, 700
14, 800
60, 700
19, 900
20,900
19, 900
57,900
19, 200
21, 800
16, 900
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
52,700
98, 400
97,800
76, 900
63,400
15, 600
19,700
28,100
116,000
37,300
40,000
39,300
108,000
35,600
38,000
34,400
68, 000
29,400
23,000
15,600
58,200
15, 700
16,400
26,1 Oil
98,100
33,600
33,300
31,200
87, 200
29,900
29,200
28,100
59,600
26,200
19,200
14,200
46,800
10,700
14.000
22,100
77,200
23, 700
25, 700
27, 800
79, 300
27,000
27,300
25,000
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(»)
(2)
(2)
77,600
90,900
99,900
91,300
95,900
30,600
32,400
32,900
109,700
35, 700
37,400
36, 600
99,400
32,700
34,800
31,900
84,000
28,500
27,800
27,700
83,200
27,200
26,800
29,200
93,200
31,100
32,800
29,300
86,500
27, 700
30,700
28,100
71,300
27,500
22,700
21,100
78, 800
24,800
24,600
29,400
92,800
28,100
33, 700
31,000
93,200
33, 500
31,000
28, 700
(»)
(s)
59,100
76,100
75,800
80,800
78,900
25,400
24,300
29,200
88, 700
30,400
29,900
28,400
79, 500
27,300
27,000
25,200
63,700
24, 400
20, 700
18,600
65,000
19,800
20,800
24,400
68,900
23,300
22,900
22,700
63, 400
21,700
23,200
18,500
54,700
19,800
19,000
15,900
56,400
18,200
17, 500
20,700
65, 900
22,000
22, 700
21, 200
61, 400
20, 200
19, 900
21,300
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
2,346,213
3,083,256
2, 777, 607
2,280,927
2,240, 448
3,454, 571
3,590,366
3,192,852
3,076,198
892,794
954,570
1,228,834
4,416,285
1,434, 395
1,502, 901
1,478, 989
4,025,441
1, 372,150
1,369,948
1,283,343
3,026,723
1,178,809
993,986
853, 928
2,850,687
814,448
887,138
1,149,101
3,924,184
1,309,175
1,346,513
1,268,496
3,534,804
1,201,352
1,227,269
1,106,183
2,776,443
1,104,981
930,589
740,873
2, 540,016
718,318
762,871
1,058, 827
3, 542,875
1,115, 826
1, 236, 239
1,190,810
3, 452,052
1,189,829
1,169, 754
1,092, 469
2, 769, 870
1,129, 640
915,820
724,410
»Not available.
* Preliminary.
‘ Revised.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing M ajo
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source:
U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
U . S . G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E : 1953
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