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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ISADOR LUBIN, Commissioner
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MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
VOLUME 38
NUMBER 2
Hugh S. Hanna, editor
FEBRUARY 1934
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1934
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C........................................................ Price 20 cents a copy
Subscription price per year: United States, Canada, Mexico, $2.00; Other Countries, $3.25
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C E R T IF IC A T E
T h is p u b lica tio n is issu ed p u rsu a n t t o th e
p ro v isio n s o f th e S u n d ry C iv il A c t (41 S ta ts.
1430) ap p roved M arch 4, 1921
C o n te n ts
Special articles :
T»
R ecen t developm ents in subsistence-hom esteads m o v em en t________
A verage wage an d salary p ay m en ts to wage earners in th e co n stru c
tion in d u stry in Ohio, 1918 to 1932, by F red C. C roxton and
F rederick E. C ro x to n _____________________________________ ___
Productivity of labor and in d u stry :
P ro d u ctiv ity , hours, a n d com pensation of railroad labor: P a rt 3.
T ra n sp o rta tio n employees, by W itt B ow den_____________________
N ational Recovery A dm inistration:
Progress u nder N atio n al In d u stria l R ecovery A ct a t close of 1933___
M odification of hours provisions under P resid en t’s R eem ploym ent
A greem ent_____________________________________________________
N atio n al R ecovery A d m inistration em pow ered to approve certain
codes----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T ran sfer of ag ricu ltu ral codes_____________________________________
D u ties of G overnm en t rep resen tativ es on code a u th o ritie s__________
C ontinuance of N atio n al L abor B oard an d its p o w ers______________
Volume of w ork handled by N atio n al L abor B o a rd _________________
Philippine Islands ruled n o t u n d er N atio n al In d u stria l R ecovery Act_
A pp o in tm en t of in d u stria l relations boards in m otor-bus in d u s try __
Production control in textile in d u strie s_____________________________
Sum m ary of p erm a n e n t codes ad o p ted under N atio n al In d u stria l
R ecovery A ct during D ecem ber 1933____________________________
In d u stria l relatio n s and lab o r conditions :
A nnual re p o rt of th e S ecretary of L abor, 1932-33__________________
In dividual and collective bargaining under N atio n al In d u stria l R e
covery A c t--------------------------------------------------------------------------------E m ploym ent conditions and un em p lo y m en t relief:
W ork an d policies of F ed eral Civil W orks A d m in istra tio n __________
F ederal g ran ts to self-help organizations of u nem ployed____________
H ealth and in d u strial hygiene :
H e a lth of w orkers in d u sty tra d e s _________________________________
M iners’ ph th isis in S o u th A frica___________________________________
Labor law s and court decisions :
M innesota em ergency law u pheld by U n ited S ta te s Suprem e C o u rt___
In d u stria l d isp u tes:
S trikes an d lockouts in th e U n ited S ta te s in D ecem ber 1933________
C onciliation w ork of th e D e p a rtm e n t of L abor in D ecem ber 1933_____
W ork of th e U n ited S tates B oard of M ediation, 1932-33_____________
W orkers’ education and train in g :
R ep o rt of Federal B oard for V ocational E d u catio n , 1932-33________
Labor tu rn -o v er :
L abor tu rn -o v er in m an u factu rin g estab lish m en ts, fo u rth q u a rte r of
1933-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L abor tu rn -o v er in foundries an d m achine shops, 1931 an d 1932____
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P ag e
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IV
C O N TE N T S
H ousing:
B uilding operatio n s in p rin cip al cities of th e U n ited S tates, D ecem ber
1933____________________________________________________________
Wages and h ours of lab o r:
W age-rate changes in A m erican in d u strie s--------------------------------------W age changes re p o rted by tra d e unions a n d m unicipalities since
O ctober 1933___________________________________________________
A d ju stm en t of F ed eral salaries to th e cost of liv in g -------------------------------W ages of seam en, 1933---------------------------------------------------------------------T rend of em ploym en t:
E m p lo y m en t in selected m an u facu trin g in d u stries in D ecem ber 1933E m ploym ent in n o n m an u factu rin g in d u stries in D ecem ber 1933-----Average m an-hours w orked a n d average hourly e a rn in g s-----------------E m p lo y m en t in b uilding c o n stru ctio n in D ecem ber 1933-----------------T ren d of em plo y m en t in D ecem ber 1933, by S ta te s ------------------------E m ploym ent an d p ay rolls in D ecem ber 1933 in cities of over 500,000
p o p u la tio n ______________________________________________________
E m p lo y m en t in th e various branches of th e F ed eral G overnm ent,
D ecem ber 1933_________________________________________________
E m p lo y m en t on class I steam railro ad s in th e U n ited S ta te s-----------E m ploym ent created by th e Public W orks F u n d ----------------------------E m ploym ent on public roads (other th a n public w o rk s)------------------Retail prices:
R etail prices of food in D ecem ber 1933------------------------------------------R e ta il prices of coal, D ecem ber 15, 1933----------------------------------------R etail prices of gas in D ecem ber 1933---------------------------------------------R etail prices of electricity in D ecem ber 1933----------------------------------W holesale p rices:
Index num bers of wholesale prices, 1913 to D ecem ber 1933--------------Cost of liv in g :
C hanges in cost of living in th e U n ited S tates, D ecem ber 1933--------C ost of living in th e U n ited S tates a n d in foreign c o u n tries---------490
P u blications relatin g to la b o r :
Official— U n ited S ta te s ____________________________________________
Official— Foreign c o u n tries------------------------------------------------------------U nofficial_________________________________________________________
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T h is Issu e in Brief
Up to the middle oj January, Federal loans had been authorizedfor 11
subsistence-homestead communities which will provide for nearly 2,500
families, including over 10,000 persons. These are to be located in
nine States and are to be mainly to demonstrate the possibilities of
homestead life for occupational groups left stranded by the moving or
closing of industries in which they formerly were employed, farmers
marooned on land too poor to yield a living, etc. The homestead
gardens will provide part of the families’ maintenance, while part-time
employment in local industries to be established is expected to supply
the remainder and to provide the cash necessary to repay the loan.
The loans to the individual projects range from $50,000 to $1,000,000
and are to be repaid within (usually) a 20-year term. Page 245.
Average earnings of building construction workers in Ohio were
$982 in 1932, as compared with $1,668 in 1929, a decrease of 41.1
percent. During the same period the average number of wage earners
employed in this industry decreased from 72,670 to 24,094, or 66.8
percent. These figures are computed from annual reports furnished
the Ohio Department of Industrial Relations by all building contractors
in Ohio employing three or more persons. Page 253.
The third of three articles on railroad labor discusses the groups
directly connected with the handling of trains and engines and of traffic
(p. 269). The principal technological changes affecting these groups
include automatic devices for controlling train movements, highway
crossing signals, grade separations, gravity yards for the classified
distribution of cars, greater speed of trains, larger engines and cars,
mechanized handling of freight and baggage, and improved terminal
facilities. Because of these changes, a return even to the peak of
revenue traffic would mean a large amount of unemployment on the
basis of prevailing hours of labor.
Jobs involving a wide variety of occupations and skills were provided
under the civil-works program inaugurated in November 1933. Wage
rates were set for the various classes of work, with the announced
policy of providing “ regular work at regular wages.” It was stipu
lated that half of the places should go to persons in receipt of relief,
the other half being reserved for those who had somehow managed, up
to this time, to remain self-supporting. The program, it was stated,
was not to be regarded as a permanent policy, but as being undertaken
to meet a national emergency. Page 312.
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THIS ISSU E IN B R IE F
VI
The larger joundries and machine shops had a net turn-over rate oj
24.10 jor the year 1932. The smaller firms, i.e., those with less than
100 employees, had a net turn-over rate of 42.32; that is, labor turn
over in the smaller firms was over 75 percent greater than for the
larger firms in this industry. These and other data compiled from
reports made to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by 373 firms in the
foundry and machine shop industry for the years 1931 and 1932 are
given in an article beginning on page 347.
The cost oj living jor wage earners’ jamilies increased 5.2 percent
during the 6-month period ending December 1933, according to the
semiannual survey made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics covering
32 cities. The cost of every group of items included in the cost-ofliving budget, except rents, showed an increase during this 6-month
period. The largest increase, 11.6 percent, occurred in the house
hold-furnishing goods group. With the year 1913 as the base or 100,
the cost of living index in December 1933 was 135.0, as compared
with 128.3 in June 1933, and 132.1 in December 1932. Page 476.
The Supreme Court oj the United States upheld the mortgage mora
torium law enacted by the State oj Minnesota in 1933. This was a very
important decision as it involved the constitutionality of emergency
legislation and may have an important influence upon future court
decisions involving the various emergency laws enacted by Congress.
Page 323.
The trends in employer-employee relations as they are developing under
the collective-bargaining provision oj the National Recovery Adminis
tration is the subject of a recent study by the National Industrial
Conference Board. The study covered 3,314 companies employing
approximately 2,586,000 workers. It was found that of the total
number of employees in the establishments reporting, 45.7 percent
dealt with employers individually, 45 percent dealt with employers
through employee-representation committees, and 9.3 percent through
organized labor unions. The data presented in the report relate to
the early part of November 1933. Page 308.
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MONTHLY
LABOR R E V I E W
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
WASHINGTON
F e b r u a r y 1934
R ecen t D evelop m en ts in S u b sisten ce -H o m este a d s
M o v e m e n t1
LONG-RANGE program under which groups of industrial
workers and farmers are to be relieved of complete dependence
upon either factory work or agriculture is being worked out by the
Subsistence Homesteads Division of the United States Department
of the Interior through a series of demonstration projects. One
phase of the program is to assist in the redistribution of surplus
populations, groups left stranded by the shutdown or permanent
closing of the industries in which they earned their livelihood, and
populations dependent on part-time work. A second phase includes
the transfer of farmers marooned on eroded and worn-out lands to
good land.
To do this it is forming new communities of garden homes which
will afford a source of food supply as well as shelter. For the older
worker who has small chance of industrial reestablishment such home
steads offer an opportunity to become self-sustaining. For the
younger worker a garden home, acquired during his active years in
industry, offers the prospect of a place of retirement when the period
of maximum earning power has passed.
The shorter workday with the resultant increase in leisure hours,
the increase of technological unemployment, cyclical unemployment,
seasonality of employment, the move toward decentralization of
industry, are all factors which it is believed make desirable some such
movement as that toward subsistence gardening.
A
Federal Subsistence-Homesteads Policies
I n s e t t i n g up the demonstration projects, “ problem areas” are
selected, on the basis of local need, suitability and value for demon
stration purposes, and presence of various factors essential to the
success of the plan.
The projects are to be, in general, of five major types:
(1)
Workers’ garden homesteads near small industrial centers in
which small industries are located.
(2)
Workers’ garden homesteads near large industrial centers,
usually of heavy industries not likely to decentralize.
(3)
Projects for rehabilitation of “ stranded” industrial population
groups, particularly coal miners.
1
This article is based upon information furnished by the Subsistence-Homesteads D ivision, U .S.
Department of the Interior.
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M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W
(4) Projects for reorganization of disorganized rural communities
and for elimination of rural slums on lands submarginal for agriculture.
(5) Movement of farm population from submarginal reclamation
projects.
Usually the homesteads will be established and administered in
groups accommodating 25 to 100 families. The individual home
stead will ordinarily consist of from 1 to 5 acres, “ depending upon
soil, size of family, character of agricultural operations contemplated,
opportunity for wage employment. In rural reconstruction projects
the size of the individual homestead will naturally be larger and
agricultural operations somewhat more extensive in scope.”
All operations will be carried on with loans from the $25,000,000
fund made available under the National Industrial Recovery Act.
To handle the financial matters connected with the scheme, the
Federal Subsistence-Homesteads Corporation has been organized,
chartered under the laws of Delaware. It has capital stock of
$10,000, held in trust for the United States by Secretary of the In
terior Ickes, Assistant Secretary Chapman, and M. L. Wilson, di
rector of the Subsistence-Homesteads Division, acting as trustees.
For each homestead community a local nonprofit corporation will be
set up, all of whose stock will be held by the Federal corporation,
which also reserves the power to appoint the board of directors of the
local corporation, to require uniform accounting systems, and to ex
ercise such central control as may be found expedient.
The local corporation will select the land, choose the settlers, and
carry on the operations incident to the construction of the various
features of the settlement.
The Federal loans will be made to the local corporation, at 4 per
cent interest. The homesteader will pay at a slightly higher rate,
in order to provide a reasonable margin for the cost of management.
Loans for purchase of equipment, tools, and machinery, livestock,
trees, fertilizer, etc., will be made where necessary and if unobtain
able from other sources.
Progress Made Under Program
U p t o the middle of January 1934 eleven subsistence-homesteads
projects had been authorized. These were, in the order of approval,
as follows:
(1) Arthurdale Community, Reedsville, W.Va. (about 200
families).2
(2) Community of Cooperative Production Units, Dayton, Ohio
(35 families).2
(3) Subsistence-liomsteads group at Decatur, Ind. (40-48 fam
ilies).
(4) Subsistence-homsteads community at Valley Bend, W.Va.
(about 125 families).
2
For description of this community see M onthly Labor Review, December 1933, p. 1327.
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(5) Subsistence-homesteads community in Monmouth County,
near Hightstown, N.J. (about 200 families).
(6) Mahoning Homestead Gardens, to be established around 7
villages adjacent to Youngstown, Ohio (some 160 f a m i l i e s ) .
(7) Penderlea Farms, in Pender County, N.C. (from 300 to 400
families).
(8) Chancellorsville Homsteads in Jasper and Purnam Counties,
Ga. (about 500 families).
(9) Westmoreland Homesteads, Mount Pleasant township,
Westmoreland County, Pa. (about 100 families).
(10) Birmingham Homesteads, Birmingham, Ala. (about 300
families).
(11) Wisconsin Forest-Farm Homesteads, in northern Wisconsin
(about 400 families).
Altogether, loans of more than $5,000,000 have been approved for
these 11 communities. In total nearly 2,500 families (over 10,000
persons) will be provided for. The statement following shows the
amount of the loan authorized to the various projects:
A labam a: B irm ingham H o m estead s___________________ $750, 000
Georgia: C hancellorsville H o m estead s________________ 1, 000, 000
Indiana: D ec a tu r p ro je c t_____________________________
125, 000
New Jersey: M on m o u th C o u n ty p ro je c t_______________
500, 000
N orth C arolina: P enderlea F a rm s ____________________ 1, 000, 000
Ohio:
50, 000
C ooperative P ro d u ctio n U nits, D a y to n ___________
M ahoning H om estead G ardens, Y o u n gstow n_____
500, 000
276, 000
Pennsylvania: W estm oreland H o m estead s____________
W est Virginia:
A rth u rd ale C om m unity, R eedsville______________
(3)
T y g a rt R iv er Valley P ro ject, Valley B end_______
250, 000
W isconsin F o re st-F a rm H o m estead s_____ '____________
750. 000
Types of Families Chosen
As a l r e a d y stated, the purpose of the program is to provide demon
stration of the possibilities of homestead life for surplus populations,
stranded agricultural and industrial population groups, and older
workers for whom there is little or no opportunity of further industrial
employment.
The projects thus far authorized include examples of all of these
groups. Thus, the North Carolina and Wisconsin communities will
be mainly for farmers who have been attempting to eke out an exist
ence on isolated submarginal land; in Wisconsin these will come
mainly from the farmers of cut-over forest land of poor quality. The
Georgia colonists will be selected from persons who have recently
moved into towns and cities, from graduates of agricultural schools
who have never been able to get a start, and from cotton and corn
farmers operating badly eroded land.
3
Amount not yet definitely allocated.
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M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W
Both of tne West Virginia communities will have as participants
families of coal miners, sawmill workers, and farmers working land of
low fertility along the mountain ridges. The Pennsylvania com
munity will have as residents families left stranded by the abandon
ment of many coal mines in the district.
In New Jersey the homesteaders will be Jewish needle-trades
workers from badly congested districts in New York City, with a few
from Newark, Jersey City, and Philadelphia.
White-collar workers of the lower salaried classes will be given
preference in the Youngstown, Ohio, and Birmingham, Ala., settle
ments. It is expected that among them will be factory workers,
store clerks, garage mechanics, and members of the professional and
semiprofessional classes. A cross section of many occupations is to
be the aim in the Indiana and the Dayton, Ohio, colonies.
Many of these families are already on relief. Thus of the farmers
in Randolph County, W.Va., it is stated that 35 percent have been
receiving relief. Many of the coal miners there have had little or no
work for 5 years, because of the shutdown of the mines due to ex
haustion of the vein, reduced prices, or unprofitable operation as com
pared with mines in other areas. Of the workers from among whom
the Decatur, Ind., homesteaders will be chosen, it is said that some are
wholly unemployed, some are on part-time work, while a few have
full-time jobs. The Subsistence Homesteads Division states that,
where necessary, arrangements will be made for the continuation of
relief until the homesteaders have had an opportunity to become selfsupporting. Assurance will be required that relief responsibilities
will not be shifted unfairly to rural areas.
In all cases, in selecting the participants in the project, preference
will be given to those who have a background of farm or agricultural
training and who are “ temperamentally inclined towards gardening
and home production of food.”
Types of Communities Planned
T h e experiments thus far started illustrate four of the five classes
enumerated in the Federal program. Thus, the Decatur, Ind.,
project will be a homestead group near the small industrial center,
Decatur being an industrial city of about 5,500 persons. The
homestead development will be contiguous to the city and the
homesteaders are intended to be part of the Decatur community
rather than a group set apart. It is expected that they will con
tinue to find part of their support through part-time employment
in the city, the remainder being supplied from their home-garden
plots.
The Birmingham and Youngstown projects will provide examples
of workers’ garden homesteads near large industrial centers. In
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both of these cases the homesteads will not be in one group but will
be situated on scattered tracts on the outskirts of various suburban
towns of which they will become a part.
The New Jersey project will be a demonstration of decentralized
industry adjacent to a great industrial center.
The Pennsylvania and West Virginia homesteads communities
will provide for stranded occupational groups—coal miners in
Pennsylvania and coal miners, sawmill workers, and farmers in
West Virginia.
The projects in Georgia, North Carolina, and Wisconsin will be
agricultural settlements.
Land 'policy.—In all cases the land selected for the homestead
project will be of high quality, capable of intensive cultivation.
For the Valley Bend (W.Va.) homesteads, option has been obtained
on some 2,250 acres of rich valley land about 10 miles from Elkins,
the county seat. To the Youngstown group will be allotted plots on
tracts of “ proven productivity from farms now devoted to intensive
commercial production.” The New Jersey colony site will consist of
1,253 acres, representing 8 farms; the richest 200 acres will be used
for the homesteads. With regard to the Georgia homestead program,
the following statement was made:
T he p ro ject will be developed carefully as a coordinate p a rt of a F ederal an d
S ta te plan n ed land-use program . I t is aim ed to p rovide a d em o n stratio n of th e
possibilities of b e tte r la n d use a n d to show th e w ay fo r im provem ents of th e sam e
ty p e in com parable soil areas of th e low er P ied m o n t, w hich extends from eastern
A labam a across G eorgia an d S outh C arolina in to N o rth C arolina. T his was
form erly a prosperous p la n ta tio n a re a d ev o ted alm o st w holly to th e com m ercial
p roduction of cotton . T he cu m u lativ e effect of soil erosion, th e boll weevil
invasions, an d th e c u ttin g aw ay of th e tim b e r resources h av e resu lted in th e
com plete b a n k ru p tc y of th e form er social a n d econom ic system . T he basis for
th e p lan to be followed h as fo r several years been stu d ied in G eorgia by various
S ta te agencies an d F ed eral bu reau s in th e U n ited S tates D e p a rtm e n t of A gricul
tu re in cooperation w ith th e U niv ersity System . Basic facts m ad e available by
th e stu d y an d aerial p h o to m ap s of 1,000 sq u are miles, including th e site fo r th e
hom estead project, will serve as guides for effecting th e m aterializatio n of sound
land-use planning an d ru ra l reo rganization in th e low er P ied m o n t region. T he
reh ab ilitatio n of distressed fam ilies on subsistence h om esteads a n d th e d ete r
m in atio n of th e b est use for large areas of la n d u n su ited for c o tto n o r o th e r farm ing
purposes are th e im m ediate focal po in ts in th a t program .
The largest project thus far authorized, from the point of view of
area included, is this Georgia program. Over 80,000 acres of highquality plantation land have already been obtained on option, of
which the best will be used for homestead purposes. That ill adapted
for farming will be used for public and private forest and recreation
districts.
The project in North Carolina will involve some 4,500 acres.
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M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W
For tne Pennsylvania settlement option has been obtained on 1,800
acres of good farm lands. As these lands are now devoted to com
mercial production and as under the homestead plan production will
be for use only, the result of the plan will be to reduce the total area
for the production of cash crops in the county.
In the projects whose participants are selected from the farmers,
it is planned that the lands now being worked by them shall be taken
over and pass out of commercial production. Thus, in Wisconsin, the
United States Forest Service will acquire the farms which the families
will leave, together with other areas nearby, consolidating them into
national forests. The net effect of the coordinated program will be to
reduce sharply the land area in the region devoted to commercial
farm production. Under a plan now being worked out, the farmer
will be given credit for the land he now occupies on the basis of its
value.
The individual homestead.—Each homesteader will have a plot of
good land large enough to accommodate a small low-cost dwelling,
with additional space for the raising of garden crops, poultry, and
possibly a cow, pigs, etc. The homestead sites will be of varying size
in the different projects. In the Arthurdale community all are of uni
form size, 5 acres each. In the Indiana and New Jersey colonies
plots will be an acre or more each, in Youngstown from 1% to 3 acres.
The agricultural communities will consist of homesteads of larger
size; those in Georgia will be from 20 to 30 acres each.
The colonists will be given an opportunity to choose the location
of their homes and the type of house design. The houses are to be of
individual pattern, carefully designed, and are to have modern
conveniences, including electrical equipment and running water.
Each occupant will be given a contract for the sale of his home
stead. A down payment may or may not be required; the property
will be purchased through small monthly or weekly payments, spread
over a 20-year term. In the Monmouth County, N.J., colony a
first payment of $500 will be required. The cost of the individual
homesteads, including land, varies somewhat in the different projects,
ranging from $2,000 to $3,000.
Community features.—In most of the projects these homestead
units will be in a compact group forming a definite new community
or colony, each with its own local government, schools, community
center, and church, and with its own water supply, road system, etc.
The New Jersey plans include a school with accommodations for 300
pupils and a community center.
In Pennsylvania, while the homesteads will be all in one tract,
there are already school and church facilities in the immediate
neighborhood, as well as railroads, street railways, and good roads.
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In some instances space will be set aside for common pasture land.
This is true of the two West Virginia projects, and in the Valley Bend
colony there will also be a community wood lot. In the needle-trades
settlement in New Jersey, it is planned to have a community coopera
tive farm which will have a dairy herd, a poultry department, and
facilities for filling other food requirements of the colony. The farm
will be worked by the colonists.
Sources of Employment for Homesteaders
I n a l l cases it is expected that part of the family’s subsistence
will be obtained from the crops, poultry, etc., raised on the homestead
plot. All of these products will be for use only, and none will be sold.
There will therefore be no increase in commercial farm products and no
competition with local farmers producing for the market.
As funds will be necessary for the monthly payment on the home
stead and for household furnishings and supplies not capable of being
produced at home, part-time employment in some cash-producing job
must be furnished. In Decatur, Birmingham, and Youngstown it is
expected that this will be available in the city industries.
For the Valley Bend, W.Va., colonists opportunities of employment
are expected to develop in connection with the Monongahela National
Forest which is near the colony site. Negotiations are under way for
the establishment by private concerns of several woodworking plants.
Development of handicrafts will also be stimulated among the home
steaders, many of whom have considerable skill with tools. In
Wisconsin, also, the families will have part-time work in Federal,
State, and county forests.
^
In the North Carolina project, whose occupants will be farmers
mainly, while the farm operations will supply the chief source of
livelihood, it is expected that small industries, privately owned and
financed, will also be developed, which will relieve the farmers of
complete dependence on agriculture. In Georgia, private farm crop
processing plants and woodworking industries will be started which,
together with industries in nearby cities, will provide additional
sources of income.
In the needle-trades colony in New Jersey a clothing factory will
be erected, financed by private funds, which will give part-time em
ployment to the homesteaders. It will maintain contact with the
New York market for its supply of unfinished goods and for the dis
posal of its finished product. In this factory the participants in the
homestead project will follow their usual occupations. It is stated
that this factory will be erected with a view to serving as “ a model in
design, in providing workers with satisfactory physical conditions,
and will be organized so as to adapt itself to full cooperative ownership
eventually.”
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252
M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W
Regarding the coal miners’ project of Pennsylvania, it is stated that
while opportunities for employment in that district are now scarce,
a number of private industries are considering the opening of plants
there which will give opportunities for cash income.
Some employment will, of course, be provided during the process
of building up the new communities, as streets will have to be cut,
water mains and electric cables laid, dwellings and other buildings
constructed, etc. Thus, in Pender County, N. C., construction work
was to get under way early in January 1934 and it was expected that
this would provide an important new source of employment. It was
planned that the families would be moved into the community in
groups of 20.
In the Indiana, West Virginia, and Northern Wisconsin projects
the Civil Works Administration will allocate labor to carry out pre
liminaries of the project, including planning, surveying, developing
and preparation of the land for use. Some 1,700 workers are expected
to he utilized on these three projects.
Among the participants in the Youngstown and Birmingham proj
ects are expected to be a considerable number of building-trades
workers who will be able to do work in the erection of their own
homes.
Cooperating Agencies
W
here
p o s s i b l e t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f l o c a l g r o u p s o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s is
b e in g s e c u re d .
Thus, in Georgia the whole program is being carried out as a pro
gram of research, teaching, and extension under the University Sys
tem of Georgia. All of the facilities of this system, consisting of 17
institutions including 2 agricultural experiment stations and 3 Negro
institutions, will be at the service of the homestead group. The local
authorities have assumed the responsibility of supplying roads,
schools, and other public services, while an extensive program of
adult education under university auspices is part of the program.
In Indiana, members of the faculty of Purdue University will be
consulted as the project develops.
The unions in the needle trades are cooperating in the New Jersey
community, as are also numerous Jewish social, industrial, labor,
cooperative, and fraternal organizations. The New Jersey College
of Agriculture will also be asked to assist.
In Wisconsin the project is being worked out jointly by the Sub
sistence Homesteads Division, the Federal Forest Service, the Wis
consin Conservation Department, the University of Wisconsin, and
local units of government.
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W AGE
PA Y M E N T S IN
O H IO C O N ST R U C T IO N
IN D U S T R Y
253
Some Results of the Homesteads Program
B o t h tangible and intangible results are expected from the subsis
tence-homesteads program.
Thus, it is expected that these home
stead communities will provide a new way of living for the families
chosen, not only enabling them to become self-supporting but offering
them the means of a fuller social life.
By the withdrawal of poor farm lands from cash production, the
commercial farming area will be sharply reduced in the region,
leaving under cultivation only the better lands capable of providing
a higher plane of subsistence for the farm families.
With regard to the Wisconsin project it is stated:
T he p ro je c t will ap p ly to restric te d lan d use d istricts in zoned counties.
P urchase of th e sub m arg in al farm s a n d th e ir reserv atio n for fo rest purposes will
p re v e n t a rep etitio n of settlem en t, a n d rem ove th e possibility th a t th e re will be
re p e ated th e econom ic tra g e d y w hich confronts m an y of th e farm ers now living
on poor lands isolated from com m unities.
T axes on farm land s in th e a rea will be reduced by th e p lan, due to th e reduction
of local g o v ernm ental costs for schools, roads, a n d o th e r public services, w hich
h av e been p a rticu larly high because of th e sparseness of settlem en t. A large
area of subm arginal lan d will be p erm a n e n tly elim in ated from cu ltiv atio n , while
th e p ro je c t will prov id e th e o p p o rtu n ity for settlers of g reatly im proving th e ir
econom ic a n d social conditions, opening th e w ay for reducing th e h eav y relief
load in th e area. * * *
O ne of th e m ost im p o rta n t p o in ts in th e p ro g ram is th a t fire h azard s to th e
forests due to scattere d farm ing operatio n s w ithin th e m will be reduced, while
th e serious fire risks to th e farm ers now living in th e m id st of inflam m able forests
will be elim inated. T his will be in line w ith th e b est conservation practice.
T he p ro ject will provide com pact forest-farm ing com m unities a d ja c e n t to th e
publicly ow ned reservations.
A verage W age a n d S a la r y P a y m e n ts t o W age E arn ers in t h e
C o n s tr u c tio n I n d u s tr y in O h io , 1918 t o 1932
By F r e d C. C r o x t o n , C o l u m b u s , O h i o , a n d F r e d e r i c k E. C r o x t o n ,
C o lum bia U n iv e r sit y
HE average wage and salary payment in Ohio to wage earners in
the construction industry, as computed from reports from practi
T
cally all concerns or individuals employing 3 or more persons (with
reports from some who employ fewer than 3), was $1,668 in 1929 and
$982 in 1932—a decrease in the 3 years of $686, or 41.1 percent.
The total wage and salary payments to wage earners in the con
struction industry, as reported by employers, were $121,413,067 in
1929, and $23,657,092 in 1932-—a decrease in the 3 years of $97,755,975, or 80.5 percent.
The average number of wage earners reported in the construction
industry was 72,670 in 1929 and 24,094 in 1932—a decrease in the 3
years of 48,576, or 66.8 percent.
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254
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Source and Scope of Study
A n a r t i c l e in tlie Monthly Labor Review for January 1934
presented a summarized analysis, by general industry groups, of
average wage and salary payments in Ohio from 1918 to 1932. The
source of the basic material and the scope of the study were discussed
in that article and therefore need not be repeated in detail here.
That summary dealt with the general industry groups—manufactures,
wholesale and retail trade, service, transportation and public utilities,
construction, agriculture, and fisheries. The present study relates
wholly to the construction industry group and the several subgroups
within that industry.
The reports, as required by law, made annually by employers to
the Division of Labor Statistics of the Department of Industrial
Relations of Ohio form the basis of this study. Reports were requested
from all employers of 5 or more persons prior to 1924 and from
employers of 3 or more from 1924 to 1932. Many small concerns
in Ohio in the construction industry employ fewer than the minimum
indicated. Some reports were received from employers of fewer than
3 (fewer than 5 prior to 1924) and all such returns are included in the
compilations. The number of establishments varies from year to year,
but the returns are from identical establishments throughout the
12 months of each year. Reports are not requested concerning gov
ernmental employment and interstate transportation.
The United States Bureau of the Census recently issued a report
on the construction industry. The report states that “ in 1930 the
first census of the contracting group in the construction industry was
inaugurated as part of the decennial census.’’ The report further
states that “ all persons and establishments engaged in construction
business of any kind, provided their gross business for the year
amounted to at least $25,000, were required to furnish detailed
reports.” Reports were required for “ all kinds of construction work,
including the erection of buildings and installation of equipment
essential to their proper operation, as well as engineering construction,
such as highways, streets, water-power developments, railroads and
car lines, bridges and tunnels, docks and piers, sewage disposal and
drainage, airports, and all kinds of public works and utilities construc
tion except that done on ‘force account.’” “ Force account” is
defined as the term “ used to indicate work by ‘day labor’ or labor
employed directly by individuals, corporations, municipal, county,
State, or Government authorities and not done under contract.”
Construction work on repairs and remodeling, as well as new work,
is covered. The census report includes operative builders, general
contractors, and subcontractors.
The census report, which is limited to concerns whose “ gross busi
ness for the year (1929) amounted to at least $25,000”, covers in
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WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
255
Ohio less than one-fifth as many establishments in the construction
industry as reported for 1929 to the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics,
which secured reports from practically every establishment employ
ing 3 or more persons and from some employing fewer than 3.
The average number of wage earners reported for Ohio in the census
was 68 percent of the number reported to the Ohio division and the
wage payments (to wage earners only) were 72 percent of the amount
reported to the Ohio division.
The classification of contractors differs in the two reports, so that
comparisons of lesser industry classifications are unsatisfactory.
Generally, however, the average wage payments are higher in the
census report than in the Ohio report with its very large proportion
of small establishments. The average wage payment to wage earners
in 1929 for the construction industry in Ohio, as computed from the
1,929 establishments included in the census report, was $1,786 and as
computed from the reports from 10,183 establishments compiled by
the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics it was $1,668. Comparisons
of the two reports are shown in table 1.
T
1 — C OM PARISON OF COVERAGE OF U N IT E D STA TES CENSUS R E PO R T ON
T H E C O N ST R U C TIO N IN D U S T R Y IN OHIO A N D OF R E PO R T (C O N STR U C TIO N IN
D U ST R Y ONLY) OF TH E OHIO D IV ISIO N OF LABOR STATISTICS, 1929
able
Item
Establishments
________
-- - ____ _ ____ _____
Wage earners (average)___
_ _ ______ _ _ __________________ Wages paid (to wage earners)__ _____ _ _ _____________ _______
Average wage payment (compiited)
__
United States
Census
1,929
49,183
$87,842, 724
$1, 786
Ohio Division
of Labor
Statistics
10,183
72, 670
$121,413, 067
$1, 668
The census report on the construction industry presents a table
(table XVI, p. 32) which shows, for the United States and for geo
graphical areas, certain items based upon the computed average
number employed. One of these items is “ wages paid for construc
tion labor per workman employed.” The report states that “ in
making use of these figures the reader is cautioned that they should
be considered to provide only a very general basis of comparison and
should not be taken as an accurate measure of any given item. ”
After explaining the method of computing the average number em
ployed (dividing by 12 the sum of the number on the pay roll on the
15th of each month), the report states:
I t is recognized th a t th is figure m ay n o t re p resen t th e a c tu a l average n u m b er
em ployed th ro u g h o u t th e year, because th e a c tu a l n u m b er of m en em ployed a t
o th er periods m ay h av e been g re a te r o r less th a n th e n u m b er on th e m id m o n th
p a y roll. N evertheless, th e av erage o b tain ed by th is m eth o d m ay be assum ed,
in m ost instances, to be a close ap p ro x im atio n of th e a c tu a l num ber. B y divid33773°—34----- 2
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256
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
ing to ta l wages paid th ro u g h o u t th e y ear by th is derived av erage n u m b er em
ployed, th e approxim ate average an n u al a m o u n t p aid each w orkm an was o btained.
■ The method used in the present study in computing average
number employed and average wage and salary payments is the same
as that just described, and the same caution should therefore be
observed in using the resultant figures. It should also be borne in
mind that employers are not requested to give information as to how
many employed on the 15th of each month are working full time and
how many are on part time, so that some reported as employed may
be working either a short week or a short day. Reports as to over
time work, also, are not requested.
Table 2 shows the number of wage earners employed in the con
struction industry on the 15th of each month of 1929 as reported by
the 1,929 establishments included in the United States Census report
and the 10,183 establishments reporting to the Ohio Division of
Labor Statistics. The percent of variation from maximum to
minimum employment in this industry is slightly less when the
larger number of establishments is considered.
T
2 . — N U M B E R OF W AGE E A R N E R S E M P L O Y E D IN T H E C O N ST R U C TIO N IN '
IN OHIO ON T H E 15TH OF EA CH M O N TH OF 1929, AS R E PO R T E D BY THE
U N IT E D ST A TES C E NSU S A N D T H E OHIO D IV ISIO N O F LABOR STATISTICS
able
Month
January. __
February..
March___
April_____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
O ctober...
Ohio
United Division
States’ of Labor
Census Statistics
29, 991
31, 737
34, 990
43,187
49, 598
55, 649
60, 709
63,150
63, 382
62, 773
46, 346
46, 779
54, 814
66, 568
76, 626
85, 393
91, 734
91, 275
87, 478
87, 857
Month
Ohio
United Division
States of Labor
Census Statistics
November______________
December______________
53, 268
41,759
75,806
61, 363
Maximum______________
M inim um ._____________
Variation from maximum:
Number____________
Percent_____________
Establishments reporting..
63, 382
29, 991
91, 734
46, 346
33, 391
52.7
1,929
45, 388
49.5
10,183
The Construction Industry as a Whole
Total Wage and Salary Payments
a g e and salary payments in the construction industry, accord
ing to the reports received and compiled by the division of labor
statistics, represented 5.8 percent of the total wage and salary pay
ments paid in all industry groups enumerated in a preceding para
graph in the year 1918. This percentage rose in 1920 to 7.2, in 1927
to 8.0, and diopped in 1932 to 3.3. Payments to superintendents
and managers are not included in these computations. The average
number of employees in the construction group as compared to the
total for the industry groups named was 5.9 percent in 1918, 6.4
percent in 1920, 7.1 percent in 1927, and 3.4 percent in 1932.
Table 3 shows total wage and salary payments reported paid in
the construction industry each year from 1918 to 1932. Payments
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WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY'
257
are reported separately for each of four occupation groups—wage
earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; salespeople
(not traveling); and superintendents and managers. Payments and
other data relating to superintendents and managers are not included
in any other tables or in any of the computations in this study.
Employers are instructed not to include in their reports salary pay
ments to officials. Total wage and salary payments (omitting super
intendents and managers) in the construction industry increased
rapidly from 1918 to 1920, decreased 41.8 percent in 1921, increased
slightly in 1922, and showed a very large increase in 1923. There was
a recession in 1924, a gradual increase through 1927, a recession in
1928, a comparatively slight increase in 1929, and a very great de
crease each year since that date. The total wage and salary pay
ment in 1932 as compared with 1927 shows a decrease of $107,878,101,
or 79.3 percent.
T
3 . — TOTAL W AGE A N D
SALARY PA Y M E N T S IN T H E C O N ST R U C TIO N
IN D U S T R Y , 1918 TO 1932, BY G E N E R A L O C C U PA TIO N GROUPS A N D B Y Y E A R S
able
Year
Estab
lish
ments
4, 273
1918
_______
1919 ___________ 4, 747
5, 382
1920
___________
1921
___________
4, 890
___________ i 5, 007
1922
5,883
1923___ _____________
7, 364
1924
. ________
___________ 8,407
1925
1926. _______________ 9,145
1927
. ____________ 9, 724
9, 942
1928
- _____
1929
- ____________ 10, 183
9, 672
1930
_________
1931 . . ____________ 8, 272
1932.. , ____________ 6,456
Wage
earners
Book
Sales
keepers,
people
stenog
raphers, (not trav
eling)
and office
clerks
$62, 646, 726 $3, 629, 209
75, 722,325 4, 063, 456
115, 574, 650 5,856, 206
65, 528,871 4, 761, 255
69, 408, 474 4, 327, 049
126, 632, 946 5, 512, 351
114, 334, 620 6, 631,822
119, 786,318 6, 767,973
120,158,128 7,191, 240
126, 076, 960 7, 712, 554
117, 922,441 8, 275, 667
121, 413,067 8,160,166
98,314, 644 9,*367, 262
54, 519, 506 5,833, 638
23,657, 092 3, 636, 039
$566,429
1,061, 366
1, 228, 550
1, 080, 441
1,141, 497
1, 318, 568
1,808, 800
2,047, 099
2, 266, 407
2, 332, 337
2, 161, 140
2, 196, 454
1, 449, 083
1, 313, 937
950, 619
Total of
preceding
Superin
tendents
and
managers
Grand
total
$66,842, 364 $4, 288, 305 $71,130, 669
84,848,845
80,847,147 4, 001, 698
122, 659, 406 5, 474, 355 128,133, 761
76, 320, 420
71, 370, 567 4,949,853
79, 628, 937
74,877, 020 4, 751, 917
133, 463, 865 5, 936, 960 139, 400,825
122, 775, 242 6, 339, 353 129,114, 595
128, 601,390 6, 553, 458 135,154,848
129, 615, 775 7, 003, 830 136, 619, 605
136,121, 851 7, 334, 053 143,455,904
128, 359, 248 7, 535, 688 135,894,936
131, 769, 687 7,823, 916 139, 593, 603
109,130, 989 7, 992, 681 117,123, 670
67, 362, 308
61, 667, 081 5, 695, 227
31, 514, 309
28, 243, 750 3, 270, 559
i The number of establishments reporting employees was 5,005; the number reporting wage and salary
payments was 5,007.
Fluctuation in Employment
Not only does employment in the construction industry vary
greatly from year to year, but the number employed within a year
probably fluctuates more widely than in any other industry in Ohio
employing large numbers of people, except possibly some special
agricultural lines for which data are not available.
The fluctuation in employment within each year is shown in
table 4. The numbers include both sexes employed as wage earners,
bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and salespeople (not
traveling). The smallest variation from maximum number of em
ployees was 35.2 percent in 1921 and the greatest 54.2 percent in
1922. The fluctuation was more than 40 percent of the maximum for
the year in 11 of the 15 years covered in this study.
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258
T
able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
4 .—FL U C T U A T IO N IN E M P L O Y M E N T (BO TH SE X E S) IN T H E C O N ST R U C TIO N
IN D U S T R Y , 1918 TO 1932, B Y YEAR S A N D M O N TH S
[This table includes the 3 general occupation groups, wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office
clerks; and salespeople (not traveling)]
Month
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
January___ _ __________ _ _______
February. . . . . . . . . .
. .. .. .
. . . . . . .
March . ___
April________________ ____ .
M a y .. _ . . . _______ ________ _
June____ _____________________ . . .
July______________________________
________ ___ _______ _
August
September .
October . . . . . _________ _
N ov em b er... _____ _________
December_________________________
44, 840
44, 851
52, 271
61, 438
63, 364
72, 253
74, 001
73, 574
67, 254
66, 419
59, 330
53, 268
38,448
36,932
38, 940
47,162
50, 834
59, 044
63, 371
69, 277
72, 062
73,401
71, 624
65, 228
55, 538
54, 699
62, 260
71, 570
76, 733
80,830
83, 917
83,158
86, 793
79, 869
71, 210
60, 030
43, 463
39, 820
42, 724
48, 551
45, 315
55, 684
58, 784
59, 387
61,428
59, 225
51, 963
45, 477
32, 994
32, 759
33, 001
39, 773
51, 450
60, 942
66,007
71, 587
70, 499
70, 706
67, 014
57,481
49,161
46, 665
52, 482
61, 639
70, 280
79, 017
82, 337
85, 939
82,105
79, 591
75, 495
65, 714
54, 228
53, 549
57, 834
71, 399
77, 271
83, 201
90,122
90, 330
88, 681
87, 424
78, 484
64, 974
53, 527
54, 997
61,133
74, 292
83, 607
89, 721
92, 792
92, 880
89, 955
88, 395
79, 348
71, 393
M a x im u m _______ ____ _____ _
M inim um . . . . . . . . ______
Variation from maximum:
N um ber. . . . _______ .
Percent
Establishments reporting. _____ _
74,001
44, 840
73, 401
36, 932
86, 793
54, 699
61, 428
39,820
71, 585
32, 759
85, 939
46, 665
90, 330
53, 549
92, 880
53, 527
29,161
39.4
4, 273
36, 469
49. 7
4, 747
32, 094
37.0
5.382
21, 608
35. 2
4,890
38, 828
54.2
5,005
39, 274
45.7
5,883
36, 781
40.7
7, 364
39, 353
42.4
8, 407
1932
1925
M onth
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
January . . . .
... ... . . . . . . .
F ebruary_____ ____ ______________
March ____ _ . . . . ___ _ ______
April.
. ____ . . . .
M ay __________________________
June
. ... .
. . . .
July______________________________
August. _______ _ _ _____ ______
September____________ . . . . . _____
____
October
. _______ .
November
..
. . . . . ___
Decem ber.. _________ _______ _ _
54, 655
54, 738
56, 558
69, 200
81, 978
93,101
96, 273
97, 455
98, 970
93, 992
87, 287
74, 933
59,160
61, 230
67, 340
77, 775
88,101
96, 463
100, 442
102, 812
101, 680
94, 716
83, 566
69,140
54,363
53,034
59, 484
70, 937
82, 070
87,411
91, 919
97, 550
94, 819
94, 230
85, 216
70,169
51,965
52, 461
60, 592
72, 427
82, 554
91,432
97, 838
97, 432
93, 615
93, 976
81, 904
67, 374
55, 338
55,174
60, 103
72, 037
81, 203
82, 239
84, 511
81, 937
77, 639
72, 797
62, 290
50, 021
37, 870
37, 526
39, 670
47, 429
52,179
54, 402
54, 885
53, 657
51,469
47, 671
39, 388
31, 060
22, 315
22' 659
22| 329
26,478
29, 316
30j 984
31,057
31, 915
32, 693
31, 949
27, 641
20; 891
M aximum .. . . . . . . _______
M inim um. _______ __________ _
Variation from maximum:
N um b er... ____
_ _ ________
Percent______ . . .
.....
Establishments reporting________ .
98, 970
54, 655
102,812
59,160
97, 550
53, 034
97,838
51,965
84, 511
50, 021
54,885
31, 060
32, 693
20, 891
44, 315
44.8
9,145
43, 652
42.5
9,724
44, 516
45.6
9,942
45, 873
46.9
10,183
34, 490
40.8
9, 672
23,825
43. 4
8, 272
11, 802
36 1
6,456
T
a b l e 5 .—AVER A G E N U M B E R OF PER SO N S (BOTH SEX ES) R E PO R T E D E M P L O Y E D
IN T H E C O N ST R U C TIO N IN D U S T R Y , B Y G E N ER A L OCCUPATION GROUPS A N D BY
Y EAR S, 1918 XO 1932
Year
1918__________________
1919 . ____________ . _
1920 ______ ..
1921 ___________ .
1922 ____________
1923 ___________
1924 _ . . . . .
1925 . . . . . . .
1926____________________
1927_______________________
1928___________________
1929. ____________________
1930____________________
1931 _ ______ ___
1932___________ ____
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bookkeep
Sales
Establish Wage earn ers, stenog
raphers, people (not
ments
ers
and office traveling)
clerks
4, 273
4, 747
5, 382
4, 890
5,005
5,883
7,364
8,407
9,145
9, 724
9,942
10,183
9, 672
8, 272
6,456
57, 276
53, 506
67,871
47, 411
50,981
65, 077
69,838
72, 574
74, 600
77, 944
72, 633
72,670
63, 625
41,066
24,094
3,381
3,177
3,717
2,972
2,913
3, 461
4,030
4,104
4,244
4,485
4, 727
4,844
5, 323
3,630
2,691
415
511
629
602
624
663
923
992
1,084
1,106
1,073
1,117
660
904
734
All em
ployees
61,072
57,194
72,217
50,985
54, 518
69, 202
74, 791
77,670
79,928
83, 535
78,434
78, 631
69, 607
45, 601
27,519
WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
259
The average number reported employed each year in each of the
three general occupation groups and for all groups combined is shown
in table 5. The numbers include both sexes. The highest average
occurred in 1927 and the lowest in 1932 with a drop in the 5 years
of 67.1 percent.
Average Wage and Salary Payments
Table 6 shows average wage and salary payments made to each of
the three general occupation groups. These averages were computed
by dividing the total wage and salary payments by the average number
employed.
The highest average wage and salary payment was reported for
wage earners in 1923, for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office
clerks in 1930, and for salespeople (not traveling) in 1930. The lowest
average payment was reported for wage earners and for salespeople
(not traveling) in 1932, and for the clerical group in 1918.
Chart 1 shows in graphic form the average wage and salary pay
ments to wage earners in the construction industry from 1918 to 1932.
T
able
6 .—A VERAGE W AGE A N D SALARY PA Y M E N T S IN T H E C O N STR U C TIO N IN D U S
T R Y , BY G E N E R A L OCCUPATION GROUPS A N D BY Y EAR S, 1918 TO 1932
Year
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
_____________ _______
_ ______ _ _________
_ ___________ ___________ __ _ _________________________
_______________________________
_ ________________________
______________________________
_ ____
________________ __________________ _______
______________ _________ _______________________________
_ _________ _____ _________
_________ _______ _________
_____________ ___ _____________
___________________________________
Bookkeep
Sales
stenog
Wage earn ers,
raphers, people (not
ers
and office traveling)
clerks
$1,094
1,415
1,703
1,382
1,361
1,946
1,637
1,651
1,611
1,618
1,624
1,668
1,545
1,328
982
$1, 073
1,279
1, 576
1,602
1,485
1, 593
1,646
1,649
1,694
1,720
1,751
1,685
1,760
1,607
1,351
$1, 365
2, 077
1,953
1,795
1,829
1,989
1,960
2,064
2,091
2,109
2,014
1,966
2,196
1,453
1,295
All em
ployees
$1, 094
1,414
1,698
1,400
1,373
1,929
1,642
1,656
1,622
1,630
1,637
1,676
1,568
1,352
1,026
Wage Earners in Various Construction Industries
T h i s study deals primarily with average wage and salary payments
to wage earners in each of the various industries classified by the
division of labor statistics as subdivisions of the construction-indus
try group. Wage earners formed more than 90 percent of the em
ployees reported in the construction-industry group in each of the 15
years except 1932 which shows 87.6 percent.
The number of establishments in the construction industry report
ing statistical data to the division of labor statistics is shown in
table 7. The general construction-industry group is composed of 12
industries plus construction “ not otherwise classified.” As previ
ously stated, reports were requested prior to 1924 from all employers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
260
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
of 5 or more persons, and from 1924 to 1932 from all employers of 3
or more.
I9 ! 8
1920
1922
1924
1926
>928
1930
1932
F i g u r e 1.—A v e r a g e W a g e a n d S a l a r y P a y m e n t s t o W a g e E a r n e r s
C o n s t r u c t i o n I n d u s t r y , 1918 t o 1932
T
in t h e
7 .—N U M B E R OF E ST A B L ISH M E N T S R E PO R T IN G E M PL O Y EE S A N D TOTAL
W AGE A N D SALARY P A Y M E N T S, BY IN D U S T R IE S A N D BY Y E A R S, 1918 TO 1932
able
Brick,
stone,
Year and ce
ment
work
Elec
tri
cal
con
tract
ing
1918421
1919441
1920
513
192L
480
1922507
1923558
1924733
1925775
1926874
1927.
950
1928955
1929- 1,005
1930897
1931795
1932600
169
186
224
202
228
219
294
331
388
428
454
456
433
402
317
Gen Oil,
gas,
Erect eral
ing or con and
install tract water,
ing ing, in drill
ma clud ing or
chin
ing
pro
ery wreck duc
ing
ing
370
73 1,462
436
85 11, 808
104 1,970
493
86 1, 731
485
484
49 1,798
521
80 2, 185
113 2, 771 i 589
152 3,180
651
708
161 3, 346
708
164 3, 554
194 3, 608
707
739
239 3, 538
245 3, 139
751
180 2, 566
670
152 1,825
639
Paint
ing
and
deco
rating
274
287
365
311
325
490
688
804
887
932
942
990
1,002
860
645
Plaster
Sand
ing, in
cluding Plum b and
and gravel
lathing ing
steam exca
and
stucco fitting vat
ing
work
78
131
158
131
130
150
205
273
301
318
316
329
284
254
169
369
2 394
440
373
371
416
523
649
747
832
851
842
821
742
618
86'
73
86
72
79
91
117
124
135
148
151
155
158
146
136
Sheetmetal
work
and
roof
ing
Street,
road,
and
sewer
con
tract
ing
Ven
tilat
ing
and
heat
ing
Con
struc
tion,
not
other Total
wise
classi
fied
307
306
338
294
282
306
2 353
403
431
441
457
515
505
473
382
603
556
625
663
705
795
906
965
1,029
1, 093
1, 131
1, 161
1,203
973
770
40
29
58
58
45
70
69
85
117
121
125
141
148
157
169
21 4,273
15 4, 747
8 5, 382
4 4, 890
2 35, 005
2 5, 883
3 7, 364
15 8,407
21 9,145
35 9, 724
51 9, 942
73 10,183
86 9, 672
54 8, 272
34 6, 456
1 1 additional establishment reported total wage and salary payments,
2 1 of these estabishments did not report total wage and salary payments.
3 2 additional establishments reported total wage and salary payments.
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WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
261
Some who employ fewer than the indicated minimum make annual
reports to the division of labor statistics and such reports are in
cluded in the tabulations. Reports from all establishments employ
ing fewer than three persons in this industry group would, of course,
increase the number of employees and total wage and salary pay
ments, but the effect on the figures of average wage and salary
payments probably would not be great.
Total Wage and Salary Payments
Table 8 shows total wage and salary payments reported paid to
wage earners in each of the 12 specified subdivisions of the construc
tion industry group. The year of highest total wage and salary
payments to wage earners during the period was 1920 for oil, gas, and
water, drilling or producing; 1923 for general contracting, including
wrecking; 1927 for brick, stone, and cement work, for plastering, in
cluding lathing and stucco work, for plumbing and steam fitting, and
for street, road, and sewer contracting; 1929 for electrical contract
ing, for erecting and installing machinery, for sand and gravel excavat
ing, for sheet-metal work and roofing, and for ventilating and heating.
For painting and decorating, the figure for 1919 undoubtedly contains
a clerical error. The amount of this error cannot be definitely de
termined as all original schedules and work sheets were destroyed
some years ago. Ignoring 1919 leaves 1927 as the highest year for
painting and decorating. Wage and salary payments for 1922 were
not tabulated for individual industries by the division of labor
statistics.
T
8 .-T O T A L W AGE A N D SALARY P A Y M E N T S TO WAGE E A R N E R S IN THE
C O N ST R U C TIO N IN D U S T R Y , BY IN D U S T R IE S A N D B Y Y EA R S, 1918 TO 1932
able
Year
Brick,
stone,
and
cement
work
Electrical
contract
ing
1918
_____
_________
1919
1920 __________
1921 ___________
1922
_________
1923
_________
1924 ___________
1925 _________
1926
________
1927
________
1928
_________
1929
_________
1930
________
1931 __________
1932 __________
$3, 723, 965
4,020, 501
7,096,687
4, 796,198
(2)
8, 273, 515
9, 765,847
10,616,263
11,497, 547
11, 498, 602
11,077,411
9, 321, 964
7, 251,131
4, 415,377
1, 570, 294
$2, 344, 269
2, 747, 551
4, 626,351
2, 746,188
(2)
4, 567, 314
6, 392, 767
5,022, 878
4, 754, 735
5,877, 669
5,828, 505
8, 327, 784
6, 382,162
4,033, 332
1, 688, 827
General
Oil, gas,
Erecting
contract and
water,
or install ing,
includ drilling
or
ing ma
ing wreck producing
chinery
ing
$532, 624 $29, 369, 737
543, 918 35, 932, 286
1,063, 629 61, 797,823
678, 033 27, 324, 324
(2)
(2)
821, 039 70, 788, 995
1,118, 287 51, 699,955
1,337,015 52,803, 369
1, 255,172 51, 609,933
1, 550,966 52, 516, 510
1,785, 229 49,958, 661
1,908, 439 49, 728, 610
1,891, 426 36,887, 662
1, 417, 566 19,064, 336
6, 568,991
704, 785
Painting
and deco
rating
$4,664, 744 $1, 760, 571
4, 826,955 i 8,130, 348
3, 634, 081
7, 244,175
2,435, 930
5,133, 372
(2)
(2)
4, 711,684
6,124,838
5, 284,414
5, 235, 221
6, 095, 479
5, 426, 241
5, 577,021
5, 579, 322
6,618, 215
4,933,887
6,123, 203
3, 861, 371
6, 233,150
4, 528, 510
4,907,841
3,931, 343
2,875, 719
2, 509, 033
1,178,982
2,105, 639
1 Apparently a clerical error but original schedules and work sheets have been destroyed.
2 Information not tabulated for individual industries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Plastering,
including
lathing
and stucco
work
$798,531
1,033, 799
2, 319, 708
1, 677, 335
(2)
2, 586,648
3, 277, 208
3,488, 827
3, 345, 643
3, 526, 698
3,051, 283
3,087,133
2, 823, 363
1, 587, 566
476, 461
262
T
a b j .e
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
8 .— t o t a l
w age
and
salar y
paym ents
to
w age
earners
in
the
C O N ST R U C TIO N IN D U S T R Y , BY IN D U S T R IE S A N D BY Y E A R S, 1918 TO 1932-Contd
Year
Plumbing
and steam
fitting
Sand and Sheet-metal Street, road,
gravel ex work and and sewer
contract
cavating
roofing
ing
Ventilat
ing and
heating
Construc
tion, not
otherwise
classified
1918____________
1919____________
1920____________
1921____________
1922____________
1923____________
1924____________
1925____________
1926____________
1927____________
1928____________
1929____________
1930____________
1931____________
1932____________
$3, 482,929
4, 311, 783
6, 623, 781
4, 634, 266
(2)
6,487, 897
7,891,800
9, 226, 283
8,909, 769
9, 786,114
9, 370, 665
8,985,868
7, 670, 555
4, 386,120
1, 791,863
$1,334, 719
991,477
1, 227,000
720, 220
(2)
1,235, 285
1,414,831
1,461, 270
2,010,320
2, 014, 581
2,023,808
2,135,412
1,915, 385
1,179, 212
781, 247
$500,136
360, 399
894, 915
710, 721
(2)
933, 209
1,110, 257
1, 358, 086
1,909, 400
1, 842,197
1, 751, 694
2,427, 562
1,944,991
1,424, 202
570, 668
$190, 692
128, 342
124,092
37, 690
(2)
26, 511
29, 688
134, 228
201, 213
314, 847
412,917
640, 567
963, 709
466, 034
175, 515
$2, 363,983 $11,579,826
2, 676, 208 10, 018, 758
4,428,101 14, 494, 307
2, 623, 078 12, 011,516
(2)
(2)
4,000,132 16,075,879
4, 041, 704 17,072, 641
4, 589, 575 18, 226,804
4, 687, 485 18, 820, 568
4,855, 797 20, 740, 877
4, 625, 910 18,051, 784
5, 040, 264 19, 047. 804
4,132, 070 17, 613,006
2, 564, 741
8, 596, 268
1, 092,041
4,951, 779
Total for
construc
tion in
dustry
$62, 646, 726
75, 722, 325
115,574, 650
65, 528,871
69, 408,474
126, 632,946
114, 334, 620
119, 786, 318
120,158,128
126, 076, 960
117, 922,441
121,413, 067
98,314,644
54, 519, 508
23, 657, 092
2 Information not tabulated for individual industries.
Fluctuation in Employment
Probably no numerically important industrial group is subject to
such violent fluctuations of employment as are wage earners in the
construction industry. In addition to the wide variance of such
employment from periods of expansion to periods of contraction and
from year to year, there is a very great fluctuation within a year due
to seasonal conditions, weather, and various other causes. Table 9
shows the fluctuations from month to month within each of the 15
years covered by this study. The variation from maximum was
lowest (37.7 percent) in 1921 and highest (56.5 percent) in 1922.
In 12 of the 15 years the variation exceeded 40 percent.
The average number of wage earners reported for each of the indus
tries is shown in table 10 for 1918 to 1932. Employers report the
number of wage earners employed on the 15th of each month and the
average was computed by dividing the sum of the monthly figures in
each instance by 12. Both males and females are included in this
table. The reports from employers and the compilations of the
division of labor statistics show the sexes separately as far as em
ployees are concerned, but employers are not requested to show
wage and salary payments separated according to sex of employees.
In the whole construction industry group, however, the number of
female wage earners reported is small. The average number of female
wage earners for each of the 15 years 1918 to 1932, in order, was 130,
155, 165, 147, 117, 119, 130, 154, 298, 129, 146, 156, 120, 108, and 60,
representing a maximum of four tenths of 1 percent in 1926.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
263
WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
T
able
9 . — FL U C T U A T IO N
IN E M P L O Y M E N T OF W AGE E A R N E R S IN T H E C O N STR U C
T IO N IN D U S T R Y , BY Y EAR S A N D M O N TH S, 1918 TO 1932
1925
Month
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
January _ _______ _______ - ______
February
__________________ ___
____ __ _______ ________
March
___________ _______
April
May
________ _______________
lune ____
_____ - _______ July_________ ____________ ______
August _______ _________ _______
September___
_ _ ________
October
____
______ _______
November________ ______ ________
December_________________________
41, 298
41,316
48, 757
57, 848
59, 641
68, 249
69,860
69, 506
63, 288
62, 515
55, 509
49, 524
35,160
33, 652
35, 617
43, 734
47,305
55, 406
59, 609
65,411
68, 093
69,418
67, 541
61,121
51, 516
50, 566
58, 029
67,186
72, 277
76,351
79,415
78, 687
82, 340
75,469
66, 894
55, 726
39, 711
36,134
39, 025
44, 881
41, 685
52, 082
55, 219
55, 864
57, 956
55, 797
48, 524
42, 055
29, 792
29, 537
29, 758
36, 454
48, 003
57, 375
62, 356
67,852
66, 746
66, 940
63, 232
53, 723
45, 315
42, 792
48, 568
57, 651
66,158
74, 796
78, 067
81, 684
77, 895
75, 305
71, 214
61, 483
49, 488
48, 719
52, 975
66, 470
72, 322
78, 169
85,084
85, 301
83, 601
82, 327
73,535
60, 069
48, 676
50,129
56, 207
69, 275
78, 533
84, 554
87, 522
87, 606
84, 699
83, 187
74, 208
66, 292
Maximum _ __ _ . .
_ __
69, 860
__ ___ ______ - 41,298
M in im u m ____
Variation from maximum:
28, 562
Number
_____ 40.9
Percent
_ _ ____ - __
Establishments reporting. . .
4,273
69,418
33, 652
82, 340
50, 566
57,956
36,134
67,852
29, 537
81, 684
42, 792
85, 301
48,719
87, 606
48, 676
35, 766
51.5
4, 747
31, 774
38.6
5, 382
21, 822
37. 7
4,890
38, 315
56.5
5,005
38, 892
47. 6
5, 883
36, 582
42.9
7, 364
38, 930
44.4
8,407
Month
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
January.. .
____
_________
February
__ ________
March
. . .
. . .
April _______ ___ ________________
......
M ay..... .......................
June
Julv
.
___________
August
__
.
_____
September____ . . .
_______
October
.............
November..
. ..
_______
D ecember.. _.
. ____
49,682
49, 715
51, 453
63, 992
76, 693
87,672
90, 769
91,920
93. 416
88, 491
81, 844
69, 552
53,855
55,926
61,965
72, 294
82, 528
90,832
94, 718
97,042
95,866
88, 980
77,828
63,498
48,940
47, 572
53, 930
65, 249
76, 276
81, 508
85, 950
91, 540
88, 802
88, 268
79, 285
64, 281
46, 346
46, 779
54, 814
66, 568
76, 626
85, 393
91, 734
91, 275
87, 478
87, 857
75. 806
61, 363
49,419
49, 234
54,110
65,982
75, 040
76, 029
78, 479
75,887
71, 634
66,900
56,447
44, 333
33,411
33, 030
35,181
42, 705
47, 421
49, 671
50, 235
48, 993
46, 886
43, 243
35,126
26,895
18, 815
19,170
18,880
22, 960
25, 803
27, 462
27, 567
28, 456
29, 264
28, 590
24, 403
17, 762
Maximum . _
Minimum
_
_
.
__
Variation from maximum:
Number
Percent.. . . _ . . ___________
Establishments reporting. ______ ___
93, 416
49, 682
97, 042
53, 855
91, 540
47, 572
91, 734
46,346
78, 479
44, 333
50, 235
26, 895
29, 264
17, 762
43, 734
46.8
9,145
43,187
44.5
9, 724
43,968
48.0
9,942
45, 388
49.5
10,183
34,146
43.5
9, 672
23,340
46.5
8, 272
11, 502
39.3
6, 456
T
1 0 .— A V ER A G E N U M B E R OF W AGE E A R N E R S R E P O R T E D E M P L O Y E D IN TH E
C O N ST R U C TIO N IN D U S T R Y , B Y IN D U S T R IE S A N D BY Y EAR S, 1918 TO 1932
able
Brick,
stone,
Year and
ce
ment
work
1918.
1919.
1920.
1921.
1922.
1923.
1924.
1925.
1926.
1927.
1928.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
3, 341
3, 238
4,416
3, 378
4, 153
5, 229
6, 001
6, 602
6, 824
7,039
6, 733
5,935
4, 837
3, 380
1, 678
Gen Oil,
Erect eral
gas,
Elec ing or con and
trical install tract water,
con ing
ing, drill
tract ma includ ing or
ing
pro
ing chin
ery wreck duc
ing
ing
1,983
2,007
2, 447
1,661
1,576
2, 668
2, 877
2, 671
2, 479
3,145
2,976
3,080
3, 670
2,372
1,267
397
338
562
379
222
424
629
648
601
752
878
983
916
742
467
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26,127
26,437
34, 961
19, 373
21, 997
26,984
29, 242
28, S45
28, 683
30, 768
29, 641
28, 796
22, 695
13,866
6,516
3,801
3,893
4, 473
3, 527
3,698
5, 002
3, 903
4, 525
4, 527
3,916
3, 072
3,646
3,139
2, 349
2,295
Plas
tering,
Paint includ Plumb
ing
ing
and
and
lath ing
steam
deco ing
fitting
rating and
stucco
work
1,549
1,753
2,049
1, 544
1,843
2, 610
2, 790
3,275
3,054
3, 520
3,311
3,415
2,834
1,895
1, 061
1,351
668
1,105
898
927
1,175
1,487
1,830
1,584
1,705
1, 550
1, 629
1,462
972
420
2,805
3,116
3, 621
2,797
2, 959
3, 778
4, 300
4, 783
4, 764
5,205
5.015
4, 828
4, 270
2,885
1,680
Sand
and
grav
el excavating
1,000
820
867
594
731
903
1,107
1,138
1, 452
1,470
1,438
1,499
1,430
1,066
863
Sheetmetal
work
and
roofing
2,149
2,062
2,610
1,874
1,928
2,420
2, 500
2, 747
2, 922
2,896
2, 764
3,041
2,651
1,771
1, 159
Street,
road,
and
sewer
con
tract
ing
Ven
tilat
ing
and
heat
ing
12,194
411
274
8,815
10,185
507
10,950
417
10, 668
268
13,187
677
574
14, 410
14, 741
674
16, 641
956
16,452
889
796
14,151
14,184 1,180
14,001 1,078
909
8, 509
556
5, 921
Con
struc
tion,
not
other Total
wise
classi
fied
167
85
71
21
12
16
20
93
135
187
309
457
642
353
212
57,276
53, 506
67,871
47,411
50,981
65,077
69,838
72, 574
74, 600
77, 944
72, 633
72,670
63,625
41,066
24,094
264
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Average Wage and Salary Payments
The average wage and salary payments to wage earners are shown
for each year from 1918 to 1932, except 1922, in table 11. These
averages were computed for each year by dividing the total wage
and salary payments to wage earners within each of the subdivisions
as reported by employers to the division of labor statistics by the
average number of wage earners employed as calculated from the
employers’ reports of the number employed on the 15th of each month.
Detailed tabulations for industries for 1922 were not made by the
division of labor statistics and therefore only the average for the
construction industry as a whole is shown. In five instances the
individual averages have been omitted, as clerical errors have un
doubtedly occurred and, since all original schedules and work sheets
for those years have been destroyed, it is not possible to make correc
tions. These probable errors will affect only slightly the average for
the entire construction industry.
Wage earners in the construction industries, particularly in the
building trades, have an hourly rate which is comparatively high as
compared with rates of pay in factories and some other lines of in
dustrial work. They have, however, also been subject to greater
irregularity m work than is the case in most if not all other industries.
Fluctuation of employment was discussed briefly in connection with
table 4 and table 9.
With <41 the information available from many sources concerning
hourly rates of wages in the construction industries there has been
very little made available concerning average wage and salary pay
ments to such wage earners.
According to the reports made to the Ohio Division of Labor Statis
tics covering the 15-year period 1918 to 1932, the highest average wage
and salary payment to wage earners in brick, stone, and cement work
was $1,685 in 1926, and the lowest $936 in 1932, which represented a
drop of $749, or 44.4 percent. The average payment to wage earners
in electrical contracting was $1,959 in 1928, and $1,333 in 1932, which
was a drop of $626, or 32 percent. In that industry, however, the
average payment was lower in 1918 than in 1932. The average
payment to wage earners in erecting or installing machinery fell from
$2,088 in 1926 to $1,509 in 1932, which, though above the 1918
average, was a drop of $579, or 27.7 percent.
In general contracting, including wrecking, the average payment
to wage earners fell from $1,831 in 1925 to $1,008 in 1932, a drop of
$823, or 44.9 percent. In oil, gas, and water, drilling or producing,
the average payment to wage earners was $1,620 in 1920 and $917
in 1932, a drop of $703, or 43.4 percent. In painting and decorating,
the average payment to wage earners was $1,894 in 1924 and $1,111
in 1932, a drop of $783, or 41.3 percent.
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WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
265
The average payment to wage earners in plastering, including
lathing and stucco work, was $2,204 in 1924 and $1,134 in 1932, a
drop of $1,070, or 48.5 percent. The average payment to wage
earners in plumbing and steam fitting was $1,929 in 1925 and $1,067
in 1932, a drop of $862, or 44.7 percent. The average payment to
wage earners in sand and gravel excavating was $1,425 in 1929 and
$905 in 1932, a drop of $520, or 36.5 percent.
In slieet-metal work and roofing the average payment to wage
earners was $1,697 in 1920 and $942 in 1932, a drop of $755, or 44.5
percent. In street, road, and sewer contracting the average pay
ment to wage earners was $1,427 in 1920 and $836 in 1932, a drop
of $591, or 41.4 percent. In ventilating and heating the average
payment to wage earners was $2,201 in 1928 and $1,026 in 1932, a
drop of $1,175, or 53.4 percent.
In considering the average wage and salary payments shown in
table 11 it should be borne in mind that the average number of wage
earners was used in computing the average wage and salary pay
ments. The total number of wage earners who received wage and
salary payments was, of course, in excess of the average number.
The average number of wage earners was computed by adding the
number reported employed on the 15th of each month of the year
and dividing that sum by 12. As employers are not requested to
give information as to how many employed on the 15th of each
month are working full time and how many are on part time, some
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
266
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
reported as employed may be working either a short week or a
short day. Reports as to overtime work, also, are not requested.
The general occupation group “ wage earners” includes skilled, semi
skilled, and unskilled workers. Both sexes also are included, but the
number of female wage earners reported in the construction industry
group did not exceed four tenths of 1 percent of the total wage earners
in that group in any year during the 15-year period.
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WAGE PAYMENTS IN OHIO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
267
Charts 2, 3, and 4 show in graphic form the average wage and
salary payments to wage earners in three industries—brick, stone,
and cement work; general contracting, including wrecking; and
street, road, and sewer contracting. The omission of 1922 from the
three charts and of 1923 from one chart is explained in notes to
table 11.
T
11 . — A V ER A G E W AGE A N D SA LARY PA Y M E N T S TO W AGE E A R N E R S IN T H E
C O N ST R U C TIO N IN D U S T R Y , 1918 TO 1932, B Y IN D U S T R IE S A N D B Y Y EAR S
able
Year
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
_____________
_____________
___________
________________
_____________
___________
__________________
_____________
_________
_______________
_____________
__________
.
_________
________
____________________
Year
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
_______________
_________________
_______________
_______________
_____ - - - ___
____________________
_________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
______ - --- --_ ________________
________________
______________
__________________
gas,
Erecting General Oil,
Brick,
and
contract water,
stone, Electrical or in
ing, in drilling
contract stalling
and
machin cluding
ing
cement
pro
wrecking or
ery
work
ducing
$1,182
1,369
1,891
1,653
$1, 342
1,609
1,893
1,789
1,712
1, 739
1,700
1,333
1,936
1, 778
2,063
2,088
2,062
2,033
1,941
2,065
1,910
1, 509
Plumb Sand and
gravel
ing and
steam
excavat
fitting
ing
Sheetmetal
work
and
roofing
$1,115
1,242
1,607
1,420
0
1, 582
1,627
1,608
1,685
1,634
1,645
1,571
1,499
1,306
936
$1, 242
1,384
1,829
1, 657
0
1,717
1,835
1,929
1,870
1,880
1,869
1,861
1,796
1,520
1,067
0
0
1,881
1,918
1,869
1,959
0
$1, 335
1,209
1,415
1,212
0
1,368
1,278
1,284
1,384
1,370
1,407
1,425
1,339
1,106
905
0
$1,100
1,298
1,697
1,400
0
1,653
1,617
1, 671
1,604
1,677
1,674
1, 657
1,559
1,448
942
$1,124
1,359
1, 768
1,410
0
0
1, 768
1,831
1,801
1,707
1,685
1,727
1,625
1,375
1,008
$1, 227
1,240
1,620
1,455
0
1,224
1,341
1,199
1,232
1,260
1,257
1,242
1,252
1,068
917
Painting
and
decorat
ing
$1,137
0
1,774
1,578
0
1,805
1,894
1,861
1,826
1,880
1,849
1,825
1,732
1,518
1, 111
Plaster
ing, in
cluding
lathing
and
stucco
work
0
$1, 548
2,099
1,868
0
2, 201
2, 204
1,906
2,112
2,068
1,969
1,895
1,931
1,633
1,134
Construc
Street,
not Total for
road,
Ventilat tion,
other construc
and
ing and
tion in
wise
sewer
dustry
classi
contract heating
fied
ing
$950
1,137
1,427
1,097
$1,217
1,315
1,765
1,704
1,219
1,185
1,236
1,131
1,261
1,276
1,343
1,258
1,010
836
1,378
1,934
2,015
1,997
2, 072
2,201
2, 057
1,804
1,567
1,026
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$1. 336
1,402
1, 501
1,320
828
$1, 094
1,415
1, 703
1,382
1,361
1,946
1,637
1,651
1,611
1,618
1,624
1,668
1,545
1,328
982
1 Apparently a clerical error was made in reporting or in tabulating number of employees or total wage
and salary payments, but not possible to determine definite correction.
2 N ot computed owing to small number involved.
s Information concerning total wage and salary payments not tabulated for individual industries.
Conclusion
average number of wage earners employed, as reported by
practically all concerns and individuals employing 3 or more persons
(with reports from some employing fewer than 3) decreased between
1929 and 1932 more than 70 percent in 3 of the 11 individual indus
tries listed under construction. Electrical contracting has not been
included in the comparisons in this and succeeding paragraphs for
reasons noted in table 11. The decrease was more than 50 percent in
9 of the 11 industries.
T he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
268
MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW
The total wage and salary payments to wage earners, as reported
by employers, decreased between 1929 and 1932 more than 80 per
cent in 5 of the 11 industries listed under construction. The decrease
was more than 70 percent in 8 of the 11 industries.
The average wage and salary payments to wage earners, as com
puted from reports from employers, decreased between 1929 and
1932 more than 40 percent in 6 of the 11 industries classified under
construction. The decrease was more than 35 percent in 9 of the 11
industries.
The greatest decrease in average number reported employed and
in total wage and salary payments occurred in the general con
tracting industry and the greatest decrease in average wage and
salary payments occurred in ventilating and heating. In most of
the industries classified under construction, the highest peak in
number of employees and in total wage and salary payments came
earlier than 1929.
Table 12 shows for each industry the percent of decrease from 1929
to 1932 in each of the three items just discussed.
OF d e c r e a s e i n a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f WAGE E A R N E R S
ANE> TOTAL A N D AVER A G E W AGE A N D SALARY PA Y M E N T S, 1932
C O M PA R ED W ITH 1929, B Y IN D U S T R IE S
Industry
Average
number
employed
Brick, stone, and cement work______
Erecting or installing machinery___________
General contracting, including wrecking.
Oil, gas, or water, drilling or producing
Painting and decorating_________
Plastering, including lathing and stucco work
Plumbing and steam fitting________________
Sand and gravel excavating________________
Sheet-metal work and roofing____________
Street, road, and sewer contracting_____
Ventilating and heating___________________
71. 7
52. 5
77.4
37. 1
68.9
' 74.2
65.2
42.4
61.9
58.3
52.9
Total, construction industry__________
66.8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total wage Average wage
and salary
and salary
payments
payments
83.2
63. 1
86.8
53.5
81.1
84.6
80.1
63.4
78.3
74.0
76.5
40.4
22.3
41.6
26.2
39.1
40.2
42.7
36.5
43.2
37.8
50.1
80.5
41.1
PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND
INDUSTRY
P r o d u c tiv ity , H o u r s, a n d C o m p e n s a tio n of R ailroad L abor
P a rt 3. T r a n s p o r ta tio n E m p lo y e e s
By W
itt
B owden,
of t h e
U n it e d Sta tes B u r e a u
of
L abor S ta tistic s
HE first and second parts of this series on railroad labor described
the principal changes in the amount of revenue traffic and of
services required for maintaining traffic facilities, and indicated the
trends of employment, productivity, and compensation of all railroad
labor and of the principal groups other than those connected directly
with transportation. The present article continues the analysis,
covering the main groups not discussed in the second article and
some of their subdivisions, and describes the principal technological
changes affecting them. These additional groups are described by
the Interstate Commerce Commission as transportation employees,
because their work is directly connected with the handling or control
of trains and engines, and of freight, passengers, and baggage. They
are classed by the Commission under the following heads: (1) Trans
portation (other than train, engine, and yard); (2) transportation
(yardmasters, switch tenders, and hostlers); and (3) transportation
(train and engine). These classifications were not adopted by the
Commission until July 1, 1921. Data relating to them are therefore
restricted to the period since 1921. For many of the subdivisions,
however, the data before and after 1921 are comparable, and some
of the transportation groups are therefore traced back as far as 1916,
1926 being taken as the base year for comparison with other groups
which are dealt with for the years 1922 to 1932.
Changes in the amount of revenue traffic (revenue ton-miles and
weighted revenue passenger-miles combined), together with various
changes indicating the amount of service required for maintaining
revenue traffic facilities, were described in the earlier articles. Com
putations of ratios of man-hours to revenue traffic units and to certain
other units in the following tables are based on the data previously
presented.
269
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
270
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Transportation— Other Than Train, Engine, and Yard
The Group as a Whole and Specified Subgroups
E m p l o y e e s grouped by the Interstate Commerce Commission
under the head of transportation (other than train, engine, and yard)
include station agents and handlers of freight, baggage, mail, and
express (table 1); dispatchers and others connected with the control
of train movements (table 2); flagmen and gatemen (table 5); crews
in charge of floating equipment; and several small groups of mis
cellaneous transportation employees. Table 1 gives data relating to
all of these employees and to station agents and handlers of freight,
baggage, mail, and express, for the years 1922 to 1932.
V —E M PL O Y M E N T , r a t i o s o p r e v e n u e T R A F FIC TO M AN-H O U R S A N D COM
SÎJÎfïSSSiSÎWiS’S Ï"“0TIiEE TH?N°A5» ° iSS;
[Based on reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission]
Employees
Year
Average
number
Hours worked
Percentage ratios
Indexed
Average ratios
of
number
output
of hours to man1
Index
Index
Number
per
em
numbers
hours
(thou numbers
ployee
(1926=
(1926=
sands)
per week (1926=
100)
100)
100)
Average
compen
sation per Of group
employee hours to
per year
total
hours 2
Of groupcompen
sation to
total com
pensa
tion 2
All employees, transportation group (other than train, engine, and yard)
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
204, 712
215, 675
208, 619
208, 546
209,468
97.7
103.0
99.6
99.6
100.0
559, 290
590, 146
569, 966
570, 802
572,810
97.6
103.0
99.5
99.6
100.0
52.5
52. 6
52.5
52.6
52.6
82.5
92.6
90.4
95.0
100.0
$1, 409
1, 415
1, 440
1,453
1,466
1927.
1928.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
205, 026
197, 467
195,948
180, 881
159, Ud8
134, 265
97.9
94.3
93.5
86.4
75.9
64.1
558, 381
536, 530
530, 939
482, 244
417,195
346, 038
97.5
93.7
92. 7
84.2
72.8
60.4
52.4
52.2
52.1
51.3
50.4
49.6
98.8
102.6
106.3
100.4
93.8
86.0
1, 487
1, 512
1, 524
i; sis
1, 502
1,355
13 63
14. 34
1922 _
19231924 _
1925.
1926.
1927.
1928.
1929.
1930.
19311932.
31, 497
31, 636
31, 3Ô1
30, 999
30, 681
30,394
29, 865
29, 322
28, 715
27, 612
25, 802
77.5
91.2
87.0
93.2
100.0
97.8
$1,775
1, 777
1, 823
1,836
1,857
1,877
1, 906
1, 924
li 916
1,889
1,700
1 84
1 62
1 74
1 71
1.63
1 66
1 70
1 64
1 84
2 15
2. 54
1922. ____
1923______
1924______
1925______
1926______
1927______
1928______
1929______
1930______
1931. ...... _
1932______
57, 582
64, 898
59,811
60, 740
61,050
58. 609
55, 485
55, 353
47, 691
38, 957
29,993
12 84
11 84
10.81
12 40
10.48
10.45
10. 27
12 44
12. 09
12 17
12 27
12 04
12 64
10.02
10. 32
10. 43
10.15
10. 58
11.23
11.85
Station agents
102.7
103.1
102.2
101.0
100.0
99.1
97.3
95.6
93.6
90.0
84.1
80,123
80, 765
79,834
78,351
77,162
76,023
74,142
72, 497
70,179
66, 259
61, 240
103.8
104.7
103.5
101.5
100.0
98.5
96. 1
94.0
91.0
85.9
79.4
48.9
49.1
49.0
48.6
48.4
48. 1
47.7
47.5
47.0
46.2
45.6
100. 0
104.9
93.0
79.6
65.5
2. 09
1.85
1.99
1.96
1.91
1.93
1.99
1.92
2 .1 2
2. 45
2 . 86
Handlers of freight, baggage, mail, and express
94.3
106.3
98.0
99.5
100.0
96.0
90.9
90.7
78.1
63.8
49. 1
141,818
162,016
147, 904
151, 646
152, 578
144,486
136, 817
136, 651
112, 981
89, 397
66, 313
92.9
106. 2
96.9
99.4
100.0
94. 7
89.7
89.6
74.0
58.6
43.5
47.4
48.0
47. 6
48.0
48.1
47.4
47.4
47.5
45.6
44. 1
42. 5
86.6
89.9
92.8
95.2
100.0
101.7
107.2
110.0
114.2
116.6
119. 5
1 In revenue traffic units. See part 1, table 1.
2 For hours and compensation of all employees, see part 1, tables 4 and 6.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1,108
1,144
1,147
1,163
1,169
1,168
1, 187
1, 199
1,142
1,092
948
3.26
3.25
3. 22
3.31
3. 22
3.15
3.13
3.10
2. 96
2. 90
2. 75
2. 39
2. 44
2. 39
2. 44
2. 39
2. 32
2.30
2.26
2.10
2. 00
1.85
PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
271
TI13 greatest employment in the entire group both in number of
employees and in man-hours occurred in 1923. The average number
of employees declined steadily after 1923, with the exception of 1926,
from 204,712 in 1923 to 134,265 in 1932. The decline in man-hours
was somewhat greater, the index number in 1932 (based on 1926)
falling to 60.4 as compared with 64.1 for employees. This was due
to an increase in part time, the average number of hours per week
falling from 52.1 in 1929 to 49.6 in 1932.
Compensation of employees in this group in 1922 was below the
average for all employees, as shown by the fact that the group’s pro
portion of total compensation was only 10.81 percent, while the
group’s proportion of total hours was 12.84 percent. There was a
greater disparity in 1932, the group’s proportion of total hours in
creasing 11.7 percent over 1922, while its proportion of total com
pensation increased only 9.6 percent.
The trends in the subdivisions of the group varied widely. This is
illustrated by station agents and by handlers of freight, baggage,
mail, and express. Changes in the average number of employees
and in man-hours were much smaller in the case of station agents,
and much greater in the case of handlers of freight, baggage, mail,
and express than in the case of the group as a whole. On an indexed
basis, man-hours of the entire group declined from 103 in 1923 to
60.4 in 1932; man-hours of station agents, from 104.7 to 79.4; and
man-hours of handlers, from 106.2 to 43.5.
The average annual compensation of station agents was above the
average of the group and of all employees; while the average compen
sation of handlers was considerably below the averages of the group
and of all labor, and its disparity was much greater in 1932 than in
1922. Station agents’ proportion of total hours was 38 percent
greater in 1932 than in 1922, and their proportion of total compen
sation was 36.8 percent greater. Handlers’ proportion of hours was
15.7 percent smaller in 1932 than in 1922, and their proportion of
compensation was 22.6 percent smaller.
Different subdivisions of employees in this main group were
affected in widely varying degrees by technological changes. The
productivity of the entire group, as expressed in terms of revenue
traffic units, rose from an index number of 82.5 in 1922 to 106.3 in
1929, and declined to 86 in 1932. The index numbers for station
agents were continuously lower than for the group as a whole, while
those for handlers of freight, baggage, mail, and express were much
higher, and increased continuously throughout the period, from 86.6
in 1922 to 119.5 in 1932, or 38 percent. The work of station agents
was but slightly affected by technological changes; and since it was
not possible to reduce the number in proportion to the reduction of
traffic, the result was a decline in the ratios of revenue traffic to
33773°—34----- 3
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station agents’ aggregate man-hours. The rising ratios in the case
of the handlers of freight, etc., were made possible by the compara
tively ready adjustment of the amount of employment to changes in
the amount of traffic. Complete adaptability of the amount of labor
to the amount of traffic would undoubtedly have made possible a
higher average productivity, for the work of this group has under
gone extensive mechanization. In the case of these various groups
there seems to be no adequate means of measuring the services ren
dered by them in maintaining traffic facilities as contrasted with their
productivity in terms of revenue traffic.
Communications and Control of Train Movements
Communications and the control of train movements, as here used,
are functions which are performed by train dispatchers, train directors,
telegraphers, and telephoners, including wire chiefs and lesser station
agents and towermen. These groups all come under the general
classification of transportation other than train, engine, and yard.
In these groups the number of employees has'been affected to some
extent by changes in the amount of revenue traffic, but the principal
factors have been technological. The trends of employment, pro
ductivity, and compensation are shown in table 2.
T a b l e 2 .—E M P L O Y M E N T , RATIOS OF R E V E N U E
T R A F FIC TO M A N-H O U R S, A N D
C O M PE N SA T IO N OF E M PL O Y EE S C O N N E C T E D W ITH C O M M U N IC A TIO N S A N D
CONTRO L OF T R A IN M O V E M E N T S, CLASS I RA ILR O A D S, 1916 TO 1932
[Based on reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission]
Year
Average
number
Hours worked
Percentage ratios
Average Indexed
ratios
of
Average
number
u t1 compen
Of group
of hours otou tp
man sation per Of group compen
Index
Index
per em
Number
employee
hours
numbers
hours
to
numbers
sation
to
ployee
(thou
per year
(1926= per
(1926=
total
total com
week (1926=
sands)
100)
100)
100)
hours
pensa
tion
Employees
1916______
1917______
1918______
1919______
1920______
65, 765
67, 605
69, 499
69, 845
72, 071
101.3
104. 1
107.0
107. 6
111.0
215,950
218,702
216, 326
196, 692
202, 961
120. 2
121.8
120.4
109.5
113.0
63.2
62.2
60.0
54.3
54.3
70.2
76. 2
80.0
82.7
87.9
$915
990
1,353
1,733
1,936
4.12
3.98
3. 76
3.87
3. 69
4.09
3.84
3. 60
4. 27
3. 78
1921______
1922 .... _
1923 ...... __
1924____ _
1925______
1926____ . .
67, 206
64, 794
67, 406
66, 037
65, 105
64, 925
103.5
99.8
103. 8
101.7
100. 3
100.0
183,815
179,319
187, 297
184, 285
180, 218
179,611
102.3
99.8
104. 3
102.6
100.3
100.0
52.6
53.2
53.4
53.7
53.2
53. 2
73.7
80.7
91.6
87.8
94.3
100.0
1,881
1,826
1,821
1,856
1,876
1,901
4.44
4. 23
3.86
4. 12
4.04
3.93
4. 51
4. 43
4.03
4. 27
4.21
4. 13
1927______
1928______
1929______
1930______
1931______
1932______
63, 602
61, 746
61, 242
58,160
52, 841
46, 283
98.0
95. 1
94.3
89.6
81.4
71.3
175, 528
169, 191
166,184
156, 572
140, 772
121, 949
97.7
94. 2
92.5
87.2
78.4
67.9
53.1
52.7
52. 2
51.8
51.2
50.7
98.5
102. 2
106. 5
97. 1
87. 1
76.5
1,928
1,962
1,974
1,972
1,952
1, 762
3. 97
4. 03
3. 92
4. 29
4. 79
5. 32
4.15
4. 23
4. 11
4.43
4. 85
5.31
1 In revenue traffic units.
These groups combined employed 65,765 in 1916 and 72,071 (the
maximum) in 1920, and thereafter tended to decline, even during
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PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
273
years of increase in the amount of revenue traffic, falling to 46,283 in
1932. The number of man-hours ranged much more widely, from a
maximum index number of 121.8 in 1917 (with 1926 as the base year)
to 67.9 in 1932. The average number of hours per employee ranged
from 63.2 per week in 1916 to 50.7 in 1932. The average annual com
pensation per employee in 1916 was $915, and from 1920 to 1931
ranged around $1,900, but declined by 1932 to $1,762. Throughout
the period, the group’s percentage of total time worked was practically
the same as its percentage of total compensation.
The indexed ratios of revenue traffic units to man-hours ranged
from 70.2 in 1916 to 106.5 in 1929 and 76.5 in 1932. When these
figures are compared with the index numbers of revenue traffic units,
which fell to 52.0 in 1932, it is apparent that the work of these groups
has been affected vitally by technological changes, for they are required
to render substantially the same services, whether revenue traffic is
heavy or light. Indeed, the many changes in train schedules due to
declines in revenue traffic and to mergers and consolidations have
tended to increase the amount of service required of employees
connected with communications and the control of train movements.
The number of train orders issued is not a measure of work done,
because a given order may be repeated to several trains, the execution
of different orders in the handling of signals entails varying amounts
of work, and train orders themselves are being supplanted by direct
signal indications.
The control of train movements was formerly, in the main, by
means of telegraphic train orders based on the principle of the time
interval between trains and supplemented by the use of signals such
as flags, lanterns, fuses, and torpedoes.1 The manual block system
introduced the principle of the space interval as well as the time
interval between trains. It was operated on the authority of tele
graphic instructions or train orders. The number of block signal
stations was increased between the main stations, and this increase,
combined with the 8-hour day, made necessary a large additional
number of dispatchers and towermen.
A change which tended to reduce the number of employees in these
groups was the introduction of the telephone selector, invented in
1907. This enabled the operator to pick out any block signal station
and communicate with it without connecting with other stations.
After 1907 there was a rapid extension of telephone service. Less
time was required than for telegraphic communication, the amount of
business handled per operator increased, and the special training and
skill of Morse telegraphers was not needed by telephones.
1 For a more detailed account of principal technological changes affecting communications and the control
of train movements, see M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1932 (pp. 1017-1028): “ Displacement of Morse
telegraphers in railroad systems.’’
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A more important factor tending to reduce the number of employees
in these groups was the automatic block signal system. Manual
block signals required not only signal operation, but also telephonic
or telegraphic authority for the operation of signals. Automatic
block signaling is based on the authority of the dispatcher, but it
greatly reduces the number of block signal station operators. The
signals are operated by a track circuit established by the movement
of the train, which clears the signals for itself within the block area
and at the same time sets the signals against other trains.
The transition from manual block signals to automatic block
signals and from the use of the telegraph to the use of the telephone in
the transmission of train orders is indicated by table 3.
T
3 — T R A N SIT IO N FROM M A N U A L TO AU TO M A TIC BLOCK SIGNALS A N D FR OM
TH E T E L E G R A PH TO T H E T E L E P H O N E , AS R E P O R T E D TO T H E IN T E R ST A T E
C O M M ERCE COM M ISSION, 1908 TO 19321
able
Manual block signals
Miles of road
under—
Block signal
stations
Automatic block
signals
Miles of road
having transmis
sion of train
orders by—
J a n .1—
Total
number
Number
closed
part
time
Miles of
road
con
trolled
Number
blocksignal
sections
3, 286.8
5,644. 0
8,105. 0
12,198. 8
16,544. 2
9, 438
9,439
9,898
9,912
10, 609
2,600
3,322
3, 713
3, 751
4,400
10,819. 3
12,174. 3
14, 238. 9
17, 709. 8
20, 300. 0
18, 605
24,380
29,881
33,715
175, 211
169, 400
26, 344
41,717
58,584
38,106. 3
33,935. 6
37, 938.1
36, 265. 6
35, 540. 8
23,002.1
26, 241. 4
28, 363. 8
29, 731. 2
31, 082. 7
11, 433
11,007
11,496
11,362
11,416
4,996
4,849
5,799
5,848
5,819
22,196. 6
26,569. 3
29,863. 5
30, 942. 5
32, 954. 6
38, 982
46,811
51,690
54,171
57,228
155, 690
147, 338
149, 593
151, 605
149,456
68,097
77, 292
93,467
99, 249
103, 393
1918________________
1919________________
1920________________
1921________________
1922________________
33, 661. 0
31, 929. 5
31,436. 3
31,513. 9
31, 215. 5
31, 346.0
32, 331. 5
34, 419. 4
33, 842. 3
34, 504. 3
11,472
11, 267
11,337
12, 274
10,864
5,701
5,374
5,465
5,224
5,385
35,193.1
36, 989. 4
37, 968. 8
38, 543. 9
39,061. 5
60, 220
63, 334
67, 266
64, 564
64,464
142,119
136, 584
134, 667
133, 317
132, 682
110.404
113,440
119,554
122, 022
123, 253
1923________________
1924________________
1925________________
1926________________
1927________________
31, 300. 6
32,199. 3
31,355. 6
31,992. 3
28,906. 7
34,857. 8
35, 752. 3
34, 920. 4
33, 573. 8
34, 669. 2
10, 714
11,000
10, 863
10,841
10, 258
5, 351
5, 363
5,422
5,403
5,203
40, 065. 6
41, 537.1
43, 838. 8
45, 596. 9
49,466.1
66, 677
69, 756
73,138
73, 984
78, 940
129,162
132, 661
121, 521
118, 628
113, 659
128, 320
131,329
132, 850
139,960
143, 374
1928________________
1929________________
1930________________
1931________________
1932________________
27, 441. 3
25,113.3
23,948. 6
21,910. 5
21, 602. 2
35,112.1
33, 358. 3
32,155. 4
33,894. 0
33,408. 4
9,425
8,860
8,290
8, 069
7, 264
5,017
4,866
4, 654
4, 620
4,459
53, 616. 5
56,488. 6
60,162. 0
62, 726. 0
63, 530. 6
83,126
85, 652
88, 908
92, 296
92, 851
108, 316
103, 585
101, 548
99,047
97, 623
149, 052
152, 901
154, 277
154, 075
154, 462
Tele
graphic
control
Tele
phonic
control
1908
1909
1910
1911________________
1912________________
40, 040. 3
38,073.8
39,477.4
38,612. 7
37,417. 0
1913________________
1914________________
1915________________
1916________________
1917________________
Tele
graph
Tele
phone
i*See also M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1932, pp. 1017-1020.
The growth of the manual block signal system is indicated by the
increase in the total number of stations, from 9,438 in 1908 to 12,274
in 1921. The number declined after 1921, until in 1932 there were
only 7,264 stations, and more than three fifths of these were closed
part of the time, indicating the survival of the manual system mainly
in areas of comparatively light traffic. The telephone gradually
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PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
supplanted the telegraph both in the control of the manual block
signal system and in the transmission of train orders.
In addition to the transition from the telegraph to the telephone
and from manual block signals to automatic block signals, there has
been in recent years a development of automatic train control.
This combines the automatic operation of signals and of brakes to
stop the train when signal indications are violated. Extensive in
stallations were ordered in 1922. Another innovation has been the
use, since 1923, of signals in the cab. These are continually before
the engine crew, overcoming poor visibility of wayside signals due
to fog or other weather conditions.
The development of interlocking plants has simplified the control
of train movements and has facilitated the work not only of em
ployees directly concerned, but of train, engine, and yard crews as
well. Interlocking plants are used extensively at terminals and
intersections, and they range from the highly intricate plants at
such terminals as the Grand Central Station at New York, con
trolling the movements of hundreds of trains daily, to remote inter
sections where hours may intervene without a passing train. The
operation of these plants has recently been facilitated by the de
velopment of remote-control devices making possible the handling
of plants by employees at a distance as an incidental part of their
duties. In this way operators formerly in attendance at many
points have been eliminated.
A significant recent development is centralized traffic control for
dispatching trains by direct signal indication through remote con
trol, rather than by train orders. In this way the former functions
of the dispatcher in authorizing train movements and of other em
ployees in carrying out the orders by the operation of signals and of
switches are combined. The number of installations of centralized
traffic control since 1930 is indicated in table 4.
T
able
4 .—C E N T R A L IZ E D TR A FFIC -C O N T R O L IN STA L L A TIO N S, AS R E P O R T E D TO
THE IN T E R ST A T E C O M M ERCE COM M ISSION, 1930 TO 19321
Jan. 1—
1930_________________________
1931_________________________
1932_________________________
Number
Number
of
of instal Miles of ofNumber
passing switches
road
lations in
con
sidings
service
trolled
26
44
58
341.1
569.1
892.8
68
113
177
181
357
725
Number of signals
Total
controlled
number of
switches
and
Sema
Light
signals
phore
142
248
250
568
982
1,574
959
1,700
2, 726
1 See also M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1932, pp. 1020-1023.
The number of installations of centralized traffic control increased
from 26 on January 1, 1930, to 58 two years later. The miles of road
affected increased from 341.1 to 892.8. The total number of switches
and signals affected increased from 959 to 2,726. These installations
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MONTHLY LABOE EE VIEW
not only have eliminated considerable numbers of employees connected
directly with communications and the control of train movements,
but also have reduced the number of persons connected with the oper
ation of switches and facilitated the work of train, engine, and yard
crews.
Communications include not only the control of train movements,
but also the handling of ordinary message traffic, to some extent for
the general public but mainly, especially in recent years, for the rail
road companies. Telephone-switchboard operators not connected
directly with transportation are classified under professional, clerical,
and general employees, and these, as well as the groups connected
directly with the control of train movements, have been affected by
technological changes. In general, these changes include an increase
in the use of the telephone as compared with the telegraph, the intro
duction of automatic or dial telephone exchanges, and the supplanting
of Morse manual telegraphers by operators of teletypes. The tele
type is essentially a typewriter connected with a telegraphic circuit,
or with a number of circuits if duplicates of the message are desired.
Before 1920, the changes in modes of communication and of con
trolling train movements aimed primarily at safety, and they greatly
increased the amount of labor required. This was particularly true
of the manual block signal system. More recently, technological
changes have been concerned with the safety factor but have been
perhaps even more significant in economizing labor costs.
Crossing Flagmen and Gatemen
Another group classified by the Interstate Commerce Commission
under transportation other than train, engine, and yard consists of
crossing flagmen and gatemen. Similar to these in function, and in
cluded in table 5, are drawbridge operators. The number of em
ployees in these groups is small. They are included because the
changes in their numbers have been largely independent of the amount
of revenue traffic and have been brought about almost exclusively by
technological changes, which have tended to reduce their numbers,
and by increased highway traffic, which has in part counteracted the
reduction due to technological changes.
The average number of employees in these groups rose from 17,599
in 1916 to 25,043 in 1920, and in most of the succeeding years declined
until in 1932 the number was 19,184. Because of the reduction in
number of hours per employee, the index numbers of man-hours
show a much greater decline in employment. With a base of 100 in
1926, these numbers ranged from 106.4 in 1918 to 78.4 in 1932. The
average number of hours per employee per week in 1916 was 78.6.
Even after the 8-hour day was introduced the average number of
hours was more than 55 per week until the period of the depression,
when, by 1932, the number had fallen to 53.8.
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T
5 .—E M P L O Y M E N T , RATIOS OF R E V E N U E T R A FFIC TO M AN-H O U R S, A N D
C O M PE N SA T IO N OF CROSSING FL A G M E N A N D G A T E M E N A N D D R A W B R ID G E
OPER A TOR S, CLASS I RAILROADS, 1916 TO 1932
able
[Based on reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission]
Employees
Year
Average
number
Hours worked
Indexed
Average ratios
number o u tp uof
t1
of hours to man
Index
Index
per em
hours
numbers
numbers Number
ployee
(thou
(1926= per
(1926=
week 11926=
sands)
100)
100)
100)
Percentage ratios
Average
compen
Of group
sation
group compen
per em Of
hours to sation to
ployee
total
total
per year
compen
hours
sation
1916______
1917______
1918______
1919______
1920______
17, 599
17, 635
18, 711
24, 487
25,043
74.3
74.5
79.0
103.4
105.8
71, 927
67, 276
72,835
71, 323
72, 081
105. 1
98.3
106.4
104. 2
105.3
78.6
73.4
76.3
57.1
56.4
80.3
94.4
90.4
86.8
94.3
$507
552
911
982
1,117
1.37
1.22
1.26
1.40
1.31
0. 60
.55
.64
.83
.75
1921______
1922______
1923______
1924_____
1925______
1926______
24, 627
23, 507
24, 300
24, 450
24, 075
23, 678
104.0
99.3
102.6
103.3
101.7
100.0
70, 231
68,015
70, 497
71, 109
69, 927
68, 443
102. 6
99.4
103.0
103.9
102. 2
100.0
54.8
55.6
55.8
55. 9
55. 9
55.6
73.5
81.0
92.7
86.6
92.6
100.0
1,064
907
911
924
926
928
1. 70
1.60
1.45
1.59
1.57
1.50 .
.94
.80
.73
.79
.77
.73
1927______
1928______
1929______
1930.:____
1931______
1932______
23, 254
22, 551
21, 866
21,075
20,107
19, 184
98.2
95.2
92.3
89.0
84.9
81.0
67,140
64, 976
62, 644
60,141
56, 887
53, 676
98. 1
94.9
91.5
87.9
83. 1
78.4
55.5
55.4
55. 1
54.9
54. 4
53.8
98.2
101. 3
107.6
96.3
82. 2
66.3
950
949
954
963
953
853
1. 52
1. 55
1.48
1.65
1.94
2. 34
.75
.75
.71
.78
.90
1.07
1 In revenue traffic units.
The indexed ratios of revenue traffic units to man-hours increased
from 80.3 in 191G to 100.0 in 1926, and to 107.6 in 1929, thereafter
declining to 66.3 in 1932. These index numbers, when compared
with those of revenue traffic units, which fell as low as 52.0 in 1932,
indicate important changes in. methods of affording protection at
highway crossings and bridges. Virtually the same degree of pro
tection is required whether revenue traffic is light or heavy, indeed,
there has been an increase in the amount of protection required because
of the increase in the number of crossings and especiallv in the amount
of highway traffic. If there had been no technological changes
affecting the work of these groups, the amount of employment must
necessarily have increased in spite of declining railway traffic.2
Among the technological changes affecting the work of these groups
are automatic signals at highway crossings. Detailed figures before
1924 are not available. The manually protected crossings decreased
from 53.7 percent of all protected crossings in 1924 to 35.3 percent
in 1932, and automatically protected crossings increased from 46.3
percent of all protected crossings in 1924 to 64.7 percent in 1932.
Crossings protected by both audible and visible signals increased
from 19.4 percent in 1924 to 32.5 percent in 1932.3
2 For estimates of the increased amount of employment that would have been required if there had been
no changes in the methods of affording protection at crossings, see M onthly Labor Review, April 1932,
p. 766. The estimate for 1930 is to the effect that without automatic signals and grade separations, more
than 44,000 additional crossing watchmen would have been required.
a For more detailed information, see M onthly Labor Review, April 1932, pp. 759-769..
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The amount of employment necessary for the protection of cross
ings has also been affected materially by grade separations at railway
highway crossings. Statistics before 1925 are not available. The
number of grade separations from 1925 to 1932 totaled 2,123. Since
grade separations are usually made at crossings where protection is
particularly important, the elimination of crossings at the same level
by grade separations has presumably almost without exception
reduced the amount of employment that would otherwise have been
necessary.
In addition to automatic signals and grade separations, another
development has affected the amount of labor required. Where a
number of gates are located in the same vicinity, as in terminals and
at intersections, remote-control devices have made possible the cen
tralized operation of a number of gates by a single employee.
Improved methods of protecting highway crossings not only have
eliminated a large number of employees in connection with the im
mediate work of protecting the crossings, but by speeding up the
movement of traffic have facilitated the work of other classes of
employees and tended to reduce the amount of employment required
for the handling of trains.
Although hours of labor were extremely high, and the responsibil
ities of crossing watchmen and drawbridge operators were grave,
their average compensation in 1916 was $507 per year. The largest
average compensation, $1,117, was received in 1920, and by 1932 it
had declined to $853. Hours worked were 1.37 percent of the hours
of all employees in 1916, 1.50 percent in 1926, and 2.34 percent in
1932—an increase by 1926 over 1916 of 9.5 percent, and by 1932, of
70.8 percent. The proportion of total compensation going to these
groups in 1916 was only 0.60 percent as compared with 1.37 percent
of total time; and the trend of their compensation, although some
what favorable to them, gave them in 1932 only 1.07 percent of total
compensation as compared with 2.34 percent of total time.
Changes in First Half of 1933
As a whole, the group of transportation employees other than train,
engine, and yard crews was affected slightly by the upturn in revenue
traffic between March and July 1933. The month of smallest em
ployment in man-hours was February, when the aggregate man-hours
fell to 24,093,000. By July, the number had risen to 27,375,000, an
increase of 11.4 percent since March, as compared with an increase
of 43.5 percent in revenue traffic. In consequence, the productivity
of this group, in terms of revenue traffic, rose rapidly. From a low
point of 86 in March 1933 the index number of productivity rose to
106.9 in July 1933, the numbers being based on the corresponding
months of 1926. Briefly, with an increasing amount of revenue
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279
PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
traffic, tlie amount of employment rises much more slowly, and even
with revenue traffic at the peak of 1926, employment without a radi
cal change of hours would he far below the level of 1926.
Transportation—Yardmasters, Switch Tenders, and Hostlers
C h a n g e s affecting the group described by the Interstate Com
merce Commission as yardmasters, switch tenders, and hostlers are
analyzed for the years 1922 to 1932 in table 6.
T
6 -E M P L O Y M E N T , RATIOS OF R E V E N U E T R A F FIC T O M A N -H O U R S, A N D COM
PE N SA T IO N OF Y A R D M A ST E R S, SW ITCH T E N D E R S , A N D HOSTLER S, CLASS I R A IL
ROADS, 1922 TO 1932
able
[Based on reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission]
Employees
Year
Hours paid for
Percentage ratios
Average Indexed Average
number ratios of compen
Of group
of hours o u tp u t1 sation
Index
per em to man per em Of group compen
Number
Index
Average numbers
hours
sation
(thou
numbers
ployee
ployee
hours
number (1926= 100)
to total
sands) (1926=100) per week (1926=100) per year to total
hours
compen
sation
1922____
1923_ _
1924____
1925____
1926._
23, 592
26, 317
24, 729
24, 114
24, 236
97.3
108.6
102.0
99. 5
100.0
67,978
75, 765
70, 976
69,126
69, 735
97.5
108.6
101.8
99.1
100.0
55.4
55.4
55.2
55.1
55.3
82.6
87.8
88.4
95.5
100.0
$2, 097
2,114
2,161
2,209
2,236
1.56
1.52
1. 54
1. 51
1.47
1.85
1.83
1.86
1.84
1.81
1927____
1928___
1929____
1930______
193 L
1932______
23, 409
22,142
21, 788
20, 303
17, 607
14,112
96.6
91.4
89.9
83.8
72.6
58.2
66,900
63,511
62,470
57, 697
48,922
38, 264
95.9
91.1
89.6
82.7
70.2
54.9
55.0
55.2
55.1
54.7
53.4
52.1
100.4
105. 5
110.0
102.2
97.4
94.7
2, 301
2, 359
2,381
2, 358
2,293
2,016
1.46
1.45
1.42
1. 51
1.59
1.59
1.82
1.83
1.76
1.85
1.90
1.85
1 In revenue traffic units.
The number of yardmasters, switch tenders, and hostlers com
bined increased from 23,592 in 1922 to 26,317 in 1923, and in suc
ceeding years, with one exception, declined until in 1932 there was
an average of only 14,112. Man-hours declined after 1929 more
rapidly than did the average number of employees, the index number
of employees for 1932 being 58.2 and of man-hours, 54.9. The aver
age number of hours per employee per week remained virtually con
stant until 1930, ranging from 55.4 in 1922 to 55.1 in 1929, and falling
to 52.1 in 1922.
The indexed ratios of revenue traffic units to man-hours, based on
the year 1926, rose from 82.6 in 1922 to a high point of 110.0 in 1929,
and fell with declining traffic to 94.7 in 1932. The amount of revenue
traffic is not an adequate measure of the services required for main
taining yard facilities, and these services have been vitally affected
by technological changes, such as “hump” yards and interlocking plants.
During the increase in revenue traffic from March to July 1933 the
amount of employment in these groups remained almost unchanged.
The average number employed in March 1933 was 12,517, and in
July, 12,510. Total man-hours, as well as number of employees,
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280
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
declined after March, though man-hours were somewhat higher in
July than in March. Revenue traffic, on the other hand, increased
43.5 percent. The indexed ratio of revenue traffic units to man
hours rose rapidly to 118.5 in July 1933 as compared with 100 in
July 1926. The principal technological changes affecting these groups
will be discussed later in connection with yard crews handling trains
and engines.
The average annual compensation of employees in these groups in
1922 was $2,097. By 1929 it rose to $2,381, but fell to $2,016 in 1932.
The group’s proportion of total hours of all employees was only 1.56
percent in 1922 and 1.59 percent in 1932. Its proportion of total
compensation was somewhat larger.
Transportation—Train and Engine Crews
The Group as a Whole
U n d e r transportation, train and engine, are included crews which
handle trains and engines on the road and in the yards, with the excep
tion of switch tenders, who operate switches, and hostlers, who have
charge of the handling of engines when not in use for road service or
yard switching service. The general status of the group from 1922
to 1932 is shown in table 7.
T a b le 7 .—E M P L O Y M E N T , RATIOS OF R E V E N U E T R A F FIC TO M AN-HOURS, A N D
C O M PE N SA T IO N OF T R A IN A N D E N G IN E CREW S, CLASS I RAILROADS, 1922 TO
1932
[Based on reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission]
Percentage ratios
Average Indexed
ratios
of
Average
number
Of group
u t1 compen
of hours otou tp
man sation per Of group compen
Index
Index
per em
Number
hours
to
sation
to
hours
employee
numbers
Average numbers
ployee
(thou
(1926=
per year
total
(1926= per
total com
(1926=
number
week
sands)
hours
pensa
100)
100)
100)
tion
Employees
Year
Hours paid for
1922______
1923______
1324___ __
1925______
1926______
302,083
343, 382
321, 379
322,778
331, 869
91.0
103.5
96.8
97.3
100.0
847,481
988, 201
897, 514
903, 505
972, 560
87.1
101.6
92. 3
92.9
100.0
53.9
55.3
53.7
53.8
56.4
92.4
93. 9
97.5
101.9
100.0
$2,224
2, 283
2, 294
2, 357
2, 384
19. 45
19. 82
19. 52
19. 69
20. 52
25.17
25. 76
25. 71
26.23
26.45
1927______
1928______
1929______
1930______
1931______
1932______
322, 320
310,817
314,404
283, 710
243,879
202, 552
97.1
93. 7
94.7
85.5
73.5
61.0
928, 534
894,195
913,385
791,925
654,406
524,125
95.5
91.9
93.9
81.4
67.3
53.9
55.4
55.3
55.9
53.7
51.6
49.8
100.9
104.5
104.9
103.8
101.5
96.4
2,417
2, 457
2, 517
2,411
2,312
2, 031
20. 24
20. 45
20. 70
20. 76
21.22
21.71
26.38
26.68
26. 91
26.41
26. 51
26. 79
1 In revenue traffic units.
Train and engine crews are about one fifth of all employees. The
average number was 302,083 in 1922, 343,382 in 1923, and, after an
irregular decline, 202,552 in 1932.
The average working week was slightly longer from 1923 to 1929
than in 1922, but thereafter declined to 49.8 hours in 1932. On the
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PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
281
basis of a 6-clay week, the average number of hours was more than
8 per day, even in 1932. The high average is due in part to overtime
and in part to the inclusion of time paid for but not actually worked.
In the case of road train and engine crews, time paid for is computed
on the basis of hypothetical distances and speeds, and the actual
distance may be smaller while the actual speed may be greater, the
result often being a smaller amount of time on duty than is paid for.
The indexed ratios of revenue traffic units to man-hours paid for
ranged from 92.4 in 1922 to 104.9 in 1929, the number falling to 96.4
in 1932. These ratios, which are not to be regarded as indicating
the effects of technological changes on employment, will be supple
mented by other ratios in connection with the discussion of subdivi
sions of the group.
The average annual compensation per employee of train and engine
crews was much above the general average, ranging from $2,224 in
1922 to $2,517 in 1929 and falling to $2,031 in 1932. The group’s
proportion of total hours in 1922 was 19.45 percent, as compared
with 25.17 percent of total compensation. By 1932 the advantage
of the group as to compensation had somewhat declined, for its pro
portion of hours increased 11.6 percent, while its proportion of com
pensation increased only 6.4 percent.
From January to July 1933 there was a comparatively large in
crease of employment in train and engine service, the average number
in January being 189,938, and in July, 207,826.
Yard Service
Reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission make possible a
study of the principal groups of employees engaged in yard service
and also in road service from 1916 to 1932. Table 8 deals with yard
service, and includes switch tenders as well as yard train and engine
crews (yard engineers and motormen, conductors, and foremen, fire
men and helpers, and brakemen and flagmen). Hostlers are not in
cluded. Man-hours are hours worked, not hours paid for.
The average number of employees in all of these groups combined
varied widely, the largest number being 128,258 in 1923, and the
smallest number 77,741 in 1932. With 1926 as the base year, the
index number of average number of employees in 1916 was 75.1,
and in 1932, 60.7; while the index numbers for man-hours were
102.7 in 1916 and 52 in 1932. The average length of the working
week declined from 68.6 hours in 1916 to 43 in 1932.
Average annual compensation per employee was lowest in 1916
($1,246) and highest in 1920 ($2,296), although it approximated
the latter in 1928 and 1929. By 1932 it had fallen to $1,790. Average
compensation per employee in these groups was somewhat above the
general average throughout the period, and the percentages of
aggregate hours and wages tended to increase.
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T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
|
8 .—E M P L O Y M E N T , RATIOS OF R E V E N U E T R A F FIC TO M AN-H O U R S, A N D COM
PE N SA T IO N OF Y A R D T R A IN , E N G IN E , A N D SW ITCH CREW S, CLASS I RAILROADS,
1916 TO 1932
' .
able
[Based on reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission]
Employees
Y ear
Hours worked
Index
Index
Average numbers Number numbers
(thou
number
(1926=
(1926=
sands)
100)
100)
Average
number
of hours
per em
ployee
per
week
Percentage ratios
Indexed A verage
ratios of compen
o u tp u t1 sation
Of group
to man per em Of group compen
hours
ployee
hours to
sation
(1926=
per
total
to total
year
100)
hours
compen
sation
1916______
1917______
1918______
1919______
1920______
96,198
114, 886
127,962
118,872
124, 653
75.1
89.6
99.9
92. 8
97.3
342, 920
369, 456
380, 750
325,444
367,996
102.7
110. 6
114. 0
97.5
110. 2
68.6
61.8
57. 2
52.7
56.8
82. 2
83.8
84. 5
92.9
90.1
$1, 246
1,388
1,702
1,754
2, 296
6. 54
6. 72
6.61
6. 40
6.69
7.85
8.81
8.04
7.09
7.47
1921______
1922______
1923______
1924______
1925______
1926______
106, 439
109,191
128,258
119, 873
123, 049
128, 151
83.1
85. 2
100. 1
100. 0
273, 455
279,012
336, 425
310, 342
319, 005
333, 937
81.9
83. 6
100. 7
92.9
95.5
100.0
49.4
49. 1
50. 4
49.8
' 49.9
50. 1
92.0
96.3
94. 7
96.8
99. 0
100.0
1,983
1,979
2,047
2,082
2,124
2,154
6. 61
6.58
6. 93
6. 94
7. 15
7.31
7.53
8. 10
8.63
8.70
9.01
9.23
1927______
1928______
1929______
1930___ .
1931______
1932______
124, 372
120, 594
124, 563
111,853
95, 649
77, 741
97. 1
94. J
97.2
87.3
74. 6
60.7
318, 381
309, 432
321, 732
277,057
225, 400
173, 792
95.3
92. 7
96.3
83.0
67.5
52.0
49. 2
49.3
49. 7
47.6
45. 3
43. 0
101. 1
103. 8
102.2
101.9
101. 2
99.8
2, 201
2,257
2, 287
2,184
2,073
1, 790
7. 21
7. 37
7. 60
7. 59
7. 67
7. 59
9.27
9.51
9. 69
9. 43
9. 32
9.06
93.5
96.0
1 In revenue traffic units.
The indexed ratios of revenue traffic units to the man-hours worked
by these groups rose from 82.2 in 1916 to 103.8 in 1928, and thereafter
declined slightly to 99.8 in 1932. These ratios do not indicate the
full extent of the effects of technological changes on amount of employ
ment. The number of trains, engines, and cars in freight service tends
to decline with the amount of revenue traffic, thereby reducing the
amount of work required of yard transportation employees. The
number of passenger trains and engines, however, remains compara
tively constant, requiring yard services whether revenue passenger
traffic declines or not. As a result, it is possible to reduce the amount
of yard employment more readily than the amount of road passenger
employment during a period of declining traffic, but it is more difficult
to reduce the amount of yard work than the amount of road freight
work.
The work of yard employees has been affected by several important
technological changes. Automatic block signals, interlockers, and
centralized traffic control have mainly affected communications and
the control of train movements, but they have facilitated the work of
yardmen, especially switchmen and switch tenders. Various minor
improvements have more directly affected these groups of employees.
Among these are automatic couplers, impact recorders, track scales
for automatically weighing and recording weights while cars are
moving, and devices using gas, oil, and electricity for melting snow and
ice at switches and retarders. These last-named devices have
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283
PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
eliminated much of the manual labor of maintenance of way and
structures and have facilitated the work of yard train and engine
crews and of switchmen.
The main technological changes affecting yard transportation
services are connected with the newer types of classification yards,
especially the gravity or “ hump” yards for sorting cars. The
utilization of differences in elevation—that is, of gravity-—in the
sorting of cars was introduced as early as 1890 to supplement the
“ drilling” or “ poling” of cars, but the control of the movement and
speed of cars on a down grade required the use of large numbers of car
riders and entailed serious risks until the car retarder was introduced
in 1924. This device, combined with impact recorders and heaters
for melting ice and snow, made possible the control of each car
individually as it is sent down the classification tracks. Large
numbers of car riders formerly necessary were no longer needed and,
in addition, the movement and sorting of cars was greatly speeded up.
The effects of the car retarder on employment in one classification
yard which early introduced it are shown in table 9.
T
able
9 .—O PER A T IN G ECONOM IES E F F E C T E D BY CAR R E T A R D E R S IN A CLASSI
FIC A TIO N Y A R D i
Item
C a r s humped
_____ -- ______ _________ - __ _________________ ___ ___
Conductor hours
Switchmen and car-rider hours. _ .
_______ . .
ft w i t h -1p n d or h o u r s
H a n d - h r a k p - tp s to r h o u r s
R p ta rd or-o p p ra .tn r h o u r s
TVTess^npor-sp.r v i p .p . h ou rs
February February
1924 (be 1925 (after
fore instal installa
lation)
tion)
42,534
696
14,192
3,480
58
45, 283
648
2,787
3,360
280
March 1924 March 1925
(before in (after in
stallation) stallation)
48,770
744
13,424
3, 720
62
51, 556
709
2,517
3,513
310
1 American Railway Association, Signal Section, Proceedings, voi. 23, p. 503. See also Interstate Com
merce Commission, E x parte 106, voi. 7, exhibit 109 (hearings on proposed 6-hour day).
Although there was an increase in the number of cars classified in
this yard after the installation of car retarders, the number of hours of
switchmen and car riders fell from 14,192 in February 1924 before
installation, to 2,787 in February 1925 after installation, and a sim
ilar change occurred in March 1925 as compared with March 1924.
Switch-tender hours (3,480 in February 1924 and 3,720 in March
1924) were eliminated entirely, as were the hours of hand-brake
testers. The time added in February 1925 consisted of 3,360 hours
of retarder operators and 280 hours of messengers, similar additions
appearing also in March 1925. The speeding up of the work by car
retarders is also indicated by the fact that the number of hours
worked by conductors declined somewhat in spite of the increased
number of cars classified.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Road Passenger Service
Employees engaged in road passenger service as classified by the
Interstate Commerce Commission include conductors, assistant con
ductors, and ticket collectors, baggagemen, brakemen, and flagmen,
engineers and motormen, and firemen and helpers. Changes in em
ployment, ratios of revenue passenger-miles to man-hours, and com
pensation of these groups combined are shown in table 10.
T a b l e 1 0 .— E M P L O Y M E N T , RATIOS OF R E V E N U E T R A F FIC TO M A N-HOURS, A N D
C O M PE N SA T IO N OF ROAD PA SSE N G E R E M PL O Y EE S, CLASS I RAILR O A D S, 1916
TO 1932
[ B a s e d o n r e p o r t s to t h e I n t e r s t a t e C o m m e r c e C o m m is s io n ]
Employees
Year
Average
number
Hours worked
Percentage ratios
Average
number
of hours
Index
Index
per em
Number
numbers (thou
numbers ployee
(1926=
(1926=
per
sands)
100)
100)
week
Indexed
ratios of
o u tp u t1
to man
hours
(1926=
100)
Average
compen
sation
per year Of group
per em hours to
total
ployee
hours
Of group
compen
sation to
total
compen
sation
1916______
1917 ____
1918______
1919______
1920______
57,611
57,435
55, 366
55, 282
57,858
100.9
100.6
97.0
96.9
101.4
143, 666
146, 432
145,196
145,993
153, 343
112.3
114.4
113.5
114. 1
119.8
48.0
49.0
50.4
50.8
51.0
86.8
97.2
106.0
114. 5
110.2
$1, 514
1,586
1,948
2,312
2, 643
2. 74
2. 66
2. 52
2.87
2. 79
5. 94
5. 24
4. 14
4. 52
4.15
1921______
1922______
1923______
1924______
1925______
1926______
57, 560
56, 660
57,981
57, 596
57, 236
57,073
100.9
99.3
101.6
100.9
100.3
100.0
138, 068
131,051
135, 014
132, 890
130, 005
127,957
107.9
102.4
105. 5
103. 9
101.6
100.0
46.1
44. 5
44.8
44. 4
43.7
43.1
97.5
97.7
101.3
98.0
99.7
100.0
2,511
2, 341
2, 370
2, 453
2,511
2,529
3. 34
3.09
2.78
2. 97
2. 92
2.80
5. 16
4. 97
4. 52
4. 93
4. 95
4. 83
1927______
1928______
1929_ ____
1930_ _ ___
1931______
1932______
56, 527
54, 625
53,998
51,979
46, 625
40, 548
99.0
95.7
94.6
91. 1
81.7
71.0
124, 408
119, 219
117,434
109, 679
94, 877
79, 051
97.2
93.2
91.8
85.7
74.1
61.8
42.3
42.0
41.8
40.6
39.1
37.5
97.6
95.6
95.4
88.2
83.2
77.5
2,594
2, 651
2, 725
2, 695
2, 631
2,332
2. 82
2. 84
2. 77
3.01
3. 23
3. 45
4. 97
5.06
5. 00
5. 41
5. 77
6.16
1 In terms of revenue passenger-miles.
The aggregate number of employees in these groups remained sub
stantially the same from 1916 to 1926, ranging around 57,000. There
after there was a continuous decline to 40,548 in 1932. There was a
considerably larger variation in the number of man-hours worked.
The index number of average number of employees, based on 100 for
1926, rose from 100.9 in 1916 to 101.6 in 1923, and fell to 71 in 1932.
The index number for man-hours was 112.3 in 1916, 119.8 in 1920,
and 61.8 in 1932. The average number of hours per week was 48
in 1916 and 51 in 1920, and, after a gradual decline, 37.5 in 1932.
The average annual compensation increased from $1,514 in 1916
to $2,643 in 1920, declined for 2 years, then rose to a maximum of
$2,725 in 1929, and fell to $2,332 in 1932. Compensation received
by road passenger employees was much above the general average in
1916, their proportion of total compensation of all employees being
5.94 percent, while their proportion of total hours was only 2.74
percent. The group failed, however, to retain all of its advantage.
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PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
The indexed ratios of revenue passenger-miles to man-hours ranged
between 114.5 in 1919 and 77.5 in 1932. These ratios are significant
as indicating an important phase of railroad employment in which
the amount of labor employed cannot be increased or decreased in
proportion to changes in the amount of revenue traffic. As a result,
the aggregate productivity of all railroad labor in terms of revenue
traffic was materially decreased, and the amount of employment
in road passenger service remained comparatively large.
On the other hand, if there had been no technological changes affect
ing the work of these employees, the decline in employment would
have been much smaller. While there is no entirely adequate unit
for ascertaining the effects of technological changes, passenger-train
miles afford an approximate indication. It is necessary for train
schedules to be maintained, and the number of road passenger em
ployees per train remains comparatively constant, whatever may be
the number of passengers carried.
The comparative indexed ratios of revenue passenger-miles and of
passenger-train miles to man-hours are given in table 11.
T a b l e 1 1 .— CO M PA R A TIV E IN D E X E D RATIOS OP R E V E N U E PA SSE N G ER -M ILE S A N D
OF PA SSE N G ER -T R A IN M ILES TO M AN-HOURS W OR KED BY ROAD PA SSE N G ER
E M PL O Y EE S, CLASS I R A ILROADS, 1916 TO 1932
Year
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924____________________
Revenue
passengermiles to
man-hours
Passengertrain miles
to man
hours
86.8
97. 2
106. 0
114. 5
110. 2
97. 5
97. 7
101. 3
98.0
89. 5
87. 7
81.3
82. 5
81. 7
89. 6
92. 2
92. 7
95.1
Year
1925____________ _______
1926____________________
1927____________________
1928____________________
1929____________________
1930____________________
1931____________________
1932____________________
Revenue Passengerpassenger- train miles
to man
miles to
hours
man-hours
99.7
100.0
97.6
95.6
95.4
88.2
83.2
77.5
97.7
100.0
102.0
105.0
106.5
109.7
113.0
117.0
The indexed ratios of revenue passenger-miles to man-hours fell
from a base of 100 in 1926 to 77.5 in 1932, and fluctuated widely
during the earlier period, 1916 to 1926. The indexed ratios of pas
senger-train miles to man-hours underwent a much more regular
series of changes and continued to rise even during the recent period
of rapid decline in revenue passenger-miles to a high point of 117 in
1932.
By taking passenger-train miles as a measure of service rendered by
road passenger employees in maintaining facilities for passenger
traffic, with 1916 as the base year, and by assuming a constant ratio
of passenger-train miles to man-hours, the number of man-hours
worked by road passenger employees in 1932 would have been about
103,338,000 instead of 79,051,000, the number actually employed.
The difference, 24,287,000 man-hours, may be regarded as an approxi
mate indication of the effects of technological changes on the amount
of employment in road passenger service.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
I lie divergent trends of these two sets of ratios resulted from
several factors. I he decline in ratios of revenue passenger-miles
to man-hours was due to the decline in revenue passenger traffic,
combined with the fact that it was necessary to maintain train
schedules in spite of the falling off of revenue traffic. Some of the
iactors which account for the maintenance of necessary passengertrain facilities by a comparatively small amount of employment are
larger and speedier engines, extension of automatic block signals and
centralized traffic control, and improved arrangements for handling
trains and passengers at terminals.
Road Freight Service
Similar to road passenger employees are those engaged in road
freight service. They include road freight engineers and motormen, conductors, firemen and helpers, and brakemen and flagmen.
After 1921, each of these classes was subdivided under through
freight and local freight. Although there are considerable diver
gences in the status of the several subdivisions, the trends have been
similar. Table 12 gives data regarding all of the various groups
combined.
T a b l e 1 2 .—E M PL O Y M E N T , RATIOS OP R E V E N U E T R A F F IC TO M A N-H O U R S
AND
C O M PE N SA T IO N OF ROAD FR E IG H T E M PL O Y EE S, CLASS I R A ILR O A D S, 1916 TO 1932
[ B a s e d o n r e p o r t s to t h e I n t e r s t a t e C o m m e r c e C o m m is s io n ]
Employees
Year
Hours worked
Index
Index
Average numbers Number numbers
(thou
number
(1926=
(1926=
sands)
100)
100)
P e r c e n ta g e r a t io s
A v e ra g e
num ber
of h o u rs
per em
p lo y e e
p er w eek
In d ex ed
ratios of Average
o u tp u t1 compen
Of group
sation
to man per
em Of group compen
hours
hours to
sation
ployee
(1926=
total
to total
per year
100)
hours
compen
sation
1916______
1917______
1918______
1919___ .
1920______
154, 207
165,953
169, 819
151,015
163, 774
101.2
108.9
111.4
99.1
107. 5
474, 073
512, 514
520,425
438,477
505,039
114.8
124.2
126.1
106.2
122.4
59.2
59.4
58.9
55.8
59.3
71.2
71. 6
72. 5
77.3
75.7
1921______
1922______
1923______
1924.
1925______
1926______
140,410
141,879
163, 292
149, 764
148,267
152, 416
92.1
93. 1
107. 1
98.3
97.3
100.0
353, 745
387,106
460, 561
401, 340
399, 607
412, 781
85. 7
93.8
111.6
97.2
96.8
100.0
48.4
52.5
54.2
51.5
51.8
52.1
80.8
81.6
83.5
90.1
96.4
1927............
1928____
1929______
1930______
1931______
1932______
147, 041
141,925
141,075
124, 729
105, 888
87, 629
96.5
93.1
92.6
81.8
69.5
57.5
385, 660
362, 306
364, 810
299, 733
237, 584
187,178
93.4
87.8
88.4
72.6
57.6
45.3
50.4
49. 1
49.7
46.2
43.2
41.1
100.0
103.4
111.2
114.1
119.1
121.2
116.4
$1, 325
1, 512
1,931
2,040
2, 712
9. 04
9. 33
9.03
8. 62
9.18
13.91
14.42
12.58
10.90
12. 06
2,202
8. 55
9.12
9. 48
8. 97
8. 96
9. 04
11.04
12. 33
12.83
12. 31
12. 49
12.63
8.73
8. 63
8.61
12. 37
12. 33
12. 42
11.79
11.62
11.76
2, 320
2, 391
2,356
2,443
2, 477
2, 485
2,487
2, 589
2,448
2,335
2,062
8 . 21
8.09
8.17
1 In revenue ton-miles.
The average number of employees in road freight service rose
from 154,207 in 1916 to 169,819 in 1918, and thereafter fluctuated
considerably until 1926, when the number was 152,416. After 1926
there was a continuous fall to 87,629 in 1932. The number of man
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PRODUCTIVITY OP LABOR AND INDUSTRY
hours varied much more widely. The index numbers, based on
1926, rose from 114.8 in 1916 to 126.1 in 1918 and fell as low as
45.3 in 1932—hardly more than a third of the number in 1918. The
average number of hours per employee per week was 59.4 in 1917
and 41.1 in 1932.
The average annual compensation per employee increased from
$1,325 in 1916 to $2,712 in 1920, and thereafter ranged below this
level, the lowest point being $2,062 in 1932. The group’s proportion
of total compensation of all employees in 1916 was 13.91 percent,
well above its proportion of total hours (9.04 percent). The com
parative advantage as to compensation was in part lost, for by 1932
the group’s proportion of total hours was only 9.6 percent less than
in 1916, while its proportion of total compensation was 15.5 percent
smaller than in 1916.
The average man-hour output of road freight employees in reve
nue ton-miles shows a radically different trend from that of road
passenger employees expressed in revenue passenger-miles. The
ratios of revenue ton-miles to man-hours, expressed by index num
bers, ranged from 71.2 in 1916 to 121.2 in 1931, declining in 1932
to 116.4. This decline was no doubt due to the extreme reduction
of revenue tonnage, especially of heavy goods requiring a relatively
small amount of labor.
These figures indicate the much greater facility with which the
amount of employment in freight service may be reduced during a
period of declining traffic than is the case with passenger service.
But while the productivity of road freight employees in terms of
revenue ton-miles continued to increase as late as 1931 in spite of
the decline in amount of revenue freight, their output as measured
by the maintenance of traffic facilities increased even more rapidly
than the figures of productivity would indicate. It is probable that
services required of these employees in maintaining traffic facilities
can be measured most adequately by freight-train miles.
The comparative ratios of revenue ton-miles and of freight-train
miles to man-hours worked by road freight employees are shown in
table 13.
T a b l e 1 3 .—C OM PARATIVE IN D E X E D
RATIOS OF R E V E N U E TON-M ILES A N D OF
FR E IG H T -T R A IN M ILES TO M AN-HOURS W O R K ED B Y ROAD FR E IG H T E M PLO Y EES,
CLASS I RAILROADS, 1916 TO 1932
Year
1916 . _________________
1917
________________
1918____________________
1919
1920
1921
____
1922
____
_ ' _ .
1923 ___________________
1924____________________
33773°—34----- 4
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Revenue
ton-miles
to man
hours
71. 2
71. 6
72.5
77. 3
75. 7
80. 8
81. 6
83. 5
90.1
Freighttrain miles
to man
hours
88.1
83. 2
79. 9
84. 7
81. 3
97. 5
93.3
91.0
97.6
Year
1925.. ________________
1926
________________
1927____________________
1928____________________
1929
________________
1930
. .
__________
1931
_________________
1932........................................
Revenue
ton-miles
to man. hours
96. 4
100.0
103.4
111.2
114.1
119.1
121.2
116.4
Freighttrain miles
to man
hours
100.0
100.0
103.0
108.2
109.2
116.1
125.0
130.8
288
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The indexed ratios of revenue ton-miles to man-hours rose con
sistently, with the exception of 1920, from 71.2 in 1916 to 121.2 in
1931, and declined only with the exceptionally large reduction of
revenue freight traffic in 1932. The ratios of freight-train miles to
man-hours after 1923 show a continuous rise. The lowest point of
the index was 79.9 in 1918 and from this point there was an irregular
advance to 91.0 in 1923 and a constant advance to 130.8 in 1932.
By taking freight-train miles as a measure of services rendered by
road freight employees in maintaining traffic facilities, with 1916 as
the base year, and by assuming a constant ratio of freight-train miles
to man-hours, the number of man-hours worked by road freight
employees in 1932 would have been about 278,483,000 instead of
187,178,000, the number actually employed. The difference, 91,305,000 man-hours, indicates approximately the effects of techno
logical changes on employment.
These trends are essentially a result of technological changes, which
would have effected an even greater reduction in employment if
freight-train schedules and mileages could be adjusted perfectly to
changes in the amount of revenue tonnage. Among the technological
changes affecting the movement of freight and the amount of employ
ment are increases in the size and power of steam locomotives, the
more economical utilization of fuel, a great increase in the average
speed of freight trains, and a considerable enlargement in the average
capacity of freight cars.4 Other changes include the extension of
automatic control of signals and switches, which have primarily
affected telegraphers, signalmen, and others, but have also greatly
facilitated the movement of trains and the work of train and engine
crews. Improved facilities for handling trains at terminals have
affected the work of road as well as yard crews.
In view of the numerous technological changes affecting virtually
all of the groups connected directly with transportation, a return even
to the peak of revenue traffic will mean a large amount of unemploy
ment on the basis of prevailing hours of labor.
4
S ee p a r t 1, t a b l e 5.
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NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINIS
TRATION
P ro g ress U n d e r N a tio n a l I n d u s tr ia l R eco v ery A ct a t C lo se o f 1933
HE National Recovery Administration entered the new year with
a preponderance of American industry under codes. Of the
estimated total of 24 million workers directly affected by the National
Industrial Recovery Act, from 18 to 20 million had been placed under
codes of fair competition and fair trade practices.1 In addition large
numbers of employers had signed the President’s Reemployment
Agreement pending the approval of codes covering their particular
operations.
While it is too early to ascertain the results of operation under all
codes individually, the National Recovery Administration has re
ceived a number of statements from trade groups attesting to their
satisfaction with their particular codes. Significant among the reports
submitted are those of the iron and steel and the automobile indus
tries, both of which industries have petitioned and been granted the
privilege of continuing under their respective codes beyond the
expiration dates originally established, i.e. for the iron and steel
industry from November 19, 1933, to May 31, 1934,2 and for the
automobile industry from December 31, 1933, to September 5, 1934.
M o d ific a tio n o f H o u r s P r o v isio n s U n d er P r e s id e n t’s R e e m p lo y
m e n t A greem ent
maximum hours provisions of the President’s Reemploy
T HE
ment Agreement have been modified to permit the necessary
overtime work during 2 consecutive weeks in connection with yearend inventories, provided overtime pay at the rate of one and onehalf times the regular hourly rate is allowed for hours in excess of
the daily and weekly maximums. This modification was ordered
on December 18, 1933, by General Johnson on recommendation of
the Compliance Board, which body pointed out that provisions for
taking inventories provided under the codes were not made a part of
the original President’s Reemployment Agreement.
1 National Recovery Administration Release No. 2515, Jan. 2, 1934.
2 See M onthly Labor Review, January 1934, p. 33.
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290
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
N a tio n a l R eco v ery A d m in is tr a to r E m p o w ered to A p p rove Cer
t a in C o d es
Y EXECUTIVE order of December 30, 1933, the Administrator
of the National Industrial Recovery Act was empowered to
approve codes for industries employing 50,000 employees or fewer,
the President retaining the power to act in industries of greater
magnitude. The Administrator was also authorized to approve
“any amendment or modification to, exception or exemption from, or
elimination of any one or more provisions of any code of fair competi
tion” heretofore adopted.
Nothing therein contained shall be construed as amending any
previous delegations of power to any other department of the Govern
ment.
B
T r a n sfe r o f A g r ic u ltu r a l C od es
President made a formal pronouncement concerning juris
T HE
diction over agricultural codes, by an Executive order of Janu
ary 8, 1934. Under this order certain codes will remain under
joint jurisdiction of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration and
the National Recovery Administration; others will be transferred in
their entirety to the National Recovery Administration but with the
Secretary of Agriculture giving written approval of trade practice
and related provisions; and others will be transferred to the National
Recovery Administration without restriction.
The National Recovery Administration listed in a release of January
9, 1934, the following codes to be retained by the Agricultural Adjust
ment Administration and the National Recovery Administration
jointly:
A nticholera hog serum
B u tte r
Cheese
C ig arette m an u factu rers
C orn m illers
C orn pro d u cts
C o tto n exchange, New O rleans
C o tto n exchange, N ew Y ork
C o tto n tra d e rs
C ottonseed crushing
C ottonseed oil refining
E gg an d p o u ltry
Feed, hay a n d straw d istrib u to rs
Feed m an u factu rers
F ru its an d vegetables, fresh
G rain, co u n try elevators
G rain exchanges
G rain, flour m illing
G rain, te rm in al elevators
H og exchanges
Ice cream
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Linseed oil
L ivestock m ark e tin g agency in d u stry
M alsters
M eat packers
M ilk e v a p o rated
M ilk fluid
N av al stores
O leom argarine
P o u ltry breeders
Rice
S tockyards o p erato rs
Sugar exchanges
Sugar (beet) producing
Sugar refining
Tobacco, cigar m an u factu rin g
Tobacco leaf dealers
W arehouse, c o tto n
W arehouse, refrig erated
W arehouse, rice
W arehouse, tobacco
W arehouse, wool a n d m ohair
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
291
Codes to be transferred to the National Recovery Administration
but for which the Agricultural Adjustment Administration must
give approval of trade practice provisions, etc., are:
B eans (dried) shippers
Brooms, m an u factu rin g
C anners
Feed, retail
Florists
H ides an d skins dealers
P eanuts, m illers
Pecan d istrib u to rs
Pecan shellers
Pickle packing
Pop corn m a n u factu rin g
P o ta to chip m a n u factu rin g
P reservers
R endering
Seed producing a n d shippers
Soy bean oil m a n u factu rin g
V inegar m an u factu rin g
Codes to be handled in their entirety by the National Recovery
Administration will include those not falling in the foregoing classes.
D u tie s o f G o v e r n m e n t R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o n C ode A u th o r itie s
PPOINTMENTS of one to three Government members on 90
code authorities have been made for periods of from 6 months to
A
1 year, with the length of service so arranged that the terms of no
l
two members of one authority shall expire at once. At least one mem
ber must have a background of experience but no present interest in
the industry or in any allied industry of that to which he is appointed.
In announcing the appointment of these Government representa
tives on December 15, 1933, General Johnson stated that Government
members must avoid the fact or appearance of dictation or coercion
and function as coworkers in an undertaking of public interest, con
cerned only in the faithful administration of the codes. Their duties
are to—
1.
R efer w ith recom m endation to th e A d m in istrato r th ro u g h th e division
a d m in istra to r those m a tte rs m entioned in th e code as being su b ject to review
a n d /o r th e ap p ro v al of th e A dm in istrato r.
2.
R ecom m end to th e division a d m in istra to r such o th e r m a tte rs as in his
ju d g m en t are im p o rta n t to th e w elfare of th e in d u stry , or to th e p ublic in te re st,
or to th e consum ers or em ployees affected by th e provisions of th e code.
3.
T hrough th e code a u th o rity secure com plete a ssen t to a n d com pliance w ith
all provisions of th e code b y each u n it of th e in d u stry .
4.
A ssist th e code a u th o rity in connection w ith th e p re p a ra tio n of recom m en
dations for necessary in te rp re ta tio n s, m odifications, a n d ad d itio n s to th e code.
C onsult w ith th e division a d m in istra to r in reference th ereto .
5.
W atch an d g u ard a g a in st th re a te n e d d eviations from th e code or nonobservance of its term s or actio n co n tra ry to th e principle of N .I.R .A .
6. C o n stan tly scrutinize th e op eratio n of th e code a n d see th a t it does n o t
p e rm it or prom ote m onopolies nor te n d to elim inate or oppress sm all enterprises.
7.
Advise w ith th e code a u th o rity in seeing th a t its affairs are han d led in a
cooperative an d fair m an n er w ith respect to all u n its u n d e r th e code, m aking
sure t h a t th e provisions of th e code are stric tly ad h ered to w ith an eq u itab le a n d
fair se ttle m e n t of all m a tte rs covered by th e code p e rtain in g to th e in te re sts of
th e general public, consum ers, or em ployees.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
8. A ssure him self a n d th e division a d m in istra to r th a t th e in d u stria l m em bers
of th e code a u th o rity are tru ly rep re se n ta tiv e of th e en tire in d u stry a n d elected
by a m eth o d fair a n d eq u itab le to all concerned.
C o n t in u a n c e o f N a t io n a l L ab or B o ard a n d I ts P o w ers
HE National Labor Board was continued by order of the Presi
dent, December 16, 1933. The board’s powers were outlined as
follows:
T
By v irtu e of th e a u th o rity vested in m e by an a c t of Congress, en title d “ An
a c t to encourage n a tio n a l in d u stria l recovery, to fo ster fair com petition, an d to
provide for th e co n stru ctio n of certain useful public w orks, a n d for o th e r p u r
poses” , ap p ro v ed Ju n e 16, 1933 (Public No. 67, 73d C ong.), an d in ord er to
effectuate th e purposes of th a t a ct, it is hereby ordered th a t—
T he N atio n al L ab o r B oard, created on A ugust 5, 1933, to “ pass p ro m p tly on
a n y case of hard sh ip or d isp u te th a t m ay arise from in te rp re ta tio n o r ap p licatio n
of th e P re sid e n t’s R eem ploym ent A greem ent” , shall co ntinue to a d ju s t all in d u s
tria l disputes, w h eth er arising o u t of th e in te rp re ta tio n a n d o p eratio n of th e
P re sid e n t’s R eem p lo y m en t A greem ent o r a n y d uly a p p ro v ed in d u stria l code of
fair com petition, an d to com pose all conflicts th re a te n in g th e in d u stria l peace of
th e co untry. All actio n heretofore ta k e n b y th is b o ard in th e discharge of its
functions is hereby ap p ro v ed a n d ratified.
T he pow ers a n d fu n ctio n s of th is b o ard shall be as follows:
1.
To settle by m ediation, conciliation, or a rb itra tio n all controversies betw een
em ployers a n d em ployees w hich te n d to im pede th e purposes of th e N a tio n a l
In d u stria l R ecovery A ct, provided, how ever, th e b o ard m ay decline to ta k e
cognizance of controversies betw een em ployers a n d em ployees in a n y field of
tra d e or in d u stry w here a m eans of settlem en t, pro v id ed for by agreem ent, in d u s
tria l code, or F ederal law, has n o t been invoked.
2.
T o establish local or regional b oards upon w hich em ployers an d em ployees
shall be equally rep resen ted , a n d to delegate th e re to such pow ers a n d te rrito ria l
jurisdiction as th e N atio n al L ab o r B oard m ay determ ine.
3.
T o review th e d eterm in atio n s of th e local or regional b oards w here th e
public in te re st so requires.
4.
T o m ake rules a n d regulations governing its procedure a n d th e discharge
of its functions.
V o lu m e o f W ork H a n d le d b y N a tio n a l L ab or B oard
OME 600,000 workers have been involved in cases which have
been handled by the National Labor Board and regional boards.
S
This was reported in a release made public January 6, 1934. Cases
handled by the National Labor Board from its formation to Decem
ber 15, 1933, concerned about 350,000 workers, while 220,000 were
concerned in cases dealt with by regional boards. Since then, cases
involving 120,000 more have come up. Allowing for duplications
the total is about 600,000.
The boards’ reports show a high proportion of settlements by agree
ment, a diminishing number of strikes, increased recourse to the
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293
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
system of labor boards for arbitration, and a decreasing number of
cases listed as still pending.
The following table shows the number of workers involved, num
ber of strikes averted and strikes settled, as reported by the
regional boards, December 15, 1933.
W ORKERS INV O L V E D A N D ST R IK ES A V E R T E D A N D SE T T L E D B Y R EG IO N A L LABOR
BO ARDS, AS OF D E C . 15, 1933
City
Number
of
Strikes Strikes
workers averted settled
involved
Atlanta............_ _
Boston..
. . .
Buffalo
_______ _
Chicago . . .
Cleveland..
... .. .
Detroit .
. ____ .
Indianapolis
Minneapolis-St. Paul__
Newark _
6,000
11, 000
687
32, 663
Hi 700
18,444
4,229
10,953
3, 301
7
6
3
10
8
6
6
73
10
6
Number
of
Strikes Strikes
workers averted settled
involved
City
____
New Orleans.
New York _ ____
Philadelphia. . . . . .
Pittsburgh_____ _____
Seattle. _. ___ . . .
St. Louis
San Francisco . . . . .
T otal.
10, 242
21,087
8, 800
5,264
7, 332
24, 031
38, 000
8
22
3
9
3
5
148
8
6
3
3
7
. . . . ___ 216, 733
The release continues as follows:
In ad dition, th e N atio n al L abor B oard itself h ad ta k e n jurisd ictio n of 155
cases involving 350,000 w orkers; 97 cases were strik es o r lockouts, 104 cases h ad
been settled, largely by agreem ent, 14 cases were pending, 25 h ad been referred
to regional boards, an d 6 to th e L ab o r D e p a rtm e n t or special com m ittees. T he
N atio n al B oard h ad held 43 hearings a n d supervised 31 elections.
N otable features of th e w ork of th e regional boards were th e n u m b er of strikes
av erted , 87, a n d of strikes settled , 273 (11 boards).
T he reports show a co n tin u atio n of th e dim in u tio n in th e n u m b er of a c tu a l strik es
an d a corresponding increase in th e n u m b er of cases su b m itte d before strik e or
lockout. R ecourse to th e system of boards for purposes of a rb itra tio n also is on
th e increase. T he p ro p o rtio n of cases pending is low. T he w ork of th e regional
boards has received th e co n g ratu latio n s of th e N atio n al B oard a n d deserves th e
th a n k s of th e co untry. Sam ple rep o rts are as follows:
F ro m th e N ew Y ork board: F ro m O ctober 24, w hen it was ap p o in ted , to
D ecem ber 15, to ta l cases, 170; w orkers involved, 21,087; strik es settled 148;
strikes av erted, 22; a rb itra tio n agreed to, 6; w orkers re in sta te d following dis
crim ination because of union activities, 552.
F rom th e New E ng lan d regional board: Cases, 54, involving 11,000; strik es
av erted , 6; strikes an d lockouts settled , 11; elections held, 7, votin g , 3,700.
F ro m th e C hicago board: Cases 69, involving 32,663 w orkers, 13 settle m e n ts
by agreem ent involving 17,809, 8 strikes pending, 49 cases u n d er in v estig atio n
(the fa c t of ta k in g ju risd ictio n in m an y instances having a v e rte d strik es).
F rom th e C leveland board: 49 cases, from 15 n o rth e rn Ohio cities; settle m e n ts
by agreem ent, 16; decisions an d recom m endations, 12; 8 strik es a v e rte d in v o lv
ing 6,100; to ta l w orkers involved 14,700; re tu rn e d to w ork a fte r d iscrim ination
for union a ctiv ity , 300.
F rom th e D e tro it board: 102 cases, involving 18,444 w orkers; settlem en ts, 83;
nu m b er of strikes, 75; settled , 73.
F rom th e New O rleans board: 13 cases, involving 10,242; strik es a n d lock
outs, 5; strikes av erted 8, involving 8,900.
T he lists of cases read like a ro ster of th e N a tio n ’s industries, so v aried have
been th e problem s p u t before th e boards. No case has been too sm all, as m an y
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
294
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
cases involve only 2 or 3 w orkers; a n d a single case m ay involve 70,000. All th e
while it m u s t be rem em bered th a t th e b o ard s’ m em bers, som e 170 m en, are
volunteers serving u n d er P resid en tial a p p o in tm e n t w ith o u t com pensation, com
prising busy in d u stria lists a n d lab o r leaders, w ith im p a rtia l chairm en draw n
generally from th e ran k s of universities or th e bench.
D espite certain recalcitran ts, th e o u tsta n d in g th in g still is th e w idespread
acceptance of th is sy stem of se ttle m e n t of disputes, w hich was created by P resi
d en tial order ad o p tin g a jo in t proposal of cap ita l a n d labor. In sta n c e s of w h at
are term ed “ defiances” of th e boards n a tu ra lly m ak e m ore sp ectacu lar h e a d
lines th a n do these q u ie t labors w hich, for exam ple, p re v e n t strik es from b re a k
ing o u t a n d so in to th e new spapers. T hose who do challenge th e b o a rd s’ a c tiv i
ties are, I am afraid, people w ith b ad cases a n d b ad consciences. U n q u estio n ab ly
th ere is a sm all m ino rity , th e sam e m in o rity w hich w an ts all th e a d v a n ta g e s of
th e N atio n al R ecovery m easures a n d none of th e responsibilities; a n d to deal
w ith th is m in o rity steps will h av e to be ta k e n to p re v e n t th e ir g e ttin g a n a d v a n
tage over th e m a jo rity w hich is hon estly endeavoring to a tta in th e b e tte r in d u s
tria l relations necessary to recovery an d reform .
P h ilip p in e Is la n d s R u le d N o t U n d er N a tio n a l in d u s tr ia l
R eco v ery A ct
HE Philippine Islands do not fall under the provisions of the
National Industrial Recovery Act, but goods imported from the
Philippine Islands into the United States are subject to the import
provisions in section 3 (e)1of the act. The above ruling was rendered
b}7 the Attorney General of the United States on December 2, 1933.
T
A p p o in t m e n t o f
I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
I n d u s tr y
B o ard s in
M o to r -B u s
HE motor-bus code authority, with the approval of the code
administrator, is preparing to establish regional industrial rela
tions boards according to the methods followed by the National Labor
Board. This was announced by the National Recovery Adminis
tration on December 20, 1933. The duties of the boards as outlined
are to pass upon and make recommendations regarding complaints
between employers and employees in connection with violations of
code provisions, and the boards will not, unless the Administrator so
orders, intervene in disputes on labor matters not directly concerned
with code violations.
In all, 11 regional boards are planned to be set up by geographic
areas in conformity with the divisions under the code, each board
comprising three employer and three employee members, one of the
employer members to be the regional director of the National Asso
ciation of Motor Bus Operators and two to be designated by the code
authority.
T
1 See M onthly Labor Beview, July 1933, p. 76.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
295
P r o d u c tio n C o n tr o l in T e x tile I n d u str ie s
URTAILMENT of production was authorized during December
1933 under the codes for the cotton textile, hosiery, and silk
C
industries, the orders following petition by the respective code
authorities.
The Cotton Textile Institute asked that operation of productive
machinery be reduced during December 1933 to 75 percent of the
hours otherwise permitted under the code in order “ to preserve an
equitable sharing of present inadequate business and employment
among concerns engaged in the industry.” It was also recommended
that, to provide procedure for future temporary changes in limitation
of hours, the code authority might, with Government approval, re
quire temporary shortening of hours of productive machine operation
for 90-day periods. General Johnson approved these recommenda
tions and production was accordingly curtailed to 75 percent, with
the exception of the tire-fabric division of the industry.
In the hosiery industry curtailment in production was effected on
December 18, 1933, to be operative for 5 consecutive months through a
reduction in weekly working time from 5 to 3 days of 8 hours each.
Knitting shift hours are ordered reduced from 40 to 24 per week during
3 days, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. Where code provisions
allow fewer than 40 hours per week the reduction is to be at least
40 percent. While the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday schedule
may be varied upon approval of the code authority, no knitting
machines may operate on Saturday or for more than 2 shifts of 8 hours
each in any 1 day. In his order approving this action, General John
son called attention to the fact that the anticipated activity during
the last quarter of 1933 did not materialize because of market condi
tions antedating the code and that following the clearing of the existing
situation a more normal productive outlook might be looked for.
In order to meet market conditions in the silk industry a 25-percent
reduction in the number of hours of operation of each productive
machine for a period of 30 days was ordered along the same lines as
for the cotton textile industry, and the same procedure was provided
to curtail production for periods not to exceed 90 days in future.
The order, as approved by General Johnson, also stated that operators
believing that the reduction in production allowed would work undue
hardship are free to petition the code authority for an exemption.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
296
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
S u m m a r y o f P e r m a n e n t C o d es A d o p te d U n d er N a tio n a l In d u s
tr ia l R eco v ery A ct D u r in g D e c e m b e r 1933
labor provisions of codes adopted during December
T HE1933principal
under the National Industrial Recovery Act are shown in
summary in the following tabular analysis. This tabulation brings
to date the summary carried in the December 1933 and January 1934
issues of the Monthly Labor Review, 195 codes having been approved
up to the end of 1933.
In presenting the code provisions in this manner the intention is to
supply in readily usable form the major labor provisions, i.e., those
affecting the great bulk of employees in the industries covered.
For exhaustive information relative to the exempted classes under the
hours and wages sections, special provisions for the control of home
work, sale of prison-made goods, and studies of occupational hazards,
it is necessary to refer to the original codes.
In this issue a special section at the end of the tabular analysis is
devoted to amended codes that have already been printed in original
form. It is intended to keep a continuing record of amendments to
labor provisions as a part of the monthly summary.
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T A B U L A R A N A LY SIS OF LABOR PROVISIONS IN CODES A D O P T E D U N D E R N A TIO N A L IN D U S T R IA L R EC O V E R Y A C T D U R IN G D E C E M B E R 1933
Industry and date
effective
A m e ric a n m a tc h
1934).
( J a n . 8,
Blouse and skirt manufac
turing (Jan. 1, 1934).
Can manufacture (Dec. 30,
1933).
Cast-iron pressure
(Jan. 1, 1934).
30 cents per hour, females. 38 cents per
hour, males.
30 cents per hour in southern section, 35
cents per hour in middle section, 40 cents
per hour in northern sectiorf, common or
totally unskilled labor. $14-$15 per
week according to population, account
ing, clerical, etc.
$12—$14 per week according to population,
general. $12-$36 per week, according to
occupation, population, and geographic
location, blouse industry. $13.60-$33
per week, according to occupation, pop
ulation, and geographic location, skirt
industry.
32)4 cents per hour in United States wage
district, and not less than July 15, 1929,
rate in Hawaiian wage district, general.
$14 per week, office.
Maximum hours
Provision for overtime
pay
Minors of specified age ex
cluded from employment
40 per week, 16 in 2 days, with 36 additional in
3 months (maximum 48 in 1 week, 8 in 1 day),
general. 48 per week, machine repair and main
tenance men. 168 in 4 weeks, 48 per week, 10
per day, chauffeurs, firemen, etc. (who are not
to exceed 10 percent of employees). 56 per week,
8 per day, watchmen. 40 per week averaged
over 3 months (maximum 44 in 1 week) office.
40 per week averaged over 26 weeks (maximum 48
in 1 week, 6 days per week), general. 12 per day,
6-day week, watchmen.
l l/ i regular rate after 40
Under 16, general. Under
18, hazardous occupa
tions.
1)4 regular rate after 8
hours, general. 1)4 reg
ular rate after 48 hours,
emergency maintenance
or repair work.
35 per week, 7 in 24, 5 days in 7, employees on man
ual or mechanical processes of manufacture. 40
per week, others. (In peak periods 1 hour per
day, 5 hours per week additional allowed during
16 weeks in 1 year.) Operation limited to 1 shift.
1)4 regular rate for peak-
40 per week (in peak periods 48 per week during 6
weeks in 6 months, in packers’ cans manufac
turing; during 3 weeks in 6 months, in general
line can manufacturing), general. 56 per week,
watchmen.
1)4 regular rate after 8
pipe
30 cents per hour in South, 35 cents per
hour in North, general. $15 per week,
office.
36 per week (in peak periods 45 per week during 6
weeks in 6 months), 5 days in 7, general. 40 per
week averaged over 1 calendar month, 27 days in
31, office. 56 per week, 6 days in 7, watchmen. 8
per day insofar as reasonable.
Cinders, ashes, and scaven
ger trade (Jan. 8, 1934).
30-40 cents per hour, according to popula
tion.
48 per week, 8 in 24, general. 40 per week, 8 in 24,
clerical and office. 54 per week, watchmen. 6day week.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
hours, general. 1Vâ reg
ular rate after 44 hours,
machine repair and
maintenance men.
period overtime.
hours or peak-period
hours and for work on
Sundays and legal holi
days, general. 1)4 regu
lar rate after 56 hours,
watchmen.
1)4 regular rate after 36
hours and for work on
Sundays and national
legal holidays, general.
Regular rate for Sun
days and holidays un
less over 36 hours per
week, emergency re
pairs, etc.
1)4 regular rate after 8
hours.
Under 16, general. Under
18, manufacturing op
erations.
Under 16, general. Under
18, hazardous or unhealthful occupations.
Under 16, general. Under
18, stamping, punch
ing
and
blanking
presses.
Under 16, general. Under
18, hazardous occupa
tions.
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
Asphalt and mastic tile
(Dec. 18, 1933).
Minimum wages (excluding apprentices
and learners)
Under 16, general. Under
18, hazardous or unhealthful occupations.
to
CO
T A B U L A R A N ALYSIS OF LABOR PR OVISIONS IN CODES A D O PT E D U N D E R N A TIO N A L IN D U S T R IA L R ECO VERY ACT D U R IN G D E C E M B E R
1933—Continued
_________________________________________________________________________________ oo
M inimum wages (excluding apprentices
and learners)
Maximum hours
Provision for overtime
pay
Minors of specified age ex
cluded from employment
Coated abrasives (Jan. 8,
1934).
35 cents per hour (light work) for females
and males under 18, 40 cents per hour for
males over 18, general. Range from
present rate plus 20 percent (but wage
not to exceed $12 per week) to $15 per
week, according to population, account
ing, clerical, etc.
40 in 7 days, 8 in 24 (in peak periods 36 additional in
3 months, maximum 48 in 7 days), general. 40
averaged over 3 months (maximum 48 in 1 week),
accounting, clerical, etc. 56 in 7 days, watch
men. 48 in 7 days, shipping crews and em
ployees on automotive or horse-drawn vehicles.
44 averaged over 3 months (maximum 48 in 7
days), engineers, firemen, water tenders, oilers.
48 per week, employees engaged in coating opera
tions.
Under 16, general. Under
18, hazardous or unhealthful occupations.
C ommercia! refrigerator
(Jan. 1, 1934).
37)4 cents per hour in South, 40 cents per
hour elsewhere, general. $15 per week,
office.
40 per week, 8 per day (in peak periods 48 per week,
9 in 24, during 8 weeks in 6 months), 5 days in 7,
general. 40 in 7 days, 9 in 24, 5)4-day week,
office. 48 in 7 days, 10 in 24, firemen. 48 in 7
days, watchmen. 10 percent tolerance in 7 days,
truck drivers, installation, repair and/or erection
employees.
Concrete pipe manufactur
ing (Jan. 14, 1934).
27 cents per hour in South, 37 cents per
hour elsewhere, general. $14-$15 per
week, according to population, account
ing, clerical, etc.
Cotton cloth glove manu
facturing (Jan. 8, 1934).
30-40.cents per hour, according to occupa
tion, general. $12-$15 per week, accord
ing to age, office.
Domestic freight forward
ing (Dec. 28, 1933).
40 cents per hour, freight-house laborers.
$2 per day of 8 hours, office boys. $2.50
per day of 8 hours, junior clerks. $3.75
per day of 8 hours, senior clerks.
30 cents per hour, South; 32)4 cents per
hour, elsewhere.
40 per week averaged over 3 months (maximum 48
in 1 week), 8 per day, general. 46 per week,
crane operators, machine operators and foremen.
64 per week, watchmen. 54 per week, truckmen.
40 per week, accounting, clerical, etc. 52 per
week, shipping clerks. 6-day week.
40 per week, 8 in 24 (tolerance of 10 percent, July 1November 1, provided average for calendar year
is 40 per week), general. 54 per week, 6-day
week, watchmen. 48 per week, drivers.
48 per week, averaged over 6 weeks, platform clerks
or laborers. 40 per week, office clerks. 12 days in
14.
1)4 regular rate after 8
hours per day and 40 per
week, general factory
employees,
engineers,
etc., employees on coat
ing operations. 1)4 reg
ular rate after 9 hours
per day and 44 per week,
shipping crews and em
ployees on automotive
or horse-drawn vehicles.
1)4 regular rate after 8
hours per day and 40 in
5 days, general. 1)4 reg
ular rate after 9 hours
per day and 44 per week,
truck drivers, installa
tion, r e p a i r and/or
erection employees.
1)4 regular rate after 8
hours per day, and for
work on Sundays and
legal holidays.
D ry and polishing mop
manufacturing (Dec. 25,
1933).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 48
in 1 week), general. 44 per week averaged over 6
months (maximum 48 in 1 week), employees on
passenger, express delivery or freight service. 48
per week, engineers, firemen, water tenders,
oilers. 56 per week, watchmen.
l ^ i regular rate after maxi
mum hours specified,
emergency repair, etc.
Do.
Under 18.
Under 16, general. Under
18, hazardous or unhealthful occupations
regular rate after 10
hours per day.
Do.
regular rate after 8
hours per day and 40 per
week, general, delivery
service, engineers.
Do.
in
in
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Industry and date
effective
fcO
CO
Electrotyping and stereo
typing (Jan. 1, 1934).
End-grain strip wood block
(Jan. 8, 1934).
40 per week, 8 in 24 (in peak periods 520 in 13
weeks), mechanical employees. 48 per week,
emergency maintenance and repair, etc.
V A regular rate after 8
Do.
40 in any 7-da.y period, 8 in 24, 5 days in 7, general.
40 in any 7-day period, 9 in 24, 5A days in 7,
office.
\ A regular rate after speci
Do.
20 cents per hour (light work) for females
and 22 A cents per hour for males in
South, 25 cents per hour (light work)
for females and 30 cents per hour for
males in North, general. $14 per week,
office.
30 cents per hour for females and 35 cents
per hour for males in South, 35 cents per
hour for females and 40 cents per hour
for males in North, laborers, mechanics
and artisans. $14 per week in South, $16
per week in North, others.
40 per week (48 per week during 2 periods of 4
weeks each per year), general. 48 per week,
office. 42 per week (36 and 48 in alternate
weeks), watchmen. 48 per week, truck drivers.
Fur dressing and fur dyeing
(Dec. 28, 1933).
35-50 cents per hour, according to age,
shops or departments dyeing rabbit and
coneyskins exclusively. 45-65 cents per
hour, according to age and sex, others.
35 per week, 7 in 24 (40 per week, 8 in 24, during 7
weeks in 6 months), general. 44 per week, engi
neers, firemen, chauffeurs, drivers. 40 per week
averaged over 4 weeks, office, receiving and ship
ping clerks. 6-day week.
Fur trapping contractors
(Dec. 20, 1933).
40 cents per hour with, 50 cents per hour
without, board, lodging, traps, etc., gen
eral. $15 per week, preparing and curing
pelts primarily.
Folding paper box (Jan. 8,
1934).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40 per week, 8 per day (8 per week additional for
plant-operation work), laborers, mechanical
workers or artisans. 56 per week, 6 days in 7,
watchmen. 192 in 4 weeks, chauffeurs and
truckmen. 168 in 4 weeks, engineers, firemen
and electricians. 40 per week averaged over 13
weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week), others.
hours per day and 40 per
week. Double time for
work on Sundays and
holidays.
fied daily and weekly
hours. Overtime not to
exceed 6 hours in 7 days.
1A regular rate after 8
hours per day and 40 per
week, general and office.
V A regular rate, emer
gency repair.
1A regular rate after 10
hours per day and 48
per week, plant-clean
ing work. 1 A regular
rate for hours in excess of
8 per day and 40 per
week, plant-operation
work. V A regular rate
after 9 hours per day
and 48 per week, chauf
feurs and truckmen, en
gineers, firemen and
electricians. VA regu
lar rate for hours in ex
cess of schedule, emer
gency, repairs and main
tenance.
V A regular rate after 7
hours per day and 35 per
week (after 8 per day
during 7 weeks in 6
months), general. VA
regular rate after speci
fied hours,engineers,etc.;
office, etc., and for emer
gency work.
Do.
Do.
Under 16, general. U n
der 20, hazardous or unhealthful occupations.
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
Excelsior and excelsior
products (Dec. 17, 1933).
40 cents per hour, laborers; 90 cents per
hour, branchmen; $1 per hour, electro
type and stereotype journeymen; 10 per
cent over day rate, night work. $12—
$15
per week, according to population,
others.
35 cents per hour in Arkansas, 40 cents per
hour elsewhere, general. $14 per week,
office.
Under 16, general. U n
der 18, hazardous or unhealthful occupations.
to
o
CO
Industry and date
effective
Furniture manufacturing
(Dec. 11, 1933).
Hair-cloth manufacturing
(Dec. 25, 1933).
Household ice refrigerator
(Jan. 9, 1934).
Knitted outerwear (Jan. 1,
1934).
Machined waste manufac
turing (Dec. 17, 1933).
Medium and low-priced
jewelry manufacturing
(Dec. 24, 1933).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Provision for overtime
pay
Minors of specified age ex
cluded from employment
1}4 regular rate after 8
Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous or unhealthful occupations.
Maximum hours
30-34 cents per hour, according to geographi- 40 per week averaged over period prior to Apr. 1,
cal area and kind of work. $12 per week,
1934, and each 6 months thereafter (maximum 45
watchmen.
in 1 week), general. 25 percent tolerance (maxi
mum 40 per week averaged over 2 weeks), emer
gency, maintenance and repair. 10 percent toler
ance, firemen, engineers, and shipping crews.
48 per week averaged over 2 weeks, watchmen
and night firemen.
35 cents per hour for females, 40 cents per 40 in 7 days, 8 in 24, 6-day week (in peak periods
hour for males, general. $15 per week,
36 additional in any 3 months, maximum 48 in
accounting, clerical, etc.
7 days), general. 40 per week averaged over 3
months (maximum 48 in 1 week), 6-day week,
accounting, clerical, etc. 56 per week, watch
men. 48 per week to meet emergencies, kiln
tenders. 10 percent tolerance (over general and
office), shipping crews and truck drivers.
$17 per w eek___________________________ 40 per week, 8 in 24, general. 10 percent tolerance,
emergency. 44 per week, shipping, receiving,
storeroom, firemen, and engineers. 41 per week
(36 and 48 in alternate weeks), watchmen. 40
per week averaged over 6 weeks (maximum 48
in 1 week), office. 1 shift of 40 per week, pro
ductive machinery.
31)/2 cents per hour in Kentucky and Ten 40 per week, 8 in 24, general. 84 in 2 weeks (maxi
nessee, 35 cents per hour elsewhere, pro
mum 48 in 1 week), watchmen.
cessing. $15 per week, office.
32Yi cents per hour, South; 35 cents per 40 per week, general. 40 per week average, 480 in
hour, North.
12 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week), office. 8 per
day, 40-hour shift; 9 per day, 48-hour shift.
Operation limited as follows: Productive ma
chinery 2 shifts of 40 hours, other machinery
1 shift of 40 hours; or, all machinery 1 shift of 40
hours (48 hours for two 4-week periods per
year).
30 cents per hour, South; 3 2 cents per 40 per week, 8 in 24, general. 10 percent toler
hour, North.
ance, repair-shop crews, firemen, etc. 48 per
week, truckmen. 56 per week, watchmen.
Operation of productive machinery limited to
1 shift of 40 hours.
32}^ cents per hour_________________ _ . 40 per week (20 percent tolerance in seasonal
periods), factory or mechanical workers or
artisans. 48 per week (if more than 1 shift, 40
per week), toolmakers, hub and die cutters
(who are not to exceed 5 percent of employees).
hours per day, general.
regular rate for all or
any part of shift occur
ring after 5 p.m. or before
7 a.m.
1H regular rate after 8
hours in 24 or 40 hours
in 7 days.
Do.
15-Ü regular rate after 44
hours per week, emer
gency maintenance or
repair, etc.
Do.
1Y i regular rate after 40
hours per week or 8 in 24.
Do.
1Li regular rate after 40
hours per week.
Do.
1)4 regular rate after hours
Do.
1
Do.
sp ecified , em ergency
maintenance and repair.
regular rate after 40
horns per week.
M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W
Grinding wheel (Jan. 8,
1934).
Minimum wages (excluding apprentices
and learners)
300
TA BU L A R ANALY SIS OF LABOR PROVISIONS IN CODES A D O P T E D U N D E R N A TIO N A L IN D U S T R IA L R E CO VER Y A C T D U R IN G D E C E M B E R
1933—Continued
Metal tank (Dee. 25, 1933).. 34 cents per hour in South, 40 cents per
hour elsewhere, general. $15 per week,
office.
Motor-vehicle storage and
parking trade (Dec. 11,
1933).
50 cents per hour, mechanical workers or
artisans.1 $13-$14 in South, $14—$15 in
North, according to population, others.
Nonferrous foundry (Dec.
25, 1933).
27 cents per hour for females, 32 cents per
hour for males in South, 35 cents per
hour for females, 40 cents per hour for
males in North, general. $12-$15 per
week, according to population, office.
Oxyacetylene
1933).
18,
35 cents per hour in South, 40 cents per
hour elsewhere, hourly employees.
$14 per week, South, $15 per week,
North, others.
Paper distributing (Jan. 1,
1934).
34 cents per hour for females, 37M cents
per hour for males, mechanical or fac
tory operations. $14-$15 per week, ac
cording to population, others.
(Dec.
V /i regular rate during 6
Do.
Under 16.
weeks in 1 season, if
overtime recommended
by code authority and
approved by Adminis
trator.
44 per week, 9 per day (in peak periods 44 per week No provision.
averaged over 4 weeks, maximum 48 in 1 week, 10
per day), office. 6 days per week, watchmen.
48 per week, cashiers (% of tim e as such) and fill
ing-station workers (H of time as such). 44 per
week, mechanical workers ()4 of time as such).
54 per week, others. 10 per day, all except office.
40 per week (in peak periods 48 per week, during 4 1 J/2 regular rate after hours
prescribed,
whenever
weeks in 6 months, 6 days per w eek), general. 10
sufficient qualified em
percent tolerance, melters, engineers and fire
ployees are not available.
men (who are not to exceed 3 percent of em
ployees), and repair-work employees. 56 per
week, watchmen. 8 per day insofar as reason
able.
40 per week averaged over 6 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 regular rate after 44
hours, engineers, etc.
1 week), general. 44 per week, engineers, fire
l]4 regular rate after es
men, loaders, truck drivers.
tablished hours, emer
gency work, etc.
40 per week, 8 per day, general. 56 per week, IMi regular rate after 8
hours per day, 40 per
6 days per week, watchmen. 48 per week, 9H
per day, outside deliverymen.
week (overtime lim it, 8
hours per week), gen
eral. V/z regular rate
after 9Yi hours per day,
48 per week (overtime
limit, 4 hours per w eek),
outside
deliverymen.
1Yz regular rate after
hours specified, emer
gency repairs, etc.
1 Unless rate was lower on July 15, 1929, and in no ease less than 40 cents an hour.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1Yl regular rate after hours
prescribed, general, and
firemen, engineers, ship
ping clerks, etc.
Do.
Under 16, general. U n
der 18, hazardous occu
pations.
D o.
Under 16, general. U n
der 18, hazardous oc
cupations. From 14 to
16, 3 hours per day be
tween 7 a.m. and 7
p.m. (where permitted
by law, and not to
interfere with school
hours), not in manufac
turing or mechanical
departments.
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
Millinery (Dec. 25, 1933)... $13-$14 per week, according to geographi
cal area, general. 45-55 cents per hour,
according to geographical area, milli
ners. $0.60-$l per hour, according to
geographical area, cutters and operators.
$0.70-$1.19 per hour, according to geo
graphical area, blockers.
40 per week, others. 40 per week (10 percent
tolerance), shipping and packing crews. 42 per
week (36 and 48 in alternate weeks), watchmen.
40 per week, 8 per day (in period of 9 consecutive
hours), general. 8.8 per day (44 per week during
6 weeks in 6 months), firemen, engineers, ship
ping clerks, etc. 56 per week, watchmen. 40
per week averaged over 1 month (maximum
48 per week), accounting, clerical, etc.
37Yi per week, lY i in 24, general. 45 per week,
office, shipping and receiving crews, engineers,
and firemen. 5 days in 7.
CO
o
Industry and date
effective
Minimum wages (excluding apprentices
and learners)
Maximum hours
Provision for overtime
pay
Minors of specified age ex
cluded from employment
Paper making machine
builders (Dec. 18, 1933).
40 cents per hour, employees making
products. $15 per week, others.
1Yi regular rate after 8
hours per day and 40 per
week, emergency main
tenance or repair, ship
ping, etc., and during
peak periods.
Under 16, general. U n
der 18, hazardous or
unhealthful
occupa
tions.
Paper stationery and tablet
manufacturing (Jan. 8,
1934).
30 cents per hour in South, 33 cents per
hour for females and 38 cents per hour for
males in North, laborers, mechanical
workers or artisans. $12—$15, per week
according to population, others.
Photo-engraving (Jan. 1,
1934).
30-80 cents per hour, according to years of
experience, apprentices. $1 per hour,
day work, $1.10 per hour, night work,
journeymen. $12-$15 per week, accord
ing to population, others.
40 per week, 8 in 24, employees making products.
10 percent tolerance, maintenance, shipping, etc.
48 per week in 8 weeks in 6 months, in seasonal
or peak demand. 56 per week, 6 days out of 7,
watchmen. 40 per week averaged over 1 month
(maximum 48 in 1 week), accounting, clerical,
etc.
40 per week, 8 per day, laborers, mechanical work
ers, or artisans. 48 per week, skilled workers
(not to exceed 10 percent of total employees),
when necessary to avoid reduction of employ
ment of others. 40 per week average (maximum
48 in 1 week), 8 per day, employees making
papeterie (September to December), and em
ployees making tablets and school paper (July
to October). 56 per week, 8 per day, watch
men. 168 in 4 weeks, 48 in 1 week, 10 per
day, chauffeurs, firemen, etc. 40 per week aver
aged over 13 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week),
others. No Sunday operation of plants. Fe
male laborers, mechanical workers, or artisans
not to be employed between 7 p.m. and 7
a.m.
40 per week, 8 in 24 (total hours, 520 in 13 weeks),
production employees. 44 per week, emergency
maintenance and repair men, janitors, drivers,
delivery men.
Pyrotechnic manufactur
ing (Dec. 11, 1933).
32% cents per hour for females, 37J^ cents
Rayon and silk dyeing and
printing (Dec. 21, 1933).
35 cents per hour for females, 45 cents per
hour for males over 18 and 80 percent
thereof for males under 18.
40 per week, 8 in 24 (in seasonal periods, maximum
48 per week, 2 months in first 6-month period, 1
month in second 6-month period, factory), com
mercial fireworks division. 40 per week, 8 in 24
(maximum 48 per week, Apr. 15 to Sept. 15, fac
tory), display fireworks division. 35 per week,
7 in 24, fusee division. 40 per week averaged
over 3 months (maximum 48 in 1 w eek), office.
48 per week, janitors and boiler-house employees.
44 per week with 10 percent tolerance during sea
sonal periods specified, truckmen, all divisions.
40 per week, general. 48 per -week, engineers, elec
tricians, machinists, firemen, maintenance and
transportation crews, watchmen. 40 per week
averaged over 6 months (maximum 48 in 1 w eek),
office. 40 per week, 8 per day (additional 2 hours
per day tolerance, maximum 48 in 1 week, con-
hours per day and 40 per
week, skilled workers
(not to exceed 10 percent
of total employees), to
avoid reduction of em
ployment of others.
Do.
Do.
1H regular rate after 8
hours in 24 and 40 per
week. Double pay for
work on Sundays and
customarily
observed
holidays.
iy& regular rate after hours
specified, emergency re
pair, etc.; regular rate,
emergency employment
owing to fire, etc.; all
divisions. 1}4 regular
rate after 8 hours per
day and 40 per week,
commercial
fireworks
division.
No provision___________
Under 18.
Under 16, general. U n
der 18, hazardous or
unhealthful occupa
tions.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
per hour for males, commercial fireworks
division. 35 cents per hour for females,
40 cents per hour for males, display fire
works division. 40 cents per hour, fusee
division.
1H regular rate after 8
302
T A BU L A R A N A LY SIS OF LABOR PROVISIONS IN CODES A D O PT E D U N D E R N A TIO N A L IN D U S T R IA L RECO VER Y A C T D U R IN G D E C E M B E R
1933—C ontinued
33773°—34-
Retail food and grocery (*>— .....................................
trade (Jan. 1, 1934).
Refractories (Dec. 28, 1933). 25 to 40 cents per hour, according to wage
district, common labor. $14—
$15 per
week, according to population, office.
40 cents per hour, general.
office.
$15 per week,
Rubber
manufacturing
(Dec. 25,1933).
35 cents per hour, general. $12-15, according to population, salaried employees.
35 cents per hour, nonmanufacturing;
40 cents per hour, manufacturing; rain
wear division.
Rubber tire manufacturing
(Dec. 25, 1933).
40 cents per hour, general.3 $12-$ 15 per
week, according to population, salaried
employees.
Savings, building and loan
associations (Dec. 31,
1933).
$12—
$15 per week, according to population,
general. 10 percent above general rates,
part-time workers.
Set-up paper box manufacturing (Jan. 1, 1934).
Z2A cents per hour for females and 37 A
( 2) ........................ ...............................................................................
40 per week (annual tolerance of T A percent, maxi
mum 48 in 1 week), 8 per day (unless employer
elects 10), laborers, mechanical workers, artisans.
56 per week, 6 days in 7, watchmen. 40 per week
averaged over 4 weeks, chauffeurs and truckmen.
42 per week averaged over 4 weeks, engineers and
firemen. 40 per week averaged over 13 weeks
(maximum 48 in 1 week), others. No females to
be employed between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.
2 No change in labor provisions approved Nov. 15, 1933. See M onthly Labor Review, January 1934, p. 42.
3 Unless rate was lower on July 15, 1929, when rate on that date shall apply but in no case less than 35 cents per hour.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
cents per hour for males in North, 30
cents per hour for females and 32 A cents
per hour for males in South, laborers,
mechanics, artisans. $14 per week,
others.
( 2)
40 per week averaged over 30 days, 8 per day, No provision.
general. 56 per week, 6 days in 7, watchmen.
48 per week averaged over 30 days, employees in
continuous processes, etc. (who are not to exceed
10 percent of employees).
36 per week, 8 in 24, 5 days in 7 (in peak periods V /i regular rate after 8
40 per week during 8 weeks in 6 months), general.
hours, 8 per day and 40
40 per week, 9 in 24, 5 A days in 7, office.
per week.
40 per week, 8 in 24 (80 per year additional allowed, l x/.i regular rate after 40
but not over 48 in 1 week), general. 45 per week,
hours, general.
1H
maintenance, engineers, shipping, watchmen,
regular rate after 45
etc. 40 per week averaged over 1 month (maxi
hours, emergency, main
mum 48 in 1 week), accounting, office, etc. 40
tenance, etc. Overtime
per week, 8 in 24, 5 days per week, rainwear
prohibited,
rainwear
division.
division.
36 per week averaged over 1 calendar year, 8 in 24 I A regular rate after 36
(maximum 42 in 1 week), general. 40 per week,
hours, general. I r r e g
8 in 24, maintenance crews, engineers, firemen,
ular rate after 8 hours per
shipping crews, tire testers. 84 in 2 weeks, 6day, 40 per week, emer
day week, watchmen. 40 per week averaged
gency, maintenance, etc.
over 1 month (maximum 48 in 1 week), account
ing, office, sales, service.
40 per week averaged over 13 weeks............................ No provision.
1A regular rate after daily
or weekly maximum,
laborers, etc. 1A regu
lar rate after 9 hours,
engineers, and firemen.
(2).
Under 16, general. Under
18, underground.
Under 16, general. Under
18, hazardous or un
heal thful occupations.
Under 16, general. Under
18, hazardous occupa
tions.
Do.
Under 16, general. Per
sons 14 to 16 permitted
to work 3 hours per day
(not to interfere with
school hours).
Under 16, general. U n
der 18, hazardous or
unhealthful o c c u p a
tions.
N A TIO N A L RECOVERY A D M IN ISTR A TIO N
Rolling steel door (Jan. 1,
1934).
tinuous chemical processes), productive em
ployees. Operation of plant limited to 96 per
week, of productive machinery to 80 per week
(120 per week during 6 months in 1 year, velvet
processing).
CO
O
CO
T A B U L A R A N A LY SIS OF LABOR PROV ISIO N S IN CODES A D O P T E D U N D E R N A TIO N A L IN D U S T R IA L R E C O V E R Y ACT D U R IN G D E C E M B E R
1933—Continued
______ ____^
Minimum wages (excluding apprentices
and learners)
Maximum hours
Shoe and leather finish,
polish, and cement man
ufacturing (Jan. 8, 1934).
32J-6 cents per hour for females, 37J^ cents
per hour for males, shoe-polish division.
35 cents per hour for females, 40 cents per
hour for males, shoe and leather finish
and cement division.
Silverware manufacturing
(Dec. 25, 1933).
35 cents per hour____________________ . . .
Smelting and refining of
secondary metals into
brass and bronze alloys
in ingot form (Dec. 31,
1933).
Stone finishing machinery
and equipment (Dec. 26,
1933).
35 cents per hour, general. $15 per week,
office.
40 per week averaged over 1 year, 8 in 24 (in peak
periods 48 per week during 12 weeks in calendar
year), general. 44 per week, engineers, oilers,
etc. 40 per week averaged over 3 months
(maximum 48 in 1 week), office. 44 per week
averaged over 3 months (maximum 48 in 1 week),
employees on passenger, express, delivery, or
freight service.
40 per week, averaged over 3 months (maximum
48 in 1 week), 8 per day, general. 48 per week,
hub and die cutters (total number not
to exceed 5 percent of employees). 42 per week
averaged over 2 weeks (36 and 48, alternately),
watchmen and engineers. 40 per week averaged
over 6 months, emergency repair, etc.
40 per week (in peak periods 48 per week during 6
weeks in 6 months, 10 per day, 6-day week),
general. 56 per week, 6-day week, watchmen.
8 per day insofar as reasonable.
Provision for overtime
pay
1
regular rate after 8
hours per day and 40 per
week, general.
reg
ular rate after 44 hours,
engineers, oilers, etc.
Minors of specified age ex
cluded from employment
Under 16.
No provision...................... U n d e r 1 6 , g e n e r a l .
Under 18, hazardous or
u n h e a lth fu l o c c u p a
tions.
\Y t regular rate after 40
Do.
hours.
40 per week, 8 per day (in peak periods, 48 during 1Yv regular rate after 8 Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous oc
hours per day and 40
6 weeks in 6 months), general. 10 percent tolercupations.
per week.
ance (but not to exceed 44 per week during 6
weeks in 6 months), preparation and care of
plant. 48 in 1 week of 7 days, factory workers
and watchmen combined; 49 per week, regular
watchmen. 40 per week averaged over 6 months
(maximum 44 per week in 2 successive weeks),
accounting, clerical, etc.
Do.
Valve and fittings manufac 32 cents per hour in South, 40 cents per hour 40 per week, 8 per day, factory or mechanical ____do.......... .................. .........
workers. 40 per week, accounting, clerical, etc.
elsewhere, factory or mechanical work
turing (Dec. 20, 1933).
56 per week, 6 days in 7, watchmen.
ers.4 $14-$15 per week, according to
population, accounting, clerical, etc.
Velvet (Jan. 8, 1934) _____ $13 per week. _________________________ 40 per week, 8 in 24, general. 40 per week averaged l}4 regular rate after 40 Under 16.
hours, emergency repair.
over 3 months (maximum 48 in 1 week), office.
56 per week, watchmen. Operation of produc
tive machinery limited to 2 shifts of 40 hours each.
Watch case manufacturing 35 cents per hour_______________ _______ _ 40 per week (to meet peak demands 96 per year 1}4 regular rate after 40 Under 16, general. U n
der 18, hazardous or
hours, general. l lA reg
additional), 8 in 24.
(Jan. 1, 1934).
unhealthful o c c u p a
ular rate after 40 hours,
tions.
emergency repair.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40 cents per hour, general. $14—
$15 per
per week, according to population, accounting, clerical, etc.
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
Industry and date
effective
CO
O
Wax paper (Jan. 1, 1934).
W h o le s a le automotive
trade (Dec. 28, 1933).
A griculture
40 per week averaged over 26 weeks (maximum 48
in 1 week), laborers, mechanical workers, arti
sans. 56 per week, 8 per day, watchmen. 168 in
4 weeks, chauffeurs, firemen, etc. 40 per week
averaged over 13 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week),
others. Plant operation limited to 144 per w eek.
44 per week, 8 in 24 (48 per week during 2 weeks in
6 months).
(5) _______________________
(5)_______________
(5)
(6)-------------------------------------------------------
0 )_______________
(5 )
(*)-------- ------------------------------- ------ -------- (5)_________________
$15 per week, accounting, clerical, etc. $16 40 per week, 8 per day, general. 56 per week,
per week, watchmen whose sole function
watchmen whose sole function is watching; 43
is watching. 37)^ cents per hour, watch
per week, 7 per day, those with others duties also.
men with other duties also, and em
48 per week, deliverymen. 48 per week, man
ployees paid by the hour.
agers at branch plants established prior to July 1,
Distilled spirits6 (Nov. 27, « ------------------ ------ ------------------------------ (6)_._.‘_________________
1933).
Distilled spirits rectifying (*)------------------------------------ (6)____________________
(Dec. 10, 1933).
Southern r ic e m i l l i n g 6 25 cents per hour, mill and warehouse. 48 per week, 8 in 24, general. 44 per week, office.
(Dec. 1, 1933).
$13.50 per week, office.
Machine operation limited to 96 per week.
Wine (Dec. 28, 1933).
(•)------------------------------------ («)____________________
l lA regular rate after 8
hours, laborers, etc. l lA
regular rate after 9 hours,
Chauffeurs, firemen, etc.
Do.
________
Do.
No provision.,
( 5)
V A regular rate after 8
hours per day and 40 per
week.
( 5)
( 5)
( 5)
(»)
( 5)
Under 16, general. U n
der 18, hazardous occu
pations.
(5)
(•)
V /i regular rate after stand Under 16, general.
ard hours, f ir e m e n ,
watchmen, repair or
maintenance crews,
fif
U n
der 18, hazardous occu
pations.
(!)
Amended, codes 7
Automobile manufacturing
(Sept. 6, 1933; amended
Jan. 1, 1934).
40-43 cents per hour, according to popula
tion, factory. $14—$15 per week, accord
ing to population, office.
42 per week, supervisory No p r o v isio n .______
Under 16.
staff and preparation workers. 40 per week
(maximum 48 in 1 week), office. 6 days per
week.
Cast-iron soil pipe (Sept. 32 cents per hour, South; 40 cents per hour, 27 per week, 8 per day, general. 40 per week, 8 per ------do___________ _______
Under 16, general. Under
11, 1933; amended Dec.
elsewhere.
day, clerks, etc. 56 per week, 6-day week, watch
18, foundry operations.
18, 1933).
m en. Operation limited to 1 shift.
4 Females on light work may be paid 90 percent of minimum rate but not less than 30 cents an hour.
6 Provisions not yet decided at time of approval by President.
\ AmIndmentfgi?ePn^n1tahcsN ° Vember 1933’ bUt WaS DOt included in the tabular analysis for that month, given in the January 1934 issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40 per week, general.
N A TIO N A L RECOVERY A D M IN ISTRA TIO N
Alcoholic beverages import
ing (Dec. 3, 1933).
Alcoholic beverage whole
sale (Dec. 10, 1933).
Brewing (Dec. 5, 1933)____
Commercial and breeder
hatchery (Jan. 1, 1934).
35 cents per hour for females and 40 cents
per hour for males in North, 30 cents per
hour for females and 35 cents per hour for
males in South, laborers, mechanical
workers, artisans. $15—
$16 per week,
according to population, others.
40 cents per hour, general. $14—
$15 per
week according to population, office or
salaried employees.
00
o
Cn
Provision for overtime
pay
Minors of specified age ex
cluded from employment
Minimum wages (excluding apprentices
and learners)
Maximum hours
Cotton garment (Nov. 27,
1933; amended Dec. 18,
1933).
30 cents per hour in South, 32(4 cents per
hour in North, general. 35 cents per
hour, manufacturing. 45 cents per
hour, operators; 75 cents per hour, cut
ters, sheep-lined and leather garments.
40 per week, 8 per day, manufacturing. 40 per
week averaged over 3 months, office. Operation
lim ited to 1 shift.
N o provision____________ Under 16.
35 per week (extra hours by special permission
during 6 weeks in any season), 5-day week,
manufacturing. 40 per week (extra hours by
special permission during 6 weeks in any season),
others. Operation limited to 1 shift.
1J4> regular rate....................
Do.
No provision................... .
Do.
No general provision. 15-6
regular rate, repair-shop
crews, etc.
Do.
34 cents per hour in South, 37 cents per
hour in N orth, production of m e n ’s 100percent cotton suits.
$15 per week for cleaners and pinkers, $45
per week for cutters, higher-priced gar
ments, city of N ew York, and lowerpriced garments, eastern area; $15 per
week for cleaners and pinkers, $46 per
week for cutters, lower-priced garments,
city of N ew York; 90 percent of New
York rates for eastern metropolitan area
and for higher-priced garments in eastern
area; 85 percent of New York rates for
Chicago and Cleveland area; 70 percent o f
N e w Y ork rates, northern section; and 60
percent o f N e w Y ork rates, southern sec
tion o f w estern area. $14 per week, all
other employees.
M en’s clothing (Sept. 11,
1933; amended Dec. 18,
1933).
Textile bag (Oct. 2, 1933;
amended Dec. 23,1933).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34-37 cents per hour in South, S7-40 cents
36 per week, 8 per day, general. 40 per week aver
per hour in North, manufacturing. $13
aged over year, repair-shop crews, etc. Opera
per week in South, $14 per week in
tion limited to 1 shift.
North, nonmanufacturing. 60 cents per
hour in S outh, 75 cents per hour in N orth,
off-pressers. 85 cents per hour in South,
$1 per hour in N orth, cutters.
$12perweek, South; $13 per week, N o r th ... 40 per week, 8 in 24 (in peak periods 48 per week
during 8 weeks in 1 year, maximum 48 in 1 week;
10 p er day, sew ing, p rin tin g , engraving depart
m ents, etc.). Operation limited to 2 shifts.
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
Industry and date
effective
Dress (Nov. 13, 1933;
amended Dec. 15,1933).
306
T A BU L A R ANALY SIS OF LABOR PROVISIONS IN CODES A D O P T E D U N D E R N A TIO N A L IN D U S T R IA L R EC O V E R Y A C T D U R IN G D E C E M B E R
1933—Continued
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND
LABOR CONDITIONS
A n n u al R eport of th e Secretary of Labor, 1932-33
A
M ONG the recommendations made by the Secretary of Labor
Lin her annual report for the fiscal year 1932-33 are the setting
up of some form of unemployment reserves in the different States,
the stabilization of employment, low-cost housing, various provisions
for the safety of workers, greater cooperation between State and
Federal labor departments, the meeting of the problem of old-age
security, and conference methods of approach in connection with the
carrying on of the work of the United States Department of Labor.
Reviewing some ol the forward steps taken in the field of labor under
the recent emergency measures, the Secretary expresses the confident
expectation that the following reforms of basic importance will be
made permanent:
1. S horter hours th ro u g h o u t in d u stry a n d tra d e .
H igher sta n d a rd of wages, an d p articu larly , a m achinery for regulating th e
m inim um levels of wages.
3. T he p erm an en t abolition of child labor.
4.
T he use of th e G overn m en t p u rchasing pow er for supplies a n d equ ip m en t
to m ain tain high in d u stria l stan d ard s.
5.
B oards for hearing locally a n d inv estig atin g an d m aking findings on all
com plaints of in d u strial practices an d in cases of in d u strial disputes.
6.
T he general recognition of th e desirab ility of co m p eten t wage ea rn e rs’
rep resen tatio n , selected th ro u g h organization, in all m a tte rs affecting in d u stry ,
labor conditions, and civic developm ent.
2.
The Secretary advocates the establishment of a Division of Labor
Standards and Service in the D epartm ent of Labor “ to study specific
and local problems and make recommendations of industrial sanita
tion, health and safety, security, wages, working hours, housing,
adult and vocational education, community opportunity, and m any
other factors which bear upon the lives of our workers.”
A resume of the activities of the various bureaus and services of
the D epartm ent of Labor is included in the report, copies of which
are now available for distribution.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
307
308
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
In d ivid u al and C ollective B argain in g U nder N a tio n a l In d u strial
Recovery Act
NDIVIDUAL bargaining has not been eliminated by section 7 (a)
of the National Industrial Recovery Act and employee representa
tion plans have expanded greatly, according to a recent study of the
National Industrial Conference Board. This study deals with the
trends in employer-employee relations as they are developing under
the collective bargaining provision of the N.I.R.A. The study was
undertaken to determine the extent to which the different methods
of bargaining (i.e., through trade unions, company plans of employee
representation, or individual dealing between employer and employee)
were being employed in the adjustment of labor relations. It is
pointed out that the results shown by this survey are “ only a record
of the first stage in developments resulting from conditions created
by the National Industrial Recovery Act.”
The information was secured through a questionnaire addressed to
companies engaged in manufacturing and mining, all companies listed
as having a capitalization of $500,000, or higher, being included in the
list. The inquiry was sent to 10,335 companies, and replies were re
ceived from 3,314 companies, employing a total of 2,585,740 workers.
Twenty-four and three tenths percent of the reporting companies em
ployed fewer than 100 wage earners, 62.3 percent between 100 and
1,000 workers, and 13.4 percent 1,000 workers and over. This distri
bution between small, medium, and large firms was regarded as
indicating that a generally representative sample had been secured.
The inquiry, which was confined to a few questions in order to in
duce as large a response as possible, covered the number of employees;
the manner in which the company dealt with employees, that is, either
individually, through a plan of employee representation, or through
an organized labor union; the date when the agreement became opera
tive; and, in case there was a plan of employee representation, whether
it was the joint-committee type, with representatives of both em
ployees and management, or the employee-committee type, repre
senting employees only. If more than one type of representation
plan was used, the number or proportion of workers affected by each
policy was asked.
In the classification of the plans it was decided that committees
selected by the employees and having an established and permanent
status should be regarded as being employee-representation commit
tees but that temporary special committees appointed to represent
the workers when matters of special interest arise should not be so
classified nor should standing committees, such as a safety committee,
which meets periodically for consideration of matters within its special
jurisdiction. However, it was felt that too-strict conformity with
the provision of long-established plans should not be required for
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
309
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS
qualification as employee representation and that the main considera
tion was that the committee should be selected by the employees and
should be permanent. The data presented in the report relate to
the early part of November 1933, and although several companies
reported that changes in the method of dealing with employees would
probably occur in the near future, such companies were classified ac
cording to the methods followed at the time the report was made.
The study showed that of the total number of employees in the
establishments reporting, 1,180,580, or 45.7 percent, dealt with em
ployers individually; 1,164,294, or 45 percent, dealt with employers
through employee-representation committees; and 240,866, or 9.3
percent, through organized labor unions.
Table 1 shows the number and proportion of companies and wage
earners following one method exclusively or a combination of methods:
T
able
L tA
l.- N U M B E R A N D PR O PO R TIO N OF CO M PA N IES A N D WAGE E A R N E R S AFB y V A R IOUS POLICIES OF C O N D U C TIN G E M PL O Y ER -E M PL O Y E E RE-
1 iO iN a
Compa
nies
Method of conducting employeremployee relations
Wage earners under—
Individual
bargaining
N um P e r
ber c en t
Employee
representa
tion
Union
Total
N um P e r N um P e r N um P e r N um P e r
ber
c en t
ber
c en t ber c e n t
ber
c en t
Individual bargaining exclusively. .. 2,284 68.9 1,013,016 39.2
Employee representation exclusively_________
556 16.8
Union agreement exclusively
230 6.9
Combination, individual bargaining and union_______
147 4.4
81,180 3.1
Combination, individual bargain_ ing and employee representation..
58 1.8
70, 248 2.7
Combination, employee representation and union____. .
21
.6
Combination, individual bargaining, employee representation,
and union______
18
.6
16,136
.6
Total ______ ______
894, 327 34.6
189, 756
39, 240
243,182
9.4
15, 916
.6
8,140
10, 869
.4
3, 730
1,013,016 39.2
OJ „
7.3 189, 756 7.3
1.5
120,420
4.7
313, 430 12.1
3,314 100.0 1,180, 580 45.7 1,164, 294 45.0 240, 866
.3
24,056
.9
.1
30, 735
1.2
9.3 2, 585, 740 100.0
The data secured in the survey show, as would be expected, that
the policy of individual bargaining is followed more often in the smaller
companies. Thus, 79.5 percent of the companies in which employees
deal with the management only on an individual basis employ fewer
than 500 wage earners, while on the other hand about 44 percent of
the plants using employee representation exclusively employ more
than 500. No very definite relation was apparent between size of the
company and the establishment of agreements with the trade unions.
Table 2 shows the distribution of wage earners according to the
different types of bargaining policy, by industry:
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310
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T a b l e 3 —N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T OP W A G E -E A R N E R S A F F E C T E D BY VA R IO U S
PO LICIES OF C O N D U C T IN G E M P L O Y E R -E M PL O Y E E R ELA TIO NS, BY IN D U S T R Y
Wage-earners under—
Individual bar Employee rep
gaining
resentation
Industry
Number
Manufacturing:
Chemicals....... ...............................
Clothing_______________________
Food products.
. ________
Leather and its products . . .
Metal working.
_____ ______
Paper and its products_____ ____
Printing and publishing_________
Rubber products.. _ . . . . . . . . . .
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Textiles. _______ . . . . .
Wood and its products ________
Miscellaneous_________________
Total
________________
64, 078
16, 430
148, 235
33, 610
370, 863
52, 866
11,895
14, 610
41,821
219, 696
64, 683
63,762
____ 1,102, 549
Union
Per
cent Number
Per
Per
cent Number cent Number
Per
cent
61. 8
34.8
61.1
62.7
33.3
55.4
52.4
17.8
65.3
67.2
72.3
73.1
38, 607
7,150
81,032
16,407
709, 833
37,194
5, 875
65, 288
10, 003
47, 783
20,494
18,439
37.3
15.1
33.4
30.6
63.8
39.0
25.9
79.6
15.6
14.6
22.9
21. 1
948
23, 634
13,167
3, 606
31,425
5, 335
4,915
2,171
12, 228
59, 439
4, 342
4,982
0.9
103,633
50. 1
47, 214
5.4
242, 434
6.7
53, 623
2.8 1,112,121
5.6
95,395
21.7
22, 685
2.6
82,069
19. 1
64,052
18.2
326,918
4.9
89, 519
5.7
87, 183
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
47.4 1,058,105
45.5
166,192
7.1 2, 326,846
100.0
71, 483
1,191
2,000
89.8
9.4
1.2
79, 605
12, 677
166,612
28.8
258,894
100.0
9.3 2, 585, 740
100.0
Extraction and refining:
Mining, coal____ . . . . . . ________
Mining, metal___ . . . . _____ . . .
Petroleum_____________________
2, 579
3,374
72, 078
3.2
26.6
43.3
5, 543
8,112
92, 534
7.0
64.0
55.5
Total________________________
78, 031
30.1
106,189
41.0
74,674
45.7 1,164, 294
45.0
240,866
Grand to ta l.. .
.............
1,180, 580
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
The report states that—
E m ployee rep resen tatio n seems to be very evenly d is trib u te d over th e various
in d u strial groups, except t h a t th is policy p revails in a large p ro p o rtio n of m etal
m ining com panies a n d in a sm all p ro p o rtio n of concerns in th e chem ical group,
food products, stone, clay, a n d glass, a n d coal m ining. T he larg est p ro p o rtio n s
of em ployees rep o rted by th e in d u stries as u n d er em ployee rep rese n ta tio n are
found in m etal w orking, ru b b e r p ro d u cts, m e ta l m ining, a n d p etro leu m refining.
O rganized lab o r shows its g reatest stre n g th in coal m ining an d in th e clothing
industries; m ore th a n 10 p erc e n t of rep o rtin g com panies deal th ro u g h th e unions
in food products, le a th e r an d its p ro d u cts, a n d stone, clay, a n d glass p roducts.
T he largest propo rtio n s of em ployees u n d er union agreem ents are found in th e
clothing industries, p rin tin g an d publishing, stone, clay an d glass products,
textiles, an d coal m ining.
A classification of the collective bargaining plans according to date
of adoption shows that about 61 percent of the employee-representa
tion plans have been introduced since the enactment of the National
Industrial Recovery Act and 41.8 percent of the union agreements
have been entered into since that time. It appears that, as regards
both the number of companies and number of employees covered,
employee representation has gained more rapidly since the Recovery
Act than have union agreements, although the proportion of employees
coming under each form of collective bargaining since the. Recovery
Act is only slightly greater for employee-representation than for
union agreements. In its last study of employee-representation
plans, published in the summer of 1933, the Conference Board found
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS
311
a total of 432,945 workers covered by such plans and the present
figure of 1,164,294 represents, therefore, a gain of 169 percent since
that time.
A distribution of the employee-representation plans, by type,
showed that more than one half of the plans were of the employeecommittee type, about one third have joint committees, and about
one tenth are a combination of the two, the employee representatives
meeting sometimes by themselves and at other times with the manage
ment representatives. Since before the passage of the National
Recovery Act the joint-committee type was the predominating one,
it is evident that the employee-committee type has subsequently
grown in favor.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS AND
UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
W ork a n d P o lic ie s o f F ed era l C ivil W orks A d m in is tr a tio n
BOUT one sixth of the entire population of the United States was
receiving public relief in March 1933, according to a statement
A
by Harry L. Hopkins, Federal Emergency Relief Administrator. As
l
these people were receiving only about 50 cents per day each, the
result was lowered standards, undernourishment, and “ a collective
economic and social tragedy of the first importance.” 1
The difficulty, as Mr. Hopkins pointed out, lay in the system of
relief itself, necessitating as it did an application for relief and a rigid
investigation as to need which required the baring of the most inti
mate details of the families’ economic situation.
In addition to the millions of dollars being spent in relief by local
and State governments and the enormous amounts disbursed by
private relief agencies, the Federal Government was advancing more
than $35,000,000 per month for the same purpose.
The sum of $3,300,000,000 had been provided by Congress, to
finance public works on a nation-wide scale and so provide employ
ment. Although many projects were planned, they were slow in
getting under way and even by November, more than 6 months
after the passage of the law, were furnishing employment for fewer
than a quarter of a million persons.
In order to speed up the employment program, the Civil Works
Administration was created early in November with the purpose of
providing immediately “ regular work at regular wages” for ablebodied unemployed persons on work relief. This action was taken,
not as a permanent policy nor to provide permanent employment,
but to meet the emergency.
On November 25, 1933, at the end of the first week of operation,
employment had been provided for 1,183,267 persons in 44 States and
the District of Columbia,2 and an effort was being made to provide
work for some 4,000,000 persons by the end of the year. In the
northern tier of States, where 130,000 had been employed on work
relief, by the middle of November there were 425,000 men and women
1 Today (New York), Dec. 16, 1933, pp. 8, et seq.: “ The War on Distress”, by Harry L. Hopkins.
J Press release No. 440 of Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Dec. 1, 1933.
312
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EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
313
working on civil-works projects. By January 18, 1934, the civilworks program was providing employment for 4,039,474 persons.3
The work is not to be limited to those receiving relief. Half of the
jobs are to be given to persons not on relief. “ This will give the
opportunity of work to those who have stuck it out, who have at
times, even mistakenly so, elected to suffer and see their children
suffer rather than receive aid in a form that violated their self-respect
and their right to earn what they receive.”
The work being undertaken includes a variety of activities, such as
the extension of sewer systems, building of bridges, widening of roads,
cleaning out of slum areas, sanitary projects, malaria-control work,
rebuilding and repairing of schoolhouses, construction of playgrounds
and swimming pools, planting of trees, and traffic surveys. Other
projects authorized include a farm-housing survey, production of
objects of art (pictures, sculptures, etc.), renovating of buildings to
be occupied by transients under Federal care, collection of statistical
data (on employment, pay rolls, tax delinquency, prices of commodi
ties purchased by farmers, etc.), archeological work, protection of
water supplies, sealing of abandoned coal mines, etc.
It is evident that a departure is being made from former practices.
Generally the work projects have provided occupations only of the
common-labor variety and persons of all callings were put to work
regardless of their skills. The new program will provide work for
“ white-collar” classes—teachers, clerical workers, artists, sculptors,
scientists, statisticians, agricultural experts, etc.
Wage and Other Policies
I t is the policy that “ all persons employed on civil-works projects
shall be paid just and reasonable wages, which shall be compensation
sufficient to provide, for the hours of labor as limited, a standard of
living in decency and comfort.” Accordingly, on December 15, 1933,
the Federal Civil Works Administrator issued regulations governing
the rates to be paid for the various classes of work. In these regula
tions three zones (southern, central, and northern) are recognized.
For statistical, survey, and general white-collar jobs, four rates are
set: Base, intermediate, operating supervisory, and technical super
visory. The weekly base rates range from $12 in the southern zone
to $18 in the northern zone, the intermediate rates from $15 to $21,
the rates for operating supervisory jobs from $18 to $24 per week,
and those for technical supervisory jobs from $18 to $45 per week.
For construction work the rate for unskilled labor ranges from 40 to
50 cents per hour and that for skilled labor from $1 to $1.20 per hour.
The rates for semiskilled labor depend on local custom but must be
between the skilled and unskilled rates.
3 For detailed data regarding employment on civil-works jobs, see p. 442 of this issue.
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314
M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W
If the prevailing local union scale exceeds these rates, the union rate
is to be paid. In case of dispute as to what is the prevailing rate,
the United States Department of Labor may be called upon to decide.
The hours of labor are limited to 8 per day and 30 per week, except
in the case of clerical employees who may work up to 39 hours and
persons employed at remote and inaccessible places who may work
up to 40 hours per week.
Labor for the projects is to be obtained from employment agencies
designated by the United States Employment Service. Union mem
bers are not required to register at such employment agencies but are
to be secured through the local unions of their craft.
The employment of persons under 16 and of convicts on civil-works
projects is forbidden, as is also the use of any materials produced by
convict labor.
A board of labor review is created to hear all issues arising in con
nection with the civil-works program and projects.
A distinction is made between civil-works employees and civil-works
service employees. The latter include all persons employed on proj
ects directly relating to relief offices, such as nursing, interviewing and
investigating, work in sewing and canning centers, and those employed
on projects such as vocational education, adult education, nursery
schools, etc. The wages and other expenses incurred in connection
with such service are to be met from available relief funds, and persons
employed on such projects must be drawn from those eligible for relief.
In order to qualify, definite need must be shown but “ there shall be
a minimum of individual case investigation and maximum avoidance
of follow-up in the home of the individual.” The prevailing wage is
to be paid, but in no case less than 30 cents per hour.
Federal G ran ts to S elf-H elp O rgan ization s of U n em p loyed 1
HE years 1932 and 1933 saw the formation, in practically all
sections of the United States, of groups of unemployed who
banded themselves together for activities of all sorts which would
enable them to be self-supporting. A survey made by the United
States Bureau of Labor Statistics early in 1933 showed that while
some of these groups had not been particularly Successful, others had
been able to supply themselves with a considerable proportion of their
necessaries.
The value of such organizations was recognized by Congress by
the inclusion in the Federal Emergency Relief Act of a provision
authorizing the making of outright grants of Federal aid to “ co
operative and self-help associations for the barter of goods and serv
ices.” Almost immediately after the passage of the act several such
T
1 Information supplied by Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E M PL O Y M E N T C O N D IT IO N S— U N E M PL O Y M E N T R E L IE F
315
groups made application for grants. The first grants actually made
(to three associations in California, Indiana, and Ohio) were allowed
on August 29.
Up to the end of 1933, 35 grants had been made to 29 associations
in 13 States. These grants totaled $263,344, of which 7 groups in
California received $73,400, 6 groups in Colorado $50,692, 4 groups in
Michigan $24,167, and 2 groups in Washington $15,500. In the re
maining States the grants were made to one group only: Indiana,
$7,000; Louisiana, $2,000; Minnesota, $20,000; Nebraska, $2,000;
Ohio, $30,000; Pennsylvania, $5,500; Utah, $10,000; Virginia, $15,485,
and West Virginia, $6,000.2
The groups thus aided had, at the time the grants were made, a
combined membership of nearly 60,000. In a number of cases addi
tional persons were registered with the self-help organizations who,
it was expected, could be taken into membership with the aid of the
Federal grant.
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration points out that rising
prices and improving markets have brought with them a new problem
for these cooperative groups. The most substantial contribution to
the support of their members was in most cases that of vegetables
and fruits obtained from neighboring farmers by the exchange of the
members’ labor therefor. In Los Angeles County probably 90 percent
of the income earned by the 130 self-help units came from this source,
as the farmers were glad to get their farm work done in exchange for
produce they could not sell. With improved markets, however, their
attitude has changed and the groups are finding it increasingly difficult
to continue their farming contacts.
Although some organizations are working farm land on their own
account, the chief means by which they propose to solve this problem
is to produce goods of various kinds for their own use, using any sur
plus they may have for trading purposes. The Federal Emergency
Relief Administration states that recent applications for grants have
contained more requests for light industrial equipment and fewer for
transportation equipment and supplies than did the earlier ones. In
this connection the Federal office states:
P roductive activ ities do n o t m u ltip ly th e effectiveness of th e “ relief d o lla r”
as m any tim es as th e services-for-goods m eth o d , an d y e t su sten an ce is pro v id ed
m ore cheaply in th is fashion th a n by a n y o th e r relief technique. Before F ed eral
aid becam e available, a co nservative estim a te of th e to ta l relief saving effected
by associations now on g ra n ts is in th e neighborhood of $1,800,000.
The productive activities are looked upon by the older members of
the groups as a possible source of permanent occupation. These men
feel that they will never again be able to gain a foothold in industrial
2
Early in January 1934 a grant of $13,733 was made to the Unemployed Cooperative Relief Association
at Compton, Calif.; this organization was the first self-help association formed in California.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
316
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
employment, and are therefore anxious to develop new sources of
livelihood which the group industries seem to offer.
The importance of these organizations as a medium, also, of voca
tional adjustments and adult education is pointed out. Thus in
some cases the members are acquiring new skills. In one group
carpenters are learning cabinetwork, in another ex-miners are learn
ing how to make craft furniture in fine woods. The case is cited of
a former “ handy man” in one group who through group activities
discovered he had a genius for trading. He began operations with
$100 in cash, contributed by an interested business man. After
6 weeks’ trading, he had 3 cows, a sow, several sheep, and $150 in
cash, as well as the original $100 capital.
The greatest contribution made by these groups, it is felt, lies in
their having sustained and raised the morale of the unemployed
participating in the self-help activities. Their members are proud
of the organizations they have built up and are reported as being
reluctant to leave them even for cash jobs.
The Federal Relief Administrator has set up a staff to assist
organized unemployed cooperative groups who receive or apply for
Federal grants, to help them to improve their methods of production,
accounting, and management.
Grants Made Under Relief Act
T he table following shows the individual grants since the passage
of the Federal Emergency Relief Act in the spring of 1933.
G R A N TS TO SEL F-H EL P ORGANIZATIONS OF U N E M P L O Y E D , M A D E U N D E R FE D E R A L
E M E R G E N C Y R E L IE F ACT D U R IN G 1933
State and organization for which grant was made
California:
State Relief Administration__________
Los Angeles County Unemployed Cooperative Relief Association,
Los Angeles____________
Unemployed Exchange Association, Oakland
Pacific Cooperative League, Berkeley . . .
Atascadero Trading Association___ ____
.. _
South Gate Relief Center, South Gate
Cooperative Distribution Committee, Orange City
Monterey Unemployed Relief CounciL _
Colorado:..
Denver; Recovery Exchange, Grace Church Relief Association (Den
ver), Highland Group of Unemployed (Denver), and Citizens’
League (Boulder).......... _.............
Harmon Cooperative Association, Denver______
Citizens’ League of Boulder_____ . . . . . .
Denver Recovery Exchange____ . . . _______
South Denver Cooperative Industries__________
Grace Center Cooperative Association, Denver
Highland Group of Unemployed, Denver...........
Indiana:;
Allen County Scrip and Barter Association, Fort Wayne .
Louisiana:
East Baton Rouge Employment Exchange......................... ■.....................
1 N ot reported.
2 Families.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Date of
grant
Aug.
/Aug.
\D ec.
Oct.
16
29
18
23
Nov. 22
Dec. 28
N ov. 22
Oct. 17
Dec. 26
__do
do
Active
Amount member
of grant
ship of
group
$10,000
30.000
15.000 |
5.000
3,925
2, 775
2,400
1,300
3.000
1.000
3,567
20,300
9, 975
7,500
5.000
3, 350
35,903
450
355
373
450
(')
2 226
65
100
71
99
85
175
Aug. 29
7.000
260
Oct. 23
3,600
378
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
317
G R A N TS TO SEL F-H EL P ORGANIZATIONS OF U N E M P L O Y E D ,M A D E U N D E R FE D E R A L
E M E R G E N C Y R E L IE F ACT D U R IN G 1933—Continued
State and organization for which grant was made
Date of
grant
[Sept. 11
Michigan:
Community Cooperative Industries, Lansing........... ................................ ■1Oct. 23
|.Dec. 9
Grand Rapids Emergency Exchange Association---------------------------- Oct. 23
Alma Cooperative Exchange.-......... ............................................................. Pec. 13
Barter and Trade, Kalamazoo____________________________ _______ Dec. 18
Minnesota:
Organized Unemployed, Minneapolis......................................................... Dec. 11
Nebraska:
Self-Help M ovement of Grand Island...................- .................................... Oct. 23
Ohio:
/Aug. 29
Cooperative Production Units, Dayton...................................................... \Oct. 17
Pennsylvania:
Barter Association, Philadelphia.................. .......................... - .................... Aug. 11
Utah:
Natural Development Association, Salt Lake C ity............................... . Oct. 23
Virginia:
/Sept. 14
Citizens Service Exchange, Richmond-------- ---------------------------- ----- \D ec. 18
Washington:
United Producers of Snohomish, Everett--------------------------------------- Oct. 23
State Emergency Relief Administration, O lym pia................................... Nov. 23
West Virginia:
Mountaineer Craftsmen’s Cooperative Association, Morgantown------ -_-do.......
Active
Amount member
of grant
ship of
group
$6, 500
1,050 J-2 350-380
9, 500
4,350
2 118
75
750
2,017
800
20,000
2,000
5,000
25,000 }
5, 500
10,000
2,000
13,485 j
13, 000
2, 500
6,000
756
118
2 400
480
2,000
546
200
68
2 Families.
Purposes of loans.—Under the regulations the grants can be made
only for “ productive purposes.” The productive purposes include
a variety of projects. Nearly three fourths of the grants included
money for transportation (gasoline, oil, service, and repair of trucks,
etc., or purchase of trucks). As was pointed out in a study made
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics early in 1933,3 the problem of
securing the wherewithal to keep the trucks moving in the hauling
of vegetables and other commodities purchased by the labor of the
members has been a most difficult one, as it is seldom that a sufficient
supply of gasoline can be obtained without the cash, which, of course,
these groups have lacked. Equipment and tools for various pro
ductive enterprises were requested in almost every application for
Federal funds, including (in order of number of requests) canning
operations, shoe repair, operation of wood or lumber camp or yard,
clothing manufacture, manufacture of bakery goods, house repair,
garage operation, laundry operation, house wrecking, coal-mine
operation, working over of gold-mine dump; manufacture of cloth,
shoes, leather, lumber, shingles, furniture, and soap; and operation
of a stone quarry and of a poultry farm.
Activities Carried on by Groups Aided
T he a ctivities engaged in b y the groups aided thus far include land
scape gardening, farm labor on shares, dairying, butchering, raising
of poultry and rabbits, canning of fruits and vegetables, plum bing,
3 See M onthly Labor Review, issues of March to June 1933.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
318
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
grinding of grains, logging, carpentry, house-repair work, house
wrecking, art work, dentistry, printing; making of bakery goods,
brooms, bedding, box shook, crates, cider, cloth, clothing, furniture
(also upholstery), maple sirup, pickles, soap, hand-made rugs, and
rubber mats (from automobile tires); repair of clothing, furniture,
radios, shoes, and stoves; and operation of store, commissary, cafe
teria, beauty shop, barber shop, blacksmith shop, coal mine, foundry,
garage, laundry, sawmill, and wood yard.
One association in Pennsylvania has operated two farms, aggregat
ing 210 acres, of which 175 were cultivated; it is estimated that the
value of the crops so obtained was about $6,000. A Middle West
organization has been operating a 33-acre farm which it had to irrigate.
The use of the land was obtained in exchange for the planting of 200
trees. This group has also raised garden stuff on 125 city lots.
An association in a mining region is concentrating its efforts on the
development of handicraft industries, training its members, ex-miners,
in cabinetwork and furniture manufacture. Its membership includes
26 former miners who have learned chair making and more than half
of whom are now good cabinetmakers as well; 8 women who weave
small rugs and runners on hand looms; and 10 women who do fancy
sewing and embroidery.
The provision of living quarters for the members is a knotty prob
lem with which only a few associations have had any degree of success.
Several groups have been able to obtain housing for a small number of
their people by renovating run-down houses in return for a lease on
the premises. In other cases the members have been able to exchange
labor or scrip for rent.
Results of Group Effort as Regards Employment and Relief Costs
O n e association at the time of receiving the Federal grant was
supporting 9 persons entirely and expected to give temporary em
ployment to 100 others in its canning operations. A second organiza
tion, consisting of 360 families, has been able to support itself partially,
and to give assistance to 3,000 others during the first year of operation.
Another association has by its activities removed 65 families from
the county relief rolls. A southern group is maintaining through co
operative effort 378 persons who would otherwise have been a charge
on the public. It has concentrated on assisting families not receiving
relief rather than those who are on relief, on the ground that assist
ance is needed more by the former class. This organization is re
ported as “ finding work in unusual jobs or occupations, so there is
no competition, for 40 to 50 individuals a day who would do no work
otherwise.”
A Middle West association has enabled 118 families, which would
otherwise have to resort to public aid, to be self-supporting. Another
in the same section of the country, whose numbers fluctuate around
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
319
350, by its cooperative activities was responsible for the removal of
94 families from the public relief rolls in August 1933 and 63 more the
following month; but for the employment furnished by group enter
prises, from 60 to 75 percent of the membership would be unable to
support themselves. A far-west organization of 355 includes in its
membership about 100 who would otherwise be forced to ask public
help.
In several other cases a considerable proportion of the membership
is receiving a certain amount of relief which the group supplements
through its activities.
Most of the groups find entire self-support difficult if not impossible.
One far-western association, however, has been entirely self-sustaining
since its formation in August 1932. The activities of this group
include the gathering, drying, and canning of fruits and vegetables,
repair and servicing of trucks and automobiles for doctors and dentists
in return for medical and dental service, rebuilding of cars, recondi
tioning of tires, shoe repair, construction and carpentry, foundry work,
art work, landscape gardening, soap making, weaving of cloth, and
making of clothing. This group is recognized as having been “ of
definite constructive benefit to the community by making members
self-sustaining and preventing them from ever getting on relief rolls in
the first place. Besides the provision of food, clothing, and shelter,
the necessity of education to a new way of living and general rehabili
tation of individuals is recognized and has a place in their program.”
Of another association in the same region it is said that the “ in
genuity shown in securing projects has helped to make the system
self-sustaining to a surprising degree.”
One of the largest associations receiving a Federal grant is reported
to have saved the State the sum of $150,000 in work relief during the
2 years it has been in operation. Another, farther west, is estimated
to have saved the taxpayers about $5,000 a month or $90,000 in the
18 months it has been operating. Of a third, not far away, it is
reported that, “ most members have had to seek aid through conven
tional channels, but reduction in relief cost can be estimated at
$20,000 for first 6 months of 1933.” A Middle West group is reported
to have reduced relief costs $11,392, and two others (in the Mountain
States) by $1,000 and $1,250 a month. The largest organization of
all has since its formation saved the county and the State an estimated
amount of $300,000 in relief costs; during the month of September
15-October 15, 1933, the saving in direct relief was stated to be
$85,985.
A comparatively small number of the associations are reported as
using scrip, and, of these, only in three instances has the scrip
depreciated. In one case it is stated that there is “ no depreciation;
has in fact increased in value.”
33773°—34-----6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
H ea lth of W orkers in D u sty Trades
RANITE cutters showed by far the highest disability rate,
especially for pulmonary tuberculosis, in studies of the effects
G
of dusts in six dusty trades. Respiratory disease rates were relatively
high for anthracite-coal miners and for employees of the Portland
cement plant studied. The 8-day and longer respiratory disease rates
were not much above the average for male industrial workers gen
erally in the studies of other types of dust; that is, soft-coal mining, a
textile plant, silverware manufacturing, and street cleaning.
The above facts are shown in a series of six studies on the effects of
specific types of dust on the health of workers recently completed by
the United States Public Health Service. The dusts covered in the
studies include cement dust, siliceous dust in the granite-cutting
industry, carbon dust in the anthracite and bituminous-coal indus
tries, vegetable dust in cotton-cloth manufacturing, dusts from
silverware manufacturing processes, and municipal dust to which
street cleaners are exposed. The results of these studies are briefly
summarized in a recent issue 1 of Public Health Reports.
In the studies physical examinations and X-rays were made of
groups of workers who were observed over a considerable period of
time in order to determine the character and severity of sickness they
experienced so that the illnesses could be correlated with occupational
environment. The dust determinations were of a uniform character
so that it was possible to obtain a fairly accurate estimate of the
dustiness of the occupation, the upper and lower limits, and the changes
which might take place especially at different seasons of the year.
Sickness records were kept for each person in a group, and workers
who showed any evidence of lung pathology were placed in a special
group for further examination. In most of these special cases X-rays
were made of the chests and sputum examinations were made where
necessary.
The frequency of cases of respiratory disease causing disability
for more than 1 week was used as an index of the effect of dust ex
posure, as it placed the emphasis upon the more serious disabilities
and facilitated comparison with other industrial groups.
• United States Public Health Service.
dusty trades, p. 1398.
320
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Public Health Reports, Nov. 17, 1933. The health of workers in
HEALTH AND INDUSTKIAL HYGIENE
321
The nature of the respiratory diseases differed among persons ex
posed to different types of dust. Thus, in granite-cutting plants the
rate for pulmonary tuberculosis was very high, in the hard-coal
group the rates were highest for influenza and bronchitis, and there
was an unusual frequency of influenza among employees of the cement
plant, in spite of the fact that there was no epidemic of consequence
during the periods in which records were kept.
An association between the amount and character of dust in the
working atmosphere and the health of the workers was shown by the
physical examinations and the X-ray findings. Serious physical
impairment was found where the workers were exposed for long
periods to large amounts of dust containing a high percentage of
quartz. In industries where the dust concentration and quartz
percentage were relatively low only a mild fibrosis was found which
in most cases could not be regarded as due to the particular dust.
The following table gives estimates of the degree of the dust hazard
in the different studies.
SU M M A R Y OF D E G R E E OF D U ST HAZARD AS SHOW N IN SIX ST U D IE S B Y T H E U N IT E D
STA TES PUBLIC H E A LT H SERVICE
Aver
age
dust
count
in mil
lions of
parti
cles per
cubic
foot of
air
Study
Granite cutting:
(a) Hand p n eu m a tic
operators.
(6) S u rfa ce-m a ch in e
operators, etc.
(c) General air, _____
(d) Less than general
air.
Anthracite coal:
Rock drillers_________
Miners and
helpers.
miners’
Bituminous coal:
Rock drillers...... ..........
Loaders and machine
men.
Cement............................
Cotton-cloth manufactur
ing.
Silverware manufacturing..
Municipal_______________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Aver
age
percent
age of
free
silica
(quartz)
|
36 I
35
20
9
82
31
232
1.5
78
54
112
1.2
26
6-8
7
5
4
Degree of hazard (under conditions as
observed in each study)
'
59
)
Other character
istics of dust
1.7
[Great excess of pulmonary tuberculosis
after 15 years or more exposure; siliRemainder mostly 1 cosis in from 2 to 10 years.
combined with (Silicosis after prolonged exposure; no
silica.
excess of tuberculosis.
Negative except for occasional nondisl abling silicosis.
Siliceous rock......... Data insufficient; other studies show
severe hazard.
Dyspnea and other signs of pneumo
coniosis; excess sickness from respira
tory conditions: excess mortality from
influenza, pneumonia and possibly
tuberculosis.
Carbon and inor
ganic matter.
Sandstone.............. Data insufficient; other studies indicate
severe hazard.
Carbon.................... Generalized fibrosis chiefly linear in
character; excess mortality from in
fluenza and pneumonia.
Primarily lim e___ Some early pneumoconiosis; excess of
diseases of upper respiratory tract and
of influenza.
Vegetable and sili Negative.
ca.
Metal and other...
Do.
N ot determined-. .
Do.
322
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
M in ers’ P h th isis in S o u th Africa
N IMPROVEMENT has been shown in recent years in the
A
number of compensable cases of miners’ phthisis (silicosis) re
ported among both European miners and native laborers, according
l
to the report1of the South African Department of Mines and Indus
tries for 1932.
The following table shows the number of new cases of silicosis,
tuberculosis with silicosis, and tuberculosis among European miners,
which were detected at periodical examinations for the years 1926-27
to 1931-32:
T a b le 1.—N E W CASES OF SILICOSIS, T U BE R C U LO SIS W ITH SILICOSIS, A N D T U B E R
CULOSIS, AM ONG E U R O PE A N M IN E R S IN SOUTH A FR IC A PR OM 1926-27 TO 1931-32
Number of cases
Year
1926-27________
1927-28 ______
1928 29
1929-30_________
Number of cases
Tuber
Silico culosis Tuber
sis
with culosis
silicosis
364
283
270
256
2
5
2
42
32
4A
33
Total
408
315
319
291
Year
Tuber
Total
Silico culosis Tuber
sis
with culosis
silicosis
1930-31
1931-32T o t a l____
227
208
4
7
31
21
262
236
1,608
20
203
1,831
Routine physical examinations of native laborers (Eurafrican and
Asiatic) have been made since October 1929. Since that period 1,544
laborers have been examined, 16 cases of silicosis and 12 cases of
tuberculosis being found, but no cases of tuberculosis with silicosis.
The following table shows the number of cases of compensable
disease among native laborers in South Africa for the past 13 years:
T
2 . — N U M B E R OF C O M PE N SA B LE CASES OF SILICOSIS, T U BE R C U LO SIS W ITH
SILICOSIS, A N D T U BE R C U LO SIS D E T E C T E D A M ONG N A TIV E LA BO R ER S IN THE
SOUTH A F R IC A N GOLD FIE L D S, 1919-20 TO 1931-32
able
Number of cases
Year
1919-20...................
1920-21- _______
1921-22__________
1922-23_________
1923-24_________
1924-25_________
1925-26_________
Number of cases
Tuber
Total
Silico culosis Tuber
sis
with culosis
silicosis
125
128
40
71
114
85
201
389
274
202
319
310
359
434
791
807
576
660
581
456
561
1, 305
L 209
'818
1, 050
1, 005
900
1,196
Year
1926-27
1927-28
1928-29
1929-30
1930-31
1931-32
1 Union of South Africa. Department of Mines and Industries.
Mining Engineer for 1932. Pretoria, 1933, pp. 82-90.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Tuber
Total
Silico culosis Tuber
sis
with culosis
silicosis
238
209
208
235
420
268
409
397
426
312
270
787
746
602
672
680
171
620
1,434
1,352
1,236
1,219
1,370
1,059
Annual report of the Government
LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS
M in n eso ta E m ergen cy Law U pheld by U n ited S ta te s S up rem e
C ourt
N AN opinion based upon prior decisions which, according to the
court, showed a “ growing appreciation of public needs and of
the necessity of finding ground for a rational compromise between
individual rights and public welfare”, the United States Supreme
Court upheld emergency legislative powers and declared valid the
Minnesota mortgage moratorium law of 1933 (Home Building & Loan
Association v. Blaisdell et at., 54 Sup. Ct. 231).
Whether or not the economic emergency justifies the enactment of
certain recent legislation is a question which has been debated by
many outstanding authorities for several months, and the opinion of
the Supreme Court is welcomed to throw light on the problem.
The facts in the case involve the mortgage-moratorium law enacted
by the State of Minnesota in 1933. This law provides that the dis
trict courts of the State may extend the period of redemption from
mortgage foreclosure sales for such length of time as the court deems
equitable, “ but in no event beyond May 1, 1935.” The law also
provides that if such an extension is ordered by the court, it shall
determine the reasonable value of the income from the property and
the court may order the mortgagor to pay “ all or a reasonable part
of such income or rental value, in or toward the payment of taxes,
insurance, interest, mortgage, or judgment indebtedness.”
In 1928 the Home Building & Loan Association made a loan to
one Blaisdell in the sum of $3,701, and as security a mortgage on
Blaisdell’s home was given which contained the usual provisions
authorizing sale in case of default. The mortgagee foreclosed on the
property following a default by the mortgagor. The property was
sold on May 2,1932, to the mortgagee, for the amount of the mortgage.
Under the Minnesota law Blaisdell had the right to redeem the prop
erty during the year ending May 2, 1933. On April 18, 1933, the
moratorium law was enacted and Blaisdell petitioned the district
court for an extension of the period of redemption under this new law.
A decree was issued extending the period of redemption until May 1,
1935, and providing for the monthly payment of a certain sum by the
mortgagor during the extended period. The decision was appealed
to the Minnesota Supreme Court, which held the law valid and
declared that the impairment of the contract was necessary to afford
the relief desired (249 N.W. 893). Appeal was thereupon taken to
323
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
324
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
the United States Supreme Court. The counsel for the m ortgagee'
contended th a t the law was unconstitutional because it impaired the
rights under the contract, deprived appellant of its property without
due process of law, and denied equal protection of the laws.
In defending the statute, counsel pointed to the fact th a t “ a great
economic emergency has arisen in which the State has been compelled
to invoke the police power to protect its people in the possession and
ownership of their homes and farms and other real estate from the
disastrous effects of the wholesale foreclosure of real estate mortgages
which inevitably resulted from the present State-wide, Nation-wide,
world-wide economic depression.’’
In rendering the m ajority opinion, M r. Chief Justice Hughes re
viewed the m ajor provisions of the law and found th a t in determining
whether the provisions of the law exceed the power of the State by
reason of the clause in the Federal Constitution prohibiting im pair
m ent of the obligations of contracts, the C ourt m ust “ consider the
relation of emergency to constitutional power, the historical setting
of the contract clause” , and the development of the principles of
construction which we m ay consider to be established by the Court in
the construction of th a t clause.
In referring to the economic emergency as a basis for the legislation
the C ourt quoted from M r. Justice Olsen of the State court as follows:
T he p resen t N ation-w ide a n d w orld-w ide business a n d financial crisis has
th e sam e resu lts as if it were caused b y flood, earth q u a k e , o r d istu rb an ce in n atu re.
I t has deprived m illions of persons in th is N atio n of th e ir em p lo y m en t a n d m eans
of earning a living fo r them selves a n d th e ir fam ilies; it has d estro y ed th e value
of an d th e incom e from all p ro p e rty on w hich th o u san d s of people depended for
a living; it a c tu a lly h as resu lted in th e loss of th e ir hom es by a n u m b er of our
people an d th re a te n s to re su lt in th e loss of th e ir hom es b y m an y o th e r people
in th is S ta te ; i t has resu lted in such w idespread w a n t a n d suffering am ong our
people t h a t p riv ate, S ta te , a n d m u n icip al agencies are u n ab le to a d eq u ately
relieve th e w a n t an d suffering a n d C ongress has fo u n d it necessary to step in
an d a tte m p t to rem edy th e situ a tio n b y F ed eral aid. M illions o L th e people’s
m oney w ere a n d are y e t tie d up in closed b an k s a n d in business enterprises.
The Supreme Court then discussed the question as to whether
there had been a change in the rights of the parties because of the
enactm ent of the law. I t found:
T he s ta tu te does n o t im p air th e in te g rity of th e m ortgage indebtedness. T he
obligation for in te re st rem ains. T h e s ta tu te does n o t affect th e v alid ity of th e
sale or th e rig h t of a m o rtgagee-purchaser to title in fee, o r his rig h t to o b ta in a
deficiency jud g m en t, if th e m ortg ag o r fails to redeem w ithin th e prescribed period.
Aside from th e extension of tim e, th e o th e r conditions of red em p tio n are u n altered .
W hile th e m ortgagor rem ains in possession he m u st p a y th e re n ta l value as th a t
value has been determ ined, upon n otice a n d hearing, b y th e co u rt. T h e re n ta l
value so p aid is d ev o ted to th e carry in g of th e p ro p e rty by th e a p p licatio n of
th e required p ay m en ts to taxes, insurance, a n d in te re st on th e m ortgage in d e b te d
ness. W hile th e m ortgagee-purchaser is d eb arred from a c tu a l possession, he
has, so fa r as re n ta l value is concerned, th e e q u iv alen t of possession du rin g th e
extended period.
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LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS
325
“ While emergency does not create power”, said the Court, “ emer
gency may furnish the occasion for the exercise of power.” The
Court restated the rule established in Wilson v. New (243 U.S. 332) in
which the Court said: “ Although an emergency may not call into life
a power which has never lived, nevertheless emergency may afford
a reason for the exertion of a living power already enjoyed.” Con
tinuing the Court said:
T he co n stitu tio n al question p resen ted in th e lig h t of an em ergency is w heth er
th e pow er possessed em braces th e p a rtic u la r exercise of it in response to p a rtic u la r
conditions. T hus, th e w ar pow er of th e F ed eral G o v ern m en t is n o t created by
th e em ergency of w ar, b u t it is a pow er given to m eet t h a t em ergency. I t is a
pow er to w age w ar successfully, a n d th u s i t p erm its th e harnessing of th e en tire
energies of th e people in a suprem e cooperative effort to preserve th e N ation.
In the construction of the contract clause the court found the
debates in the Constitutional Convention of little assistance, but re
sorted to prior decisions to determine the full intent and meaning of
the clause. In Sturges v. Crowninshield (4 Wheat. 122), Mr. Chief
Justice Marshall said: “ The distinction between the obligation of a
contract, and the remedy given by the legislature to enforce that obli
gation, has been taken at the bar, and exists in the nature of things.
Without impairing the obligation of the contract, the remedy may
certainly be modified as the wisdom of the Nation shall direct.”
In Penniman’s case (103 U.S. 714) the court said: “ The general doctrine
of this court on this subject may be thus stated: In modes of proceed
ing and forms to enforce the contract the legislature has the control,
and may enlarge, limit, or alter them, provided it does not deny a
remedy or so embarrass it with conditions or restrictions as seriously
to impair the value of the right.” The court also called attention to
the decision in Stephenson v. Binjord (287 U.S. 251) in which the court
had pointed out that “ the policy of protecting contracts against
impairment presupposes the maintenance of a government by virtue
of which contractual relations are worth while—a government which
retains adequate authority to secure the peace and good order of
society.”
In upholding the Minnesota law, reliance was placed upon the
decisions upholding a statute establishing reasonable rates for elec
tricity; a statute prohibiting injurious practices in business; and
statutes regulating the renting of houses during an emergency period
of scarcity of housing facilities.
In arguing against a narrow interpretation of the Constitution,
Mr. Chief Justice Hughes again quoted Mr. Chief Justice Marshall,
who, in McCulloch v. Maryland (4 Wheat. 316) uttered the memorable
warning, “ We must never forget that it is a constitution we are ex
pounding—a constitution intended to endure for ages to come, and
consequently, to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
326
M ONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
In summing up the findings of the Court Mr. Chief Justice Hughes
concluded:
1. An em ergency existed in M innesota w hich fu rnished a p ro p er occasion for
th e exercise of th e reserve pow er of th e S ta te to p ro te c t th e v ita l in te re sts of th e
com m unity. * * *
2. T he legislation was addressed to a leg itim ate end; * * *
3. In view of th e n a tu re of th e co n tra c ts in questio n — m ortgages of u nques
tionable v alid ity — th e relief afforded a n d justified by th e em ergency, in order
n o t to contravene th e c o n stitu tio n a l provision, could only be of a ch a ra c te r a p p ro
p ria te to th a t em ergency a n d could be g ra n te d only u pon reasonable conditions.
4. T he conditions upon w hich th e period of red em p tio n is ex ten d ed do n o t
ap p ear to be unreasonable. * * *
5. T he legislation is te m p o ra ry in o peration. I t is lim ited to th e exigency
w hich called it fo rth . * * *
We are of th e opinion th a t th e M innesota s ta tu te as here applied does n o t
violate th e c o n tra c t clause of th e F ed eral C o n stitu tio n . W h eth e r th e legislation
is wise or unw ise as a m a tte r of policy is a q uestion w ith w hich we are n o t con
cerned.
W hat has been said on th a t p o in t is also applicable to th e c o n ten tio n p resen ted
under th e due process clause.
N or do we th in k th a t th e s ta tu te denies to th e a p p e lla n t th e eq u al p ro tectio n
of th e laws. T he classification w hich th e s ta tu te m akes can n o t be said to be an
a rb itra ry one.
Mr. Justice Sutherland rendered a dissenting opinion concurred in
by Justices Van Devanter, McReynolds, and Butler. The dissent
expressed the views that the decision rendered in Ex parte Milligan
(4 Wall. 2), “ in the face of circumstances of national peril and public
unrest and disturbance far greater than any that exist today, ” should
be declared as the rule to be followed today. Referring to that case
the dissenting justice said:
In th a t g reat case th is C o u rt said th a t th e provisions of th e C o n stitu tio n th ere
under consideration h ad been expressed b y our ancestors in such p lain E nglish
words th a t it w ould seem th e in g en u ity of m an could n o t evade th em , b u t th a t
a fter th e lapse of m ore th a n 70 years th e y were so u g h t to be avoided. “ Those
g reat an d good m e n ” , th e C o u rt said, “ foresaw t h a t tro u b lo u s tim es w ould arise,
w hen rulers a n d people w ould becom e restiv e u n d er re stra in t, a n d seek b y sh arp
an d decisive m easures to accom plish ends deem ed ju s t a n d p ro p er; a n d t h a t th e
principles of co n stitu tio n a l lib e rty w ould be in peril, unless estab lish ed by irrepealable law . T he h isto ry of th e w orld h ad ta u g h t th e m th a t w h a t was done in
th e p a st m ig h t be a tte m p te d in th e fu tu re .” A nd th e n , in w ords th e pow er an d
tr u th of w hich have becom e increasingly e v id e n t w ith th e lapse of tim e, th ere
was laid dow n th e rule w ith o u t w hich th e C o n stitu tio n w ould cease to be th e
“ suprem e law of th e la n d ” , binding equally upon g o vernm ents a n d governed a t
all tim es a n d u nder all circum stances, a n d becom e a m ere collection of political
m axim s to be adhered to or disregarded according to th e p revailing se n tim e n t or th e
legislative an d judicial opinion in respect of th e supposed necessities of th e h o u r:
“ T he C o n stitu tio n of th e U n ited S ta te s is a law for ru lers a n d people, equally
in w ar a n d in peace, a n d covers w ith th e shield of its p ro tectio n all classes of m en,
a t all tim es, an d un d er all circum stances. No doctrine, involving m ore pernicious
consequences, was ever in v en ted by th e w it of m an th a n t h a t a n y of its provisions
can be suspended during a n y of th e g re a t exigencies of gov ern m en t. Such
a doctrine leads directly to an a rc h y or despotism , * *
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
S tr ik e s a n d L o c k o u ts in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s in D e c e m b e r 1933
ATA regarding industrial disputes in the United States for
December 1933 with comparable data for preceding months are
presented below. Disputes involving fewer than six workers and
lasting less than one day have been omitted.
Table 1 shows the number of disputes beginning in each year from
1927 to 1932, the number of workers involved and man-days lost
for these years and for each of the months, January 1932 to December
1933, inclusive, as well as the number of disputes in effect at the
end of each month and the number of workers involved. The number
of man-days lost, as given in the last column of the table, refers to
the estimated number of working days lost by workers involved in
disputes which were in progress during the month or year specified.
D
1 __ IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T AT E N D OF EACH
M O N TH JA N U A R Y 1932 TO D E C E M B E R 1933, A N D TOTAL N U M B E R OF D ISPU T ES,
W ORKERS, A N D M A N -D A Y S LOST IN TH E Y E A R S, 1927 TO 1932
T abtf
Number of disputes
Month and year
Begin In effect Beginning
ning in
end of in month
month or atmonth
or year
year
1927
] Q9»
1Q2Q
19 3( 1
1931
__________________
_________
1 QQ9
1932
_ _ _
- ______ ______ __
_
___
_
—
-------_______ _ _
__ _
_ _______________ __________ ___________
T u TIP,
July
----------------------- ------------------------------------
_____ ___________
A u g u st
ftp.pt.pmhpr
--_ _ ______________________
_____ _____
October
-
N ovem ber
mppp.m bp.r
--
_
-
__
—
-
-
--
---
_____
___ __
_________ _____________
______________ _
1933
F p b rn a ry
ATareh
-
April
-
__ __________________________________
________
July
A u g u st
S e p te m b e r
Outnbp.r
N ovem ber *
D ecem ber l
_________
-
--------------------___ ___________
______
ATa y
June
- ___________
________ __ -
-
-
------
________________________________________
_ _____________________________________ __
____ ______ —
___ _______________________ —
_
___________________________ ________
_ _______________________________
i Preliminary figures subject to change.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect
at end of
month
Number of
man-days
lost in
disputes
existing in
month or
year
37, 799, 394
31, 556,947
9,975, 213
2, 730, 368
6, 386,183
6, 462, 973
349,434
357,145
230,463
158,114
279, 299
242, 826
734
629
903
653
894
808
______
_______
______ _
F ebruary
ATarch
April
ATa y
Number of workers in
volved in disputes
87
56
64
89
87
69
66
85
85
47
38
35
37
34
30
44
52
46
40
38
33
23
21
12
12,091
33, 713
33, 087
19,187
44, 357
15,858
20, 890
28, 492
17,824
10,442
3,460
3,425
4,993
31,103
13, 937
21,513
49, 777
24,138
33, 216
27, 717
7,456
2, 324
1,896
997
132,873
460, 701
736, 782
620, 866
1, 251, 455
943, 338
740, 785
754,423
566, 045
147, 059
68,154
40,492
67
63
91
72
133
131
219
198
180
107
56
41
29
32
41
46
49
45
68
73
92
67
45
40
19, 616
10, 909
39,913
23,077
41, 652
40, 903
108, 350
145, 635
235, 071
51, 668
38,875
26,924
8,790
6,706
12, 794
19, 867
16, 584
24, 593
49, 058
101, 041
150, 210
94,368
23, 277
14, 706
240,912
109, 860
445, 771
535, 039
603, 723
504, 362
1,404,850
1, 401, 532
3, 642,431
3,067,967
1,193,188
441, 807
327
328
M ONTHLY
LABOR
R E V IE W
T a b le 2 s h o w s in d e ta il b y c it y , S t a te , a n d in d u s tr y th e n u m b e r o f
s tr ik e s in
D ecem b er
1 9 3 3 , th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in v o lv e d
and
th e
m a n -d a y s lo s t.
T able 3 .—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T AT E N D OF
D E C E M B E R 1933, A N D M A N -D A Y S LOST, BY CITY A N D IN D U S T R Y
Number of work
ers involved in
disputes
Number
of mandays lost
In effect
Begin In effect
in D e
at end of ning in at end of cember
Decem Decem Decem
ber
ber
ber
Number of dis
putes
Industry or occupation and city
Begin
ning in
Decem
ber
Auto, carriage, and wagon workers:
New Jersey: Edgewater.............- ........................... . .
Pennsylvania:
Chester.-. - ______ ______________________
Philadelphia____ _ .____ _____________ ____
Total--. ................. ................
_ _
Bakers:
Missouri: Springfield_________________________
New York:
Brooklyn. . . . ___________________________
New York C ity.................... ............. ..................
Ohio:
Toledo___ _____ _______ _____ __________
D o ________________________ ______ _
Pennsylvania: Reading ...........
T o t a l._____ _
_________________________
1
Total_____ ________
T o t a l........................................................
Clothing trades:
California: Los Angeles....... .....................
........
Iowa: C lin to n ............................................ ..........
Massachusetts: Stoughton............. ......................
Missouri: St. L o u is .................................................
8, 000
200
4, 000
‘ 8, 400
2
600
20,400
1
43
43
817
1,200
1 1, 250
30,000
1
1
1
17
45
45
1 126
34
810
3
3
105
1,288
33, 037
1
200
1 42
5, 000
1
200
5, 042
800
300
120
18, 400
576
900
2,500
i 987
27,900
38,100
848
____________________
Total . . ................. . . . . . . .....................
Clerks and salesmen:
New York: New York C ity__________________
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia______________ ____
400
1
1
Building trades:
New York: New York C ity__________________
Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh __________________
Chauffeurs and teamsters:
Michigan: Detroit_________________________ .
New Jersey: N ew a rk ............... . __ . . . ____ . .
N ew York: New York C ity______ ___________
Ohio: Canton__________ ____________________
Pennsylvania:
Philadelphia_______ ____ _ _ ____________
D o __________________________________
D o _______________________________
Pittsburgh_____ __________ _____ ________
1
1
1
I
1
3
1
1
1
1
100
40
800
144
12,800
212
8
3
14,096
4,200
87, 231
1
2
1
2
18
450
18
450
360
6,400
3
3
468
468
6,760
1
1,000
1
1
6i5
615
1,000
i 748
' 334
7,995
Total........................................................... .............
Food workers:
Florida: Lake Wales....... . . ............................
Illinois: Chicago__________________ ________
2
1
1,615
615
10, 077
1
1
1
1,500
1,400
1,500
24.000
21.000
Total_________ ______ ____________ _____
Furniture workers:
Ohio: D a y to n ............................................. ...............
Hotel and restaurant workers:
New Jersey: Lakewood....................................
_.
New York: New York C ity_____________ _____
2
1
2,900
1,500
45,000
26
650
T o ta l......................................... ................
1
1
1
]
40
39
40
440
312
2
1
79
40
752
11.e., in strikes which began prior to December anc continue« l into Dec smber but were not i n effect at
the end of the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
329
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
T a b l e 2 —IN D U S T R IA L D ISPU T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T AT E N D OF
D E C E M B E R 1933, A N D M A N -D A Y S LOST, BY C ITY A N D IN D U S T R Y — Continued
Number of work
ers involved in Number
disputes
of mandays lost
in D e
Begin In effect cember
Begin In effect
ning in at end of ning in at end of
Decem Decem Decem Decem
ber
ber
ber
ber
Number of dis
putes
Industry or occupation and city
Iron and steel workers:
___________________________
Illinois: Alton
Ohio* Dover
- _________
Total
_ _ ______________________
Jewelry workers:
N ew Jersey Newark
______
Laundry workers:
Illinois* Ohicago
- _____
Leather workers:
Longshoremen, freight handlers:
Louisiana: New Orleans--------------------------------
1
1
1
250
1,000
250
2,750
7,000
2
1
1,250
250
9, 750
600
15,000
1
27
27
1
i 2,600
1
1
75
75
525
1
1
185
185
1 208
3,700
i 528
294
M etal trades:
Connecticut:
Hartford__ ______________________________
Georgia * Atlanta
Illinois:
n an ton
Chicago
________
21
1
1
8
200
715
1 4,000
- _______ _
- ______
1
____ _________________________
1
1
70
70
i 2,280
1,400
Total. ________________________________
4
3
419
263
13, 325
143
N ew York:
Brooklyn
Miners:
Pennsylvania:
Goaldale Tamaqna
T otal-------------------- ----------------------------Motion-picture operators and theatrical workers:
Missouri’ St Tonis
Oil and chemical workers:
Pennsylvania: Langeloth_____________________
1
175
700
1
2,650
37,100
i 3, 750
2
2,825
41, 550
1
1
1
427
10
310
427
8, 540
Slaughtering and meat-packing workers:
Minnesota: South St. Paul-........... - ------ -----------
1
300
i 276
i 7,500
T otal---------------------------------------- - ............
1
300
7, 776
Municipal employees:
Illinois:
D u Page County_________________________
1
1
1,000
1,000
19,000
i 150
Total- ________________________________
1
1
1,000
1,000
19,150
Teachers:
Pennsylvania: Pittston township----------- ---------
1
1
30
30
360
Textiles:
Alabama:
jacksonville
Mflinfv W astbrook
Minnpsotiv Mirvnpapolis
Mississippi:
i 1,440
--
350
1
__
1
50
1
100
8, 750
i 1,086
100
2,500
i 200
200
200
2,200
1
1
Do
__________________________
N ew Jersey:
1 20, 315
Pa torson
70
560
70
1
1
Do
____________________
i 1, 600
North Carolina: Asheboro----------------------------1I.e., in strikes which began prior to December and continued into December but were not in effect at
the end of the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
330
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 2 .—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T AT E N D OF
D E C E M B E R 1933, A N D M A N -D A Y S LOST, BY C ITY A N D IN D U S T R Y — Continued
Number of work
ers involved in Number
disputes
of mandays lost
in D e
In effect
Begin In effect cember
at end of ning in at end of
Decem Decem Decem
ber
ber
ber
Number of dis
putes
Industry or occupation and city
Begin
ning in
Decem
ber
Textiles—Continued.
Pennsylvania:
Easton_____ . . . ___________ . . . .
Laureldale . . . . ___ __
Northampton___ ____
Reading__________
._
Scranton___ _ _
Rhode Island:
Central Falls and Pawtucket
Pawtucket__ . . . .
South Carolina:
Bennettsville___ _
Clearwater
_____
Langley and B ath___________ . _ .
Tennessee: Knoxville.. . _
Total_____________
Tobacco workers:
Pennsylvania, Nantieoke_____________
Other occupations:
Molders:
Ohio: D ayton.
. . . ___ . _
Paint workers:
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia______
Rubber products:
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia_______________
Tin-can workers:
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia_______________
Wooden-box workers:
Washington: R aym ond .. . . ______
Total_________
Grand total
. ..
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
100
200
340
1
75
759
.100
200
1,875
18,975
1,000
1,400
3,060
22
1 22,000
440
200
» 396
i 96
i 355
5,000
6
10
960
2,076
93, 348
1
1
614
614
14,122
1
' 234
i 2,750
1
1
34
34
782
>459
1
90
2,250
1
2
34
124
6,475
41
40
26,924
14, 706
441,807
11.e., in strikes which began prior to December and continued into December but were not in effect
at the end of the month.
Occurrence of Disputes
T a b l e 3 gives, by industrial groups, the number of strikes beginning
in October, November, and December 1933, and the number of
workers directly involved.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
331
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
T able
3 .—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN
D E C E M B E R 1933
OCTOBER, N O V E M B E R , A N D
Number of workers involved
in disputes beginning in—
Number of disputes
beginning in—
Industrial group
N ovem
ber
N o Decem October
October vember
ber
Auto, carriage, and wagon workers___ ______
Bakers___
-------______________
Brewery and soft-drink workers--. . - --------Building trades
_
______ _
-----Chauffeurs and teamsters _-______ ___
Clerks and salesmen _ _ ____________ _____
Clothing workers. --------______ - - - - - Electric and gas appliance workers. - ___ -Farm labor - - - - - ________
Food workers_______________________________
Furniture w o r k e rs__ _ _________ _ . _ .
Hotel and restaurant w o r k e r s ...____- Iron and steel workers__________
_ . _ __
Jewelry workers „ ____________ .
_ .
Laundry workers___________ ______________
Leather workers___ __
Light, heat, power, and water workers _______
Longshorem en..-.’------------------------------------ . .
.. ...
M etal trades ___________ - - ---Miners----------------------------------------- --------------Motion-picture operators and theatrical workers
Oil and chemical workers, . . . . .
Paper and paper goods workers . . . . . . ___
Printing and publishing workers___ __
Rubber workers__ _
_ _. _
.
Shipbuilding workers__
Slaughtering and meat-packing employees _
Municipal workers—. 1_____. .. .A
.. ...
Teachers
____________ . ...................
Textile workers___________________ .
___
Tobacco workers________ . . ___ _
Other occupations____________ . . . . ________
T otal_________
_ ______________ _____
2
4
2
1
6
5
2
3
8
3
2
3
13
2
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
6
i
2
7
13
2.
105
207
1,071
9,133
300
2, 550
'210
441
251
3, 050
90
2, 526
300’
300
490
5,471
600
14, 096
‘ 468
1,615
7
26
2,900
2
2
1
79
1,250
1
1
1
3
6
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
18
698
1,718
5,315
40
605
4,835
3
Decem
ber
1
4
2
1,500
119
21, 862
28
1
12
5
1
1
6
1
1
107
56
41
10
75
419
2, 825
427
550
37
1, 736
3,500
93
100
112
5, 753
1
8
2
27
650
37
5,088
213
4,131
2,437
1,000
30
960
614
34
51, 668
38,875
26, 924
2, 363
Size and Duration of Disputes
T a b l e 4 gives the number of industrial disputes beginning in
December 1933, classified by number of workers and by industrial
groups.
T able
4 .—N U M B E R OF IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN D E C E M B E R 1933,
CLASSIFIED BY N U M B E R OF W ORKERS A N D BY IN D U S T R IA L GROUP
Number of disputes beginning in December 1933
involving—
Industrial group
B a k e rs____ ________
Chauffeurs and teamsters
_______ _______
Clerks and salesmen__
_ _ _
Clothing workers.. ____ . . . .
Food workers........ ...........
................
Hotel and restaurant workers
Iron and steel workers
Laundry workers
Longshoremen
Metal trades
Miners
............. ........................................
Oil and chemical workers
Municipal workers
Teachers
Textile workers
Tobacco workers
Other occupations
T otal____________ ___________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,000
5,000
6 and
20 and 100 and 500 and
and
under
under
under
under
under workers
500
1,000
and
20
100
5,000
over
workers workers workers workers workers
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
4
1
13
15
1
3
7
1
332
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
In Table 5 are shown the number of industrial disputes ending in
December 1933, by industrial groups and classified duration.
T able 5 . -N U M B E R
OF IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S E N D IN G IN D E C E M B E R 1933, BY
IN D U S T R IA L GROUP A N D C L A SSIFIED D U R A T IO N
Classified duration of strikes ending in December
1933
Industrial group
One-half
month
or less
Auto, carriage, and wagon workers__________ ____
Bakers ____________ - ________________ _______
Building tr a d e s .-_______________________ _______
Chauffeurs and team sters... ___________ „ ______
Clothing workers________________
_____________
Food workers____ ____ ________ ________________
Hotel and restaurant workers __ _ ____________ ____
Iron and steel w orkers____
. . _ . ________
Laundry workers _________________ _______ ____
Leather w orkers______________________ _______
Metal trades
__ ______________________ _____
Miners
_ _______ _ _ ______ _ _ _________
Slaughtering and meat-packing employees _______
Municipal workers _______ ___________________
Textile workers
_ _ _ _ __________________
Other occupations. _________ ___ ___ - __________
Total.............................. .............................................
Over one- 1 month 2 and less 3 and less
half and and less
than 3
than 4
less than than 2
1 month months months months
1
3
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
1
26
6
6
1
1
1
8
5
1
Table 6 gives the number of disputes beginning in December 1933,
by States and classified number of workers.
T a b l e 6 —TOTAL N U M B E R
OF ST R IK E S A N D W OR K ER S IN V O L V E D , CLASSIFIED
BY ST A TES A N D SIZE, FOR T H E M O N T H OF D E C E M B E R 1933
State
Alabama__________________ . . .
C alifornia______________________ .
Florida___________________________
Georgia.. . _________ _____ ___ ___
Illinois __________________________
Kentucky________________________
Louisiana____ ____________________
Maine
. ______________ . ____
M ic h ig a n ____ ___________________
M ississippi.. . . __________________
Missouri _____________ . ___ ____
N ew Jersey_______________________
New York______________________
Onio.
. ________________________
Pennsylvania................... .......................
Total_______________________
______________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total
num
ber of
strikes
Number of disputes beginning in December,
involving—
Total
num
ber of
workers 6 and 20 and 100 and 500 and 1,000
5,000
and
in
under under under under under
work
20
100
500
1,000
volved
ers and
5,000
workers workers workers workers workers over
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
3
15
D5
1,000
1,500
21
2,820
185
75
50
100
200
658
150
927
1,161
17,902
41
26,924
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
3
1
8
1
2
1
1
12
16
3
7
1
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
333
C o n cilia tio n W ork of th e D e p a r tm en t of Labor in D ecem b er 1933
By H u g h L. K e r w i n , D i r e c t o r
of
C o n cilia t io n
HE Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exer
cised her good offices in connection with 58 labor disputes during
December 1933. These disputes affected a known total of 71,162
employees. The table following shows the name and location of the
establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature of
the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy not having
reached the strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned, the
cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement, the
date of beginning and ending, and the number of workers directly and
indirectly involved.
In addition to the cases shown, there were 58 cases in general
industry, 8 controversies involving the provisions of the prevailingwage law, 98 disputes involving violations of the N.I.R.A., and
13 cases involving wages and working conditions on civil-works
projects.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
334
LABOR D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y CO N C ILIA TIO N SER V IC E D U R IN G T H E M O N TH OF D E C E M B E R 1933
Workers
involved
Duration
Company or industry and
location
Nature of
controversy
Craftsmen concerned
Cause of dispute
Present status and terms of
settlement
Begin
ning
Haller Bros., Toledo, Ohio
Strike.
Emporia Machine Works, North Lockout___
Emporia, Va.
Bayonne, N .J., Textile Corpora Strike_____
tion, Bayonne, N.J.
United States locks, Starved ------do_____
Rock, 111.
Cigar makers, Nanticoke, Pa____
Corset makers, Glen Lyon, Pa___
Springfield Coffin & Casket Co.,
Springfield, Ohio.
Wholesale grocers, Toledo, O hio...
Cetwick Silk Mills, Inc., Asheboro, N .C .
Upholsterers, Chicago, 111_______
Bakers, Fort Worth, Tex________
Cline Ice Cream Co., Charleston,
W.Va.
Radio station building, Louisville,
Ky.
Canton Motor Coach, Inc., Can
ton, Ohio.
Bakers and drivers.- Alleged discrimination for union
affiliation.
Silk workers______
Lock builders_____
------do_____ Cigar makers______
------do______ Corset makers_____
Controversy Employees________
Wage increase and union recognition.
Wage controversy___. . . . . . _
55
90
20
47
80
10
6
lß
24
Adjusted. Increase 15 percent
and recognition of U .T. W. of A.
Adjusted. Contractor agreed to
pay 65 cents per hour, effective
Dec. 1, 1933.
Working conditions .
_ _
Pending
_____ . __
Wages and discharges. . . .
. . .do - - - ._
_
Wages. ______
_______ . _ Adjusted. Back wages paid in full
Sept. 13
Dec.
5
130
N ov. 30
Dec.
8
30
N ov. 28
Dec.
1
28
Oct. 20
N ov. 30
370
Strike_____
Drivers___________
..d o _____
Silk throwers______
..d o _____
Threatened
strike.
. ..d o _____
Upholsterers______
Bakers____________
Asked increase and union recogni- Adjusted. Increase from $4 to $8
tion.
per week and union recognition.
Asked wage increase and im- Adjusted. Satisfactory
agreeproved conditions.
ment.
Asked union recognition .
Pending . ___
....
Working conditions. _ ____ _ - _ do___ ___ _ _____
Drivers___________
Hours and w ages.. . .
Strike_____
Iron workers______
..d o _____
Employees________
Peoples Street Railway, Dayton, Threatened
Ohio.
strike,
Barbers, Chicago, 111..._________
---d o _____
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1933
1933
Adjusted. Returned. Regional N ov. 30 Dec. 2
board assisting in final settlement of terms.
Packing-house work Discharges and working condi- Adjusted. Reinstated with satis- Dec. 1 Dec. 4
ers.
tions.
factory agreement.
Core makers______ Wages and conditions- . .
. . . _ Adjusted. Wage increase; will
do
Dec. 16
abide by code when adopted.
Sand and gravel Working conditions and dis- Adjusted. All workers reinstated- Dec. 4 ---d o___
workers.
charges.
Molders__________ Asked wage increase; discharges. _ _ do___ ________ ______
N ov. 20 N ov 30
D i
Indi
rectly rectly
______
Adjusted. Agreement with increase.
Objection to nonunion w orkers... Pending____ . _________
Asked increase and union recognition.
Street-railway work Asked agreement on working
ers.
conditions.
Barbers___________ Low wages and lack of code for
this industry.
Dec.
do
Dec.
Dec.
5
0)
120
21
N ov. 29
15
(i)
6
Adjusted. Small increase, union -_-do___
recognition and arbitration for
future differences.
Adjusted.
Satisfactory
agree- Nov.' 28
ment.
Adjusted. Proposed hearing on Dec. 7
barbers’ code; strike averted.
1,100
(i)
(1)
4
8
Nov. 27
Dec.
250
Dec.
8
140
Dec. 30
100
Dec. 14
900
100
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Kühner Eckert Packing Co., Fort ____do__
Wayne, Ind.
Indiana Foundry Co., Kokomo, ____do— .
Ind.
A. F. Wardlow, Columbus, Ga__ ------ do_____
Ending
Telephone workers, Boston, M ass, Controversy
33773'
Western Gas Co., Phoenix, Ariz _
_ do___
John D onnelly Advertising Co.,
Boston, Mass.
Natural Soda Products Co., Kel
ler, Calif.
American Zinc Co., Langloth, Pa
Lockout ,,
Telephone workers,, Complaint against picketing____ Adjusted. Dispensed with pick
eting; no further complaint.
Working conditions____________ Adjusted. Agreed to leave mat
ter to governor of State.
Bill posters__
Wages and agreement__________ Pending___ _____ ______________
Employees.
Strike.,, , , Employees
1
N ov. 6
N ov. 27
Nov.
Dec. 14
Aug.
1
10
Dec.
6
120
500
1,880
Dec. 16
4
Dec. 17
700
do__
25
235
(>)
3, 000
Dec. 19
14
Dec. 22
267
60
100
50
Dec. 15
100
1,200
Dec.
900
128
8
(i)
(l)
Dec. 14
100
Dec. 18
50
200
Dec. 18
(i)
150
100
Dec. 15
2, 200
300
33 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
900
(!)
INDUSTKIAL DISPUTES
.
_ . Discharges and union recognition, Adjusted. Regional board will Dec. 1
continue hearings.
___do_____ ---- do___________ __ Asked 30 percent wage increase, Pending_______________________ Dec. 7
check-off and improved work
ing conditions.
Pan-American Refinery Co., Texas
do_____ Building workers__ Working conditions____________ ------do__________________________ Dec. 5
City, Tex.
Wagner Manufacturing Co., Sid Lockout ,
Metal polishers
____do_________ ______ _________ Adjusted. Committee chosen to Oct. 30
ney, Ohio.
handle grievances.
Reeves Manufacturing Co., Do Strike, ,
Employees
Discharges for union activity____ Adjusted. Company agreed to com Dec. 9
ver, Ohio.
ply with all provisions of N .R .A .
code and reinstated all workers.
Greer Steel M ill, Dover, Ohio____ ___do_____ Steel workers
___ do_________ _______________ ------do__________________________ Dec. 11
Plasterers, Pittsburgh, Pa_______ Lockout , , Plasterers
Working conditions____________ Pending________________________ June 1
Citrus fruit workers, Avon Park, Strike . . ,. Citrus-fruit workers. ___ do____________ ______ ______ ------do__________________________ Dec. 9
Fla.
Steffens Ice Cream & Dairy Co., ___do____
Ice cream and dairy Wages and discharges__________ Unclassified. Referred to regional Dec. 15
Wichita, Kans.
workers.
board of St. Louis, Mo.
Montana Power & Light Co.,
_do.
Plumbers, steam fit Asked 20 percent increase_______ Adjusted. Agreed to arbitration N ov. 4
Butte, M ont.
ters and electrical
of differences.
workers.
Kentucky Traction & Terminal Threatened Traction and termi Wages and hours of labor_______ Pending_______________________ Dec. 10
Co., Lexington, Ky.
strike.
nal workers.
Power station building, Spring- Strike_____ Building trades____ Wage scale............... ......................... Adjusted. Agreed on 55 cents per Nov. 23
field, 111.
hour.
Foster & Kleiser, Los Angeles, Controversy. Bill posters.
Wage cut_____________________ Pending________________________ Nov. 26
Calif.
Kirtzman Bros., Los Angeles, Strike_____ Clothing manufac Alleged violation of agreement__ Adjusted. 860 workers returned; Dec. 3
Calif.
turers.
40 took grievances to regional
board.
Colts Electrical Device, Hartford, ____do_____ Electrical workers,,. Protest ballot taken by firm_____ Pending________________________ Dec. 13
Conn.
Flour mill workers, Fort Worth, Threatened Flour-mill workers __ Working conditions____________ ___ do________________ ______ ___ ___do__
Tex.
strike.
Noblitt Sparks Co., Greenwood, Strike_____ Auto accessory mak Discharges; alleged discrimina Unable to adjust. Company de Dec. 11
Ind.
ers.
tion.
nied discrimination.
State Capitol Building, Helena, Controversy, Remodeling
a n d Wage scale____________ ____ ___ Adjusted. Wages adjusted; hours Dec. 5
Mont.
heating craftsmen.
to be decided later.
Merit Shoe Co., Athol, M ass____ ------do-------- Shoe workers______ Proposed wage reduction_______ Pending________________________ Dec. 15
Traction workers, Tulsa, Okla___ Threatened Traction workers__ Working conditions____________ Adjusted. Increased from 2 to Dec. 14
strike.
TYi cents per hour; union recog
nized and agreement signed.
White Motor Co., Cleveland, ____do____
Employees
Wages and working conditions.__ Adjusted. Union recognized and Dec. 4
Ohio.
future conferences on grievances
arranged.
]N ot yet reported.
8, 000
336
LABOR D ISPU T E S H A N D L E D B Y C O N C ILIA TIO N SERV IC E D U R IN G T H E M O N T H OF D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Duration
Company or industry and
location
Nature of
controversy
Cause of dispute
Craftsmen concerned
Strike.
Hosiery workers.
Wages____ . _______
Motor Freight Express, Reading,
Pa.
Superior Supreme Pretzel Co.,
Reading, Pa.
Cigar makers, Tampa, F la______
-do.
Employees_____
Working conditions.
.do_
Pretzel m akers..
Threatened
strike.
Strike____
Cigar makers___
Refusal to comply with decision
of arbitration committee.
Wages and working conditions..
Mountain Lake Corp., Lake
Wales, Fla.
Sanitarium, Battle Creek, M ich .. Controversy
North Carolina Granite Co.,
Mount Airy, N .C .
Kebler Trucking Co., Indian
apolis, Ind.
Sausage makers, Chicago, 111-------
Maintenance work Asked wage increase___ ______
ers.
Workers in sani Proposed dismissal o f workers..
tarium.
Threatened
strike.
Strike____
Granite eutters..
.d o ..
Sausage makers.
Truck drivers.
Wages, conditions of employ
ment; recognition.
Working conditions____________
_do.
A m lin g G reen house, M elrose ___ do_____
Park, Chicago, 111.
Dupont Co., Deepwater, N .J____ ___ do_____
Greenhouse workers ___ do.
Brick masons______
Wages.
Marietta Manufacturing Co.,
Point Pleasant, W.Va.
Kaufmann Department Store,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Shipbuilding work
ers.
Truck drivers_____
Adjustment of hours and wages
under code.
Recognition and working condi
tions.
Controversy
Strike_____
Laclede Steel Mill, Alton, 111____ I------ do
Bus drivers, Everett, W ash_____
Total.
1 Not yet reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Threatened
strike.
Steel workers.
Working conditions___________
Bus drivers...
Asked wage increase from 42 to 55
cents per hour.
Unable to adjust. Conciliation
not desired; asked action of
National Labor Board.
Pending_______________________
_do_
_do.
A d ju sted . R etu rn ed pending
conferences; increases allowed.
Adjusted. Commissioner was as
sured no action of dismissal
would be taken.
Pending_______________________
Begin
ning
Ending
1933
Dec. 3
1933
Dec. 12
Dec. 15
D i
Indi
rectly rectly
180
580
0)
40
do __
10,000
__ do.
2,000
Dec. 17
Dec. 23
131
Dec. 20
Dec. 22
33
200
182
731
Nov. 8
Adjusted.
Satisfactory agree Dec. 21
ment.
Adjusted.
Satisfactory settle Dec. 1
ment. Regional board assisted
in settlement.
Pending_________ _____ ________ _ Dec. 22
Dec. 23
72
Dec. 19
1,400
Adjusted. Agreed on $1 per hour
for temporary work.
Adjusted.
Satisfactory agree
ment.
Adjusted. Allowed union recog
nition.
Dec. 26
Dec. 28
40
N ov. 16
Dec. 19
350
Dec. 15
Dec. 31
100
200
Unclassified. Transferred to re
gional board.
Adjusted. Union agreement with
check-off; wage increase from
40 to 50 cents per hour.
Dec. 19
1934
Jan. 6
300
150
Jan. 10
38
do
400
(i)
34, 286
29,000
36,876
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Bossong Hosiery Mills, Asheboro,
N.C.
Present status and terms of
settlement
W orkers
involved
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
337
W ork o f U n ite d S t a te s B oard o f M e d ia tio n , 1932-33
HE United States Board of Mediation was constituted under the
terms of the Railroad Labor Act of 1926, to handle cases of dispute
which the carriers and their employees have been unable to settle in
conference. In such cases the law directs that the Board of Media
tion shall endeavor to induce the parties to submit their controversy
to an arbitration board composed of 3 or 6 members (as the parties
may determine), of whom one third shall represent the carriers, one
third the employees, and one third shall be neutral. If the repre
sentatives of the carriers and the employees fail to name the neutral
member or members, it becomes the duty of the Board of Mediation
to appoint such member or members.
The report of the board for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1933,
recently issued, records 845 cases involving rates of pay, rules, or
working conditions as having been submitted to it since it began opera
tions in July 1926. Of this total 765 cases had been disposed of by
June 30, 1933; 95 of these were acted upon during the fiscal year
1932-33. Of these 95 cases, 23 were settled through mediation, 3
were submitted to arbitration, 14 were withdrawn during process of
mediation, 4 were withdrawn before mediation was instituted, 6 were
withdrawn for other reasons, and 45 were closed by action of the
board. During this period the board also received 1,268 cases involv
ing grievances or differences arising out of interpretation or applica
tion of existing agreements concerning rates of pay, rules, or working
conditions, which had been considered by but had not been decided
upon by an appropriate adjustment board. Of this total 991 cases
had been disposed of by June 30, 1933; 344 of these were acted upon
during the fiscal year 1932-33. Of these 344 cases, 107 were settled
through mediation, 37 were submitted to arbitration, 90 were with
drawn during process of mediation, 12 were withdrawn before media
tion was instituted, 97 were closed by action of the board, and 1 was
settled before arbitrators were named.
In submitting the report the board says:
T
T here has been no em ployee w ith d raw al from service during th e p a st year.
W hile carriers an d em ployees do n o t alw ays agree eye to eye as to all featu res of
settlem ents m ade u nder th e provisions of th e R ailw ay L ab o r Act, th e conclusions
reached (w ith only negligible exceptions) have been accepted in a fine an d gener
ous sp irit and w ith o u t evidences of recrim ination or h o stility by em ployees an d
carriers alike.
P robably no b e tte r evidence of th e relatio n sh ip of em ployers a n d em ployees
can be found th a n th e very fa c t th a t in te rsta te com m erce has n o t been in te r
ru p ted .
T he p a st y ear has been m ark ed by uncertainties an d indecisions on th e p a rt of
b o th carriers and th e ir employees.
T he tim es ap p ear to have led all persons h aving differences in in te rsta te com
m erce railroad in d u stry to m ove w ith unu su al cau tio n a n d p ro b ab ly to m ake
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
338
M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W
claim s an d hold o u t ag ain st claim s for obvious reasons. We th in k it fair to say
th a t m any questions have arisen in th e form of disputes, claims, etc., during th e
p a st 2 years of depressed conditions w hich w ould n o t h av e been b ro u g h t fo rw ard
in norm al tim es. * • * *
T h e railro ad lab o r estab lish m en t, em ployers a n d em ployees, h as m an ifested th e
sam e courageous a n d te m p e ra te purpose as has m ark ed in d u stry generally in th e
U nited S tates an d h as c o n trib u te d its share in th e direction of proceeding peace
fully in th e tra n sactio n of its business, and, we believe, w ith a desire to c o n trib u te
its share to th e stab ilizatio n of in d u stria l relatio n s a n d th e estab lish m en t of b e tte r
N ation-w ide econom ic conditions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WORKERS’ EDUCATION AND TRAINING
R ep o rt o f F ed era l B oard for V o c a tio n a l E d u c a tio n , 1932-33
NDER the plans for the cooperation of the States with the
Federal Government, local vocational education programs
continued during the year ended June 30, 1933, in each of the 48
States and in Hawaii and Puerto Rico, according to the report of the
Federal Board for Vocational Education, which is included in the
report of the Secretary of the Interior for that year.1
In some States the plans have expanded even under the great
pressure for retrenchment. For the first time since the creation of
the Board, however, the total enrollment under State plans was
below the total of the preceding year. This falling off was an inevi
table result of the cut in Federal, State, and local revenues available
for vocational education. In the fiscal year 1932-33 the expenditure
from Federal funds amounted to $7,728,141 and from State and local
funds, $22,398,643, making a total of $30,126,784, which was a
reduction of $3,275,619 as compared with the expenditures of the
previous year. Vocational training opportunities were correspond
ingly reduced and no funds were available for the promotion of
vocational education in new sections, despite the need of broadening
the scope of vocational training to include new occupations. The
reductions in enrollments were found mainly in the registration of
employed workers in vocational evening courses for instruction
bearing on their every-day employment and in the enrollments of
young wage earners for part-time instruction. The reduced enroll
ments indicate chiefly the widespread unemployment in the trades
and industries. It is, of course, obvious that unemployed workers
cannot take vocational training “ supplementary to their daily
employment”, when they have no such employment.
As for young wage earners, it is found that when unemployment is
on the increase some of them who normally would enroll for parttime vocational training return to the all-day schools. However,
many cannot or at least do not do so and, for the time being, are
U
1 B y Executive order of June 10, 1933, effective on Aug. 10, the functions of the Federal Board for Voca
tional Education were transferred to the Department of the Interior, and the board was made an advisory
board to act without compensation. On Oct. 10, 1933, the Secretary of the Interior assigned the functions
of the board to the Commissioner of Education, the necessary personnel under the board to be organized
as a subdivision under the general supervision of the Commissioner of Education, who was directed to
proceed with the necessary reorganization of the Office of Education.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
339
340
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
neither at work nor attending school. During the year under
review, in New York City and in numerous other communities
unemployed adult workers enrolled in all-day schools, but such
enrollments were not reported under State vocational programs.
The unemployment situation has not so directly affected the enroll
ments in home-economics and agricultural schools, which have
continued to increase in 1933.
For the 12 months ended June 30, 1933, the total enrollment in
vocational courses of all types carried on by local communities under
State plans was 1,149,495, including boys, girls, and adults of all ages,
distributed as shown in table 1:
T able
1
.— E N R O L L M E N T
IN V O C A T IO N A L S C H O O L S O P E R A T E D
P L A N S , Y E A R E N D E D J U N E 30, 1933 i
Agricul
tural
Type of school
Schools federally aided:
E v e n in g --......
...... ............................... .....................
_____________________ ____ _
Part-time
-Trade extension
. . . . . . . ____________
General continuation____ _ _____ ________ _
All dav .
_ .
. ________________________
D a y -u n it.. ____________ ______ _____ _______
All types . . .
_________________________
Schools not federally aided:
Evening.
__ __ . . . . . . _ ________ .
________________________ .
Part-tim e..
Trade extension. . . . . . . . _ _ _____ _
General continuation_ ________________ . . .
All-day ________ _____________________ _____
All types _____ ___________________________
Total:
Evening________
______ _____________ . . .
_
________
Part-tim e.. . . . ___
Trade extension. . . . . . . . .
General continuation______ ______ ____
All-day _ ________________________________ .
Day-unit . __________________ ______ ______
All typ es.. ______ . ...................
______
Increase or decrease compared with preceding year:
Evening
.
___ _________ ____ . . .
Part-time ________ ____ ____ _ _ _______
Trade extension _ . .
.......
General continuation_______ . . ________
All-day. _______
_______ .
D ay-unit.............. .
. ____________ . . .
All types.. . . ________________ . . .
..
81, 689
12, 558
12, 558
UNDER
Trade and Home eco
industrial
nomics
STA TE
Total
123, 777
255, 204
38, 064
217,140
110,919
136, 705
31,730
31, 730
264,105
489,900
277, 566
1,031, 571
1,683
31,817
193
161
5,678
159,858
10,000
109,131
342,171
299,492
82, 352
217,140
379, 908
10,000
190
15, 602
62, 761
39,178
193
161
32
78, 553
1,873
47,612
68, 439
117,924
83, 372
12, 558
12, 558
155, 594
255, 397
38, 225
217,172
126, 521
142, 383
31,730
31, 730
381,349
299, 685
82, 513
217,172
458,461
10, 000
265, 978
537, 512
346, 005
1,149,495
—6,030
+1, 766
+1,766
- 3 , 465
-6 1 , 540
- 7 , 209
-5 4 , 331
+22, 926
-10,061
- 7 , 088
- 7 , 088
+23,838
-19, 556
-66, 862
-1 2 , 531
-54,331
+60,941
-1,190
-42,079
+6, 689
160,048
10, 000
+14,177
- 1 , 190
+8, 723
171, 892
-26,667
1 P r o v is io n a l fig u re s.
Total enrollment in agricultural, trade and industrial, and homeeconomics courses under State plans from 1929 to 1933 by years are
given in table 2.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
341
W O R K E R S ' E D U C A T IO N AND T R A IN IN G
T a b i .e 2 .—E N R O L L M E N T
IN VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS O P E R A T E D
PLA N S, 1929 TO 1933, BY Y EARS
UNDER
STATE
Total
Year
1929_________________________________
1930______________________________
1931___________________________________
1932_________________________________
1933 1____________________ _____________
Agricul
tural
courses
Trade and
industrial
171,466
193,325
237, 200
257, 255
265,978
Home
economics
Number
627, 397
633,153
602, 755
579, 591
537, 512
249,113
238, 058
227, 601
339, 316
346, 005
1,047,976
1,064, 536
1,117, 556
1,176,162
1,149, 495
Increase
or
decrease
+48,945
+16, 560
+53,020
+58, 606
-26,667
1 Provisional figures.
In table 3 the expenditures from Federal, State, and local funds
for vocational education under State plans are shown by years for
1929 to 1933.
T a b l e 3 —E X P E N D IT U R E OF FE D E R A L , ST A T E, A N D LOCAL M O N EY U N D E R STATE
PLA N S FOR VOCATIONAL E D U C A T IO N , 1929 TO 1933
Expenditures from—
Increase or decrease in
expenditures from—
Year
1929__________________________________
1930___________________________________
1931______________________________________
1932________________________________
1933 1_______________________________
Federal
funds
State and
local funds
$6. 878, 530
7,404, 223
7. 978, 729
8, 414, 834
7, 728,141
$20, 595, 776
22, 504, 675
24, 164, 463
24,987, 569
22, 398, 643
Federal
funds
+$57,078
+525, 693
+574, 506
+436.105
-686, 693
State and
local funds
+$1, 701,467
+ 1,908,900
+1, 659, 787
+823,106
- 2 , 588, 926
1 Provisional figures.
Research
A m o n g the research projects of the Federal Board for Vocational
Education during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1933, was an inquiry
to determine “ in what ways vocational programs can be made to
function effectively in maintaining for our workers continuous
occupational adjustment, thereby avoiding as far as may be possible
displacement and unemployment in the face of an intensely dynamic
economic situation.”
In th is m a tte r of vocatio n al tra in in g a n d a d ju s tm e n t th e obligation of society
extends to w orkers of all classes. A nd it is n o t lim ited to y o u th . I t extends to
w orkers of all ages, em ployed a n d unem ployed, m ore p a rtic u la rly in th e p resen t
situ atio n to a d u lt w orkers being th ro w n o u t of o ccupational a d ju s tm e n t by th e
continuous economic, technological, a n d social changes. T hese changes p resen t
unlim ited possibilities for advancing society’s w elfare, b u t th e y p resen t a t th e
sam e tim e serious problem s of econom ic in secu rity of o u r w orkers, w ith which
society a n d specifically our p rogram of vocational education su p p o rted o u t of
public funds m u st deal.
Among the studies carried on in the year 1932-33 were those
dealing with the following subjects: Placement opportunities for
farm operators enrolled in agricultural part-time schools; the needs
of out-of-school farm boys for vocational training; a follow-up of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
342
M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W
former students of agriculture now engaged in farming as operators;
the organization and conditions necessary for the successful workingout of agricultural programs in small rural high schools. Two bulle
tins were issued, one dealing with the organization and conduct of
agricultural part-time schools and the other giving a comparison of
the earning abilities of vocationally trained farmers with the earn
ings of farmers not so trained.
A bulletin was prepared on “ the home project in homemaking
education”, and some progress was made on a preliminary draft for
a report on trends in commercial occupations.
Growing Need for Technical Experts
A
c c o r d in g
to r e c e n t s u rv e y s , i t w o u ld se e m t h a t th e d e m a n d fo r
t r a i n e d te c h n ic ia n s h a s o u t s t r i p p e d t h e in c r e a s e in p r o v is io n s b e in g
m ade
in
v o c a tio n a l-e d u c a tio n
p ro g ra m s
fo r
th e
tra in in g
of
su ch
w o rk e rs.
T he increasing value of b ro ad tech n ical know ledge in in d u stria l fields is gen
erally recognized. F o r th e in d u stria l tech n ician th e tra in in g is of a su b p ro
fessional grade, as com pared w ith th e tra in in g of th e in d u stria l engineer, an d th e
dem and for th is subprofessional tra in in g ap p ears to have been in general less
adequately m e t th a n has th e dem an d for tra in in g in d u stria l engineers. I t m ay
be added th a t th e tra in in g req u ired by th e technician is a ty p e of tra in in g which
can com m only be m ost ad v an tag eo u sly p rovided in organized courses, a n d a ty p e
of train in g also w hich in d u stry can seldom provide econom ically if a t all.
The opportunities for cooperative service of far-reaching social
value presented to vocational teachers are discussed in connection
with the back-to-the-farm and farm-factory movement, live-at-home
programs, and the growing tendency of homemakers to add wage
earning to their homemaking activities.
Problem of Boys and Girls 14 to 16 Years Old
T h e most serious problem arising in the last few years in the
educational field, according to the latest annual report of the Federal
Board, is the question of what to do with boys and girls from 14 to 16
years of age who have completed the full-time compulsory schoolattendance requirements and are still too young for gainful employ
ment.
T he period of com pulsory full-tim e school a tte n d a n c e has been extended in
som e S tates to 16 years, w ith provision for p a rt-tim e a tte n d a n c e in co n tin u atio n
schools for em ployed young w orkers even beyond th a t age, b u t in a m a jo rity of
S tates th ere is a gap betw een th e age of release from com pulsory full-tim e school
a tte n d an ce an d th e m inim um age of em plo y m en t as fixed in child-labor legisla
tion, or as determ in ed in d ep en d e n tly by in d u stry , w hich of its own in itia tiv e has
been m ore generally refusing to em ploy w orkers u n d er 16, a n d even in some
occupations u nder 18 years of age.
Employment opportunities for these young people, freely or under
work permits which require part-time attendance at continuation
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WORKERS’ EDUCATION AND TRAINING
343
schools, have been decreasing for some years, but the codes formu
lated under the National Industrial Recovery Act “ have been so
drawn as practically to eliminate all employment in these ages by
fixing the minimum age of employment at 16 years.” According to
the Federal Board for Vocational Education, it may be assumed that
this minimum age of employment will be continued after the existing
emergency is over.
The Federal Vocational Education Act provides that one third of
the Federal funds allotted for trade and industrial education, if
expended in the States, must be used for schools giving instruction
during a part of the regular working time to youthful workers over
14 years old. It would seem that in the future such schools must be
operated almost entirely for workers over 16 years of age.
It is pointed out in the report that school authorities must confront
the problem of providing some other educational discipline for
children between 14 and 16 years of age who are unable to benefit by
additional formal academic training.
Need for Continuous Training for Adult Workers
T h e theory that a worker could be trained once for all, either
through apprenticeship or by a vocational course or by some combi
nation of apprenticeship and organized training, the report states, is
no longer valid under present-day conditions. The necessity for
further training may develop for an adult worker at any age, and to
meet this need a training service must be maintained which will
parallel trade developments and which will be available to adult
workers whenever occasion requires it. Such- a service should not
be confined to training for the manufacturing industries. The need
for a continuous training service for adults is urgent in all fields.
Vocational Training and Industrial Recovery
T
he
im p o rta n c e o f v o c a tio n a l tra in in g in th e n e w te c h n iq u e s in th e
p r o g r a m o f i n d u s t r i a l r e c o v e r y is s t r e s s e d , a s t h i s r e c o v e r y a n d t h e
e lim in a tio n o f u n e m p l o y m e n t w ill b e n o t s im p ly a p la c e m e n t p r o
c e d u re o f r e tu r n in g w o rk e rs to jo b s fo r w h ic h th e y a re f itte d , “ b u t
r a th e r a tra in in g p ro c e d u re o f p re p a rin g la b o r fo r th e n e w jo b s th a t
h a v e b e c o m e a v a ila b le .”
Activities Under Federal Vocational Rehabilitation Act
W a s h i n g t o n , at the last session of its legislature, accepted the
Federal Vocational Rehabilitation Act. On July 1, 1933, that
State inaugurated a rehabilitation service, making the forty-fifth
State cooperating in this work.
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344
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
During industrial depressions the difficulties which the physically
handicapped face become greater. Even in such crises many
thousands of physically disabled men and women can be trained
and placed in gainful employment. In the fiscal year closed June
30, 1933, under State programs nearly 11,000 men and women were
vocationally rehabilitated and over half of them were permanently
placed in employment. At the end of the year some 25,300 addi
tional physically handicapped persons were reported on the rolls of
the State rehabilitation services in the course of being vocationally
rehabilitated.
All of these dependent, disabled, an d unem ployed m en an d w om en on S tate
rolls, w hen rep o rte d as reh a b ilita te d , will have received ex p ert v o catio n al guid
ance leading to th e selection of som e occupation in w hich th e ir d isab ility will
n o t be a vocatio n al h an d icap , will have been th o ro u g h ly p re p a re d fo r th is
occupation, placed in em plo y m en t in it, a n d followed u p for a period a fter
placem ent to insure p e rm a n e n t re sto ra tio n to self-supporting sta tu s.
During the past year our national vocational rehabilitation program
for the physically handicapped has shown steady gains in accom
plishment. Under unprecedented difficulties the States in general
have maintained their rehabilitation service and the development
of the national program has been steady. In the year 1932-33 the
total amount expended under State plans for vocational rehabili
tation was $2,176,126, of which $1,011,440 was Federal money and
$1,164,686 State and local funds. The total expenditure of the
preceding year under State plans was $2,165,814.2 The 45 States
cooperating with the National Government in the program of voca
tional rehabilitation and occupational readjustment for disabled
persons have indicated that they intended to continue to support
the program and to extend their services further through additional
State and local funds.
The Federal act which provided for the setting up of a national
system of employment offices, effective July 1, 1933, provides that
State employment office systems cooperate with State vocational
rehabilitation agencies. In various States plans have been for
mulated for making these cooperative relationships practical. With
the development of the employment system “ this cooperation be
tween employment and vocational rehabilitation services will expand.”
Plans for the cooperation of the National and State emergency
relief administrations with the Federal and State vocational
rehabilitation services are being worked out in order that during the
existing economic depression a higher percentage of handicapped
persons may be removed from the public relief rolls and be prepared
for and placed in self-supporting occupations.
2 M onthly Labor Review, February 1933, p. 326.
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LABOR TURN-OVER
Labor T u r n -o v e r in M a n u fa c tu r in g E s t a b lis h m e n ts , F o u r th
Q u a rter o f 1933
A CC O R D IN G to reports received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
XX, from representative manufacturing establishments in 148 census
industry classifications, the accession rate for the fourth quarter of
1933 was 11.31. This was slightly higher than the fourth quarter of
1932, but much lower than for the third quarter of 1933.
The quit and discharge rates for the fourth quarter of the year, while
higher than the corresponding quarter of last year, was lower than for
the third quarter of 1933.
The lay-off rate for the fourth quarter exceeded that of the fourth
quarter of 1932 and the third quarter of 1933.
The rates shown herein represent the number of changes per 100
employees that took place during the 3 months ending December
31, 1933. The form of average used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
for compiling turn-over rates is the arithmetic mean. The rates
shown in table 1 are compiled from reports made to the Bureau from
establishments employing approximately 1,000,000 persons. In the
industries for which separate indexes are presented (see table 2),
reports were received from representative plants employing at least 25
percent of the workers in each industry, as shown by the Census of
Manufactures of 1929.
In addition to the separation rate and the accession rate, the net
turn-over rate is shown. Net turn-over means the rate of replace
ment, that is, the number of jobs that are vacated and filled per 100
employees. In a plant that is increasing its force, the net turn-over
rate is the same as the separation rate, because while more people are
hired than are separated from their jobs, the number hired above
those leaving is due to expansion and cannot justly be charged to turn
over. On the other hand, in a plant that is reducing its number of
employees, the net turn-over rate is the same as the accession rate,
because while more people are separated from the pay roll than are
hired, the excess of separations over accessions is due to a reduction of
force and therefore cannot logically be charged as a turn-over expense.
Table 1 shows for manufacturing as a whole the total separation
rate, subdivided into the quit, discharge and lay-off rates, together with
the accession rate and the net turn-over rate, for each quarter of 1932
and 1933.
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345
346
M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W
T able 1.—Q U A R TE R L Y T U R N -O V ER R A TES IN R E P R E SE N T A T IV E FAC TO R IES IN 148
IN D U S T R IE S
S e p a r a t io n r a te s
Period
Q u a r te r :
F i r s t ___________
S e c o n d . __ . . .
Third________
F o u r t h __
T o ta l s e p a ra
A c c e s s io n r a t e
ti o n r a t e
Q uit
___
Lay-ofl
D is c b a rg e
N e t tu r n - o v e r
ra te
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
2.28
2.15
2. 10
1. 77
1.56
2.23
4.16
2.18
0.58
.49
.45
.43
0.38
.52
.78
.62
8.18
12. 92
10.78
8. 75
10. 14
4. 46
6.31
11.34
11.04
15. 56
13. 33
10. 95
12.08
7. 21
11.25
14.14
9. 65
7. 80
12. 55
10. 50
8. 50
20. 86
22. 88
11.31
9. 65
7. SO
12. 55
10. 50
1933
7 91
11 95
11.31
Table 2 shows the quit, discharge, lay-off, accession, and net turn
over rates for the 10 industries for which the Bureau’s sample covers
a sufficiently large number of firms to justify the publishing of sepa
rate industry figures.
T a b l e 2.—Q U A R TER LY TU R N -O V ER R A TES IN SP E C IFIE D IN D U S T R IE S
Automobiles
Class of rates
Quit............... ............ _ _____
Discharge_________________
Lay-ofl___________________
Total separation. _ _ _____
Accession_____________ _
N et turn-over_____ ____ ___
Boots and shoes
Fourth Third Fourth Fourth Third Fourth Fourth Third Fourth
quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter
1932
1933
1933
1932
1933
1933
1932
1933
1933
1.51
.73
15. 88
18.12
28.04
18.12
4. 82
1. 74
12.05
18.61
28. 76
18. 61
3. 42
.90
19. 90
24. 22
40.02
24.22
Cotton manufacturing
Quit_______ ______________
D ischarge.. __________ . . .
Lay-off________________
Total separation___________ .
Accession.. ______ _
N et turn-over__ _____ ____ _
3. 30
5. 53
.77
1.25
7.20 • 9.68
11.27 . 16.46
13. 55
21.30
11.27
16.46
3. 33
,86
9.81
14. 00
7.76
7. 76 .
Ire n and steel
Q u it______________. . . . ___
Discharge ____________ . .
Lay-off________________. . . .
Total separation.._. _______
Accession ._
N et turn-over_____________
1.17
. .14
4:62
' 5.93
4. 44
4. 44
2:51
.33
2.33
5.17
22.70
5.17
2.05
".25
7.10
9.40
4. 05 •
4.05
Slaughtering and m ea t’
packing
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2.12
.64
17.42
20.18
17.91
17. 91
4. 21
1.11
13.96
19.28
36.99
19.28
2.24
.45
6. 17
8. 86
6.38
6. 38
5. 35
1.16
4. 27
10.78
15. 20
10.78
1.90
.60
10. 42
12.92
7.75
7. 75
0. 64
.24
39.54
40. 42
18. 83
18.83
Foundries and machine
shops
0.64
.21
8. 43
9.28
6. 40
.6. 40
2.42
.72
5.84
8.98
27.14
8. 98
1. 57
.53
10.24
12.34
10.15
10.15
2.68
1.05
21. 66
25. 39
20,86
20; 86
2.14
. If
7.79
10.10
8. 54
8.54
3,10
.58
6.85
10.53
13.26
10.53
2.26
.39
10.98
Ï3. 63
7.28
7.28
2.58
.73
22.05
25. 36
29. 32
25. 36
1.74
.28
39.37
41.39
20.90
20.90
Furniture
0. 60
.23
11.19
12.02
9.78
9.78
M en’s clothing
:
Quit._____________________
Discharge _____ _ . . . .
Lay-off______________
Total separation_____ ____
Accession... . . _ _________
N et turn-over.. . . . . . . . .
Bricks
2.23
1. 09
■5. 56
8 .88
36.56
8.88
1.68
.69
■25. 97
28. 34
9. 21
9.21
Sawmills
1. 79
1.23
27. 96
30. 98
16. 96
16. 96
3. 00
1.26
10. 38
14. 64
27. 05
14.64
2.51
1.14
20. 13
23.78
12. 13
12. 13
LA B O R T U R N -O V E R
347
Among these 10 industries, automobiles had the highest and foundry
and machine shops the lowest quit rate during the fourth quarter of
1933. The highest discharge rate occurred in the sawmill industry;
the lowest in the iron and steel industry. Brick manufacture showed
the highest lay-off rate; the lowest lay-off rate occurred in the iron
and steel industry. The highest accession, or hiring rate, occurred in
the automobile industry. The accession rate for this industry for the
fourth quarter of 1933 was 40.02; The lowest accession rate, 4.05,
occurred in the iron and steel industry. The highest net turn-over
rate, 24.22, was shown by the automotive industry. The iron and
steel industry had the lowest quarterly turn-over rate, 4.05.
L abor T u rn -O v er in F o u n d r ie s a n d M a c h in e S h o p s, 1931 a n d 1932
HE present article, which is the fourth of a series of articles on
labor turn-over,1 covers 373 identical establishments in the
foundry and machine-shop industry for the years 1931 and 1932.
These firms had an average monthly employment roll of 104,796 in
1931 and 81,619 in 1932.
The 1931 net turn-over rate for this industry was 30.85. This
compares with a net turn-over rate for industry in general of 35.72.
During 1932 the net turn-over rate for foundries and machine shops
was 28.20, while that for manufacturing as a whole was 40.50. The
foundry and machine shop turn-over rate, as will be noted, was lower
than the all-manufacturing rate for both years. The comparison
during 1932 was especially favorable to the foundry and machineshop industry.
Table 1 shows the number of firms and employees, and the number
of quits, discharges, lay-offs, and accessions in 373 identical plants in
the foundry and machine-shop industry, by rate groups, for the years
1931 and 1932.
T
1 The previous articles dealt, respectively, with the automotive industry (M onthly Labor Review, June
1933, p. 1316), boot and shoe industry (October 1933, p. 893), and the cotton manufacturing industry (No
vember 1933, p. 1152).
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3 48
M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W
T a b l e 1.—C H ANGES IN PE R SO N N E L IN 373 ID E N T IC A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN TH E
FO UNDRY AND
GROUPS
M A C H IN E
SHOP IN D U S T R Y D U R IN G 1931 A N D
1932, B Y RA TE
’
Quits
Firms
Employees
Number of
quits
Rate group
1931
Under 2.5 percent_________ . .
2.5 and under 5 percent. _____ _____
5 and under 7.5 percent______ ______ _ .
7.5 and under 10 percent . . . . .
10 and under 15 percent.._ . . . .
15 and under 20 percent. _ . . .
20 and under 25 percent _________ . . .
25 and under 30 percent............. ....... ... . .
30 and under 35 percent_____ ____
35 percent and over . . . _____ _ ____
T otal___________________ ______
1932
1931
1932
1931
1932
131
67
60
36
43
17
12
5
1
1
212
73
38
17
18
7
2
1
2
3
18,892
16, 575
35,811
12, 039
12, 049
2,356
3, 829
1,282
1,843
120
31, 956
28, 625
14,191
2,815
2, 376
733
90
101
423
309
184
676
2, 183
1,042
1,412
414
852
351
578
84
297
1,108
833
252
273
130
19
29
150
178
373
373 104, 796
81,619
7, 776
3, 269
Discharges
Firms
Employees
Rate group
1931
1932
Number of
discharges
1931
1932
1931
1932
Under 0.5 percent. . . .
...
0.5 and under 1 percent ._ _
1 and under 2 percent___ _ . . .
2 and under 3 percent_______ __
3 and under 4 percent_____ ____ _ .
4 and under 5 percent.. . . . ____
5 and under 7 percent__________ .
7 and under 9 percent____ . . . . .
9 and under 11 percent . . .
11 percent and over. ______ .
153
28
40
47
16
13
25
9
6
36
253
27
35
18
13
6
6
6
2
7
25,166
22, 582
15, 219
17, 049
2,201
6, 748
7,630
1,344
929
5,928
39, 741
9,037
16, 306
11,034
1,266
1,000
365
1,488
168
1,214
22
147
214
407
79
298
414
106
98
1,190
34
60
241
251
41
44
22
114
16
189
T otal. _________ ______
373
373 104, 796
81,619
2,975
1,012
Lay-offs
Firms
Employees
Rate group
1931
Under 5 percent............. __
5 and under 10 p ercen t...
10 and under 20 percent..
20 and under 30 percent..
30 and under 40 percent..
40 and under 60 percent..
60 and under 90 percent..
90 and under 120 percent _
120 and under 150 percent
150 percent and over____
Total__ ____ _____
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30
43
54
55
35
46
48
24
14
24
373
1932
Number of
lay-offs
1931
1932
1931
4, 554
17, 094
16, 544
17, 108
11,481
13, 429
13, 933
4, 875
3,418
2, 360
11, 434
9, 933
12, 900
10, 264
13, 066
8, 434
6, 233
3,882
2,060
3,413
123
1,151
2,411
4,020
3,885
6, 427
9,876
5, 017
4, 476
4, 534
243
701
1,884
2,637
4, 485
4,268
4,581
4, 030
2,767
7,924
373 104, 796
81, 619
41, 920
33, 520
50
28
51
46
26
43
44
23
17
45
1932
349
LABOR TURN-OVER
G R OU PS—Continued
Total separations
Employees
Firms
Total separa
tions
Rate group
Tinder 10 pcrcont
10 and under 20 percent
20 and under 30 percent
30 and under 40 percent
40 and under 60 percent
fiOand under 90 percent
90 and nnder 120 percent
120 and under 150 percent
150 and nnder 180 percent
180 percent and over
Total
__ __ __*________ _ _
1932
1931
3,900
20,128
19,492
17,891
14,488
10, 793
10, 303
4, 754
1,238
1,809
11, 992
15,842
10, 354
11,449
14, 237
8,036
2,696
3, 453
1,097
2,463
250
3,031
4,948
6, 578
7,159
7, 847
10, 375
6, 423
1,972
4,088
612
2,267
2,525
4,054
6, 610
5,846
2,724
4, 691
1,823
6, 649
373 104, 796
81,619
52, 671
37,801
52
49
48
34
53
49
22
18
16
32
25
47
63
47
57
55
33
17
11
18
________________
_____________ _______
________ _____ _ _ _______________ -_ _ __ _______ _
_________ _____
_ _________ - ______ ____- - _____ _____ ______ _ _________ ____ _____
373
1932
1931
1932
1931
Accessions
Employees
Firms
Number of
accessions
Rate group
1931
Under 5 percent.- . . . . .
...................
......
5 and under 10 percent.. ------ _ -------- 10 and under 20 percent_______
------------------20 and under 30 percent
30 and under 40 percent._
----------- ---- -- --40 and under 50 percent
- --- - 50 and under 70 percent___________________________
70 and under 110 percent. _ _ . -------------- - -- 110 and under 150 percent..
---- -- - -----------150 percent and over
. . ---.
Total______ _
-
373
------ --
1932
1931
30, 605
15, 095
22,146
5,411
6, 211
5,059
5, 933
8, 776
4,250
1,310
32, 536
7,011
12, 306
4, 333
9,541
1, 495
4, 455
5,888
1,715
2,339
758
1,041
3,238
1,338
2,026
2, 269
3, 410
7,823
5,207
3,123
608
469
1,693
1,058
3, 362
ÖÖÖ
2, 689
5,088
2, 264
5, 643
373 104, 796
81,619
30, 233
23, 540
93
40
56
31
29
19
22
37
19
27
80
43
65
37
26
25
33
37
16
11
1932
1931
1932
Net turn-over
Employees
Firms
Net turn-over
Rate group
1931
Under 10 percent
_ ___ -- -- - _______
10 and under 20 percent
_____ _________
20 and under 30 percent
___________________
30 and nnder 40 percent
_ _ _____ -- _______
40 and under 50 percent
________ _________
50 and finder 00 percent
__
_____
00 and under 70 percent
__ __ _ ___—
70 and under 100 percent
_ ____ ___ ___
- 100 and under 130 percent
_____
_______ _ 130 percent and over
_ __ __ _____
Total
--
- -
___- ------------
1932
1931
1932
1931
1932
124
67
39
29
23
19
13
30
17
12
140
54
33
29
20
17
9
23
14
34
46,169
22,160
5,388
7,459
3,934
4,720
1,164
8,307
4,166
1,329
40, 610
11, 972
4,958
9,428
1,601
3, 557
2,047
3,346
1,319
2,781
1,823
3,236
1,314
2,466
1, 762
2,590
762
7,041
4, 616
2,887
1,083
1.571
1,188
3,320
706
1,984
1,363
2, 807
1,549
5,929
373
373 104, 796
81,619
28, 497
21, 500
The quit rate for the foundry and machine shop industry for both
1931 and 1932 was lower than that for any other industry for which
the Bureau presents separate turn-over figures. Of a total of 373
firms in 1931, 131 employing 18,892 people had a quit rate of less
than 2.5 percent, while in 1932, 212 firms employing an average of
31,956 people were in this class. Only 7 firms in 1931, and 6 firms
in 1932. had an annual quit rate of over 25 percent.
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350
M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W
In 1931, 181 firms and in 1932, 280 firms had a discharge rate of
less than 1 percent. In contrast, 36 firms in 1931 and 7 firms in 1932
had an annual discharge rate of over 11 percent.
The annual lay-off rate for the foundry and machine shop industry
was 43.38 for the year 1931, and 40.65 for the year 1932. A good
many firms had extremely low lay-off rates, even in these 2 years
when lay-off rates were much higher than normal. In 1931, 73
foundry and machine shop firms, and in 1932, 78 firms had an annual
lay-off rate of less than 10 percent.
The 1931 accession, or hiring, rate for the foundry and machine shop
industry was 30.85 and 28.20 for 1932. The accession rate for 123
firms was less than 10 percent during 1931, while during 1932, 133
firms were in this group. However, 27 firms in 1931 and 46 firms in
1932 had a hiring rate of over 110 percent.
Of the 373 firms from which reports were received for the years
1931 and 1932, 124 in 1931, and 140 in 1932, had a net turn-over rate
of less than 10 percent. In contrast with this extremely good show
ing, 29 firms in 1931 and 48 firms in 1932 had an annual net turn-over
rate of over 100 percent.
Table 2 shows the comparative turn-over rates in 373 identical
establishments in the foundry and machine shop industry for the years
1931 and 1932, by size of establishments.
T a b l e 2 .—COM PA R A TIV E LABOR TU R N -O V ER R ATES, 1931 A N D 1932, IN 373 FO U N D R IES
A N D M A C H IN E SHOPS H A V IN G FE W E R T H A N 100 EM PL O Y EE S A N D THOSE HAVING
100 OR MORE EM PL O Y EE S
Firms having—
Class of rate
Quit ________________
Discharge ____ _____ _
Lay-oil__________ ______ _____
Total separation _______ _ . _ _
Accession________ _____ _
N et turn-over_________ _____ .
Number of firm s.. ________ _
Percent of employees.................. .............
Under 100 100 or more Under 100 100 or more
employees, employees, employees, employees,
1931
1931
1932
1932
5.49
4.27
53.86
63.62
36.74
35.17
7.72
2.62
37.86
48.20
27.63
25.96
4.24
1.00
65.96
71.20
46.21
42.32
3.97
1.27
37 58
42.82
26.41
24.10
196
13.4
177
86.6
196
12.3
177
87.7
Of the foundry and machine shop firms included in this study, 196
had fewer than 100 employees per establishment and 177 firms had
100 or more employees per establishment. The 196 firms having
fewer than 100 employees per establishment had an average of 14,039
persons on their pay roll during the year 1931 and 10,035 employees
on their pay roll for the year 1932. The 177 firms having 100 or
more employees per establishment had a total of 90,757 in 1931 and
71,584 in 1932 on their rolls.
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LABOR T U R N -O V E R
351
The establishments having 100 or more employees had a much
better turn-over experience than the firms having less than 100
employees. In 1931 the net turn-over rate for the larger firms was
25.96, as compared with 35.17 for the smaller firms. The 1932 net
turn-over rate for the larger firms was 24.10, as compared with 42.32
for the smaller firms.
Considering the quit rate for the two grades of establishments, it
will be seen that in 1931 the smaller firms had a lower quit rate,
while in 1932 the larger firms had a lower quit rate. The larger
firms were able to keep their lay-off rate from mounting as high as
that of the smaller firms in both 1931 and 1932.
33773°—34----- 8
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HOUSING
B u ild in g O p e r a tio n s in P r in c ip a l C itie s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s ,
D e c e m b e r 1933
HE Bureau of Labor Statistics received reports of building
operations from 756 identical cities having a population of 10,000
or over for the months of November and December 1933.
The number of buildings for which permits were issued in these
cities decreased 31.5 percent comparing December with November.
The value of the buildings increased two tenths of 1 percent.
The cost figures as shown in the following tables are as estimated
by the prospective builder on applying for his permit to build. No
land costs are included. Only building operations within the cor
porate limits of the cities enumerated are shown. The States of
Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and
Pennsylvania, through their departments of labor, are cooperating
with the Federal Bureau in the collection of these data.
T
Comparisons, November and December 1933
T a b l e 1 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of
new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs,
and of total building operations in 756 identical cities of the United
States having a population of 10,000 or over, by geographic divisions.
T a b l e 1.—E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A L TE R A TIO N S,
A N D R EPA IR S, A N D OF TOTAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 756 ID E N T IC A L
C ITIES AS SHOW N BY PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, BY
GEOGRAPHIC D IVISIONS
N ew nonresidential buildings
(estimated cost)
New residential buildings
(estimated cost)
Geographic division
New England----------Middle Atlantic-------East North Central.-.
West North C entralSouth Atlantic--------South Central_______
Mountain and Pacific.
Total_________
November
1933
$1, 081, 400
9, 568,125
518, 700
417, 362
623, 294
367, 559
1,129, 804
13, 706, 244
November
December Percent
of
1933
1933
change
December
1933
-2 4 .2
-5 6 .0
-4 1 .8
-4 6 .5
-1 4 .4
-1 4 .0
-1 9 .5
-4 6 .9
$683, 400
4, 963, 645
2, 460, 698
808, 569
3, 287,061
1,728,628
3,419,316
17, 351, 317
$819,450
4, 210, 250
301,817
223,100
533, 229
316,102
871,511
7, 275, 459
Additions, alterations, and re
pairs (estimated cost)
Geographic division
November
1933
New England________ ____ $1,030,131
2,693,959
Middle Atlantic __________
1,105, 917
E a s t North Central__ ___ ___
330, 665
West North Central_________
890,760
South Atlantic
___________
632, 667
South Central
____ _____
Mountain and Pacific------------ 1. 326, 351
Total. .
-------------- 8,010,430
352
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1,746,985
2, 460, 688
933,073
499. 081
904,813
2, 210, 204
4, 232, 217
12,987, 061
+ 2 .0
+57.0
-1 7 .4
+ 14.9
+54. 5
+33.0
+ 4 .6
+26.7
-6 0 .9
+101.7
+163. 7
+62.0
+263.3
-2 1 .8
-1 7 .7
+33.6
Total construction (estimated
cost)
November
December Percent
of
1933
1933
change
$1,050, 540
4, 228, 757
913, 527
379, 796
1, 376,189
841, 349
1,358. 379
10,148, 537
Percent
of
change
$3,858, 516
14, 722, 772
2, 557, 690
1,247,108
2, 418, 867
3, 210, 430
6,688, 352
34, 703, 735
N um
ber
of
December Percent
cities
of
1933
change
$2, 553, 390 -3 3 .8
-9 .0
13, 402,652
3,676, 042 +43.7
1,411,465 +13.2
5,196,479 +114.8
2,886,079 -1 0 . 1
5, 649, 206 -1 3 .6
34, 775, 313
+ 2
110
170
174
67
77
77
81
756
353
HOUSING
Permits were issued during December for buildings to cost $34,775,313, which is two tenths of 1 percent in excess of the valuation of build
ings for which permits were issued in November. Three of the seven
geographic divisions showed increases in the value of buildings for
which permits were issued, comparing December with November.
The greatest increase occurred in the South Atlantic States.
The estimated cost of new residential buildings for which permits
were issued in December decreased 46.9 percent as compared with
November. Decreases occurred in all seven of the geographic divi
sions, ranging from 14 percent in the South Central States to 56
percent in the Middle Atlantic States. The large decrease in the
Middle Atlantic States in December as compared with November
was caused by the issuing during November of permits for several
large apartment buildings in New York City. The cost of these
buildings totaled over $7,000,000.
The value of new nonresidential buildings for which permits were
issued in December showed an increase of 33.6 percent as compared
with November. Four of the seven geographic divisions showed
increases for this type of building.
The erection of buildings financed from public works funds is begin
ning to have a sizeable influence on the trend of nonresidential buildings.
Indicated expenditures for additions, alterations, and repairs increased
26.7 percent in December as compared with November. When the
phrase “ indicated expenditures” is used it does not mean that the
money was all to be expended during the month the permits were issued;
in fact, a very small percentage is expended during that month. The
expenditure of money occurs during a number of months after the build
ing is started, the time varying with the size and type of the building.
Table 2 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new
nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and
of total building operations in 756 cities of the United States, by
geographic divisions.
T a b l e 2 . — N U M B E R OF N E W
B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A L TE R A TIO N S, A N D R E
PAIRS, A N D OF TOTAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 756 ID E N T IC A L CITIES,
AS SHOW N BY PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, BY GEO
GRAPHIC DIVISIONS
New residen
tial buildings
New nonresi
dential build
ings
Additions, al Total construc
terations, and
tion
repairs
Geographic division
Novem Decem Novem Decem Novem Decem Novem Decem
ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933
New England. ____ _______________
Middle Atlantic. .. ______ ______
East North Central
___
West North Central . . . ________ __
South A tla n tic ______ ___________
South Central
............. ..... ................
Mountain and Pacific. ____________
207
338
100
134
154
187
311
129
188
61
56
130
127
214
722
843
758
444
451
362
880
308
537
425
202
277
288
646
1,743
3, 593
1,775
710
2, 334
1,616
3,591
957
2,885
1,145
468
1,663
1,089
2, 756
2, 672
4, 774
2, 633
1,288
2,939
2,165
4, 782
1,394
3,610
1,631
726
2, 070
1,504
3,616
Total
. ............. ................
Percent of ehitpge
1,431
905
-3 6 .8
4,460
2, 683
-3 9 .8
15,362
10,963
-2 8 .6
21,253
14,551
—31. 5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
354
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
There was a decrease of 36.8 percent in the number of new resi
dential buildings, comparing permits issued in December with those
issued in November. All geographic divisions showed decreases in
the number of new residential buildings comparing these 2 months.
New nonresidential buildings decreased 39.8 percent, and additions,
alterations, and repairs, 28.6 percent. Decreases were shown in all
seven geographic divisions for both of these classes of building
operations.
The December total for the number of building operations as a
whole decreased 31.5 percent.
Table 3 shows the estimated cost and the number of families pro
vided for in the different kinds of housekeeping dwellings for which
permits were issued in 756 identical cities in November and Decem
ber, by geographic divisions.
T
3 . —E ST IM A T E D COST A N D N U M B E R OF FAM ILIES P R O V ID E D FOR IN TH E
D IF F E R E N T K IN D S OF H O U SE K E E PIN G D W E LL ING S FOR W HICH PE R M IT S W ERE
ISSUED IN 756 ID E N T IC A L CITIES IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, BY GEO
GRAPHIC DIVISIONS
able
1-family dwellings
Estimated cost
Geographic division
2-family dwellings
Families pro
vided for
Estimated cost
Families pro
vided for
Novem
ber 1933
Decem
ber 1933
No
vem
ber
1933
Decem
ber 1933
Novem
ber 1933
Decem
ber 1933
N o
vem
ber
1933
New England...... .........___ $1,060, 500
Middle Atlantic__ ____
1,444, 225
East North Central_____
493,600
West North Central. . . .
394, 662
South Atlantic, _ , ____
590,129
SouthC entraL, ______
274,181
Mountain and Pacific___ 1,047,854
$745, 650
823,950
278, 567
221,100
494,979
270,402
716,631
204
260
96
129
148
167
293
118
149
57
55
127
116
197
$20,900
239,100
21,100
17, 700
5,830
85,478
58,350
$50, 300
164,800
14,250
2,000
8,250
41,000
54,880
5
62
6
5
6
34
30
16
49
5
2
4
19
21
3,551, 279
-3 3 .1
1,297
819
-3 6 .9
448, 458
335,480
-2 5 .2
148
116
-2 1 .6
T otal______ _____
Percent of change.______
5, 305,151
Total, all kinds of housekeeping dwell
ings
M ultifamily dwellings
Geographic division
Estimated cost
Families pro* vided for
Novem
ber 1933
Decem
ber 1933
No
vem
ber
1933
New England__________
0
Middle Atlantic________ $7,884,000
East North Central____
0
West North Central.
5.000
South Atlantic_________
27,335
South Central__ _______
4.000
Mountain and Pacific___
23, 600
$23, 500
3, 221,500
9,000
0
30, 000
4,700
100,000
Total __________
Percent of change______
3,388, 700
-5 7 .3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7,943,935
De
cem
ber
1933
Estimated cost
Families pro
vided for
Novem
ber 1933
Decem
ber 1933
No
vem
ber
1933
0
2,477
0
4
16
4
7
9 $1,081,400
1,194 9,567,325
4
514, 700
0
417,362
15
623, 294
3
363, 659
40 1,129,804
$819, 450
4, 210, 250
301,817
223,100
533, 229
316,102
871, 511
209
2,799
102
138
170
205
330
143
1,392
66
57
146
138
258
2,508
1,265 13, 697, 544
-4 9 .6
7, 275, 459
-4 6 .9
3,953
2,200
-4 4 .3
Decem
ber 1933
De
cem
ber
1933
355
HOUSING
Comparing December with November, there was a decrease of 33.1
percent in the estimated cost of 1-family dwellings. The number of
family-dwelling units provided in these single dwellings decreased 36.9
percent. The decrease was general as all seven geographic divisions
provided fewer dwelling units in December than in November.
The value of 2-family dwellings decreased 25.2 percent comparing
December with November permits. Dwelling units provided in this
class of dwelling decreased 21.6 percent. The New England was the
only geographic division registering an increase in this type of dwelling.
The cost of apartment houses for which permits were issued in
December was less than one half of the value of apartment houses
for which permits were issued in November. This large decrease was
entirely caused byt the decrease in apartment-house construction in
the city of New York during December. Family-dwelling units in
apartment houses decreased 49.6 percent.
Indicated expenditures for all types of building operations decreased
46.9 percent and the total family-dwelling units to be provided by
the dwellings for which permits were issued in December decreased
44.3 percent, as compared with the previous month.
Table 4 shows the index number of families provided for and the
index numbers of indicated expenditures for new residential buildings,
for new nonresidential buildings, for additions, alterations, and repairs,
and for total building operations.
T a b l e 4 —IN D E X
N U M B E R S OF FA M ILIES PR O V ID ED FOR A N D OF IN D IC A T E D
E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR B U IL D IN G O PER A TIO N S AS SHOW N BY PE R M IT S ISSU ED
IN PR IN C IP A L CITIES OF TH E U N IT E D STATES
[Monthly average, 1929=100]
Indicated expenditures for
Month
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
Families
provided
for
New resi
dential
buildings
Total
New non Additions,
residential alterations, building
buildings and repairs operations
51.7
35.9
44.8
30.2
89.6
74.3
95.2
66.1
68.1
51.7
52.9
45.0
42. 5
37.6
54.4
64.3
37.8
53.5
46.3
50.1
23.8
14.7
19.0
11.8
32.7
32.9
33.6
27.3
26.2
22.3
6.4
5.0
4.9
3.6
21.8
17.3
14.9
13.7
13.0
10.5
12.1
6.7
8.6
4.6
10.3
13.8
18.3
23.5
11.0
11.1
-
The index numbers of families provided for and of new residential
buildings, while lower than for November 1933, were higher than for
December 1932.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
356
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The index number for new nonresidential buildings, while lower than
for December 1932, was higher than for November 1933.
The index number of expenditures for additions, alterations, and
repairs, and for total building operations were both higher during
December 1933 than during either November 1933 or December 1932.
Construction from Public Funds
T a b l e 5 shows the value of contracts awarded by the United States
Government for construction projects of all kinds during November
and December 1933. This includes awards for building construction;
public roads; river, harbor, and flood-control projects; street paving;
naval vessels; reclamation projects; forest service; water and sewerage
systems; and miscellaneous projects.
Whenever a contract is awarded for a public building in a city
having a population of 10,000 or over, the data are included in all the
tables published in this report, but data for public construction,
other than buildings, are not so included.
T
5 . —V A LUE OF C ONTRACTS A W A R D E D FOR ALL F E D E R A L C O N STR U C TIO N
PROJECTS BY T H E U N IT E D STA TES G O V E R N M E N T D U R IN G N O V E M B E R A N D
D E C E M B E R 1933, BY GEOGRAPHIC D IVISIONS i
able
Building construction
River, harbor, and floodcontrol projects
Public roads
Geographic division
November
1933
December
1933
November
1933
December
1933
November
1933
New England____
_______
Middle Atlantic__ - . . . .
East North Central
. ____
West North Central___ _ __
South Atlantic _____ ______
South Central- ____ . .
Mountain and Pacific_______
$707,107
2,483, 438
293, 993
205, 804
5, 361, 827
5,097, 392
5, 748, 506
$629,867
2, 704.835
322, 223
208, 642
2,499, 895
2, 482, 416
2,188,107
$2, 975, 681
7,114, 333
7,054, 030
5, 709, 449
4,839, 679
7, 275, 424
6, 258, 793
$1, 556, 642
5,488, 775
7, 592, 410
6,213, 545
3, 994, 881
8, 282,160
8, 798, 882
$1,337, 700
1,511,038
4, 226, 577
3,803, 792
118,965
3,842,087
2, 067, 569
$365, 476
800, 761
5,112,191
3, 492, 675
719, 660
2, 341, 272
668,134
Total____________ ____
Outside of continental United
States____________________
19, 898,067
11, 035, 985
41, 227, 389
41, 927, 295
16, 907, 728
13, 500,169
254,192
641, 706
Streets and roads2
Naval vessels
December
1933
4, 565,115
Reclamation
projects
Forestry
Geographic division
Novem
ber 1933
Decem N ovem Decem Novem Decem Novem Decem
ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933 ber 1933
New England__________
$ 86, 002
$13,063
Middle Atlantic________
146,004
46,976
East North Central_____
160, 205
West North Central____
172,933
35,386
South Atlantic...................
541,169
536, 639
South Central__________
477, 454
347, 912
Mountain and Pacific___ 1, 283, 352 2,549, 485
0
$266, 739 $17, 535
1,091,955 1,106,104
1,134,106 962, 597
0
0
1,894,264 3,076,018
0
0
614, 650 1,510.421
T otal____________ 2, 702, 384 3, 694,196 5,001,714 5.672.675
Outside of continental
United States_________
89, 794
53, 000 126,140
21,000
1 Subject to revision.
2 Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads.
3 Includes $4,000 not allocated by geographic divisions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
$ 12, 000
10, 000
8,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
562,397 $1,628,150
596,397
$3, 476
$8, 334
100, 690
24, 601
143,070
236,603
749
69, 219
155,928
130,173
400, 875
854, 879 6, 513, 534
0
1,628,150 1,318,951 7, 323,180
84, 000
357
HOUSING
T a b l e 5 . — V A LU E OF C O N T RA C TS A W A R D E D FOR ALL F E D E R A L C O N ST R U C T IO N
PROJECTS B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A TES G O V E R N M E N T D U R IN G N O V E M B E R A N D
D E C E M B E R 1933, BY GEOGRAPHIC D IV ISIO N S—Continued
Water and sewerage
systems
Total
Miscellaneous
Geographic division
November December November
1933
1933
1933
New England- -------------- -Middle Atlantic. ------------East North Central______. . .
West North Central-------- . South Atlantic____________
South Central-------- ---------- Mountain and P a cific___ __
0
$81, 518
0
0
193,113
224,308
224, 600
$14, 495
5,000
16, 722
0
310,738
32, 543
52, 879
$453, 470
771, 432
509, 574
338,080
837,942
751, 649
803,832
Total _ ----------------Outside of continental United
States
...
.
-- ---- -
723, 539
432,377
4 4, 485, 705
22, 300
374,952
20,920
December
1933
December
1933
November
1933
$62, 695
304, 221
478, 657
34, 728
439, 249
112, 564
950,376
$5,830,175
13,199, 718
13, 242,881
10, 478, 661
13,861, 648
17,806, 487
18,418,578
$2,668,107
10,557, 362
14, 788, 075
9,985,725
11,737, 538
13,999, 742
24,859,968
2, 382, 490 5 92, 861, 874
88, 596, 517
5, 431,113
1,003, 028
181, 022
4 Includes $19,726 not allocated by geographic divisions.
5 See notes to details.
Comparing contracts awarded for Federal projects in December
with those awarded during November, there was a decrease in building
construction; public roads; river, harbor, and flood-control work;
water and sewerage systems; and miscellaneous projects.
Increases were shown in the value of awards for public roads,
street paving, naval vessels,reclamation projects, and forestry projects.
The value of contracts awarded within the continental United
States for construction projects of all kinds during December totaled
$88,596,517. In the outlying territories of the United States, con
tracts were awarded during December to cost slightly over $1,000,000.
November contracts were valued at nearly $98,000,000. Decreases
were shown in total construction awards in all geographic divisions
except the East North Central and the Mountain and Pacific. The
value of projects for which contracts were awarded in the Mountain
and Pacific division increased from $18,400,000 to $24,800,000.
In each of the seven geographic divisions, road building accounted
for a larger percentage of the value of awards than any other type
of construction projects.
Table 6 shows the value of contracts awarded from public-works
funds for all non-Federal projects, by geographic divisions.
T a b l e 6 — VALUE OF CONTRA C TS A W A R D E D FOR ALL N O N F E D E R A L C O N STR U C
TIO N PROJECTS FROM PUBLIC-W O RK S F U N D S
D E C E M B E R 1933, B Y GEOGRAPHIC D IVISIONS
Building construction
Geographic division
Streets and roads 1
NOVEM BER
AND
Water and sewerage
systems
November December November December November Decem
ber 1933
1933
1933
1933
1933
1933
0
New England---- --------------------------- $862,665
725, 664 $2, 327,815
Middle Atlantic----------------------------East North C entral..- ----------------- 2, 095, 051 6,343, 251
782, 544 1, 717,484
West North Central----------------------561,975
South Atlantic____________________ 1, 758, 598
106, 720
72, 515
South Central------- --------------------106,127
418,355
Mountain and P a c ific-__________
11,163,372
6,715,392
Total------- -------------- ------ -i Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D U R IN G
$128,654
10,000
4,189, 607
485,028
0
191, 547
137,441
5,142, 277
$207,828 $1, 642, 284
$320, 236
0
0 2, 609, 358
196,816 10, 521, 566 2,320, 547
353,804
157,905 1, 083,358
534, 253
278, 227
0
192,419
66,822 1, 258,849
315,861
682,365
0
741, 779 16, 641,551 5,359,168
358
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
T a b l e 6 . — V A LU E OF CON TRA C TS A W A R D ED FOR ALL
N O N F E D E R A L C O N STR U C
T IO N PROJECTS FROM PUBLIC-W O RK S F U N D S D U R IN G N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M
B E R 1933, BY GEOGRAPHIC D IV ISIO N S—Continued
Miscellaneous
Total
Geographic division
New England. ________ ______________ _________
Middle Atlantic_______________ _ ______ . . .
East North Central___________________________
West North Central____________________________
South A tlan tic.. _____ _______________________ .
South Central .
__________________________ .
Mountain and Pacific. _______ _________ _____ ______
T o ta l... ____________ . . . . .
____
November
1933
December
1933
November
1933
$22, 500
0
265, 232
0
0
796
32,518
0
0
$47,907
24,318
0
399,400
54, 508
$1, 221, 647
3,345,022
17, 071,456
2, 350,930
2,036,825
1, 523, 707
1, 270, 769
$1,962, 520
2, 327,815
8,908, 521
2,253,511
1,096,228
765, 361
476,496
321, 046
526,133
28,820, 266
17, 790,452
December
1933
Non-Federal projects are contracts awarded by States, cities,
counties, or in some cases private firms, funds for which are provided
by the Public Works Administration. These funds may be provided
either by loan and grant, or by grant only.
Contracts awarded for non-Federal public-works projects during
December 1933 totaled nearly $18,000,000 as compared with more
than $28,000,000 in November. The decrease was caused by a large
reduction in the value of awards made for water and sewerage systems
and for street and road paving. The value of awards for building
construction and for miscellaneous projects increased in December as
compared with November.
Street and road paving as shown in the table does not include the
road work done by the Bureau of Public Roads of the United States
Department of Agriculture.
Table 7 shows the value of public buildings and highway construc
tion awards as reported by the various State governments.
T a b l e 7 —V A LUE OF PU B L IC B U IL D IN G A N D HIG H W A Y C O N ST R U C TIO N AW A R D S AS
R E PO R T E D BY T H E STA TE G O V E R N M E N T S, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
Value of awards for public buildings Value of awards for high
way construction
Geographic division
December
1932
November
1933
December
1933
November
1933
New England ................................... ............
Middle Atlantic_________ _____ _____ ___
East North Central___________________ .
West North Central__________ ______ ___
South A tlan tic.. ............................................
South Central______________ ______ ___ _
Mountain and Pacific___________________
$232,381
3, 059,844
162, 539
7,365
169,714
134,453
387, 551
$141,665
143, 688
302,116
15, 440
134, 013
597, 230
805,435
$99,985
319,769
1, 780, 777
437,482
362, 654
135,157
550, 971
$21,844
125, 818
566,883
949, 419
156,129
23,282
2,761, 577
0
0
$62,851
228,883
252, 285
311, 202
2,843, 972
Total_____________________ _______
4,153,847
2,139, 587
3,686, 795
4,604,952
3,699,193
December
1933
Data concerning building construction awards by State govern
ments are received direct from the State officials. Information
concerning highway construction is obtained from the Bureau of
Public Roads of the United States Department of Agriculture.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
359
HOUSING
During December 1933, State awards for building construction
totaled over $3,500,000. This was over $1,500,000 more than the
value of awards made in November 1933, but was $500,000 less than
the value of awards made during December 1932.
The value of contracts awarded for State highway construction
during December 1933 was nearly $1,000,000 less than the value of
contracts awarded during November.
Comparisons, December 1933 with December 1932
T a b l e 8 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings of
new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs,
and of total building operations in 340 identical cities of the United
States having a population of 25,000 or over for the months of
December 1932 and December 1933, by geographic divisions.
T a b l e 8 .—E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A LTE R A TIO N S,
A N D REPA IR S, A N D OF TOTAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 340 ID E N T IC A L
CITIES, AS SHOW N B Y PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN D E C E M B E R 1932 A N D D E C E M B E R 1933,
BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
New residential buildings (esti
mated cost)
New nonresidential buildings (esti
mated cost)
Geographic division
December
1932
December Percent of December
1932
1933
change
December Percent of
change
1933
New England__________________
Middle Atlantic-----------------------East North Central-------------------West North Central. ---------------South A tla n tic..................................
South Central__________________
Mountain and Pacific---------------
$616,000
1,430,820
439, 630
214,425
590, 329
181, 306
890, 896
$602, 750
4, 016, 750
203, 725
188, 500
460,155
275,497
775,863
- 2 .2
+180.7
-5 3 .7
-1 2 . 1
-2 2 . 1
+52.0
-1 2 .9
$502,741
5, 618,201
1,468, 455
161,178
7,556,773
683, 013
4,748, 648
$360, 509
4, 729,093
2,247, 578
631, 514
3,035,993
1, 580,292
2,350,922
-2 8 .3
-1 5 .8
+53.1
+291.8
-5 9 .8
+131.4
-5 0 .5
T otal____ ________________
4, 363,406
6, 523, 240
+49.5
20, 739, 009
14,935,901
-2 8 .0
Additions, alterations, and repairs Total construction (estimated cost)
(estimated cost)
Geographic division
December
1932
New England. _ - - _____
______
Middle Atlantic
■Rast North Central_____ _
West North Central______
South Atlantic _________
South Central____ ________
Mountain and Pacific_____
Total
. ____ - _____
December Percent of December
1932
1933
change
N um
ber of
December Percent of cities
change
1933
$911, 573
1,838,487
538,025
325,126
802,728
272,248
798,149
$911,693
4, 111, 735
842, 443
289,959
1,288, 754
703, 242
1,197, 461
(>)
+123.6
+56.6
-1 0 .8
+60.5
+158. 3
+50.0
$2, 030, 314
8,887. 508
2,446,110
700, 729
8,949,830
1,136, 567
6,437,693
$1, 874,952
12,857, 578
3, 293, 746
1,109, 973
4, 784,902
2,559, 031
4, 324, 246
- 7 .7
+44.7
+34.7
+58.4
-4 6 .5
+125. 2
-3 2 .8
53
68
92
25
37
29
36
5,486, 336
9, 345,287
+70.3
30, 588, 751
30,804,428
+ 0.7
340
i Increase less than one tenth of 1 percent.
The value of the new residential buildings for which permits were
issued for December 1933 was 49.5 percent greater than the value
of residential buildings for which permits were issued in the same
month of the previous year.
Although there was an increase of nearly 50 percent in the value
of new residential buildings throughout the country, 5 of the 7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
360
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
geographic divisions registered decreases. Increases occurred in
only two geographic divisions.
Comparing December 1933 with the same month of the previous
year, there was a decrease of 28 percent in the cost of nonresidential
buildings. Three geographic divisions showed increases in indicated
expenditures for this type of building, while four registered decreases.
The cost of additions, alterations, and repairs for which permits
were issued during December 1933 increased 70.3 percent compared
with December 1932. Increases were shown in indicated expenditures
for repairs in 6 of the 7 geographic divisions.
The value of construction projects of all kinds increased seven
tenths of 1 percent comparing December 1933 permits with those
of the like period in the previous year. Four geographic divisions
registered increases and three decreases in the valuation of total
construction projects, comparing the two periods under discussion.
Table 9 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new
nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and
of total building construction in 340 identical cities having a popula
tion of 25,000 or over for the months of December 1932 and December
1933, by geographic divisions.
T able 9 .— N U M B E R
OF N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A LTE R A TIO N S, A N D
R EPA IR S, A N D OF TOTAL B U IL D IN G C O N STR U C TIO N IN 340 ID E N T IC A L CITIES
AS SHOW N BY PE R M IT S ISSU ED IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, BY GEO-
New residential
buildings
New non
residential
buildings
Additions,
alterations,
and repairs
Total con
struction
Geographic division
D e
D e
D e
D e
D e
D e
De
D e
cember cember cember cember cember cember cember cember
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
1933
New E n g la n d ._____ _____
Middle Atlantic ___________
East North Central. _________
West North Central. ______
South Atlantic___________
South Central__ ___
Mountain and Pacific_______
104
199
96
SO
142
110
267
87
155
46
42
107
94
187
267
614
467
155
272
198
706
184
442
381
163
236
233
545
1,079
2,653
1,047
328
1,501
767
2,102
793
2,732
1,002
398
1, 533
814
2,345
1,450
3,466
1,610
533
1,915
1.075
3.075
1,064
3,329
1,429
603
1,876
1,141
3, 077
T otal. __________________
Percent of change_____________
968
718
-2 5 .8
2,679
2,184
-1 8 .5
9, 477
9, 617
+ 1.5
13,124
12, 519
- 4 .6
Comparing December 1933 with December 1932, there was a de
crease of 25.8 percent in the number of new residential buildings, a
decrease of 18.5 percent in the number of new nonresidential buildings,
an increase of 1.5 percent in the number of additions, alterations, and
repairs made to existing buildings, and a decrease of 4.6 percent in
the total number of buildings for which permits were issued.
Table 10 shows the number of families provided for in the different
kinds of housekeeping dwellings, together with the estimated cost of
such dwellings, for which permits were issued in 340 identical cities
during December 1932 and December 1933, by geographic divisions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
361
HOUSING
T a b l e 10 .— E ST IM A T E D COST OF A N D N U M B E R OF FA M ILIES PR O V ID ED FOR IN
D IF F E R E N T K IN D S OF H O U SE K E E PIN G D W E LL IN G S FOR W HICH PE R M IT S W ERE
ISSU E D IN 340 ID E N T IC A L CITIES IN D E C E M B E R 1932 A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, B Y GEO
GRAPHIC DIVISIONS
1-family dwellings
Estimated cost
Geographic division
2-family dwellings
Families pro
vided for
December December Decem Decem
1932
1933
ber 1932 ber 1933
New E ngland.-. ______
Middle A tla n tic _______
East North Central_____
West North Central____
South Atlantic_________
South Central__________
Mountain and Pacific___
Total . ________
Percent of change___ _
Estimated cost
Families pro
vided for
De
December December cem
1932
1933
ber
1932
D e
cem
ber
1933
$601,000
845,270
389,630
164,425
559,329
174,056
721,746
$550, 750
655,250
180,475
188,500
430,155
232, 297
627,483
102
172
95
49
135
108
242
79
119
42
42
106
84
171
$15,000
133,800
0
0
14, 500
7, 250
79, 850
$38, 500
140,000
14, 250
0
0
38, 500
48,380
4
40
0
0
5
4
34
12
44
5
0
0
17
19
3, 455, 456
2,864,910
-1 7 .1
903
643
-2 8 .8
250, 400
279, 630
+ 11.7
87
97
+11. 5
Total, all kinds of housekeeping
dwellings
Multifamily dwellings
Estimated cost
Geographic division
Families pro
vided for
December December Decem Decem
1932
1933
ber 1932 ber 1933
Estimated cost
Families pro
vided for
De
December December cem
1932
1933
ber
1932
D e
cem
ber
1933
New England__________
Middle Atlantic _______
East North Central_____
West North Central. . . .
South Atlantic_______ .
South Central__________
Mountain and Pacific___
0
$451, 750
0
0
10,500
0
89,300
$13, 500
3, 221,500
9,000
0
30,000
4,700
100, 000
0
146
0
0
14
0
52
6
1,194
4
0
15
3
40
$616,000
1,430,820
389,630
164, 425
584,329
181, 306
890,896
$602, 750
4, 016, 750
203, 725
188,500
460,155
275,497
775,863
106
358
95
49
154
112
328
97
1,357
51
42
121
104
230
Total ___________
Percent of change_______
551,550
3,378, 700
+512.6
212
1,262
+495. 3
4, 257,406
6,523, 240
+53.2
1,202
2, 002
+66.6
The value of the one-family dwellings for which permits were issued
during December 1933 decreased 17.1 percent as compared with the
value of one-family dwellings for which permits were issued during
December of the previous year. The number of family-dwelling units
provided in this type of dwelling decreased 28.8 percent.
The estimated cost of two-family dwellings increased 11.7 percent
and the number of families provided for in duplex houses increased
11.5 percent, comparing December 1933 with December of the
previous 3rear.
The apartment houses for which permits were issued for December
of this year were to cost in excess of 500 percent more than apartment
houses for which permits were issued in December of last year.
There was an increase of 53.2 percent in the estimated cost of
housekeeping dwellings of all kinds comparing the two periods under
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
362
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
discussion. The total number of families provided for, however,
increased 16.6 percent.
Details by Cities
T a b l e 11 shows the estimated expenditures for new residential
buildings, for new nonresidential buildings, and for total building
operations, together with the number of families provided for in new
dwellings, in each of the cities of the United States having a popu
lation of 10,000 or over from which reports were received for Decem
ber 1933.
Permits were issued for December for the following important
building projects: In the Borough of Manhattan, for an office building
to cost $350,000; in the Borough of Queens, for apartment houses to
cost $3,000,000, and for a school building to cost over $1,300,000;
in Wilmington, Del., for a school building to cost over $1,300,000;
m Minneapolis, Minn., for a school building to cost over $200,000; and
in Peoria, 111., for a distillery to cost over $1,000,000. Contracts
were awarded by the Federal Government for a veterans’ hospital in
Roanoke, Va., to cost nearly $1,200,000; for shops and barracks in the
navy yard at Bremerton, Wash., to cost nearly $1,000,000; and for an
airplane hangar in Shreveport, La., to cost over $300,000.
t able
f o e ew h i c h
p e r m i t s w e r e is s u e d
N e w E n g la n d S ta t e s
City and State
New Fami New
residen lies nonresi
tial
pro dential
build vided build
ings
for
ings
Connecticut:
Ansonia. . . .
0
Bridgeport.. . $17,000
Bristol _____
20,00C
Danbury. . . .
0
Derby___ . .
0
E a st H a r t
ford ______
0
F airfield____
14, 600
Greenwich__
55, 500
Ham den__ _
3,800
Hartford _
0
Manchester _ _
5,000
Meriden. .
13,350
M iddletown..
800
Milford
0
N augatu ck ...
0
New Britain..
4,000
New H a v en ..
0
Norwalk __
37, 800
N o rw ich ..
24,000
Shelton..
1,500
Stamford.. .
6, 500
Stratford...
800
T orrington...
0
Wallingford. „
0
Waterbury. __
19,500
West Hart
ford _____
29, 500
W illim antic..
0
1 Applications filed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total
(includ
ing re
pairs)
0
5
1
0
0
0
$1,480
1,990
0
0
o
$21, 781
23,117
0
250
0
4
7
1
0
1
4
1
0
0
1
0
3
4
1
2
1
0
0
2
50
0
3, 000
950
30, 200
1, 750
1,770
7,715
175
300
3,800
5,455
150
550
75
27,800
1, 256
435
145
450
5, 699
27, 200
79,200
6, 750
70,170
6, 950
22, 605
9, 390
4,807
300
19, 206
16, 805
43,910
25,805
1, 625
48,001
2,856
815
725
21, 400
5
o|
2,275
475
51, 687
475
City and State
Maine:
Biddeford___
Portland
South Portland . . . _.
Westbrook. .
Massachusetts:
Arlington___
Attleboro___
Belm ont____
Beverly ____
Boston 1 . . .
Braintree . .
Brockton .
Brookline
Cambridge. _.
Chelsea_____
Chicopee____
D edham ____
Easthampton.
E verett_____
Fall River
Fitchburg___
Framingham _
Gardner.
Gloucester..
Haverhill___
Holyoke. _ _
Lawrence _.
Leom inster...
New Fami New
residen lies nonresi Total
tial
pro dential (includ
build vided build ing re
pairs)
ings
for
ings
0
0
0
0
$1,500
1, 300
$2,200
61, 555
0
0
0
0
715
400
715
3,900
$13, 000
6,000
8,000
0
81, 000
0
4,000
42, 000
3, 500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16, 500
0
0
0
2,200
2
1,400
465
1,000
7, 625
30, 785
1,625
450
850
350
10, 000
4, 350
1,250
50
0
15
300
72, 500
155
100
350
0
148
10, 088
17,900
7,185
9,000
61, 389
318, 374
6, 275
8, 325
50,310
20, 705
40,060
4, 950
2, 350
2, 750
29, 600
2,815
300
73, 270
905
22,988
11,350
30, 500
998
27, 849
1
1
0
17
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
363
HOUSING
T a b l e 11.— E ST IM A T E D COST OF B U IL D IN G S FOR W HICH PE R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED
IN PR IN C IP A L CITIES, D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
N e w E n g la n d S ta t e s — C ontinued
City and State
M assachusetts—Con.
Lowell _____
Lynn
Malden ___
Marlborough.
Medford____
Melrose
M ilton. ___
Natick _ ___
N eedham ___
New Bedford.
Newburyport
N ew ton. . . .
North Adams.
Northampton.
North Attleboro______
Norwood
Peabody . . .
Pittsfield____
Plym outh___
Quincy_____
Revere. .
Salem
Saugus
Somerville..
Springfield.
Stoneham _. _
Swampscott..
Taunton
Waltham____
W atertow n...
Wellesley___
Westfield____
New Fami New
residen lies nonresipro dential
tial
build vided build
for
ings
ings
Total
(includ
ing re
pairs)
$4, 000
17,800
9,000
5,000
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
5
2
1
0
$750
1, 100
0
200
2,000
$100
350
1,850
400
2,600
$4,800
56,650
10,155
3,800
20, 750
$6, 600
28,879
10,850
5,800
5,600
0
123,000
0
0
0
12
0
0
600
16,000
0
50
60C
152,785
17,620
450
0
0
0
10,000
0
16, 500
0
0
2, 000
0
0
0
0
0
4,600
0
48, 500
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
0
0
8, 250
12,150
0
450
2, 520
0
130,000
0
200
1,500
0
25
196
125
100
12,000
0
0
21,688
12^500
10, 825
1,625
24, 621
1,300
159, 600
2,500
3; 730
25,950
400
50
946
7,510
14,040
68, 400
0
$2,000
0
4,500
0
0
City and State
M assachusetts—Con.
West Springfield______
W eym outh...
Winchester. __
W inthrop___
Woburn __ ..
Worcester___
N e w H a m pshire:
Berlin. .
Concord. . .
Keene. . .
Manchester. .
Rhode Island:
Central Falls.
Cranston. . ..
East Providence.. .
Newport . . .
North Provid e n c e ..___
Pawtucket__
Providence._.
W arwick.. . .
Westerly ___
W e st W arwick _. _ __
Woonsocket - .
Vermont:
Bennington. .
B urlington...
Rutland____
T otal___
New Fami New
Total
residen lies nonresi- (includ
tial
pro dential
re
build vided build ing
pairs)
ings
for
ings
0
$2, 250
11,000
0
4, 500
54, 400
0
2
1
0
1
12
0
$15, 727
650
100
151, 700
13,060
$140
24, 252
12, 850
400
156, 200
75, 366
0
2,000
5,000
18,000
0
1
2
6
0
500
6, 700
1,050
200
2, 750
13, 190
23,490
0
10, 500
0
2
0
2,915
4, 350
13, 620
0
4,600
0
1
8,015
5, 400
12, 613
82, 269
3,000
0
6,000
20, 500
950
1
0
1
2
1
250
250
10, 450
1,900
3, 500
3, 650
2,480
49, 600
23,900
5, 525
0
0
0
0
2, 500
50
2, 500
3, 742
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25, 000
150
0
27, 800
1,650
819, 450
143
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$6,800
0
39, 300
100
0
9,175
0
0
$11, 610
6,165
46, 201
500
0
11, 725
150
4,500
0
$6, 500
0
0
6,000
0
7,000
0
0
18, 600
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
200
0
0
200
1,785
16, 694
750
0
770
9, 600
700
200
7,700
685
10, 582
31,375
4, 330
18, 650
0
17,200
0
3
0
700
865
18, 200
12,000
23,000
5
4
6,200
700
67,990
24, 505
31,000
0
0
0
6,000
4
0
0
0
2
300
2, 100
100
325
780
78, 667
2,100
11,600
525
26,651
683, 400 2,553, 390
M i d d l e A t l a n t i c S ta te s
New Jersey:
AsburyPark2.
Atlantic C ity.
Bayonne____
Bloomfield__
Bridgeton___
Burlington.. .
Camden_____
Cartaret____
C lifto n ..........
D o v e r ...........
East Orange..
Elizabeth___
Englewood__
Garfield_____
Hackensack..
Harrison____
Hillside T w p.
Hoboken____
Irvington___
Jersey C ity ...
Kearny_____
Long Branch.
Ly ndhurst
T w p______
M ap lew o o d
T w p______
Montclair___
M orristown..
Newark_____
New Bruns
wick______
N utley______
2 N ot included in
0
0
$5, 000
0
0
0
0
0
4,000
0
10,000
11,900
0
4,900
0
0
0
0
4,500
0
0
0
0
0
0 $106, 460
0
2
400
0
0
0
0
0
0
8, 625
65,000
0
1
2,630
0
6,050
2
8,895
1
500
0
0
1
0
0
0
13, 000
0
5,850
0
0
0
550
1
2,500
0
900
0
250
0
$5, 620
116,013
11,250
2,000
0
1,235
10,385
80,000
7,630
7,085
32,418
16,345
2,750
6,900
2,405
15,175
6,025
4,937
5,780
35,360
1,050
3, 860
0
0
450
800
16,000
14,000
0
0
2
3
0
0
1,225
0
0
19,450
21,715
15,110
215
81, 326
0
5,000
totals.
0
1
0
520
16, 385
5,520
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New J e r s e y —
Continued.
Orange.. . . .
Passaic______
Paterson..
Perth Amboy.
Phillipsburg-.
Plainfield___
Pleasantville.
Red Bank___
Ridgefield
Park _____
R idgewood...
Roselle______
Rutherford...
South Orange.
Sum m it___ _
TeaneckTwp.
T renton.. . . .
Union C ity ...
Union T w p ...
W eehaw ken
Twp . . . .
Westfield____
W est N ew
York______
West Orange.
New York:
Albany_____
A m sterd a m .
Auburn_____
Batavia ____
Binghamton..
364
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
T a b l e 11 .—E ST IM A T E D COST OF BU IL D IN G S FOR W HICH PE R M IT S W E R E ISSU E D
IN PR IN C IP A L CITIES, D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
M id d l e A t l a n t i c S ta t e s — C ontinued
City and State
New Fami New
residen lies nonresitial
pro dential
build vided build
ings
for
ings
N e w Y o r k—
Continued.
B u ffa lo .____ $14, 000
Cohoes.
0
Dunkirk
0
E lm ir a ... _.
0
Endicott
0
Floral Park...
0
Fulton _____
1,200
Glen Cove__
0
Glens F a lls._.
0
H em pstead...
16, 500
Herkimer.. ..
0
Hornell . . . .
0
Irondequoit. .
4, 800
Ithaca___. . .
14, 000
Jamestown. __
0
Johnson C ity.
3, 800
Kenmore . .
0
Kingston. . . .
0
Lackawanna.
0
Lockport.. ..
0
Lynbrook___
3,500
Mamaroneck.
0
M iddletown..
0
M ount Ver
non .,- ____
36, 000
Newburgh__
11,500
New Rochelle.
0
N ew
York
City:
The Bronx1. 196, 000
Brooklyn1.. 278, 500
M anhattan1
0
Queens 1__ 3,164, 000
Richmond1.
0
Niagara Falls.
14,500
North Tonawanda 2___
1,400
Ogdensburg..
0
Olean _____
0
Oneida______
0
Ossining.. . . .
0
Oswego . . ..
0
Peekskill__ _
3, 500
Plattsburg__
6,000
Port Jervis. _.
0
Poughkeepsie.
0
Rensselaer___
0
Rochester___
3,900
R ockville
Center
10,000
Saratoga
Springs____
2, 800
Schenectady. _
0
Syracuse. . . .
26, 450
T onaw anda..
0
T roy________
23, 500
U tica. _______
13, 000
Valley Stream
0
W atertow n...
0
12, 000
White Plains.
39, 300
Y onkers... ..
Pennsylvania:
A bin gton
T w p______
0
Allentown. _.
0
Altoona___ _
0
Ambridge___
0
Arnold______
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
0
0
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
2
0
$25, 510 $153,707
0
75
40
0
6,150
63,160
4, 750
4, 600
500
500
500
1,700
2,713
4,163
950
7,250
0
16,500
0
0
0
0
980
5,930
3,150
17,150
0
6,780
3,800
0
75
75
42,335
0
0
38, 060
38, 000
3, 500
0
6, 050
8,150
1,185
0
750
2,900
800
47, 750
15, 000
8,100
61
27, 300 396,185
83 568, 640 1, 880, 771
0 1, 327, 612 2,745,162
138 1, 713, 068 5, 027,103
0
70, 250
99, 505
2
2, 077
25, 012
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
325
500
0
0
6,300
0
16, 600
0
0
200
0
71, 278
1,725
1, 200
0
600
6, 300
8,000
21,100
6,000
0
9,419
6,045
97,489
2
0
11, 270
1
0
5
0
3
2
0
0
2
5
0
17,000
775
210
500
6,200
530
1,150
3,000
28, 250
4,794
27,423
32,150
2, 710
28,905
19, 200
880
10, 495
17, 150
79,100
0
0
0
0
0
950
175
650
0
0
4,100
4, 525
1, 350
0
0
Applications filed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total
(includ
ing re
pairs)
City and State
Pennsylvania—
Continued.
B ethlehem ..
Braddock___
Bradford. _
Bristol______
Carlisle . . . _
C hambersburg— ___
Charleroi . . .
Chester . . .
Clairton___
Coatesville .
Connellsville.
Coraopolis___
Donora . . .
Du Bois____
Duquesne___
Easton .
E r i e . .............
Greensburg...
Harrisburg__
Haverford___
Hazleton.
Jeannette.. .
Johnstown__
Kingston____
Lancaster___
Latrobe.. . . .
Lower Merion T w p___
M cKeesport..
M c K e e s
Rocks____
M eadville. .
M onessen___
M ount Leb
anon Twp.
New Castle...
New
Ken
sington____
N orristow n...
North Braddock „ ._ ..
Oil C ity_____
Philadelphia.
Phoenixville..
Pittsburgh__
Pittston_____
Plym outh___
Pottstown___
Pottsville___
Scranton. . . .
Sharon______
Steel ton..........
Sunbury ___
Swiss vale____
U nion tow n...
Upper Darby.
V andergrift..
Warren. . . .
W ashington..
Waynesboro..
West Chester
Wilkes-Barre.
Wilkinsburg..
Williamsport.
York........ .......
New Fami New
Total
residen lies nonresi- (includ
tial
pro dential
re
build vided build ing
pairs)
for
ings
ings
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$3, 600
0
1,400
200
0
$3, 850
800
5, 535
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$3, 000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
250
0
750
1,775
200
0
0
0
0
500
500
60, 836
0
0
250
3,000
0
11, 000
200
7,000
0
250
0
1,750
2,775
750
0
0
0
0
500
1,398
73,711
0
16,970
2, 850
6, 000
3,000
11,690
1,200
7,550
0
24, 600
0
2
0
1,800
0
30,076
4, 350
0
0
3, 500
0
0
1
0
2, 600
0
0
8,150
3,540
5,000
3, 800
1
1
0
465
5,000
13, 565
0
0
0
0
7,400
25, 375
7,400
65,355
0
0
15, 600
0
19, 700
0
0
0
0
6, 500
6,000
0
0
0
0
12, 000
0
0
0
0
0
0
7,000
0
2,200
0
0
4
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
82,147
0
14, 245
0
0
500
950
25, 231
0
0
0
0
59,114
8,450
0
0
0
0
8, 800
2,975
475
345,150
200
0
3,135
564, 342
0
108, 415
0
3,500
1,975
1,750
35,836
6,200
0
0
0
59, 364
21, 750
0
1,000
0
0
9,100
5,404
7, 600
351,113
14,130
Total____ 4, 210, 250
392j4,963, 645 13,402,652
2 N ot included in totals.
365
HOUSING
T a b l e 11 .—E ST IM A T E D COST OF B U IL D IN G S FOR W HICH PE R M IT S W E R E ISSU E D
IN P R IN C IP A L CITIES, D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l S ta te s
City and State
Illinois:
Alton_______
Aurora______
Belleville____
Berwyn_____
Bloomington.
Blue Island...
Brookfield___
Cairo_______
Calumet City
Canton___ _
Centralia____
Champaign—.
Chicago_____
Chicago
H eights..
C icero ______
Danville------Decatur_____
East St. Louis
Elgin.
.. .
Elmhurst___
E lm w ood
Park. *___
Evanston___
Forest Park. _
Freeport____
Granite C ity.
Harvey-------H ighland
Park. ____
J o lie t______
Kankakee___
La Grange__
M aywood___
Melrose Park.
M oline.- ___
Mount Ver
non_______
Oak Park___
Ottawa____
Park Ridge.
Peoria______
Quincy_____
Rockford.
Rock Island..
Springfield__
Sterling_____
Streator_____
Urbana_____
Waukegan___
W ilmette____
Winnetka___
Indiana:
Bedford___ _
Connersville..
Cr a wf o r d s ville. ____
East Chicago.
Elkhart_____
Elwood— .
Evansville__
Fort W ayne..
Frankfort___
Gary_______
Hammond__
H un tington..
Indianapolis—
Kokomo____
Lafayette___
La Porte
Logansport....
Marion_____
M ichigan
C ity..........-
New Fami New
residen lies nonresitial
pro dential
build vided build
for
ings
ings
Total
(includ
ing re
pairs)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$20, 500
0
C
C
0
C
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
4
$2, 505
$280
8,590
7, 500
0
0
0
0
0
C
8, 860
1,800
580
0
0
0
0
0
75
75
0
0
3, 700
2,000
75, 645 242,870
0
0
0
1,000
3,250
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
2,600
44,800
25,000
913
240
0
1,150
4, 975
50, 898
26,000
12, 213
10, 559
0
O'
4,000
0
4,300
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
250
750
600
0
0
400
250
33, 250
600
4,300
0
400
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
9, 550
0
0
0
0
0
0
47, 550
7,000
0
0
1, 200
0
2,875
0
C
0
0
c
35,600
0
0
0
0
0
2,000
0
0
0
0
5,000
2,500
0
500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
450
0
0
2,235
610
0
2,000
0
0
200
0
200
2 1, 060, 300 1,079,350
5,425
1
2,650
7,135
0
125
2, 329
1
0
24,450
0
19,150
1, 250
0
1, 100
0
0
0
0
0
0
12,500
0
1,400
1,030
0
600
3,400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9,000
0
8,600
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
136, 900
50
0
1,600
7,475
0
100
350
0
83,885
395
0
1,700
11,975
0
33
137, 025
614
0
16, 746
59,165
300
665
10,350
150
114, 632
1,525
500
1,730
12, 280
650
0
0
50
2,245
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
City and State
Indiana—Con.
M ishawaka...
Muncie_____
Newcastle___
Peru________
Richmond___
South Bend__
Terre H aute..
Vincennes___
W hiting____
Michigan:
A drian.. . —
Ann Arbor. __
Battle Creek.
Bay C ity-----Benton Har
bor...............
D earborn___
Detroit_____
Escanaba____
F e r n d a le ___
F lint_______
Grand Rap
ids________
Grosse Pointe
Park______
Hamtramck—
H ighland
Park _ .
Holland___ _
Ironwood___
Jackson__ Kalamazoo__
Lansing. ._
Lincoln Park.
Marquette---Monroe-------Muskegon---Owosso_____
Pontiac...
River Rouge-.
Royal Oak—
Saginaw ... . .
Sault Sainte
Marie_____
Traverse City
W yandotte.—
Ypsilanti-----Ohio:
Akron____ —
Alliance------Barberton---Bellaire—. _—
B u c y ru s-----Cambridge....
Campbell-- Canton . — .
Cincinnati__
Cleveland___
Cleveland
Heights__
Columbus---Cuyahoga
Falls______
D a y to n ... . . .
East Cleve
land______
Elyria______
Euclid______
Findlay_____
Fostoria_____
Garfield
Heights----Hamilton___
Ironton...........
New Fami New
Total
residen lies nonresi- (includ
tial
pro dential ing re
build vided build
pairs)
ings
ings
for
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$3, 000
240
0
0
0
0
2,080
0
0
$3,650
1,175
0
0
2,600
4, 500
15, 785
182
0
0
0
0
$1, 500
0
0
0
1
200
50
12, 200
200
644
10, 548
14,450
4,485
0
0
27,800
1, 350
0
0
5,095
0
155
G
6 148,780
0
2
0
0
39,712
0
5,695
2,255
319,086
1, 350
0
44, 342
0
0
500
15,115
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
475
0
0
0
0
4,500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7, 540
0
150
125
2,400
135
0
0
0
0
2,000
0
0
2, 660
8,950
7, 590
200
4,150
6, 255
3,007
1,535
365
1,600
175
0
3, 575
5,565
0
5,810
0
0
3,950
0
0
0
1
0
150
400
460
0
525
400
6,210
0
12, 525
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
66, 200
18, 500
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
4
5,620
3,900
10, 000
0
0
0
0
1,710
56, 320
15,525
31,106
7, 900
10, 900
0
0
0
0
5, 955
176, 295
55, 000
0
4,500
0
1
3,700
193, 600
4,980
212,000
0
0
0
0
0
1,048
500
2, 523
0
0
13,442
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
170
2,130
0
0
0
325
2,705
13,442
500
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150
0
0
250
1,250
366
M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W
T a ble 1 1 -E S T I M A T E D COST OF B U IL D IN G S FOR W HICH PE R M IT S W E R E ISSU E D
IN PR IN C IP A L CITIES, D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
East North Central States— C o n tin u e d
City and State
New Fami New
residen lies nonresitial
pro dential
build vided build
ings
for
ings
Ohio—Contd.
Lakewood___
0
Lima _ .
0
Lorain______
0
Mansfield___
0
M arietta____
0
Marion_____
0
Massillon___
0
M iddletown. _
0
Newark_____
0
Norwood____
0
Parma______
0
Piqua______
0
Portsmouth . _
0
Salem_______
0
Sandusky___
0
Shaker H ’ts_— $25,000
Springfield__
0
Steubenville__
5,500
Struthers____
0
Tiffin......... .
0
Toledo..........
0
W arren_____
2,400
Wooster_____
0
o
Xenia
Youngstown-.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
o
0
$650
55
95
2,580
0
0
0
0
125
40, 250
0
0
300
0
75
0
250
300
0
0
1,175
217, 350
75
o
640
Total
(includ
ing re
pairs)
$2,475
55
95
3,074
0
0
10
8,940
125
40, 750
o
200
4,820
0
625
25,000
500
5,950
0
0
8, 774
234,890
75
o
12,190
City and State
New Fami New
residen lies nonresi- Total
tial
pro dential (includ
build vided build ing re
pairs)
ings
for
ings
Wisconsin:
Beloit_______
Eau Claire__
Fond du Lac.
Green B ay__
Janesville —
Kenosha
Madison___M anitow oc.-.
Marinette___
Milwaukee .
Oshkosh
Racine
Sheboygan__
Shorewood- South Milwaukee____
Stevens Point
Superior_____
Two Rivers 2__
Waukesha___
W ausau
Wauwatosa- .
West A llis.. _
0
0
0
0
$7, 500
o
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
o
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
10,900
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
2
0
Total____
301, 817
66 2,460, 698 3, 676,042
$26, 600
3,000
62,100
0
1,500
5 $254, 994 $300, 234
1
0
3,000
6
28, 536 137, 654
0
0
0
1
0
4,800
0
$10, 000
3, 330
495
100
$375
12, 500
3,715
945
7, 600
550
0
0
134, 595
2,050
40
2,000
223,429
535
0
6,526
0
0
300
40
200
20,300
0
800
275
1, 210
49j 350
0
*110
11, 300
680
West North Central States
Iowa:
B urlington.. .
Cedar Rapids.
Council Bluffs
Davenport__
Des M oines..
Dubuque___
Fort D odge...
Iowa C ity ___
Keokuk_____
Marshalltown
Mason C ity ..
Muscatine___
Ottumwa___
Sioux C ity__
"Waterloo____
Kansas:
Arkansas City
Atchison____
Dodge C ity ...
Eldorado.
Emporia___
Fort Scott___
Hutchinson. _
Independence
Kansas C ity ..
Lawrence . .
Leavenworth.
M anhattan...
N e w t o n ___
Pittsburg___
Salina______
Topeka _. ._
W ic h ita ____
Minnesota:
Albert Lea__
D uluth_____
Faribault
Hibbing_____
Mankato. . . .
$2, 500
2,000
2, 600
0
5,250
5, 500
0
0
0
1,600
4, 250
3, 500
20,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,000
0
0
0
0
0
9,500
0
0
0
0
4,000
750
2, 750
850
o
0
0
2 N ot included in totals.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
1
4
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
$10C
3,590
149
4,400
4, 56C
1, 300
950
160,000
0
0
10, 231
315
3,500
5,800
455
180
550
250
0
0
1
0
25
0
1,000
0
0
0
0
0
175
400
140,940
1
1
o
0
0
500
3, 775
o
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
$5,806
12, 583
7,169
8,104
49, 450
7, 783
1,470
177,000
200
6,700
14,946
11,636
24,350
9,235
5,820
380
550
250
155
16, 285
0
425
0
5,000
o
9,500
0
561
575
575
5, 550
145, 521
3,250
17, 740
1,’ 200
525
M i n n e s o ta—
Continued.
Minneapolis..
Rochester___
St. Paul_____
South St. Paul
W inona_____
Missouri:
Cape Girardeau
Columbia___
Hannibal. __
Independence
Jefferson City
Joplin_____ _
Kansas City .
Maplewood. _
M oberly____
St. C harles.-_
St. Joseph___
St. Louis. . . .
Springfield...
Nebraska:
Beatrice_____
F rem o n t___
Hastings____
Lincoln _
Omaha_____
North Dakota:
Rismarck
Fargo____ .
Grand Forks.
South Dakota:
Aberdeen . . .
M itchell____
Rapid C ity ...
Sioux Falls__
Total____
o
0
0
0
0
2, 600
22, 500
0
7,000
0
2,500
18,750
1,500
0
0
0
0
2
6
0
1
0
1
6
1
0
0
0
800
5, 500
51, 200
1,010
200
0
60
34,735
300
o
o
1, 500
14, 525
10,050
86, 200
1,310
21, 200
800
6,160
115Ì173
7, 300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
335
0
100
785
0
8,500
3
2,010
37, 090
0
500
0
1
0
300
2, 700
800
0
0
0
0
0
0
375
0
0
223,100
57
o
0
0
374
84,125
0
374
90, 932
808, 569 1,411, 465
367
H O U SIN G
T a b l e 1 1 —E ST IM A T E D COST OF B U IL D IN G S FOR W HICH PE R M IT S WE R E ISSU ED
IN P R I NCI P AL CITIES, D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
South Atlantic States
City and State
Delaware:
Wilmington__
District of Co
lumbia:
W ashington __
Florida:
Gainesville.._
Jacksonville..
Key W est___
Lakeland____
M iami. ____
Pensacola___
St. Augustine.
St. Petersburg
Sanford . . .
Tallahassee...
Tampa. ____
West Palm
Beach_____
Georgia:
Athens . . . . .
Atlanta_____
Augusta____
Brunswick__
Columbus___
Lagrange____
Savannah___
Maryland:
A n n ap o lis....
Baltimore___
Cumberland .
Frederick___
Hagerstown _.
Salisbury.
North Carolina:
Asheville____
Charlotte___
Concord.. . .
Durham____
Elizabeth
C ity---------F ayetteville..
Gastonia ___
Goldsboro___
Greensboro. . _
High P o in t...
Kinston
New Bern___
New Fami New
residen lies nonresitial
pro dential
build vided build
ings
for
ings
$42, 955
Total 1
(includ- I
ing re- I City and State
pairs)
9 $1,358,656 $1,410,245
238, 800
39
50C
6, 85C
2, 500
0
27, 600
0
0
1,900
0
0
1,300
1
6
1
C
7
0
c
3
0
0
2
21, 390
540, 489
70
1,755
84,835
20, 065
30, 802
53, 302
C
300
73, 855 401,079
94, 434
3, 400
0
2,630
45, 722
72, 567
300
775
1, 245
410
3, 100
43, 963
0
0
7,252
10, 458
1,500
5, 250
4, 800
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
3, 340
165, 697
0
225
400
10, 230
3,957
33,832
183, 389
1,350
17,377
400
12, 073
0
34, 000
0
0
0
0
0
23
0
0
0
0
175, 000
62, 300
200
235
1,250
10, 250
186, 051
285, 100
400
525
28, 800
10, 525
900
13,950
9,124
14,450
1
3
3
3
80
4, 970
0
3,000
18, 420
20, 555
9, 399
27, 950
950
0
5,000
0
10,000
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
50
100
95
10, 200
0
0
2,950
1,525
5, 050
500
31, 231
23, 414
300
700
°
North C a r o
lina—Con.
Raleigh_____
Rocky Mount
Salisbury____
Shelby______
Statesville___
Thomas ville..
W ilm ington..
W instonSalem_____
South Carolina:
Anderson___
Charleston__
Columbia___
Florence____
Greenville___
Greenwood...
Rock H ill___
Spartanburg..
Sumter.. . . .
Virginia:
Alexandria__
Charlottesville
Danville____
Hopewell____
Newport
News.
. .
Norfolk_____
Petersburg__
Richmond___
Roanoke__ _
Staunton____
Suffolk______
W inchester...
West Virginia:
Bluefield. . . . ' .
Charleston__
Clarksburg...
Fairmont__
H un tington..
Martinsburg..
Morgantown.
Parkersburg..
Wheeling. ..
Total____
New Fami New
residen lies nonresi- Total
tial
pro dential (includ
build vided build ing re
pairs)
ings
for
ings
$11,000
70t:
C
0
0
0
1, 000
4
1
C
0
0
0
1
$300
10, 090
10, 235
0
0
50
0
$12, 700
11,590
10, 235
0
0
50
3,907
2, 000
1
455
5,050
36,050
5,300
1,200
1,000
500
0
4, SOO
0
3, 700
7
3
1
1
1
0
3
0
2
9, 000
0
170
600
135
341
600
350
0
47, 600
10, 073
3,359
4, 600
4,060
3,016
5,875
1,975
3, 700
6, 250
1,000
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
300
0
9,265
13, 100
1,200
339
10, 000
11,400
0
14, 000
0
0
0
0
0
1,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
533, 229
1
2,445
14, 450
3
10, 350
52,163
0
500
900
4
6, 370
43, 576
0 1, 204, 831 1, 222, 743
0
2,085
12, 110
0
60
260
0
0
3,200
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
90
580
530
0
1,950
0
0
12,000
0
108
47, 330
530
0
2, 000
1,000
1,090
15, 000
4, 475
146 3, 287,061 5,196, 479
South Central States
Alabama:
Bessemer. ._
0
Birmingham .
$7,900
Decatur_____
0
Gadsden____
0
Huntsville__
0
M obile______
3,000
Montgomery.
0
0
Selma____ . .
Tuscaloosa__
0
Arkansas:
Blythe v ille ...
1,000
El Dorado___
0
Fort Sm ith.
0
Hot Springs..
0
Little R ock...
0
Texarkana___
1,200
Kentucky:
Ashland. . . .
0
Frankfort___
0
Henderson__
0
Lexington___
0
33773°—34---- 9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
$840
39, 648
1,230
0
125
75, 900
9,997
450
0
$1,590
83,135
1, 230
0
125
86, 060
22, 637
1,336
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
400
100
627
0
1,000
0
4, 100
100
6, 280
6, 700'
0
0
0
0
4, 000
0
0
$1, 550
4, 000
0
0
$3, 726
Kentucky —
Continued.
Louisville__
Newport. _
Queensboro...
Paducah __ ..
Louisiana:
Alexandria__
Lafavette..
New Orleans.
Shreveport. . .
Mississippi:
Clarksdale__
Columbus.. .
Greenville___
Greenwood...
Gulfport____
Hattiesburg..
Jackson
L a u r e l..____
Vicksburg___
$13,000
0
0
500
3
0
0
1
$17, 925
300
49, 305
0
$47,104
300
50,050
500
0
1, 535
7, 050
0
0
3
5
0
300
450
1,425
476, 647
3,193
2 235
73Ì 623
488, 705
2, 850
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
3,975
0
0
0
1,810
0
0
2, 550
2, 550
1,400
1,400
4 375
1 915
3, 500 . 3^ 500
1,578
2,328
368
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
T a b le 11.— E ST IM A T E D COST OF B U IL D IN G S FOR W H IC H PE R M IT S W ER E ISSU ED
IN PR IN C IP A L CITIES, D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
South Central States— C o n tin u e d
C i t y a n d S ta t e
O k la h o m a :
A d a __________
A rd m o re
C h ic k a s h a ___
_______
E n id
O k la h o m a
C i t y _______
O k m u lg e e ___
S a p u lp a ___
S h a w n e e _____
T u l s a ________
T e n n essee :
C h a t ta n o o g a Jackson.
J o h n so n C ity .
K in g s p o r t ____
K n o x v ill e ____
N a s h v ill e ____
T exas:
A m a r i l l o ____
A u s t i n . _____
B e a u m o n t ___
B ig S p r i n g . . .
B ro w n w o o d ..
C l e b u r n e ____
N ew
F a m i N e w
r e s id e n lie s n o n re s itia l
p r o d e n t ia l
b u i l d v id e d b u i l d
in g s
for
in g s
T o ta l
( in c lu d
in g r e
p a irs )
$1,000
0
0
1
0
0
0
$300
3,000
0
0
0
$1,000
5,300
5,861
1,985
5,000
0
0
0
44, 500
1
0
0
0
4
191, 225
1,625
0
49,450
31,128
206, 435
1,625
0
51, 690
105,963
0
800
0
2,700
9,000
8, 500
0
1
0
2
1
10,812
2, 000
300
170
18, 407
118
277,024
3, 500
300
2,870
53,305
31, 384
0
16,994
0
0
0
0
0
0
4, 850
74, 234
0
0
0
4, 521
31,485
89,506
700
0
5
6
0
0
0
0
0
C i t y a n d S ta t e
T e x a s — C o n td .
C o r p u s
C h i i s t i _____
C o r s ic a n a ____
D a lla s
D e l R io _____
D e n is o n
E l P a s o ___
F o rt W o rth . .
G a lv e s t o n __
H a r l i n g e n ____
H o u s t o n ____
L u b b o c k ___
P a le s t in e
P a m p a _______
P a r i s . . _____
S a n A n t o n i o ..
S w e e tw a t e r ..
T e m p l e ______
T y le r
W aco
W i c h it a F a l l s .
T o ta l. . . .
N ew
F a m i New
r e s id e n lies n o n re s itia l
p r o d e n t ia l
b u il d - a v i d e d b u i l d
in g s
for
in g s
0
$1,100
47 528
2;500
o
0
4,000
16, 600
0
84, 975
0
14 300
1,000
0
6,950
0
4,870
5, 750
0
0
316,102
0
2
22
2
o
0
2
5
0
33
0
8
i
0
11
0
5
6
o
0
$3,000
0
14 683
T o ta l
( in c lu d
in g r e
p a irs )
$5, 200
1,700
0
2, 500
41, 445
50, 609
27, 216
5,100
170, 615
9,200
60
5, 500
0
309, 991
370
0
2 333
72, 520
70, 589
63,080
92,957
260,405
10, 762
7 725
hooo
8,250
2,450
365,376
3,870
4, 870
13 656
1 o’ 475
L 500
138 1, 728, 628 2,886, 079
Mountain and Pacific States
Arizona:
Phoenix_____
Tucson______
California:
Alameda____
Alhambra___
Anaheim _. . .
Bakersfield...
Berkeley____
Beverly Hills.
Brawley_____
B u r b a n k ___
Burlingame. .
Compton____
Eureka______
Fresno— ___
Gardena____
G len d a le___
Huntington
Park.............
Inglewood___
Long B ea ch ..
Los Angeles..
Modesto____
Monrovia___
Oakland____
Ontario .
Palo Alto . . .
Pasadena____
Pomona_____
Redlands____
Richmond___
Riverside___
Sacramento.._
Salinas__ ___
San Bernardino . . . . .
San Diego___
San F r a n cisco___ __
San Leandro.
0
0
0
0
$7,873
230
$12,310
19,957
0
$3,200
0
0
2,800
40,000
0
0
9,113
0
0
0
0
43, 500
0
2
0
0
1
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
10
600
2,930
0
21,690
5,200
3,400
350
1,150
0
100
13,230
7,750
195
5,840
3, 307
8,355
2,386
28,907
23, 510
52,483
725
4,750
9, 663
2,348
16, 685
32,192
5,890
50,830
2,745
1,500
17,300
493,185
0
2,850
34, 080
0
18, 500
6,800
0
0
0
1,800
6,000
500
2
1
6
143
0
1
12
0
4
1
0
0
0
2
2
1
2,670
21,000
12,175
244,461
425
790
23,255
1,570
'850
18,857
8,088
0
2,035
144,800
1,500
34, 270
12,160
24, 675
321, 705
959,895
1,620
6,554
106, 570
3,045
20,800
44,305
17,045
4,136
2,798
154,631
26, 980
36,525
0
33,900
0
12
190
61,650
6,261
123, 638
31,980
3,200
12 1,511,222 1,683,887
2
'231
4,821
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
California—Con.
San Jose
San M ateo__
Santa Ana___
Santa C ruz...
Santa Monica.
Santa Rosa . .
South G a te...
South Pasadena______
Stockton
Vallejo
Whittier____
Colorado:
Boulder
Colorado
Springs
Denver
Fort C ollins..
Greeley_____
Pueblo______
Idaho:
Boise_______
Pocatello____
Montana:
Anaconda___
Billings
Great F alls..
Missoula____
Nevada:
Reno_______
N ew Mexico:
AlbuquerqueOregon:
Astoria__
Eugene_____
Klamath
Falls______
Medford____
Portland
Salem_______
o
$2,000
0
3,685
3,300
0
0
o
i
0
3
1
0
0
$17 970
42, 280
0
500
34,000
775
2,000
$27,045
51,130
18.094
7.115
67, 532
1,330
6,473
0
o
8,050
3,500
0
o
3
1
0
3Q 766
916
1,250
2,567
51,747
13.095
7, 613
0
0
0
530
o
31,000
0
0
0
o
4
0
0
0
170
5 015
0
700
30
1.115
72, 736
1,041
700
26,143
800
0
1
0
3, 550
0
11,194
4,018
0
4, 000
0
1,000
0
1
0
1
0
o
0
325
0
4, 275
8,500
1,325
0
0
325
4,375
0
0
15, 690
20, 391
o
0
o
0
o
195
6, 225
1,370
0
0
22, 250
2,260
0
0
6
1
450
1,000
3, 210
105
4,205
1,730
69,575
8,861
369
H O U SIN G
T a b l e 11 .— E ST IM A T E D COST OF B U IL D IN G S FOR W HICH PE R M IT S W ER E ISSU ED
IN PR IN C IP A L CITIES, D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Mountain and Pacific States— C o n tin u e d
City and State
Utah:
Ogden. . .
Provo 2. . . . . .
Salt Lake
City---------Washington:
Aberdeen. .
Bellingham.
Bremerton__
Hoquiam
Longview___
Port Angeles.
New Fami New
residen lies nonresitial
pro dential
build vided build
for
ings
ings
Total
(includ
ing re
pairs)
0
0
0
0
$400
495
$400
495
$25,843
6
4,184
45,740
0
0
1,00(1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
200
926,400
50
0
0
300
1,035
982, 285
50
440
0
City and State
New Fami New
Total
residen lies nonresi- (includ
tial
pro dential ing re
build vided build
pairs)
ings
for
ings
W a s h in g to n Continued.
Seattle.. .
Spokane.. . . .
Tacoma_____
Walla W alla..
W enatchee.-.
Yakim a_____
Wyoming:
Cheyenne___
$5,870
0
0
0
0
0
Total____
871,511
4,000
4
0
0
0
0
0
$17,905 $120, 262
29,480
33,120
110,400 119,455
60
1,335
0
780
700
2,800
1
150
7,805
258 3, 419, 316 5,649, 206
H a w a ii
City
Honolulu____ _____________ ____________________
2 N ot included in totals.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New residential
buildings
$30,029
FamiNew nonlies pro- residential
vided for buildings
18
$1, 701
Total (ineluding repairs)
$47,833
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
W a g e -R a te C h a n g e s in A m e r ic a n In d u s tr ie s
Manufacturing Industries
HE following table presents information concerning wage-rate
adjustments occurring between November 15 and December 15,
1933, as shown by reports received from manufacturing establish
ments supplying employment data to this Bureau.
Increases in wage rates averageing 10.2 percent and affecting
40,212 employees were reported by 174 of the 18,015 manufacturing
establishments surveyed in December. Twenty-one establishments
in the slaughtering and meat packing industry reported wage-rate
increases averaging 10 percent and affecting 15,732 employees.
Thirty-eight establishments in the paper and pulp industry reported
increases in wage rates also averaging 10 percent and affecting
6,747 employees. Increased wage rates averaging 7.8 percent and
affecting 7,143 employees were reported in 3 rayon establishments
between November and December. Nine establishments in the
automobile industry reported increased wage rates averaging 9.1
percent and affecting 3,222 employees. Increases in wage rates
averaging 12.6 percent and affecting 1,694 employees were reported
in the foundry and machine-shop products industry. Two establish
ments in the soap industry reported wage-rate increases averaging
10.1 percent and affecting 1,202 employees. In each of the remaining
establishments which reported wage rate increases in December, the
employees affected numbered less than 1,000.
Of the 18,015 manufacturing establishments included in the Decem
ber survey, 17,820 establishments, or 98.9 percent of the total, reported
no change in wage rates over the month interval. The 3,084,213
employees not affected by changes in wage rates constituted 98.7
percent of the total number of employees covered by the December
trend-of-employment survey of manufacturing industries.
Twenty-one manufacturing establishments in 11 industries reported
wage-rate decreases affecting 668 employees between November
and December.
T
370
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
371
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T able 1.—W AGE-RATE C H ANGES IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN G M O N T H
E N D IN G D E C E M B E R 15, 1933
Industry
EstabTotal
"lishments number
of
em
report ployees
ing
All manufacturing industries... 18, 015 3,125,093
Percent of total.................. 100.0
100. 0
Food and kindred products:
Baking__________________
Beverages----------- ------ —
B u tt e r ______ _____ _____
Confectionery............ ...........
Flour___________________
Ice cream........ .............. .........
Slaughtering and meat
packing________________
Sugar, b e e t ______________
Sugar refining, c a n e ...........
Textiles and their products:
Fabrics:
Carpets and rugs_____
Cotton goods....... ...........
Cotton small wares___
Dyeing and finishing
textiles_____________
Hats, fu r-felt________
Knit goods___________
Silk and rayon goods...
Woolen and worsted
goods______________
Wearing apparel:
Clothing, men’s . _____
Clothing, women’s ___
Corsets and allied gar
ments______________
M en’s furnishings_____
M illinery____________
Shirts and collars_____
Iron and steel and their prod
ucts, not including machin
ery:
Bolts, nuts, washers, and
rivets__________________
Cast-iron pipe____________
Cutlery (not including sil
ver and plated cutlery)
and edge tools_____ ____
Forgings, iron and steel___
Hardware_______ ________
Iron and steel____________
Plumbers’ supplies_______
Steam and hot-water heat
ing apparatus and steam
fittings__________ _____ _
Stoves___________________
Structural and ornamental
metal work_____________
T in cans and other tinware
Tools (not including edge
tools, machine tools, files,
and saws)________ _____
W¡rework.. _____________
Machinery, not including trans
portation equipment:
Agricultural im plem ents.._
Cash registers, adding ma
chines, and calculating
machines______________
Electrical machinery, ap
paratus, and supplies___
Engines, turbines, tractors,
and w aterwheels..............
Foundry and machine-shop
products . ____________
Machine tools.......................
Radios and phonographs.. .
Textile machinery and
parts_________________
Typewriters and supplies..
Number of employees
having—
No
Wage- Wage- No wage- Wagein- rate derate
rate in'rate rate
creases changes
creases
creases
changes
17,820
98.9
982
382
275
290
408
309
66,898
23, 033
4,128
37,069
16, 721
8,155
982
377
275
290
407
309
235
57
13
102,975
20,198
8,534
214
57
13
27
696
113
16,659
297,787
9, 650
27
696
111
154
31
454
252
39,840
5,357
109,130
49,544
154
31
453
252
240
63,187
240
382
558
59,640
25,461
380
549
30
75
138
116
5,001
6, 331
7, 275
15, 387
30
74
138
116
79
42
13,103
6,611
79
42
131
66
82
205
73
11, 286
8,040
26,479
240,865
8, 079
127
66
80
204
71
97
160
24, 440
19,993
195
60
174
1.0
2
21 3, 084, 213
0.1
98.7
3
1
21
66, 898
22,962
4,128
37, 069
16,561
8,155
87, 243
20,198
8, 534
16, 659
297,787
9,459
2
1
668
(■)
39
32
160
15, 732
191
39, 840
5, 357
108,923
49, 544
207
63,187
2
5
4
1
59, 541
25,276
99
91
5, 001
6, 316
7, 275
15,387
13,103
6,611
97
159
1
24,440
19,899
94
16,163
10,394
190
60
4
15,948
10,394
105
120
73
8,568
7,696
119
72
1
1
8, 555
7, 691
13
5
76
10,473
75
1
10,181
292
33
15, 641
32
103, 821
280
91
20,861
91
111,203
16,787
36,306
1,019
' 152
44
50
13
12,121
12,820
50
13
94
15
10,923
8,040
26,405
240, 755
8,040
282
Wagerate de
creases
40, 212
1.3
2
1
2
1,033
155
44
1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of establish
ments reporting—
4
1
1
363
74
110
39
7
15, 634
2
103,672
14
3
109,509
16,765
36| 306
149
20,861
12,121
12,820
110
1,694
22
372
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T a b l e 1.—W AGE-R A TE C H ANGES IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN G M O N TH
E N D IN G D E C E M B E R 15, 1933—Continued
Industry
Nonferrous metals and their
products:
Aluminum manufactures.-Brass, bronze, and copper
products------- -------------Clocks and watches and
time-recording devices—
Jewelry--------------------------Lighting equipment--------Silverware and plated ware.
Smelting and refining—cop
per, lead, and zinc______
Stamped and enameled
ware----------- ---------------Transportation equipment:
Aircraft_________ ____ ___
Automobiles_____________
Cars, electric- and steamrailroad. ................... ...........
Locomotives_____________
Sh ipbu ildin g........................
Railroad repair shops:
Electric railroad__________
Steam railroad___________
Lumber and allied products:
Furniture_______________
Lumber:
M illwork____________
Sawmills_____________
Turpentine and rosin_____
Stone, clay, and glass prod
ucts:
Brick, tile, and terra cotta..
Cement_________________
Glass____________________
Marble, granite, slate, and
other products_________
Pottery_________________
Leather and its manufactures:
Boots and shoes__________
Leather...... .............................
Paper and printing:
Boxes, paper_____________
Paper and pulp__________
Printing and publishing:
Book and job_________
Newspapers and peri
odicals_____________
Chemicals and allied products:
Chemicals______ _____ ___
Cottonseed—oil, cake, and
meal------- ---------- --------Druggists preparations----Explosives_________ ____ Fertilizers__________ _____
Paints and varnishes...........
Petroleum refining_______
Rayon and allied products.
Soap----------- ------------------Rubber products:
Rubber boots and shoes---Rubber goods, other than
boots, shoes, tires, and
inner tubes_____________
Rubber tires and inner
tubes....... ..........................—
Tobacco manufactures:
Chewing and smoking to
bacco and sn u 3.......... .......
Cigars and cigarettes............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Estab
Total
lish
number
ments
of em
report ployees
ing
Number of employees
having—
Number of establish
ments reporting—
No
Wage- Wage- No wagewage- rate in rate
rate
de
rate creases creases
changes
changes
Wagerate in
creases
17
3,695
16
1
3,686
9
218
38,449
217
1
38,397
52
26
119
52
55
8,671
7,406
3,631
8,818
26
118
52
55
8,671
7,349
3,631
8,818
57
40
13,421
40
100
17,152
98
25
226
7,145
215,482
51
1
13,421
2
16, 643
509
25
216
9
7,145
212,248
3,222
50
1
101
9,803
2,599
30,709
359
533
19,045
71,223
359
530
456
49,698
452
4
49,297
401
489
599
20,514
76,135
1,796
488
596
1
3
1
20,504
75,949
1,790
10
186
21
640
129
172
17,923
10,851
46,300
617
129
172
20
17,097
10,851
46,300
672
217
118
4,743
17,813
216
116
1
2
4, 732
17,489
11
324
314
154
93,711
31.194
313
153
i
i
93,686
31,188
25
6
322
432
25,334
103,317
320
393
2
38
25, 279
96,553
55
6, 747
735
46,181
735
431
55,786
429
110
27,492
110
108
56
31
169
339
148
23
109
5, 579
8,213
4,399
8,789
15, 242
61,457
34.195
14,864
107
56
31
168
332
148
10
15, 321
11
11
20
20
107
1
9, 766
2,599
30, 668
2
3
3
1
12
37
41
19,045
71,215
8
154
17
46,181
2
55,654
132
27,492
1
1
5
3
2
2
5,547
8,213
4,399
8, 771
15,187
61,457
27,052
13,662
15,321
23,718
23, 718
Wagerate de
creases
38
54, 369
38
54,369
32
205
9,726
43,474
32
205
9,726
43,474
32
18
43
7,143
1,202
12
373
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Nonmanufacturing Industries
D a t a concerning wage-rate changes occurring between November
15 and December 15, 1933, reported by cooperating establishments
in 15 nonmanufacturing industries are presented in the following table.
No changes in wage rates were reported in the anthracite mining,
metalliferous mining, crude-petroleum producing, and telephone and
telegraph industries. Increases were reported in each of the remain
ing 11 industries and decreases were reported in 6 industries over the
month interval. Wage-rate increases averaging 12.6 percent and
affecting 1,747 employees were reported in the hotel industry. In
creases averaging 17.1 percent and affecting 1,611 employees were
reported in the bituminous coal-mining industry. The other increases
or decreases in rates were not of especial significance.
T a b l e 2 .—W AGE-RATE CHANGES IN N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN O
M O N TH E N D IN G D E C E M B E R 15, 1933
Industrial group
Estab
Total
lish
ments number
of
em
report ployees
ing
161
Anthracite,mining___________
100.0
Percent of total__________
1,503
Bituminous-coal mining______
100.0
Percent of total__________
Metalliferous mining_________
288
100.0
Percent of total__________
Quarrying and nonmetallic
1,162
mining____________ ______ , ,
100.0
Percent of total__________
253
Crude-petroleum producing___
100.0
Percent of total__________
Telephone and telegraph______ 8,192
Percent of to ta l,____ _____ 100.0
Power and light______________ 3, 135
100.0
Percent of total__________
Electric-railroad and motor-bus
498
operation and maintenance.-,
100.0
Percent of total__________
Wholesale trade_________ ____ 3,036
100.0
Percent of total.....................
Retail trade_________________ 19,062
100.0
Percent of total__________
2, 356
Hotels______________________
100.0
Percent of total__________
803
Canning and preserving______
100.0
Percent of total__________
1,239
Laundries___________________
100.0
Percent of total__________
342
D yeing and cleaning....................
Percent of total___________ 100.0
Banks, brokerage, insurance,
4,395
and real estate_____________
100.0
Percent of total____ ____
1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75, 765
100.0
232, 031
100. 00
27, 555
100.0
30, 658
100.0
28, 207
100.0
248,039
100.0
204, 734
100.0
Number of establishments reporting—
Number of employees
having—
No
Wage- Wage- No wage- Wagewage- rate in rate de
rate in
rate
rate creases creases changes
creases
changes
75. 765
100.0
230, 420
99. 3
27, 555
100. 0
161
100.0
7
.5
1, 496
99.5
288
100.0
1,149
98.9
253
12
1.0
1
.1
100.0
8, 192
100.0
3,126
99.7
9
.3
131,741
100.0
88,845
100.0
513,941
100.0
129, 718
100. 0
39,319
100.0
66, 024
100.0
10,134
100.0
496
99.6
3, 031
99.8
19,057
2
.4
4
.1
4
175,190
100. 0
4, 383
99.7
100.0
2, 325
98.7
802
99.9
1, 230
99.3
338
98.8
0)
30
1.3
1
.1
7
.6
4
1. 2
9
.2
1
0)
1
0)
l
(l)
2
.2
3
.1
30, 431
99.3
28, 207
100. 0
248,039
100. 0
204, 659
100. 0
Wagerate de
creases
1,611
.7
214
.7
(i)
13
(')
75
99
.1
112
.1
27
131,642
99.9
88, 724
99.9
513,880
100.0
127, 966
98.6
39,314
100. 0
65, 651
99. 4
9, 977
98. 5
(>)
1,747
1.3
5
(0
308
.5
157
1. 5
175,092
99.9
0)
9
0)
(>)
34
5
0)
65
.1
24
74
0)
374
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
W age C h a n g e s R e p o r te d b y T ra d e U n io n s a n d M u n ic ip a litie s
S in c e O cto b er 1933
HANGES in wages and hours reported to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics by trade unions and municipalities in the past month
C
and which occurred during the period October 1933 to January 1934
are shown in the table following. The number of workers covered
by this tabulation is 64,503, of whom 45,240 are reported to have gone
on the 5-day week. Only three of these reports showed wage
decreases.
R E C E N T W AGE C H A N G ES, BY IN D U S T R Y , O C CUPATION, A N D LOCALITY, OCTOBER
1933 TO JA N U A R Y 1934
'
Industry or occupation and locality
Bakers, Philadelphia, Pa _ ______ _
Brewery workers, Buffalo, N .Y .:
Engineers
. . _ _______ _ _____ . . .
General utility men _
. .
General utility h e lp e r s .__ .
Firemen
_____
Oilers and ice p u lle r s ____ _ _
Beverage drivers
__. . _
Beveraee drivers’ helpers.. _ ........................
Bottle beer drivers..
.... _
General utility drivers . . .
Building trades, Santa Barbara, Calif.:
Electrical workers
Plumbers and steamfitters_____ _________
Chauffeurs and teamsters:
Canton, Ohio: Bus drivers, mechanics and
garage labor------- . . . _ . . . ____________
New York, N .Y .:
Bakery drivers__ ____ _ _____ . . __
Date
of
change
Jan.
Furniture-truck drivers . . . . . . .
Clothing trades:
Tailors, Pittsburgh, P a .. ______________ .
Underwear workers, Paterson, N .J ________
Coopers, Chicago, 111., tank markers___________
M etal trades, Plainfield, N.J.: Machinists, printing press industry______ ____________ ____
Miners, coal, Utah:
Outside labor:
Hoistmen_____ ______
_____________
Head blacksmiths
Blacksmiths. .
Tool sharpeners
Blacksmith helpers
_ .
Armature winders
Electricians and welders
Mechanics and machinists
Assistant mechanics and machinists. . .
Mechanics’ helpers
Shovel operators.. . . .
Head carpenters
Other carpenters... . ____ ______ .
Carpenter helpers___ . . .
Lampmen
. .
Pipemen
.. . _
Rope riders. _____ . _______ ______
Head car repairers _ _ . . . __ . .
Car repairers...................
...... ................
Box car loader runners . . . . . . ___
Head car dropper. . .............................. .
1And 5 percent of receipts.
2 Not reported.
3 Piecework.
4 15 percent increase.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Before
change
After
change
Per week
Per week
44
44
38.00
38. 00
31.00
33. 00
28. 00
31.00
30.00
28. 00
30. 00
48
48
48
48
48
50
50
50
50
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
30
35
38.00
38. 00
31.00
33.00
28.00
31.00
30. 00
28. 00
30. 00
Per day
Dec.
9
Oct.
3
7. 50
8. 00
40
40
Per hour
. 40-0. 45
Per week
Per hour
. 42-0.46
P er week
48
!
9 \ '
2
i 22. 50
60.00
55. 00
48. 00
(2)
P er hour
Oct. 30
Oct. 18
Oct. 19
Jan.
P er day
fi. 50
7. 50
do__
Nov. 6
Oct.
Before After
change change
1 $13. 00-$35.00 $17. 60-$36. 00
Oct. 2
__d(K __
___do
__do
.__do __
___do
-_-do
-__do
. .. d o ___
Flour drivers_________________________ Oct.
Hours per week
Rate of wages
3.40-1.00
(3)
.35- . 40
1
.70
i 28. 00
(2)
55.00 Ì
90
50.00 }
43.00 1
60-70
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
«
48
48
Per hour
3.45-1.10
(4)
. 60- . 65
44
40
40
36
40
40
.80
40
40
Per day
Nov. 1
do _ -.
_ do___
do-_
.--d o ___
___do__
do.
_ do. _
___do___
--_do___
- -do_ _
...d o __
_ do_ _
__ do___
__ do__ .
do___
-__do__
_do -_ _
_ _do_ ___
. do
___do___
48
(2)
6.00
5. 92
5. 44
5. 44
4. 80
5. 76
5.60
5. 60
5. 28
4. 96
5. 60
5. 60
5. 60
4.80
5.04
5. 44
5.44
5.28
4. 96
5.20
4.96
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
375
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
R E C E N T W AGE CHA N G ES, BY IN D U S T R Y , O C CUPATION, A N D LOCALITY, OCTOBER
1933 TO JA N U A R Y 1934—Continued
Hours per week
Rate of wages
Industry or occupation and locality
Date
of
change
Miners, coal, U tah—Continued.
Outside labor—Continued.
Car droppers_________ _________ ____ Nov. 1
Teamsters (auto-truck drivers, coal pro
duction) ________ __________________ ...d o ----Dumpers____________________________ ...d o ___
Tipple men_____________________ _____ ...d o ----Prop sawers_________________________ ...d o ----Prop sawers helpers__________________ ...d o ___
Couplers____________________________ ...d o ----Unclassified labor____________________ ...d o ___
Car oilers (men)_____________________ ...d o ----Cart drivers, coal production_________ ...d o ----Boney pickers (m en)_________________ ...d o ----Boney pickers (boys)------------------------- ...d o ___
Couplers (boys)_____________________ ...d o ----Car oilers___________________________ ...d o ___
Shaker and spiral runners (m en )....---- ...d o ----Pipemen’s helpers___________________ .„ d o ___
Inside labor:
Machine runners, daywork------------------ ...d o ----Operator of Joy, Thew, Goodman shovel
and similar types of loading machines. ...d o ----Assistant operators___________________ ...d o ----Shot firers___________________________ ...d o ----Machine runners’ helpers-------------------- ...d o ___
Machine runners, daywork, C.L.U. cut,
shear, and drill_____________________ ...d o ----Machine runners’ helpers, daywork,
C.L.U. cut, shear, drill______________ ...d o ----Drillers (in coal)_______________ ______ ...d o ___
Drillers’ (in coal) helpers______________ ...d o ----Head trackmen_______________________ ...d o ----Trackmen___________________________ ...d o ----Trackmen’s helpers___________________ ...d o ----Head timbermen_____________________ ...d o ----Timbermen__________________________ ...d o ___
Timbermen’s helpers_________________ ...d o ----Head rockmen_______________________ ...d o ----Other rockmen (drilling or shooting rock) . ...d o ___
Muckers_____________________________ ...d o ----Wiremen____________________________ ...d o ----Wiremen’s helpers____________________ ...d o ----Motormen___________________________ ...d o ----Bottom cagers._______________________ ...d o ----Hoistmen____________________________ ...d o ----Nippers_____________________________ ...d o .......
Underground mechanics and machine
repairmen__________________________ ...d o ----M asons..____________________________ ...d o ----Miners taken from face________________ ...d o ----Drivers______________________________ ...d o ----Pipemen_____________________________ ...d o ----Bratticemen__________________________ ...d o ___
R ollerm en...______ __________________ ...d o ___
Rope riders__________________________ . ...d o ___
Pumpmen_____ _____________________ ...d o ----Sprinklers_________ __________________ -.-do----Unclassified labor_____________________ ___do----Greasers, b o y s ..______________________ ...d o ___
Switch boys and boys couplings at
partings_____________ . . . . . ---------------. ...d o ___
Trappers, boys_____________________ . ...d o ___
D um m y makers______________________ . ...d o ___
Pick mining:
Pick mining, coal 5 feet and over-----------. ...d o ----Pick mining, coal 4 and under 5 feet------ . ...d o ----Mining after machine cutting, including
drilling, loading, track work, timber,
and explosives, coal 5 feet or o v e r ...--.
Mining after machine cutting, including
drilling, loading, track work, timber,
do.
and explosives, coal under 5 feet--------Pillar mining, coal 5 feet or over, includ
ing drilling, loading, track work, tim
.do.
ber, and explosives....................................
2 N ot reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Before
change
Before After
change change
After
change
Per day
( 2)
$4.80
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
4.80
4. 96
4.96
4.80
4.48
4. 48
4. 48
4. 48
4.48
4. 00
3. 52
3. 52
3. 52
5.20
4. 80
(2)
6. 40
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
6.80
(2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
6. 00
6. 00
6. 00
( 2)
6.80
( 2)
6. 00
( 2)
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
to
40
40
5. 76
5. 28
5. 60
5. 44
5.28
5. 60
5. 44
5. 28
5. 60
5. 44
5.28
5. 60
5. 28
5. 60
5. 60
5.60
5.28
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
5. 60
5. 60
5. 52
5.44
5. 44
5. 44
5. 44
5. 44
5. 28
5.28
5.28
3. 52
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
3. 52
3. 52
3. 52
(2)
( 2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
40
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
( 2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
( 2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
( 2)
(2)
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
( 2)
40
40
40
.65
( 2)
( 2)
40
40
.55
(2)
40
.59
( 2)
40
.55
(2)
40
P er ton
376
M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W
R E C E N T W AGE CHA N GES, BY IN D U S T R Y , O C CUPATION, A N D LOCALITY, OCTOBER
1933 TO JA N U A R Y 1934—Continued
Rate of wages
Industry or occupation and locality
Miners, coal, Utah—Continued.
Pick mining—Continued.
Pillar mining, coal under 5 feet, including
drilling, loading, track work, timber,
and explosives______________________
Loading, including tracklaying and
timbering__________________________
Machinemen and helpers, coal 5 feet or
over_______________________________
C.L.U. machine men and helpers, cut,
drill, and shear_______________ ______
Machinemen and helpers, coal under 5
feet________________________________
Drilling, and drilling and tamping, coal over
5 feet (company furnishing powder):
Drilling (one m an)___________________
Drilling (two m en)__________ _____ ___
Drilling and tamping______ _____ _____
Pottery employees, United States-_____ _______
Street-railway employees, Dayton, Ohio: Oper
ators and shopmen_________________________
Textile workers, silk, Paterson, N.J.:
Weavers, warpers, loom fixers_____________
Dyers, printers, finishers____
Tie and novelty silk workers.
Toy and doll workers, Philadelphia, Pa_
Date
of
change.
Hours per week
Before
change
After
change
Per hour
Per ton
Before After
change change
N ov. 1
( 2)
$0. 59
( 2)
...d o ___
( 2)
.40
(2)
...d o ___
(2)
(2)
...d o ___
(2)
(2)
...d o .......
(2)
...d o .
...d o .
--do.
Dec.
(5)
Dec.
1
Dec.
2
Oct. 24
..d o ___
«
.05
.06
■07J-Î
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
50
Per hour
.50
V)
Per week
Per week
« 18. 00
8 23. 00
10.00-25. 00 28.00-35. 00
Per hour
(8)
48
( 2)
Per hour
8. 35
8.30
P er week
8 65
44-55
(2)
Nov. 27
Wall paper workers, Hanover, P a_____________ Oct. 16
Window cleaners:
Brooklyn, N .Y __________ ________________ Oct. 9
New York, N .Y _________________________ -_do___
Municipal employees, Philadelphia, Pa.: School
employees, administrative department, clerical
assistants, teachers, janitors_______ _______ _
Jan.
.10
Per week
37.50
44.00
40.00
40.00
35.00
36. 00
( 10)
(2)
(2)
2 Not reported.
5 12J.i percent increase.
6 Average.
7 15 to 20 percent increase.
8 Minimum.
9 $1,040-$15,000 per year.
if $l,011.40-$13,500 per year.
A d j u s t m e n t o f F e d e r a l S a la r ie s t o t h e C o st o f L iv in g
HE adjustment of salaries of Federal employees on the basis of
the cost of living was provided for in the so-called “ Economy
T
Act” (Public, No. 2) passed by Congress in March 1933. With re
gard to the adjustment of such salaries, the act provides as follows:
S ectio n 3. (a) T h e P resid en t is a u th o rized to in v estig ate th ro u g h established
agencies of th e G o v ern m en t th e facts relatin g to th e cost of living in th e U nited
S tates during th e 6-m o n th period ending Ju n e 30, 1928, to be know n as th e base
period, a n d upon th e basis of such facts a n d th e ap p licatio n th e re to of such
principles as he m ay find proper, determ ine a n index figure of th e cost of living
during such period. T h e P resid en t is fu rth e r au th o rized to m ake a sim ilar
investigation a n d d eterm in atio n of an index figure of th e cost of living d u rin g th e
6-m o n th period ending D ecem ber 31 1932, a n d each 6-m o n th period th ereafter.
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WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
377
(b) T he P resid en t shall announce by E xecutive order th e index figure for th e
base period an d for each su b seq u en t period determ in ed by h im u n d er p ara g ra p h
(a) of th is section. T he p ercentage, if any, by w hich th e cost-of-living index
for an y 6-m o n th period, as provided in p a ra g ra p h (a) of th is section, is low er
th a n such index for th e base period, shall be th e percentage of red u ctio n applicable
under section 2 (b) of th is title in d eterm ining com pensation to be p aid during
th e following 6-m o n th period, o r such p o rtio n thereof during w hich th is title is
in effect: P r o v i d e d , T h a t such percentage of red u ctio n (including reductions
m ade u n d er an y existing law, regulation, or E xecutive order, in th e case of su b
sistence an d re n ta l allow ances for th e services m entioned in th e P a y A ct of Ju n e
10, 1922) shall n o t exceed 15 p e r centum .
Acting under this authorization and on the basis of cost-of-living
figurés for the second half of 1932, President Roosevelt on March 28,
1933, issued an Executive order reducing salaries 15 percent for the
period April 1 to June 30, 1933. A later order continued the 15
percent decrease through the second half of 1933.
The Federal Department of Labor was asked to compile further
data on the cost of living of Government employees in the District
of Columbia. This study was made during the last 4 months of
1933. Under the terms of the “ Economy Act”, the inquiry was
limited to finding out the cost of the Federal employee’s budget
during the first 6 months of 1928 priced at present prices.
The investigation was made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in
cooperation with the Bureau of Home Economics of the Department
of Agriculture. Assistance was also furnished by the Committee on
Government Statistics and Information Services of the American
Statistical Association and the Social Science Research Council, and
by the Consumers’ Advisory Board of the National Recovery Ad
ministration. The Women’s Bureau and the Children s Bureau of
the Department of Labor and an Interdepartmental Committee on
Retail Prices, consisting of representatives of the various lederal
agencies, cooperated in the field work.
A basis for information was obtained on the expenditures of dif
ferent types of Federal employees at both dates, through detailed
schedules filled out in personal interviews with employees whose
names were chosen by lot, and through two questionnaires, one sent
to all employees and one to a large sample of employees whose names
were likewise chosen by lot.
From these data the quantity and the cost of different goods and
services purchased by Federal employees in the first 6 months of
1928 were ascertained, the cost of the same bill of goods and services
in December 1933 was computed, and index numbers were calculated
showing relative costs of the two periods. Prices were collected which
will make it possible to calculate living costs in March 1933, but they
have not yet been summarized.
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378
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
Taking costs in the first 6 months of 1928 as 100, the index of the
average cost of living for all Federal employees in the District for
December 1933 was 85.4, showing a decline of 14.6 percent.
In addition to the index for all employees, separate indexes were
computed for the families of three categories of employees—custodial,
with salaries less than $2,500; other employees with salaries below
$2,500; and employees with salaries of $2,500 or more. An index
was also computed for single individuals living in rented rooms, of
whom there are about 10,000. The indexes for these groups were as
follows:
C ustodial, w ith salaries less th a n $2,500____________________ 83.
O ther em ployees w ith salaries less th a n $2,500______________85.
Em ployees w ith salaries $2,500 or over_____________________ 85.
Single individuals living in ren ted ro o m s___________________ 88.
4
1
0
0
It will be noted that the cost of living of Federal employees living
as single individuals in rented rooms has not declined since 1928 to
the same extent as the cost for employees living in family groups and
keeping house. This difference is attributable to the fact that the
cost of meals in restaurants has not fallen as much as the cost of
unprepared food purchased to be eaten at home.
It is significant to emphasize the fact that the decline of 16.6 percent
in the cost of living of the custodial group corresponds rather closely
to the decline for the families of wage earners and of the lower-salaried
workers in the District of Columbia as secured through the Bureau’s
regular semiannual cost-of-living survey.1 Although the latter index
shows an increase of 6.5 percent between June and December 1933, it
is still 17.9 percent below the average of the index for December 1927
and June 1928.
Taking the wage-earning and lower-salaried family groups for the
United States as a whole, the cost-of-living index showed an average
increase of 5.2 percent during the past 6 months. As compared with
the average for the first 6 months of 1928, the index showed a decline
in living costs for the 32 cities covered by the Bureau of 21.1 percent.
The following table shows the indexes for each item in the family
budgets, on the basis of the first half of 1928 as 100.0:
1 See p. 476 of this issue.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
379
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF E X P E N D IT U R E S BY F E D E R A L EM PL O Y EE S IN TH E D IST R IC T
OF COLUMBIA IN D E C E M B E R 1933
______ ___________
[First 6 months of 1928= 100.0]
Index numbers of expenditures forClassification and salary group
Hous
ing i
Professional ($3,000-$3,999)
Clerical, administrative, and fiscal ($1,500$1,999)_______
Custodial ($1,000-$1,499)
Single individuals ($1,500-$1,999)
All employees (weighted).
House
hold
opera
tion
Food
Furnish
and Transpor
Clothing ings
equip
tation
ment
89 6
85.9
90.4
91.3
85.0
87.9
88.6
101.1
69.6
82.3
82. 7
87.5
91.9
94.7
92.2
89 Fi |
88.8
7? 7
83.5
86.9
89.7
70.6
83.6
ffrf
86.9
87. 0
Index numbers of expenditures for
Classification and salary group
Educa Recre
tion
ation
Professional ($3,000-$3,999)________________
Clérical, administrative, and fiscal ($1,500$1,990)-.'.________ _____
Custodial ($1,000-$1,499)________
Single individuals ($1,500^$1,999)__________
108. 7
108. 7
108. 7
All employees (weighted)_____________
108. 7
Per
sonal
care
Medical Insur
care
ance
92.3
92.0
94.8
94.0
Retire General
index
ment
annu
ities
100.0
87.7
93. 1
86.9
95.9
98.0
96.6
105. 5
105. 5
105. 5
100.0
100.0
100. 0
96. 0
105. 5
100.0
85.1
83.4
88.0
1 Includes expenses of home owners.
As the Economy Act directed th at salaries be adjusted on the basis
of the cost of living in the United States, the President took into
consideration both sets of figures—those for the District of Columbia
and those for the country as a whole—and issued an Executive order
continuing the 15 percent decrease in salaries through June 1934.
His order reads as follows:
B y virtu e of th e a u th o rity vested in me by sections 2 an d 3, title II , of th e
a c t en titled An a c t to m ain tain th e cred it of th e U nited S tates G overn m en t ” ,
approved M arch 20, 1933 (Public, No. 2, 73d Cong.), I hereby announce:
F irst. T h a t th e index figures of th e cost of living are—
(a) 171.0 for th e 6 -m onth period ending Ju n e 30, 1928, th e base period, and
(b) 135.0 for th e 6-m onth period ending D ecem ber 31, 1933;
Second. T h a t th e cost-of-living index for th e 6-m onth period ending D ecem
ber 31, 1933, is 21.1 percen t lower th a n th e cost-of-living index for th e base
period; and
T hird. 1 h a t this p ercen t being in excess of th e m axim um p ercen t prescribed
by section 3 (b), th e percentage of red u ctio n applicable un d er section 2 (b), in
determ ining th e com pensation of officers and em ployees to be p aid during th e
period from Ja n u a ry 1, 1934, to Ju n e 30, 1934, inclusive, is 15 percent.
W ages o f S e a m e n , 1933
T
H E following data on wages of seamen on American vessels are
from Merchant Marine Statistics for 1931 and 1933, compiled
by the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection of the
United States Department of Commerce, and represent averages
taken from reports of the shipping commissioners.
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380
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
Table 1 gives average monthly wage rates on American steam and
motor cargo vessels of 5,000 gross tons and over on January 1 of 1929,
1932, and 1933.
T a b l e 1 .—AVER A G E M O N T H L Y W AGES OF SE A M E N ON A M E R IC A N STEA M A N D
M OTOR CARGO VESSELS OF 5,000 GROSS TONS A N D OVER ON JA N U A R Y 1, 1929, 1932,
A N D 1933
United States ShippingBoard
Private
Position
1929
Deck department:
First m ate___ ____ _ _____ _______
Second m a t e . . ___
_______
Third m ate______ _ ______
_ ___
Fourth m a t e . , ____ _ ______
_____
B o a tsw a in ___ . . .
_______
_______ .
Carpenter . . _______ ________
_____
Seaman, a b l e . . . ___. . .
_ ... .. .
Seaman, ordinary_____
. . . ___
Engineer department:
Chief engineer
First assistant engineer _
. . .
Second assistant engineer . .
...
Third assistant engineer.
____
_____
Fireman___ _
_______ _ ________ _ __ ..
Oiler._ __ ____ ______________________________
Water tender______ _________ _ . . . . . . ___. . .
Coal passer or wiper_______ . _
. . . _ ______
Radio operators (Class I): Grade I ____________
Steward department:
Chief steward. . _____ _____ _______ ____ _
._
Second steward___
. . . . . . . ______ _ _.
Cook___ _
_________________________
Second c o o k ____ _____________ _____ _
Mess stew ard.. . . . . .
. _. ................... .
Mess boy_____________ . . . .
.
. . .
1932
1933
1929
1932
1933
$182
160
143
121
74
68
64
45
$174
150
134
110
69
73
56
41
$164
144
127
98
64
66
52
38
$185
165
150
128
75
80
62
47
$185
162
147
128
74
76
61
46
$172
154
140
105
68
72
58
43
280
183
161
145
63
71
71
55
262
175
151
137
59
67
66
49
96
256
165
144
128
54
61
59
45
91
261
187
168
152
65
72
72
58
261
185
164
149
65
72
72
55
103
250
173
155
140
60
67
65
53
94
122
103
100
81
49
42
116
94
95
72
43
39
111
86
92
69
40
36
121
100
100
80
51
43
120
97
99
79
46
41
116
88
111
73
43
39
The average monthly wages paid in 1933 on American merchant
vessels of 500 gross tons and over are shown in table 2, by destination
of vessel.
T a b l e 2 .—A V ER A G E M O N T H L Y W AGES PA ID ON A M E R IC A N M E R C H A N T VESSELS
OF 500 GROSS TONS A N D OVER IN 1933, BY D E ST IN A T IO N OF VESSEL
Destination of vessel
Occupation
Steam vessels:
Able seaman. . _ .
Boatswain.
Carpenter________
First m ate.. . .
Second mate___ . . .
Fireman. . . . . . ..
Trimmer__________
Chief engineer_____
First assistant engineer_______ _____
Chief radio operator..
Second radio operator____
Sailing vessels:
Able seaman .
Boatswain.. ______
First mate_______ _
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Conti South
Great nental
Amer
Britain Europe
ica
West
Indies, Atlantic
Mexico, and Gulf
and
coasting
Central
trade
America
Asia
and
Aus
tralia
Pacific
coast
ing
trade
Africa
Atlan
tic to
Pacific
ports
and
vice
versa
$55
67
68
169
149
58
53
246
$55
68
70
177
157
58
49
258
$52
63
70
167
145
53
44
248
$49
60
67
159
137
52
43
240
$51
63
68
158
137
53
43
229
$52
65
68
171
148
54
48
253
$52
62
64
152
129
51
44
231
$48
55
63
155
132
48
42
244
$47
57
60
155
123
48
40
240
169
90
177
95
168
92
159
90
158
88
183
95
152
90
155
88
154
85
82
80
80
81
76
81
60
75
78
30
26
55
60
______ _______
1
!
70
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T r e n d o f E m p lo y m e n t , D e c e m b e r 1933
HE Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department
of Labor presents herewith data compiled from pay-roll reports
supplied by representative establishments in 89 of the principal man
ufacturing industries of the country and 16 nonmanufacturing indus
tries, covering the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Additional information is presented concerning employment on publicworks projects, public roads, the Federal service, and class I steam
railroads.
T
E m p lo y m e n t in S e le c te d M a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s in D e c e m b e r
1933
Comparison of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in December 1933 with
November 1933 and December 1932
ACTORY employment decreased 1.8 percent in December 1933
as compared with November 1933 and pay rolls decreased 1 per
cent over the month interval, according to reports received from
representative establishments in 89 important manufactuiing indus
tries of the country. Comparing the indexes of employment in
December 1933 and December 1932, the level of employment in the
former month is 20.2 percent above the level in December 1932. The
December 1933 pay-roll index, compared with the December 1932
pay-roll index indicates an increase of 32.1 percent in pay rolls over
the corresponding month of the preceding year.
The index of employment in December 1933 was 70.1, as compared
with 71.4 in November 1933, 74 in October 1933 and 58.3 in December
1932; the pay-roll index in December 1933 was 49.8, as compared
with’ 50.3 in" November 1933, 53.6 in October 1933, and 37.7 in
December 1932. The 12-month average for 1926 equals 100.
These changes in employment and pay rolls in December 1933 are
based on reports supplied by 18,015 establishments in 89 of the
principal manufacturing industries of the United States. These estab
lishments reported 3,125,093 employees on their pay rolls during the
pay period ending nearest December 15 whose combined weekly
earnings were $56,352,943. The employment reports received fiom
these cooperating establishments cover approximately 50 percent of
the total wage earners in all manufacturing industries of the country.
Declines in factory employment in December as compared with
November have been recorded in 7 of the 10 preceding years for which
data are available. The decrease, therefore, in employment over the
F
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
381
382
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
month interval is not unexpected, although the decline of 1.8 percent
in December is greater than the average decrease of 0.8 percent shown
in December over the 10-year period 1923-32. The decrease of
1 percent in pay rolls in December 1933 is contrary to the average
change in pay rolls between November and December over the pre
ceding 10-year period (an average increase of less than one tenth of 1
percent).
This percentage decrease in factory employment between Novem
ber and December represents the release of approximately 113,000
workers from gainful employment in manufacturing establishments
over the month interval. The percentage decline in pay rolls reduces
the estimated amount of weekly wages disbursed in December by
$880,000 as compared with November.
The index of factory employment in December 1933 compared with
the March employment index (55.1) shows a gain of 27.2 percent in
employment over this 9-month interval. A similar comparison of
the pay-roll indexes in these 2 months indicates an increase in Decem
ber of 49.1 percent over the March pay-roll index (33.4). These
percentage gains indicate an increase in actual number of workers
over this interval of approximately 1,338,000 and in weekly pay rolls
of approximately $36,200,000.
Increases in employment were reported in 25 of the 89manufacturing
industries surveyed, and 37 industries reported increases in pay rolls
over the month interval. While 64 industries reported decreased
employment, a number of the decreases were of seasonal character,
the clothing industries regularly reporting declines in employment at
this time of year as do the industries connected with building con
struction, i.e., brick, cement, sawmills, millwork, and steam fittings.
Other seasonal declines were reported in the confectionery, ice cream,
baking, flour, shoe, paper box, stove, and furniture industries. The
most pronounced gains in both emplojunent and pay rolls between
November and December were in the automobile industry, in which
increases oi 16.7 percent in employment and 16.3 percent in pay
rolls were reported. These sharp increases reflect the increased
operations in automobile plants, marking the production of new
models. The electric- and steam-car building industry reported a
gain of 11.9 percent in employment and a corresponding gain in pay
roll totals, and the agricultural implement industry reported an
increase of 9.2 percent in number of workers with a larger gain in
earnings. The most pronounced decline in employment over the
month interval (19.7 percent) was reported in the men’s furnishings
industry. The stove industry reported a drop of 15.4 percent in
number oi employees, and the radio and cement industries reported
decreases oi 11.6 and 11.3 percent, respectively. Decreases in em
ployment ranging from 10 to 10.6 percent were reported in the shirt
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TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
383
and collar, women’s clothing, cane-sugar refining, and confectionery
industries. The highly seasonal beet-sugar industry reported a de
crease of 9 percent in employment, denoting the slackening in
operations following the November peak activities.
Two of the 14 groups into which the manufacturing industries are
classified showed gains in employment between November and Decem
ber, the remaining 12 groups reporting decreased employment over
the month interval. The increase in employment in the transporta
tion group was quite pronounced (14.4 percent) and was due primarily
to sharp increases in employment in the automobile, electric- and
steam-car building, and shipbuilding industries. The increase in
employment in the paper and printing group was small (0.3 percent)
and was due to increased employment in the book and job and the
newspaper and periodical printing industries, which more than offset
the declines in employment in the paper box and the paper and pulp
industries. The most pronounced decline in employment (6 percent)
over the month interval in the 12 groups reporting decreased employ
ment was shown in the tobacco manufactures group, in which de
creases in both the cigar and cigarette and the chewing and smoking
tobacco industries were reported. The textile group reported a de
cline of 4.8 percent in employment between November and December,
each of the 14 industries in this group reporting decreased employ
ment. A number of the decreases in this group were seasonal.
The lumber group reported a decrease of 4.5 percent in employment,
due chiefly to declines in the furniture and sawmill industries, and the
nonferrous metals group reported a decrease of 3.4 percent, each of
the eight industries comprising this group reporting decreased em
ployment. The food group reported a decrease of 3 percent in em
ployment between November and December, due largely to seasonal
declines in the confectionery, ice cream, beet sugar, and baking in
dustries. The rubber products group reported a decrease of 2.9 per
cent, due chiefly to the sharp decline in the rubber goods, other than
shoes and tires, industry, and the stone-clay-glass group reported a
decrease of 2.6 percent reflecting the seasonal declines in the brick,
cement, and marble-slate-granite industries. The railroad repair shop
group reported a decrease of 2.2 percent in employment between Novem
ber and December. The iron and steel and machinery groups reported
decreases of 1.6 percent each. In the former group, the iron and
steel industry reported a decrease of 1.3 percent in employment,
coupled with an increase of 1.9 percent in pay rolls, reflecting improved
operating time in certain plants, while in the latter group, the foundry
and machine-shop and the electrical-machinery industries reported
decreases of 1.9 and 1.4 percent, respectively. Among the industries
which reported increased employment in this last-named group are
two industries, agricultural implements and machine tools, in which
33773°—34------10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
384
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
the* changes are of especial significance. Both of these industries
have shown consistent expansion since the early part of this year,
and while still employing only approximately 50 percent of the num
ber normally employed in the industry, have reached in December
the highest point registered in these industries since 1931.
A comparison of the indexes of employment and pay roll in manu
facturing industries in December 1933 with December 1932 shows
that 81 of the 89 industries surveyed reported increased employment
over the year interval while 82 industries had increased pay rolls.
The beverage industry showed the most pronounced gain in employ
ment over the year interval, 120.3 percent, due to legalizing the manu
facture of beer. Other outstanding percentage gains in employment
over the year interval were shown in radios, typewriters, fertilizers,
agricultural implements, machine tools, textile machinery, forgings,
and engines-turbines-tractors. Increases in employment ranging
from 35 to 46.1 percent were reported in the turpentine and rosin,
glass, chemicals, smelting, plumbers’ supplies, wirework, iron and
steel, aircraft, cash registers, stoves, carpets, tools, rubber tires,
and sawmill industries. Decreases in both employment and pay roll
over the 12-month period were reported in seven industries—women’s
clothing, corsets and allied garments, men’s furnishings, millinery,
electric-railroad repair shops, marble-granite-slate, and cigars and
cigarettes. The shirt and collar industry reported a decrease in
employment in December 1933, compared with December 1932,
coupled with an increase in pay rolls.
In table 1, which follows, are shown the number of identical estab
lishments reporting in both November and December 1933 in the 89
manufacturing industries surveyed, together with the total number
of employees on the pay rolls of these establishments during the pay
period ending nearest December 15, the amount of their earnings
for 1 week in December, the percentages of change over the month
and year intervals, and the indexes of employment and pay roll in
December 1933.
The monthly percentages of change for each of the 89 separate
industries are computed by direct comparison of the total number of
employees and of the amount of weekly pay roll reported in identical
establishments for the 2 months considered. The percentages of
change over the month interval in the several groups and in the total
of the 89 manufacturing industries are computed from the index
numbers of these groups, which are obtained by weighting the index
numbers of the several industries in the groups by the number of
employees or wages paid in the industries. The percentages of change
over the year interval in the separate industries, in the groups and in
the totals, are computed from the index numbers of employment and
pay-roll totals.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
385
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
a ble 1 .—CO M PARISON OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G
E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R 1933 W ITH N O V E M B E R 1933 A N D D E C E M B E R 1932
T
Industry
Food a n d kin dred produ c ts ________ ______ ____
Baking________________
Beverages_________ ____
Butter _ ______________
Confectionery__________
Flour__________________
Ice cream _______________
Slaughtering and meat
packing- ____________
Sugar, beet____________
Sugar refining, cane__
Employment
Pay-roll totals
Establishments
Percent of
Percent of
report
change
change
ing in
both
Amount
N um
No
D e
No
No
of pay
D e
vem ber on
vem cem
vem cem
roll (1
pay
roll
ber
ber
ber
week)
ber
ber
Decem
and
1932 to Decem
to
to
1932 to
D e ber 1933
De
De ber 1933
D e
D e
cem
cem cem
cem
cem
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
1933
1933
1933
1933
2,951
982
382
275
290
408
309
287, 711
66,898
23,033
4,128
37,069
16, 721
8,155
- 3 .0 +18.4 86,046,322
- 1 . 4 +10.1 1,464,472
+3.1 +120. 3
652,116
- 1 .5 + 7 .8
80,436
-1 0 .6 + 1.5
566,860
- 2 .1 +13.5
342,400
- 5 .1 + 6.9
205,179
235
57
13
102,975
20,198
8,534
- . 9 +23.9 2,185, 465
- 9 . 0 +30.8
370,924
-1 0 .4 +10.0
178,470
T extiles a n d th eir produ cts.
Fabrics____ __________
Carpets and rugs____
Cotton goods_______
Cotton small w ares...
Dyeing and finishing
textiles________ .
Hats, fur-felt _______
Knit goods______ _
Silk and rayon goods.
Woolen and worsted
goods______ _____ _
3 ,2G6
1,967
27
696
113
710,249
591,154
16,659
297, 787
9, 650
- 4 .8
- 4 .0
- 7 .0
- 3 .0
- 5 .1
154
31
454
252
39,840
5,357
109,130
49, 544
- 1 . 4 +17.1
714,688
- 2 .3 + 6.3
104,816
- 6 .0 + 1.9 1, 607, 568
- 5 .6 + 3 .2
686, 689
240
63,187
- 4 .0 +18.7 1,049,669
T* earin g app arel______
Clothing, men’s _____
Clothing, women’s . . .
Corsets and allied garments____________
M en’s furnishings___
M illin ery__________
Shirts and collars____
1,299
382
558
119,095
59,640
25,461
- 7 .5 - 3 .4 1,710,975
- 5 .9 + 3 .2
832, 599
-1 0 .1 -1 1 .3
434, 490
30
75
138
116
5,001
6, 331
7, 275
15,387
-.9
-.9
-1 9 .7 -2 3 . 6
- 1 .3
-.3
-1 0 .0 - 2 .0
+ 2.7 - 5 .5
-2 4 .7 -1 7 .2
- .8
-.3
-1 5 .1 +14.5
1,383
401,717
79
42
13,103
6,611
131
66
82
205
73
11,286
8,040
26,479
240,865
8,079
97
100
24,440
19,993
Iron a n d steel a n d th eir
p rod u cts, n o t in c lu d in g
m a c h in e r y ... __________
Bolts, nuts, washers, and
r iv e ts _______________
Cast-iron pipe______ _
Cutlery (not including
silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools____
Forgings, iron and ste e l...
Hardware______________
Iron and steel______ ____
Plumbers’ supplies______
Steam and hot-water heat
ing apparatus and steam
fittings_______________
Stoves_________________
Structural and ornamental metalwork________
Tin cans and other tinware_________________
Tools (not including edge
tools, machine tools,
files, and saws)........ .......
Wirework.............................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+11.8 9,964,016
+17. 5 8,253,041
+36.6
274,312
+27. 5 3, 670, 596
+ 8 .6
144, 703
69,224
76, 745
116,456
181,461
- 1 .6 +35.8 7,086,366
- 3 .7 +34.6
+ 4 .4 +20.3
- 2 .2
+ 1 .6
+ 5 .5
- 1 .3
- 4 .6
228,321
102, 691
+25.1
217,057
+58.1
156, 023
+16.5
463, 342
+39.9 4,213,822
+42.3
118, 428
- 3 .4 +28.8
-1 5 .4 +37.4
450,524
338,065
+ 1.0
- .8
+ 8.6
- 2 .9
- 3 .3
+ .2
- 4 .3
+25,1
+11.0
+150. 2
Index num
bers Decernber 1933 (av
erage 1926=
100)
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
+12.1
+12.2
+ 6 .0
98.5
86.9
140.8
101. 1
87.7
94.0
66.2
81.2
71.7
126.6
74.6
71.4
74.7
49.8
+7.1 +34.8
-1 4 .0 +56.9
-1 1 .2
+ .2
106.8
263.1
82.2
91.8
175.6
61.3
+26.6
+32.7
+57.1
+54.5
+17.7
79.7
86.7
71.6
95.9
85.6
56.7
65.8
48.7
77.1
64.4
- 3 .5 +23.8
- 7 .4 + 9 .2
-1 1 .2 +12.1
- 7 .8 +18.2
91.3
69.3
86.8
61.6
66.0
45.3
66.5
45.5
+26.5
84.9
65.4
-1 2 .0 + 9.9
-1 5 . 2 +27.7
-1 1 .4
-.6
63.0
67. 1
56.6
38.8
39.2
35.8
97.4
53.1
59.7
62.7
72.4
33.7
35.2
47.4
- 7 .4
- 5 .9
-1 0 .2
- 5 .3
- 3 .9
- .9
+ .9 +78.9
69.8
43.3
- 5 .3 +62.9
+15.8 +52.0
82.8
34.9
54.9
22.5
+ 1.6
+ 5.3
+15.8
+ 1.9
- .9
+40.2
+104.3
+41.2
+102. 7
+61.1
76.7
84.4
58.0
72.9
65.6
55.1
56.8
35.3
44.4
34.0
+46.8
-2 1 .9 +52.3
43.8
68.0
27.9
39.3
195
16,163
- 1 .2 +23.5
291,572
- 3 .6 +44.0
49.4
31.4
60
10,394
+ 3 .0 +22.9
205,894
+9.1 +30.6
87.4
55.5
120
73
8, 568
7,696
- . 2 +36.2
+ .4 +40.9
155, 737
144,890
+ 1.3 +57.1
+ 8 .0 +88.4
83.2
123.0
54.5
99.5
386
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 1 .—COM PA R ISO N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G
E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R 1933 W ITH N O V E M B E R 1933 A N D D E C E M B E R
1932—Continued
Industry
M a c h in e ry , n o t in c lu d in g
tra n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t..
_________ ____
Agricultural implements..
Cash registers, adding
machines, and calculating machines________ _
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies__
Engines, turbines, tractors, and water w heels..
Foundry and machineshop p rodu cts... _____
Machine to o ls .._ _____.
Radios and phonographs..
Textiles machinery and
p a r ts... ___________ _
Typewriters and supplies.
Employment
Pay-roll totals
Estab
lish
ments
Percent of
Percent of
report
change
change
ing in
both
Amount
N um
No
No
D e
of pay
No
D e
vem ber on
vem cem
roll (1
vem cem
pay roll
ber
ber
ber
week)
ber
ber
Decem
and
to
1932 to Decem
to
1932 to
D e ber 1933 D e
De ber 1933
D e
D e
cem
cem cem
cem cem
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
1933
1933
1933
1933
1,777
340,033
76
10,473
33
15, 641
282
103,821
91
20,861
1,033
155
44
111,203
16, 787
36, 306
5C
13
12,121
12,820
627
101,243
17
3, 695
218
26
119
52
N o n fe rro u s m e ta ls a n d
t h e i r p r o d u c t s ___________
Aluminum manufactures.
Brass, bronze, and copper
products_________
Clocks and watches and
time-recording devices..
Jew elry... . .
....
Lighting eq u ip m en t___
Silverware and plated
ware________ ___
Smelting and refining—
copper, lead, and zinc . .
Stamped and enameled
ware___ _____________
T r a n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t ____________
Aircraft____ ________
Automobiles______ _____
Cars, electric- and steamrailroad______________
Locomotives___________
Shipbuilding___________
R a i lr o a d r e p a i r s h o p s . . . . .
- 1 .6
+ 39. ( $6,608,956
-1 .4 + 5 8 .9
63.1
42.9
+11.7 +118. 3
44.1
39.3
+ .6 +38.2
394,490
+ 2.4 + 5 8 1
87.2
72.1
- 1 .4 +27.0 1,934,347
- 3 .5 +38.2
61.7
44.9
468, 658
+10.7 +70.8
61.5
42 7
- 1 .9 +32.0 2, 062,997
+2.1 +67. 1 361,753
-1 1 .6 +112. 5
679, 684
- 1 .2 +54.9
+ 4.4 +101.1
-1 4 .6 +121. 2
58.2
52.3
149.6
36.1
37.8
112.6
- 5 .2 +86.4
+ 8.8 + 121.2
86.6
89.8
64.5
71.0
+5.1 +53.4
- 3 .2 +59.8
+ 2 .3 +73. 4
- 3 .4
250, 725
260, 519
+ 2 7 .5 1,842,671
- 1 .0 +31.4
60, 493
38,449
- 3 .8 +31.8
725, 280
8, 671
7,406
3, 631
- 8 .9 +10.9
- 8 .6 + 8 .5
- . 4 +26.8
154,448
142, 319
67, 202
+ 4 4 .0
67.7
48.4
- 2 .7 +41.4
-3 .6
02.4
41.0
+56.4
67.2
46 3
-1 3 .0 +36.6
- 8 .7 +12.7
+ 3.0 +37.3
48.0
40.7
85.2
38 8
cO 2
64.0
52.9
- .6
55
8,818
—4. S +23.2
174,897
- 6 .7 +39.9
76.6
4C
13, 421
-2 .9
+43.2
239, 767
- 6 .1 +37.7
84.2
51.9
100
17,152
- 1 .9 + 16.8
278, 265
- 4 .1
69.7
51.2
+48.0
414
265, 738
25
226
+ 1 4 .4 + 2 8 .4 5, 363,313
7,145
215,482
- . 3 +38.5
176,938
+ 16. 7 +29.7 4, 304,091
+ 1 4 .0 + 3 2 .2
58.7
41.5
- 3 .5 + 19.4
+16.3 +35.7
259.9
59.9
131.0
42.2
51
11
101
9, 803
2, 599
30, 709
+11.9 +22.5
- 7 .5 +34.5
+ 6 .0 +20.7
175, 906
48,942
657,436
+11.8 +22.4
-1 0 .7 +27.4
+ 5 .5 + 16.7
24.5
18.7
80.6
14.2
12.1
60.1
-.4
2,148,217
892
90,268
- 2 .2
19,045
71, 223
—2. 5
L u m b e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ____ _____
1,565
148,143
-4 .5
456
49, 698
- 8 .9 +17.2
694,815
489
599
21
20,514
76,135
1,796
- 2 .5 +14.5
302, 534
- 4 . 1 +35.0 1,030,365
+ 6.5 +46.1
21,669
- . 9 +25.7
- 8 .5 +68.4
+ 7.8 +50.8
1,276
97, 630
640
129
172
17, 923
10,851
46, 300
- 2 .6 + 2 0 .6 1,610,957
- 7 .3 +12.6
221, 685
-1 1 .3 + 2.1
172, 067
+ .9 +44.1
840, 270
217
118
4,743
17,813
- 3 .5 - 8 .3
+19.1
+(>)
- 1 .7 -2 1 .4
- 2 .8 +26.8
Brick, tile, and terra cotta.
Cement____________
G la s s _______________
Marble, granite, slate, and
other products............... .
Pottery................................
1Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay
roll
totals
195, 783
359
533
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ______________ ____
Em
ploy
ment
+ 9 .2 +69.6
Electric railroad. _____
Steam railroad....................
Furniture____________
Lumber:
M illw ork.................
Sawmills_________
Turpentine and rosin........
Index num
bers Decem
ber 1933 (av
erage 1926=
100)
- 2 .7
488, 690
+ .8 1, 659, 527
+ 2 8 .1 2,049,383
84,147
292, 788
- 2 .9
+ 4 .9
49.7
40.9
+ 1.0
- 3 .5
-4 .0
+ 5.8
64. 1
48.6
52.3
40.0
- 7 .7
+ 4 6 .3
40.9
27 5
-1 1 .0 +27.7
53.8
50 4
37.8
45.1
66.9
23.0
56.4
+ 2 6 .4
49.1
- 7 .2 +25.3
-1 7 . 1 +2.3
+ 2.2 +57.6
30.2
26.8
33.6
82.4
12.4
17.6
60.5
39.6
74.2
22.1
46.8
- 2 .6
387
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 1.—COM PARISON OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G
E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R 1933 W ITH N O V E M B E R 1933 A N D D E C E M B E R
1932—Continued
Pay-roll totals
Employment
EstablishPercent of
Percent of
ments
change
change
report
ing in
both
Amount
Num
No
D e
N o
of pay
No
De
vem ber on
vem cem
roll (1
cem
pay roll vem
ber
ber
ber
week)
ber
ber
Decem
and
to
1932 to
1932 to Decem
to
D e ber 1933
De
D e
De ber 1933
D e
cem
cem cem
cem cem
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
1933
1933
1933
1933
Industry
L eather a n d its m a n u fa c
tu re s___________ _______
Boots and shoes------------Leather. _ Paper an d p r in tin g ----------Boxes, paper-_ ----Paper and pulp-----------Printing and publishing:
Book and job_______
Newspapers and periodicals-.. ---
Index num
bers Decernber 1933 (av
erage 1926=
100)
Em Pay
ploy roll
ment totals
468
314
154
124,905
93,711
31,194
+ 7 .6 82,062,903
-.3
- 1 .5 + 2.6 1,436, 556
626, 347
+ 3.5 +27.2
+ 1.9 +29.5
+• 2 +25.3
+ 6.2 +39.7
74.6
70.8
89.9
52.7
46.6
74. 2
1,920
322
432
230,618
25, 334
103,317
+ .3 +13.8 5,193,523
440, 676
- 5 .4 + 16.3
- 1 .2 +26.0 1,817, 073
+2.1 +10.6
- 3 .9 +19.7
- . 9 +31.5
90.5
83.6
92.0
71.8
69.4
61.4
735
46,181
+ 3.8
+6.3 1, 177,032
+ 6.2
+ 5.7
77.3
62.7
+ 2.2
+ 3.8
107.3
89.1
431
55, 786
+ 1 .4
+9. 5 1,758, 742
1,093
110
180,230
27, 492
-.8
-.5
+28.7 3,858,992
644, 863
+43.4
+ A +29.3
+ 1.8 +47.0
97.3
121.3
77.2
87,9
108
56
31
169
339
148
5, 579
8, 213
4, 399
8, 789
15,242
61,457
- 4 .2
+ 1 .2
- 2 .8
+ 4 .3
- 1 .0
+1.1
55,441
+ 2.3
158, 672
+ 16.8
87, 480
+30. 3
109, 153
+72. 6
314, 895
+ 17.2
+ 18.7 1, 562, 791
- 6 .7
+ .2
-5 . 6
+8.7
+ .8
-.5
+7.2
+ 15.7
+36.2
+58. 2
+20.5
+ 15.4
52.3
83.4
103.3
75.1
77.0
74. 2
47.5
82.0
70. 4
48. 1
59.4
59.8
23
109
34,195
14,864
- 3 .0 +30.6
- 4 .7 +13. 1
625,159
300,538
+ .9 +42.4
- 3 .7 +11.4
191.8
106.9
174.5
88.2
R ubber p ro d u cts_______
Rubber boots and shoes..
Rubber goods, other than
boots, shoes, tires, and
inner tubes___________
Rubber tires and inner
tubes........... -- ---- --
146
10
93,408
15, 321
- 2 .9 +31.2 1,817,773
276,969
+ .8 +19. 5
+ 2.1 +45.8
+ 2.7 +29.4
84.6
70.4
59.2
ö3. 3
98
23,718
- 7 .4 +29.8
409, 224
- 5 .4 +29.1
108.5
72.7
38
54,369
-.9
+35.7 1,131,580
+ 5.6 +60. 7
79.1
53.5
T obacco m a n u fa c tu r e s. ._
Chewing and smoking to
bacco and snuff----------Cigars and cigarettes. _ .
237
53,200
- 6 .0
- 1 .8
699,551
- 7 .3
+ .2
69.5
53.6
32
205
9,726
43,474
- 2 .3
- 6 .5
+ 1.2
- 2 .3
133,284
566,267
+ 2.2
- 8 .7
+ 6.3
-.8
87.8
67.2
73.8
51.2
- 1 .0 +32.1
70.1
49.8
C hem icals a n d allied prod
u c ts ----- ---------------------Chemicals - -- ---Cottonseed—oil, cake, and
meal.------- ------Druggists’ preparations.-E xplosives_______ - --Fertilizers..
. . . . --Paints and varnishes-----Petroleum refining--------Rayon and allied prod
ucts--------- ------ ---------Soap__________ ______
T otal, 89 in d u str ies.
18,015 3,125,093
- 1 .8 +20,2 56,352,943
Per Capita Earnings in Manufacturing Industries
P e r capita weekly earnings in December 1 9 3 3 for each of the 8 9
manufacturing industries surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and for all industries combined, together with the percentages of
change in December 1 9 3 3 as compared -with November 1 9 3 3 and
December 1 9 3 2 , are shown in table 2 .
These earnings must not be confused with full-time weekly rates of
wages. They are per capita weekly earnings, computed by dividing
the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total number of
employees (part-time as well as full-time workers).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
388
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T a b l e 2 .—P E R C A PITA W E EK LY E A R N IN G S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S IN
D E C E M B E R 1933 A N D C OM PARISON W ITH N O V E M B E R 1933 A N D D E C E M B E R 1932
Industry
Food and kindred products:
B a k in g ..________ ___________
Beverages_______________ . .
ButterT. _ __________________
_________
C onfectionery_____ ____________ ____________________
Flour_________________________________ _______
_____
___ __________ _ ____
Ice cream___
Slaughtering and meat packing_____________ ________ _______
Sugar, beet
______
___~______
.
... . _
Sugar refining, cane . ____ ______
_ __ __
Textiles and their products:
Fabrics:
Carpets and rugs___________ _________________________
Cotton goods. __________ . . . . . . _____ _______
Cotton small wares .
___
. . . ___
______
Dyeing and finishing textiles . . ______
______
Hats, fur-felt____ _ ___ . . .
. .
.
____________
K n itg o o d s.. . . . ._ _______ _______ ___________ _
Silk and rayon goods________________________________ . .
Woolen and worsted goods.. _______ _____________ _
Wearing apparel:
Clothing, men’s ________________________________________
Clothing, women’s ______ _______________________
Corsets and allied garments. _ ___________________ ______
M en’s furnishings ________ . . _______________ .
M illinery_____ .1____ _
_____________ ____ ____
Shirts and collars..
______________ _ _______ ____
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery:
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets _______ ________
Cast-iron p ip e..
_. . . .
_. ___ . _
Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools.
Forgings, iron and steel___ _____ . . . . __ ______ _____ _
Hardware__ ___________________
Iron and steel. . . . ______
Plumbers’ supplies.. . __________________ ______
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings____
Stoves.. ____ __________ ______ __________ . . .
Structural and ornamental metalwork____________________
Tin cans and other tinw are.. _______ . _ _ . ______ _
Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws) —
Wirework
. _____ . ______ _
Machinery, not including transportation equipment:
Agricultural implements__ _____________ . . . _______________
Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines. . . .
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies . . .
_________
Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels . . . . . .
___
Foundry and machine-shop p ro d u cts...________ ___________
Machine tools_______. . . .
Radios and phonographs. ________ ____ ____________
Textile machineryand parts........... ................ ................. ..................
Typewriters and supplies......... ............ ......................................
Nonferrous metals and their products:
Aluminum manufactures______ _______ _________
Brass, bronze, and copper products____________ _____________
Clocks and watches and time-recording devices______________
Jewelry__________ _____________
Lighting equipment______ _________________________
Silverware "and plated w a r e ________________________ ______
Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc________________
Stamped and enameled ware_____ _____________________ .
Transportation equipment:
Aircraft_____________________
Automobiles______ __________
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad_________ ___________ ____
Locomotives______________ ____ _
___
Shipbuilding............ .....................................................
Railroad repair shops:
Electric railroad........ ...................................... ......................
Steam railroad______________ _______ ____________
Lumber and allied products:
Furniture_____________________ _____ _____ _____
Lumber:
M illwork____________ ___________ ____________
Sawmills....................................................................................
Turpentine and ro sin .......................................................... . . .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent of change
Per capita
weekly
earnings in November December
December
193319321933
December December
1933
1933
$21.89
28.31
19 49
15. 29
20.48
25.16
21. 22
18. 36
20. 91
+ 0 .6
+ 5 .3
- 1 .4
+ 8.1
+ 2 .4
+. 9
+ 8 .0
- 5 .5
- .9
+ 0.8
+13.5
- 6 .0
+10.1
- 1 .1
16.47
12. 33
15. 00
17.94
19. 57
14. 73
13.86
16. 61
- 3 .5
- 2 .4
+ 1 .2
-2 .2
-5 .2
- 2 .4
+ 3 .2
+15.0
+20.5
+7.9
+ 6 .0
+ 2 .7
+ 9.7
+14.3
+6.1
13. 96
17. 06
13. 84
12.12
16.01
11. 79
- 9 .9
- 1 .5
+ 3.7
- 6 .2
+ .6
- 5 .6
+23.7
+12.5
- 4 .5
+ 8.4
+• 2
+16.8
17.43
15. 53
19.23
19.41
17. 50
17. 49
14. 66
18. 43
16 91
18. 04
19. 81
18.18
18.83
- 1 .6
+10.8
+ 3 .9
+ 3.7
+ 9 .8
+ 3 .2
+ 3.9
+ 4.1
- 7 .7
- 2 .4
+ 5 .9
+ 1 .6
+ 7.5
+20.8
+26.2
+11.7
+29.7
+21.3
+45.6
+13.4
+14.2
+11.2
+16.5
+ 6.2
+15.7
+33.5
18 69
25. 22
18. 63
22.47
18. 55
21. 55
18. 72
20 69
20. 32
+ 2 .2
+ 1.8
-2 . 1
+ 5 .3
+. 7
+ 2.3
- 3 .4
-2 . 1
+ 6.3
+28.7
+14.2
+ 8 .6
+11.5
+17.3
+19.7
+ 4.0
+16.6
+28.0
16.37
18.86
17.81
19. 22
18. 51
19. 83
17.87
16. 22
- 1 .7
+ 3.3
- 4 .6
-.1
+ 3 .4
- 1 .9
- 3 .3
—2 2
+ 7.5
+18.8
+23.1
+ 3 .6
+ 8 .0
+13.6
- 3 .7
+26.8
24. 76
19.97
17.94
18.83
21.41
- 3 .2
-.4
—l
- 3 .4
—4
-1 3 .9
+ 5 .0
-.3
- 5 .7
- 3 .3
25. 66
23.30
-
+ .9
1.0
- 1 .5
+ 4 .7
13.98
- 2 .4
+ 8.8
14.75
13. 53
12.07
+ 1 .7
- 4 .7
+ 9.8
+24.4
+ 3 .0
+ 1 .3
+ 8.8
+19.6
- 8 .7
389
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 2 .—P E R C A PITA W E EK LY E A R N IN G S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S IN
D E C E M B E R 1933 A N D COM PARISON W ITH N O V E M B E R 1933 A N D D E C E M B E R 1932Continued
Percent of change
Per capita
weekly
earnings in November December
19321933December
December December
1933
1933
1933
Industry
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Brick, tile, and terra cotta__________________________________
Cement
_
_________ _________________________
Glass
_
______________________________
Marble, granite, slate, and other products___________________
Pottery
__________________ _______ _________
Leather and its manufactures:
Boots and shoes
__ _____________________________________
Leather
______________________________ - -Paper and printing:
Boxes, paper
_ _ _________ -- ______ ____________
Paper and pulp
- _____ - - ____ ________________
Printing and publishing:
_______ _______________________
Book and job
Newspapers and periodicals
_________________________
Chemicals and allied products:
Chemicals
-- _________________ ____ ______
Cottonseed oil, cake, and m e a l____________________________
Druggists’ preparations
_ ________________________ _____
Explosives
____________________________________
Fertilizers
_________________________________
Paints and varnishes
______ _____________________________
Petroleum refining
___________ -- -- - ___________ Bay on and allied products
______ __ _____________
Soap
- ___ ____ - __________ ____________
Rubber products:
Rubber boots and shoes
__ _ -- - _______ ____ ______
Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes---Rubber tires and inner tubes
______________________ - Tobacco manufactures:
Ghewing end smoking tobacco and snuff_______ __ _ ____
______ _______________________ -Cigars and cigarettes
Total, 89 industires
_______ ___ _________
______ ________
$12.37
15. 86
18.15
17. 74
16.44
+0.1
- 6 .6
+ 1.3
+ 1.9
- 2 .8
+11.2
“K 2
+ 9 .5
-1 3 .9
+ 6 .2
15. 33
20.08
+ 1.7
+ 2 .7
+21.8
+10.3
17.39
17.59
+ 1.6
+ .3
+ 2.7
+ 4.4
25.49
31.53
+ 2.4
+ .9
- .5
- 5 .3
23.46
9. 94
19. 32
19.89
12.42
20. 66
25. 43
18. 28
20. 22
+ 2.4
- 2 .5
- 1 .0
- 2 .8
+4.3
+ 1.7
- 1 .7
+ 4.0
+ 1.0
+ 2.9
+ 5.3
-.8
+ 4.5
-8 . 1
+ 2 .7
- 2 .8
+ 8.8
- 1 .7
18.08
17. 25
20.81
+ 1.9
+2.1
+ 6.6
+ 7 .9
-.4
+18.3
13. 70
13. 03
+ 4.6
- 2 .4
+ 5.3
+ 1.8
18.03
1 + .9
i + 9.7
1 Weighted.
General Index Numbers of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in Manufacturing
Industries
G e n e r a l index numbers of employment and pay-roll totals in
manufacturing industries, by months, from January 1926 to December
1933, inclusive, together with average indexes for each of the years
from 1926 to 1933, inclusive, are shown in the following table. In
computing these general indexes the index numbers of each of the
separate industries are weighted according to their relative importance
in the total.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
390
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T a b l e 3 . -G E N E R A L IN D E X E S OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D
PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U FA C
T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , JA N U A R Y 1926 TO D E C E M B E R 1933
[12-month average, 1926=100]
Employment
Pay rolls
Month
January____
February___
March_____
April...............
M ay_______
J u n e . . . ____
July________
August_____
Septem ber...
October_____
November__
December___
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1926
1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
100.4
101.5
102.0
101.0
99.8
99.3
97.7
98. 7
100.3
100.7
99. 5
98.9
94.9
100.6
102.0
100.8
99.8
97.4
93.0
95.0
94.1
95.2
91.6
93.2
97.3
99.0
99.5
98.6
97.6
97.0
95. 0
95. 1
95.8
95. 3
93. 5
92.6
91.6
93.0
93. 7
93. 3
93.0
93. 1
92. 2
93. 6
95. 0
95. 9
95. 4
95. 5
95.2
97.4
9S. 6
99. 1
99.2
98.8
98.2
98.6
99. 3
98. 4
95.0
92.3
90.7
90.9
90.5
89.9
88.6
86. 5
82. 7
81. 0
80.9
79. 9
77.9
76.6
74.6
75.3
75. 9
75. 7
75. 2
73. 4
71.7
71. 2
70.9
68.9
67. 1
66. 7
64.8
65.6
64. 5
62.2
59. 7
57. 5
55. 2
56. 0
58. 5
59. 9
59. 4
58.3
56. 6
57.5
55. 1
56.0
58.7
62. 8
67.3
71.6
73.9
74.0
71.4
70. 1
98.0
102. 2
103. 4
101.5
99.8
99. 7
95. 2
98.7
99.3
102.9
99. 6
99.8
A verage. . . 100.0 96.4 93.8 97.5 84.7 72.2 60.1 64.6 100.0
89.6
93.9
95.2
93.8
94.1
94. 2
91.2
91.2
95. 4
99.0
96. 1
97.7
94. 5
101.8
103.9
104.6
104.8
102.8
98.2
102. 1
102.6
102.4
95.4
92.4
88.1
91.3
91.6
90.7
88.6
85. 2
77.0
75.0
75. 4
74.0
69. 6
68.8
63.7
68.1
69.6
68. 5
67.7
63.8
60.3
59.7
55.7
55.3
52. 5
52.2
48.6
49.6
48.2
44.7
42. 5
39. 3
36.2
36.3
38. 1
39.9
38.6
37.7
35.8
36.4
33.4
34.9
38.9
43 1
46.5
51 9
53 3
53.6
50. 3
49.8
96.5 94.5 100.5 81.3 61.5 41.6 44.0
Index numbers showing relatively the variation in employment and
pay rolls for each of the 89 industries included in the Bureau’s survey,
for each of the 14 groups of industries, and for all manufacturing in
dustries combined, are shown in table 4, by months, for the years of
1931, 1932, and 1933, together with average indexes for each of the
years from 1923 through 1933, where available.
The expansion of the Bureau’s employment survey in 1931 to include
35 additional manufacturing industries, affected the comparability of
certain group indexes over the entire period. The group indexes for
years prior to 1931 are therefore not presented in the following tables
except where the index numbers are strictly comparable with the
group indexes now published.
The average general index of employment for the 12 months of 1933
for the 89 industries combined was 7.5 percent above the average
index for 1932, and the pay-roll index was 5.8 percent higher than the
average index for 1932.
Following table 4 are two charts which show the course of employ
ment and pay-roll totals in all manufacturing industries combined for
each month of the years 1926 to 1933, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
391
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 . — IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G I N D U S
T R IES—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 T H R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M ON TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
THROUGH D E C E M B E R 1933
[12-month average 1926= 100]
Food and kindred products
Ueneral
index
Group index
Baking
Beverages
Butter
Month and year
Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals ment totals
1923 average------- -1924 average-----------1925 average______
1926 average________
1927 average-----------1928 average
--- 1929 average-------- 1930 average.--- --_
1931 average-----------1932 average— --------1933 average.................
108.8 104. 3
0)
0)
98.2 94.6
0)
(>)
(>)
99.2 »7. 7 0)
100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0
90.4 96.5
(')
0)
93.8 94.5
0)
0)
97.5 100.5
0)
0)
84.7 81.3
0)
0)
72.2 61, 5 88.7 85. 6
00. 1 41.6 82.1 69. 5
04.0 44.0 89. 0 70.9
99,2
100.5
98. 7
100.0
101. 4
100. 9
102.1
96.8
90. 5
81.8
81.7
94.8
98.4
97. 1
100.0
102.2
101. 6
103.5
98.5
87.1
70.9
66.2
Em Pay
ploy roll
ment totals
Confection
ery
Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals
85.7
74.2
128.2
100.0
(>)
0)
0)
0)
80.4
62.2
114.2
(>)
(0
0)
105.9
97.3
98.4
0) 116.3
(') 103. 2
98.1
0)
100.0 100.0
96.5
(>)
93.0
0)
92.3
0)
85. 9
0)
100.1 82. 4
83.1 76.3
74.2 82.0
0)
0)
(0
100.0
(')
(')
0)
0)
(>)
(0
(0
(>)
0)
0)
100.0
0)
107.0
99.9
96. 4
100.0
97.9
93.3
94.1
86. 2
75. 6
59. 7
59. 3
1931
January ____ _______
February___ - ____
March.
__
April---------------------M ay............... ..............
.Tune
_______ _
July----------------------August----- ------------September . .
October ........
N o v e m b e r ___ - -.
December---------------
74.0
75.3
75.9
75.7
75.2
73.4
71.7
71.2
70.9
08.9
07.1
00.7
63.7
68.1
69. 6
68.5
67.7
63.8
60.3
59.7
56. 7
55. 3
52.5
52.2
90.5
87.9
86.9
86. 6
87.8
88.3
88.3
88.3
89.7
91. 0
90. 0
89.2
90.2
87.8
85.7
85.2
86.8
87.1
86.3
84.9
85.1
84.5
82.7
81.0
90.5
90.6
90.6
90. 1
91. 7
91.9
92.5
91.6
91. 2
90. 1
88.0
86.8
89.6
89.5
88.9
87. 5
89.7
89.7
88.8
86.7
86.7
85. 1
82.7
80.4
79.7
80.6
81.9
86.3
89. 2
93. 1
97. 5
94. 5
89. 5
83. 9
77.0
75.3
74.1
75.7
78.0
82.8
86.0
88.9
95.7
91.3
84.5
75.2
67. 6
64.5
97.5
97. 1
99.5
106.8
107.7
110.9
116.3
113.6
113.7
105. 5
103.7
98.2
96.3
98.8
98.1
102.1
103.9
106. 2
106.3
103.4
104.0
95.6
95.6
90.7
83.1
83.9
82.3
78.1
78.6
77.3
69.2
74.0
89. 5
93.0
90.3
89.2
81.1
79.1
77.2
73.2
73.3
72.5
59.8
67.1
82.6
83.4
79. 1
79.0
1932
January_______ —
February_________ March. __________
April______________
M ay------ ---------------June
________ -July........... ....................
August____________
September__ — —
O c to b e r ..............
November______ December.- - - - - -
04.8
05.0
64. 5
02.2
59.7
57.5
55.2
56.0
58.5
59.9
59.4
58.3
48. 6
49. 6
48.2
44.7
42. 5
39. 3
36. 2
36.3
38.1
39.9
38.6
37.7
83.1
81.1
80.2
70.8
80.5
80.9
79.4
80.6
83.6
87. 1
85.4
83.2
75.2
72.8
71.3
70.3
70. 9
69.9
66.8
66.2
68.7
69.7
66.7
64.9
84.3
83.2
83.5
82.9
82.8
82. 4
81. 6
80.7
80.4
80.9
79.4
78.9
77.8
76.4
75.8
73.0
72.4
71.4
68. 8
67.6
68.7
68. 5
66.2
64.6
73.3
72.1
72.3
76. 2
77.9
82.1
79.8
74.8
77.0
72.6
68.0
63.9
61.6
60.6
61.5
65. 1
69.6
74.8
70.0
63.8
62.0
55. 2
51. 4
50.6
91.5
84.2
93.7
97.3
100.7
103.4
104.7
103.5
101.8
96.8
95.7
93.8
82.7
79.6
84.9
85.9
90. 1
89.0
87.2
85.6
83.4
78. 5
76.7
73.6
75.7
74. 5
71. 2
68.6
65.4
65.2
58.7
71.5
88.9
97. 3
92. 6
86. 4
66.2
62.9
59.3
56. 5
52.5
51.2
43. 2
53.3
69.1
73. 6
64. 9
63. 7
35.8 78.7
36.4 77.4
33.4 76.4
34.9 80.1
38.9 83.2
43.1 86.5
46.5 88.1
51.9 94.0
53.3 100.1
53.6 103. 7
50. 3 101.5
49.8 98.5
62.1
60. 1
58.1
63. 9
67. 1
69.7
71.8
74.7
80.1
81.7
80.4
81.2
77.3
77.0
76. 4
77.3
78.2
79.3
80.4
82.9
87.9
89.0
88.2
86.9
63.4
62.1
60.3
61. 5
62. 5
63. 7
65. 5
66.5
72.3
72.5
72.3
71.7
63.5
64.8
76.2
117.3
136. 1
160. 8
166.9
163.0
161. 4
150.9
136.6
140.8
49.4
49. 7
58.4
112.1
132.1
151.6
155.7
148. 9
141. 6
127.7
116.6
126.6
88.6
89.0
88.9
91.8
94.6
102. 0
102.9
105.9
107.3
106. 0
102.7
71.0 76.3
68.8 75. 5
68.3 70. 7
68.9 73. 8
71.5 74. 1
75.7 73.6
77.3 70.8
77.6 85.6
79.5 94.8
80. 7 102. 4
76.8 98. 1
74. 6 87. 7
54.0
52. 6
44. 7
48. 5
51.0
48. 6
47.5
63.2
75. 7
80. 1
73.8
71.4
1933
January___ ______
February_____ ____
March________ - April---------------------M ay_______________
56.6
57.5
55.1
56.0
58.7
62.8
July_______________ 67.3
A ugust------------------- 71.5
September-------------- 73.9
October____ _ _ _ _ 74.0
November__ _____ - 71.4
December--------------- 70.1
' Data not available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
101 . 1
392
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
^ .-I N D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S -
S o V iI V E V E f f E EEA ? ,f 3S- S ,^ e 5 O D ™
“
BY M ° N ™ S “ N U A E ^ S S ,
Food and kindred products—Continued
Flour
Ice cream
Month and year
Slaughtering
and meat
packing
Sugar, beet
Sugar refining,
cane
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
1923 average _______
1924 average______
1925 average— ..........
1926 average—_ - —
1927 average----------1928 average____
1929 average,- —
1930 average_______
1931 average-. _____
1932 a v era g e-._____
1933 average-----------
114.2
108.1
103.1
100.0
99.3
100.0
102.1
97.0
88.2
83.9
87.3
110.9
108.2
102.5
100.0
99.4
102.1
105.3
99.9
84.2
70.2
67.7
103.9
100.3
101.3
100.0
94.0
92.4
91.9
87.6
80.6
72.8
71.1
95.8
93.1
98.3
100.0
93.4
93.1
93.0
87.5
78.2
61.7
53.2
122.9
115.1
104.4
100.0
99.5
99.5
101.0
97. 1
90.8
86.9
95.4
118.4
111.8
102.6
100.0
99.9
101.0
103.2
100.2
89.8
72.9
75.8
(0
0)
(')
100.0
(>)
0)
(>)
(>)
83.7
84.6
113.1
(i)
(i)
(i)
100.0
0)
0)
(1)
(1)
72.5
59.9
78.5
106.8
104.6
104.5
100.0
98.8
91.1
94.0
91.6
81.7
76.3
80.9
104. 6
105.4
104.6
100. 0
98.8
94.9
98. 5
94.4
80.0
66.9
65.3
1931
January---------------F eb ru a ry __ _ . . .
March ___ _ . . . .
April_____________
M ay ________ ____
June______________
July---------------------August - _______
September___ - . . .
October, ____ ____
November___ ___
D e ce m b er ..-------
90.4
89.0
87.7
87.9
86.3
85.3
90.5
90.0
88.9
88.5
87.9
85.7
87.7
87.9
85.2
84.4
84.1
81.5
86.7
86.4
83.3
84.0
83.3
75.3
74.3
74.7
76.2
78.5
83.7
90.3
94.5
93.2
86.8
76.7
70.1
68.7
73.9
76.2
76.9
79.4
82.6
87.3
90.7
87.6
82.4
71.8
66.1
63.8
96.6
94.0
90.2
89.4
90.6
90.2
89.1
88.2
88.3
89.0
90.4
93.3
101.7
96.3
90.2
90.0
91.6
91.0
89.5
86.5
85.3
84.9
82.9
87.1
138.1
33.0
29.4
29.5
30.3
34.6
39.8
52.7
54.9
177.9
203.3
180.3
95.6
40.0
36.5
33.9
35.1
38.8
41.6
50.0
55.8
129.8
177.5
135.5
81.4
79.9
82.2
83.5
79.1
80.7
84. 2
84. 3
82.8
79.8
82. 2
80.0
79. 3
82. 3
84. 5
83. 5
79.5
81. 6
86.8
82.1
79. 7
75. 4
74.3
70.6
1932
January___________
February___ ______
March______ . . . .
April___________
M ay---- ---------------June______________
July------------- -------August-----------------Septem ber.. . . .
October ---------- -November_____ . . .
December.. . . . . . .
85.1
84.3
84.8
84.7
84.5
82.8
83.2
82.5
84.6
84.7
83.0
82.8
73.6
72.2
71.2
72.7
72.7
68.3
68.8
67.9
68.9
72.3
67.7
66.6
68.2
68.4
68.3
71.0
76.7
84.7
83.4
81.6
76.5
68.5
64.1
61.9
62.8
62.8
62.8
64.3
67.2
70.9
69.0
66.4
61.5
55.0
50.4
47.0
91.5
89.8
85.9
84.7
86.8
86.2
85.2
85.0
87.1
87.7
86.2
86.2
83.0
79.2
74.8
74.3
76.0
73.6
69.9
67.8
70.8
70.8
66.9
68.1
51.0
25.6
26.5
29.1
33.5
39.7
40.8
52.3
62.6
213.9
238.5
201.1
42.4
30.5
28.3
29.8
34.7
35.7
33.1
41.0
49.4
125.7
156.3
111.9
79. 2
75.7
76.6
74.4
76.0
74.7
75.8
76.4
77.4
77.8
76.4
74.7
68. 2
67.4
69.7
67.4
68.7
66.7
69.4
68. 9
68. 5
64. 7
62. 5
61.2
1933
January___________
February__________
March_______. . .
April
.
. . ..
M ay____________
June
July---------------------August____________
September ______
October.
_ .
November.
.. _ _
December..
___
82.2
81.0
80.5
83.3
84.0
82.8
87.9
85.3
94.0
96.2
96.0
94.0
66.5
61.9
60.9
66.8
66.2
62.6
70.6
62.1
70.8
75.3
74.5
74.7
61.3
61.7
61.9
63.2
67.4
78.0
80.0
82.5
83.9
76.8
69.8
66.2
47.1
46.6
46.0
47.1
50.9
58.8
59.8
61.5
61.1
57.5
52.0
49.8
84.5
84.6
82.5
83.3
87.5
90.3
92.8
102.6
111.4
110.5
107.8
106.8
67.1
65.9
61.4
65.9
69.6
72.6
74.4
80.7
87.5
87.0
85.7
91.8
114.4
49.1
35.4
39.3
43.6
48.9
52.5
81.5
91.8
248.8
289.1
263.1
66.7
33.6
30.1
32.2
33.8
36.2
40.1
59.2
66.9
163.0
204.1
175.6
71.8
74.1
74.6
75.1
78.0
78.3
80.4
84.3
86.6
93.2
91.8
82.2
56.2
57.7
65.0
65.1
68.1
68.8
71.5
67.9
65.1
68.0
69.1
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay
roll
totals
6 1 .3
393
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 —IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IES—Y E A R L Y AVERAGES 1923 THRO U G H 1933 A N D BY M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
THROUGH D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Textiles and their products
Month and
year
Carpets
Fabrics
Textile
group index group index and rugs
Cotton
goods
Dyeing and Hats, furCotton
felt
small wares finishing
textiles
Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals
106.5 110.1
1923 average,.
(0
(0
0)
0)
98.1 95.2
1924 average... (')
0)
p)
0)
100.7 101.2
1925 average... (0
(0
Pi
Pi
1926 average... 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.5 104.1
1927 average... (0
p)
(>)
0)
101.0 95.9
1928 average... (0
p)
0)
P)
106.8 101.4
(1)
1929 average.. _ P)
(0
P)
81.9 66.0
1930 average... (I)
Of
PI
0)
1931 average. . 77.7 66.0 77.3 67.4 72.2 57.2
1932 average... 68.1 46.1 69.0 48.1 54.4 32.6
1933 average... 79.0 53.8 83.2 59.6 63.4 43.0
1931
January_____
February.
M arch..
A pril... . . __
M a y . ______
June__
__
July_________
August ____
Septem ber...
October . . .
November _
December___
1932
Janu ary_____
February____
M arch. ____
April________
M ay________
June___ _____
July_________
A ugust.— . . .
September__
October.
November___
December___
1933
January_____
February____
March_______
April___. . . .
M ay________
June_______ .
July________
August. _____
Septem ber.. .
October_____
November . .
December.. __
65.3
65.8
69.8
71.4
72.6
68.1
65.8
64.3
62.4
60. 1
56.1
56.8
94.0
99.4
104. 1
104.0
100. 4
94.4
90.5
88.4
87.9
86.5
85.6
82.9
89.1
98.2
105.5
99.6
94.8
84.9
79.7
75.8
74.2
75.3
69.8
68.8
92.9
95.5
95.4
93.5
91. 2
86.0
82.7
84. 1
86.0
82.9
82.5
83.0
85.9
96.2
94.5
90.6
84.7
76.2
73.7
77.4
76.6
70.9
70.4
71.5
87.1
88.8
89.5
87.9
81.5
77.9
83.9
85.7
85.8
78.4
70.0
69.8
63.1
66.6
60.4
51.0
53.4
52.5
60.4
67.0
69.1
51.1
43.1
42.5
62.9
61.8
62.4
58. 1
54.9
52.0
44.4
47. 1
47.2
54.2
55.1
52.4
44.5 72.9
40.6 75.6
41.3 75.0
36.3 69.3
30. 1 63.6
26.2 57.4
23.3 55.5
24.2 61. 2
25. a 71.9
34.6 75.9
33.2 75.5
31.0 75.2
55.3
58.5
57.0
48.5
40.9
35.2
32.9
38.4
50.3
53.6
51.6
49.9
84.8
87.5
86.6
81.8
75.2
71.6
69.3
68.5
73.0
81.0
82.3
78.8
71.9
75.1
70.0
59.3
52.3
47.9
44.8
44.3
53.1
61.5
57.5
54.7
83.0
86.2
85.8
80.7
74.9
71.5
64.1
68.1
77.8
77.9
78. 1
78.0
70.0
75.4
72.4
59.7
49.4
49.5
37.8
47.3
60.0
57.6
54.0
53.3
69.1
67.0
67.0
62.2
56.9
56.4
59.4
68.0
74.4
74.1
69.4
65.2
42.3
40.2
41.5
29.2
24.6
27.7
32.6
44.0
57.0
51.7
42.9
41.5
51.2
49.6
47.8
47. a
51.2
59.1
70.2
74.6
78.1
82.8
77. (
71.6
27.0
25.2
25.6
25. a
32.«
42. a
50.6
57.2
61.2
65.7
54.;
48.7
74.8
74. a
72. C
73.5
79. a
91.7
101.1
103.5
101.1
102.6
98.8
95.9
48.4
48.0
44.0
45.7
52.5
65. 1
73.7
87.8
85.6
86.4
81.4
77.1
76.0
79.8
74.8
76.2
81.2
89.2
99.4
105.4
101.8
99.6
90.2
85.6
50.8
56.8
48.0
48.9
58.9
66.4
76.4
82.2
78.4
77.4
67.0
64.4
77.3
78.2
75.3
76.4
77.2
81.0
88.5
93.1
77.4
75.7
92.6
91.3
52.5
56.7
49.4
53.4
55.2
60.2
64.6
65.8
52.7
54.0
68.4
66.0
64.9
66.5
64.3
66.6
67.2
68.5
70.5
82.6
84.8
76.8
71.0
69.3
38.8
37.1
33.4
34.1
36.4
43.8
46.1
57.3
63.7
57.6
48.9
45.3
65.2
72.7
75.9
71.8
69.2
65.8
64.5
67.0
65.3
62.0
56.6
56.0
75.5
78.0
79.9
79.1
80.1
78.1
77.3
77.7
77.5
75.6
74.8
74.5
66.7
72.7
74.1
71.9
72.8
69.0
67.1
68.3
65.0
62.4
59.4
59.3
67.0 50.2
71.7 62.8
76.1 64.6
77.2 64.6
78.2 65.4
77. 1 63.0
75.2 60.4
76.6 59.0
69.7 52.6
69.5 50.9
65.1 48.1
63.1 44.9
72.2
75.1
73.4
67.9
62.7
58.6
54.0
57.6
55.3
46.2
39.1
35.2
32.1
40.1
49.5
52.1
47.4
44.8
73.4
75.9
73.1
67.1
62.1
58.1
56.5
63.9
72.5
76.1
74.9
73.8
56.7
59.8
55.2
46.1
39.6
36.4
34.4
42.1
51.4
54.7
51.3
49.6
42.2
45.8
39.0
42.0
45.4
72.5
73.5
67.6
69.3
75.4
46.2
48.1
40.2
42.4
49.6
60.1
66.9
76.5
74.6
74.1
69.«
65.8
5 5 .3
7 1 .1
74.7
73.0
71.3
69.6
72.1
67.5
69.5
73.3
80.7
86.4
88.8
88.5
87.9
83.7
79.7
5 2 .7
5 7 .6
66.3
68.9
67.7
61.2
56.7
i Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 5.4
93.7
96.2
94.5
93.6
90.5
86.7
102. 1 99.9 0)
123.5 0)
(0
(0
94.0 91.8 0)
99.6 0)
0)
P)
101.7 102.3 0)
101.1 (>)
(0
0)
100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
108.5 (>)
100.9 102.8 0)
0)
P)
99.5 101.0 P>
91.7 0)
0)
(0
94.3 0)
101.8 102.2 0
(')
0)
93.0 87.9 0)
73.3 (0
(l)
P)
64.9 93.2 84.6 88.0 80.7 82.2 56.7
47.7 78.4 57.7 77.2 57.2 65.8 39.6
66.3 88.3 64.6 82.0 58.2 71.1 45.2
73.2
73.3
76.8
77.3
79. 1
77.0
76. 2
75.0
75.4
74.1
73.5
73.8
76.0
79.2
81.5
80.6
80.3
77.9
76.5
77.9
78.6
76.4
74.0
73.1
62.3
120.3
99.9
101.1
100.0
105.0
95.2
95.5
80.6
75.4
69.1
89.1
394
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y PO LLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G INDTJS-
1923 TH R O U G H 1933 A N D BY M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
T H R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Textiles and their products—Continued
M onth and year
Knit goods
Silk and rayon
goods
Woolen and Wearing apparel
worsted goods
group index
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
1923 average_______
1924 average_______
1925 average _____
1926 average- _____
1927 average_______
1928 average_______
1929 average..............
1930 average __ ___
1931 average_______
1932 average_______
1933 average------- --
102.1
92.6
100. 2
100.0
99. 0
94. 7
98.1
87.5
81.3
79.6
86.5
91.3
82.9
96.4
100.0
102.2
97.3
104.3
84.6
69.9
56.5
60.9
99.8
94.1
103.1
100.0
98.4
96. 9
98.0
86.5
73.9
56.6
62.1
93.9
88.6
102.7
100.0
99.2
100.2
100.9
81.7
64.5
38.1
42.6
124.5
113.3
110.7
100.0
99.7
95.0
96.0
77.7
75.4
65.4
85.9
126. 7
114.1
110.6
100.0
100.6
94.4
96.3
72.7
68. 1
48.5
63.9
1931
January___________
February_________
M arch,. _________
April_____________
M ay______________
June______________
J uly---------------------A u g u st___________
September______ .
October
. .....
November_____ _ _
December_________
75.0
79.3
80. 1
80.6
81.4
81.9
79.9
81.3
81.6
84.5
85.8
84.5
64.4
72.0
73.4
72.9
74.7
72.4
64.4
67.2
67.4
70.6
70.3
68.8
81.6
84.3
83.2
80.7
76.9
67.4
63.6
65.3
69.5
73.0
70.7
70.9
70.8
78.6
76.2
71.9
66.9
58.1
55.6
58.9
59.2
62.4
57.2
57.9
68.8
74.8
76.4
71.7
77.4
80.9
84.8
86.6
81.4
68.6
67.4
66.0
1932
January___________
February
. . ___
March____________
April--------------------M ay________ _____
June______________
July---------------------August____________
Septem ber.. . . . .
October
. .
.
November__ .
December___ . . .
80.1
81.6
81.6
79.3
75.8
74. 7
67.5
72.7
80.9
86.8
89.1
85.2
59. 2
63.4
62.5
56.8
50.1
49. 1
40.4
46. 2
58.3
66.7
66.1
59. 3
69.5
69.3
58.0
52.9
46.0
41. 2
41.4
53. 7
61. 2
64.9
60.8
59.7
52.9
51.3
38.6
34.4
28.6
24.9
25.8
36.8
41. 3
44.9
39.6
38.5
1933
January.. . _______
February________
March ................... ...
April___________ ..
M ay___ _____ _____
Ju n e.. ________ _
July---------------------August____________
September. .
October. . _____
November____ . . .
December_________
79.3
79.7
77.2
78.9
82.7
89.2
90.6
89.0
95. 1
96.6
92.4
86.8
48.4
50. 1
46.0
48.7
54.0
59.6
59.2
68. 6
75.4
79.5
74.9
66.5
59.7
59.6
51.3
51. 7
57.0
59.7
68. 1
73.9
72. 5
65.2
65.3
61. 6
35.8
36.5
29.5
29.5
35. 7
39.3
46.6
58.2
54.4
50.5
49.3
45.5
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Clothing,
men’s
Em
ployment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
0)
(!)
0)
(i)
(0
(»)
0)
78.4
00.2
08.9
(i)
(i)
(i)
100.0
(i)
(i)
(‘)
(i)
03.3
42.3
42.4
118.6
106.9
103.1
100.0
97.8
92.2
91.9
80.4
74.6
65.3
70.5
128.4
111.0
105.8
100.0
97.3
89.0
88.2
67.9
56.2
37.3
41.8
61.9
71.9
73.0
65.4
72.4
74.5
78.6
81.4
68.3
58.1
55.9
55.2
77.0
82.0
85.3
84.4
80.7
77.5
74.5
78.3
81.1
78.4
72.0
09.9
62.4
72.9
79.5
71.5
62.2
59.4
59.3
64.5
65.9
61.2
51.2
49.5
71.2
75.6
77.5
76.1
72.8
73.3
76.3
78.7
79.8
77.0
69. 7
66.8
53.9
62 9
42.8
67.3
73.8
66.5
54.0
50.7
49.2
56.9
70.4
76. 1
76.9
71.3
71.5
56.9
63.4
53.4
37.7
34.5
32.6
38.4
50.4
56.4
56.7
49.7
51.7
09.4
73.1
74.2
09.8
04.2
59.8
52.2
58.0
07.9
71.5
08.3
65.2
48.8
53.4
55.6
46.6
38.1
32.8
27.5
36.4
45.7
47.0
39.8
35.3
66.6
71.8
71.2
65.5
59.8
55.9
56.4
62.3
68.3
70.9
69. 7
65.0
43.4
47.8
47. 4
36.2
30.2
25.9
26. 0
35. 7
42 9
43.9
38.0
30.7
71.4
78.3
59.9
62.6
75.6
93.3
105.5
108.6
102.8
99.6
88.4
84.9
49.9
57. 1
35.5
39.5
52.6
72. 1
82.2
86.6
82.1
78.1
66.0
65.4
62.9
68.7
60.9
69.8
08.4
69.4
09.0
71.3
74.6
74.3
68.1
63.0
34.4
41.1
36.5
41.3
37.1
38.0
39.3
46.3
57.5
54.5
44.1
38.8
62.1
68. 2
66.5
66.0
64.6
69.9
76. 2
77.8
78.7
77.1
71.3
67.1
31.3
39.1
100.0
Pay
roll
totals
58. 2
50. 7
55.6
62.1
65 0
59 3
54.8
43.0
35.7
32.5
31.1
36.9
45.4
51.9
56.4
55. 3
46. 2
39.2
395
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 _IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S-
T M E S —Y E A R L Y A V ERAGES 1923 T H R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
T H R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Textiles and their products—Continued
Clothing,
women's
M onth and year
Corsets and
allied gar
ments
95.9
79.2
76.0
138.1
120.3
117.1
100.0
95.6
93.5
93.1
85.1
76.4
68.6
68.1
133.1
117.1
115. 8
100.0
96.8
92. 7
91. 1
78.4
63. 8
48.6
43.1
118.9
100. 6
103. 3
100. 0
95.0
92. 2
92. 7
81.1
72. 3
58. 4
64. 0
99.0
101.2
104.1
109. 1
108.2
104.2
99.3
101.4
105.1
103.3
100. 8
98.0
92.7
103.6
117.1
121.8
102.5
97.9
85.0
85.8
84.0
91.7
87. 2
81.7
72.4
78.2
79.7
77.7
77.4
74.2
68.7
66.2
70. 6
76.9
72. 1
72.4
62.5
75.4
80.3
66.4
69.5
62.7
60.9
59.4
60.7
68.4
66.7
59.9
76.8
82.4
88.3
84.4
76.5
72.4
67.9
77.4
79.6
75.2
68.1
67.5
63.3
73.0
86. 1
77.7
60.9
56.6
51.4
66.6
68.3
60.0
51.9
49.9
67.2
71.5
74.2
75.1
74.9
72. 7
71.4
72.4
74.6
75. 9
71.8
05. 3
52.
59.
62.
62.
62.
57.
59.
59.
59.
57.
50.
42.
50. 1
55.4
61.9
54.2
44.5
36. 6
25. 6
34.9
45.5
48. 1
38.4
36.0
101.4
105. 6
108. 1
105.2
101.4
99.0
90.9
92.6
96. 2
101.0
99. 7
98.3
86.1
95.5
95.2
86.7
80.0
71.6
63.2
61.6
70.7
85.6
77.0
76.6
62.4
64.3
66. 1
61.7
56.9
56.8
46. 6
46.3
60. 2
68.8
73.2
69.5
46.8
48.5
51.0
40. 5
34.8
35.7
28.4
26.0
37.7
45.4
49.1
40.7
77.0
82.0
84.3
75.8
62.6
55.7
47.1
62.4
75.7
76.7
64.1
59.9
60.9
05. 9
67.3
58.4
41.6
35.2
28. 5
43. 1
59.4
49. 9
37.6
35. 3
60.0
60.8
60. 3
57.1
55. 5
55. 0
51. 3
50. 7
57. 4
63. 8
05. 3
64. 0
40.
41.
41.
36.
33.
34.
30.
31.
34.
42.
43.
41.
34.8
42. 2
35.8
46.7
39.3
33.9
31.0
34.1
58.9
54.5
40.4
35.8
96.6
102.6
102.4
101.4
100.5
100.8
99.4
101.3
105.7
95.5
98.2
97.4
68.6
80.7
68.1
72.4
76.2
77.5
73.4
83.9
88. 1
80.6
70.5
72.4
61.7
63.3
60.3
59.2
58.4
63.0
66.7
68.3
62.7
67. 1
66.1
53.1
32.1
33.8
32.2
31.0
33.0
37.4
37.3
47.7
42. 1
48.9
44.8
33.7
64.9
72.0
69.8
77.5
71.4
68.8
58.6
72.5
72.2
69.6
60.5
59.7
39.8
43. 2
37.5
54. 5
44. 3
42.4
33.6
49.5
57. 5
43.9
35. 5
35.2
53.4
58. 2
57.9
58. 8
59. 3
65.1
70. 8
69. 3
69. 6
73. 4
69. 7
62.7
30.
34.
34.
35.
36.
43.
44.
54.
54.
124.4
108.6
109. 3
100.0
107.4
105.2
105.1
87.2
70.3
44.3
40.6
0
0
0
100.0
0)
0
(0
100.0
0
(0
0)
1931
January___________
February__________
March____________
A^ril
___ ____
M ay ___________
June
___________
July
______
August _________
September________
O ctober_________
N o”ember_________
December., ----------
87.8
93.6
98.6
98.3
93.2
84.9
74. 1
80. 1
85.4
80.2
73. 5
73.5
72.1
85.3
93.8
83.7
72.4
62.4
57.2
63.5
73.6
67.4
56. 6
55.4
1932
January.. _______
February________ March____________
April
_______
M ay
_________
J line
__________
July
August ___ - September . . . . .
O ctober__________
November________
December--------------
71.5
74.4
77.5
76. 2
71. 6
64.8
45. 4
53.4
66.8
70.6
64.8
63.8
63.6
69.5
67.0
74.6
74.2
68. 2
59.3
59.8
70.6
__________
July
August___________
September________
October _________
November........ ........
December_________
71. 7
63.0
56.6
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay
roll
totals
(0
0)
0
100.0
0)
0
0
(0
66.1
40.4
37.8
126.3
111.9
105. 6
100.0
105.4
105.4
105.4
94.2
85.3
66.7
66.5
M ay
Ju n e
Em
ploy
ment
0)
(0
0
100.0
0
0
(0
0
73.9
61. 1
62.5
Pay
roll
totals
1933
January__________
February__________
_________
March
April
________
Pay
roll
totals
Shirts and
collars
Em
ploy
ment
Em
ploy
ment
1923 average_______
1924 average_______
1925 average______
1Q26 average______
1927 average____ 1°28 average______
1929 average_______
19o0 average____ 19 1 average_______
1932 average_______
1933 average..........—
Millinery and
lace goods
Pay
roll
totals
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
M en’s
furnishings
( l)
(0
0
0
102.8
100. 0
100.2
(>)
Em
ploy
ment
117.1
97.
103.
100.
96.
89.
90.
70.
5/. J
37.
44.
62.
55.
47.
396
MONTHLY LABOE E E V IEW
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y A V ERAGES 1923 T H R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
THROUGH D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery
M onth and year
Group index
Bolts, nuts,
washers, and
rivets
Cast-iron pipe
Em
ploy
ment
Em
ploy
ment
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
1923 average_______
1924 average_______
1925 average_______
1926 average_______
1927 average_______
1928 average_______
1929 average_______
1930 average_______
1931 average_______
1932 average_______
1933 average_______
(')
0
0
100.0
(0
(0
0
0
70.1
55.7
01.4
0
0
i1)
100.0
(0
0
(0
(0
52.5
28.7
35.9
0
0
0
100.0
0
(0
0)
(')
78.2
64. 1
74.9
0
0
0
100.0
0
(0
(0
0)
60.7
36.5
45.5
1931
January........... ...........
February................ .
March.........................
April______________
M ay______________
June______________
July_____ _________
August-----------------September________
October___________
November_________
December_________
73.8
74.0
75.0
74.7
73.1
70.8
68.8
09.0
07.2
05.9
04.6
64.0
58.1
62.1
64.2
63.4
60.0
54.2
50.3
49.0
44.2
43.4
40.9
40.5
81.5
82.2
83.1
82.7
82.9
82.4
78.0
77.2
72.6
73.1
71.5
71.4
1932
January___________
February...................
March____________
April____ _________
M ay--------- ---------June______________
July______________
August-----------------September..................
October___________
November_______.
December_________
62.1
62.3
61.0
59.1
50.8
54.9
51.6
50.8
51.8
53.1
53.2
51.4
36.0
36.8
35.2
32.0
30.5
26.9
23.1
23.1
24.2
26.6
26.0
24.2
1933
January.......................
February_____ ____
M a r c h ....................
April_____ ________
M ay........ ................ .
J u n e ....................... .
July---------------------A ugust................... .
September________
October.......................
November_________
D ecem b er________
49.0
51.3
49.1
50.2
53.3
58.5
64.9
71.7
74.8
73.2
70. 9
69.8
22.6
24.5
22.5
24.2
29.5
36.0
41. 1
49.7
47.1
47.3
42.9
43.3
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay
roll
totals
Cutlery and
edge tools
Forgings, iron
and steel
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
94.3
98.2
95.6
100.0
89.8
80. 1
76.1
67.4
55.6
33.8
29.1
92.8
97.8
96.2
100.0
88.1
75.9
75.5
65.6
46.3
19.7
16.1
0
0
0
100.0
0
0
0)
(0
74.7
68. 1
65.5
0
0
0
100.0
0
(>)
(>)
0
60.6
46.9
43.0
0
0
0)
100.0
(0
0
0)
(0
68.1
58.2
66.3
0
0
(0
100.0
0
0
0
0
51.0
31.3
39.2
64.6
68.6
71. 1
70.9
69.7
66.7
58.6
58.0
50.7
50.6
48.9
49.4
53.8
56.8
58.5
60.6
61.0
59.2
58.0
56.5
53.3
51.1
49.7
49.1
46.8
50.6
54.6
58.2
55.8
48.6
48.6
44.2
37.7
36.7
36.2
37.0
76.6
77.2
77.9
79.0
75.4
74.2
72.9
71.8
72.9
73.2
73.1
72.3
65.2
65.5
68.2
65.6
65.0
60.2
59.7
55.8
52.6
57.5
56.7
54.7
73.4
68.5
66.5
65.9
64.9
62.6
63.7
68.6
70.1
68.7
73.2
70.5
56.7
54.1
55.3
59.6
55.3
47.2
47. 1
50.5
44.6
45.8
49.2
46.9
71.5
70.8
68.0
66.3
59.8
64.1
62.6
60.3
61.0
62.3
61.4
61.5
47.7
46.6
42.5
39.2
34.7
35.7
31.7
29.2
29.5
33.6
34.4
33.7
45.5
42.1
38.1
35.0
33.7
31.3
32.1
30.7
28.1
29.6
30.1
29.0
30.5
27.8
25.4
22.9
19.9
17.5
17.1
15.8
15.8
14.9
14.3
14.8
70.7
74.3
74.9
75.2
73.9
68.9
62.2
63.0
63.6
64.4
64.2
61.3
52.3
56.4
55.1
55.5
53.2
46.4
40.4
39.5
39. 1
43.8
42.3
39.3
67.2
66.9
67.7
58.6
60.2
58.2
54.8
53.0
49.9
55.2
53.1
53.4
41.8
41.7
39.9
32.0
32.2
31.0
30.2
25.1
21.9
25.9
26.3
27.8
59.9
61.1
59.2
61.0
64.9
73.0
82.5
88.8
90.7
88.8
85.9
82.8
30.9
32.6
28.1
29.5
36.4
47.3
53.2
57.6
58.7
58. 8
57.9
54.9
27.0
23.4
19.4
23.5
24.5
29.4
32. 1
32.7
34.1
35.1
33.4
34.9
13.1
11.2
11.0
12.4
13.2
16.1
18.0
19.0
18.2
19.0
19.4
22.5
57.8
59.3
54.2
55.9
58.2
60.6
61.8
69.1
75.4
79.0
78.5
76.7
35.3
37.6
26.7
31.4
37.0
41.7
44.6
47.0
51.1
54.3
54.3
55.1
52.9
51.4
50.1
50.8
56.2
63.1
67.1
76.1
83.2
76.7
83.1
84.4
27.0
24.9
22.8
23.3
31.7
39.2
41.7
50.1
48.7
49.6
54.0
56.8
Pay
roll
totals
397
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b le 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 T H R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
THR O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery—Continued
H ard w are
Iro n a n d s te e l
M o n th an d year
Em
p lo y
m en t
P a y - r o ll
to ta ls
Em
p lo y
m en t
P a y - r o ll
t o ta ls
P l u m b e r ’s
s u p p l ie s
Em
p lo y
m en t
P a y - r o ll
t o ta ls
S te a m a n d h o tw a t e r h e a t in g
a p p a ra tu s a n d
s t e a m f it t i n g s
Em
p lo y
m en t
P a y - r o ll
t o ta ls
S to v es
Em
p lo y
m en t
P a y - r o ll
t o ta ls
a v e r a g e - — _____
a v e r a g e .- a v e r a g e _________
a v e r a g e . . _____
a v e r a g e _________
a v e r a g e _____ - - a v e r a g e _______ a v e r a g e ------------a v e r a g e _________
a v e r a g e ___
a v e r a g e _________
1 1 3 .4
1 0 4 .2
1 0 3 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .2
8 8 .9
9 1 .9
7 8 .8
6 5 .3
5 2 .3
5 3 .0
1 0 2 .0
9 5 .7
9 8 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 0 .9
8 8 .4
9 3 .7
6 8 .5
4 7 .4
2 7 .8
2 8 .2
1 0 2 .1
9 5 .4
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .9
9 0 .9
9 4 .7
8 4 .5
7 0 .0
5 5 .9
6 3 .6
9 7 .3
9 1 .3
9 6 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .4
9 2 .7
9 9 .3
7 9 .8
5 1 .8
2 5 .7
3 6 .6
(>)
(>)
(>)
1 0 0 .0
(')
(')
0)
(0
7 6 .5
6 0 .1
6 8 .4
(0
0)
0)
1 0 0 .0
(>)
0)
0)
0)
5 9 .8
3 4 .3
3 8 .7
1 0 3 .3
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .5
8 2 .2
7 8 .5
6 5 .2
5 4 .8
3 7 .5
3 9 .9
9 8 .0
9 5 .4
9 7 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .9
8 1 .9
7 8 .8
5 8 .7
4 0 .7
2 2 .4
2 4 .0
1 1 6 .3
1 0 0 .3
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
91. 2
8 7 .6
9 0 .8
7 4 .3
6 0 .6
49. 2
5 9 .0
1 1 3 .9
1 0 1 .0
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 0 .4
8 4 .7
8 7 .3
6 4 .1
44. 7
28. 5
3 5 .8
1931
J a n u a r y ___ _________
F e b r u a r y ___ ____
M a r c h ________ _____
A p r i l _______ __ _
M a y ________
______
J u n e ______
J u l y _________________
A u g u st.
.
S e p t e m b e r _______ .
O c t o b e r ______
_ N o v e m b e r - . . ______
D e c e m b e r —_ - _
6 9 .7
6 9 .2
6 9 .3
6 8 .8
6 8 .0
6 6 .7
6 4 .4
6 2 .0
61. 5
6 1 .8
61. 2
6 0 .4
5 3 .5
5 4 .1
5 5 .2
5 3 .6
5 3 .2
4 8 .8
4 4 .3
44. 2
3 9 .3
4 2 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
7 4 .8
75. 1
7 6 .2
7 6 .2
7 4 .2
7 0 .7
6 9 .7
6 8 .2
6 5 .6
6 3 .5
6 2 .5
6 3 .0
5 8 .8
6 4 .9
6 7 .8
6 7 .3
6 2 .1
5 4 .1
4 8 .3
4 6 .2
4 0 .4
3 8 .3
3 6 .3
3 7 .1
8 2 .4
8 2 .3
81. 2
7 6 .7
7 5 .8
7 6 .0
7 7 .2
7 5 .0
7 3 .2
7 5 .0
7 3 .1
7 0 .0
6 3 .2
6 5 .5
6 3 .1
5 9 .2
6 0 .6
6 0 .2
6 3 .5
6 2 .9
5 6 .1
5 9 .6
5 2 .7
5 0 .4
6 0 .9
6 0 .0
60. 1
5 7 .7
5 5 .8
5 4 .6
5 3 .2
5 1 .4
5 1 .0
5 3 .4
5 1 .4
4 8 .0
4 9 .8
4 9 .9
4 7 .4
4 4 .7
4 1 .9
4 0 .0
3 8 .5
3 7 .4
3 4 .3
3 8 .3
3 4 .3
3 1 .5
5 2 .7
6 0 .0
6 4 .7
6 5 .4
6 4 .8
6 2 .6
5 4 .8
6 0 .0
6 3 .8
6 4 .3
6 0 .0
5 3 .5
3 8 .5
4 7 .1
50. 3
5 0 .0
5 0 .3
4 6 .0
3 9 .4
4 3 .4
4 8 .0
4 8 .7
4 1 .0
3 3 .8
1932
J a n u a r y . ________- F ebruary... —
M a r c h ____ __ _________
A p r i l __________
M a y _______ _______
J u n e ______ __
J u l y ___________________
A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r _______ ___
O cto b e r . . _
_____
N o v e m b e r . . _______
D e c e m b e r ____________
5 9 .3
5 8 .5
5 7 .6
5 5 .9
5 3 .3
5 2 .4
4 7 .6
4 6 .4
4 8 .2
4 9 .2
4 9 .9
4 9 .8
3 7 .8
3 6 .0
3 4 .8
3 1 .2
2 8 .1
2 6 .9
2 1 .6
2 0 .9
2 2 .7
2 4 .3
2 4 .5
2 5 .0
6 2 .5
6 2 .8
6 1 .6
5 9 .8
5 7 .6
5 4 .9
5 1 .7
5 0 .4
5 1 .3
5 3 .0
5 3 .2
5 2 .1
3 2 .9
3 4 .3
3 2 .8
2 9 .4
2 8 .3
2 3 .3
1 9 .7
1 9 .5
2 0 .4
2 3 .2
2 3 .0
2 1 .9
7 0 .6
6 8 .9
6 5 .5
6 4 .7
6 4 .1
6 3 .6
6 1 .4
5 9 .0
5 0 .2
5 1 .2
5 5 .5
4 6 .1
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
3 9 .2
3 7 .5
3 7 .4
3 7 .3
3 0 .9
3 4 .4
2 7 .5
2 8 .7
3 1 .8
2 1 .1
4 4 .1
4 5 .0
4 3 .6
3 9 .2
3 3 .8
3 3 .7
3 2 .5
3 3 .1
3 5 .5
3 7 .3
3 8 .4
3 4 .0
2 6 .9
2 8 .4
2 6 .0
2 3 .7
2 0 .4
2 0 .5
1 8 .5
1 8 .8
2 0 .4
2 3 .6
2 2 .3
1 9 .0
4 4 .4
5 0 .6
51. 4
5 1 .6
4 9 .9
4 6 .3
4 0 .7
4 3 .7
5 1 .7
5 5 .4
5 5 .0
4 9 .5
2 6 .4
3 0 .7
3 0 .6
2 9 .4
2 8 .1
2 5 .1
2 1 .7
2 3 .8
3 1 .6
3 7 .2
3 1 .7
2 5 .8
1933
J a n u a r y ____- _______
F ebruary.
_ -.
M a r c h ____ __
____
A p r i l ___
M a y ..
_ _______
J u n e ___
__________
J u l y . ________________
A u g u s t __________
..
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ... .
_ ...
N o v e m b e r . ............ D e c e m b e r ____________
4 8 .3
4 9 .0
4 7 .0
4 7 .2
4 8 .6
5 2 .6
5 5 .9
5 9 .9
5 9 .0
5 5 .3
5 5 .0
5 8 .0
2 2 .4
2 3 .2
2 0 .7
2 1 .0
2 4 .6
2 9 .5
3 3 .2
3 4 .5
3 3 .2
3 0 .6
3 0 .5
3 5 .3
5 0 .6
5 3 .0
5 0 .1
5 1 .3
5 4 .2
5 9 .4
6 7 .6
7 5 .9
7 8 .1
7 6 .4
7 3 .8
7 2 .9
2 1 .4
2 3 .6
2 1 .3
2 3 .3
2 8 .7
3 5 .9
4 2 .8
5 4 .8
4 9 .3
4 9 .5
4 3 .6
4 4 .1
5 4 .5
5 8 .8
5 3 .4
6 6 .8
7 7 .9
8 1 .7
8 0 .9
8 7 .6
8 1 .6
6 8 .8
6 5 .6
1 9 .3
2 5 .9
3 2 .5
2 7 .3
4 1 .7
5 1 .9
4 8 .5
4 8 .7
5 3 .3
4 6 .5
3 4 .3
3 4 .0
3 1 .3
3 4 .8
3 0 .5
3 4 .0
3 6 .7
4 0 .0
4 3 .0
4 6 .6
4 8 .3
4 4 .6
4 5 .4
4 3 .8
1 6 .7
1 8 .2
1 6 .0
1 8 .0
3 7 .8
4 3 .0
4 1 .9
4 5 .1
4 8 .7
5 3 .4
6 0 .2
69. 1
7 8 .3
8 2 .7
8 0 .3
6 8 .0
1 8 .5
2 3 .2
2 1 .7
2 5 .0
2 9 .2
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44.4
21.8
2 5 .1
2 7 .4
3 0 .6
3 0 .3
2 7 .8
2 7 .8
2 7 .9
33.6
3 8 .1
4 3 .9
5 0 .2
56. 4
50. 4
3 9 .3
398
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 4 —IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S -
T R IES—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 THR O U G H 1933 A N D BY M ONTH S JA N U A R Y 1931
THROUGH D E C E M B E R 1933-Continued
U
1
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery—Con.
Month and year
Structural and
ornamental
metal work
Tin cans and
other tinware
Em
ploy Pay-roll
ment totals
Em
Em
Em
ploy Pay-roll ploy Pay-roll ploy Pay-roll
totals ment totals
totals
ment
ment
Tools (not in
cluding edge or
machine tools)
Wirework
1923 average____________________
1924 average___
_________________
1925 a verage_____________
_ ____
1926 average______________________
1927 average____________________
1928average_____________ _____ . . .
1929 average_____ ____
1930 average____ ._
___ ______
1931 average__________ _______ .
1932 average______________________
1933 average_________ _____ _______
100.8
91. 7
92.5
100. 0
94.9
95.0
102.1
92.2
71.1
47.6
43.3
93.9
86. 3
91.5
100.0
95.0
97.9
104.4
89.0
57.4
28. 7
24.2
0)
(')
(>)
100.0
(>)
0)
(>)
0)
84.6
74. 7
79.6
0)
0)
(0
100.0
0)
0)
0)
0)
56.7
45.8
48.1
0)
0)
0)
100.0
(0
0)
0)
0)
85.4
65.8
69.1
(0
(i)
(■)
100.0
0)
(0
0)
(>)
61.3
38.6
41.6
0)
0)
(0
100.0
(')
(0
(1)
0)
99.1
93. 6
107.0
(i)
(0
(i)
100 0
(i)
(i)
(i)
(i)
87.5
67. 2
82.2
1931
January____________________
February..................................................
March. . . .
___ _______
April____ . . _ _____ _ __
M a y ... _________ ________
J u n e ... . . . . . _ ____________ _
July--------------------------------------------August__________ ___________ _
September. ______ ___________
October________________________
November______________________
December____ __________________
78.9
75.8
75.4
74. 1
72.5
71.2
71.9
72. 1
69.3
65.6
63. 7
62. 2
67.4
64.6
63.9
60.7
60.8
58.7
61.0
57.8
54.1
49.0
46.1
44.5
87.2
88.7
88.8
91.1
89.4
87.0
86.7
87.6
81. 7
77.1
74.2
76.2
59.7
58.2
61.8
63.3
59.3
58.2
57.7
57.6
55.3
51.1
48.7
49.2
88.8
88.2
88.6
88.5
85.4
85.6
86.2
82.4
84.3
82.9
81.4
82.2
63.4
65.9
66.9
67.2
64.8
62.2
61.3
57.9
54. 8
57.9
56.2
56.5
91.4
89.1
92.3
93.2
94.4
96.4
97.8
108.1
105.5
106.4
107.9
106.8
81.1
81. 8
88.9
85.6
87.4
89.0
87.3
95. 8
88.0
90.8
87. 7
87.1
1932
January_____________ ____ ______
February_____________ ____ _______
March____________________
April___________ ______
__ . .
M ay_____________________
June____________________________
July----------------------------------- --------August_________________________
September_____________________
October_________ _______
November________ ____________
December_________________ . . .
58.8
55.6
54.3
51.9
49.4
47.7
45.2
44.6
42.7
41. 2
40.3
40.0
40.3
36.6
34.4
32.4
30.4
27.1
25.0
25.0
23.9
23.6
23.5
21.8
74.4
72.8
73.4
73.7
71.9
76.7
75. 1
75.5
81. 2
76.8
73.2
71.1
48.0
45.3
46.7
46.0
43.8
46.8
43.5
45.2
52.4
47.4
41.7
42.5
77.5
76.8
73.2
71.8
68.8
65.3
59.2
54.4
59.0
60.2
61.8
61.1
49.6
50.9
47.4
44.3
40.2
37.6
29.1
26.6
32.4
35.1
35.7
34.7
100.6
102.3
98.1
95.2
94.4
93. 7
87.3
90.2
92.7
91.5
90.1
87.3
77.1
85.2
81.8
70.9
71.2
65.9
53.4
59.5
63. 2
64.4
61.3
52.8
1933
Janu ary...________________
February____ _______________ .
March_______
_______
April_____________ ___________
M ay. _________________________
June___________________________
J u ly ..____ _______________________
August____________ _________
September_____________ . .
___
October... .
______. . . . . _.
November ._ ______
December__________ . . . _____ . . .
38.1
37.3
37.8
38.5
38.0
39.4
42.6
46.1
50.6
51.2
50.0
49.4
18.5
17.4
17.2
18.5
19.8
21. 0
22.1
27.4
31.1
33.0
32.6
31.4
67.7
70.3
68.4
71.3
73.8
78.9
82.7
90.8
93.4
85.9
84.9
87.4
39.8
39.7
38.4
41.3
45.7
50.3
52.8
55.0
55.8
51.5
50.9
55.5
59.4
59.2
55.7
56.1
58.0
63.0
69.9
77.5
80.2
83.1
83.3
83.2
33.0
30.6
27.2
27. 2
31. 0
40.0
46.0
50. 0
51.5
54. 0
53.8
54.5
84.7
89. 1
87.4
87.5
93. 0
104.3
113.5
122.0
128.8
128.2
122.5
123.0
50.6
58.6
52.1
58.3
72.3
87.5
97.1
112. 2
102.2
103.9
92.1
99.5
I
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
399
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 THROUGH 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
TH R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Machinery, not including transportation equipment
M onth and year
Group index
Agricultural
implements
Cash registers,
adding
machines, and
calculating
machines
Electrical
machinery,
apparatus, and
supplies
Engines, tur
bines, tractors,
and water
wheels
Em
ploy
ment
Em
ploy
ment
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
1923 average_____
1924 average-. .
1925 average... .
1926 average____
1927 average_____
1928 average___
1929 average... . .
1930 average_____
1931 average_____
1932 average_____
1933 average_____
0)
0)
0)
too. 0
(')
0)
(>)
(•)
70.7
50.9
52.3
0)
(>)
0)
100.0
0)
(')
(0
(>)
56.6
32.2
33.3
101.3
81.2
93.6
100.0
91.9
106.8
121.1
92.3
47.8
28. 2
32.0
89.8
75.2
90.8
100.0
92.2
111.8
125.3
85.6
37.4
21.3
24.7
0)
(■)
(>)
100. 0
(’)
(0
0)
0)
80.6
69.6
73.4
0)
0)
0)
100.0
(>)
0)
0)
(0
67.9
49.8
55.4
101.3
95.1
• 92.1
100.0
95.1
93.9
118.3
101.6
80.9
58.9
53.3
97.0
94.7
92.2
100.0
95.7
95.9
121.5
102. 0
71.4
41.9
37.9
(■)
(')
(>)
100.0
94.4
97.4
112.1
99.0
67.6
44.0
46.5
(>)
0)
(!)
100.0
91.7
96.3
113.5
94.0
54.0
27.6
29.6
1931
January_________
February________
March________ _
April-----------------M ay. ................. .
June____________
July____________
August__________
September______
October_________
N ovem ber..- ___
December______
79.2
79.0
77.5
76.2
74.3
71.8
68.8
66.2
66.2
64.4
62.9
62.4
65. 5
66.9
GG. 5
64.5
63.0
58.4
53.8
51.7
48.4
47.9
46. 1
46.3
77.6
75.8
66.4
59.9
49.7
43.9
35.2
31.3
31.0
32.0
34.2
36.8
66.8
66.6
53.7
43.6
36.3
32.0
27.6
24.0
23.2
23.5
24.8
26.7
86.4
84.3
83. 7
83.6
82.0
81.0
77.0
80.9
77.9
76. 5
76.7
76.8
76.4
73.8
73.8
73.2
72. 7
72.2
63. 1
68.0
57.6
60.8
61.0
62.3
87.9
87.7
87.0
86.2
84.3
82.4
79.7
77. 1
77.3
75.6
73.3
72.7
78.8
80.5
80.5
78.9
78.1
73.0
68.9
69.0
64.3
62.7
61.7
60.5
83.2
82.3
81.4
76.2
68. 7
66. 7
64.9
60.7
57.5
56.8
55.1
57.2
71.3
73.2
72.4
66.0
58.8
54.7
48.7
43. 7
40.8
40.1
38.3
39.7
1932
January_____ . . .
February____ . . .
March________ .
April___________
M ay___________
June........ ............ ...
July____________
August -. ______
September___ _
October_________
November_______
December_______
59.8
59. S
58.1
55.3
53.1
50.1
47.3
45.2
45.3
45.0
45.8
45.4
42.4
42.3
39.8
36.7
33.9
30.6
27.4
25.7
26.2
27.1
26.7
27.0
38.8
41.4
40.8
36.4
28.5
22. 1
19.8
21.7
21.0
19. 4
22. 6
26.0
27.6
35.3
34.0
28.2
22.7
16.4
14.0
15.5
14.6
14.0
15.7
18.0
77.7
77.3
75.3
73.7
74.3
71.1
70.4
62.1
62.9
63.8
63.4
63.1
59.6
55.7
54.5
52.3
51.9
47.5
47.0
45. 1
45.4
46.8
45.6
45.6
71.9
70.8
69.3
65.7
63.1
59.6
55.5
53.5
50.6
49.3
49.1
48.6
57.9
56.5
53.2
48.9
44.5
40.9
37.0
33.4
32.9
32.8
32.5
32.5
44.2
52.0
51.4
48.5
46.6
45.0
41.7
39.4
39.3
39.8
39.7
40.1
30.7
34.8
33.9
32.1
29.5
27.6
23.9
23.1
22.6
24.9
23. 6
25.0
1933
January-------------February___ _ . .
M arch_______
A p r il_______ . . .
M ay____________
June______ ____
July____ ____
August________
September______
October. _______
November_______
December_____
43.4
43.9
42.4
42.8
44.6
48.2
51.9
57.4
61.7
64.0
64. 1
63.1
25.0
25.4
23.2
23.9
27.0
31.3
34.6
38.2
40.8
43.6
43.5
42.9
27.4
29.9
28. 8
27.6
25.5
27.7
28.9
31.3
34.7
37. 7
40. 4
44. 1
18.9
21.6
19.0
18. 5
18.4
21. 7
21. 6
24.3
27.2
31. 1
35.2
39.3
62.2
62.5
61.5
62. 4
64.6
70.6
73.8
79.7
83.7
85. 7
86.7
87.2
42.9
42.7
41.0
44.9
48. 1
53.5
56.9
61.0
64.4
67.4
70.4
72.1
46.4
46.4
45.3
45.7
47.3
49.8
53.4
57.1
60.7
62.9
62.6
61.7
30.5
30.3
28.9
30.0
33.0
36.6
40.4
42.4
44.7
46.9
46.6
44.9
39.9
40.0
37.9
38.2
38.5
42.4
45. 4
45.2
55.2
55.4
58.5
61.5
24.3
24.7
22.8
23.1
23.9
27.9
29.5
27.7
34. 1
36.4
38.6
42.7
1 Data not available.
33773°—3‘
■11
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay
roll
totals
Pay
roll
totals
400
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G I N D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 T H R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
THRO U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Machinery, not including transportation equipment—Continued
M onth and year
Foundry and
machine-shop
products
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
(>)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
1
Machine tools
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
0)
(0
(')
«
0)
(>)
C1)
(■)
(')
(>)
0)
(*)
(>)
(>)
i 1)
0)
C1)
(0
(■)
0)
(>)
(')
0)
(>)
0)
0)
213.1
123.3
92.5
68.2
103.2
100.0
.92.1
93.9
107. 6
80.7
49.2
27. 1
28.7
1931
January___________
February__________
March_____ ______
A pril... __________
M ay___________ .
June___________ _
July______________
August____________
Septem ber.. ............
October_______ . . .
N ovem ber.. ______
December_________
72.8
73.1
72.4
71.4
71.0
67.8
64.6
61. 1
60.8
58.7
57.7
57.7
56.8
58.9
59.5
57.8
56.8
51.7
46.9
43.3
40.8
40.1
38.4
39.3
74.4
73.0
72.9
70.8
68.7
65.3
61.1
54.3
55.8
54. 4
50.2
50.1
56.6
57.6
58.3
56.1
54.5
50.6
49.1
44.1
39.8
40.2
36.6
37.2
1932
January___________
February _______
March________ . . .
April_____________
M ay______________
June_____________
J u ly .. ----------------August____________
September. ___
October___________
November_________
December_________
55.0
54.7
53.2
51.2
49.6
46.9
45.3
42.8
43.4
44.0
44.3
44.1
34.5
34.9
33. 1
30.8
29. 1
26.1
23.3
21.9
22.2
23.3
23.0
23.3
47.8
47.3
44.6
40.5
35.5
34.5
30. 7
28.6
30.2
29.6
30.5
31.3
1933
January_________ .
February________
March__________ _
April---------------- __
M ay______________
June______________
July______________
August____________
September_______ .
O ctober______ . . .
November. . . . . . .
December_________
41.6
42.3
40.8
41.3
43.0
46.5
50.3
56.4
59.2
60. 4
59. 4
58.2
20.9
21.6
19.4
19.7
23.0
27.3
30.8
34.8
36.1
37.8
36.5
36.1
31.7
31.0
27. 3
26.9
27.8
31.2
33.3
39.1
44.5
48.0
51. 2
52.3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Em
ploy
ment
88.5
74.9
83.4
100.0
92.2
107.5
139.8
90.2
48.4
22.9
24.1
100.0
93.8
93.7
104.3
87.9
65.8
47.9
50.0
Typewriters
and supplies
Pay
roll
totals
Pay
roll
totals
98.1
82.0
85.8
100.0
92.8
100.8
129.8
98.7
62.6
35.9
37.0
Textile machin
ery and parts
Em
ploy
ment
Em
ploy
ment
1923 average______
1924 average...............
1925 average.. ........
1926 average_____
1927 average_______
1928 average_______
1929 average._
.
1930 average.. ._ . . .
1931 average_______
1932 average_______
1933 average_______
i Data not available.
Radios and
phonographs
100.0
95.5
93.5
121.1
84.7
61.2
37.7
50.0
100.0
213.0
130.3
86.0
55.0
74.9
100.0
95. 1
92.4
111.6
91.3
73.5
56.3
70.7
100.3
94.9
74.6
81.8
75.4
82. 1
90.6
99.2
114.1
111.5
104.1
81.0
92.2
84.9
73.9
81.0
78.9
81.7
84.4
92.8
95.3
106.7
86.5
73.3
76.8
77.5
78. 1
76.9
76.5
74.5
67.5
74.5
72.6
69.7
68.7
68.3
67.7
67.9
68.0
64.8
66.7
64.1
56.5
61.4
54.4
53.2
52. 1
58.1
90.6
89.2
89.1
84.2
82.9
82.5
78.5
76.4
76.6
73.6
75.8
77.2
71.4
70.3
67.6
67.0
67.0
65.1
58.3
54.5
51.8
53.0
53.5
51.0
34.8
34.4
30.1
26.6
22.0
20.3
17.8
16.9
17.7
17. 1
18.3
18.8
77.9
72.0
64.1
57.3
61.0
63.9
62.5
63.1
68.1
79.8
77.7
70.4
73.0
61.4
51.1
46.3
53.6
54.0
47.8
44.9
56.1
62.9
58.4
50.9
68.0
68.7
66.1
61.3
56.0
52.0
41.5
49.3
52.3
53.6
52.9
54.2
56.9
55.6
50.6
43.7
33.7
27.4
21.6
28.9
33.0
34.0
32.2
34.6
74.1
72.1
71.4
70.6
68.4
58.9
57.2
40.7
55.8
55.9
59.2
51.8
46.3
48.3
45.8
43.5
38.2
31.6
28.9
21.7
29.1
30.4
32.7
32.1
19.6
18.8
15.0
14.7
15.5
20.2
22.0
25.6
30.1
33. 1
36.2
37.8
57.9
61.9
61.0
67.2
81.3
92.1
94.1
108.2
133.6
162.4
169.3
149.6
41.9
45.5
42.0
50.5
62.3
65.5
55.7
73.9
91.2
125.2
131.9
112.6
54.5
55.0
53.2
51.3
54.1
62.5
72.9
87.9
90.8
90.0
89.5
86.6
33.8
32.7
29.2
28.3
33.5
47.2
58.9
65.7
69.1
69.3
68.1
64.5
57.4
53.8
52.0
52.4
55. 1
54.0
57.7
69.6
76.1
81.2
87.7
89.8
32.7
29.8
27.5
26.3
30.4
31.7
36.4
49.6
55 0
61. 3
65 2
71.0
100.0
(>)
0)
100.0
(0
0)
81.4
61.3
65.6
100.0
60.9
35.7
43.1
401
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y A V ERAGES 1923 TH R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
TH R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Nonferrous metals and their products
Group index
M onth and year
Clocks,
Brass,
Aluminum bronze,
and
and watches,
manufac
time
copper
recording
tures
products
devices
Jewelry
Lighting
equipment
Em Pay E m Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals
1923 average______ — . . .
1924 average______ _______
1925 average_____. . . _____
1926 average____
_______
1927 average________ . . . .
1928 average..______ ______
1929 average........................
1930 average______________
1931 average......... .................
1932 average.................... .......
1933 average______________
(>)
(»)
(>)
0) 101.3
(G 95.2
<*)
(*)
(*)
99.2
0)
<*)
<*>
(0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
94.5
(')
(')
(■)
(')
94.4
(0
0)
(>)
<‘)
(*)
(>)
<*)
<*> 101. 1
(‘) 79.7
0)
(*)
<‘)
68.3 58.5 69.5 56.9 66.7
55.2 37.1 49.6 29.5 53.9
59.7 39.7 55.4 35.7 59.9
98.9
0)
(■)
0)
0)
0)
92.9
(■)
(■)
(>)
<*>
<‘>
99.1
(>)
(‘)
(>)
(>)
<‘>
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
92.0
(■)
0)
0)
(')
(0
98.0
(■)
(‘
(■)
<‘>
<0
107.4
<‘>
<‘)
(*)
(»)
0)
74.9
(‘)
(‘)
(*)
(■)
<*>
54.2 61.1 52.6 50.8 41.7 89.3
33.7 44.9 29.9 39.5 27.7 67.7
38.9 42.6 29.1 38.0 25.2 70.3
0)
(0
(>)
100.0
(>)
0)
(0
(»)
76.9
49.4
49.3
1931
January........................ ...........
February................ .......
March___________________
April____________________
M ay____________ ____ ___
June ___________________
J u ly .....................................
August__________________
September........ ............... .
October..................................
November_______________
December................................
71.7
72.4
72.3
71.8
70.3
69.3
67.3
65.3
65.9
65.6
64.3
63.2
63.3
67.2
69.0
66.8
63.9
60.4
53.4
53.2
53.0
53.1
49.8
49.2
75.6
79.1
80.3
80.7
78.4
76.8
75.9
60.6
58.9
58.2
55.0
54.8
59.1 70.2
74.6 69.8
76.1 70.7
74.7 69.7
67.1 69.5
63.7 67.7
60.5 66.3
46.7 64.2
45. 7 64.4
38.3 63.3
36.9 62.6
39.4 62.3
60.1
60.6
62.7
61.5
60.7
56.3
52.2
50.0
47.7
47.0
46.1
45.6
63.5
63.2
62.7
61.8
59.8
57.4
58.1
57.9
61.5
62.3
63.6
61.7
58.8
58.7
57.9
53.3
50.4
48.9
46.8
49.6
54.0
54.3
53.1
45.0
52.4
53.9
52.7
52.1
50.4
49.7
48.8
49.6
52.5
52.2
49.2
46.0
45.5
42.8
45.7
43.8
41.8
40.7
33.9
39.6
43.1
43.8
40.3
39.9
93.7
93.5
92.8
92.8
91.0
90.0
88.0
88.5
88.5
85.0
85.4
82.9
84.4
81.0
82.4
82.4
80.3
79.7
76.5
74. 1
73.5
71.2
68.8
68.5
1932
January................. .................
February________________
March........................... ...........
April................................ .......
M ay............ .............................
J u n e .......................................
July...........................................
August............................. .......
September...............................
October_______ ____ _____
N ovem b er.............................
December—............................
60.8
61.4
60.6
58.0
55.4
53.7
48.9
50.2
52.4
54.0
54.4
53.1
44.4
45.6
43.1
39.9
36.7
34.4
29.9
30.6
33.6
37.0
36.1
33.6
54.6
55.1
55.5
52.7
48.6
46.7
44.4
46.3
47.5
47.7
48.3
47.5
38.7
39.3
33.1
31.5
26.8
23.9
21.8
23.5
25.8
29.5
30.5
29.0
60.9
60.8
59.6
56.3
53.9
51.9
49.8
49.3
50.3
51.1
51.9
51.0
43.5
43.4
40.1
35.9
32.9
30.7
28.6
27.8
29.3
31.5
31.0
29.6
56.0
54.7
52.0
47.7
44.7
42.5
30.6
41.6
40.1
41.6
43.5
43.3
37.8
38.0
33.1
32.4
26.8
26.1
19.0
26.4
26.9
31.4
32.5
28.4
41.7
43.8
43.3
40.6
37.1
35.8
31.0
35.4
40.7
44.0
42.7
37.5
33.3
34.6
31.9
27.9
24.2
22.9
19.6
21.9
27.9
32.6
29.2
26.8
77.5
76.4
74.7
72.8
68.6
68.5
48.3
60.6
63.2
66.6
67.5
67.2
59.2
58.9
57.8
53.6
50.1
50.7
34.2
41.4
45.1
46.8
48.5
46.6
1933
January...................................
February.................. ..............
March__________________
April_______ ____________
M ay__________ __________
June____________________
July_____________________
August_______ __________
September............ ...............
October_______ __________
N ovem b er.._____________
December................................
50.1
50.8
48.7
49.9
52.0
55.8
59.5
66.9
71.8
73.0
70.1
67.7
29.9
30.4
28.1
29.4
34.2
38.5
40.9
45.6
49.0
51.4
50.2
48.4
46.8
47.8
47.6
48.1
49.4
52.2
55.7
62.0
65.1
64.2
63.0
62.4
28.0
29.6
28.5
28.0
31.5
35.3
37.2
41.4
41.7
43.6
42.1
41.0
48.6
48.7
46.0
47.8
51.5
57.7
64.5
71.1
73.0
72.4
69.8
67.2
27.1
26.5
24.3
26.4
33.6
40.2
46.0
49.9
50.9
49.5
46.5
46.3
39.1
38.0
34.9
33.5
35.7
40.0
40.6
46.0
49.9
52.6
52.7
48.0
23.0
22.3
16.6
16.6
19.6
23.9
27.9
33. 1
38.6
43.7
44.6
38.8
33.0 20.9
34.8 21.1
33.2 19. 1
33.1 20.0
33.8 21.4
36.0 22.9
34.2 22.0
40. 1 26.0
45.2 31.2
47.8 34. 7
44.6 33.0
40.7 30.2
62.6
60.5
55.7
57.9
60.5
64.8
68.6
75.8
82.1
84.1
85.5
85.2
42.5
40.4
35.1
36.6
41.9
47.8
49.8
53.5
58.6
59.4
62.1
64.0
1Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
402
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 4 .—IN D E X E S O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 T H R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
T H R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Nonferrous metals, and their
products—Continued
M onth and year
Transportation equipment
Smelting
Stamped
Silverware and refin
and plated ing—copper, and enam
eled ware
lead, and
ware
zinc
Group
index
Aircraft
Automo
biles
Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals
1923 average____________
1924 average___________
1925 average____________
1926 average____________
1927 average________ . . .
1928 average. _________
1929 average___________
1930 average____________
1931 average____________
1932 average____________
1933 average____________
(')
0)
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(B
(*)
(0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
(i)
(>)
(')
0)
(>)
0)
0)
0)
f>)
0)
(•)
0)
0)
0)
(0
0)
74.3 59. 1 73.5 69.3
61.8 40.5 61.1 41.2
63.4 39.5 68.4 44. 1
105.2 109.3
0)
(>)
94.7 93.2
(>)
(0
99.0 100. 2 0)
0)
100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0
88.9 90.6
0)
(>)
88.8 90.4
(>)
(>)
90.4 91.1
(0
(>)
77.9 71.8
0)
0)
70.6 58.8 60.8 53.5
62.1 41.2 54.0 38.9
68.1 43.9 52.2 37.6
(0
0)
0)
100.0
0)
0)
0)
0)
272.8
196.0
230.6
93.0
0)
87.0
0)
99.0
0)
100.0 100.0
91.2
(>)
111.3
0)
116.9
(0
83.7
(0
283.8 67.7
200.8 55.2
215.6 54.2
92.0
83.8
102.4
100.0
90.3
114.4
118.7
74.6
53.0
38.9
39.3
1931
January_______________
February... ______ . . .
March____ ___________
A pril... _________ . . . .
M ay________________ .
June__ . . . . . .
July___________________
A ugust... . . . . . ______
September.
. . ____
October...... ..........................
N ovem ber.. ______ . . .
December________ . . . .
77.8
79.9
80.0
76.2
75.5
75.8
70. 5
71.2
71.3
71.6
71.1
70.6
58.6
67.4
68.6
65.7
60.8
56.9
51.2
54.9
57.6
61.1
51.5
54.5
81.8
79.7
78.1
77.7
74.6
73.5
69.3
68.0
68.1
71.4
70.5
69.1
87.7 68.6
85.8 72.7
90.2 72.7
83. 1 73.8
79.5 72.3
74.3 72.6
51. 7 70.8
55. 7 70. 2
55.3 70.7
59.7 69.2
57.0 66.9
52.0 66.2
54.8
67.0
67.3
67.3
63.9
62.0
55.6
56. 7
56.3
54.5
50.9
49.8
70.2
70.9
73.7
75.1
76.1
72.4
67.5
65.3
64.1
52.8
52.4
60.8
43.7
59.9
65.0
67.5
70.8
59.8
51.9
49.3
42.1
42.0
42.4
47.1
313.5
298. 5
303.2
292.9
302.3
317.7
274.2
236.9
244.0
225.0
229.9
235.4
305.6
301.6
335.1
309.0
320.1
341.2
281.2
242.4
245.8
230.8
249.7
243.5
69.9
71.5
75.2
76.8
79.1
74.3
68.8
67.0
65.4
51.7
51.1
61.6
38.9
59.4
65.9
68.8
73.5
60.4
51.8
49.0
40.4
40.3
41. 2
46.7
1932
January_______________
February_____ . . . . . . _
March. ____________ _.
April______
. ___
M'ay_________________
June________ ________
July___________________
August___ _____ _______
Septem ber.. __________
October . . . . . . ______
November____ _______ _
December________ _____
64.3
65.1
64.6
63.7
61.9
60.6
53.3
57.5
60.5
63.7
64.0
62.2
44.0
46.6
46.6
43.4
39.0
36.3
31.8
34.0
37.9
45.5
43.4
37.8
69.3
69.1
66.8
64.7
61.8
60.5
58.0
53.9
54.9
58.8
57.0
58.8
50.5 63.0 43.5
51.3 65.6 48.1
45.9 67. 1 49.4
44. 1 65.2 46. 6
42.9 64.3 43.8
40.1 61.8 40.6
36.7 56.7 33.8
33. 1 57.0 34.6
35.7 61.7 40.0
39.3 60.4 40. 1
37.5 62.9 39.2
37.7 59.7 34.6
62.7
64.8
63.3
59.4
59.6
59. 0
56.8
50.5
45.0
39.5
42.1
45.7
46.3
49.8
49.0
46.2
50.2
44.6
32.0
23.6
24.7
27.7
31.4
228.2
224.5
229.9
214.3
208.3
196.6
180.5
170.7
161.5
166.8
183.5
187.6
233.5
227.9
234.5
218.8
206.7
202.6
181.3
183. 2
167.2
174.1
186.3
193.5
64.9
67.2
65.2
60.2
61.1
61.0
59.2
52.0
45.3
38.2
41.5
46.2
46. 4
50.6
49.9
45.8
52.1
45.8
42.3
31.8
21.6
22.7
26.9
31.1
1933
January...
_ .. . .. _
February____ . . . . . . _
March_________________
April__________________
M ay__________________
June_________ . . _____
July___________________
August_______ _____ ___
September_____________
October________________
November______ _ . .
December______________
55.1
58.7
58.0
56.8
59.1
60.2
50.4
56.9
70.6
77.5
80.6
76.6
30.0
31.8
31.3
30.3
35.0
37.0
31.4
35.8
46.0
55.2
56.7
52.9
58.7
55.9
56.6
56.8
56.5
56.8
63.8
74.4
84.4
86.3
86. 7
84.2
36.8
35.0
33.4
35.0
36.4
38.6
45.6
51.2
53.8
55.9
55.2
51.9
30.8
35.9
31.7
35.1
39. 2
43.4
45.3
52.3
52.7
55.9
53.4
51.2
49.5
48.5
43.5
43.6
46.9
49.9
56.2
59.1
61.8
56.9
51.3
58.7
34.1
30.6
26.3
30.2
36.9
39.0
41.7
47.5
46.0
41.2
36.4
41.5
182.7
185.8
196.4
206.4
244.8
251.2
251.4
241.8
238.7
247.3
260.7
259.9
181.1
187.7
197.4
205.7
232.5
233.1
223.4
226.0
207.5
222.6
239.3
231.0
51.6
50.8
44.9
45.4
48.9
52.8
59.8
62.3
64.9
58.2
51.3
59.9
35.3
31.3
26.3
31.4
39.3
42.1
44.8
51.1
48.7
42. 2
36.3
42.2
i Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
54.8
60. 5
55.9
59.8
62.4
67. 1
71.2
79.5
82.3
83. 1
71.0
69.7
41.4
403
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 T H R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
TH R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Transportation equipment—Contd.
M onth and year
Cars, elec
tric and
steamrailroad
Locomo
tives
Shipbuild
ing
Railroad repair shops
Group
index
Electric
railroad
Steam rail
road
Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals
1923 average___________
1924 average—.
____
1925 average____________
1926 average............................
1927 average................ ..........
1928 average............................
1929 average... _______ .
1930 average............................
1931 average________ . . .
1932 average______________
1933 average.......................... .
0)
0) 108.6 103.0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
90.2 88.8
(0
(>)
(>)
0)
(0
0)
0)
(>)
0)
92.6 90.3
0)
(>)
C)
0)
0)
(>)
(i)
0)
(>)
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
79. 1 79.1 79.5 73.1 104.8 105. 8 93.0 95.3 100.4 99.9 92.4
63.4 60.8 56.1 50.4 82.8 83.0 87.4 90.0 96.5 97.4 86.7
83. 1 84.1 70.5 72.0 105.3 108. 1 86.0 93.5 93.7 95.2 85.4
68. 1 65.4 62.9 63.6 114. 9 116.4 74.6 77.0 89.0 89.3 73.5
27.5 18.9 28.6 25. 2 95.8 88.0 61.7 58.9 78. 1 75.0 60.4
20. 2 12.2 17.6 13.7 79. 1 63.9 49.6 39.1 68.9 59. 2 48.1
19.5 10.7 14. 1 9.0 66.3 47.4 48.3 38.2 63.7 50.7 47.1
(>)
0)
0)
100.0
94.9
89.5
93.4
76.0
57.6
37.6
37.2
1931
January_______________
February............................
March___ __________
April____________________
M ay________________
June___________________
July------------------------------August_______ ____ ______
September_______________
October______________
November................... .......
December.................... ...........
33.9
32.5
32.8
33. 2
26.4
27.5
26.5
27.0
26.3
22.8
20. 2
20.8
26.1
25.0
24. 2
24.6
17.8
18.1
16.4
17.7
17.8
14.7
12.4
12.4
33.4 26.1
33.9 28.3
36. 7 32.9
34.6 31.7
31.0 28.5
29.6 27.9
28.8 26. 1
26.4 23.1
24. 5 21. 9
22. 1 19. 2
21. 1 17.8
21.5 18.8
103.7 98.3
100. 3 96.2
97.6 92.3
100.3 94.9
98. 2 96.6
98.0 89.8
94.8 84.0
88.9 81.4
90. 5 77.4
89.8 82.0
93.3 80.0
93.9 83.3
1932
January_______ ____
F eb ru ary.._____________
March__________________
A pril... .
M ay________ ____ _______
Ju n e.. __________
J u ly ____________________
August_______ __________
September___ ____ _____
October_________________
November__________
December_______________
17. 5
21. 3
22.8
22. 0
20. 5
19.0
19. 7
18.6
19.3
21. 1
21. 1
20.0
10.3
13.7
14.8
14. 1
13.0
11.3
11.4
11. 1
11. 1
12.4
11.7
11.6
20.8 17.4
21. 1 17.9
20.6 18. 2
21.4 18.4
20. 2 17.0
18.0 14.3
16.6 12. 1
15.9 11.6
14.5
9.4
9.4
13.8
14.1
9.7
13.9
9.5
90. 1
90.0
88.7
91. 1
87.0
83.9
76. 2
71.5
69.0
67. 7
66. 7
66.8
1933
January_________________
F eb ru ary..______________
March........ ............................
April_________ ______ _
M ay__________ __________
June.............................. ...........
J u ly .'....________________
August_______ __________
September_____ __________
October___________ ______
November_______________
December_______________
18.0
17. 2
17.2
17.4
17.5
15.2
19.0
22.6
21.9
21.4
21. 9
24. 5
10.0
9.0
9.2
9.6
9.3
7.5
9.4
12.6
12.0
12.6
12.7
14.2
12.7
11.8
10.3
10.0
9.9
10.6
11.9
15.8
16.8
20.3
20. 2
18.7
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8.3
7.6
6.5
6.1
6.2
6.8
8.2
9.3
10. 2
13. 2
13.5
12.1
68.5
67.7
66.1
65.3
64.3
62.5
60. 3
59.2
58.4
57.2
55. 6
54.9
64.2
68.1
66.5
66.0
63.9
61.1
56.6
55. 2
52.4
51.7
51.1
49.6
82.5
82.4
82.1
81.6
80.6
79.3
77.0
75.0
74.8
74.2
74. 2
73.6
79.4
80.5
81.6
80. 2
78.6
76.8
73.2
70.0
68. 5
69.4
70.8
70.5
67.4
66.6
64.9
64.0
63.0
61. 2
59.0
58.0
57.1
55.9
54.2
53.4
63.0
67.1
65.3
64.9
62.8
59.9
55.3
54. 1
51.1
50.3
49.6
48.0
79.7 51.5
77.8 52.2
73. 7 52.5
80.4 52.9
69.7 51.4
66. 2 48.3
63. 7 47.1
52.6 44.8
51.6 46. 5
52.4 48.6
47.9 50.2
51.5 49.5
44.4
42.6
42.9
43.3
43.2
38.3
34.2
33.0
33.5
36.2
39.1
39.0
73.3
72.4
71.4
71.3
70.0
69.4
68.2
66. 7
66. 5
65. 5
65.6
65.9
67.4
65. 2
65.8
64.6
62.5
60.9
57. 1
54.6
53.7
51.8
52.5
54.5
49.8
50.6
51.0
51.5
50.0
46. 7
45.5
43. 1
44.9
47.3
49.0
48.2
42. 6
40.9
41.1
41. 6
41.7
36. 5
32. 4
31.3
31.9
35. 0
38. 1
37.8
65.0 45.8 48.1
61.1 43.4 47.3
57.8 39.6 47.0
53. 2 36.7 44.8
57.0 39.6 46.2
57.5 39.6 45.0
62. 7 44. 1 48.0
69.0 48.7 50.3
76.9 55.8 51.1
79.1 57.8 51.0
76.1 57.0 50.8
80.6 60.1 49.7
35.8
35. 9
34.8
33.2
35.6
34.9
36. 5
42.0
41.4
44.7
42.1
40.9
65. 6 52.9
65.0 52. 5
64.4 52.1
64.0 49.7
63.6 51. 1
63.0 49.8
62. 6 48.7
62. 1 49.1
62.5 48.8
63. 2 50.0
64.0 51.7
64.1 52.3
46.7
45.9
45. 7
43.3
44.9
43.6
46.9
49.4
50.2
50. 1
49.8
48.6
34.5
34.6
33.5
31.9
34.4
33.7
35.6
41.4
40.8
44.3
41.4
40.0
404
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y A V ER A G ES 1923 TH R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
T H R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Lumber and allied products
Group index
Furniture
M onth and year
Lumber, saw
mills
Lumber, millwork
Turpentine
and rosin
Em
Em
Em
Em
Em
ploy Pay-roll
ploy Pay-roll ploy Pay-roll
ploy Pay-roll ploy Pay-roll
ment totals
ment totals
ment totals
ment totals
ment totals
1923 average.-............
1924 average_____ . .
1925 average— _____
1926 average_______
1927 average........... —
1928 average............
1929 average...............
1930 average......... .
1931 average...............
1932 average_______
1933 average_______
P)
(0
0)
100.0
0)
(>)
(0
(0
52.0
38.7
41.5
0)
0)
(■)
100.0
(0
(■)
(>)
(0
41.0
21.9
23.2
100.4
95.2
99.1
100.0
96.1
92.5
95.9
75.2
61.0
47.3
50.4
94.2
90.7
95.6
100.0
98.2
93.2
97.0
66.6
46.6
26.4
27.6
115.1
108.0
103. 6
100.0
91.0
86.7
85.9
67.7
48.3
35.5
38.8
106.5
102.8
101.7
100.0
92.4
88.0
86.9
65.0
37.1
18 9
21.3
101.5
101.2
103.0
100.0
89.2
85.5
83.1
63.9
52.2
36.9
35.9
95.5
98.0
101.8
100.0
89.2
85.6
82.8
61.0
43.0
22.7
20.5
«
(0
(0
100.0
(0
«
«
(0
55.1
44.7
51.9
(')
(0
0)
100.0
0)
(>)
(0
0)
54.8
37.7
41.9
1931
January___________
February__________
March.........................
April....... ....................
M ay______________
June______ ______
July______________
August_______ ____
September________
October___________
November_____ . . .
December_________
54.3
54.4
54.2
54.6
54.8
54.2
52.2
51.7
50.8
49.7
48.1
44.8
43.4
45.1
45.7
44.4
45.3
44.1
41.4
40.7
39.7
37.6
33.9
30.7
62.7
63.7
63.4
62.2
61.5
60.4
58.5
60.5
61.4
61.5
59.4
56.9
48.4
52.2
52.4
49.7
48.7
45.8
43.6
45.6
46.9
46.3
40.8
38.6
50.9
50.6
50.3
51.1
51.6
51.6
49.3
48.3
47.0
45.7
43.8
39.7
40.0
40.3
41.2
40.1
41.8
41.9
38.7
37.1
36.1
33.2
29.9
25.4
53.6
54.8
55.0
55.2
56.0
54.3
53.1
52.6
49.3
48.0
47.7
46.5
44.9
47.1
47.6
47.7
49.1
47.3
44.6
43.5
38.7
36.6
34.7
34.3
60.3
58.1
57.3
61.2
60.2
58.7
56.2
50.2
53.2
49.1
49.0
47.3
55.1
63.4
66.3
64.9
61.5
55.9
58.3
49.4
50.3
48.3
43.3
40.6
1932
January___________
February__________
March____ ________
April______________
M ay............................
June______________
July---------------------August . . .
....
September________
O ctober... ____ . .
N ovem ber.. . _____
December.. . . . . . . .
42.2
41.7
40.1
39.6
38.5
37.8
36.4
36.4
37.7
39.0
38.1
36.6
26.3
25.6
24.1
23.0
22.1
20.9
19.1
19.3
20.8
22.2
20.8
18.8
53.3
56.2
51.8
48.4
45.0
43.0
40.7
41.6
45.3
48.4
47.4
45.9
33.4
33.7
31.4
27.5
24.0
22.1
19.2
21.8
25.7
28.7
25.6
23.8
37.4
36.0
35.3
36.1
35.8
35.8
34.7
34.5
35.2
36.1
35.1
33.4
21.1
20.4
19.9
20.0
20.0
19.3
17.8
17.3
18.1
19.1
18.1
15.8
43.3
41.4
40.4
38.5
38.1
36.5
34.8
34.6
34.5
34.2
33.9
33.0
30.1
27.5
25.1
24.1
24.0
22.3
20.8
19.9
20.0
20.1
20.0
18.3
47.7
46.8
45.1
44.8
43.9
44.0
44.7
41.5
42.1
45.2
44.8
45.8
40.0
41.6
35.4
37.2
39.5
36.4
39.1
36.7
35.1
37.6
36.8
37.4
1933
January____ ______
February____ _____
M arch___ . . . _____
April______________
M ay______________
June_____ _________
July------------------August -------------September ______
October___________
November________
D ecem b er____ . . .
33.9
33.4
31.9
32.8
35.3
39.9
44.0
47.6
51.1
51.8
49.1
46.9
16.3
16.2
14.4
15.6
17.9
21.6
24.4
28.5
32.7
33.2
29.8
27.5
42.2
43.1
39.9
40.1
43.8
48.5
51.0
56.0
63.0
64.1
59.0
53.8
19.8
21.2
16.7
18.5
21.9
25.8
27.3
33.3
40.0
41.7
34.2
30.4
31.0
29.8
29.0
30.2
32.0
36.9
41.7
45.4
48.2
49.0
47.0
45.1
14.0
13.3
12.8
13.5
15.3
19.2
22.7
26.9
30.9
31.0
29.0
26.6
30.4
31.2
28.7
30.6
33.1
36.3
40.3
41.3
41.5
40.3
38.7
37.8
16.2
15.8
13.8
16.1
18.2
21.1
23.8
25.0
25.3
24.6
23.2
23.0
43.5
40.9
42.0
39.5
44.7
50.4
51.9
55.5
60.6
64.6
62.8
66.9
36.8
32.1
33.4
30.5
36.0
38.3
39.4
41.9
' 49.9
55.8
52.3
56.4
' Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
405
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y A V ERAGES 1923 THROUGH 1933 A N D B Y M ON TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
T H R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products
Month and year
Group
index
Brick, tile,
and terra
cotta
Cement
Glass
Marble,
granite,
slate, and
other
products
Pottery
Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals
1923 average______________
1924 average_____________
1925 a v e ra g e -.___________
1926 average_________ ____
1927 average..........................
1928 average_______ ______
1929 average_____________
1930 average.............. . ..........
1931 average______________
1932 average______________
1933 average___________ . . .
99.3 95.1
(>)
0)
97.4 98.5
(>)
(■)
98.9 99.1
0)
0)
10«. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0
94.3 94.1
(0
0)
84.9 82.8
0)
(0
80.5 76.9
0)
0)
63.1 55.3
0)
0)
62.8 52.3 46.8 32.6
44.8 28.6 29.3 13.7
45.1 26.9 26.7 11.8
109.0
108.9
105.3
100.0
95.8
87.7
81. 1
74. 1
59.2
41.2
37.8
104.2 101.1 92.6
93.7
0)
(>)
107.9 91.4 88.2
(>)
(0 100.6
104.9 94.4 93.4
98.3
(0
100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0
96.5 94.2 93.4
94.5
(i)
0)
88.3 92.9 94.3
95.3
(0
0)
81.0 94.6 97.3
94.2
(!)
0)
71.5 81.3 78.3
84.7
(i)
(0
50.4 70.4 62.6 83.3 75.4 76.0
25.6 58.5 43.1 49.8 34.8 61.1
20.5 69.4 49.7 38.9 22.7 64.6
85.8
95.1
96.3
100.0
94.2
93.4
91.0
74.7
58.8
37.4
38.2
1931
January_________________
February.____ __________
M a r c h ...................................
April______________ _____
M ay...... ..................................
J u n e.. ..
___ _
July------------------------------August__________________
September.............................
October___________ ____ _
November_______________
December_______________
61.5
62.8
65.2
67.5
68.9
68.4
64.«
63.3
62.3
59.5
56.4
53.3
52.0
55.8
58.5
60.5
61.1
58.7
51.7
50.9
48.9
46.7
43.0
39.3
43.9
44.5
47.7
51.1
52.7
52.9
50.9
48.8
46.9
43.2
41.5
37.3
32.0
34.0
36.8
38.5
39.4
37.9
34.6
32.5
30.8
27.6
25.7
21.8
56.1
56.9
60.0
63.9
66. 1
64.2
64.5
61.3
58.2
56.9
52.7
49.1
44.4
50.3
53.2
57.6
61.1
60.4
56.3
52.8
48. 2
45.3
40.8
34.9
67.3 59.3
70.1 67.3
72.2 69.1
72.9 68.1
74.0 69.0
76.1 69.5
69. 1 61.3
70. 9 61.9
72.3 61.4
69.3 58.0
65.3 53.7
65.4 52.6
88.0
89.2
92.3
93.7
93.9
91.8
82.6
80.6
79.1
75.1
69.1
64.0
84.0
83.0
86.6
91.0
89.4
85.7
72.3
69.9
67.7
65.6
57.5
52.2
78.5
79.5
79.1
80.6
82.1
77.9
71.7
73.9
73.8
73.5
72.4
69.0
60.1
65.4
67.4
70.6
69.0
58.5
48.9
53.7
51.7
55.2
54.2
50.7
1932
January_________________
February________________
M a r c h .................... ..............
A p r il...______ __________
M ay____________ ________
June'i________ __________
July_____________________
A ugust....................................
September.............................
October........................ ..........
November.......................... .
December_______________
47.1
47.9
48.1
48.1
46.«
43.5
41.8
42.3
43.5
44.6
43.7
40.7
32.0
33.6
33.2
32.9
30.6
27.0
24.8
25.5
26.0
27.5
25.9
23.9
31.0
29.5
29.5
30.9
31.6
29.8
29.4
29.9
29.6
28.8
27.4
23.8
15.9
14.8
14.2
14.9
15.7
13.8
13.1
13.7
13.7
13.0
11.5
9.9
44.2
43.3
43.1
43.4
41.4
41.5
40.6
38.0
41.9
42.9
41.0
32.9
29.2
29.3
28.4
27.9
28.0
26.6
24.1
23.4
24.5
25. 2
23.2
17.2
60.1
63.4
64.9
63.2
58.9
57.8
54.5
52.7
54.3
57.0
57.9
57.2
45.7
51.9
50.8
50.0
46.9
43.9
37.6
36.5
36.4
39.4
40.2
38.4
52.3
53.6
52.4
53.4
49.0
42.1
47.5
52.2
52.9
51.8
46.6
43.2
39.2
39.3
40.3
41.4
34.6
27.2
32.3
35.6
35.6
35.3
28.9
28.1
65.5
69. 1
69.2
67.7
63.8
58.1
48.3
52.0
54.6
60.2
62.7
62.3
44.4
48.2
48.4
45.1
38.6
31.6
24.3
26.7
29.8
37.5
37.8
36.9
1933
January________ ____ ____
February...............................
March........ ........................... .
April____________________
M a y ..______ ___________
June........ ............................. .
July------------------------------August__________________
September_______________
October___________ ____ _
November..............................
December______ _________
35.4
36.7
37.1
38.4
41.2
46.0
49.3
52.9
52.9
51.7
50.4
49.1
20.1
20.8
20.7
21.0
23.8
27.8
29.2
33.0
32.5
32.8
31.0
30.2
19.2
19.4
19.3
21.2
24.1
27.7
32.9
35.2
34.4
31.5
28.9
26.8
7.7
7.7
7.2
8.0
9.7
12.3
15.2
17.0
16.2
14.7
13.4
12. 4
30.0
29.7
30.0
35.5
37.2
42.7
46.1
48.8
44.0
38.0
37.8
33.6
15.0
14.9
15.3
17.1
19.7
23.4
25.7
29.5
23.9
22.9
21.2
17.6
53.1
55.4
56.6
59. 5
64.2
70.6
71.5
77.3
79.8
80.6
81.7
82.4
36.6
37.9
37.4
40.6
46.7
52.9
50.6
56.1
58.4
59.6
59.2
60.5
33.6
36.6
37.4
31.8
32.8
38.4
42.3
43.6
44.6
45.4
41.0
39.6
20.9
21.3
22.5
16.7
18.2
22.7
25.7
26.3
26.2
27.3
22.5
22.1
54.8
57.3
57.0
56.7
58.8
61.8
63.9
69.9
72.0
74.7
74.2
74.2
28.1
31.0
30.4
29.9
31.3
34.9
35.6
45.7
46.6
50.2
48.1
46.8
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
406
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AVER A G ES 1923 TH R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
T H R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Leather and its manufactures
M onth and year
Group index
Employ Pay-roll
ment
totals
Boots and shoes
Leather
Employ Pay-roll Employ Pay-roll
ment
totals
totals
ment
1923 average.-___________ ______________
1924 average_______________ ___________
1925 average___________________________
1926 average___________________________
1927 average___________________________
1928 average____________________ ______
1929 average_____________ _____ _____ .1930 average___________________________
1931 average-__________________________
1932 average_______ ____________________
1933 average______________________ -
110.7
100.3
101.9
100.0
97.9
92.8
92.8
85.0
79.2
74.7
78.7
113.9
100.6
101.8
100.0
97.4
89.7
89.9
72.9
62.7
49.6
53.9
111. 1
101.6
102.9
100.0
97.7
91.9
92.9
85.0
79.9
76.2
78.3
117.0
102.8
103.6
100.0
97.6
• 88.0
89.0
70.1
60.6
48.8
51.4
109.6
96.9
98.7
100.0
98.4
95.4
92.2
85.2
76.6
68.4
80.5
107.0
95.7
97.5
100.0
97.2
93.7
93.2
83.0
70.0
52.6
62.9
1931
January_______________________________
February________________________
March________________________________
April__________________________________
M ay...................................................................
June__________________________________
July___________________________________
August-----------------------------------------------September ______________ ____________
........ ..........
October, - ______ _ _ .
November__________ . _______________
December___________________________
76.7
79.4
82.3
81.5
79.9
78.8
83.0
85.7
83.3
78.3
68.9
72.4
58.6
66.5
70.9
68.2
66.5
64.5
70.2
72.9
65. 4
54.6
45.6
48.6
76.5
79.9
83.3
82.5
80.6
79.2
84.7
87.1
84.7
79.2
68.2
73.0
55.4
64.9
70.1
66.8
64.4
62. 1
69.0
72.1
63.9
51.5
41.4
46.0
77.6
77.6
78.4
77.6
77.3
77.3
79.2
80.1
77.5
74.6
71.6
69.9
69.9
72.0
73.8
73.3
73.8
73.1
74.2
75.7
70.6
65.6
60.1
57.9
1932
January----------------------------------------------February,. ___________________________
March________________________________
April__________ ______________________
M ay__________________________________
June_________________
_____________
July__________________________________
August________________________________
September___________________ _______
October______________________ _______
November___________________ _______
December_____ _____ ____ _____________
74.9
79. 1
80.2
77.8
71.9
69.7
70.8
75.2
77.0
78. 1
71.9
69.3
51.5
59.3
60.2
53.8
44.1
43.4
44.7
49.8
52.7
53.1
42.4
40.7
76.0
80.9
82.6
79.7
73.0
71.3
72.7
77.9
79.5
80.1
72.0
69.0
50.4
59.4
60.9
53.5
42.6
42.5
44.3
50.3
53.0
52.5
39.0
37.2
70.3
71.7
70.7
70.3
67.3
63.4
63.1
64.4
67.0
69.9
71.7
70.7
55.4
58.8
57.7
54.8
49.5
46.6
45.9
48.2
51.5
55.4
54.1
53.1
1933
January_____ _______________________ .
February____ _________________________
March_____________________________
April__________________________________
M ay__________________________________
June__________________________ _____
July__________________________________
August ______________________________
September_____ ____________________ . . .
October, _____________________________
November________ ________________ December- . , .
_________ _______
72.5
76.5
75.8
74.1
75.6
78.9
84.5
87.8
85.7
84.1
74.8
74.6
42.3
48.4
45.5
44.3
49.1
55. 5
62.1
67.0
66.4
62.0
51.7
52.7
73.1
77.7
77.3
76.2
76.3
78.5
84.3
87.0
84.3
82.5
71.8
70.8
40.1
47.0
44.4
44.2
47.2
52.7
59.7
65.0
64.4
58.5
46.5
46.6
70.1
71.6
69.7
65.7
73.0
80.3
85.5
91.2
91.6
90.5
86.8
89.9
50.1
53.1
49.5
44.7
55.7
65.4
70.3
73.9
73.6
74.1
69.8
74.2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
407
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y POLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 THR O U G H 1933 A N D BY M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
TH R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Paper and printing
Group index
Paper boxes
Paper and pulp
news
Printing, book Printing,
paper and
and job
e periodicals
Month and year
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
1923 average—.
1924 average_____ .
1925 a v e r a g e .,_____
1926 average____- 1927 average._ _. . _
192S average_______
1929 average_____ 1930 average ._ ___
1931 average —.
1932 average_____
1933 average_______
96. 5
96.7
97.3
100.0
100.1
99.3
101.3
98.3
90.5
81.2
82.6
89.7
91.7
94.3
100.0
101.2
101.5
106.0
101.9
89.0
69.6
64.5
98.9
98.2
98.8
100.0
96.8
94.0
96.0
89.7
82.1
71.2
77.8
91.3
93.3
95.6
100.0
99.0
99.4
103.3
92.9
79.6
60.4
63.0
104.6
98.6
98.7
100.0
97.5
94.4
95.5
91.3
80.8
74.9
82.2
97.6
94.4
96.8
100.0
96.6
94.9
98.2
89.8
70.3
52.8
55.5
96.1
97.9
97.5
100.0
100.3
99.2
102. 6
99.5
89.7
76.1
70.5
87.8
90.8
93.1
100.0
102.1
101.6
105.8
102.6
87.6
64.6
55.1
89.5
93.1
95.4
100.0
103.4
105.2
108.3
108. 5
105.6
98.6
99.1
84.5
89.7
93.0
100.0
104.6
107.4
112.8
112.3
106.6
89.5
80.9
1931
January___________
February__________
March____ ____ . . .
April______________
M ay______________
June_____________
July______________
August ________
September _______
October___________
November________
December...................
93.6
92.6
92.4
92.0
92.0
90.2
89.5
89.2
88.4
89.0
88.6
88.4
93.9
93.3
94.5
93.4
92.7
89.6
86.8
86.3
83.9
84.9
84.2
84.4
82.8
81.7
81.9
82.0
81.4
80.9
80.1
81.1
83.1
84.7
83.9
81.5
79.8
80.6
83.0
82.1
81.7
79.8
76.9
78.0
77.7
82.8
78.4
74.6
82.5
82.4
82.0
82.0
82.6
81.0
81.1
81.2
79.5
79. 6
78.4
77.6
74.9
77.9
77.1
75. 5
75.2
71.2
68.1
69.5
64.2
65.4
63.6
61.5
96.8
94.8
93.0
91.9
91.5
88.7
88.1
88.4
86.0
85.3
85.7
86.7
97.3
94.0
94.4
92.6
90.9
87.5
85.2
85.0
80.8
79.8
80.6
83.2
107.1
105.8
107.9
107.6
107.7
106.2
104.5
102.6
103.0
105.1
104.9
105.1
108.1
107.2
110.4
110. 2
110.3
107.9
104.8
102.2
103.2
105.0
104.4
105.1
1932
January_________ .
February__________
March____________
April_____________
M ay_____________ _
June______________
July______ ____ — .
August_______ - . .
September________
October.. ________
November________
December_________
86.5
85.0
84.2
83.1
81.6
79.9
78.4
77.3
78.8
80.2
80.1
79.5
79.4
77.5
76.5
74.1
71.6
67.7
64.2
62.7
65.1
66.7
65.3
64.9
74.6
73.4
73.3
72.5
69.1
69.1
66.5
66.6
69.8
73.6
74.1
71.9
65.6
65.1
65.9
63.4
58.6
57.8
52.8
52.8
59.0
63.8
61.6
58.0
77.4
77.7
77.8
76.4
75.0
73.3
72.2
72. 2
74.1
75.2
75.0
73.0
57.9
61.2
61.0
57.2
54.8
49.9
45.9
46.7
49.4
52.0
50.3
46.7
85.9
82.4
80.1
78.7
77.4
75.1
73.9
70.9
71.7
72.6
71.8
72. 7
79.6
74.4
71.9
69.0
66.9
62.8
59.9
56.8
58.6
59.5
57.0
59.3
102.8
101.4
101.1
100.4
99.4
97.7
96.0
95.1
96.3
97.4
97.9
98.0
98.5
95.9
95.3
94.4
92.0
88.4
85.1
83.0
84.7
85.4
85.7
85.8
1933
January.................. .
February__________
March____________
April______________
M ay______________
June______________
July______________
August____________
September________
October............. . . .
November________
December_______
78.2
78.1
76.8
76.5
77.4
78.9
80.5
84.8
88.7
90.5
90.2
90.5
62.3
61.2
58.8
58.1
60.3
61.9
63.0
65.8
69.3
70.6
70.3
71.8
67.3
68.3
68.9
67.0
69. 1
73.6
77.9
86.1
90.9
92.6
88.4
83.6
51.4
53.7
51.4
51. 1
55.8
61.4
65.7
71.5
76.3
76.0
72.2
69.4
72.2
72.5
72.5
72.6
74.8
77.3
81.9
88.8
83.9
94.8
93.1
92.0
45.0
46.5
45. 2
45.6
50.2
54.1
58.4
65. 1
66.4
66.3
62.0
61.4
71.7
71.0,
67.5
66.7
66.7
67.4
66.9
70.2
72.4
73.5
74.5
77.3
57.6
54.9
51.9
50.2
51.9
52.2
52.4
53.4
56.6
57.8
59.0
62.7
97.1
96.8
95.8
96.5
96.5
96.2
95.8
96.5
100.8
104.1
105.8
107.3
82.6
80.2
77.8
77.1
77.5
77.5
76.3
77.2
82.5
85.3
87.2
89.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay
roll
totals
408
M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y A V ERAGES 1923 T H R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
T H R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Chemicals and allied products
M onth arifl year
Group
index
Chemicals
Cotton
seed—oil,
cake, and
meal
Druggists’
prepara
tions
Explosives
Fertilizers
Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals
1923 average_______ ____
1924 average.. _________
1925 average____________
1926 average........................
1927 average____________
1928 average____________
1929 average______ _____
1930 average-------------. . .
1931 average-----------------1932 average............ ...........
1933 average------------------
0)
0)
(0
1
0)
0)
100.0 100.0
(1)
0)
(>)
0)
0)
(0
(0
(0
86.0 82.5
75.2 63.2
85.5 67.2
«
0)
0)
100.0
102.5
103.5
110.9
104.4
95.8
85.5
102.2
0)
(0
(>)
0)
0)
0)
l1)
(i)
0)
0)
l1)
(*)
0)
(')
(i)
0)
0)
<»>
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
104.0
95.5 106.1 107.2
(1)
(1)
104,7
<‘>
<*> 88.1 98.8 115.5
107.4
93.4 105.1 131.5
(1)
(1)
95.0
86.1 98.2 112.9
(1)
<»>
82.2 47.0 48.9 83.0 91.6 99.3
63.9 41.8 39.8 73.0 72.8 76.0
72.9 40.6 37.4 73.4 71.5 87.3
1931
January_______________
February______________
March__________ ______
April....................................
M ay__________________
J u n e ... ---------------------July.......................................
August......... .......................
September_____________
October-----------------------N ovem ber._____ _______
December.......................... ..
92.5
90.8
89.5
92.8
88.1
84.0
83.0
81.5
82.9
83.1
82.2
81.0
87.9
88.9
87.2
89.5
87.5
83.3
81.0
79.3
78.7
79.0
74.4
73.4
101.5
100.8
98.6
96.2
95.1
95.1
95.2
92.1
95.2
95.9
93.4
91.0
85.7
87.5
86.9
84.1
83.6
82.6
81.6
78.5
81.0
82.3
77.1
75.1
87.8 81.4
67.4 60.7
57.8 52.9
54.5 52.6
37.8 40.5
28.4 31.3
26.0 28.8
22. 1 29.3
30.6 37.6
40.5 48.2
56.8 63.0
53.7 60.7
84.9
86.4
86.0
81.9
80.4
77.7
79.6
82.2
86.5
86.5
83.8
80.4
95.0
98.7
98.5
93.1
90.2
86.4
86.9
88.5
91.3
94.7
88.6
87.0
110.4
108.8
104.8
104.0
98.4
94.7
98.3
97.1
96.0
95.0
94.3
89.9
1932
January-----------------------February.............................
March................................ .
April-------- ----------------M ay__________________
June------- -------------------July_________ ______ _
August________ ______ _
September____ _________
October........................ .......
November_____________
December______________
80.2
80.3
79.9
80.6
76.1
69.3
68.0
67.6
73.4
75.5
76.0
75.6
70.1
70.6
69.7
68.2
65.5
60.4
56.5
56.1
59.5
60.9
60.8
59.7
89.9
88.9
88.9
87.7
86.1
83.6
82.1
81.3
82.3
84.7
85.3
84.6
71. 1
70.7
70.9
68.0
65.6
61.6
58.6
58.6
58.5
61.7
61.6
59.8
45.5
48.2
46.5
41.1
34.7
23.8
28. 1
27.5
46.3
54.1
54.7
51.1
49.0
49.5
45.3
40.4
34.3
26.4
28.3
28.1
40.3
44.9
47.0
44.3
80.7
78.8
79.6
74.2
73.3
70.5
66.1
68.2
69.7
71.7
71.9
71.4
82.8
81.2
79.7
74.5
73.4
70.6
64.2
65.7
68.1
70.4
71.8
70.9
86.8
84.3
77.9
75.4
75.0
71.3
66.6
69.2
71.6
75.7
79.0
79.3
1933
January________________
February...........................
March........ .........................
April________ ____ _____
M ay......................................
June____ ______________
July___________________
August____ _____ ______
September___________ T.
October_______________
November__________ A .
December____________
75.2
76.5
76.4
79.1
77.3
78.8
83.1
89.5
95.9
98.7
98.1
97.3
59.5
59.7
58.5
58.8
61.1
64.4
67.2
71.0
74.2
77.8
76.9
77.2
85.4
86.8
86.4
85.2
88.4
94.3
103.0
113.6
118.6
120.9
121.9
121.3
60.4
61.4
60.2
59.4
63.7
69.1
75.5
82.2
81.8
57.0
86.3
87.9
36.6
40.6
38.4
27.8
23.2
27.9
31.4
37.3
54.4
62.9
54.6
52.3
33.1
34. 1
33.0
23.3
22.0
27.7
30.9
36.0
49.8
60.3
50.9
47.5
73.9
70.5
69.8
67.7
66.2
67.0
69.9
71.7
76.9
80.8
82.4
83.4
72.5
70.0
66.5
62.3
63.1
66.1
66.6
71.5
75.4
80.3
81.8
82.0
75.9
76.2
75.7
75.1
75.0
75.4
83.3
91.3
103.8
105.9
106.3
103.3
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
96.2
(0
86.9
0)
95.1
(0
100.0 100.0
107.8 91.2
108.9 95.4
131.2 95.2
99.8 89.5
80.8 62.9
50.9 49.5
58.7 65.4
91.8
83.6
90.6
100.0
94.0
97.1
94.7
87.5
56.2
34.9
39.2
76.5 73.5
88.8 74.2
87.8 93.7
84.4 116.4
80.9 72.9
78.9 44.5
80.8 41.3
82.8 44.2
81.5 50.1
81.9 49.0
78.3 46.8
67.1 48.5
66.6
66.5
78.3
105.4
66.5
44.2
40.7
40.8
44.0
41.3
38.3
41.2
56.0
58.6
56.4
51.5
54.3
45.5
42.8
43.6
44.8
51.2
54.1
51.7
51.2
56.6
63.9
90.0
58.3
32.5
30.4
34.2
42.5
45.1
46.0
43.5
40.6
40.4
42.7
58.2
41.1
25.1
24.0
25.2
29.6
30.1
30.8
30.4
46.6 49.9
47.0 56.7
47.7 67.4
44.9 117.4
46.9 67.2
51.2 44.3
58.5 46.5
67.8 50.9
71.7 65.2
77.4 72.1
74.6 72.0
70.4 75.1
32.5
32.6
36.3
59.4
36.8
27.9
29.8
32.6
42.5
48.0
44. 2
48.1
409
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 THR O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
TH R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Paints and
varnishes
M onth and year
1Q23 average _ _ ________________
1924 average._____________________
1925 average_________________
1926 average _____________________
1927 average_________________ ____ 1928 avara ge
___ ______________
1929 average_______________________
1930 average- _
______________
1931 average__ ___________ _______
1932 average._____________________
___
1033 a vera vp,
1931
February
______________________
March____________________________
April_____________________________
M av
. .
July .
_____ _______________ _
August__________________________
September. ______________________
O ctober__________________________
November__ _______ _ _______ ____
Dpcpmbp.r
__________
1932
February
_ _ ________________
M arch. __________________________
April. ________ _______________
M ay ____________________________
June. ___________________________
July
........ ..................... ................. .
A u g u st__________________________
September
_ _ __________ _____
October__________________________
N o v e m b e r __________________ -Ueeemhpr_ _ . _
__
1933
February__ ______________________
March __________ ______________
April ___________________________
M av
.
_______________
9
J u ly ._____________________________
August
____ __________________
September _ __________________ October ________________________
November . . ____________________
December________ _ _____________
1 Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Petroleum
refining
Rayon and
allied products
Soap
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
roll
totals
Em
ploy
ment
0
0
0)
100.0
0
(')
(!)
0)
80.6
70.2
73.2
0
0
0
100.0
0
0
(>)
0
77.8
57.5
55.5
99.7
91.8
94.0
100.0
94.6
84.8
96.5
92.6
73.5
64.1
66.7
102.1
91.7
95.2
100.0
95.6
87.2
99.1
95.9
73.4
57.2
55.6
0
0
(!)
100.0
0
0
171.3
162.6
149.5
129.2
167.9
0
(>)
(0
100.0
(0
0
173.2
168.5
148.4
110.8
141.2
0)
0)
(0
100.0
(0
(0
0
(0
100.3
95.6
103.0
0
0
0
100.0
0
0
0
0
103.1
85.6
83.8
81.0
81.9
82.9
84.2
86.3
85.6
80.9
78.5
78.3
77.6
75.3
74.6
77.9
81.9
84.0
84.7
87.8
85.3
78.2
74.3
72.5
71.4
68.0
67.3
81.0
79.7
71.5
77.9
78.1
75.4
73.7
71.6
69.9
68.8
67.4
67.3
81.8
83.1
74.8
79.7
79.2
75.1
73.8
70.5
68.4
66.6
64.2
64.1
137.3
138.0
144.8
148.0
151.4
154.5
156.5
158.6
153.5
153.5
149.5
147.9
141.2
141.6
150.4
149.8
158.6
157.7
157.0
158.4
148.8
152.6
132.6
132.6
98.9
99.4
99.3
101.6
103.4
100.1
100.5
99.2
102.8
101.6
99.0
97.7
109.7
107.9
107.3
109.1
112.2
105.5
96.9
103.0
100.9
101.7
92.0
90.5
73.4
73.9
74.2
72.8
73.1
72.3
68.9
66.0
66.9
68.2
67.1
65.7
63.2
64.3
65.0
62.8
64.4
61.8
53.0
48.7
51.6
54.6
51.7
49.3
67.2
66.4
65.2
65.1
64.8
64.7
64.1
62.8
63.4
. 61.8
61.5
62.5
62.5
61.9
60.1
58.7
59.8
59.4
56.8
56.2
54.6
52.2
52.0
51.8
149.9
149.2
143.7
138.8
129.9
93.4
92.9
92.8
130.9
139.6
142.8
146.9
128.5
136.5
133.1
125.6
110.6
78.3
71.2
74.5
110.8
118.3
120.2
122.5
95.9
96.5
96.8
96.5
94.2
95.7
93.1
93.9
94.5
96.9
98.3
94.5
87.9
89.7
89.4
90.5
85.4
90.5
82.6
81.5
83.3
84.4
83.0
79.2
63.6
64.2
63.3
65.3
71.6
76.4
78.7
80.0
80.4
80.4
77.8
77.0
45.9
47.3
43.5
48.7
57.9
62.3
61.5
60.2
59.2
61.0
58.9
59.4
62.1
62.7
62.8
62.9
63.6
64.7
64.7
66.0
70.0
72.7
73.4
74.2
53.3
53.0
53. 2
52.6
53.7
54.6
54.5
55.0
57.6
59.8
60.1
59.8
149.3
149.1
142.0
133. 1
147.0
154.9
167.6
188.3
196.7
197.3
197.7
191.8
123.5
121.0
114.5
103.1
117.8
130.1
140.1
156.3
168.3
172.4
172.9
174.5
94.2
95.1.
93.7
94.0
95.8
99.5
101.5
110.9
116.0
116.7
112.1
106.9
77.0
78.0
76.3
76.8
78.8
83.2
84.9
86.0
91.9
92.6
91.6
88.2
P ay
roll
totals
410
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 4.—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S
T R IE S—Y E A R L Y AV ER A G ES 1923 TH R O U G H 1933 A N D B Y M O N TH S JA N U A R Y 1931
T H R O U G H D E C E M B E R 1933-Continued
Rubber products
M onth and
year
Group index
Rubber
boots and
shoes
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber
goods, othei
Chewing
Rubber
than boots, tLes
and Group index and smok
shoes, tires, inner tubes
ing tobacco
and inner
and snuff
tubes
Cigars and
cigarettes
Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay
ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll
ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals
1923 average—.
1924 average...
1925 average...
1926 a v e r a g e 1927 average...
1928 average...
1929 average...
1930 average—.
1931 average...
1932 average...
1933 average...
(>)
91.1 88.2
0) 116.7 107.2
0)
(0
82.7 76.6
88.6 88.1
0)
0)
(•)
(0
97.1 97.7
0)
0)
(i) 102.2 100.4
(')
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
97.3 98.2
0)
0) 103.3 107.7
(')
(1)
(0
0) 101.1 101.0
(')
<»> 103.3 105.7
97.6 99.3
0)
(0
0)
(!) 104.1 101.8
80.2 74.2
77.6 73.4
0)
0)
(>)
0)
73.0 59.6 66.3 50.0 88.6 72.0 68.6 57.6
60.2 45.1 56.3 39.7 81.5 56.1 62.9 42.5
74.6 50.4 54.6 44.7 97.2 63.6 71.3 47.2
110.9
109.8
107.5
100.0
98.1
96.0
93.6
89.5
81.3
71.7
66.9
114.0 105.4 100.1 118.3
108.9 105.2 101.2 110.4
105.7 97.0 98.3 109.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
97.1 97.7 97.7 98,1
93.5 95.2 94.1 96.0
92.8 89.3 89.6 94.2
84.1 89.5 87.7 89.5
69.3 86.1 79.3 80.7
54.6 88.9 73.7 69.5
48.9 87.0 70.5 64.3
74.0
73.2
71.3
72.7
75.2
76.1
74.7
72.5
72.7
71.5
71.6
70.8
61.8
61.8
61.9
64.1
67.2
68.1
61.6
59.7
53.7
53.8
50.4
51.6
69.7
68.1
55.8
61.7
63.5
66.2
67.0
62.4
69.5
69.5
72.4
69.8
54.7
47.4
34.9
43.9
45.6
48. 1
51. 1
51.8
57.1
57.0
54.9
53.0
89.4
89.2
90. 1
89.7
90.2
90.3
89.0
87.4
88.0
87.4
86.6
85.9
74.6
74.2
76.0
74.7
75.1
74.5
72.5
70.0
67.5
70.9
67.2
66.5
68.9
68.1
68.3
69.0
72.5
73.3
71. 1
69.4
67.3
65.5
65.1
64.9
59.0
60.9
63.3
65.1
69.4
70.5
60.2
58.0
48.1
47.1
43.5
46.1
77.7
85.6
85.0
82.1
82.7
81.7
81.3
81.0
81.4
81.8
81.4
73.7
68.2
69.3
72.4
69.5
72.3
72.6
71.4
70.2
66.4
68.5
68.4
62.5
93.7
93.8
92.2
79.8
84.6
81.8
80.7
83.3
82.4
84.9
87.4
88.8
87.2
88.1
84.3
73.9
78.7
77.1
76.8
78.5
75.1
78.0
74.6
79.2
75.6
65.9
84.6
67.0
84.1
71.0
82.4
69.0
82.4
71.5
81.7
72.0
81.4
70.8
80.7
69.2
81.3
65.4
81.4 • 67.3
80.6
67.6
71.8
60.5
69.6
69.6
68.5
67.5
66.7
67.6
65.5
64.1
62.3
63.9
64.6
64. 5
51.4
52.2
49.8
46. 7
4rt>. 4
51.1
43.8
40.1
37.6
41.1
40.2
40.6
65.6
62.0
59.8
57.3
55.6
55.8
50.6
53.8
49.5
52.0
55.2
58.9
45.2
41.4
43.4
38.3
38.9
35.4
28.8
33.4
37.3
39.7
45.2
48.9
82.9
84.4
83.3
81.1
79.6
80.5
77.5
76.2
78.8
84.3
85.4
83.6
61.8
61.6
60.3
46.1
53.3
53.5
50.1
47.7
53.3
61.2
58.0
56.3
65.3
65.8
65. 1
64.9
64.7
65.8
65.0
62.2
59.3
59.0
58.8
58.3
49.2
51.4
47.7
45.4
45.8
53.9
45. 1
39.0
32.2
34.5
32.8
33.3
71.2
74.0
72.5
70.5
69.3
71.1
70.3
70.3
72.0
73.9
74.8
70.8
56.5
56.9
54.6
52.5
54.2
55.8
55.7
53.5
92.0
92.4
88.9
87.0
87.1
89.4
87.7
88.7
87.5
89.8
89.2
86.8
83.6
81.1
72.6
72.2
71.6
73.3
69.9
71.8
74.2
73.3
71.8
69.4
68.5
71.6
70.4
68.4
67.0
68.7
68. 1
67.9
70.0
71.9
72.9
68.8
53.2
54.0
53.4
50.0
49.1
53.3
52.8
50.2
51.8
53.7
53. 7
51.6
62.2
62.6
60.2
60.1
63.0
70.4
78.7
87.5
89.4
89.1
87.1
84.6
36.6
36.8
32.2
34.8
44.4
54.4
61.6
62.5
61.6
62.8
58.0
59.2
51.4
49.2
45.3
45.6
39.8
42.2
48.8
57.0
67.4
68.6
69.9
70.4
35.5
34.0
26.8
28.3
32.5
36.0
44.3
52.9
59.3
61.7
61.7
63.3
81.6
82.0
79.7
78.6
81.6
88. 1
96.0
113.9
118.6
120.9
117.2
108.5
51.8
51.7
46. 1
47.7
52.1
61.3
68.5
75.3
76.8
82.6
76.9
72.7
57.4
58.6
56.7
56.8
62.4
71.6
80.6
85.8
84.0
82.2
79.8
79.1
31.5
32.3
28.7
31.9
44. 5
56.2
63 2
60.3
56.9
56.2
50.6
53.5
62.4
65.6
59.7
58.3
66.3
68.4
67.5
69.6
69.1
72.3
73.9
69.5
40.9
42.8
38.5
38.4
48.6
50.4
50.3
51.3
55.6
59.0
57.8
53.6
90.0
86.0
83.7
80.7
84.6
87.4
84.0
88.5
89.5
91.7
89.8
87.8
74.2
65.4
59.5
62.1
69.9
70.8
68.1
76.0
77.0
77.0
72.3
73.8
58.9
63.0
56.6
55.4
63.9
66.0
65.4
67.2
66.5
69.8
71.9
67.2
36.9
40.1
35.9
35.5
46.0
47.9
48.1
48.3
53.0
56.8
56.0
51.2
115.9
109.9
106. 7
100.0
97.0
93.4
93.2
83.7
68.1
52.2
46.3
1931
January......... .
February____
March_______
April.................
M ay________
June________
July-------------August______
September___
October______
November___
December........
1932
January............
February____
March_______
A pril...........
M ay________
June.......... .......
July_________
August______
S ep tem b er....
October______
November___
December____
55.5
52.4
51.5
55.5
1933
January............
February____
March_______
April.................
M a y ................
June.......... .......
July..................
August______
September___
October______
November___
December____
1Data not available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.
MONTHLY INDEXES I9Z6 - 1933.
MONTHLY
AVERAQE.
192.6=100.
EMPLOYMENT
105
I 00
95
90
193085
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
JAN
FEB
MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JUIY
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
AUfi. SEPT OCT.
NOV. DE.C.
412
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
MONTHLY INDEXES 1926-1933.
MONTHLY AVERAGE:
192.6= IOO.
PAY-ROLL TOTALS.
105
192.4
I 00
95
19 2 8
90
1930
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
JAN
FEB.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m S -^ A P R .
MAY
JUNE JULY
AUG.
SEPT. OCT.
NOV.
DEC.
413
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
Time Worked in Manufacturing Industries December 1933
R e p o r t s as to working time in December were received from 14,486
establishments in 89 manufacturing industries. Of these establish
ments 3 percent were idle, 67 percent operated on a full-time basis,
and 31 percent worked on a part-time schedule.
An average of 92 percent of full-time operation in December was
shown by reports received from all the operating establishments
included in table 5. The establishments working part time in
December averaged 75 percent of full-time operation.
T a b l e 5 .—PR O PO R T IO N OP FU L L T IM E W O R K E D IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S
B Y E ST A B L ISH M E N T S R E PO R T IN G IN D E C E M B E R 1933
E stablishm ents
reporting
Percent of es
tablishments
operating—
Average percent of
full time reported
by—
Total Percent
number idle
Full
time
Part
time
All oper Estabating es ishments
tablish operating
ments part time
Industry
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c ts _
_____________
___________________________
Baking
B ©verages
_________ - __________
Butter
___________________________
Confectionery
__ ________________
Flour
________ ____________________
Ice cream
Slaughtering a^d meat, packing
_____- ______ - ____
SUga r, beet
Sugar refining, canp,
_____________
T e iti lp s a n d t h e i r p r o d u c t s ___________________
Fabrics:
Carpets and rugs ______________________
Cotton goods__________________________
Cotton small wares. _ _________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles____________
Hats, fnr-felt
___________________
TCnit goods
____________________
Silk and rayon goods _ _______________
Woolen and worsted goods______________
Wearing apparel:
Clothing, men’s
______________
Clothing, women’s ____________________
____
Corsets and allied garments
Men's furnishings.
_____________
Millinery
_______________________
Shirts and collars__ ___________________
I r o n a n d s te e l a n d t h e i r p r o d u c t s n o t i n c l u d in g m a c h in e ry
_ __________________
Bolts nuts washers, and rivets
Cast-iron pipe
_ _____________________
Cutlery (not including silver and plated
cutlery) and edge tools___________________
Forgings iron and steel
_____
Hardware
________________
Tron and steel
_ ______________________
Plumbers’ supplies
________ ______
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittings
______________
Stoves
__________________
Structural and ornamental metal work
T in cans and ot.hp.r tinware
____
Tools (not including edge tools, machine
tools, files, and saws)_____________________
Wirew ork.......... .................... ................................... 1
1 Less than one half of 1 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,516
906
325
217
248
358
246
192
42
12
(>)
(>)
(>)
(>)
1
1
75
84
58
57
68
88
67
74
98
67
24
15
42
42
32
12
32
26
2
33
95
98
91
90
93
96
93
95
100
93
80
86
79
80
77
68
78
82
80
80
2,619
5
70
24
92
67
20
646
102
139
19
402
216
214
10
2
2
2
75
66
69
71
26
78
87
82
15
32
29
27
74
20
8
17
93
90
92
93
77
94
97
95
57
67
72
73
69
70
68
72
69
60
23
52
73
79
23
22
77
38
23
17
90
88
75
89
94
94
61
55
67
75
76
67
46
37
30
50
63
45
86
83
77
73
72
61
38
38
44
61
36
59
62
56
27
64
83
84
84
93
77
77
75
72
77
64
2
6
(0
8
18
262
357
22
52
84
84
ÏÔ
5
5
1,114
65
40
25
111
37
61
135
59
4
4
11
80
141
178
55
4
35
45
71
44
65
55
24
56
79
84
95
88
68
71
81
77
102
50
3
29
44
68
56
80
84
75
72
414
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
T a b l e 5 . — PR O PO R T IO N OF FU L L T IM E W O R K ED IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S
B Y E ST A B L ISH M E N T S R E PO R T IN G IN D E C E M B E R 1933—Continued
E stablishm ents
reporting
Percent of es
tablishments
operating—
Average percent of
full time reported
by—
Total Percent
number idle
Full
time
All oper Estab
ating es lishments
tablish operating
ments part time
Industry
M ach inery, n o t in c lu d in g tra n sp o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t_________________________ _____
Agricultural implements___________________
Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines _________ ______________ _
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies.
Engines, turbines, tractors, and water w heels..
Foundry and machine-shop products________
Machine to o ls _________________ . .
_ .
Radios and phonographs__________ ______
Textile machinery and parts________________
Typewriters and supplies____ _ ___________
N on ferrou s m e ta ls a n d th eir p r o d u cts______
____________
Aluminum manufactures
Brass, bronze, and copper products__________
Clocks and watches and time-recording devices
Jewelry___ _______ ____________________ . . .
Lighting equipment
. _ _______ . . .
Silverware and plated ware
_____
Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc..
Stamped and enameled ware________________
T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t__________________
Aircraft
_____
______________
Automobiles___ _______________ ____ _______
Cars, electric-and steam-railroad _____ _ . . .
Locomotives .
_____ ______
Shipbuilding...........................................................
R ailroad repair s h o p s .._ ____________________
Electric railroad
_________ .
Steam railroad________________ ____ ________
L um b er a n d allied p ro d u cts_________________
Furniture_________________________________
Lumber:
Millwork__ _ ________ ____ __________
Sawmills.......... ............................................. .
Turpentine and rosin....... ............ ........................
S to n e , clay, a n d glass p ro d u cts____________ _
Brick, tile, and terra cotta......... ....................... .
Cement______________ ______ ______________
Glass_____________________________________
Marble, granite, slate, and other products____
Pottery______________ _____ ___ __________
L eather a n d its m a n u fa c tu r e s ... ___________
Boots and shoes_________________________ _
Leather............. . . ................................... .................
Paper a n d p r in tin g __________________________
Boxes, paper................... ............................... ...........
Paper and pulp___________ ____ __________
Printing and publishing:
Book and j o b .. . . . - . . ________ . .
Newspapers and periodicals_____________
C hem icals a n d adied p r o d u cts_______________
Chemicals_________________ ___ __________
Cottonseed—oil, cake, and m eal...................... .
Druggists’ preparations_____________________
Explosives_____ ___________________________
Fertilizers............. ................ ....................................
Paints and varnishes...............................................
Petroleum refining____________ ____________
Rayon and allied products......... ..... ....................
Soap______________________________________
R ubber p ro d u cts________ ______ _____________
Rubber boots and shoes____________________
Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires,
and inner tubes_________ ________________
Rubber tires and inner tubes________________
T obacco m a n u fa c tu r e s _______________ ____ _
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff.........
Cigars and cigarettes........ ......................................
T o t a l , 89 i n d u s t r i e s ______ ______________
Less than one half of 1 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
2
1,169
54
26
230
70
872
134
41
35
7
530
14
202
19
96
43
47
24
85
313
25
164
29
7
88
6C5
242
423
1
1
(')
(')
1
2
1
10
Part
time
62
83
37
15
91
96
74
75
46
65
29
62
67
88
57
71
52
43
65
5
29
40
32
79
69
67
68
71
17
54
35
70
37
33
12
43
29
47
57
34
95
70
60
68
21
31
31
32
29
72
100
16
48
7
72
88
94
79
90
91
98
91
96
89
91
93
81
84
84
83
95
92
95
94
96
74
72
98
90
99
86
78
83
72
72
74
86
79
86
76
77
78
79
77
74
75
76
72
82
82
84
78
72
88
80
82
1
82
51
93
27
1,284
2
66
32
92
370
2
73
25
93
405
493
16
2
i
6
62
65
31
36
34
63
91
92
87
710
14
55
31
90
229
65
148
178
90
25
15
1
16
51
68
83
19
78
24
17
16
65
19
91
93
97
78
94
74
19
93
66
66
90
25
8
90
99
63
1
81
19
86
75
62
24
36
94
90
77
3
88
91
12
9
28
97
99
74
2
1
380
3
7
244
136
9
1
1,672
278
369
642
383
862
78
87
29
15
157
302
97
15
82
(')
(')
2
70
1
10
95
62
52
27
96
52
91
100
56
1
2
4
28
48
73
4
47
7
44
60
80
75
72
76
76
80
73
72
64
83
72
71
85
76
74
87
94
78
100
91
91
81
99
89
99
100
91
91
72
81
74
73
78
91
84
80
73
99
90
63
69
82
82
89
72
75
74
78
73
75
124
40
9
89
11
89
26
37
31
198
3
58
40
31
167
3
2
52
59
45
39
90
89
14,486
3
67
31
92
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
415
E m p lo y m en t in N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g In d u stries in D ecem ber
1933
NCREASED employment in December, as compared with Novem
ber, was reported in 6 of the 15 nonmanufacturing industries sur
veyed monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and increased pay
rolls were reported in 10 industries. Data for the building-construc
tion industry are not presented here but are shown in more detail under
the section “ Building construction.”
The most pronounced percentage gains in employment and pay
rolls over the month interval were shown in the retail-trade industry.
Reports received from 19,062 retail establishments indicated a.net
increase of 15.1 percent in employment and 10.6 percent in pay rolls in
these establishments between November 15 and December 15. These
pronounced percentage gains are due largely to seasonal fluctuations
in the group of retail establishments composed of department, variety,
general merchandise stores and mail-order houses, in which the Christ
mas trade resulted in an increase of 23.1 percent in employment and
17.6 percent in pay rolls. The remaining retail establishments sur
veyed showed a gain of 1.2 percent in employment over the month
interval combined with an increase of 0.7 percent in pay rolls. The
crude-petroleum-producing industry reported gains of 3.8 percent in
employment and 5.7 percent in pay rolls, and the hotel industry re
ported increases of 2.4 percent in number of workers and 4.2 percent in
pay rolls. The bituminous-coal mining and the telephone and tele
graph industries reported increases in employment of 0.8 percent each
combined with smaller gains in pay rolls, and the metalliferous-mining
industry reported an increase of less than one tenth of 1 percent in
employment combined with an increase of 2.6 percent in pay rolls.
The most pronounced declines in employment and pay rolls in this
group of nonmanufacturing industries were seasonal declines. The
canning industry reported decreases of 28.7 percent in employment
and 23.2 percent in pay rolls. The quarrying and nonmetallic-mining
industry reported a seasonal decrease of 11.3 percent in employment
and 13.7 percent in pay rolls. Employment in the anthracite-mining
industry decreased 10.6 percent between November and December
and the dyeing and cleaning industry reported a decline, largely
seasonal, of 7.3 percent. The power and light industry reported a
decrease of 1 percent in employment. In the remaining four indus
tries in which decreases in employment occurred (electric-railroad and
motor-bus operation, wholesale trade, banks-brokerage-insurancereal-estate, and laundries), the decreases were three tenths of 1 percent
or less.
Eleven of the 15 nonmanufacturing industries appearing in the
following table reported increased employment and pay rolls between
December 1932 and December 1933, the canning, crude-petroleum,
I
33773°—34----- 12
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
416
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
and metalliferous-mining industries reporting the largest percent
age gains in employment over the year interval. Four industries
(electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance, laun
dries, anthracite mining, and telephone and telegraph) reported fewer
employees and smaller pay-roll totals in December 1933 than in
December 1932.
In the following table are presented employment and pay-roll
data for the nonmanufacturing industries surveyed, exclusive of
building construction :
T able 1.—C OM PARISON OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G
E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R 1933 W ITH N O V E M B E R 1933 A N D D E C E M B E R 1932
Pay-roll totals
Employment
Industrial group
Coal mining:
Anthracite____________
Bitum inous___________
Metalliferous mining_____
Quarrying and nonmetallic
mining___ __________ _
Crude-petroleum producingPublic utilities:
Telephone and telegraphPower and light_______
E le ctric -r a ilr o a d and
motor-bus operation
and maintenance____
Trade:
W holesale.. __________
Retail__________ _____
Hotels (cash payments only)2.
Canning and preserving.. —
Laundries____ - __________
Dyeing and cleaning_______
Banks, brokerage, insurance,
and real estate_______
Estabments
report
ing in
both
Novem
ber and
Decem
ber
1933
Percent of
change
Percent of
change
Index num
bers, Decem
ber 1933 (av
erage 1929=
100)
Amount
Number
De
De
of pay
on pay
cem
cem
roll (1
roll D e
week)
Novem ber
cember Novem ber
ber to 1932 to December ber to 1932 to Em Pay
1933
Decem D e
Decem D e ploy roll
1933
ber 1933 cem
ber 1933 cem ment totals
ber
ber
1933
1933
161
1,503
288
75, 765
232, 031
27, 555
1,162
253
30, 658
28, 207
8,192
3,135
248,039
204, 734
-1 0 .6 -1 2 .5 $1, 794, 015
+ .8 + 7 .7 4, 020, 905
+21.9
574, 014
(>)
- 7 .2 -2 1 .2
+• 2 +34.7
+ 2 .6 +40.1
54.5
75.4
40.6
44.3
50.8
26.2
-1 1 .3 + 7 .1
+ 3 .8 +31.1
434, 751
758, 568
-1 3 .7 +10.4
+ 5 .7 +27.6
45.3
75.0
24.4
53.2
+ .8
-1 .0
-7 .2
+ 4 .3
6, 554,172
5, 907, 376
+ .1
-. 1
- 7 .9
+ 1.6
69.4
81.8
67.7
74.4
-.2
- .8
3, 542,879
+ .3
498
131,741
- 3 .7
70.8
59.6
3,036
19, 062
2, 356
803
1, 239
342
88, 845
513, 941
129, 718
39, 319
66, 024
10,134
- . 2 + 8 .2
+15.1 + 10. 7
+ 2 .4 + 6 .0
-2 8 .7 +46.6
-.1
- .9
- 7 . 3 + 1 .5
2, 315, 049
9, 477. 847
1, 697, 276
496, 713
972, 648
170,186
+ . 6 + 3 .0
+10.6 + 9.1
+ 4 .2 + 1.8
-2 3 . 2 +52.3
+ .6
-.7
- 9 .8 + 3 .3
83.3
105.4
77.6
49.4
75. 2
76.3
64.5
80.3
57.6
39.(1
58.3
50.0
4,395
175,190
8—.3 8+ 1 .3
5,819, 731
3+1.5 3+2.2
3 99.3
3 87.4
1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
2 The additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed.
8 Weighted.
Per capita weekly earnings in December 1933 for 15 nonmanu
facturing industries included in the Bureau’s monthly trend-ofemployment survey, together with the percents of change in Decem
ber 1933 as compared with November 1933 and December 1932,
are given in the table following. These per capita weekly earnings
must not be confused with full-time weekly rates of wages; they are
per capita weekly earnings computed by dividing the total amount
of pay roll for the week by the total number of employees (part-time
as well as full-time workers).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
417
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T able 2 .—PE R CAPITA W E EK LY EA R N IN G S IN 15 N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S
IN D E C E M B E R 1933 A N D COM PARISON W ITH N O V E M B E R 1933 A N D D E C E M B E R
1932
Percent of change
Industrial group
weeklyearnings in November
1933 to
December
December
1933
1933
Coal mining:
Anthracite - -- _________________________________ _________
Bituminous
____________ _______________________ _____
Metalliferous mining1
___________________________ ___
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining
________________ _______
Crude-petroleum producing
_ ____- ______________ _____
Public utilities:
Telephone and telegraph
__ __ ___________ ___________
Power and light
- ___
___ __ ___________
Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance-----Trade:
Wholesale .........
. . . __ .
_ _
...
..........
Retail
_ ____
--__- ________ -- -----Hotels (cash payments only) 1 ___
___________ _____________
Canning and preserving
. _______________________ ________
Laundries
_ _____
_ _________ ____ - __
"Dyeing and cleaning
_ _
_____ ___________________
Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate _____________ _____
December
1932 to
December
1933
$23.68
17. 33
20. 83
14.18
26.89
+ 3.9
-.6
+ 2 .6
- 2 .7
+ 1.7
- 9 .9
+25.0
+14.8
+ 3.3
- 2 .7
26.42
28. 85
26.89
-.7
+ .9
+ .5
-.7
- 2 .6
- 2 .9
26. 06
18.44
13.08
12, 63
14. 73
16. 79
33. 22
- 3 .9
'+ 1 .8
+ 7.8
+ .7
- 2 .7
2 + 1.9
- 4 .8
- 1 .4
- 4 .0
+ 3.8
+ .3
+ 1.7
2 + .9
1 The additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed.
2 Weighted.
Indexes of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals for Nonmanufacturing Industries
I n d e x numbers of employment and pay-roll totals for 15 nonmanufacturing industries are presented in the following table. These
index numbers show the variation in employment and pay rolls by
months, from. January 1930 to December 1933, in all nonmanufac
turing industries except the laundry, dyeing and cleaning, and the
banks, brokerage, insurance, and real-estate industries for which
information over the entire period is not available. The Bureau has
secured data concerning employment and pay rolls for the index base
year 1929 from establishments in these industries and has computed
index numbers for those months for which data are available from
the Bureau’s files. These indexes are shown in this tabulation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
418
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 3 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS FOR N O N M A N U F A C T U B IN G
IN D U ST R IE S, JA N U A R Y TO D E C E M B E R 1930 1931, 1932, A N D 1933
[12-month average, 1929=100]
Anthracite mining
Month
Employment
Bituminous -coal mining
Pay rolls
Employment
Pay rolls
1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933
January___. . . . 102.1
February_______ 106.9
M arch.. _. _ . . . 82. 6
April___________ 84. 1
M ay___________ 93.8
Jun e.. _________ 90.8
July____________ 91.6
August_________ 80.2
September . . .
93.8
October____ . _ 99.0
97.2
November__ _
December..
99.1
90.6
89.5
82.0
85. 2
80.3
76. 1
65. 1
67.3
80.0
86.8
83.5
79.8
76.2
71.2
73.7
70. 1
66.9
53.0
44.5
49.2
55.8
63. 9
62.7
62.3
52.5 105.8 89.3
58.7 121.5 101. f
54. 6 78. 5 7i. ;
51.6 75. ( 75.2
43. 2 98.8 76. 1
39.5 94. S 66. 7
43.8 84. C 53.7
47.7 78.8 56.4
56.8 91. 6 64. £
56.9 117. 2 91. 1
61.0 98. C 79. 5
54.5 100.0 78.4
61.5
57.1
61. 2
72. t
58.0
37.4
34.5
41. 4
47.0
66. 7
51.C
56.2
43.2 102.5
56.8 102.4
48.8 98. 6
37. 4 94.4
30.0 90.4
34.3 88.4
38. 2 88. C
46.6 89.2
60. 7 90.5
61.6 91. 8
47.8 92. 5
44.3 92.5
93.9
91.5
88.8
85.1
82. 4
78.4
76.4
77. C
80.4
81.3
81.1
81.2
80.8
77.4
75. 2
65.5
62.6
60.5
58.6
59.4
62.4
67.0
69.4
70.0
69.8
69.3
67.6
63.7
61.2
61.3
03.2
68.6
71.8
68.0
74.8
75.4
101.4
102.1
86. 4
81.7
77.5
75.6
68. £
71.1
74.9
79.4
79.1
77.7
73.3
68.3
65. 2
58.6
54.4
52.4
50.4
50.6
53.6
56.2
54.6
52.3
47.0
47.0
46.8
33. "9
30.7
27.3
24.4
26.4
30.2
37.8
38.0
37.7
36.1
37.2
30.7
26.6
26.9
29.2
33.6
43.3
44.1
44.1
50.7
50.8
Average___ 93.4 80.5 62.5 51.7 95.3 75.4 53.7 45.8 93.4 83.2 67.4 67.9 81.3 57.5 35.6 37.8
Metalliferous mining
January...... ...........
February_______
M arch.. . . . . . .
April___________
M a y ... _______
June_______
July____________
August.
September______
O ctober____. . .
November___ _
December______
95.7
92.3
90.9
89.3
87.5
84.6
80.5
79.0
78.1
77.2
72.8
70. 1
68.3
65.3
63.5
63.9
62. 4
60.0
56. 2
55.8
55.5
53.8
52.8
51. 2
49. 3
46.9
45.0
43.3
38.3
32. 2
29. 5
28. 6
29.3
30. 5
31. 9
33.3
32.4
31. 5
30.0
29. 4
30.0
31. 5
33.0
36.8
38.9
40. 7
40. 6
40. 6
92.7
92.5
90. 8
88.3
85.6
81.6
71.9
71.0
69.9
68.6
63. 4
59.9
55.0
54.6
52.8
51.4
49. 3
46. 1
41.3
40.2
40.0
37.4
35. 1
34.3
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining
29.7
27.8
26.5
25. t
23.8
20. 1
16.9
16.5
17.0
18.0
18.7
18.7
18.1
17.8
17.4
16.4
17.0
18.3
19. 0
21. 9
23. 9
25.9
25. 6
26.2
79.6
79.8
83.0
87.4
90.8
90. 3
89.9
89.3
87.7
84.7
78.3
70.2
64.4
66.6
70.0
76.1
75.0
72.3
71.0
68.9
66.6
64.5
59.3
53.9
48.9
47.4
46.0
48.6
50.6
49.5
49.5
51.1
52.4
52.4
49.4
42.3
35.1
34.8
35. 1
39.3
43.4
47.3
49. 5
51.6
52.6
53.2
51. 1
45.3
71.9
73. 5
80.0
85. 4
90. 2
90.9
85.5
85.8
82.5
79.3
66.8
59.9
50.4
54.4
58.2
62.6
62.3
60.1
57.3
55. 1
51. 2
48.7
43.3
36.9
30.2
29.6
28.7
30.0
32.3
30.0
29.1
29.7
30.5
30. 1
27.1
22.1
18.1
17.4
17.8
20.2
23.8
27.5
28.4
29.9
29.3
31.2
28.3
24.4
Average___ 83.2 59.1 36.5 34.6 78.0 44.8 21.6 20.6 84.3 67.4 49.0 44.9 79.3 53.4 29.1 24.7
Crude-petroleum producing
January_______
February______
March. ______
April___ ______
M ay___________
June________ .
July-----------------August_________
September______
October . . . . .
N ovem ber..
December______
92.7
90.8
89.3
86.8
89.8
90.2
89.9
87.7
85.0
85.2
83.6
77.4
74.8
73.2
72. 2
69.8
67.8
65.0
65.3
62.4
61. 2
60.4
57.6
58.2
54.9
54.4
51.4
54.9
54.5
54. 2
55.4
57.4
56. 2
56.8
56.5
57. 2
57.2
57.0
56.5
56.8
56.9
58.0
59.5
60.8
66.2
70.6
72. 2
75.0
94.0
88.6
91.3
86.6
85.4
87.1
88.5
86.0
84.0
82.6
80. 0
77.2
71 5
70. C
73.2
66.3
64. 7
62.7
59.2
56.3
55. 2
54.4
52. 0
54.9
46.5
46.9
43.2
44.5
47. 1
44.8
44.6
42.9
41.9
42. 5
42.4
41.7
Telephone and telegraph
39.9 101.6
41.7 100.2
42.5 99.4
40. 1 98.9
41.6 99.7
40.6 99.8
42.2 100.0
42. 5 98.8
44. 4 96.8
50. 1 94.5
50.3 93.0
53.2 91. 6
90.5
89.2
88.6
88.1
87.4
86.9
86.6
85.9
85.0
84.1
83.5
83. i
83.0
82.0
81.7
81.2
80.6
79.9
79. 1
78.1
77.4
76. 2
75.5
74.8
74.6 105.1
73.9 101.9
73.2 105.8
72.3 103. 4
70.1 103.2
69.2 103.4
68.5 106.6
68.1 102.5
68.3 102. Î
68.7 100. 9
68.9 97.9
69.4 101.3
96.3
94.8
97.9
95.0
94.1
95.0
93.3
92.3
92.1
91.6
89.7
92.7
89.1
89.6
88.2
83.4
82.8
82. 1
79.6
79.1
75.9
75.7
74.3
73.5
71.7
71.9
71.6
67.8
68.5
66.6
66.7
66.1
64.6
67.0
67.7
67.7
Average___ 87.4 65.7 55.3 62.2 85.9 61.7 44.1 44.1 97.9 86.6 79.1 70.4 102.9 93.7 81.1 68.2
Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation
and maintenance 1
Power and light
January.................
February_______
March____ _____
April___________
M ay___________
June................. .
July......... .............
A ugust..................
Septem ber.. ___
October________
November______
December______
99.6
98.8
99. 7
100. 7
103.4
104.6
105.9
106.4
105.2
104.8
103.4
103.2
99.2
97.8
96. 7
97. 1
97.6
97.2
96.7
95.9
94.7
92.7
91.3
90.3
89.3
87.2
85.5
84.8
84.0
83.2
82.3
81.5
81.0
79.9
79.1
78.4
77.7 99.7 98.6
77.4 100.4 99.7
76.9 102.1 102.4
76.9 102.6 97.6
76.9 104. 5 98.7
77.3 107.8 98.3
77.5 106.7 97.4
78.1 106.6 96.2
'80.3 106. 1 94.3
82.2 105.6 93. 2
82.6 103.7 93.3
81.8 106.3 91. 2
88.4
86.0
85.4
82.4
84. 2
80. 5
78.7
76.7
74.7
74.4
73.2
73.2
73.0
71.6
71.9
69.4
69.9
69.9
70.0
70.9
71.8
76.2
74.5
74.4
97.1
95.1
94.4
95. 2
95. 2
94.8
95.3
92.9
91.8
91.0
89.3
88.8
86.9
86.6
86.4
86.8
85.9
85.3
85.6
84.8
84.0
82.7
81.5
79.9
79.5
78.9
77.6
78.0
76.9
76. 5
75.6
74. 1
73.5
72.3
71.8
71.4
70.6
70.4
69.8
69.5
69. 1
69.3
69.4
69.5
69.7
70.6
71.0
70.8
97.8
95.7
95.4
97.1
96.0
97.0
95.6
92.1
90.5
88.9
87.7
88.6
85.6
87.1
88. 1
86.6
85.1
84.8
83.3
81.9
81.2
79.0
79.7
77.8
75.4
74.8
73.6
71.8
72.2
70.2
66.4
63.8
62.5
61.5
61.7
61.9
60.9
60.6
59.4
58.1
58.2
58.0
57.4
58.2
57.8
59.8
59.4
59.6
Average___ 103.0 95.6 83.0 78.8 104.3 96.7 79.8 72.0 93.4 84.7 75.5 70.0 93.5 83.4 68.0 58.9
1 N ot including electric-railroad-car building and repairing; see transportation equipment and railroad
repair-shop groups, manufacturing industries, table 1.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
419
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T able 3 —IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS FOR N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G
IN D U S T R IE S , JA N U A R Y TO D E C E M B E R 1930, 1931, 1932, A N D 1933—Continued
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
Employment
Pay rolls
Employment
Pay rolls
1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933
January________
February..............
M a r c h ................
April___________
M ay___________
June___________
July-----------------August_________
September______
October________
November______
December----------
100.0
98.5
97.7
97.3
96.8
96.5
96.0
95.0
94.8
94. 2
92.6
92.0
89.5
88.2
87.4
87.4
87.1
87.1
86.8
86.5
86.1
85.2
84. 1
83.7
81.8
80.9
79.8
78.9
77.9
77.0
76.6
76.4
77.1
77.8
77.6
77.0
75.3 100.0
74.1 98.3
73.1 99.7
73.3 97.9
74.0 97.4
75.7 98.6
76.9 96.0
79.7 93.6
82.1 93.6
83.5 92.9
83.4 91.0
83.3 91.3
87.5
88.4
89.1
85.2
84.7
84.1
83.3
82.1
81.4
79.9
79.7
77.8
74.1
72.5
71.3
68.9
69.7
66.2
64.7
63.2
63.1
63.9
63.3
62.6
61.7
58.6
57.1
56.0
57.4
57.3
59.1
60.8
62.3
66.0
64.1
64.5
98.9 90.0
94.4 87.1
93.9 87.8
97.3 90.1
96.7 89.9
93.9 89.1
89.0 83.9
85.6 81.8
92.0 86.6
95.5 89.8
98.4 90.9
115.1 106.2
84.3
80.5
81.4
81.6
80.9
79.4
74.6
72.6
77.8
81.3
81.7
95.2
76.9 99.7
73.4 96.0
71.4 95.5
78.6 97.5
77.0 97.3
78.3 96.8
74.6 91.7
78. 1 87.6
86.0 92.4
89.6 95.1
91.6 96.8
105.4 107.7
89.4
86.7
87.5
88.3
88.0
87.6
83.3
80.3
83.5
84.6
85.4
94.1
78.0
73.7
73.4
72.7
71.1
68.2
63.3
60.7
64.6
67. 1
66.9
73.6
62.7
58.4
55,1
60.4
59.5
60.5
58.1
62.7
69.2
72.3
72.6
80.3
Average___ 96.0 86.6 78.2 77.9 95.9 83.6 67.0 60.4 95.9 89.4 80.9 81.7 96.2 86.6 69.4 64.3
Canning and preserving
Hotels
January................
February_______
March_________
April......... ............
M ay.......................
Jun e......................
July___________
August..... ..........
September______
October................
November______
December______
100.4
102.4
102.4
100. 1
98.0
98.0
101.3
101.5
100.1
97. 5
95.2
93.5
83.2
84.3
84.0
82.7
80. 1
78.0
78.4
77.6
77.0
75.4
74.3
73.2
95.0
96.8
96.8
95.9
92.5
91.6
93.3
92.8
90.6
87.4
84.9
83. 1
73.8 100.3
73.8 103.8
72.4 104.4
71.9 100.3
71.9 98.4
73.6 98.1
75.6 99.8
77. 1 98.6
78.7 97.1
77. C 95.5
75.8 93.6
77.6 91.5
91.0
93.7
93.4
89.9
87.7
85.4
85.2
83.8
81.9
79.7
77.1
75.4
73.9
73.9
72.4
69.6
67. C
63.8
61.8
59.6
59.1
58.6
57.5
56.6
55.7 46.1 48.9 35.0 34.1 50.3 46.1
55. £ 45.7 48.3 37.1 35. 1 51.5 48.6
53.5 49.7 53.0 36.3 33.2 50.8 50.3
51.7 74.8 59.6 47. C 49.2 72.6 57.1
51.8 65.7 56.6 40.5 45.5 66.9 56. C
52.3 83.0 70.6 55.5 55.6 81.5 58.6
53. 3 126. 3 102.2 73.6 76.6 112. 7 74.2
54. 0 185. 7 142.9 99. C112.7 172. C104.7
55. 6Ì246.6 180. 1 125.3 175.6 214. 8 129.4
56. 2I164.7 108. 1 81.1 126.3 140. C 77.6
55.2 96.7 60.8 50.5 69.3 82. £ 48.1
57.6j 61. 6 40.7 33.7 49.4 57.4 36.9
31.8
32.7
31.9
37.9
36.0
40.5
47.5
65.6
75.1
51.8
34.4
25.6
24.8
25.9
24.2
33.5
31.8
36.7
46.2
68.3
127.0
87.1
50.8
39.0
Average___ 99.2 91.7 79.0 74.9 98.5 85.4 64.5 54.4103.9 80.9 59.5 71.9 96.1 65.6 42.6 49.6
Employment
B an k s, brokerage,
in s u r a n c e , a n d
real estate
Dyeing and cleaning
Laundries
Pay rolls
Employment
Pay rolls
Employ Pay rolls
ment
1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933
January___
February...
March____
April_____
M ay............
June______
J u ly ______
August.......
September.
October___
November.
December..
90.5
90.0
89. 5
90. 5
90. 3
91. 0
91.8
90. 2
89.3
88. 1
86.2
85.3
84.7
82.9
82.0
82.0
81 4
81 0
80.3
78.9
78.6
77. 5
76.2
75.9
75.4
74.4
73.0
73.4
73 5
76. 0
76.3
77.9
79. 3
78.0
75. 3
75.2
86.6
85.6
85.6
86.8
86 5
87. 1
87.4
84. 6
84. 1
81.8
78.9
77.4
76.4
73.3
71.6
71.4
70 6
68.6
66.3
63.9
62.9
61.2
59.1
58.7
57.9
55.5
52.9
54.0
54. 5
56.7
56.1
57.6
60.6
59.7
57. £
58.3
88.9
87.4
88.0
95. 7
96. 7
99.0
98.6
93.5
95.3
94. 2
90.1
84.9
82.1
80.5
80.6
83.3
84. 5
85.1
82.4
79.5
83. 3
82.3
78. 0
75.2
73.0
70.9
71.2
81.1
82.0
85.6
82.9
83.1
88.6
88.4
82.4
76.3
77.7
75.1
75.6
86.3
86.6
89.1
86.2
80.0
82.6
81.4
74.7
67.9
65.8
62.2
61.7
65.9
67.3
65.8
60.0
56.3
61.0
58.8
52.3
48.4
46.6 98.3
42.4 98.3
41.0 98.9
54.6 98.6
53.9 98.0
56.7 97.9
52.8 98.4
52.8 98.5
60.3 98.4
60. 61 98.6
55.4 98.0
50.0 98.0
97.5
96.8
96.5
96.2
96.2
97.3
97.7
98.3
99.0
99.4
99.6
99.3
93.5
93.0
92.9
92.1
92.7
90.0
89.8
88.2
87.1
86.3
85.7
85.5
85.2
84.3
83.7
82.9
83.2
84.4
84.8
84.4
84.5
84.7
86.1
87.4
Average___ 89.4 80.1 75.6 84.4 67.0 56.8 92.7 81.4 80.5 80.3 60.5 52.3 98.3 97.8 89.7 84.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
420
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
A comparison of the yearly average indexes of employment for
1932 and 1933 indicates that employment in four of the 15 nonmanu
facturing industries was higher in 1933 than in 1932. These four
industries were canning and preserving, crude-petroleum producing,
retail trade, and bituminous-coal mining. The increases in employ
ment in the canning and preserving and the crude-petroleum-produc
ing industries were pronounced, while the 1933 average indexes of
employment in retail trade and bituminous-coal mining were only
slightly above the 1932 level. Yearly indexes of pay rolls were
higher in 1933 than in 1932 in only two industries, canning and
preserving and bituminous-coal mining. The greatest decrease in
employment in the comparison of these annual averages was shown
in the anthracite-mining industry in which the 1933 average index
was 17.3 percent below the average of the year 1932. Other large
percentage declines in employment in this comparison were shown
in the telephone and telegraph (11 percent), quarrying and nonmetallic mining (8.4 percent), and electric-railroad and motor-bus operation
and maintenance (7.3 percent). Employment in 1933 in the metal
liferous mining, power and light, hotel, and laundry industries ranged
from 5.1 to 5.6 percent below the annual average of 1932. The
decreases in employment in the remaining three industries in which
the 12-month averages for 1933 were below the 1932 averages were
small. The most pronounced decrease in pay rolls in this comparison
was in the telephone and telegraph group (15.9 percent), although the
decreases in the quarrying, hotel, and laundry industries were only
slightly less.
A v era g e M a n -H o u r s W o rk ed a n d A v erage H o u r ly E a r n in g s
N THE following tables the Bureau presents a tabulation of
man-hours worked per week and average hourly earnings based on
reports supplied by identical establishments in November and Decem
ber 1933 in 15 industrial groups and 78 separate manufacturing
industries. Man-hour data for the building-construction group and
for the insurance, real estate, banking, and brokerage group are not
available, and data for several of the 89 manufacturing industries
surveyed monthly are omitted from these tables due to lack of
adequate information.
The total number of establishments supplying man-hour data in
these 15 industrial groups represents approximately 50 percent of the
establishments supplying monthly employment data.
The tabulations are based on reports supplying actual man-hours
worked and do not include nominal man-hour totals, obtained by
multiplying the total number of employees in the establishment by
the plant operating time.
I
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
421
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
Table 1 shows the average hours worked per employee per week
and average hourly earnings in 15 industrial groups and for all groups
combined. The average hours per week and average hourly earnings
for the combined total of the 15 industrial groups are weighted aver
ages, wherein the average man-hours and average hourly earnings in
each industrial group are multiplied by the total number of employees
in the group in the current month and the sum of these products
divided by the total number of employees in the combined 15 indus
trial groups. The average man-hours and hourly earnings for the
combined 89 manufacturing industries have been weighted in the
same manner as the averages for all industrial groups combined,
table 1.
In presenting information for the separate manufacturing industries
shown in table 2, data are published for only those industries in
which the available man-hour information covers 20 percent or more
of the total number of employees in the industry at the present time.
T able
1 .— A V ER A G E HOURS W O R K ED P E R W E E K P E R E M P L O Y E E A N D AVER A G E
H O U R LY E A R N IN G S IN 15 IN D U S T R IA L GROUPS, N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R
1933
Average hours per
week
Average hourly
earnings
Industrial group
Manufacturing................................. - .............- ...................................—
Coal mining:
Anthracite-----------------------------------------------------------------Bitum inous-.......... ..................................- ---------------------------Metalliferous m ining------- ------ - .........................................................
Quarrying and nonmetallic m in in g .............- ............................. —
Crude-petroleum producing...........................- .........- .........................
Public utilities:
Telephone and telegraph............... ........................... - ............ .
Power and light— ------- --------- --------- ------ ---------------------Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance.
Trade:
Wholesale...............................................- ....................... — ...........Retail.......................... .................. ....................- ----------------------H o te ls .......................... ..................... ........................- ...........................
Canning and preserving-------- ------ - ............ - ................ - ................
Laundries............. .....................- ...................................... .....................
Dyeing and cleaning---------------------------- - .........- ...........................
Average................................- ................................. .......................
November 1933
Decernber 1933
Cents
Cents
November 1933
Decernber 1933
34.4
34.2
52.3
52.6
28.1
29.7
37.8
32.5
35.1
29.8
29.9
38.8
31.3
35.1
80.8
57.8
53.0
45.7
76.5
80.1
58.9
53.0
46.1
77.3
37.5
42.4
45.5
37.4
43.0
45.3
71.9
67.1
58.5
71.5
66.9
58.8
42.2
39.7
50.5
32.0
37.7
40.5
41.9
41.9
49.8
32.7
37.9
39.2
60.0
48.7
24.3
37.3
37.5
43.1
61.1
44.4
24.9
39.3
37.9
43.6
37.1
37.7
52.3
51.2
Per capita weekly earnings, computed by multiplying the average
man-hours worked per week by the average hourly earnings, are not
identical with the per capita weekly earnings appearing elsewhere in
this trend-of-employment compilation, which are obtained by divid
ing the total weekly earnings in all establishments reporting by the
total number of employees in those establishments. As already
noted, the basic information upon which the average weekly man
hours and average hourly earnings are computed covers approximately
50 percent of the establishments reporting monthly employment data.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
422
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
2.—AVER A G E HOURS W O R K ED P E R W E EK PE R E M PL O Y EE A N D A VERAGE
HOU R LY E A R N IN G S IN SE L E C T E D M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S , N O V E M B E R
A N D D E C E M B E R 1933
T able
Average hours per
week
Average hourly
earnings
Industry
Food and kindred products:
Baking
__ ______________________________________
B everages_______________________________ __________
Confectionery__________________________ _____________
Flour
_________________ _____ _______
__ ____
Ice cream _______ _________________ _ _____________
Slaughtering and meat packing ________ _____________
Sugar, beet
- ______________________________________
Sugar refining, cane _______ _________________________
Textiles and their products:
Carpets and rugs____________________________________ Cotton goods
_________________________________
Cotton small wares__ ____ _____ _____________ _ - ____
Dyeing and finishing textiles___________________________
Knit goods - ________________________________________
Silk and rayon goods__________________________________
Woolen and worsted goods_______ _ _ _____ - _______
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery:
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets_____________________ ___
Cast-iron pipe _ _ ___- ___ ___ _________ _________ - Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge
_____________________________________
tools
Forgings, iron and steel _______________________________
Hardware ___ -- -- _______________________________
Iron and steel __ __________________________ _________
Plumbers’ supplies ___ _______ ____
__ ____ ____
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings Stoves
___________ __________ _________________
Structural and ornamental metal w o r k ___________ _____
Tin eans and other tinware.
__ __ __ ___________ ___ Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and
saws)_______________________________________________
W irework
_____________ - _____________________
Machinery, not including transportation equipment:
Agricultural implements. _ _ ___________________ _______
Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines.
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies_________ __
Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels _____ ___
Foundry a n d ma,ohine-shop products. _________________
Machine tools
_______ ____________ ________ ____
Radios and phonographs.. ____________________________
Textile machinery and parts ______________________ ___
Typewriters and supplies. _ ___________________________
Nonferrous metals and their products:
Aluminum manufactures_______________________ ______
Brass, bronze, and copper products______________________
Clocks and watches and time-recording devices. __ . . .
Jewelry ____________________________________ ______ Lighting equipment
________________________________
Silverware and plated w a r e ___ ___ ___ ______ ___ _____ Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc_________
Stamped and enameled w a r e _________________________ .
Transportation equipment:
Aircraft _ _ ____________ _________ ________________
Automobiles
________ ____ ______________ __________
Cars, electric and steam railroad. _______ ____________
Locomotives
_ __ _____ _ _ ________________________
Shipbuilding _______________________________________
Railroad repair shops:
Electric railroad________________________ - ___________
Steam railroad
. ___________________ ______________
Lumber and allied products:
Furniture
__
__ _______________________________
Lumber:
Mill work _ ____________________________________
Sawmills. _______________________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Brick, tile, and terra cotta__ ___________________ _____
Cement. ______________________________ ________ - ___
Glass
_____________ _ ______ -- - _______________
Mfirhlp granite, slate, and other products _____ _________
Pottery
_ _________ _________ ___________
Leather and its manufactures:
Leather...................................................- ............................. ...........
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Novem
ber 1933
Decem
ber 1933
Novem
ber 1933
Decem
ber 1933
40.9
37. 6
33.9
38.5
40.8
39.8
49. 7
36.0
40.8
38.2
37.1
38.1
42.1
40.2
47.9
34.7
Cents
50.5
73.1
39.5
49.7
63. 1
49.4
40.3
56.2
Cents
50.7
76.7
40.3
51.4
61.1
52.6
41.9
57.6
32.7
34. 6
35.0
35.8
36. 0
33. 7
32.9
32.0
33.5
35. 1
35.5
33.9
31.7
34.3
51.1
36.6
43.5
51.9
45.8
42.3
49.0
51.1
36.9
44.4
51.6
45.7
42.9
48.4
34.6
27.5
33.8
33.2
50.5
51.0
50.3
47.4
37.1
33.9
32. 1
28.9
8.1
31.9
35.6
33. 7
35.6
37.4
34.6
34.3
30.0
28.7
32.9
31.9
32. 6
37.2
51.0
56.1
50.8
58.3
50.0
55.5
51.5
55.1
52.0
52.4
56.7
53.3
58.5
51.4
55.7
52.5
55.3
52.0
37.4
32.3
35.1
35.2
48.8
53.6
51.2
53.2
35.5
38.8
32.8
35.4
33.2
36.4
34. 6
38. 1
38.8
35.8
39.7
31.8
37.1
33. 1
37. 1
31.6
36.9
40.7
51.8
64.8
56.6
60.6
56.2
57.9
50.0
59.6
49.5
52.5
64.6
57.5
60.9
56.8
57.7
51.2
60.0
50.2
35.3
34.7
41. 2
38.5
37.3
39.2
36.0
35.7
34.4
35.3
38.1
36.8
38.1
39.7
33.9
33.9
47.3
52.5
44.6
48.7
49.1
50.6
50.6
46.2
47.7
53.3
45.7
51.1
50.2
49.8
51.5
47.7
37. 5
30.6
34.2
32.8
29.5
38.4
30.4
33.2
32.1
31.2
65.3
65.6
57.9
60.7
67.6
63.4
64.2
58.2
59.8
65.1
43.7
37.6
44. 1
37.6
57.8
62.4
58.0
61.7
35.1
33.0
42.7
43.7
34.1
34.5
34.5
33.1
43.2
42.5
43.3
42.4
30.4
32.0
33. 1
31. 7
39.0
30.1
28.5
34.0
31.6
37.3
39. 7
52.8
52.1
59.2
44.1
40.9
54.2
52.6
61.0
45.0
37.8
38.2
50.5
-51.5
423
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
3.—A V ER A G E HOURS W O R K ED PE R W E EK PE R E M PL O Y EE A N D AVERAGE
HOURLY E A R N IN G S IN SE L EC T E D M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S , N O V E M B E R
A N D D E C E M B E R 1933— Continued
T able
Average hours per
week
Industry
Paper and printing:
Boxes, paper
__________ _______ _______________ ___
Paper and pulp
-- ________ ________________________
Printing and publishing:
Book and job ______
_ _______________________
Newspapers and periodicals ______________________
Chemicals and allied products:
Chemicals
- - _________ ___ _____ ___ _ ______
Cottonseed—oil, cake, and meal- _______________________
Druggists’ preparations
_____________________________
____________________ - ___________
Explosives
Fertilizers
_ ________________ ____ _________
Paints and varnishes___________________________ _____
Petroleum refining _ ___________________________ _____
Rayon and allied products __ _______ - _____ _________
Soap
_____________ -- - ________ _________ —
Rubber products:
Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner
tubes
____ - ________ _______ ____ ______
Rubber tires and inner tubes ___________________ _____
Tobacco manufactures:
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff_________ _______
__ ___________________ _______
Cigars and cigarettes
Average hourly
earnings
Novem
ber 1933
Decem
ber 1933
Cents
Cents
Novem
ber 1933
Decem
ber 1933
36.6
36.6
36. 4
35.3
46.9
48.1
48.2
49.7
35.8
36.5
36.6
36.9
70.3
83.0
70.8
83.0
39. 1
42.0
39. 1
33.4
32.3
37. 9
35. 3
37.6
38.5
39. 7
40.4
38. 1
33.7
33.1
38.2
35.8
37.9
37.9
59. 1
25. 1
47.4
62.2
37.3
53.7
69.0
46.8
50.9
60.0
26.1
46.9
60.6
37.1
53.9
68. 7
48.2
52.2
33.9
28.5
34.8
29.5
49.5
70.7
48.8
72.4
34.5
37.0
34.9
36.9
37.6
35. 7
38.3
36.1
E m p lo y m e n t in B u ild in g C o n s tr u c tio n in D e c e m b e r 1933
MPLOYMENT in the building-construction industry decreased
17.7
percent in December as compared with November and pay
E
rolls decreased 19.7 percent over the month interval.
The percent of change in employment and pay-roll totals in
December as compared "with November are based on returns made
by 10,840 firms engaged on public and private projects not aided by
public-works funds. These firms employed in December 67,768
workers in the various trades in the building-construction industry
whose combined weekly earnings during the pay period ending nearest
December 15 were $1,448,123. These reports cover building opera
tion in various localities in 34 States and the District of Columbia.
COM PA R ISO N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PAY ROLL IN T H E B U I L D I N G C O N
S T R U C T I O N IN D U S T R Y IN ID E N T IC A L FIR M S. N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933
Locality
N um Number on pay roll
Amount of pay roll
ber of
Percent
Percent
firms
of Change
of change
report N ov. 15 Dec. 15
Dec.
15
Nov. 15
ing
Alabama: Birmingham___________
California:
Los Angeles 1 _ _ _ _ ________
Ran Fran cisco-Oakland 1______
Other reporting localities 1_____
Colorado: Denver________________
Connecticut:
Bridgeport___________________
TTart ford
_______________
New Haven
_____________
Delaware: W ilmington___________
District of Columbia. ___________
Florida:
Jacksonville
_ ___________
M iam i................ .................. ..........
• Data supplied by cooperating State
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
72
387
246
-3 6 .4
$5, 296
$3,129
-4 0 .9
23
32
16
202
946
890
363
772
1,186
745
333
598
+25.4
-1 6 .3
- 8 .3
-2 2 .5
17, 550
21, 023
7,910
14, 079
24, 243
15, 669
7, 232
12, 379
+38.1
-2 5 .5
- 8 .6
-1 2 .1
124
257
178
111
498
580
1,199
963
853
7,357
371
827
801
592
6, 105
-3 6 .0
-3 1 .0
-1 6 .8
-3 0 .6
-1 7 .0
11,920
25, 826
22, 526
17, 374
205,800
7, 417
16, 522
16, 272
10, 505
157, 287
-3 7 .8
-3 6 .0
-2 7 .8
-3 9 .5
-2 3 .6
59
83
406
1, 007
377
846
- 7 .1
-1 6 .0
6,465
19, 519
6, 936
16,634
+ 7 .3
- 1 4 ,8
Bureaus.
424
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
C O M PA R ISO N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PAY ROLL IN T H E B U I L D I N G C O N
S T R U C T I O N IN D U S T R Y IN ID E N T IC A L F IR M S, N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R
1933—Continued
Amount of pay roll
N um Number on pay roll
ber of
Percent
Percent
firms
of change
of change
report Nov. 15 Dec. 15
N ov. 15 Dec. 15
ing
Locality
137
947
821
-1 3 .3
$13, 897
$13, 356
- 3 .9
116
67
1. 661
1, 925
1,233
1,385
-2 5 .8
-2 8 .1
49, 793
64,089
29, 903
43, 657
-3 9 .9
-3 1 .9
54
87
158
41
94
67
146
121
99
106
318
332
899
260
384
219
1,139
912
348
822
142
323
865
255
262
168
854
683
303
631
-5 5 .3
- 2 .7
- 3 .8
- 1 .9
-3 1 .8
-2 3 .3
-2 5 .0
-2 5 .1
-1 2 .9
-2 3 .2
5,177
5, 572
18,031
4,125
6,880
3, 650
20,192
15, 844
6,997
14, 297
2,412
6,198
16, 245
4,896
5,212
2,685
15,351
11, 362
6,028
10, 683
-5 3 .4
+ 11. 2
- 9 .9
+18. 7
-24. 2
-2 6 .4
-2 4 .0
—28.3
-1 3 .8
-2 5 .3
703
4, 617
4, Oil
-1 3 .1
105, 289
91, 794
-1 2 .8
484
58
106
3,580
254
429
3, 126
183
292
-1 2 .7
-2 8 .0
-3 1 .9
70.009
4, 412
6, 847
63, 678
2,860
4, 278
- 9 .0
-3 5 .2
-3 7 .5
54
223
169
299
1,490
890
210
1,081
741
-2 9 .8
-2 7 .4
-1 6 .7
4, 677
28, 350
18, 608
4, 415
20, 224
15,618
- 5 .6
-28. 7
-1 6 .1
293
598
152
1, 708
3,386
703
1, 367
2, 785
657
-2 0 .0
-1 7 .7
-6 .5
37, 083
85, 007
14,115
29, 584
74, 020
14, 378
-2 0 .2
-1 2 .9
+ 1 .9
334
253
57
5,807
5,906
332
4,655
5,327
254
-1 9 .8
- 9 .8
-2 3 .5
181,825
130, 501
5,311
137,172
118, 818
3,985
-2 4 .6
- 9 .1
—25.0
79
470
610
120
75
298
1,907
2, 276
403
294
236
1,504
2,003
394
206
-2 0 .8
-2 1 .1
-1 2 .0
- 2 .2
-2 9 .9
5, 278
42,382
53,196
7, 273
5,104
4,073
32,960
47,467
6,708
3,198
-2 2 .8
-2 2 .2
-1 0 .8
- 7 .8
-3 7 .3
94
57
184
567
238
994
434
184
716
-2 3 .5
-2 2 .7
-2 8 .0
9,595
3,776
19,452
7,867
3,139
15,179
-1 8 .0
-1 6 .9
-2 2 .0
25
419
209
48
21
285
253
494
5,118
1, 388
275
108
2,425
1,550
515
4,165
1,329
288
98
2,155
1,258
+ 4.3
-1 8 .6
- 4 .3
+ 4.7
- 9 .3
-1 1 .1
-1 8 .8
3, 310
95,930
31,746
4,235
2, 271
45, 580
33,847
3, 340
76,026
28, 482
4,969
1,957
37,013
25, 205
+■ 9
-2 0 .7
-1 0 .3
+17.3
-1 3 .8
-1 8 .8
—25. 5
38
49
81
85
191
362
455
563
126
293
398
528
-3 4 .0
-19.1
-1 2 .5
- 6 .2
2, 734
5,204
7, 674
8,010
1,751
4,068
4, 945
8,085
-3 6 .0
-2 1 .8
-3 5 .6
+ .9
183
29
174
116
86
717
173
1,367
388
278
567
106
973
370
223
-2 0 .9
-3 8 .7
-2 8 .8
- 4 .6
-1 9 .8
10, 543
2,172
25, 249
4,976
5,134
7, 668
1,568
16, 531
5,158
3,649
-2 7 . 3
-2 7 .8
-3 4 .5
+3. 7
-2 8 .9
87
136
720
921
475
651
-3 4 .0
-2 9 .3
13,013
17,075
7,451
11, 745
-4 2 .7
-3 1 . 2
157
54
81
46
57
667
306
163
208
1,219
557
231
250
90
804
-1 6 .5
-2 4 .5
+53.4
-5 6 .7
-3 4 .0
12, 378
6, 022
2,601
3,944
17, 289
10,393
4,808
3, 807
1,533
14, 543
-1 6 .0
-2 0 .2
+46.4
-6 1 .1
—15.9
----- 10, 840
82,323
67, 768
-1 7 .7 1,802,859 1,448,123
-1 9 .7
Georgia: Atlanta----- ------ - ............
Illinois:
Chicago >_ ---------------------------Other reporting localities 1------Indiana:
Evansville___________________
Fort Wayne _ ---------------------Indianapolis_________ ________
South B end--------------------------Iowa: Des Moines-----------------------Kansas: Wichita _______ ____ —
Kentucky: L ouisville,.---------------Louisiana: New Orleans_________
Maine: Portland------- ----------------Maryland: Baltimore 1 ------- -----Massachusetts: All reporting localities 1....................................................
Michigan:
Detroit _____________________
F lint___________ ____ ________
Grand Rapids................................
Minnesota:
D u lu th .., ---------------------------Minneapolis------------------- -----St. Paul_____________________
Missouri:
Kansas C ity 2---------------------- St. Louis__________ _____ ____
Nebraska: Omaha. .......................... New York:
New York City 1------ ------------Other reporting localities1------North Carolina: Charlotte-----------Ohio:
Akron-------------- -------------------Cincinnati3--------------------------Cleveland___________________
D ayton--------------------------------Y oungstown_________________
Oklahoma:
Oklahoma C ity........... ..................
Tulsa_______________ ________
Oregon: Portland------------------------Pennsylvania:4
Erie area1___________________
Philadelphia area 1--------- -------Pittsburgh area 1-------------------Reading-Lebanon area 1---------Scranton area 1. -------------------Other reporting areas 1-----------Rhode Island: P rovidence...............
Tennessee:
Chattanooga----- ------ ------------Knoxville------ ----- ----------------M em phis.. ____________ ____ Nashville___________ ________Texas:
Dallas................... .
- ..................
El Paso______________ ______ Houston...... ............ ....... ................
San Antonio ---------- -------- -----Utah: Salt Lake C ity — -------------Virginia:
N orfolk-Portsmouth.....................
Richmond............... - ......................
Washington:
Seattle............. .................................
Spokane_____________ - .............Tacoma______________ _______
West Virginia: Wheeling-------------Wisconsin: All reporting localities >.
Total, all localities-------
1 Data supplied by cooperating State Bureaus.
2 Includes both Kansas City, M o., and Kansas City, Kans.
3 Includes Covington and Newport, Ky.
* Each separate area includes from 2 to 8 counties.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TEEND OF EMPLOYMENT
425
T ren d o f E m p lo y m e n t in D e c e m b e r 1933, b y S ta te s
N THE following table are shown the fluctuations in employment
and pay-roll totals in December 1933 as compared with November
1933, in certain industrial groups by States. These tabulations have
been prepared from data secured directly from reporting establish
ments and from information supplied by cooperating State agencies.
The combined total of all groups does not include building-construc
tion data, information concerning which is published elsewhere in a
separate tabulation by city and State totals. In addition to the com
bined total of all groups, the trend of employment and pay rolls in
the manufacturing, public utility, hotel, wholesale trade, retail trade,
bituminous-coal mining, crude-petroleum producing, quanying and
nonmetallic mining, metalliferous mining, laundry, and dyeing and
cleaning groups is presented. In this State compilation, the totals of
the telephone and telegraph, power and light, and electric-railroad
operation groups have been combined and are presented as one
group—public utilities. Due to the extreme seasonal fluctuations in
the canning and preserving industry, and the fact that during certain
months the activity in this industry in a number of States is negligible,
data for this industry are not presented separately. The number of
employees and the amount of weekly pay roll in November and De
cember 1933 as reported by identical establishments in this industry
are included, however, in the combined total of all groups.
The percents of change shown in the accompanying table, unless
otherwise noted, are unweighted percentages of change; that is, the
industries included in the groups, and the groups comprising the
total of all groups, have not been weighted according to their relative
importance in the combined totals.
The State totals for the anthracite-mining industry, which is
confined entirely to the State of Pennsylvania, will be found in table
1, nonmanufacturing industries.
When the identity of any reporting company would be disclosed by
the publication of a State total for any industrial group, figures for
the group do not appear in the separate industrial-group tabulation,
but are included in the State totals for “ all groups.” Data are not
presented for any industrial group when the representation in the
State covers less than three establishments.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
426
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
COM PARISON OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN I D E N T I C A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S
IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, B Y STA TES
[Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued
by cooperating State organizations]
Total, all groups
State
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Manufacturing
N um
Amount
ber on
Per of pay roll Per
pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of
D ecem change Decem change
ber 1933
ber 1933
523 67,126
Alabama_______
Arizona.......... .........
9, 479
401
18,206
Arkansas___ _
C alifornia.......... 2 1,889 255,267
822 36, 539
Colorado______
+ 3 .0
+ 5 .4
$894,717
186,110
+ 7 .0
+ 4 .0
- .5
- .4
243,217
6,029,804
-3 .9
-.2
-.9
737,810
- .4
Connecticut......... 1,112 158, 629
Delaware____ . . .
157 10, 579
Dist. of Columbia.
619 33,968
636 29, 232
Florida__________
Georgia_________ 1,007 89,107
- 2 .6
- 1 .7
+ 6 .0
+ 5 .3
- 2 .2
3, 009,486
220, 625
735, 983
470, 903
1,183,439
+ 3 .9
+ 4 .3
- 3 .5
Idaho. _________
Illinois__________
Indiana...................
Iow a........................
Kansas__________
- 1 .9
188,106
- 4 .0
-1 .0
6,855,415
-2 . 9
+ 1 .9
2,358, 426
882, 780
232 10,122
3 1,716 331, 334
1,321 130, 369
1, 164 47,338
<1,338 70,188
-1 .2
-■ 4
- 3 .4
+ 2 .6
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
210
44
N um
ber on
Per
pay roll cent of
D ecem change
ber 1933
47,943
2, 074
176 12,681
1,091 136,831
119
15, 065
639 136, 959
49
7, 333
46
1,983
127 13,975
307 70,806
35
5, 359
+ 3.7
+ .9
Amount
of pay roll Per
(1 week) cent of
Decem change
ber 1933
$618,553
38,448
+ 7 .8
+ 2 .8
- .3
157.341
- 4 . 6 3,055,151
-■ 4
- 2 .8
292,487
- 2 .1
- 3 . 4 2,455,788
-2 .7
143, 563
- 1 .5
61,751
-8 .6
197,184
- 2 .5
826,851
- 1 .9
+ .4
+2.1
-8 .8
- 5 .1
- 2 .3
-8 .6
- 3 .1
93, 505
1,100 208,270
- 1 . 2 3,942,821
+ .6
559
395
95, 408
24, 668
- 2 . 7 1, 683, 782
- .3
453,822
- 4 .5
+ 1 .7
-1 .3
1,559,750
-1 .9
452
27,543
-2 .9
582,687
- 1 .0
Kentucky_______
866 69,946
458 35, 206
L ouisiana..._____
Maine _________
546 45, 617
829 89,063
Maryland____. . .
Massachusetts___ * 8,027 378,178
- 1 .9
- 1 .5
-.6
1,098, 207
558, 478
764, 741
194
197
175
24,466
21,913
38, 855
-1 .8
-2 .4
+ 2 .4
399, 366
296,419
625, 692
+ 8.8
- 7 .3
+3. 7
- .8
- 2 .0
1, 755, 740
7, 712,818
- 4 .4
- 2 .6
+ 2 .4
+ .8
Michigan_______ 1, 669 303, 580
M innesota.............. 1,144 71, 130
369
9, 890
Mississippi______
Missouri_____. . .
1,216 111,967
Montana________
343 11,436
+ 9 .6
- 2 .3
- 1 .8
+ .2
-.8
6, 216, 914
1,464, 292
126, 902
2, 229, 309
270,621
Nebraska________
730 24, 636
133
1,517
N evada_________
486 35,059
New Hampshire - .
New Jersey______ 1, 539 214, 963
New Mexico_____
189
4, 940
- 1 .7
- 6 .8
- 2 .7
+ 1.1
+ 8 .5
505,089 - 2 . 2
37, 567 - 3 .2
568,159 - 3 .5
4, 730, 542
+■ 2
93,147 +13.7
New York. _____ 8,203 590,871
920 137, 566
North Carolina__
338
4, 086
North D akota. .
Ohio...... ............ .
4,896 424,945
804 31,430
Oklahoma_______
+ 2 .3 13, 841,863
- 3 .2 1, 725, 369
- 3 .4
81,431
+ .3 8,142, 449
-.1
617,457
+ 1.7. 3 1,806 3.'J, 890
- 3 .9
562 131,815
- 3 .1
57
879
+ 2 .9 1,838 302,145
127 10,144
+ .5
Oregon__________
697 30, 673
Pennsylvania____ 4,661 655, 709
883 54, 626
Rhode Island____
414 59,140
South Carolina__
259
6, 232
South Dakota........
604,140
- 9 .8
- 2 .0 12, 615, 326
-5 .9
998, 053
732, 680
- 1 .7
-.2
151, 424
- 7 .4
- 1 .5
-5 . 1
-3 2
+ 2 .0
727
Tennessee_______
785
Texas........ ... . . ._
327
U ta h ................
378
Vermont________
V ir g in ia ..______ 1,259
-.7
+ . 4- 4 .4
- 1 .7
-.9
983, 642
1,069, 673
- . 1
+ 1 .8
312, 582
179. 049
1, 459, 656
-(« )
-2 . 1
-.4
76
110
391
29,045
45,062
65,160
51 501,
15,511
9, 966
89,094
Washington_____ 1,137 57, 607
869 117,868
West Virginia____
Wisconsin_______ » 1,043 U S, 612
192
6,192
W y o m in g .............
-
- 1 .9
+9. 2
+ .2
-7 . 5
+ 2 .4
_(6)
458 61.347
1,137 188,018
5 - 4 . 8 1,161,438
- 5 . 2 3,437,588
-5 .2
686 257,361
+ 9 .7 5,110,448
+ 1 0 .2
290
71
509
54
31, 241
6,194
57, 679
3,907
- 5 .3
625,564
70, 237
- 5 .7
- 2 .5 1,055, 536
-.8
79,268
-.6
-1 4 .3
+ 1.3
+ .7
116
20
182
12,165
248
30, 436
- 5 .9
-7 . 1
- 3 .5
7 691 194,283
24
657
155
17, 835
1,754 377,833
- 4 .2
-.8
- 4 .4
1.0 4,079, 719
- 1 .3
- 7 .9
10, 585
-1 4 .6
-1 .8
7, 804,088
-1 .0
-4 . 1
-
- 3 .5 1, 632, 719
-8 . 6
17, 545
- 1 .1 5,571, 784
- 2 .4
180, 052
- 7 .6
+ 2.2
- 1 .9
316,410
- 9 .7
- 3 . 0 6,559,171
— 2.7
-8 . 7
-2 .4
-.8
- 8 .2
-4 .0
+ 6.1
- 9 .3
252
174
44
41,377
54, 505
2,168
252
46, 451
- 2 .9
666, 431
378
S3,598
- .8
633,544
+ 1 .7
6, 235
5, 240
61,818
- 7 .7
-1 .2
- .8
115, 631
92,187
952, 271
-2 .8
+ 1.7
- .4
+ 2.1
531,991
827, 394
-. 5
« - 2.3 1,982,815
-1 5 .0
38,216
i-4 -0
+ .4
1,139, 799
1. 1
- .8
2 , 133,488
2,571,242
-.8
- 4 .5
246
177
-1 .5
775 117.616
151, 621
+ 2 .3
- 3 .9
248, 960
6,047
469, 733
« - 2 .5
25
1,525
691, 538
665,131
45,356
- 2 .3
- .8
-2 .9
-1 5 .0
1 Includes automobile dealers and garages, and sand, gravel, and building construction.
2 Includes banks, insurance, and office employment.
3 Includes building and contracting.
i Includes construction, municipal, agricultural, and office employment, amusement and recreation,
professional, and transportation services.
5 Weighted percent of change.
6 Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
7 Includes laundries.
* Includes laundering and cleaning.
8Includes construction but does not include hotels and restaurants, and public works.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
427
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
COM PARISON OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN IDENTICAL E ST A B L ISH M E N T S
O U M rA K b i n N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, B Y ST A T ES—Continued
fFigures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued
^
by cooperating State organizations]
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
State
A labam aArizona--.
Arkansas—
CaliforniaColorado—
Connecticut...........
Delaware_______
Dist. of Columbia.
Florida_________
Georgia------ -------
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Amount
N um
Per of pay roll Per
ber on
cay roll cent of (1 week) cent of
Decem change Decem change
ber 1933
ber 1933
14
24
594
220
21
105
BJfl
5,802
28
'936
56
7
29
69
34
67
181
2,735
2,161
+16.8
+18.1
$43,991
32, 259
+11.8
+ 3.8
- .9
- .2
1,702
30, 44I
+ 2 2 .0
19,411
591,713
—3. 6
+ 16.8
25,837
- 2 .3
278
4,887
+12.4
89,319
29,620
2,331
12,471
22,568
16,211
+ 1 .4
+ 1 .7
+ 1 .0
+ .6
-.5
120
33
415
100
367
5,875
722
14,724
2, 758
5, 533
+10.8
+16.3
+12.9
+21.6
+ 8 .2
110,316
13,458
277,891
47,929
83,999
$16,872 +12.6
- .9
5, 548
- 2 .5
-.3
14,099
161,342
+ 1 .8
+ 2 .7
+ 1 .0
- 3 .0
- 2 .9
1, Oil
115
423
990
638
Amount
N um
Per i>f pay roll Per
ber on
(1 wreek) cent of
cent
of
pay roll
Decem change Decem change
ber 1933
ber 1933
119
117
+ 2 .9
+ 5 .8
- 2 .4
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
- 3 .1
14,759
+ 7.4
f?
+ 6.3
+ 9.8
+ /. 4
+18.1
+ 2.8
+ (6)
10
133
- 4 .3
3,396
-.1
67
927
47
2, S18
- 6 .4
55,778
- 4 .5
150
28,064
78
38
l' 736
1,132
-3 .0
-.4
39,991
27,713
- 1 .9
+ 1 .4
190
122
8,467
3,896
82
2,101
- 1 .5
48,866
- .4
456
7,058
474
666
452
+ 9 .2
+ .5
+ .2
9,964
15,404
10, 661
+ 5 .3
+ 2 .2
+ 1 .8
72
23
64
4,149
3,688
1,162
711
766
15,317
- .3
- 1 .5
17,026
394,607
+ 2 .6
-.8
38
4,166
8,838
74, 992
144,109
+ 20.4
+ 10.2 1,405,178
+ 16.6
+ 7.1
Michigan—.
M innesota..
MississippiMissouri__
Montana— ,
66
78
4
61
14
2,993
5’ 255
126
4,892
'244
+12.6
- .3
+10.5
-.5
+ .8
73,406 +13.3
-.2
134,518
2,386 + 7 .7
125, 285
7,323 + 3 .0
156
283
46
138
69
16,451
10,012
595
12,619
1,053
+25.0
+ 2 .0
+24.2
+12.9
+ 9.5
295,355
158, 336
5,729
228,999
19,133
+18.3
+2. 4
+ 9.8
+11.1
+ 4.3
Nebraska----------Nevada.............
New HampshireNew Jersey-------N ew Mexico------
35
8
16
24
6
1,068
113
168
651
79
+ 4 .6
- 1 .7
(10)
-.8
- 9 .2
26, 572
3,426
4,377
17,996
2,938
+ .9
+ .7
+ 1.1
+ .1
- 2 .1
192
40
70
417
49
2,360
261
1,124
11,193
249
+11.4
+ 4 .0
+14.2
+23.4
+ .4
40,483
5, 756
14, 712
224,755
5,975
+ 3.8
+5. 4
+ 5.1
+16.3
+ .7
New York------North CarolinaNorth Dakota. .
Ohio__________
Oklahoma--------
441
16
15
241
53
13,910
189
248
5,553
1 , 014
+ .4
- 2 .1
- 1 .2
+ .2
-.4
422, 554
4,034
6,538
135, 729
22,125
+ 2.1
- 1 .9
+2.1
-.5
+ 2 .7
+20.9 2,044,653
+10.4
14,000
4,899
+ 8 .0
791,080
+16.5
55, 585
+ 7.6
+13.7
- 4 .2
+ 7.3
+12.8
+ 1.3
O regon........... .
Pennsylvania...
Rhode Islan d...
South CarolinaSouth D akota...
51
125
42
14
9
1,377
3| 606
1,101
’ 205
115
-.1
+ .1
+ 1 .6
- 2 .4
- 2 .5
35,418
94,851
26, 575
4,846
2,916
+ 1 .7
2,454
37,102
6,153
1,653
162
+ 5 .2
+15.1
+ 9.3
+21.5
+ 5.9
46,339
697,049
110, 291
16,487
2,587
+. 4
+13.3
+ 3.6
+10.2
+ 1.3
+23.5
72,879
+19.1
Idaho—.
Illinois -Indiana.
low a___
Kansas..
Kentucky_______
Louisiana_______
M aine....................
M aryland......... —
M assachusetts...
TennesseeTexas........
Utah_____
V erm ontVirginia—
Washington—.
West VirginiaWisconsin___
Wyoming------
23
24
19
34
+ 2.7
-.6
- .3
4,095 103,867
776
157
349
13
1,510 44, 617
3,142
157
178
372
475
115
15
37
863
- 2 .7
17,850
-.4
58
4,845
1U
8,249
+ 1.1
78,642
+ .7
76
7,414
ii
5
41
108
27
46
8
541,641
+ 6 .1
142, 013
63, 592
+11.5
+7.1
+ 9.1
117,836
+ 2 .7
+12.9
+ 2.3
+ 7.7
65,786
56,712
20,425
+ 6.3
+ 7.9
+7. 5
+ 7 .6
123,429
575
547
6,052
+ 8.3
+20.2
+15.0
12,494
8,314
106,035
+4.1
+18.4
+ 8.4
+ 4 -7
500
117
1,150
- 1 .2
+ 1 .7
- 4 .2
12,423
2, 709
25,328
+ .4
+ .4
- 3 .5
71
39
476
2,333
610
+. 5
+ 2 .2
60,221
15,986
+ .6
+ 3.5
389
52
8, 612
1,174
+28.9
+23.8
142,598
17,882
+13.8
+12.1
2,225
-1 .2
46,907
- 1 .8
51
13,173
+ 18.8
174,286
+ 1 3 .8
44
271
+ 4 .2
5,825
61
« Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
io No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+ 1.1
+ 6 .5
+16.4
+11.6
(10)
1,717
-.6
-
1. 0
428
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
COM PA R ISO N OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN I D E N T I C A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S
IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, B Y ST A T ES—Continued
[Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued
by cooperating State organizations]
Metalliferous mining
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining
State
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
N um
Amount
N um
Per of pay roll Per ber of
ber on
pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of estab
D ecem change Decem change lish
ments
ber 1933
ber 1933
Alabama:________
Arizona_________
Arkansas________
C alifornia______
Colorado________
20
3
9
37
5
798
51
239
1,032
30
- 7 .4
+27.5
+46.6
- 7 .8
-3 1 .8
Connecticut_____
Delaware________
26
3
257
60
-2 5 .9
-1 7 .8
Florida__________
Georgia____ _____
18
23
952
1,142
+ 7 .7
- 3 .0
Idaho
Illinois....................
Indiana_______ Iowa...... .............. ...
Kansas....................
23
71
33
633
1,324
390
-1 0 .1
-1 6 .6
-1 8 .1
$9, 492
530
3, 061
16,554
319
+11.9
+ 2 .5
+72.9
-2 3 .7
-5 1 .4
N um
Amount
Per of pay roll Per
ber on
pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of
D ecem change Decem change
ber 1933
ber 1933
- 7 .1
-.7
$22, 382
54, 738
9
21
1,630
2,294
35
2,996
-.6
14
1,044
- 2 .3
27,583
+ 3.4
9
2,144
-.7
49,535
+ 1.7
14
1,155
+ 6 .1
23,429
- 2 .0
39
32
4,187
1,467
+ 5.4
+ 2 .2
61,344
25,104
+ 9.1
- 2 .2
15
16
1,725
2, 378
(10)
- 4 .7
22,844
68,483
- 3 .2
+ 1 .3
14
361
-1 4 .5
8, 740
-1 1 .8
3
5
17
924
+21.4
- 2 .9
339
17,834
+ 1 .2
+ 5.7
+ 2.6
25,734
+ 5 .5
72,743
+ ( 8)
+ 6 .6
- .1
3,887 -3 1 .0
810 -3 7 .9
11,250
11,137
+ 7 .4
- 6 .3
10,096 -1 6 . 2
19,393 -1 7 .5
5,193 -2 0 .2
26
1,184
- 6 .4
31,864
- 1 .2
Kentucky_______
Louisiana_______
M a in e.. . . . ___
M arylan d ______
Massachusetts___
38
7
9
945
603
422
-1 0 .0
- 4 .7
+ 3 .4
10,392
9,113
6,383
- 8 .0
- .9
- 3 .8
u
212
- 2 7 .2
22
337
-2 2 .9
6,505 -2 7 .1
Michigan________
M innesota_______
Mississippi______
Missouri________
Montana_____ . .
47
27
11
52
9
1,039
321
219
1,261
44
-2 5 .0
-1 5 .5
+ 2 .8
- 5 .8
-2 1 .4
14,988 -3 3 .1
4,944 -1 6 .9
2,521 + 9 .9
17, 214 - 7 .8
647 -1 5 .1
Nebraska________
Nevada
New Hampshire. .
N ew Jersey______
New Mexieo
10
136
-5 0 .7
1,879 -5 1 .9
11
39
135
583
-1 7 .7
-1 8 .8
2, 531 -2 9 .2
9,820 -2 6 .6
N ew Y o rk .______
North Carolina__
80
14
1,815
385
-1 7 .6
-1 2 .5
36,128
4, 709
Ohio. __________
Oklahoma______
131
14
2,971
206
-1 6 .0
-2 3 .1
41,821 -1 4 .5
1,574 -3 0 .2
32
1,552
Oregon_________
Pennsylvania____
Rhode Island
South Carolina___
South Dakota____
5
158
62
4,716
-1 8 .4
-1 0 .3
1,116 - 1 .2
58,611 -1 9 .0
7
83
4
4
64
34
- 3 .0
-1 9 .0
435 -2 4 .9
524 -2 5 .5
2,510 - 3 5 .6
- 3 .1
- 2 .2
N o r t h D a k o ta
Tennessee_______
Texas.......................
U tah____________
Vermont________
Virginia..................
Washington_____
West Virginia____
Wisconsin_______
W yoming
22
1,254
-.8
21
699
+ 33.7
7
38
30
162
2,050
1,100
-1 5 .2
- 7 .6
-1 4 .3
14
20
169
785
■ 1U
-3 6 .5
- 8 .2
3,109 -3 4 .7
9, 322 -1 7 .7
- 2 7 .3
2,194 - 1 8 .9
U
6 Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
10 No change.
“ N ot available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16, 634
2,541
+• 4
36,306 -1 2 .7
9,171 -2 0 .1
1,677
+ 1 .7
4
311
- .3
5,820
- 5 .0
12
2,035
+ 1 .9
41,349
+ 3 .1
231
+ 12.7
6,038
+ 1 5 .8
+ 1.1
12,195 + 41.4
(10)
<“)
429
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
C O M PA R ISO N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN I D E N T I C A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S
IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, B Y ST A TES—Continued
[Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued
by cooperating State organizations]
Crude-petroleum producing
Bituminous-coal mining
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
State
Amount
N um
Per of pay roll Per
ber on
aay roll cent of (1 week) cent of
Oecem- change Decem change
ber 1933
aer 1933
08
A labam a................
Arkansas
_____
99
3
- 8 0 .7
(10)
Colui ado. - -- - - - - - -
$110 460
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Amount
N um
Per Df pay roll Per
ber on
Day roll cent of (1 week) cent of
Decem- change Decem change
ber 1933
oer 1933
+ 5 .1
3, BIS - 2 8 .3
8
36
461
7,886
+ 1 .3
+ .4
$10, 540
234, 359
—L 8
+ 2.4
+ 8 .3
-1 2 .1
95 551
+ .4
9
4
226
24
+ 10.2
-1 4 .3
4,651
348
T'lict r\f
Ivlol/«
UI Pnlnmhifl
V_UlUHIIJlcl1
Illinois__________
Indiana_________
Iowa------------r- —
Kansas
_______
7,428
+ 8 .2
142,732
51
5,918
o 06Q
-1-3.0
- 3 .7
128, 498
37,062
+ 6.7
+ 5 .6
+ 3 .0
27
7,431
-1 .8
26,980
-1 .8
26
1,637
+ 6 .2
36,808
+ 3.3
5
8
242
232
+ 5.7
+ 3 .6
3,387
5, 681
+10.9
+6. 6
+ 2 .8
-6 .2
3
28
+ 3.7
456
-4 .8
34,979 +52.2
4
35
(10)
891
- 1 .9
5
218
+ 10.1
4, 583
- 8 .7
32
28,907
- 4 .7
396,677 -1 8 .2
Maryland-----------
1 Kft
+ ñ
9.R 1,33 + 22.2
M ichigan------------
884
-j-Q n
18,854 +21.5
25,100
20,323
Kentucky _____
152
Missouri________
M ontana________
10
1 7Q1
773
+2 9
-.4
New Mexico_____
14
1,838
+36.8
North Dakota___
Ohio ___________
O klahom a______
78
19
12, 353
804
-1 5 .6
- 6 .7
-1 1 .3
Pennsylvania____
456
71,627
+ 7 .7
Tennessee_______
Texas___________
TJU h—- -- ------ ---
21
5
15
2 445
352
? 238
Virginia---- --------
38
W ashington------West Virginia___
11
366
Wyoming
__
31
9,857 -1 2 .9
229, 319 - 4 .4
13,238 -1 5 .0
6
62
59
5,986
-1 1 .9
+ 2 .1
768
144,699
+ .3
+ 4.7
1, 276,022 +11.8
19
807
-.4
17,319
- 7 .8
42
9,770
+ 8 .5
280,549
+11.4
15
-i. i
_}-5 Q
21 820
5, 696
52 766
—. 5
- 4 .6
+ 7 .8
8 405
5 4
145 202
—3.1
61,864
4- «
-2 .0
22 708
1,073! 693
+ 4.1
- 6 .8
8
410
- 5 .3
8,538
+1-1
82,996 +14.2
7
177
- 1 .1
4, 761
- 1 .9
3,316
i° No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+ .3
430
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
C O M PARISON OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN ID E N T IC A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S
IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, B Y ST A TES—Continued
[Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued
by cooperating State organizations]
Hotels
Public utilities
State
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
N um
N um
Amount
ber on
Per of pay roll Per ber of
pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of estab
D ecem change Decem change lish
ber 1933
ber 1933
ments
89
68
1,769
1,558
+ 1 .0
+ 6 .4
$36, 820
36, 030
- 0 .4
+ 2 .4
25
19
57
46
1,873
42, 784
-1 .2
+ .6
85,685
1,179,136
-8 .4
192
5,286
+ .5
131,615
+(»)
+ .6
16
167
51
135
28
21
184
186
9,639
1,116
8,666
4,464
6,519
+ 1 .0
-.7
+ 1 .3
292, 511
31, 307
231,475
112,564
179,161
+ .5
-. 1
+ .9
+ 2 .9
-.5
25
6
44
71
22
Idaho__________ _
56
Illinois........ ............
82
Indiana_________
135
Iowa____________
431
Kansas__________ is m
773
+ .9
15,174
+ 1 .7
70, 641
- .9
1,901,346
- 2 .8
9, lie
10,316
-2 .7
+ 9 .1
217, 703
221,912
- .9
+ 5 .8
20
12 44
74
56
7,490
- .3
172,172
- .9
Alabama ______
Arizona________
A rkansas............. .
California___ ____
Colorado. ______
Connecticut____
Delaware__ _ . .
D ist. of Columbia.
Florida. _______
Georgia_________
-.2
N um
Amount
ber on
Per of pay roll Per
pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of
D ecem change Decem change
ber 1933
ber 1933
+ 8 .2
+ 6.1
$10,625
6, 724
+ 9 .8
+ 8 .5
8,896
+ 3 .3
+ .7
5,684
129,890
+ 7 .0
- .6
1,259
+ 1 .9
17,088
+ .5
1,030
261
4,199
1,856
898
+ 1 .4
+ 2 .4
+ 4 .2
+27.0
+12.1
12, 683
3,615
62,070
20, 206
7,059
+ 2 .2
+ 5 .3
+ 7 .8
+42.9
+17.1
1,271
455
6.95
343
-1 .2
4,022
+ 1 .3
8,893
- 5 .2
131, 698
- 1 .7
2, 778
2,196
-3 .0
-1 .8
28,030
20, 314
-.6
- 2 .4
31
696
+ 1 .6
7,418
+ 7 .3
- .8
Kentucky_______
Louisiana................
M aine.....................
Maryland_______
Massachusetts___
289
148
168
6,139
5,487
2,692
-.8
+ (8)
+ 1 .5
139,751
137,195
70,401
- .8
+ 2 .2
+ 1.5
34
21
22
1,938
1,655
701
-1 2 .2
19,893
17,433
8,727
98
131
12, 4 0 1
45,199
-1 .9
- .5
845,248
1,272,862
+ 1 .5
+ 1-4
25
81
1,849
5,061
+ 4-1
+ 4-5
15,701
69,761
M ichigan________
M innesota_______
M ississippi______
Missouri. ______
M ontana................
414
232
190
179
100
22, 717
12,491
1,760
19, 239
1,968
+ (6)
- 1 .1
+ 5 .0
- .1
-.7
663,944
313,027
35, 574
502, 393
55,987
- 2 .1
+ 2 .0
+ .5
-2 .0
93
73
17
85
28
4,618
3,228
395
4,412
433
+ 3.1
-1 .2
-4 .6
+3. 5
+L2
55,043
36,926
2, 725
52,761
5,704
+ 9 .4
- 1 .3
- 3 .2
+ 4.1
+ .1
Nebraska________
N ev a d a ._________
N ew H am pshire..
N ew Jersey______
N ew M exico_____
299
38
140
265
53
5, 593
386
2,269
21, 388
565
-.2
- 8 .3
+ 1 .9
+ 1.1
- 2 .1
138, 847
10, 763
59,350
595,420
11,606
-.7
- 2 .1
+ 2 .5
+ .6
-.5
40
8
10
54
14
1,800
82
169
2,988
315
+19.9
-5 .7
- 6 .1
+ 7 .7
-2 .5
16,435
1,456
2,134
34,663
3,221
+12.3
- 6 .8
-.2
+ 9 .2
- 1 .3
N ew York_______
North Carolina__
North D akota___
Ohio____________
Oklahoma_______
857
92
171
481
242
98, 620
1,694
1,221
33, 521
5,854
+ .4
+ .3
-.5
+ .3
+ .1
3,015, 387
35,240
29,052
886,897
132, 290
+ .1
-1 .2
+ (6)
+ 2 .4
+ .3
240
33
22
140
49
30,895
1,284
398
8,898
1,147
+ 3 .0
+15.4
+ 3 .9
+ 2 .9
+ .6
486,977
10,474
3, 634
109, 530
11,742
+ 6 .0
+15.6
-.7
-(» )
+ 1 .2
+ 4 .5
-2 .3
136, 411
-.6
+• 4
+ 3 .5
+ 4 .1
- 1 .4
58
158
11
16
18
1,144
9,102
145
412
298
-2 .2
+ 1 .3
+ 6 .6
—. 5
+ 3.1
14,263
115,323
1,761
3,442
3,623
+ 3 .8
+10.8
+ 8 .5
+ 3 .7
+ .7
17,749
36,283
4,810
4,933
18,636
+ 2 .0
- 7 .3
- 4 .9
Oregon__________
Pennsylvania____
Rhode I s la n d ___
South C arolina.. _
South Dakota____
183
5, 495
597
48, 560
42
70
129
3, 339
1,671
1,023
1,195,878
97,905
34,178
24,808
Tennessee...............
Texas.......................
Utah____________
Vermont.................
Virginia_________
245
4,513
+ .4
36
2,096
126
5,664
- 8 .9
160,269
- .6
1,840
1,112
5,910
38
2,899
- .9
69
122
179
-3 .5
+ .3
+ .3
37,132
26,103
140,675
- 3 .4
- 3 .2
-.4
11
24
29
393
510
1,751
+ 2.1
-6 .6
-7 .8
Washington_____
West Virginia___
W isconsin_______
Wyoming_______
196
117
» 41
48
80
36
i ¡43
7
2,495
1,100
+ 1 .9
+ 2.1
1,260
' 102
—.2
100,408
9, 651
5,508
- .1
+ .9
259,359
142, 090
+ .8
+ 1 .5
10,550
- .8
294, 815
- 1 .8
'453
+ .2
10,444
+ ( 6)
6 Less than one tenth of 1 percent,
u N ot available.
12 Includes restaurants,
is Includes steam railroads,
ii Includes railways and express.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+• 7
-4 .7
28,967
11, 680
(11)
1,382
+10.0
+ 2 .7
-6 .0
+• 9
+ 5 .3
+ 6 .2
-1 .3
+ 3 .5
- 3 .2
+ 2 .8
+ 2 .8
-2 .2
431
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
COM PARISON OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN ID E N T IC A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S
IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, B Y ST A T ES—Continued
[Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by
cooperating State organizations!
Laundries
State
Alabam a................
Arizona_________
Arkansas________
California_______
Colorado________
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Dyeing and cleaning
N um
Amount
N um
ber on
Per of pay roll Per ber of
pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of estab
D ecem change Decem change lish
ber 1933
ber 1933
ments
N um
Per
ber on
pay roll cent of
D ecem change
ber 1933
Amount
of pay roll Per
(1 week) cent of
Decem change
ber 1933
18
11
1,027
422
- 1 .2
+ 2 .4
$9,143
5, 743
+ 0 .4
+ 3.3
4
98
-1 5 .5
$1,075
- 5 .9
12
is 70
+ 1 .3
-1 .9
3,141 + 11.7
96,960 - 1 . 6
3
36
-1 4 .3
416
-1 1 .1
_(6)
10
140
- 4 .1
2,403
- 2 .6
-.1
26, 352
+ .6
4,008
39, 813
9,292 +13.7
23,898 + 2.3
7
185
-1 0 .2
3, 531
-1 4 .3
5
12
3
• 113
123
87
- 2 .6
+ 1.7
+ 1.2
2,040
2,017
1,018
- 4 .6
+10.2
+ 2.8
10
6
173
221
-1 2 .2
- 1 .3
2,725
3,634
-1 3 .6
- 3 .9
29
320
5,365
1 , 176
Connecticut..........
Delaware________
Dist. of Columbia.
Florida........... .......
Georgia_________
44
3
18
21
29
1,663
232
2,517
970
2,282
- 1 .5
- .9
- .5
+ 6 .8
- 1 .6
Idaho.......... ............
Illinois__________
Indiana_________
Iowa_________ _
Kansas__________
16
U 26
46
31
15 38
Kentucky_______
Louisiana_______
Maine__________
Maryland_______
Massachusetts___
- .8
15; 413
293
+ 1 .7
4,385
1,515
- 1 .6
21, 093
- .8
1,919
1,086
- 1 .7
- 1 .1
25,041
14, 614
- 1 .4
-.3
904
- 2 .0
11,847
+ 2 .6
31
6
27
1,502
377
566
+ .5
- 1 .3
- 2 .2
18, 609
3,827
8,051
+ 3 .3
-.2
-.5
4
4
153
75
+ 2.7
- 1 .3
2,281
833
+ 7 .6
- 1 .8
23
m
1,779
3,797
+ 1 .6
- 1 .2
26, 603
61, 429
- 1 .7
10
80
160
1,793
- 1 1 .6
- 9 .6
2, 676
27,392
- 1 1 .7
- 2 1 .3
Michigan________
Minnesota_______
Mississippi______
Missouri ______
Montana________
58
38
11
50
14
2,458
1,509
325
2,939
325
- .8
-.3
-1 2 .9
+23.9
+ .3
+ .6
32, 885
22,339
2,925 -1 1 .2
39, 603 +22.4
+ .6
5,459
15
13
491
401
- 5 .9
-7 .8
9, 136
6, 598
- 6 .9
- 6 .3
13
3
450
20
(.0)
7,417
432
- 2 .4
- 2 .7
Nebraska________
Nevada_________
New H ampshire..
New Jersey______
New Mexico_____
13
3
16
41
4
720
37
268
4,543
189
- 5 .4
+ 2.8
- 1 .5
- .9
- .5
9, 325
616
3,926
82,466
2, 760
- 7 .5
-.2
- 1 .5
- 6
+. 4
4
99
+ 1 .0
1,723
- 3 .1
8
209
-1 1 .1
4,815
-1 3 .9
New Y ork........... .
North Carolina__
North Dakota___
Ohio____________
Oklahoma....... .......
68
14
11
74
17
6,704
762
207
3,799
790
- 1 .4
-2 . 1
- 1 .7
- 1 .8
- 5 .5
+ 2 .7
+ ( 6)
16
406
- 9 .8
7, 323
-1 4 .4
- .7
- 1 .4
116, 631
8,125
2,953
57, 666
9, 685
38
8
1,459
168
- 3 .2
-5 . 1
25,227
2,360
- 3 .8
- 3 .6
Oregon____ ____ _
Pennsylvania____
Rhode Island____
South Carolina__
South Dakota.. . .
8
39
23
8
7
303
2,749
1,159
336
179
- 1 .9
- 1 .6
- 2 .4
- 1 .5
-3 . 2
4,392
41, 785
18, 753
3, 391
2, 272
+ .5
- .8
- 4 .8
+ 3.0
- 6 .2
3
18
5
42
865
271
- 8 .7
- 3 .7
-1 3 .7
781
14,169
4,463
- 6 .0
- 8 .6
-2 1 .8
Tennessee_______
T exas.....................
Utah____________
Vermont______
Virginia_________
13
21
11
9
17
1,178
983
644
141
989
- 1 .4
-.2
+ 1.9
+ .7
-4 .2
11,057
10,138
9,294
1, 695
10,925
+ 1 .3
+ 3 .0
- 3 .7
- 4 .3
4
13
7
51
419
97
- 1 .9
- 5 .4
-1 1 .8
621
6,929
1,558
- 3 .9
+ .3
-1 5 .6
18
265
-1 0 .8
3,713
- 8 .5
Washington_____
West Virginia____
W isconsin___
Wyoming_____
11
16
389
551
- 1 .0
+ 2.0
6,456
6,814
7
7
52
203
-7 .1
- 2 .9
831
2,689
- 8 .5
- 2 .4
16 28
922
- 1 .8
12,023
7
142
+ 4 .4
2,288
-
1.0
+ .5
-(•)
-
1. 1
-.6
+ 2 .2
+. 1
+ 5 .5
1
6 Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
10 No change.
>5 Includes dyeing and cleaning.
33773°—3<
-13
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
432
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
C OM PARISON OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PAY ROLLS IN I D E N T I C A L E ST A BL ISH M EN T S
IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933, BY ST A T E S-C ontinued
[Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued
by cooperating State organizations]
Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate
State
Number Number
of estab on pay roll
lish
December
1933
ments
Percent
of
change
Amount of
pay roll (1
week) D e
cember 1933
470
194
243
23,127
1,002
+ 0 .4
(10)
+ 1.7
- .5
+ .8
$13, 641
5,210
5,796
755, 456
35,328
+ 2.4
+ 1.6
+ .2
-.5
- 2 .6
+ .8
-.2
- .3
74,569
19, 308
48,472
18, 573
33,466
+ 6.8
-.3
+ 1.9
+ 7 .9
+ 3 .0
+ 1 .4
+ 1 .6
- 8 .5
Percent
of
change
Alabama___________________ ______________
Arizona_____________________ _____ _________
A rkansas...................... ............................ ........ . .
California_________________________________
Colorado______________ ___________________
17
27
19
1,138
29
Connecticut_____________________________ .
Delaware.. ------------------------------------ ---------District of Columbia_______ _____ __________
Florida_____________________ _______ _______
Georgia___________________ __________ _____
59
15
41
18
29
Idaho_____ ______________________________
Illinois____________________________________
Indiana....... ........................... .............................. .
Iowa______________________________________
Kansas____________________________________
15
94
44
17
136
10,735
1,573
972
+ 2.3
- 1 .0
-1 0 .9
- 1 .1
3, 269
381,887
50,138
31, 290
32
801
- .1
25,238
+ 1 .2
21
10
16
24
836
385
256
855
-.1
+ 1 .6
+ 1 .2
-.2
(10)
30,158
14, 653
6, 562
31,980
216,428
+ 2 .6
+ 7 .0
- .3
+ 2.2
+ .6
139,885
132, 444
4,175
148,048
6,961
+4. 4
+ 3.1
+ .2
+ 6.5
+ 1 .2
1,999
561
1,343
574
1,121 .
0°)
Kentucky_________________________________
Louisiana___ ____ _______________________ .
Maine____________________________________
M aryland.. . . --------------------------------------Massachusetts........................................... ............ .
18 273
7,328
Michigan__________________________________
Minnesota----- -----------------------------------------M ississippi________________________________
Missouri_________________________ _______
M ontana____________________ ____ _________
94
56
16
85
21
4, 367
4, 766
189
4,744
244
Nebraska__________________________________
Nevada___ ______________________________
New Hampshire----------------------------------------New Jersey---- ---------------- . ---------------------New Mexico------------ ------ ---------------------------
18
537
-.6
18, 714
+ 2 .4
39
126
15
460
12, 691
81
-.9
+• 5
+ 3.8
10,996
363, 095
2,340
- .4
+ •1
+ 2.4
New York___ . . . . . . ------------- ----------- . . .
North Carolina-------------------------- --------- -----North Dakota______ _______ _______________
Ohio______________________________________
Oklahoma____________________ ____ ________
726
29
38
295
24
53,209
611
273
8,075
623
-.2
+ 1 .5
-.7
- .2
+ 2 .0
1, 884, 034
15,560
6,546
273,992
18, 373
+ 1.2
+ 1.7
- .3
+ 3.7
+ 3.0
Oregon------------------ ------ ---------------------------Pennsylvania------- ---------------------- ------------Rhode Island------------ ------------------------------South C arolina..__________________________
South Dakota____________________________
+ 1.1
+ 2.8
(10)
(10)
25
1,191
+ .9
39, 446
+13.6
578
18,387
- .1
692, 705
+ 1 .6
31
11
31
1,063
118
239
- .4
+ 5 .4
+ 1.3
46, 479
3,252
5,950
+ 3.6
- 2 .8
+ .3
Tennessee_________________________________
Texas___________________________ ____ _____
U tah_____________________________________
V e rm o n t-------------------------------------------------Virginia------ --------- -------------------------------------
34
30
14
28
32
1,152
1,525
463
226
1,362
+ .2
+ .1
(10)
+ .1
42,347
43,129
17,255
6, 442
44,622
+ 6.4
-K 1
+ 7.0
- .4
+ 2 .0
Washington________________________ _____ _
West Virginia___________________ ____ _____
Wisconsin_________________________________
W yoming_________________________________
38
43
17
11
1,383
601
918
88
- .4
+ .2
+ .2
- 3 .3
43,841
17, 400
31,690
2,693
+ 2.8
-.3
+ 2.6
- 2 .8
10 No change.
io Does not include’brokerage and real estate.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
433
TEEN D OF EMPLOYMENT
E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y R o lls in D e c e m b e r 1933 in C itie s o f Over
500,000 P o p u la tio n
N THE following table are presented the fluctuations in employ
ment and pay-roll totals in December 1933 as compared with
November 1933 in 13 cities of the United States having a population of
500,000 or over. These changes are computed from reports received
from identical establishments in each of the months considered.
In addition to including reports received from establishments in the
several industrial groups regularly covered in the Bureau’s survey,
excluding building construction, reports have also been secured from
other establishments in these cities for inclusion in these totals.
Information concerning employment in building construction is not
available for all cities at this time and therefore has not been included.
I
FL U C T U A T IO N S IN E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN D E C E M B E R 1933 AS COM
PA R E D W ITH N O V E M B E R 1933
Cities
Number of
Amount of pay roll
Number on pay roll
establish
(1 week)
Percent
Percent
ments re
of
of
porting in
both
November December change November December change
months
1933
1933
1933
1933
New York City _ _ ____
Chicago. Ill_____________
Philadelphia, Pa _______
Detroit, M ich__________
Los Angeles, Calif_______
Cleveland, Ohio________
St. Louis, M o__________
Baltimore, M d_________
Boston, Mass—_________
Pittsburgh, Pa
_____
San Francisco, Calif_____
Buffalo, N .Y _ _____
Milwaukee, Wis—- ........
5,189
1,822
780
546
805
1,121
512
562
3, 569
381
1,126
425
449
347, 628
240,889
147, 704
163,388
74,182
95,813
67,353
53, 658
94,185
52, 694
49,151
42,065
43,825
361, 420
234,196
145, 521
181,260
76, 758
99,640
68, 297
53,135
94, 759
54, 880
49,735
42,870
43, 706
+ 4 .0
- 2 .8
- 1 .5
+10.9
+ 3 .5
+ 4 .0
+ 1 .4
-. 1
+ .6
+ 4.1
+ 1 .2
+ 1 .9
- .3
9,030,127
5,546,811
3,206, 773
3,538,993
1,759,821
1,915,801
1,364, 751
1,052,879
2,291, 559
1,082,889
1,179,965
919,549
874,697
9,213,669
5, 529,152
3,164, 030
3,879,661
1,781,071
1,994,564
1,410,909
1,054, 049
2,290,904
1,111,407
1,197,390
962,458
886, 262
+ 2 .0
-.3
-1 .3
+ 9 .6
+ 1 .2
+4.1
+ 3.4
+ .1
-M
+ 2 .6
+ 1 .5
+ 4 .7
+ 1.3
1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent.
E m p lo y m e n t in t h e V a r io u s B r a n c h e s o f t h e F ed era l
G o v e r n m e n t, D e c e m b e r 1933
HERE were 591,675 employees on the payrolls of the executive
departments of the United States Government on December 31,
1933. This is an increase of 27,572 employees or 4.9 percent as com
pared with December 31, 1932, and an increase of 3,640 employees
or 0.6 percent, as compared with November 30, 1933.
The information shown in table 1 is compiled by the various depart
ments and offices of the United States Government and sent to the
United States Civil Service Commission where it is assembled. The
figures were tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are
published here in compliance with the direction of Congress.
Table 1 shows the number of employees in the executive depart
ments of the Federal Government inside of the District of Columbia,
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
434
the number outside the District of Columbia, and the total number of
such employees.
Approximately 12 percent of the workers in the executive branch of
the United States Government are located in the city of Washington.
T a b l e 1 . — E M P L O Y EE S IN T H E E X E C U T IV E CIVIL SER V IC E OF T H E U N IT E D STA TES
D E C E M B E R 1932 A N D N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933
Item
District of Columbia
Outside the District
Entire Service
Perma Tem Total
nent porary1
Perma Tem Total
nent porary1
Perma Tem
nent porary,1 Total
Number of employees:
64,214
2,088 66,302 468,769 29,032 497,801
December 1932__..........
7,301 73,131 459,965 54,939 514,904
November 1933________
65,830
8,556 75,450 463, 618 52, 607 516,225
December 1933___ _____ 66,894
Gain or loss:
December 1932-December 1933_____________ +2,680 +6,468 +9,148 -5,151 +23, 575 +18,424
November 1933-Deeember 1933— ..................... +1,064 +1,255 +2,319 +3, 653 -2 ,332 +1,321
Percent of change:
December 1932-Decem+ 3.7
- 1 .1 +81.2
+ 4 .2 +309. 8 +13.8
ber 1933_____________
November 1933-Decem+ .3
- 4 .2
+ 3 .2
+ .8
+ 1 .6 +17.2
ber 1933_____________
Labor Turnover—December
1933:
7, 451 24,819 32, 270
3,781
1,881
1,900
Additions................ ...........
1,462
4, 057 27,151 31, 208
836
626
Separations-----------------6. 05
.88
46.16
1.97
1.26
7.90
Turnover rate per 100—
532,983
525, 795
530, 512
31,120 564,103
62, 240 588,035
61,163 591,675
-2,471 +30, 043 +27,572
+4, 717 -1,077 +3, 640
-.5
+96.5
+ 4.9
+ .9
- 1 .7
+ .6
9,610
4,893
.93
26,700
27,777
43. 27
36,310
32,670
5. 54
1 Not including field employees of the Post Office Department.
Comparing December 1933 with December 1932, there was an in
crease of 9,148 or 13.8 percent in the number of employees on the pay
rolls of the executive departments of the United States Government
in the District of Columbia. The number of permanent employees
increased 4.2 percent while temporary employees increased over 300
percent during the same period. The increase in the number of
temporary employees is due to the creation of the emergency Govern
ment units such as the Public Works Administration, National
Recovery Administration, Agricultural Adjustment Administra
tion, etc.
Comparing December 1933 with November 1933, there was an
increase of 1.6 percent in the number of permanent employees, an
increase of 17.2 percent in the number of temporary employees, and
an increase of 3.2 percent in total employment in the executive
departments in the District of Columbia.
The turn-over rate for the entire executive service within the Dis
trict of Columbia was 1.97.
Outside of the District of Columbia the number of permanent
employees decreased 1.1 percent and the number of temporary em
ployees increased 81.2 percent, comparing December 1933 with
December 1932.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
435
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
Comparing December 1933 with November 1933, there was an
increase of 0.8 percent in the number of permanent employees
and a decrease of 4.2 percent in the number of temporary employees,
making a net increase of 0.3 percent in employment in the executive
Federal departments outside of the District of Columbia.
The pay roll for the executive departments throughout the United
States for the month of November was $75,977,254. December pay
rolls totalled $80,414,086.
Table 2 shows employment in the executive departments of the
United States, by months, for the calendar year 1933.
T a b l e 2.—E M P L O Y M E N T
IN TH E E X E C U T IV E D E P A R T M E N T S OF T H E U N IT E D
STATES B Y M O N TH S, 1933, FOR D ISTR IC T OF COLUM BIA, O U TSIDE D ISTR IC T OF
COLUM BIA, A N D TOTALS
Outside
District District
of Co
of Co
lumbia lumbia
Months
January..........................
February___________
March................... .........
April.— ____________
M ay_______________
June_______________
66,800
66,802
67, 557
67, 063
66, 560
65,437
496,361
496, 685
499,429
501,665
507, 346
499, 995
Outside
District District
of Co
of Co
lumbia lumbia
Totals
Months
563,161
563,487
566, 986
568,728
573,906
565,432
J u ly ..-------- ------------August_____________
September__________
October.. _________
November____ ______
December___________
66, 062
67, 715
69, 740
71,054
73,131
75,450
Totals
488,990
488, 624
496,616
506,116
514,904
530, 512
555,052
556,339
566, 356
577,170
588,035
591,675
The high point in employment in the executive departments of the
Federal Government for 1933 occurred in December. The peak em
ployment both inside and outside the District occurred that month.
The low point in employment during 1933 occurred in July, when
there were 555,052 on the pay rolls of the executive departments
throughout the United States. The low for the District of Columbia
occurred in June, while outside the District of Columbia fewer people
were on the pay rolls in August than any other month of the year.
Table 3 shows the number of employees and amounts of pay rolls
in the various branches of the United States Government during
November and December 1933.
T a b l e 3 . — N U M B E R OF E M PL O Y EE S A N D A M O U NT S OF PAY ROLLS IN TH E VARIOUS
B R A N C H E S OF TH E U N IT E D STATES G O V E R N M E N T , N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R
1933
Employees
Pay roll
Branch of service
November December
Executive service__________________________ _______ _
M ilitary service__________________________________ .
Judicial service______________ _______ ____________
Legislative service.. . . . . . . _____ _ ___________
T otal_____ ______ _____ _____
1 Data not available.
2 See notes to details.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
. _____
November
December
588,035
263,017
1,864
(')
591, 675 $75,977, 254
263,622 18,271,482
1,872
425, 219
3,864
(0
$80,414,086
17,656,909
432, 435
886, 781
2 852,916
861,033 294,673,955
99,390, 211
436
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
E m p lo y m e n t o n C la ss I S t e a m R a ilr o a d s in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s
EPORTS of the Interstate Commerce Commission for class I
railroads show that the number of employees (exclusive of
executives and officials) decreased from 985,434 on November 15, 1933,
to 952,275 on December 15, 1933, or 3.4 percent. Data are not yet
available concerning total compensation of employees for December
1933. The latest pay-roll information available shows a decrease from
$121,981,119 in October to $114,470,607 in November, or 6.2 percent.
The monthly trend of employment from January 1923 to December
1933 on class I railroads—that is, all roads having operating revenues
of $1,000,000 or over—is shown by index numbers published in the
following table. These index numbers are constructed from monthly
reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission, using the 12-month
average for 1926 as 100.
R
T a b l e 1.—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T ON CLASS I ST E A M R A ILR O A D S IN T H E
U N IT E D STA TES, JA N U A R Y 1923 TO D E C E M B E R 1933
[12-month average, 1926=100]
Month
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
January_____________
February____________
March__________
April________________
M ay________________
June________________
July________________
August______________
September___________
October_____________
November...... ................
December___________
98.3
98.6
100.5
102.0
105. 0
107.1
108.2
109.4
107.8
107.3
105.2
99.4
96.6
97.0
97.4
98.9
99.2
98.0
98.1
99.0
99.7
100.8
99.0
96.0
95.6
95.4
95.2
96.6
97.8
98.6
99.4
99.7
99.9
100.7
99. 1
97.1
95.8
96.0
96.7
98.9
100.2
101.6
102.9
102.7
102.8
103.4
101.2
98. 2
95.5
95.3
95.8
97.4
99.4
100.9
101.0
99.5
99.1
98.9
95.7
91.9
89.4
89.0
89.9
91.7
94.5
95.9
95.6
95.7
95.3
95.3
92.9
89.7
88.2
88.9
90. 1
92. 2
94.9
96.1
96.6
97.4
96.8
96.9
93.0
88.8
86.3
85.4
85.5
87.0
88.6
86.5
84.7
83.7
82.2
80.4
77.0
74.9
73.3
72.7
72.9
73.5
73.9
72.8
72.4
71.2
69.3
67.7
64.5
62,6
61.2
60.3
60.5
60.0
59.7
57.8
56.4
55.0
55.8
57.0
55.9
54.8
53.0
52.7
51.5
51.8
52.5
53.6
55.4
56.8
57.7
57.5
55.9
54.0
Average................ 104.1
98.3
97.9
100. 0
97.5
92.9
93.3
83.5
70.6
57.9
54.4
1933
Table 2 shows the total number of employees by occupations on
the 15tli day of October and November 1933 and by group totals on
December 15, 1933; also, pay-roll totals for the entire months of
October and November. Total compensation for the month of De
cember is not yet available. Beginning in January 1933 the Interstate
Commerce Commission excluded reports of switching and terminal
companies from its monthly tabulations. The actual figures for the
months shown in the following table therefore are not comparable
with the totals published for the months prior to January 1933. The
index numbers of employment for class I railroads shown in table 1
have been adjusted to allow for this revision and furnish a monthly
indicator of the trend of employment from January 1923 to the latest
month available. In these tabulations data for the occupational
group reported as “ executives, officials, and staff assistants’’ are
omitted.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
437
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 2 .—E M P L O Y M E N T ON CLASS I STEA M RAILROADS, OCTOBER TO D E C E M B E R
1933, A N D PA Y ROLLS FOR OCTOBER A N D N O V E M B E R 1933
[From monthly reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. As data for only the more important occu
pations are shown separately, the group totals are not the sum of the items under the respective groups.
Employment figures for December 1933 are available by group totals only at this time.]
Number of employees at
middle of month
Total earnings
Occupations
October
1933
Professional, clerical, and general______________
Clerks___________________________________
Stenographers and typists____ _____________
Maintenance of way and structures____________
Laborers, extra gang and work train_______
Laborers, track and roadway section_______
Maintenance of equipment and stores_________
Carmen_________________________________
Electrical workers________________________
M achinists______________________________
Skilled trades helpers_____________________
Laborers (shop, engine houses, power plants,
and stores)_____________________________
Common laborers (shop, engine houses, power
plants, and stores)______________________
Transportation, other than train, engine and yard.
Station agents____________________________
Telegraphers, telephoners, and towermen____
Truckers (stations, warehouses, and platforms)
Crossings and bridge flagmen and gatemen___
Transportation, yardmaster, switch tenders, and
hostlers____________________________________
Transportation, train and engine______________
Road conductors__________________________
Road brakemen and flagmen_______________
Yard brakemen and yard helpers___________
Road engineers and motormen__________ ___
Road firemen and helpers__________________
All employees.
Novem Decem
ber 1933 ber 1933
October
1933
November
1933
164, 695
86, 735
15, 395
218, 316
22,968
117, 748
275,673
57, 325
8,177
38, 409
61, 392
163,824
85,929
15, 391
198, 455
16, 598
105, 745
275, 664
56,056
8,180
38, 673
61,314
163,349 $22,116, 298
11, 036, 555
1, 852,434
182, 300 17,053, 238
1, 270, 357
6, 755, 780
267,"334" 31,041,415
7, 234, 292
1,114,125
5,179,999
5,817, 428
$21, 845, 527
10, 819, 823
1, 841, 677
14, 938,961
880, 094
5,488,164
29,149,838
6, 686, 306
1,066, 875
4, 847,188
5, 356, 784
21.191
21, 224
1, 616, 763
1, 569, 571
. 18,920
126, 924
24, 243
15, 046
18, 532
17.192
18, 615
123, 644
24, 134
14, 868
17,362
17,095
1,155, 680
14,007, 947
3, 384,659
2,086,106
1, 390, 749
1,130, 044
1,060,262
13, 428, 694
3, 320, 968
2, 009, 525
1, 257, 202
1,123, 319
12, 394
214, 753
23, 502
49,495
36,956
28, 794
31, 561
12,247
211, 600
22, 969
48, 751
36, 713
28,168
31,178
12, 091
204, 052
2,079, 553
35, 682, 668
5,044, 660
6, 926, 753
4, 764, 936
6, 774, Oil
4,905, 379
2, 027, 037
33,080, 550
4, 679, 536
6, 380,106
4, 436, 272
6,259,587
4, 520,951
1, 012, 755
985, 434
952,275 121,981,119
114, 470, 607
123,149
E m p lo y m e n t C re a te d b y t h e P u b lic W orks F u n d
HE $3,300,000,000 Public Works Fund was voted by Congress
T
to create employment throughout the United States. It is the
duty of the Bureau of Labor Statistics to publish each month the
number of wage earners, the amounts of pay rolls, and the number of
man-hours worked by persons employed from this fund.
Allotments for construction projects awarded by the Public Works
Administration are divided into two groups—first, Federal allotments,
and second, non-Federal allotments.
Projects to be built from Federal allotments are financed wholly
by public-works funds. They are built either by force account
(that is the Federal department which has charge of the work hires
the laborers directly) or contracts are awarded to commercial firms
by the Federal departments. They include such types of construc
tion as post-office buildings; Federal courthouses; naval vessel; river,
harbor, and flood-control projects; reclamation projects; and forestry
service. They are supervised entirely by representatives of the
Federal Government. Whenever a contract is awarded by one of the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
438
Federal agencies the name and address of the contractor, type of
project, and the amount of the contract is at once furnished the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. A copy of the Bureau’s form BLS 742
is then sent to each contractor asking for the number of wage earners
employed, the amounts of pay rolls, and the number of man-hours
worked, as well as the total amount of expenditures for materials for
all pay-roll periods ending between the 15th of the past month and
the 15th of the current month. The primary contractor also furnishes
the names and addresses of the subcontractors. The Bureau in turn
mails its questionnaires to each subcontractor. For work done under
force account the Federal agency doing the work supplies the
Bureau each month with the same information as is obtained from
the contractors.
Information concerning non-Federal projects is obtained from the
State engineers of the Public Works Administration. For the most
part non-Federal projects are confined to building construction (such
as school buildings, city and county buildings, housing projects, etc.),
street and road paving, and water and sewerage plants. The Public
Works Administration makes a direct grant of 30 percent of the total
cost of non-Federal work, and in many cases will loan the remaining
70 percent.
Table 1 shows, by types of project, employment, pay rolls, and
man-hours worked during December 1933 on projects financed from
public works funds.
T a b l e 1 . — E M P L O Y M E N T , PA Y BOLLS, A N D M AN-HOURS W O R K ED D U R IN G D E C E M
B E R 1933 ON PROJECTS F IN A N C E D FROM PU BLIC WORKS F U N D S , BY T Y P E OF
PROJECT
N um
ber of
wage
Amount
earners of pay roll
em
ployed
Number
of man
hours
worked
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
$893, 326
8, 533, 300
2, 462, 384
324,377
431,055
210,086
1, 250, 616
302, 972
612,497
1, 288,996
(0
4,812, 722
571,172
562, 798
347,831
2,104,462
495, 724
1,024,486
$0.693
(>)
.512
.568
.766
.604
.594
.611
.598
T otal. _______________________ _____ 267,990 15,020, 613 411,208,191
4 .579
Type of project
Building construction ------------------------------Public roads.-------- ----------------------------------River, harbor, and flood control-----------------Streets and roads 2. ------ ---------------- --------Naval vessels ______________ ___________
Reclamation_______ ______
____ _____
Forestry
________________ ____________
Water and sewerage.--------------------------------M iscellaneous___________________________
17,816
152,144
48, 270
7, 682
4, 060
2,681
21, 194
6, 096
8,047
Aver
age
num Value of
ber of materials
hours
worked purchased
in
month
72.4
(0
99.7
74.4
138.6
129.7
99.3
81.3
127.3
$2,105, 737
(0
4,122,958
434, 258
2,315,984
530,909
746,912
1,404,656
2 1,615,334
4 96.8 413,276,748
1 Data not available.
2 Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads.
2 Includes $1,133,578 worth of material which cannot be charged to any specific type of project.
4 Excluding data for Bureau of Public Roads.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
439
There were 267,990 employees directly engaged in construction
projects financed by public works funds during tlie month ending
December 15, 1933. These figures exclude all clerks and office
workers.
More than half of the total employment under public-works con
struction projects were engaged in building roads under the direction
of the Bureau of Public Roads of the Department of Agriculture.
Nearly 50,000 men were working on river, harbor, and flood-control
projects, and over 20,000 in forestry work. Building construction
employed nearly 18,000 workers.
The pay rolls for workers on all types of projects amounted to more
than $15,000,000. Workers on public roads received over $8,500,000;
workers on river, harbor, and flood-control projects nearly $2,500,000;
and forestry workers over $1,200,000. On no other type of construc
tion projects were the workers paid as much as $1,000,000.
Data concerning man-hours were not obtained from the Bureau of
Public Roads. Excluding workers on public roads, there were 115,846
employees on public-works construction projects. The average
hourly earnings of these employees for the month of December was
approximately 58 cents. Workers engaged on naval vessels received
the highest hourly pay, earning nearly 77 cents per hour. The next
highest hourly earnings were received by workers on building con
struction, where the rate paid was nearly 70 cents per hour. Workers
on reclamation projects and water and sewerage systems received
over 60 cents per hour. In no other case was the rate of pay less
than 51 cents per hour.
The average hours worked during the month (excluding publicroads projects) was 96.8. Workers constructing naval vessels put in
139 hours per month, those on reclamation projects 130 hours per
month, and those on miscellaneous projects 127 per month. No other
type of work averaged as much as 100 hours per month.
Expenditures for materials during the month totaled over
$13,000,000. Contractors on river, harbor, and flood-control work
spent approximately 30 percent of this total.
Table 2 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked dur
ing December on projects financed from public works funds, by
geographic divisions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
440
T a b l e 2 . — E M P L O Y M E N T , PA Y ROLLS, A N D M A N-HOU R S W O R K E D D U R IN G D E C E M
B E R 1933 ON PROJECTS F IN A N C E D FROM PU BLIC WORKS F U N D S , BY GEOGRAPHIC
D IVISION
Number of wage
earners em
ployed on—
Geographic division
New England. ----------Middle A tla n tic ---------East North Central____
West North Central___
South Atlantic------------East South Central----West South Central____
Mountain____________
Pacific________________
Total continental
United States.
O u t s i d e continental
United States-----------
Public
roads
Projects
other
than
public
roads
5,422
23.406
12,133
28, 893
16,983
10, 321
27, 297
20, 587
7,102
5,519
6,013
10,179
18,146
13,948
19, 383
14, 656
11,301
15,323
152,144 2114,516
(')
Grand total______ 152,144
1,330
115,846
Amount of pay roll
on—
Public
roads
Projects
other
than
public
roads
$337,709
1, 273,874
877, 235
1, 389, 927
704, 274
358, 752
1, 258, 616
1, 724, 379
608, 534
$439,555
451,420
585, 038
819, 060
869, 226
1, 005, 475
698,933
545, 741
968, 540
Aver Aver
age
Number
age number
Value of
of man earn of hours materials
hours
ings worked purchased
worked 1 per
in
hour 1 m on
th1
650,117 $0. 676
657,888
.686
.639
915,997
.543
1,507, 680
.604
1,440,016
2, 111, 532
.476
1, 380,816
.506
941, 092
.580
1,351,033
.717
117.8
109.4
90.0
83.1
103. 2
109.0
94.2
83.3
88. 2
$713,460
1,440, 556
1, 504, 763
1,437,540
1, 597, 592
1,959,186
1,944, 061
243,793
1, 215, 711
2 95.7 313,190,394
8, 533, 300 26, 389, 386 210,963,581
2.583
244, 610
.400
183.9
86, 354
6, 487, 313 11, 208,191
.579
96.8
13, 276, 748
0)
8, 533,300
97, 927
1 Excluding data for public roads which are not available.
2 Including data for 48 wage earners which cannot be charged to any specific geographic division.
s Includes $1,133,578 worth of material which cannot be charged to any specific geographic division.
Of the 267,990 wage earners paid from public works funds, more
than 47,000 were working in the West North Central States during
December. Nearly 42,000 were working in the West South Central
States, and more than 30,000 each in the South Atlantic and Moun
tain States. Fewer workers -were employed in the New England
States than in any other geographic division.
Pay rolls reached a total of over $2,000,000 in the West North
Central States, the West South Central States, and the Mountain
States. New England was the only geographic division having a
pay roll of less than $1,000,000.
Since data on man-hours were not available for public-roads work,
the average earnings per hour as shown in the tables are for projects
other than those under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads.
The Pacific Division had the highest hourly rate, 72 cents. Work
ers in the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and
South Atlantic divisions averaged 60 cents per hour or more. The
lowest hourly rate, 48 cents, was shown in the East South Central
States.
Material orders placed by contractors in the East South Central
and the West South Central States reached a higher total than any
other geographic division.
Table 3 shows expenditures for materials during the month ending
December 15, 1933, by types of material.
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TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
441
T a b l e 3 . — M A TE R IA L S
PU R C H A SE D D U R IN G M O N T H E N D IN G D E C . 15, 1933, FOR
PUBLIC-W O RK S PR OJECTS, B Y T Y P E OF M A T E R IA L
Type of material
Auto trucks............................. .................................- ..................- .................................... ...........................
Cast-iron pipe and fittings______________ ____________ ___ ________- ------ --------- --------- —
Cement.................................................................................... .........- .................................... .............. ........
Clay products_____________________________ _____ ______ _____ ________________________
Concrete products--------------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------Cordage and tw ine___ ____ _______________________ ______ _______________ ____ ________
Crushed stone-------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------Doors, shutters, and window sash and frames, molding, and trim, metal--------------------------Electrical machinery and supplies_______________________________ _______ ______________
Explosives______________________ _____ _____________ _______________________ ____ _____
Firearms____________________________________________________________________________
Forgings, iron and steel, not made in plants operated in connection with steel works or roll
ing mills_________ ____ ________________________________ _______ ____________________
Foundry and machine-shop products, not elsewhere classified-----------------------------------------Glass____________________ ____ ________________- -------- ----------------------------------------------Hardware, miscellaneous__________________________ ______ - --------- --------- ------ ---------------Instruments, professional and scientific---------------------------------------- -------------------------------Lighting equipment--------------------------------- -------------------- ------------- ---------------- ------ ------Lumber and timber products_________________________________________________________
Machine tools_______________________________________________________________________
Marble, granite, slate, and other stone products________________________________________
Nonferrous-metal alloys; nonferrous-metal products, except aluminum, not elsewhere classi
fied__________________ ______ ___________________________________________ __________
Paints and varnishes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paving materials and mixtures------ ------ ------ --------- -----------------------------------------------------Planing-mill products________________________________________________________________
Plumbing supplies------------------------------------------ ---------- ------ -------------------------------- ------Pumps and pumping equipment______________________________________________________
Roofing, built-up and roll; asphalt shingles; roof coatings other than paint------------ ----------Sand and gravel_______ ___________________________ ___ _______ - ---------------- ----------------Sheet-metal work________________________________________________ _____ - .........- .............. .
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus__________________________________ ____ ________
Steel-works and rolling-mill products, including structural and ornamental metal work------Tools, other than machine tools______________ _________________________ _____ _________
Wall plaster, wall board, insulating board, and floor composition.. . _____________________
Wire, drawn from purchased rods____________ ____ ___________ ____ - ------ --------------------Wire work not elsewhere classified------------------------------------------------------------------------------Other-------------- ----------------- ------ ------ ------------ -------------------- --------- ----------------------------Total.
Value of
materials
purchased 1
$97,747
332,981
361,635
254,685
703,572
10,412
40,880
66,527
238,523
40, 388
301,390
204,024
929,827
18,254
128, 229
39, 280
36, 079
1, 671, 239
318,111
1,713,412
32,105
30, 772
135, 289
190, 076
100, 437
305,809
39, 261
313,009
31,712
239,966
3. 301,471
15, 690
14, 935
245, 252
43,537
730, 232
13, 276, 748
1 Excluding material purchased by Bureau of Public Roads.
During the month ending December 15, 1933, expenditures for
materials by contractors on public-works projects, other than those
working under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Public Roads, totaled
over $13,000,000. Expenditures for steel products totaled over
$3,000,000; expenditures for stone products, and for lumber and
timber products totaled over $1,000,000.
It is estimated that the fabrication of materials purchased during
this month will create approximately 40,000 man-months of labor.
Table 4 shows data concerning employment, pay rolls, and man
hours worked during each of the three months for which employment
has been created by projects financed by public works funds.
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442
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T able 4 .—E M P L O Y M E N T , PA Y ROLLS, A N D M AN-HOURS W O R K ED D U R IN G OCTO
B ER , N O V E M B E R , A N D D E C E M B E R 1933 ON PROJECTS F IN A N C E D FROM PU B L IC
W ORKS F U N D S
1933
Item
October
Number of wage earners employed_____ ______ _______________
120, 555
Amount of pay r o l l ___- ____________________________ -- • $7,223,371
2,488, 284
Number of man-hours worked 2— _______ _______________ ___
Average earnings per hour 2 _ _ __________________________
$0. 634
Average number of hours worked in month 2 __ _____ ________
95.0
Value of materials purchased 2---------------- ------------------------------ $10,457, 231
November
December
251.851
$14,172, 544
9,110, 316
$0. 583
87 8
$11,615, 580
267,990
$15,020,613
11,208,191
$0. 579
96.8
$13, 276, 748
1 Includes estimated pay roll for Bureau of Public Roads.
2 Excluding data of Bureau of Public Roads.
In October there were slightly more than 120,000 employees work
ing on public works projects. This number was more than doubled
during November, while December showed an increase of approxi
mately 16,000 as compared with the previous month.
Pay rolls were not available for public road work during October.
The Bureau estimated the October pay roll at $5,646,000. Pay rolls
for other types of construction totaled slightly over $1,500,000.
During November and December total pay roll figures are available.
Disbursements for this purpose totaled over $14,000,000 in Novem
ber and more than $15,000,000 in December.
Materials purchases for the 3 months entailed an expenditure of
more than $35,000,000.
Civil Works Administration
T h e Public Works Administration, early in November, made a n
allotment of $400,000,000 to the Civil Works Administration. This
money was to be used in providing jobs during the winter to people
who were out of work. The greater part of the civil works employees
were taken from the relief rolls throughout the United States. The
people from the civil works rolls have now been given employment
on needed projects and are entirely self supporting.
It is some time after a contract is awarded before the maximum
employment is reached on the type of projects included under the
regular Public Works Administration. The Civil Works Adminis
tration is giving jobs to people to bridge these gaps. Employees
from the civil works rolls are engaged at the present in repairing
buildings and bridges, in street and road work, working on slum clear
ance projects, landscaping, and mosquito eradication.
Table 5 shows the number of civil works employees on the pay rolls
for weeks ending December 2, 1933, and January 18, 1934, as well
as the pay roll for the week ending January 18, 1934.
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443
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T able 5 .—CIVIL W ORKS EM PL O Y EE S D E C E M B E R 2, 1933, A N D JA N U A R Y 18, 1934
Number
Geographic division
Eiist North Central
West North rientrai
South Atlantic
East South rientrai
West South rientrai
- _________ — - —
_________________ _______
____________________________ -_________ ______________ ________________ _____ _ - -
Dec. 2,
1933
Jan. 18,
1934
Pay rolls,
week end
ing Jan.
18, 1934
49, 539
208, 089
313,023
118, 234
291, 481
94, 778
302, 499
46, 930
99, 394
232,258
723,480
865, 322
460,446
532,852
329,463
512,892
134, 681
248,080
$3, 762, 410
11,394,489
15,652, 585
7,103,739
6,898,762
3, 709,471
5, 763,530
2,567,669
4,493, 038
1, 523,967
4,039, 474
+165.1
61,345, 693
During the week ending January 18, 1934, over 4,000,000 employees
drew pay for work on civil-works projects. This is an increase of
nearly 2,500,000 or 165 percent as compared with December 2. These
employees were paid over $61,000,000 for work performed during
the week ending January 18, 1934.
The number of employees shown in the above table are those in the
continental United States who drew pay during the week ending Janu
ary 18, 1934. It does not represent the total number of people on
public-works pay rolls for two reasons. In some localities the stagger
system is used. That is, work is provided for a definite number of
employees, and since it is impossible for the employers to provide
jobs for all these employees at one time, one half are given jobs for one
week and the other half the following week. This means that in some
localities twice as many persons are given jobs as would draw pay for
a given week. Weather conditions also affect employment, as most
of the jobs are outside work and may be “ rained out” for an entire
week, therefore no pay would be drawn for that period.
No data are shown for localities outside the continental United
States, although many people are doing work in outlying territories.
Emergency Conservation Work
E m p l o y e e s on the rolls of the Emergency Conservation Work are
now paid by allotments made from Public Works Fund.
Table 6 shows the employment and pay rolls in the Emergency Con
servation Work during the months of November and December 1933.
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444
T able
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
6.
E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS IN TH E E M E R G E N C Y CONSERVATION
W ORK, N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R 1933
K V A 1IO N
Number
Pay rolls
Group
November
December
November
December
Enrolled personnel __
Reserve officers, line___
Reserve officers, medical.
Supervisory and technical...
Carpenters and laborers____
296,026
3,494
1,085
14, 054
26, 054
288,855
$9, 244, 887
3, 588
783,682
920 }
13,168
1, 657, 575
11,343
2, 400, 304
$9,020,943
848, 373
1, 362, 724
1, 215, 637
T otal______________
------------------------------------- ---------------------- -----
340, 713
317, 874
12,447,677
14, 086,448
There was a decrease of more than 20,000 people engaged in Emer
gency Conservation Work comparing December with November.
This decrease was largely caused by the completion of the erection of
cabins for winter quarters of the Civilian Conservation Corps, al
though there was a slight falling off in both the enlisted personnel and
supervisory and technical force. There was an increase in line
Reserve officers but a decrease in medical Reserve officers.
Information concerning employment and pay rolls in the Emer
gency Conservation Work is collected by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics from the War Department, the Department of Agriculture,
and the Department of the Interior.
The pay of the enlisted personnel is $30 per month, except that 5
percent of the personnel of each company are paid $45 and an addi
tional 8 percent are paid $36 per month. The pay roll of this branch
of the service is figured on this basis.
The carpenters and laborers shown in the above table are con
structing barracks to be used as winter quarters by the Civilian
Conservation Corps. This work is practically finished. However,
the construction of recreation buildings in a number of the camps has
been started which will engage the services of a number of building
tradesmen during the months of January and February.
Table 7 shows the monthly totals of the employees and pay rolls of
the Emergency Conservation Work from the inception of the work in
May to December 1933.
T able 7.— M O N T H L Y TOTALS OP E M PL O Y EE S A N D PA Y R O L ï q m rp™
EM ERGENCY
C O N SER V A TIO N W ORK FR OM M A Y 1933 'TO D E c I m BER 1933
Months
M ay....... ................
Jun e................
J u ly ......................
August...... ....................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employees
191,113
281,861
314,142
305, 039
Pay roll
$6,353,641
9, 663, 701
11,223, 542
11, 333, 318
Months
Employees
September___
October_______
N ovem ber.........
December______
240,901
269, 644
340, 713
317, 874
Pay roll
$9,487,755
10, 232,875
14,086, 448
12,447,677
445
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
E m p lo y m e n t o n P u b lic R o a d s (O th e r 4 h a n P u b lic W orks)
HE following table shows the number of employees, exclusive of
those paid from Public Works Fund, engaged in building and
maintaining public roads, State and Federal, during the months of
November and December, by geographic divisions.
T
T artf 1 -N U M B E R o f e m p l o y e e s e n g a g e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d m a i n .
T E N A N C E OF PU B L IC ROADS, STATE A N D F E D E R A L , D U R IN G N O V E M B E R A N D
D E C E M B E R 1933, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIO N S 1
State
Federal
Number
Geographic division
Pay rolls
Novem Decem Novem
ber
ber
ber
New England-------------------Middle Atlantic---------------East North C entral... . . . West North Central----------South Atlantic-----------------East South Central-----------West South Central----------M ountain------------------------Pacific.....................................
Total______________
1,769
3,441
6,631
2,555
6, 017
4,288
7,105
3, 650
2,656
38,112
855
1,619
2, 886
1,854
3, 537
3,311
4,839
1,525
919
$105,309
255,313
379,639
158, 030
233, 783
173, 296
308,943
286,126
224,126
Number
Pay rolls
Decem Novem Decem Novem
ber
ber
ber
ber
$51, 670 24,100
113, 030 45, 729
163,161 48, 227
104, 243 33,462
159,457 40, 655
127,665 12,142
223,565 11,503
117,174 2 9,182
74,761 2 9,144
Decem
ber
14, 213 $2,160,491 $1,316,448
32,632 3,924,922 1,677, 643
34, 849 2,814,909 1,867,178
29,600 1, 803, 261 1, 567, 817
34,481 1,444,317 1, 238,904
514,117
594,930
13,040
741, 796
820, 761
12,034
538, 683
2 732,326
8,167
765,774
2
897,
887
8,607
21,345 2,124, 565 1,134,726 2234,144 187,623 15,193,804 10,228, 360
-3 2 .7
-1 9 .9
-4 6 .6
-4 4 .0
1 Excluding employment furnished by projects financed from Public Works Fund.
2 Revised.
The number of employees engaged in Federal road building financed
under the old State-aid law decreased 44 percent comparing December
with November. It should be borne in mind that practically all of
the new contracts awarded for road building are now financed from
Public Works Fund.
There was an increase in the number of employees working on Fed
eral road work financed from Public Works Fund comparing these two
months. (See table 1, p. 438.) Pay rolls for Federal road projects
other than public works, decreased 46.6 percent in December as com
pared with the previous month. There was a decrease of 19.9 percent
in the number of employees engaged in road work financed by State
governments. December pay rolls for these men decreased 32.7
percent as compared with November.
Seventy-five and one tenth percent of the workers engaged on
State roads were working on maintenance and only 24.9 percent in
building new roads.
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RETAIL PRICES
' I 'H E Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department
-*■ of Labor collects, compiles, and issues retail prices for several
groups of commodities. From time to time the work has been ex
panded to include additional cities and articles. The Bureau now
covers 51 localities well scattered throughout the continental United
States and also the Territory of Hawaii.
Retail prices of food were collected on the 15th of each month from
January 1913 to July 1933, inclusive. In order that current infor
mation may be available oftener, the Bureau began in August 1933
the collecting of these prices every 2 weeks. Retail prices of 45 of
the principal articles are being collected every other Tuesday. Be
ginning with the collection for January 2, 1934, prices will be secured
on 33 additional food items.
Retail prices of coal were collected on January 15 and July 15 for
the years 1913 through 1919 from the cities covered in the retail food
study. Beginning with June 1920, prices have been collected on the
15th of each month. No change has been made in the dates for the
collection of retail prices of coal.
Retail prices of manufactured and natural gas and residential
schedules of rates for electricity are secured in June and December
of each year in connection with the cost of living survey. Detailed
information is shown in this section (pp. 458-463).
R e ta il P r ic e s o f F o o d in D e c e m b e r 1933
XDETAIL prices of food were collected by the Bureau for two periods
during the month, namely, December 5 and 19. Prices were re
ceived from the same dealers and the same cities were covered as have
been included in the Bureau’s reports for former periods. For Au
gust 29, however, a representative number of reports was not received
from some of the cities, and average prices for the United States as a
whole for this date are not strictly comparable with average prices
shown for other dates. The index numbers, however, have been ad
justed by using the percent of change in identical cities and are,
therefore, comparable with indexes of other periods.
Three commodities have been added to the Bureau’s list of food
items beginning with August 29. These items are rye bread, canned
peaches, and canned pears. Only average prices can be shown for
these articles as corresponding prices for the year 1913 are not avail
able for the purpose in index numbers.
446
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
447
RETAIL PRICES
In addition to the information for December 1933, there are shown
in this report average prices and index numbers for the year 1933
for food in the United States (51 cities combined).
Data for the tabular statements shown in this report are compiled
from simple averages of the actual selling prices as reported to the
Bureau by retail dealers in the 51 cities. Comparable information
for months and years, 1913 to 1928, inclusive, is shown in Bulletins
Nos. 396 and 495; and by months and years, 1929 to 1932, inclusive,
in the March, April, and June 1933 issues of this publication.
Indexes of all articles, combined, or groups of articles combined,
both for cities and for the United States, are weighted according to
the average family consumption. Consumption figures used since
January 1921 are given in Bulletin 495 (p. 13). Those used for prior
dates are given in Bulletin 300 (p. 61). The list of articles included
in the groups, cereals, meats, and dairy products, will be found in
the June 1932 (p. 1496) issue of this publication.
Table 1 shows index numbers of the total weighted retail cost of
important food articles and of three groups of these articles; viz,
cereals, meats, and dairy products, in the United States, 51 cities
combined, by years, 1913 to 1933, inclusive, and on specified days of
the months of 1932 and 1933. These index numbers are based on the
year 1913 as 100.
T a b l e 1 .— IN D E X N U M B E R S OF T H E TOTAL R E TA IL COST OF FOOD A N D OF C ER E A L S.
M EATS, A N D D A IR Y PR O D U C TS IN T H E U N IT E D STA TES BY Y EAR S, 1913 TO 1933,
INC LU SIV E, A N D ON SP E C IFIE D D A T E S OF EACH M O N TH , JAN. 15, 1932, TO D E C . 19.
1933, INCLUSIVE
[1913=100]
Year
All food Cereals Meats
Dairy
prod
ucts
1913___________
1914______ _____
1915___________
1916___________
1917___________
1918___________
1919___________
1920___________
1921___________
1922___________
1923___________
1924___________
1925___________
1926___________
1927___________
1928___________
1929___________
1930___________
1931___________
1932_____ ____ __
1933___________
100.0
102.4
101.3
113.7
146.4
168.3
185.9
203.4
153.3
141.6
146.2
145.9
157.4
160.6
155.4
154. 3
156.7
147.1
121.3
102. 1
99.7
100.0
106.7
121.6
126.8
186.5
194.3
198.0
232.1
179.8
159.3
156.9
160.4
176.2
175.5
170.7
167.2
164.1
158.0
135.9
121.1
126.6
100.0
103.4
99.6
108.2
137.0
172.8
184.2
185.7
158.1
150.3
149.0
150.2
163.0
171.3
169.9
179.2
188.4
175.8
147.0
116.0
102.7
100.0
97.1
96.1
103.2
127.6
153.4
176.6
185.1
149. 5
135.9
147.6
142. 8
147.1
145.5
148.7
150.0
148.6
136.5
114.6
96.6
94.6
1932
Jan. 15__ ______
Feb. 15________
Mar. 18________
Apr. 15________
M ay 15_____. . .
109.3
105.3
105.0
103.7
101.3
126. 4
125.0
124.3
122.9
122.6
123.4
117.3
118.9
118.6
115.3
106.5
102.9
101.9
97.4
94.3
33773°—34-----14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Year
All food Cereals Meats
Dairy
prod
ucts
1932—Contd.
June 15. ______
July 15.. _____
Aug. 15________
Sept. 15________
Oct. 15________
Nov. 15__ ____
Dec. 15________
100.1
101.0
100.8
100.3
100.4
99.4
98.7
122.5
121.2
120.4
119.2
119.0
118.0
114.8
113.4
122.6
120.1
119.2
114.6
109.1
103.2
92.6
91.4
93.1
93.5
93.8
93.9
95.9
1933
J a n .15.- ______
Feb. 15________
Mar. 15___ ____
Apr. 15, - ____
M ay 15________
June 15________
July 15- _____
Aug. 15________
Aug. 29_______
Sept. 12. ______
Sept. 26. ____
Oct. 10________
Oct. 24_________
Nov. 7_________
N ov. 21___ ____
Dec. 5_________
Dec. 19________
94.8
90.9
90.5
90.4
93.7
96.7
104.8
106.7
107.1
107.0
107.4
107.3
106.6
106.7
106.8
105. 5
103.9
112.3
112.0
112.3
112.8
115.8
117.2
128.0
137.8
138.8
140.2
142.7
143.8
143. 3
143.4
143.5
142.5
142.0
99.9
99.0
100.1
98.8
100.1
103.7
103.5
105.7
106.9
104.4
107.8
107.3
106.3
105.9
104.1
101.2
100.4
93.3
90.3
88.3
88.7
92.2
93.5
97.7
96.5
97.5
97.8
97.9
98.6
98.4
98.6
98.5
98.7
94.7
oo
RETAIL PRICES
»/
FOOD
/?/J - 1 0 0
Tnrlov
maex
Numbers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U .S.Dcpartm cnt of Labor
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Washington.
TnilpY
XT
l
Numbers
t-1
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449
RETA IL PRICES
The chart on page 448 shows the trend in the retail cost of all food
and of the classified groups, cereals, meats, and dairy products in
the United States (51 cities) from January 15, 1929, to December 19,
1933, inclusive.
Table 2 shows index numbers of the total weighted retail cost of
important food articles and of cereals, meats, and dairy products in
the United States based on the year 1913 as 100, and changes on
December 19, 1933, compared with December 15, 1932, and November
21 and December 5, 1933.
T a ble 2 —IN D E X N U M B E R S OF T H E TOTAL W E IG H T E D R E TA IL COST OF FOOD A N D
OF C EREALS, M EA TS, A N D D A IR Y PR O D U C T S FOR TH E U N IT E D STA TES ON SPEC I
F IE D D A TES, A N D P E R C E N T OF CH A N G E, D E C . 19, 1933, CO M PA R ED W ITH D E C . 15,
1932, A N D NOV. 21 A N D D E C . 5, 1933
Index (1913=100)
Percent of change Dec. 19,
1933, compared with—
1933
Article
Dec. 16,
1932
All food___________________
Cereals____________________
Meats_____________________
Dairy products____________
98.7
114.8
103.2
95.9
Nov. 7 N ov. 21
Dec. 5
106.8
143.5
104.1
98.5
105.5
142.5
101.2
98.7
106.7
143.4
105.9
98.6
15, Nov. 21, Dec. 5,
Dec. 19 Dec.
1932
1933
1933
103.9
142.0
100.4
94.7
+ 5.3
+23.7
- 2 .8
- 1 .3
- 2 .7
- 1 .0
- 3 .6
- 3 .9
- 1 .5
-.4
-.8
- 4 .1
Table 3 shows the average retail prices of principal food articles
for the United States on specified dates of each month of 1933 and the
average for the year 1933.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 3 —A V ER A G E R E TA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD FOR T H E U N IT E D STA TES ON SP E C IF IE D D A TE S OF 1933
71
C
Article
Sirloin steak____________ ________ pound..
Round steak.. . . . _
______ ___do___
________ ____ _____do
Rib roast .
____ ___do___
Chuck roast
.
- _____do___
.. ...
Plate beef______
Pork chops-------------------- __ _____ do__ _
Bacon, sliced....................... _____ __ _do___
__ _____ _do _
Ham, sliced
...
Lamb, leg of.. . . . _____ ___ _____ do___
Hens_______________ _ . __ _____ _do _ _
. . . . .16-oz. can.
Salmon, red, canned
Milk, fresh _ ___ . . . . . _________ quart..
M ilk, evaporated_______ . . . _14J^-oz. can..
Butter.. _ .
. . . . . _. _____ .pound..
Margarine-.
...
._ . ______ _ _ do___
Cheese_______ _ _____ ___ _____ d o ____
__do _
Lard_____ . . . ________ _____
Vegetable lard substitute. ___ ___ _ _ do___
. . . . dozen..
Eggs, strictly fresh. _ . . .
Bread, white, wheat . . . . ________ pound..
Bread, rye
do
Flour. . . ______________
___ _do___
Corn meal . .
. . . _ _______ do___
Rolled oats_____ ______ _ ______ do____
Corn flakes___________ . ._ __.8-oz. pkg__
_____28-oz. pkg..
Wheat cereal . . .
Macaroni____
. . . _ . . . ________ pound..
Rice________ . . . ______ ___A ______do ___
Beans, navy . . .
__ . _ _ ___ do____
Potatoes_______________ __ _ __ ___ do_ __
Onions_____ ____ _______ ______ __do___
C abbage_____ . ______ __________ do___
Pork and beans_________ __ ___16-oz. can..
. no. 2 can .
Corn, canned_________ .
__________ do___
Peas,canned___ . .. .
Tomatoes, canned _ . .
_ _______ do___
Sugar, granulated_____ . ________ pound..
Tea____________________ ___ _ __ __do___
Coffee..
____ . . ___ _________ do___
__ _ _ __do -__
Prunes. _ ____
Raisins_________________ ____ _ _ do___
Bananas_______________ ._ . . . . dozen._
Oranges____________ _ . _ _____ __do _ _
Peaehes
no. 2V> nan
Pears__________________ ___ . _ . do___
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
15
Feb.
15
Mar.
15
Apr.
15
M ay
15
June
15
July
15
Aug.
15
Aug.
29
Sept.
12
Sept.
26
Oct.
10
Oct.
24
N ov.
7
N ov.
21
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
C t.
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
28.9
24.9
21. 2
15.3
10.4
16.5
21.4
28.9
21.7
21. 4
19.4
10.4
6.6
27. 1
13.4
22.3
8.1
18.7
32.4
6.4
28.5
24.2
20.9
14.9
10.0
17.6
20.8
28. 5
21.7
21.3
19.0
10.3
6.6
24.8
12. 7
21. 3
7.7
18.5
21.4
6.4
28.2
24.3
20.8
15.0
10.0
19.0
21.0
29. 1
21.6
21. 2
18.5
10. 1
5.9
24.8
12.4
20.9
7.9
18. 5
19.8
6.4
28.0
24.2
20.6
15.0
10.0
17.8
20.9
28.8
21.3
21. 4
18.3
10. 1
5.8
25.4
12.3
21.0
7.9
18.4
18.4
6.4
28.4
24.6
20.8
15.1
10.0
18.0
21.3
29.6
21.4
21. 5
18.6
10.0
6.5
28.2
12.8
22.3
8.9
18.5
20.3
6.5
29.7
25.8
21. 3
15.4
10.0
18.5
22.5
31.5
22.7
21.4
19.0
10.2
6.7
28.1
13.0
23.1
• 9.7
18.5
20.0
6.6
29.8
26.1
20.9
15.2
9.6
18.2
23.3
32.1
22.3
21.0
19.4
10.4
6.8
31.0
13.3
23.6
10. 1
18.7
24.3
7.2
30.2
26.5
21.4
15.5
9.9
19.7
23.2
32. 7
22.4
20.7
19.9
10.9
6.9
27.2
13.7
23.6
10.0
19.0
25.3
7.6
2.9
3.5
5.7
8.5
22.4
14.7
5.9
4.3
1.5
2.7
2.9
6.6
10.0
12.6
8.6
5. 1
67.2
28.7
8.9
9.5
23.0
27.1
2.9
3.4
5.6
8.6
22.3
14.6
5.8
4.1
1.5
2.6
3.1
6.5
9.8
12.6
8.6
5.0
66. 1
27.8
8.9
9.3
22.7
26.5
3.0
3.4
5.5
8.3
22.2
14.5
5.7
4. 1
1. 6
2.8
3.5
6.4
9.8
12.5
8.5
5.0
65.2
27.4
8.8
9.2
22.0
25.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
8.3
22.3
14.4
5.7
4.4
1.6
3.2
4.0
6.4
9. 7
12.7
8.5
5. 1
64.8
27.3
8.8
9. 1
22.7
25.2
3.4
3.5
5.6
8.2
22. 3
14.4
5.8
5. 1
1.7
3.9
5.2
6.4
9.8
12.7
8.7
5.3
64.4
27.0
9.0
9. 1
22.4
26.0
3.4
3.6
5.6
8.2
22.4
14.4
6.0
5.3
2.3
4.6
4.6
6.5
9.8
12.8
9.0
5.4
63.5
27.0
9.2
9.2
23.6
28.0
4.0
3.7
5.9
8.3
22.8
14.9
6.2
5.5
3.6
4.8
4.8
6.6
9.9
12.8
9. 1
5.5
64. 1
27.0
9.4
9.2
24.8
28.5
4.8
3.8
6.2
8.5
23.4
15.5
6.4
6.0
3.5
4.3
4.5
6.8
10.3
13.0
9.4
5.6
64.5
27.0
9.8
9.3
24.0
29.1
29.8
26.5
21.2
15.4
10.0
21. 2
23.5
33. 1
23. 1
20.3
20.3
10.9
6.8
27.9
13.6
23.2
9.8
19.0
25.6
7.6
8.4
4.9
3.8
6.4
8.6
23.8
15.6
6.5
6.1
3.3
4.1
4.0
6.8
10.3
13.1
9.4
5.7
65.8
27.2
10.1
9.4
24.5
28.6
16.9
20.5
30.1
26.2
20.9
15. 3
9.9
21.7
23.1
32.4
22.3
20.4
20.4
11.0
6.9
27.9
13.6
23.5
9.6
19.0
28.3
7.7
8. 5
4.9
4.0
6.4
8.7
23.7
15.6
6.6
6.3
3.1
3.9
3.6
6.8
10.5
13.3
9.6
5.7
66.0
26.7
10.1
9.4
25.1
28.7
17.0
20.5
30.1
26.1
21.0
15.4
9.9
23.8
23.2
32.5
22.2
20.9
20.6
11.0
6.8
28. 1
13.5
23.5
9.6
19.0
30.3
7.9
8.6
4.9
4.0
6.5
8.7
23.7
15.7
6.7
6.3
2.8
3.7
3.5
6.9
10.6
13.3
9.8
5.7
66.4
26.6
10.3
9.4
25.4
29.9
17.1
20.4
29.9
25.9
21.0
15.3
10.1
23.7
23.3
32.3
21.9
20.5
20.8
11. 1
6.8
28.3
13.4
23.4
9.6
19.0
32.5
8.0
8.6
4.9
3.9
6.5
8.7
23.9
15.8
6.8
6.2
2.5
3.5
3.3
6.8
10.8
13.5
9.8
5.7
66.8
26.6
10.4
9.4
24.6
29.8
17.1
20.6
29.5
25.8
20.8
15.3
10.1
23.1
23.3
32.0
21.5
20.5
20.7
11.1
6.8
28.2
13.3
23.2
9.5
19.0
33.5
8.0
8.6
4.8
3.9
6.5
8.8
24.0
15.8
6.8
6.0
2.3
3.4
3.2
6.9
10.9
13.5
9.9
5.7
66.9
26.6
10.6
9.4
24.7
29.7
17.2
20.5
29.3
25.5
20.8
15.3
10.0
23.2
23.3
32.1
21.3
20.3
20.7
11.1
6.8
28.4
13.1
23.1
9.6
19.1
34.6
8.0
8.6
4.8
3.9
6.5
8.9
24.0
15.9
6.9
6.0
2.3
3.4
3.2
6.9
10.9
13.6
9.9
5.6
67.0
26.6
10.6
9.4
24.0
28.7
17.3
20.5
28.8
25.0
20.4
15.1
9.9
22.2
23.3
32.0
21.2
20.0
20.9
11. 1
6.8
28.4
12.8
22.8
9.8
19.1
36.1
8.0
8.6
4.8
4.0
6.5
8.9
24.0
15.8
6.9
6.0
2.3
3.4
3.6
6.8
10.9
13.6
9.8
5.6
66.6
26.6
10.6
9.3
24.0
27.6
17.4
20.6
Ct.
Ct.
Dec.
19
Year
aver
age
Ct.
Ct.
Ct.
28.2
24.3
20.3
15.0
9.8
19.7
23.1
31.7
21.0
19.8
20.8
11.2
6.8
28.0
12.6
22.9
9.6
19.0
35.1
7.9
8.6
4.8
4.0
6.6
8.9
24.0
15.8
7.0
5.9
2.2
3.5
3.9
6.9
11.0
13.6
9.8
5.6
66.9
26.5
10.7
9.3
24.5
26.6
17.4
20.5
27.8
24. 2
19.9
14.8
9.7
19.8
23.1
31.3
20.7
19.9
20.8
11.2
6.8
24. 1
12.5
22. 3
9.4
19.0
32.1
7.9
8.6
4.7
4.0
6.6
8.9
24.1
15.8
7.0
5.9
2.3
3.8
4.3
6.8
10.9
13.6
9.9
5.5
67.6
26. 4
10.7
9. 1
24.8
25.8
17.4
20.4
Dee.
5
29.0
25.2
20.9
15.2
10.0
19.6
22.3
30.8
21.8
20.9
19.6
10.6
6.6
27.3
13.0
22.5
9.0
18.7
26.1
7.1
3.9
3.7
6.0
8.5
23.0
15.0
6.2
5.3
2.3
3.6
3.9
6.6
10.2
13.0
9.1
5.4
65.6
27.1
9.6
9.3
23.7
27.4
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451
RETA IL PRICES
In table 4 index numbers are given which show the changes in the
retail prices of specified food articles, and in the weighted cost of all
articles combined by years, for 1913, 1920, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931,
1932, and 1933, and by months for 1932 and 1933. These index
numbers are based on the average for the year 1913 as 100.
T able 4 .— IN D E X N U M B E R S OF R E TA IL PR IC ES OF PR IN C IP A L A R TIC L ES OF FOOD
BY Y EAR S, 1913, 1920, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, A N D 1933, A N D B Y M O N TH S FOR 1932 A N D
1933
[Average for year 1913=100]
Y ear and
month
1913__________
1920__________
1928__________
1929__________
1930__________
1931__________
1932__________
J a n .15- ___
Feb. 15_____
Mar. 15_____
Apr. 15__
May 1 5 ____
June 15_____
July 15_____
Aug. 15_____
Sept. 15_____
Oct. 15_____
Nov. 15_____
Dec. 15_____
1933__________
Jan. 15_ __
Feb. 15 — .
Mar. 15-,
Apr. 15...........
M ay 15_____
June 15_____
July 15- --- .
Aug. 15_____
Aug. 29_____
Sept. 12_____
Sept. 26_____
Oct. 10_____
Oct. 24_____
Nov. 7______
Nov. 21_____
Dec. 5______
Dec. 19_____
Sirloin Round Rib Chuck Plate
steak steak roast roast beef
100.0
172.1
188.2
196.9
182.7
155.1
131. 1
137.4
130.7
129.9
131.5
129.9
129.1
139.0
137.4
135.4
130.3
123. 6
117.7
114.2
113.8
112.2
111. 0
110.2
111.8
116.9
117.3
118.9
119.3
118.5
118.5
117.7
116.1
115.4
113.4
111.0
109.4
100.0
177.1
188.3
199.1
184.8
154.3
129.6
135.0
127.4
127.8
128.3
127.4
127.4
139.0
138.1
135.4
129.6
121.5
115.7
113.0
111.7
108.5
109.0
108.5
110.3
115.7
117.0
118.8
119.7
117.5
117.0
116.1
115.7
114.3
112.1
109.0
108.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.0
167.7
176.8
185.4
172.7
146.0
121.7
129.8
123.2
123.2
122.7
120.2
118.7
125.8
124.2
122. 7
119.7
115.7
111.6
105.6
107.1
105.6
105.1
104.0
105.1
107.6
105.6
108.1
107.1
105.6
106. 1
106.1
105.1
105. 1
103.0
102.5
100.5
100.0 100.0
163.8 151. 2
174.4 157.0
186.9 172.7
170.0 155.4
134.4 118.2
108. 1 93.4
115.6 101.7
97.5
108.1
108.1
95.9
95.9
108.8
106.3
91.7
88.4
105. 6
92.6
113.1
112.5
92.6
111.3
92.6
108. 1 93.4
103.8
91.7
88.4
98.8
82.6
95.0
86.0
95.6
93. 1 82.6
82.6
93.8
82.6
93.8
94.4
82.6
96.3
82.6
95.0
79.3
96.9
81.8
96.9
81.8
95.6
81.8
96.3
81.8
95.6
83.5
95.6
83.5
95.6
82.6
94.4
81.8
81.0
93.8
80.2
92.5
Pork
Ham Lamb,
leg of Hens Milk
chops Bacon
100.0
201.4
165.7
175.7
171.0
138.6
101.0
99.5
91.0
102.4
102.4
94.8
93.8
121.4
111.0
113.3
102.4
96.2
83.8
93. 3
78.6
83.3
90.5
84.8
85.7
88.1
86.7
93.8
100.9
103.3
113.3
112.9
110.0
110. 5
105.7
93.8
94.3
100.0
193.7
163.0
161. 1
156.7
134.8
89.3
101.5
96.7
95.2
92.2
88.5
85.9
87.8
88.5
87.0
85.9
83.3
80.0
82. 6
79.3
77.0
77.8
77.4
78.9
83.3
86.3
85.9
86.3
85.6
85.9
86.3
86.3
86.3
86.3
85.6
85.6
100.0
206.3
196.7
204.1
198.5
170.6
130.1
139.8
136.4
136. 1
134.9
131.2
129.7
133. 8
132.7
130.9
126.4
117.8
112.6
114. 5
107.4
105.9
108.2
107.1
110.0
117. 1
119.3
121.6
122.7
120.4
120.8
120. 1
119.0
119.3
119.0
117.8
116.7
100.0
207.9
208.5
212.2
185.7
156.1
125.4
127.5
125.4
131.7
135.4
132.3
128.6
131.7
127.0
123.8
116.9
112.7
111. 1
115.3
114.8
114.8
114.3
112.7
113. 2
120.1
118.0
118.5
121.7
118.0
117.5
115.9
113.8
112.7
112.2
111. 1
109.5
100.0
209. 9
175.6
186.4
166.7
145.5
115.5
131.0
127.2
128.2
124.9
120.7
113.1
110.8
108.5
110.3
108.5
105. 2
99.5
98. 1
100.5
100.0
99.5
100.5
100.9
100.5
98.6
97.2
96.2
95.8
98. 1
96. 2
96.2
95.3
93.9
93.0
93.4
100. 0
187.6
159. 6
160.7
157.3
138.2
122.5
129.2
128.1
127.0
123.6
121.3
121.3
120.2
118.0
119.1
120.2
119.1
116.9
119.1
116.9
115. 7
113.5
113.5
112. 4
114.6
116.9
122. 5
123.6
123.6
123.6
124.7
124.7
124.7
124.7
125.8
125.8
Butter
100.0
183.0
147.5
143.9
120. 4
92.4
71.5
84.3
77.0
77.0
70.0
65.5
62.9
62.4
70.0
70 2
69.7
71.8
77.8
71.3
70.8
64.8
64.8
66.3
73.6
73.4
80.9
71.3
72.6
72.8
73.4
73.9
73.6
74.2
74.2
73. 1
62.9
452
MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
T a b l e 4 .—IN D E X N U M B E R S OF R E T A IL PR IC E S OF P R IN C IP A L A R TIC LES OF FOOD
BY Y EARS, 1913, 1920, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, A N D 1933, A N D BY M O N TH S FOR 1932 A N D
1933—Continued
Year and
month
1913__________
1920__________
1928__________
1929__________
1930__________
1931______ ___
1932__________
Jan 15______
Feb. 15_____
Mar. 15_____
Apr. 15____
M ay 15 ___
June 15_____
July 1 5 _____
Aug. 15_____
Sept. 15_____
Oct. 15______
N ov. 15_____
Dec. 15_____
1933__________
Jan. 15______
Feb. 15_____
Mar. 15-. .
Apr. 15_____
M ay 15_____
June 15_____
July 15_____
Aug. 15 ___
Aug. 29_____
Sept. 12_____
Sept. 26_____
Oct. 10_____
Oct. 24_____
N ov. 7______
Nov. 21____
Dec. 5 ____
Dec. 19___ _
Cheese Lard
100.0
188. 2
174.2
171. 9
158. 8
127. 1
104. 1
115. 4
110. 4
107.7
105. 4
101.8
100.9
99. 5
102.3
102.7
102. 3
101.4
101. 4
101.8
100.9
96.4
94.6
95.0
100.9
104.5
106.8
106.8
105.9
108. 3
106.3
105.9
105.0
104.5
103.2
103.6
100.9
Eggs
100.0 100.0
186.7 197.4
117.7 134. 5
115.8 142.0
107.6 118.8
84.2
91.9
55.7
78.8
63.9
85.8
59.5
70.1
57.6
61.2
55.1
58.0
52.5
58.0
49.4
60.3
53.8
66.1
56.3
77.7
57.6
85.5
57.0 100.3
55.1 109.0
51.3 115.7
57.0
75.7
51.3
93.9
48.7
62.0
50.0
57.4
50.0
53.3
56.3
58.8
61.4
58.0
63.9
70.4
63.3
73.3
62.0
75.7
60.8
82.0
60.8
87.8
60.8
94.2
60. 1 97.1
60.8 100.3
62.0 104. 6
60.8 101.7
59.5
93.0
Bread Flour
100.0
205.4
162.5
160.7
155.4
135.7
121.4
126.8
125.0
125.0
123. 2
123.2
123.2
121.4
121.4
119.6
119.6
119.6
117.9
126.8
114.3
114.3
114.3
114. 3
116.1
117.9
128.6
135.7
135.7
137.5
141.1
142.9
142.9
142.9
142.9
141.1
141.1
100.0
245. 5
163.6
154.5
142.4
109.1
97.0
100.0
100.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
93.9
93.9
93 9
90.9
87.9
118.2
87.9
87.9
90.9
93.9
103. 0
103.0
121.2
145.5
151.6
148.5
148.5
148.5
145. 5
145.5
145.5
145. 5
142.4
Corn
meal
Rice
Pota Sugar
toes
100.0
216.7
176. 7
176.7
176.7
153.3
126.7
133.3
133.3
130.0
130.0
130.0
130.0
126.7
130.0
126. 7
123.3
120.0
116.7
123. 3
116.7
113.3
113.3
113.3
116.7
120.0
123.3
126. 7
130. 1
133.3
133.3
130.0
130.0
130.0
133.3
133.3
133.3
100.0
200.0
114.9
111.5
109.2
94.3
77.0
85.1
83.9
81.6
79.3
77.0
75.9
75.9
74.7
74.7
73.6
71.3
69.0
71.3
67.8
66.7
65.5
65.5
66.7
69.0
71.3
73.6
73.6
75.9
77.1
78.2
78.2
79.3
79.3
80.5
80.5
100.0
370.6
158.8
188.2
211.8
135.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.9
117.6
111.8
100.0
88.2
88.2
82.4
88.2
135.3
88.2
88.2
94.1
94.1
100.0
135.3
211.8
205.9
194.1
182.4
164.7
147.1
135.3
135.3
135.3
129.4
135.3
100.0
352.7
129.1
120.0
112.7
103.6
92.7
98.2
96.4
94.5
92.7
89.1
89.1
90.9
92.7
92.7
92.7
92.7
92.7
98.2
92.7
90.9
90.9
92.7
96.4
98.2
100.0
101.8
101.8
103. 6
103.6
103.6
103.6
101.8
101.8
101.8
100.0
Tea
100.0
134.7
142.3
142. 6
142.5
138.6
130.3
136.2
135. 3
134.7
133.1
132. 4
130.5
129.2
128.9
128.5
125.9
125. 2
124.6
120. 6
123.5
121.5
119.9
119.1
118.4
116. 7
117.8
118.6
119.1
121.3
122. 1
122.8
123.0
123.2
122.4
123.0
124.3
All arti
Cof
cles i
fee (weight
ed)
100.0
157.7
165. 1
164.8
136.2
113.4
101.3
104.4
104.0
103.4
102.3
100. 7
99.7
99.7
99. 3
101.0
101.7
101.0
99.7
90.9
96.3
93.3
91.9
91. 6
90.6
90.6
90 6
90 6
90.9
89.6
89.3
89.3
89.3
89.3
89.3
88.9
88.6
100.0
203.4
154. 3
156. 7
147.1
121.3
102.1
109. 3
105. 3
105 0
103 7
101.3
100 1
101. 0
100.8
100. 3
100. 4
99 4
98 7
99 7
94.8
90.9
90 5
90.4
93 7
96 7
104 8
106 7
107 1
107.0
107.4
107 3
106 6
106 7
106 8
105 5
103.9
1 22 articles in 1913-20; 42 articles in 1921-32.
Table 5 shows index numbers of the weighted retail cost of food for
the United States and 39 cities, based on the year 1913 as 100. The
percent of change on December 19, 1933, compared with December
15, 1932, and November 21 and December 5, 1933, are also given for
these cities and the United States and for 12 additional cities from
which prices were not secured in 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
453
RETA IL PRICES
T a b l e 5 —IN D E X N U M B E R S OF T H E TOTAL W E IG H T E D R E TA IL COST OF FOOD BY
CITIES A N D FOR TH E U N IT E D STA TES ON SP E C IFIE D D A T E S, A N D P E R C E N T OF
CHANGE D E C . 19, 1933, C O M PA R ED AVITH D E C . 15, 1932, A N D NOV. 21 A N D D E C . 5, 1933
Percent of change Dee. 19,
1933, compared with—
Index number (1913=100)
City
1932
Dec. 15
United States________
Atlanta
_ _ _____________
Baltimore ___
B irm ingh am _____________
Boston.- ________ _____ _
Bridgeport
Buffalo
--- -- -Butte
Charleston, S.C .- ------------Chicago- -- _________
Cincinnati__ .
_____
Cleveland______ _______ ___
Columbus
Dallas___________ ________
Denver
Detroit
_____ ___ - ___
Fall River- .......... . .
__
Houston>
__ _ ___ -_
- Ind ian ap olis___ ___
Jacksonville___
Kansas City - ___ ______
Little Rock________ ___ ___
Los Angeles _ - .
Louisville
__ _ _ _ _ _ _
Manchester________ _______
M em phis. _______
- ___
M ilw aukee___Minneapolis___
____ ____
Mobile
Newark. - - - - - - -New H aven.. ............
....
New Orleans____
New York Norfolk
Omaha - - - - ..............
Peoria
Philadelphia. . - - _______
Pittsburgh
- - __
Portland, Maine
Portland, Oreg. .. ..
Providence,
. - - . _
- __
Richmond - __
Rochester
St. Louis - ___________
St Paul
Salt Lake C ity_____ - - San Francisco..
_ ______ _
Savannah
Scranton
___ _ __
Seattle.
.
_____
Springfield, Til
W ashington___ ___________
Hawaii:
TTnnnlnlu
Ofher Tonalities
1932
1933
N ov. 7 N ov. 21
Dec. 5
Dec. 19
1933
Dec. 15 Nov. 21
Dec. 5
98.7
106.7
106.8
105.5
103.9
+5.3
- 2 .7
- 1 .5
95.1
103.2
99.1
101.6
105.0
113.2
103.7
108.0
102.9
112.4
104.0
108.1
101.3
111.6
103.3
106.2
102.4
109.5
102.3
103.6
103.8
111.8
111.7
110.0
108.4
100.1
102.3
97.4
91.8
107.8
111. 1
107.4
102.4
108.0
110.5
109.1
103.2
107.8
109.4
105.0
101.9
109.3
108.0
101.3
100.7
96. 2
94.8
91.5
97.3
103.4
100.5
105.0
105.4
104.5
99.3
106. 3
105.1
105. 6
98.9
104.5
104.5
103.2
97.0
103.1
103.1
93.4
90.9
98. 5
87.4
93.8
93. 2
100. 2
90.4
100. 6
98.1
100. 6
99.4
103. 6
97.1
101.9
101. 2
107. 6
99. 2
109.8
106.2
101.2
99.1
102.7
97.0
100.1
101.0
108.3
99.3
109.2
106.1
99.6
99.4
102.3
95.5
98.1
100.1
106. 7
98. 7
106. 1
106. 6
98.0
97.8
100.3
98.0
94.9
99.4
105.1
97.6
103.9
104.7
102.0
104. 5
98.9
106.3
108. Ò
112.7
105.8
114.6
108. 2
111.8
105.9
114.1
106.7
110. 1
105.0
113.7
105. 4
110.3
104.3
110. 6
+ 7.8
+ 6 .2
+ 3 .2
+ 2.0
+ 5 .2
+ 4.4
-1 .4
+9. 2
+ 5.6
+ 4 .0
+ 9 .6
+ 9.5
+ 7 .2
+ 2 .4
+12.7
+ 6.0
+13.3
+ 4.9
+ 7.5
+ 1.8
+12. 1
+1.1
+ 6 .6
+ 4.9
+ 8.0
+ 3.4
+ 6.7
+ 4.8
+ 3.3
+ 5.6
+ 5.4
+4.1
+ 4.8
+ 8.7
+6. 2
+ 7.6
+ 5.9
+ 3.4
- 1 .3
+ 5.9
+ 7.9
+7. 2
+ 6.5
+ 9.7
+ 2.6
-.9
+ 6.5
+ 6.8
+1.1
+ 4 .4
+ 7.8
-.4
- 2 .6
-1 . 7
- 4 .1
- 2 .2
- 3 .0
-2 .2
+ 1.2
-2 . 2
-7 .2
- 2 .4
- 2 .0
- 1 .3
- 2 .3
- 3 .0
- 1 .9
-.3
-3 . 2
- 1 .4
- 2 .4
+ .4
- 5 .3
-1 . 6
- 2 .9
- 1 .6
- 4 .8
- 1 .3
-1 . 1
- 2 .6
- 1 .4
- 1 .6
- 3 .1
- 2 .7
- 1 .6
- 3 .0
- 2 .7
- 2 .0
- 3 .0
- 1 .8
- 2 .4
- 1 .0
- 2 .9
- 2 .5
- 1 .0
- 4 .1
- 3 .7
- 1 .7
- 1 .8
- 3 .2
- 4 .0
- 3 .8
+ 1.1
- 1 .9
- 1 .0
- 2 .4
- 1 .1
- 1 .5
- 2 .1
+ 1.4
- 1 .3
- 3 .5
- 1 .2
-.2
- 2 .3
- 1 .9
- 1 .3
- 1 .3
+ .6
- 1 .6
- 1 .7
- 2 .0
+ 2.7
- 3 .3
-.7
- 1 .5
- 1 .1
- 2 .0
- 1 .7
-.6
- 1 .3
+ .1
-.7
- 2 .0
- 2 .9
-.4
- 2 .7
- 2 .3
- 2 .4
- 2 .1
- 1 .4
- 1 .8
-.9
- 1 .5
- 2 .6
-1 .2
- 2 .6
- 2 .8
- 1 .4
- 1 .7
- 2 .1
- 3 .5
-1 .9
+ 4.9
+ 2.1
+ .3
- 1 .6
91.0
99.6
100.5
99.8
98.9
100. 5
96.5
111.3
104. 2
111. 2
104.3
110.7
104.8
108.2
102.2
94. 1
99.9
101.1
94.6
109.1
110.9
94.5
108.5
110.1
94.1
107.8
110.0
92.8
105.8
109. 0
98.2
107.6
107.4
107.4
104.7
86.9
107.2
91.0
110.0
93.0
110.3
91.5
109.3
89.1
106.3
104.9
98.7
113. 5
103.3
114.0
103.1
113.9
101.9
111.9
99.8
102.3
114. 3
114.6
112.4
110.3
R e ta il P rices o f C o a l, D e c e m b e r 15, 1933
ETAIL prices of coal as of the 15th of each month are secured
from each of the 51 cities from which retail food prices are
obtained. The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers but
do not include charges for storing the coal in cellar or bins where an
extra handling is necessary.
R
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
454
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
Average prices for the United States for bituminous coal and for
stove and chestnut sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite are computed
from the quotations received from retail dealers in all cities where
these coals are sold for household use. The prices shown for bitumi
nous coal are averages of prices of the several kinds. In addition to
the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are shown for Colorado,
Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those cities where these
coals form any considerable portion of the sales for household use.
Table 1 shows for the United States both average prices and
index numbers of Pennsylvania white-ash anthracite, stove and
chestnut sizes, and of bituminous coal on January 15 and July 15,
1913 to 1931, and for each month from January 15,1932, to December
15, 1933. An average price for the year 1913 has been made from
the averages for January and July of that year. The average price
for each month has been divided by this average price for the year
1913 to obtain the index number.
T able 1.—A V ER A G E R E TA IL PR IC ES A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S OF COAL FOR THE
U N IT E D ST A TES B A SE D ON TH E Y E A R 1913 AS' 100, ON T H E 15TH OF SP E C IFIE D
M O N TH S FROM JA N U A R Y 1913 TO D E C E M B E R 1933
Pennsylvania anthra
cite, white ash—
Year and
month
Stove
Chestnut
In
Av
dex
A v In A v In erage (1913
erage dex erage dex price = 100)
price (19Î3 price (1913
= 100)
= 100)
D ol.
1913: Yr. av.
Jan__
July—
1914: Jan__
J u ly ...
1915: Jan__
July—
1916: Jan__
July—
1917: J a n ...
J u ly ...
1918: Jan__
J u ly ...
1919: Jan__
J u ly ...
1920: Jan___
J u ly ...
1921: Jan__
J u ly ...
1922: Jan__
July—
1923: Jan__
J u ly ...
1924: Jan__
July__
1925: Jan__
J u ly ...
1926: Jan__
J u ly ...
1927: J a n ...
J u ly ...
1928: Jan__
J u ly ...
7. 73
7.99
7. 46
7.80
7. 60
7.83
7. 54
7. 93
8.12
9.29
9.08
9.88
9. 96
11.51
12.14
12. 59
14. 28
15. 99
14.90
14. 98
14.87
15. 43
15.10
15. 77
15.24
15. 45
15.14
0)
15. 43
15. 66
15.15
15. 44
14.91
D ol.
100.0
103.4
96.6
100.9
98.3
101.3
97.6
102.7
105.2
120.2
117.5
127.9
128.9
149.0
157.2
162.9
184.9
207.0
192.8
193.9
192.4
199.7
195.5
204.1
197.2
200.0
196.0
0)
199.7
202.7
196.1
199.8
192.9
1 Insufficient data.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.91
8.15
7. 68
8.00
7. 78
7.99
7. 73
8.13
8. 28
9. 40
9.16
10. 03
10. 07
11.61
12.17
12.77
14. 33
16.13
14. 95
15. 02
14. 92
15. 46
15.05
15. 76
15.10
15. 37
14. 93
0)
15.19
15. 42
14. 81
15. 08
14. 63
Pennsylvania anthra
Bituminous
cite, white ash—
Bituminous
Year and
month
D ol.
100.0
103.0
97.0
101.0
98.3
101.0
97.7
102.7
104.6
118.8
115.7
126.7
127.3
146.7
153.8
161.3
181. 1
203.8
188.9
189.8
188.5
195.3
190.1
199.1
190.7
194.2
188.6
(>)
191.9
194.8
187.1
190.6
184.9
5. 43
5. 48
5. 39
5. 97
5. 46
5.71
5. 44
5. 69
5. 52
6.96
7. 21
7.68
7.92
7.90
8.10
8.81
10. 55
11.82
10. 47
9. 89
9. 49
11.18
10.04
9. 75
8.94
9. 24
8.61
9. 74
8. 70
9. 96
8.91
9. 30
8.69
100.0
100.8
99.2
109.9
100.6
105.2
100.1
104.8
101.6
128.1
132.7
141.3
145.8
145.3
149. 1
162. 1
194.1
217.6
192.7
182.0
174.6
205.7
184.7
179.5
164.5
170.0
158.5
179.3
160.1
183.3
163.9
171.1
159.9
Stove
A v In
dex
A v In A v In erage (1913
dex
dex price = 100)
erage (1913
erage (1913
price = 100) price
= 100)
D ol.
1929: Jan__
J u ly ...
1930: Jan__
J u ly ...
1931: J a n ...
J u ly ...
1932: Jan__
F e b ...
M ar...
A p r ...
M a y ..
J u n e..
J u ly ...
A u g ...
S e p t..
Oct. .
N o v ...
D e c ...
1933: Jan__
F e b ...
M ar...
A p r ...
M a y ..
June .
J u ly ...
A u g ...
Sept.
Oct__
N o v ...
D e c ...
Chestnut
15. 38
14.91
15. 3c
14.84
15.12
14. 61
15.00
14. 98
14.54
13. 62
13.30
13.36
13.37
13.50
13. 74
13.79
13.83
13.87
13.82
13. 75
13.70
13. 22
12.44
12.18
12.47
12.85
13. 33
13. 44
13. 46
13. 45
199.1
193.4
198.4
192.1
195.8
189.1
194.2
193.9
188.2
176.3
172.2
173.0
173.0
174.8
177.9
178.5
178.9
179.5
178.9
178.0
177.3
171.1
161.0
157.6
161.3
166.3
172.5
174.0
174.3
174.0
D ol.
D ol.
15.06
14.63
15.00
14.53
14.88
14. 59
14. 97
14. 95
14. 45
13.46
13.11
13.16
13.16
13.28
13. 52
13. 58
13. 60
13. 65
13.61
13. 53
13.48
13.00
12.25
12.00
12.26
12.65
13.12
13.23
13.26
13.24
190.3 9.09 167.2
184.8 8.62 158.6
189.5 9.11 167.6
183.6 8.65 159.1
188.1 8.87 163.2
184.3 8. 09 148.9
189.1 8.17 150.3
188.9 8.14 149.7
182.6 8.01 147.4
170.0 7.85 144.5
165.6 7.60 139.9
166.3 7.53 138.6
166.2 7. 50 138.0
167.9 7.52 138.4
170.8 7.54 138.7
171.5 7.60 139.9
171.9 7.59 139.7
172.5 7.51 138.3
171.9 7.46 137.3
171.0 7.45 137.0
170.4 7.43 136.7
164.3 7.37 135.0
154.8 7.17 132.0
151.6 7.18 132.1
155.0 7. 64 140.7
159.8 7. 77 143.0
165.8 7.94 146.0
167.1 8.08 148.7
167.5 8.18 150.6
167.2 8.18 150.6
R ETA IL PRICES
455
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
456
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
The chart on page 455 shows the trend in retail prices of stove
and chestnut sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite and of bituminous coal
in the United States. The trend is shown semiannually for the
years 1913 to 1928, inclusive, and by months from January 15, 1929,
to December 15, 1933, inclusive.
Table 2 shows average retail prices per ton of 2,000 pounds and
index numbers (1913-100) for the United States on December 15,
1932, and November 15 and December 15, 1933, and percentage
change in the year and in the month.
T a ble 2 .
AVER A G E R E TA IL PR IC ES A N D IN D E X N U A IB E R S OF COAL FOE 'TTTU
S I c T i D S ^ 7 N SDAN,A P f 5E ? S T 0 F C H A N G E ° N D E “ “ »33,°SoM °pA4LR l g E w i ? l
Average retail price and index Percent of change
Dec. 15, 1933, com
number—
pared with—
Article
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove:
Average price per 2,000 pounds.
Index (1913=100)____________
Chestnut:
Average price per 2,000 pounds.
Index (1913=100)_____ _______
Bituminous:
Average price per 2,000 pounds____
Index (1913=100)........ .......................
Dec. 15,
1932
N ov. 15,
1933
Dec. 15,
1933
Dec. 15,
1932
Nov. 15,
1933
$13.87
179.5
$13. 46
174.3
$13. 45
174.0
- 3 .0
- 0 .1
$13. 65
172.5
$13. 26
167.5
$13. 24
167.2
- 3 .0
-.2
$7. 51
138.3
$8.18
150.6
$8.18
150.6
+ 8.9
-. 1
Table 3 shows average retail prices of coal for household use by
cities on December 15, 1932, and November 15 and December 15,
1933, as reported by local dealers in each city.
T a ble 3 .—AVER A G E R E TA IL PR IC ES OF COAL P E R T O N OF 2,000 PO U N D S, FOR HOUSE-
HOLD USE, D E C . 15, 1932, A N D N OV. 15 A N D D E C . 15, 1933, B Y CITIES
1932
1933
City and kind of coal
Atlanta, Ga.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Baltimore, Md.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
S to v e._____ ________ .
Chestnut____________
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
Low volatile___ ______
Run of mine:
High volatile_________
Birmingham, Ala.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Boston, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove________________
Chestnut— .....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dec.
15
N ov.
15
Dec.
15
$6.22
$7.05
$6.98
13. 25
12. 75
13. 29
13.04
13. 25
13.00
9. 00
9. 56
9.38
6.86
7.61
7.61
5.00
6.00
6.01
13.75
13.50
13. 75
13. 50
13.75
13. 50
1932
1933
City and kind of coal
Dec.
15
Bridgeport, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove_________
Chestnut......... ..........
Buffalo, N .Y .:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove_________
Chestnut___ ________
Butte, Mont.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Charleston, S.C.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
Chicago, HI.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove__
C h estn u t. . .
. ___
Nov.
15
Dec.
15
$12. 88 $13. 75 $13. 75
12.88 13.75 13.75
12.42
12.21
12.85
12. 60
12.85
12.60
9. 73
9. 71
9.85
8. 07
9.92
9. 79
15. 75
15. 50
13.99
13. 79
13.99
13. 79
457
R E T A IL P R IC E S
Table 3 —AVER A G E R E T A IL PR IC ES OF COAL PE R TO N OF 2,000 PO U N D S, FOR H O U SE
HOLD USE, D E C . 15, 1932, A N D NOV. 15 A N D D E C . 15, 1933, BY C IT IES—Continued
Ì932
City and kind of coal
City and kind of coal
Dec.
15
Nov.
15
Dec.
15
Chicago, 111.—Continued.
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
$7.25 $8.21 $8. 21
High volatile...............
9. 98 10. 83 10.83
Low volatile_________
Run of mine:
7.76
7. 76
7.19
Low volatile_________
Cincinnati, Ohio:
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
6.10
6.15
High volatile-------------- 5. 35
7.92
7. 98
Low volatile--- ----------- 7.50
Cleveland Ohio:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove_________ ______ 13. 69 12. 44 12. 38
Chestnut-------- ------------- 13.44 12.19 12.13
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
6. 34
6. 20
High volatile-------------- 5.64
8.32
9. 09
9.00
Low volatile______ _
Columbus, Ohio:
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
6. 08
6.10
5.06
High volatile_________
7.50
6. 50
7. 50
Low volatile_________
Dallas, Tex.:
Arkansas anthracite, egg--. 14. 00 14.00 14.00
Bituminous, prepared sizes- 10. 75 10. 50 10. 50
Denver, Colo.:
Colorado anthracite:
Furnace, 1 and 2 m ixed.- 14. 50 15. 56 15.50
Stove, 3 and 5 mixed------ 14. 50 15.56 15. 50
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 7.02
8. 24
8.10
Detroit, Mich.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove__________________ 13. 33 12.62 12.62
Chestnut______________ 13.17 12.36 12. 36
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
6.84
6.84
High volatile-------------- 5.80
6.93
7. 56
7. 65
Low volatile_________
Run of mine:
6.70
6.70
Low volatile-------------- 6. 38
Fall River, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove____ ____ _____ ___ 14.50 14. 50 14. 50
Chestnut______________ 14. 25 14.25 14. 25
Houston, Tex.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 10.00 11.60 11.60
Indianapolis, Ind.:
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
5.93
5. 93
High volatile........... ....... 5.05
8. 20
Low volatile-------------- 7.71
8. 20
Run of mine:
6.10
7.00
7.00
Low volatile-------------Jacksonville,.Fla.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 8.50 11.13 11.13
Kansas City, Mo.:
Arkansas anthracite:
Furnace_______________ 10. 63 10. 50 10. 50
12.17 12. 58 12.58
Stove no. 4____ _ _ ___
5.79
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 5. 61
5.79
Little Rock, Ark.:
Arkansas anthracite, egg— 10. 75 10. 50 10. 50
8.33
8.33
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 8. 39
Los Angeles, Calif.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 16. 25 17. 30 17.30
Louisville, Ky.:
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
4.64
5.63
5. 62
High volatile________
7. 25
8. 00
8.06
Low volatile________
1
The average price of coal delivered in bins is
delivered in bins.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1932
1933
Dec.
15
1933
Nov.
15
Dec.
15
Manchester, N .H .:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove___ ______________ 514.83 $15. 00 $15. 00
Chestnut______________ 14.83 15.00 15.00
Memphis, Tenn.:
7.14
7.14
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 5. 72
Milwaukee, Wis.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
S t o v e ----- ----------------- 15. 05 13. 25 13. 25
Chestnut — --------------- 14.80 13.00 13.00
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
6.99
7. 51
7.50
High volatile_________
9. 32
9. 62
9.83
Low volatile-------------Minneapolis, Minn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
S to v e.. . --------------------- 17.35 15. 50 15.50
Chestnut— --------------- 17.10 15. 25 15. 25
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
9.88
9.91
High volatile-------------- 9. 56
Low volatile-------------- 11.85 12.24 12.24
Mobile, Ala.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 7. 30
8.48
8.46
Newark, N.J.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove__________________ 12. 25 12.75 12. 75
Chestnut---------------------- 12.00 12.50 12. 50
New Haven, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove__________ _______ 14. 00 13.90 13.90
Chestnut---------------------- 14.00 13.90 13.90
New Orleans, La.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 8. 57 10.07 10.07
New York, N .Y .:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove__________________ 12. 54 12. 55 12.45
Chestnut ------------------ 12.29 12.30 12. 20
Norfolk, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove______________ ___ 13.00 14. 00 14.00
Chestnut---------------------- 13.00 14.00 14.00
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
High volatile------ ----- 6. 50
8. 00
8.00
Low volatile_________
9. 50
8.00
9. 50
Run of mine:
8. 00
Low volatile_________
6. 50
8. 00
Omaha, Nebr.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 8.48
8. 55
8.56
Peoria, 111.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 6.02
6.44
6. 43
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove--------------------------- 11.75 12. 25 12. 25
Chestnut---- -------------- 11.50 12.00 12.00
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Chestnut_________ . . . . 13. 00 13. 00 12.88
4. 82
4. 75
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 3. 50
Portland, Maine:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove_________________ 15.84 14. 50 14.50
15. 60 14. 25 14.25
Chestnut___________ Portland, Oreg.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 11.52 12.88 12.88
Providence, R.I.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove . ______________ 114. 75 115. 00 114.75
Chestnut-------------- >14. 50 114. 75 114.50
50 cents higher than here shown.
Practically all coal is
458
M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W
T a b l e 3 .—A V ER A G E R E T A IL PR IC E S OF COAL P E R T O N OF 2,000 P O U N D S, FO R H O USE
H O LD U SE , D E C . 15, 1932, A N D NOV. 15 A N D D E C . 15, 1933, BY C IT IE S—Continued
1932
1933
City and kind of coal
Dec.
15
Richmond, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove__________
Chestnut_______ _______
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
High volatile_________
Low volatile______
Run of mine:
Low volatile_________
Rochester, N .Y .:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
S to v e.. ___________ .
Chestnut____________
St. Louis, Mo.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove_____________
Chestnut_____
Bituminous, prepared sizes.
St. Paul, Minn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove______ ____ _____
Chestnut___________
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
High volatile_________
Low volatile_________
N ov.
15
Dec.
15
$13. 50 $14. 00 $14.00
13. 50 14.00 14.00
6. 83
8.08
7.83
8.87
7.83
8.87
6.75
7. 25
7.25
13. 38
13.13
13.10
12. 85
13.10
12.85
15.22
15. 22
5.47
13.91
13.72
5.54
13.91
13. 72
5. 55
17.35
17.10
15. 50
15. 25
15. 50
15.25
9. 42
11.87
9.98
12.33
9.98
12. 33
1932
1932
C ity and kind of coal
Dec.
15
Salt Lake City, Utah:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. $7.17
San Francisco, Calif.:
New Mexico anthracite:
Cerillos egg.........................
Colorado anthracite:
E g g .....................................
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 15.00
Savannah, Ga.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 3 8.12
Scranton, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove________________
9.28
Chestnut____________
9.00
Seattle, Wash.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 9.79
Springfield, 111.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. 3.79
Washington, D.C.:
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove________________ 314.46
Chestnut______________ 314.15
Bituminous:
Prepared sizes:
High volatile_____ . . . 3 8. 29
Low volatile.......... . . . 310. 21
Run of mine:
M ixed____
___ 3 7. 56
Nov.
15
Dec.
15
$7.78
$7.78
25. 63
25.63
25.11
16.06
25.11
16.06
110.04
210.04
8.85
8. 60
8.85
8.60
9. 70
9.73
4.08
4.09
314.45 314.45
314.15 314.15
3 8. 69 3 8.64
310.31 310. 31
3 7.98 3 7. 88
2 AM coal sold in Savannah is weighed by the city. A charge of 10 cents per ton or half ton is made.
This additional charge has been included in the above price.
3 Per ton of 2,240 pounds.
R etail Prices of G as in D ecem b er 1933
HE net price per 1,000 cubic feet of gas for household use in
each of 51 cities is published in June and December of each year
in conjunction with the cost-of-living study. The average family
consumption of manufactured gas is estimated to be 3,000 cubic feet
per month. In cities where a service charge or a sliding scale is in
operation, families using less than 3,000 cubic feet per month pay a
somewhat higher rate than here shown; while those consuming more
than this amount pay a lower rate. The figures here given are believed
to represent quite closely the actual monthly cost of gas per 1,000
cubic feet to the average wage-earner’s family.
From the prices quoted on manufactured gas, average net prices
have been computed for all cities combined. Prices and index num
bers showing the trend since April 1913 are shown in table 1. The
index numbers are based on the price in April 1913.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
459
R E T A IL P R IC E S
T a b l e 1 —AVER A G E PR IC E PE R 1,000 CUBIC F E E T OF M A N U F A C T U R E D GAS A N D
IN D E X N U M B E R IN SP E C IFIE D M O N TH S OF EA CH Y E AR 1913 A N D 1928 TO 1933 FOR
T H E U N IT E D STATES
Average
net price
Date
191 it—April
$0.95
1.22
1. 21
1.21
1.18
192ft— D e o e m her
■jQ2Q—Dftppm|ip.r
1930— .Til no
Deoem her
Index
(April
1913=
100)
100.0
128.4
127. 4
127.4
124.2
Date
1931—June_________________
December_____ _______
1932—June_______ _____ ____
December____________
1933—June___ ____________
December______ ____
Index
(April
1913=
100)
Average
net price
124.2
112.1
121.1
121.1
120.0
120.0
$1.18
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.14
Table 2 shows the net price of manufactured gas on June 15, 1933,
and December 15, 1933, by cities. These prices are based on an
estimated average family consumption of 3,000 cubic feet per month.
T a ble 2 .— N E T PR IC E PE R 1,000 CUBIC F E E T OF M A N U F A C T U R E D GAS B A SE D ON A
FA M ILY C O N SU M PT IO N OF 3,000 CUBIC F E E T ON JU N E 15, 1933, A N D D E C E M B E R 15,
1933, B Y C ITIES
June 15,
1933
City
Bai firn ore
Birmingham ______________
Boston
Oharloston, S .O
Cleveland
- . ___________
Detroit
Fall River
Indianapolis
Jaekson ville
IVIan ehester
TVTilwankee
Minneapolis
Newark
New TTa.ven
New York
$0. 85
.80
1.16
1.45
1.25
. 77
1.14
.95
1.92
1. 34
.82
.96
1. 21
1.13
1.21
Dec. 15,
1933
$0.85
.80
1.16
1.45
1.25
.79
1. 14
.95
1.92
1.34
.82
.96
1.21
1.13
1.22
City
Norfolk____________________
O m a h a ...___ _____________
Philadelphia........... ....................
Portland, Maine______ . . . _
Portland, Oreg.. __________
Providence________________
Richmond. _______________
Rochester______________ ___
St. L ou is.. _______________
St. Paul___________________
Savannah. ________________
Scranton __________________
S e a ttle .__________________
Washington. __________ ._
Honolulu, T .H _____________
June 15,
1933
Dec. 15,
1933
$1.18
.79
.88
1.42
1.17
1.13
1.29
1.00
1 1. 30
.90
1.45
1.40
1.42
.84
1.68
$1.18
.79
.88
1.42
1.17
1.13
1.29
1.00
1 1.30
.90
1.45
1.40
1.48
.84
1.68
1 Price based on 24 therms.
Table 3 shows by cities net prices on June 15, 1933, and December
15, 1933, for natural gas, and for mixed manufactured and natural
gas (preponderantly natural gas). These prices are based on an
estimated average family consumption of 5,000 cubic feet per month.
T a ble 3 .— N E T PR IC E P E R 1,000 CUBIC F E E T OF N A T U R A L GAS A N D OF M IX E D M A N
U F A C T U R E D A N D N A T U R A L GAS (P R E P O N D E R A N T L Y N A T U R A L GAS) B A SED
ON A FA M ILY C O N SU M PT IO N OF 5,000 CUBIC F E E T ON JU N E 15,1933, A N D D E C E M B E R
15, 1933, B Y C ITIES
June 15,
1933
City
A tla n ta
B u ffa lo
B u tt e
O hi pago
_
_ _________
C inicnnati________________
C le v e la n d
C o ln m h n s
JJall as
D enver
H o u sto n
TTansas City
$1.09
.65
.70
1 1.32
.75
.60
. 55
.79
.99
.75
.95
Dec. 15,
1933
$1.09
.65
.70
1 1.30
.75
.60
.55
.79
.99
.75
.94
City
Little R o c k _______________
Los Angeles____________
Louisville- ________________
M emphis__________________
M obile-.- ------------------------New Orleans_______________
Peoria.-___________________
Pittsburgh
_____________
Salt Lake C ity...........................
San Francisco______________
Springfield_________________
June 15,
1933
Dec. 15,
1933
$0.65
.82
.45
.95
1. 24
.95
2 1.95
.60
.99
.97
2 2. 00
$0.65
.79
.45
.95
1.24
.95
2 1.95
.60
1.01
.97
22.00
i Price based on 40 therms which is the equivalent of 5,000 cubic feet of gas of a heating value of 800 B .t.u.
p t J I U U .U 1U I U U I .
#
.
___
2 Price based on 50 therms which is the equivalent of 5,000 cubic feet of gas of a heating value of 1,000
B .t.u. per cubic foot.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
460
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
R etail Prices of E lectricity in D ecem b er 1933
H E following table shows for 51 cities the net rates per kilowatthour of electricity used for household purposes in June 1933 and
December 1933. These rates are published in June and December of
each year in conjunction with the cost-of-living study. For the cities
having more than one tariff for domestic consumers the rates are
shown for the schedule under which m ost of the residences are served.
. Several cities have sliding scales based on a variable num ber of
kilowatt-hours payable a t each rate. The num ber of kilowatt-hours
payable a t each rate in these cities is determined for each customer
according to the w atts of installation, either in whole or in part, in
the individual home. The num ber of w atts so determined is called
the custom er’s “ dem and.” Footnotes applicable to these cities are
shown in the table.
T
T a b l e 1 .— N E T PR IC E PE R KILO W ATT-HOUR FOR E L E C T R IC IT Y FOR HOU SEHOLD
USE ON JU N E 15, 1933, A N D D E C . 15, 1933, FOR 51 C ITIES
City
Atlanta______ ____
Measure of consumption, per month
First 25 kilowatt-hours________ .
Next 35 kilowatt-hours........ ............
Next 140 kilowatt-hours. ________ .
Excess______________
Baltimore______ .
First 50 kilowatt-hours______
Next 175 kilowatt-hours______ .
Birmingham_____
F irst-1 kilowatt-hours per room. _____
Next 6 kilowatt-hours per room______
Boston_________ . First 2 kilowatt-hours Der 100 square feet, of floor area
Next 70 kilowatt-hours_____
Excess__________________
Bridgeport________ First 400 kilowatt-hours______ _
Buffalo___________ First 60 hours’ use of demand 6____
Next 120 hours’ use of demand 6
Excess__________ ______
Butte____________ First 25 kilowatt-hours_____
Next 25 kilowatt-hours.. . . .
Next 100 kilowatt-hours... . .
Charleston, S.C ___ First 30 kilowatt-hours_____
Next 40 kilowatt-hours.. . .
Chicago_________
First 3 kilowatt-hours per room . .
Next 3 kilowatt-hours per room .. .
Excess____________________
Cincinnati________ Service charge per room ___
First 6 kilowatt-hours per room: minimum 4 rooms
Excess_____ ____________
Cleveland:
Company A ___ First 240 kilow att-hours_____
Excess_____________ ____
Company B ___ Service charge__________ ____
First 600 kilowatt-hours________
Columbus________ First 50 kilowatt-hours_____
Next 75 kilowatt-hours__________
Dallas____________ First 800 kilowatt-hours. _____
Denver...... ................ First 40 kilowatt-hours_______
Excess___ _________________
Detroit________
First 3 kilowatt-hours per active room; minimum, 3 rooms__
N ext 50 kilowatt-hours. ____
Excess_______________________
Fall R iv e r _______ First 25 kilowatt-hours________
Next 75 kilowatt-hours _____
H ouston.._ ______ First 3 kilowatt-hours per room; minimum, 4 rooms
Next 100 kilowatt-hour's_________ ____
Indianapolis______ First 50 kilowatt-hours_______
Next 50 kilowatt-hours ........................
Jacksonville_______ First 500 kilowatt-hours_______
Kansas City_____ First 5 kilowatt-hours per active room; minimum, 3 ro o m s...
Next 5 kilowatt-hours per room
Excess________________
Little Rock............... Service charge for 4 rooms or less. For each additional room
10 cents is added.
First 6 kilowatt-hours per room____
Next 6 kilowatt hours per room.
__________
E x ce ss......................... . _ _____ __________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 15,
1933 i
Cents
2 100.0
3 6.0
3 4. 5
‘ 3.0
5.0
3.4
«7.7
7.5
5.0
3.0
5.3
5.0
4.0
1.5
8.0
4.0
3.0
« 9.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
10.0
5. 0
3.0
4.0
2.8
15.0
2.9
6.0
5.0
5.8
6.0
5.0
9.0
3.6
2.3
8.0
5.0
7.0
4.0
6.3
6.0
7.0
6.5
4.5
2.5
50.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
Dec. 15,
1933
Cents
6.5
5.0
3.0
5.0
3.4
6.5
5.0
7.5
5.0
3.0
5.3
‘ 5.0
4.0
1.5
8.0
4.0
3.0
8.5
6.0
7.0
5.0
10.0
5.0
4.0
2.9
» 6.0
'5 .0
5.8
6.0
5.0
*9.0
«3.6
»2.3
« 8.0
5.0
7.0
4.0
6.3
6.0
7.0
6.5
4.5
50.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
461
RETAIL PRICES
T a b le 1.—N E T PR IC E P E R KILO W ATT-HOUR FOR E L E C T R IC IT Y FOR H O U SEH O LD
USE ON JU N E 15, 1933 A N D D E C . 15, 1933, FOR 51 C IT IES—Continued
Measure of consumption, per month
City
Louisville----------Manchester_______
Memphis
Milwaukee........ .......
Minneapolis---------M obile............ - .........
N ftwark
N"ftw TTR,ven
Nft.w Drifts,ns
First 35 kilowatt-hours____________________________________
Next 140 kilowatt-hours___________________________________
First 30 kilowatt-hours plus balance of consumption up to 6
kilowatt-hours per room.
Excess
_______________________________________________
First block: 3 rooms, 15 kilowatt-hours; 4 rooms, 18 kilowatthours; 5 rooms, 21 kilowatt-hours; 6 rooms, 24 kilowatt-hours;
7 rooms, 27 kilowatt-hours; 8 rooms, 30 kilowatt-hours.
Next block: Number of kilowatt-hours equal to the first block
First 6 kilowatt-hours per room; minimum 4 rooms__________
Next 6 kilowatt-hours per room______________ _____ ________
Excess. . _______________________________________________
First 9 kilowatt-hours for each of the first 6 active rooms and
first 7 kilowatt-hours for each active room in addition to the
first 6.
Next kilowatt-hours up to a total of 150 kilowatt-hours_______
Excess . _______________________________________________
First 3 kilowatt-hours per active room; minimum, 2 rooms___
Next 3 kilowatt-hours per active ro o m ..........................................
Excess . . ____________________________________ _________
Service charge for house of 3 rooms—consumption of 5 kilowatthours included, 10 cents extra for each additional room; not
more than 10 rooms counted.
Next 45 kilowatt-hours-----------------------------------------------------Next 150kilowatt-hours_______________________ _______ - . . .
First 20 kilowatt-hours____________________________________
Next 20 kilowatt-hours______________ . -------------------- . . .
Next 10 kilowatt-hours___ _________________________ ______
Excess of 50 kilowatt-hours_______________ . . . . . ----------First 400 kilowatt-hours_______________________ __________
Service charge____________________________________________
First 20 kilowatt-hours------- ---------------------------------------------Next 30 kilowatt-hours____________________________________
Next 150 kilowatt-hours------- ---------------------------------------------
New York:
Company A9__
10 kilowatt-hours or less----------------------------------------------------Next 5 kilowatt-hours____________________________________
Excess. . ___________________________ _________________
Company B ----- 10 kilowatt-hours or less___________________________________
Next 21 kilowatt-hours____________________________________
Next 89 kilowatt-hours-----------------------------------------------------Company C 9— 10 kilowatt-hours or less_________________________________ .
Next 5 kilowatt-hours______________________________ _____
Excess__ _______ _________________________________________
First 100 kilowatt-hours.. ________________________________
Norfolk. _
............... .................. .
Omaha___________ First 10 kilowatt-hours per room. .
Next 160 kilow att-hours------------- . . . . ------- ----------- ----Pftoria
First 10 kilowatt-hours or l e s s ___ . . .
______ . . .
. _.
Next 6 kilowatt-hours per active room ... ------------- . ------Next 24 kilowatt-hours per active room----------------------- -------Philadelphia:
Company A ---- Minimum charge including use of first 10 kilowatt-hours_____
Next 40 kilowatt-hours______________________________ _____
Next 150 kilowatt-hours__________________ _______________
Company B ---- First 20 kilowatt-hours___________________________________
Next 20 kilowatt-hours_____________ ____ ____ ____ ________
Next 10 kilowatt-hours___________________________________
Excess of 50 kilowatt-hours___________________________ . . . .
P itts b u r g h
First 15-kilowatt-hours___________ __________________ .
Next 15 kilowatt-hours--------------- -------------------------------------Next 20 kilowatt-hours___________________________________
Excess ________ _________________________
___________
Portland, M aine— First 3 rooms, 15 kilowatt-hours; 4 rooms, 18 kilowatt-hours;
5 rooms, 21 kilowatt-hours; 6 rooms, 24 kilowatt-hours; 7
rooms, 27 kilowatt-hours; 8 rooms, 30 kilowatt-hours.
Next 3 rooms, 35 kilowatt-hours; 4 rooms, 42 kilowatt-hours;
5 rooms, 49 kilowatt-hours; 6 rooms, 56 kilowatt-hours; 7
rooms, 63 kilowatt-hours; 8 rooms, 70 kilowatt-hours.
Excess. ________________________________________________
Portland, Oreg.:
Company A ---- First 30 kilowatt-hours for a connected load of 600 wats or less.
For each additional 25 watts of connected load add 1 kilo
watt-hour.
Next 40 kilowatt-hours..................... ...................................................
Excess
__
_____ ______ __________________ - _______
Company B ----- First 30 kilowatt-hours for a connected load of 600 watts or less.
For each additional 25 watts of connected load add 1 kilo
watt-hour.
Next 40 kilowatt-hours............................................................ .........
Excess.......................................................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 15,
1933
Dec. 15,
1933
Cents
Cents
4.8'
2.5
7.6
4.8
2.5
7.6
3.0
10.0
3.0
10.0
6.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
6.2
6.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
6.2
2.9
1.9
7.6
7.1
2.9
80.0
2.9
1.9
7.6
7.1
2.9
80.0
5.0
3.0
9.0
7.0
6.0
3.0
5.3
25.0
9.1
7.8
6.5
5.0
3.0
9.0
7.0
6.0
3.0
5.3
25.0
9.1
7.8
6.5
100.0
6.0
5.0
95.0
9.0
4.0
100.0
6.0
5.0
7.0
5.5
3.0
10 9. 0
ii 6.0
12 3.0
100.0
6.0
5.0
95.0
9.0
4.0
100.0
6.0
5.0
7.0
5.5
3.0
75.0
5.0
3.0
75.0
5.5
3.0
9.0
7.0
6.0
3.0
7.0
5.0
4. 0
3.0
8.0
75.0
5.5
3.0
9.0
7.0
6.0
3.0
7.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
8.0
5.0
5.0
2.0
2.0
5.5
13 5.5
3.0
1.8
5.5
is 3.0
13 1.8
5.5
3.0
1.8
3.0
1.8
462
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T a b l e 1.—N E T PR IC E PE R KILO W ATT-HOUR FOR E LE C T R IC IT Y FOR H O U SEH O LD
USE ON JU N E 15, 1933, A N D D E C . 15, 1933, FOR 51 C IT IE S—Continued
City
Measure of consumption, per month
P r o v id e n c e .-.____ Service charge including 3 kilowatt-hours....... .......... .
Next 60 kilowatt-hours.“. _________ ______ __________ ____ _
Next 30 kilowatt-hours-i_______ _____ _____________________
Richmond________ First 100 kilowatt-hours______________________ ________
Rochester_________ Service charge including first 12 kilowatt-hours.. ___
Next 48 kilowatt-hours_________________________________
.
Next 40 kilowatt-hours__________ ____________________ ____
St. Louis:
Company A ___ First 32 kilowatt-hours_______ ______ ____ ____ ___________
Next 168 kilowatt-hours___________________________________
Company B ___ First 25 kilowatt-hours_______________________ __________
Next 150 kilowatt-hours________________________________
St. Paul__________ First 3 kilowatt-hours per room, minimum 2 rooms
Next 3 kilowatt-hours per room _____________ ____
Excess______________________________ ____________
Salt Lake C ity____ Service charge—consumption of 11 kilowatt-hours included
Excess______ _____ ________________ ____ _____ _____
San Francisco_____ Service charge.._____ _______________________ . .
First 30 kilowatt-hours for residence of 6 rooms, 5 kilowatthours added for each additional room.
Next 140 kilowatt-hours__________________________________
Savannah.......... ....... Service charge__________________ __________ .
First 50 kilow att-hours_______________________________
Next 150 kilowatt-hours___________________________________
Scranton_________ Service charge______________________________ .
All current........................ ........................ ............ .............. ..............
Seattle:
Company A ___ First 40 kilowatt-hours______________________ _____________
Next 200 kilowatt-hours___ _____________________________
Company B ___ First 40 kilowatt-hours_______________________________ .
Next 200 kilowatt-horns______________________ . .....................
Springfield, 111.:
Company A ___ First 30 kilowatt-hours___________________________ ________
Next 30 kilowatt-hours_____________________________
Next 40 kilowatt-hours____________________________
Company B ___ First 30 kilowatt-hours________ _____________________
N ext 30 kilow att-hours___________________________
Next 40 kilowatt-hours___________________________
Washington, D .C ._ First 50 kilowatt-hours_____________________________
Next 50 kilowatt-hours___________________________ . .
Honolulu, H aw aii.. First 100 kilowatt-hours _________________________
June 15,
1933
Dec. 15,
1933
Cents
Cents
50.0
6.5
4.0
7.0
100.0
5.5
74 4.0
50.0
6.5
4.0
7.0
100.0
5.0
4.0
78 6. 7
72 2.4
78 6. 7
12 2.4
8.6
7.1
2. 9
90.0
7.0
40.0
4.5
4.8
2.4
4.3
2.4
8.6
7.1
2.9
90.0
7.0
40.0
4.5
3.5
100.0
6. 0
3.0
100.0
5.0
3.5
100.0
6.0
3.0
100.0
5.0
5.5
2.0
5.5
2.0
5.5
2.0
5.5
2.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
3.9
7.5
5.0
4.0
3.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
3.9
3.6
7.5
1 Federal tax of 3 percent applicable to rates on June 15, 1933.
2 Service charge including 5 kilowatt-hours.
3 Next 25 kilowatt-hours.
4 Next 145 kilowatt-hours.
8 First 100 kilowatt-hours.
6 The demand shall be calculated at 25 percent of the total number of lamp sockets rated at 40 watts
each, minimum 250 watts, plus ‘¿ V i percent of the rating of heating and cooking devices of 1,500 watts or
over and 25 percent of other devices larger than one half horse power.
7 Plus State tax of 2.35 percent.
8 Plus State tax of 3 percent.
8 Rates are subject to adjustment under coal clause. For the months shown there was a deduction of
5 mills per kilowatt-hour.
10 First 4 kilowatt-hours per active room, minimum 2 rooms.
11 Next 4 kilowatt-hours per active room.
72 Excess.
13 Plus city franchise tax of 3 percent.
74 Next 34 kilowatt-hours.
18 First 9 kilowatt-hours per active room.
78 First 4 rooms or less, 18 kilowatt-hours; 5 or 6 rooms, 27 kilowatt-hours; 7 or 8 rooms, 36 kilowatt-hours.
Table 2 shows the percent of decrease in the price of electricity
since December 1913. This utility decreased 24.7 percent since that
time. A decrease of 6.1 percent was reported for the current 6month period ending December 1933.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
463
RETAIL PRICES
T able 2 .—P E R C E N T OF D E C R E A SE IN T H E PR IC E OF E LE C T R IC IT Y AT SP E C IF IE D
PE R IO D S AS C O M PA R ED W ITH D E C E M B E R 1913
Date
December 1914........ .
December 1915______
December 1916______
December 1917______
December 1918______
June 1919___________
December 1919______
June 1920___________
December 1920..........__
M ay 1921............ ...........
___
September 1921
December 1921______
March 1922_________
June 1922___________
Percent
of de
crease
from D e
cember
1913
3. 7
6.2
8.6
11.1
6.2
6. 2
7.4
7.4
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
6.2
33773°—34---- 15
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Date
September 1922______
December 1922______
March 1923___ ______
June 1923_____ _____ _
September 1923______
December 1923______
March 1924____ ____ _
June 1924.. _______
September 1924______
December 1924______
June 1925- . ______
December 1925______
June 1926___________
December 1926.-..........
Percent
of de
crease
from D e
cember
1913
6. 2
7.4
7.4
7.4
8.6
8.6
8.6
8. 6
8.6
8.6
9.9
9.9
11.1
11.1
Percent
of de
crease
from D e
cember
1913
Date
June 1927.
____
December 1927
June 1928
December 1928
June 1929--
December 1929
______
June 1930___________
December 1930______
June 1931___________
December 1931______
June 1932. _ ________
December 1932______
June 1933___________
December 1933______
12.3
12.3
13. 6
14.8
17.3
17.3
18.5
18. 5
19. 8
19.8
21.0
19.8
19.8
24. 7
WHOLESALE PRICES
in d ex N u m b ers of W h olesale P rices, 1913 to D ecem b er 1933
HE following table presents the index numbers of wholesale
T
prices by groups of commodities, by years, from 1913 to 1933,
inclusive, and by months from January 1932 to date:
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W HOLESALE PRIC ES
[1926=100]
Year and month
Hides Tex
House- MisFuel Metals
Farm
and
and Build Chem furand metal
ing
icals nishcelprod Foods leather tile
light prod mate and
laneucts
prod prod
ing
ucts
ing
rials
drugs
ous
ucts
ucts
goods
1913___________
71.5
1914_____ ____
71.2
1915____ _____
71.5
1916____ _______ _
84.4
1917___ ________
129.0
1918________
148.0
1919_____ _ _ _ _ __ 157.6
1920_____________ .
150.7
1921_______________
88.4
1922_____________
93.8
1923___ ________
98.6
1924.. . . . _____
100. 0
1925_______________
109. 8
1926____ _____ _
100. 0
1927___________
99.4
1928_______________
105.9
1929_______________
104.9
1930_________________ 88.3
1931__ _ __________
64.8
1932_________________ 48.2
1933_________________ 51.4
1932:
January______ . . . 52.8
February_______
50. 6
March___________ 50.2
April. ______ . . . 49.2
M ay _. ____ ._
46.6
June____ _ _____ 45.7
July_____________ 47.9
August. ________
49. 1
September . . .
49.1
October_________
46.9
November
_ .
46.7
December_______
44.1
1933-
Janu ary.............
February. . .
March___________
April____________
M ay------------------June_____________
July_____________
A u g u s t . ______
September_______
October_________
November.. _ _
December_______
464
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42. 6
40.9
42.8
44.5
50.2
53.2
60.1
57.6
57.0
55. 7
56.6
55.5
64.2
68.1
64.7
70.9
65.4
75.5
75.7
93.4
104.5 123.8
119. 1 125.7
129.5 174.1
137.4 171.3
90.6 109.2
87.6 104.6
92.7 104.2
91.0 101.5
100.2 105.3
100.0 100.0
96.7 107.7
101.0 121.4
99.9 109. 1
90.5 100.0
74.6
86.1
61.0
72.9
60.5
80.9
All
com
modi
ties
57.3
54.6
54.1
70.4
98.7
137. 2
135. 3
164.8
94.5
100. 2
111. 3
106.7
108.3
100.0
95.6
95.5
90.4
80.3
66.3
54.9
64.8
61.3
56.6
51.8
74.3
105.4
109.2
104.3
163.7
96.8
107.3
97.3
92.0
96.5
100.0
88.3
84.3
83.0
78.5
67.5
70.3
66.3
90.8
80.2
86.3
116.5
150.6
136.5
130.9
149.4
117.5
102.9
109.3
106.3
103.2
100.0
96.3
97.0
100.5
92.1
84.5
80.2
79.8
56.7
52.7
53.5
67.6
88.2
98.6
115.6
150.1
97.4
97.3
108.7
102.3
101.7
100.0
94.7
94.1
95.4
89.9
79.2
71.4
77.6
80.2
81.4
112.0
160.7
165.0
182.3
157.0
164.7
115.0
100.3
101.1
98.9
101.8
100.0
96.8
95.6
94.2
89.1
79.3
73.5
72.6
56.3
56.8
56.0
61.4
74.2
93.3
105.9
141.8
113.0
103.5
108.9
104.9
103.1
100.0
97.5
95.1
94.3
92.7
84.9
75.1
75.8
93.1
89.9
86.9
100. 6
122.1
134.4
139.1
167.5
109.2
92.8
99.7
93.6
109.0
100.0
91.0
85.4
82.6
77.7
69.8
64.4
62.5
69.8
68.1
69. 5
85.5
117.5
131.3
138.6
154. 4
97.6
96.7
100.6
98.1
103.5
100.0
95.4
96.7
95.3
86.4
73.0
64.8
65.9
64.7
62.5
62.3
61.0
59.3
58.8
60.9
61.8
61.8
60.5
60.6
58.3
79.3
78.3
77.3
75.0
72.5
70.8
68.6
69.7
72.2
72.8
71.4
69.6
59.6
59.5
58.0
56.1
54.3
52.7
51.5
52.7
55.6
55.0
53.9
53.0
67.9
68.3
67.9
70. 2
70.7
71.6
72.3
72. 1
70.8
71. 1
71.4
69.3
81.8
80.9
80.8
80.3
80. 1
79.9
79.2
80.1
80. 1
80.3
79.6
79.4
74.8
73.4
73.2
72.5
71.5
70.8
69.7
69.6
70.5
70.7
70.7
70.8
75.7
75.5
75.3
74.4
73.6
73.1
73.0
73.3
72.9
72.7
72.4
72.3
77.7
77.5
77.1
76.3
74.8
74.7
74.0
73. 6
73.7
73.7
73.7
73.6
65.6
64.7
64.7
64.7
64.4
64.2
64.3
64. 6
64. 7
64.1
63.7
63.4
67.3
66.3
66.0
65.5
64.4
63.9
64.5
65. 2
65. 3
64.4
63.9
62.6
55.8
53.7
54.6
56.1
59.4
61.2
65.5
64.8
64.9
64.2
64.3
62.5
68.9
68.0
68.1
69.4
76.9
82.4
86.3
91.7
92.3
89.0
88. 2
89.2
51.9
51.2
51.3
51.8
55.9
61.5
68.0
74.6
76.9
77.1
76.8
76.4
66.0
63.6
62.9
61.5
60.4
61.5
65.3
65.5
70.4
73.6
73.5
73.4
78.2
77.4
77.2
76.9
77.7
79.3
80.6
81.2
82.1
83.0
82.7
83.5
70.1
69.8
70.3
70.2
71.4
74.7
79.5
81.3
82.7
83.9
84.9
85.6
71.6
71.3
71.2
71.4
73.2
73.7
73.2
73.1
72.7
72.7
73.4
73.7
72.9
72.3
72.2
71.5
71.7
73.4
74.8
77.6
79.3
81.2
81.0
81.0
61.2
59.2
58.9
57.8
58.9
60.8
64.0
65.4
65.1
65.3
61.0
59.8
60.2
60.4
62.7
65.0
68.9
69.5
70.8
71.2
65.5
65.7
71.1
70.8
465
W HOLESALE PRICES
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF SP E C IFIE D GROUPS OF COM M O DITIES
[1926=100]
Year
1913________
1914________
1915________
1916________
1917________
1918________
1919 ______
1920 _______
1921 ______
1922________
1923________
1924________
1925________
1926________
1927________
1928________
1929________
1930________
1931_______
1932________
1933________
All
com
Nonmodi
Semities
Fin agriRaw manuculother
fac- ished tural
mate tured
than
prod com farm
rials
ucts modi prod
arti
cles
ties
ucts
and
foods
68.8
67.6
67.2
82.6
122.6
135.8
145. 9
151.8
88.3
96.0
98.5
97.6
106. 7
100.0
96.5
99. 1
97.5
84. 3
65.6
55.1
56.5
74.9
70.0
81. 2
118. 3
150.4
153.8
157. 9
198.2
96. 1
98.9
118.6
108.7
105.3
100.0
94.3
94.5
93.9
81.8
69. 0
59.3
65.4
69.4
67.8
68.9
82. 3
109. 2
124.7
130.6
149.8
103.3
96.5
99.2
96.3
100.6
100.0
95.0
95.9
94.5
88.0
77.0
70.3
70. 5
69.0
60.8
68. 5
85.3
113.1
125. 1
131.6
154.8
100. 1
97.3
100.9
97. 1
101.4
100.0
94.6
94.8
93.3
85.9
74. 6
68. 3
69.0
70.0
66.4
68.0
88.3
114.2
124.6
128. 8
161.3
104.9
102.4
104.3
99. 7
102.6
100.0
94.0
92.9
91.6
85. 2
75. 0
70. 2
71.2
NonSemiFin agriRaw manuculfac- ished
mate tured
prod tural
rials
com
arti ucts
modi
cles
ties
M onth
1932:
January___
February..
M arch.. __
April_____
M ay______
June
July
___
An gust.
September.
October---November.
December..
1933:
January___
February. _
March____
April
May
June
___
July
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
All
com
modi
ties
other
than
farm
prod
ucts
and
foods
58.3
56.9
56.1
55.5
53.9
53. 2
54. 7
55. 7
56.2
54.6
54.2
52.1
63.1
61.9
60.8
59.6
58.1
57. 6
55. 5
57.9
60.7
60.7
58.9
57.7
72.1
71.4
71. 5
71.1
70.3
70 0
70. 5
70. 7
70.4
69.6
69.3
68.4
70.3
69.6
69 3
68.9
68. 1
67 8
68 0
68 5
68.7
68.1
67.5
66.5
71.7
71.3
70 9
70.9
70.4
70 1
69 7
70 1
70.4
70.2
69.8
69.0
50.2
48.4
49.4
50. 0
53. 7
56. 2
61. 8
60.6
61.7
61.8
62.4
61.9
56.9
56.3
56.9
57. 3
61. 3
65. 3
69.1
71.7
72.9
72.8
71.4
72.3
66.7
65.7
65.7
65 7
67 2
69 0
72 2
73.4
74.8
75.4
75.2
74.8
64.9
63.7
63.8
63 7
65 4
67 4
70 7
72.0
73.7
74.4
74.2
74.0
67.3
66.0
65.8
65 3
66 5
68 9
72 2
74.1
76. 1
77. 2
77.2
77.5
Weekly Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices
A s u m m a r i z a t i o n of tlie weekly index numbers for the 10 major
groups of commodities and for all commodities combined as issued
during the month of December 1933 will be found in the following
table:
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W HOLESALE PR IC ES FOR W EEK S OF D E C . 2, 9, 16, 23, A N D 30,1933
[1926=100]
Week ending—
Group
Dec. 2,
1933
Dec. 9,
1933
Dec. 16,
1933
All commodities_________________ _____ ____
70.7
70.9
70.8
70.4
70.8
Farm products____ _________ ____ _____ ____ _____
Foods_________________ . . . ____________________
Hides and leather products__________ ____________
Textile products_____ ___________________________
Fuel and lighting materials_______ _______________
Metals and metals products______________________
Building materials____ ______ ___________________
Chemicals and drugs____________________________
Housefurnishing goods__________________ _______
M iscellaneous____________ ______________________
55.9
63. 2
89. 1
75.4
73.8
83.4
85.2
73.7
82.0
65.3
56.0
63.3
89.0
75.9
74. 5
83.3
85.3
73.6
81.8
65.6
55.9
63.0
88.6
76.0
74.2
83.1
85.3
73.4
81.7
65.6
54.8
61.6
89. 2
76.0
74.4
83.2
85.3
73.4
81.9
65.5
56.0
62.5
89.6
76.0
74. 5
83.3
85.4
73.3
81.9
65.6
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Dec. 23,
1933
Dec. 30,
1933
466
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
Purchasing Power of the Dollar, 1913 to December 1933
C h a n g e s in the buying power of the dollar expressed in terms of
wholesale prices from 1913 to December 1933 are shown in the fol
lowing table. The figures in this’ table are reciprocals of the index
numbers. To illustrate, the index number representing the level of
all commodities at wholesale in December 1933 with average prices
for the year 1926 as the base, is shown to be 70.8. The reciprocal
of this index number is 0.01412 which, translated into dollars and cents,
becomes $1,412. The table shows that the dollar expanded so much in
its buying value that $1 of 1926 had increased in value to $1,412 in
December 1933 in the purchase of all commodities at wholesale.
The purchasing power of the dollar for all groups and subgroups
of commodities for the current month of last year will be found on
page 472 of this publication.
PU R C H A SIN G POW ER OF T H E DOLLAR E X P R E SSE D IN T E R M S OF W HOLESALE
PRICES
[1926=$!]
Year and month
Hides
Chem HouseTex Fuel Metals
and
MisFarm
and Build
ing
and metal
tile
celicals furnishprod Foods leath
mate
prod
laneand
light
er
prod rials drugs ing
ucts
ing
prod ucts
ucts
goods ous
ucts
All
commodties
1913_________________ $1. 399 $1. 558 $1. 468 $1. 745 $1. 631 $1.101 $1- 764 $1. 247 $1. 776 $1. 074 $1. 433
1.468
1914_________________ 1. 404 1. 546 1.410 1.832 1.767 1. 247 1. 898 1. 229 1. 761 1. 112
1.439
.893 1. 786 1.151
1915_________________ 1. 399 1. 529 1. 325 1. 848 1.931 1. 159 1.869
.994
.858 1.479
.622 1.629
1.170
1916_________________ 1. 185 1. 321 1.071 1.420 1. 346
.664 1.134
.949
.851
.808 1.013
.606 1.348
.819
.957
1917_________________ .775
.744
.762
.729
.733 1.014
.549 1.072
.840
.796
.916
1918_________________ .676
.944
.574
.764
.722
.772
.719
.739
.959
.865
.637
1919_________________ .635
.648
.584
.669
.666
.705
.728
.607
.611
.607
.597
1920_________________ .664
.851 1.027
.885
.870
1.025
1921_________________ 1. 131 1. 104
.916 1.058 1.033
.961
1.034
.932
.972 1.028
.966 1.078
1922_________________ 1.066 1. 142
.956
.998
.997
.994
.918 1.003
.960
.915
.920
.898 1.028
.989
1923_________________ 1.014 1.079
.941
.953 1.068
.978 1.011
1924_________________ 1.000 1.099
.985
.937 1.087
1.019
.969
.983
.982
.970
.966
.998
.950
.917
.923 1.036
1925_________________ .911
1.000
1926_________________ 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1.048
.929 1.046 1. 133 1.038 1.056 1.033 1.026 1.099
1927_________________ 1.006 1.034
1.034
.824 1.047 1. 186 1.031 1.063 1.046 1.052 1. 171
.990
1928_________________ .944
.995 1.048 1.062 1. 060 1. 211
1.049
.917 1. 106 1.205
1929_________________ .953 1.001
1.
274
1.086
1.112
1.122
1.079
1.157
1.287
1930_________________ 1. 133 1.105 1.000 1.245
1.370
1931_________________ 1.543 1. 340 1.161 1. 508 1.481 1.183 1. 263 1.261 1.178 1.433
1932_________________ 2. 075 1.639 1.372 1.821 1.422 1.247 1. 401 1.361 1.332 1. 553
1. 543
1.517
1933_________________ 1.946 1.653 1. 236 1. 543 1.508 1. 253 1.299 1. 377 1.319 1. 600
1932:
1.486
Janu ary_______ 1.894 1. 546 1. 261 1.678 1.473 1. 222 1.337 1. 321 1.287 1.524
1.508
February..______ 1.976 1. 600 1.277 1.681 1.464 1. 236 1.362 1.325 1. 290 1.546
1.515
March___
. . 1.992 1.605 1. 294 1.724 1.473 1.238 1.366 1. 328 1.297 1.546
1.527
2.033 1.639 1.333 1.783 1.425 1. 245 1.379 1.344 1.311 1.546
April .
1.553
M ay___ ________ 2.146 1.686 1.379 1.842 1.414 1.248 1.399 1. 359 1. 337 1.553
1.565
1.412
1.339
1.252
1.558
2.188
1.
412
1.898
1.
368
J une . . .
1.701
1. 397
1.550
July------------------ 2.088 1.642 1. 458 1.942 1.383 1.263 1.435 1.370 1. 351 1.555
1.534
August____ ____ 2.037 1.618 1.435 1.898 1.387 1. 248 1.437 1.364 1.359 1. 548
1.531
September______ 2. 037 1.618 1.385 1. 799 1.412 1. 248 1. 418 1.372 1. 357 1.546
1.553
October________ 2.132 1. 653 1.374 1.818 1. 406 1.245 1. 414 1. 376 1.357 1. 560
1.565
November_____ 2.141 1.650 1. 401 1. 855 1.401 1. 256 1.414 1.381 1.357 1.570
1.597
December______ 2.268 1.715 1.437 1.887 1.443 1. 259 1.412 1.383 1.359 1.577
1933:
1.639
J anu ary------- -- 2. 347 1. 792 1.451 1.927 1. 515 1. 279 1.427 1. 397 1.372 1.634
1.672
February__ . . . 2.445 1.862 1.471 1.953 1. 572 1. 292 1.433 1.403 1. 383 1. 689
1. 661
M arch______ . 2. 336 1. 832 1. 468 1.949 1.590 1.295 1. 422 1.404 1.385 1.698
1.656
A pril... ----------- 2.247 1.783 1. 441 1.931 1.626 1.300 1.425 1.401 1. 399 1.730
1.595
M ay___________ 1.992 1. 684 1. 300 1.789 1.656 1.287 1.401 1.366 1.395 1.698
1.538
June___________ 1.880 1.634 1.214 1.626 1. 626 1. 261 1. 339 1.357 1. 362 1.645
1.451
July____________ 1. 664 1.527 1.159 1. 471 1. 531 1.241 1. 258 1.366 1.337 1. 563
1. 439
August_________ 1.736 1. 543 1.091 1.340 1.527 1. 232 1.230 1.368 1. 289 1.529
1.412
September______ 1. 754 1. 541 1. 083 1.300 1.420 1.218 1.209 1. 376 1. 261 1. 536
1.404
October_______ 1. 795 1.558 1.124 1. 297 1. 359 1.205 1.192 1.376 1.232 1. 531
1.406
November______ 1.767 1. 555 1.334 1. 302 1.361 1.209 1.178 1.362 1.235 1. 527
1.412
December______ 1.802 1.600 1.121 1.309 1.362 1.198 1.168 1.357 1. 235 1. 522
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W HOLESALE PRICES
467
Processing Taxes and the Price Index
T h e Agricultural Adjustment Act provided that “ to obtain revenue
for extraordinary expenses incurred by reason of the national economic
emergency, there shall be levied processing taxes * *
1 In
accordance with this act, the Secretary of Agriculture established a
processing tax of 30 cents a bushel on wheat, effective July 10, 1933.
There was also declared, effective August 1, 1933, a processing tax of
4.2 cents per pound on cotton. On September 14, the Secretary of
Agriculture announced a processing tax, effective October 1, on leaf
tobacco of 1.7 cents per pound for Maryland tobacco and 3 cents
per pound for tobacco from other States.
The corn-hog ratio was declared effective as of November 5. The
tax on corn is announced as 5 cents per bushel of 56 pounds. For
hogs, the following taxes have been announced: Effective November
5, 50 cents per 100 pounds live weight; December 1, $1 per hundred
weight. These taxes are still in effect.
In all cases these taxes are to be collected by the Bureau of Internal
Revenue on “ the first domestic processing” of each raw material.
No tax is to be paid by the purchaser of the raw materials when such
materials are to be used by the farmer for purposes of feeding or
otherwise. The tax is to be paid by the purchaser of the raw materials
when such materials are to be processed or converted into other items
for further sale.
As considerable portions of these raw materials are not purchased
for processing it is not justifiable to include these taxes in regular
market quotations. The index number of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, showing the general trend of wholesale commodity prices,
represents market prices, and therefore prices used in the calculation
of these indexes for articles subject to the processing tax do not include
such taxes.
In order that the effect of processing taxes on the index numbers of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics may be shown, there has been calculated
a series of wholesale price indexes for the major groups and subgroups
of farm products, including the articles upon which taxes have been
assessed, for the period during which they have been effective. The
following tabular statement shows the comparison of the regular
series of index numbers of the Bureau for farm products with the
indexes based upon prices including processing taxes:
i Pt. 2, sec. 9, par. o, H .R . 3835, approved M ay 12, 1933.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
468
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W HOLESALE PR IC ES OF FA R M PR O D U C T S W ITH A N D
W ITH O UT PR O C ESSIN G T A X E S
[1926=100]
Livestock and
poultry
Grains
Other farm prod
ucts
All farm products
Month
Without W ith tax Without W ith tax Without W ith tax Without With tax
tax
tax
tax
tax
July_______________
August . ________
September
_____
October
November_________
December— ................
73.4
64.6
63.9
58.2
61.3
60.4
83.2
77.5
76.8
71.1
75.4
74.8
#
41.2
38.0
43.0
42.2
62.5
61. 2
61.2
64.3
64.3
67.7
66.8
67.5
70.6
70.6
60.1
57.6
57.0
55.7
56.6
55.5
61.7
62.5
62.1
61.2
62.8
62.5
It will be seen from the above that the index numbers of the indi
vidual groups of farm products have been affected by the processing
tax. The index number for grains for December, excluding the tax
on wheat, was 60.4 as compared with 74.8 when the tax was included,
showing a differential of 24 percent between the two figures. The
index number for other farm products for the same month, excluding
the tax on cotton and tobacco, was 64.3. Including these taxes, the
index is 70.6. The differential between the two series was nearly 10
percent. Including the corn-hog ratio the index number of livestock
and poultry for the month was 42.2, and excluding the corn-hog ratio
the index was 38, showing a differential of over 11 percent. For all
farm products for the month of December the index number of the
regular series is 55.5 as compared with 62.5 with all taxes added,
showing a differential of about 13 percent between the two indexes.
Trend of Wholesale Prices During December 1933
W h o l e s a l e commodity prices during December dropped one half
of 1 percent, according to an announcement made by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor. The
index number for the month receded to 70.8 percent of the 1926
average as compared with 71.1 percent for November.
Between November and December decreases in prices were reported
for 179 items, increases for 170, while in 435 instances no change took
place. Although price declines were reported for only one fifth of
the commodities covered and affected only 4 of the 10 major groups,
these decreases were sufficiently large to offset the advances in other
commodities and thus cause the total index to move downward for
the second consecutive month. Of the 179 items showing decreases
in prices, more than 90 of them were farm products and manufactured
foods. Among the important price declines which were largely
responsible for the drop in the index were a 19-percent decrease for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WHOLESALE PRICES
469
hogs, 16-percent fall for eggs, 14-percent drop for butter and cheese,
13 percent for lard, 4 percent for meats, 3 percent for sugar, 3 percent
for flour, and minor declines in certain textile and fuel items.
For the seventh consecutive month current prices average higher
than those in the corresponding month in the year before.
The index shows an increase of more than 13 percent over prices of
December 1932 when the index was 62.6. The average is 18 percent
higher than for the month of February 1933 when prices had reached
their low point with an index of 59.8. As compared with June 1929
when the index stood at 95.2, prices last month were lower by more
than 25 percent.
The largest decrease was shown for the group of manufactured
foods, which fell by nearly 3 percent during the month. The index
for the group is 16.5 percent above February, the low point reached
during the year, and more than 7 percent higher than December of a
year ago. Among the food items which showed price decreases were
butter, cheese, flour, macaroni, cured and fresh beef, fresh and cured
pork, sugar, lard, oleomargarine, and cottonseed oil. Higher prices
were reported for rice, lamb, mutton, mess pork, and coffee.
Wholesale prices of farm products showed the second largest price
decrease, the group as a whole declining by nearly 2 percent. The
index for the group is 36 percent above February and about 26 percent
higher than the corresponding month of last year and within 7.5
percent of the high point reached in July of the present year. Price
decreases in this group were reported for barley, rye, wheat, cows,
hogs, eggs, oranges, hops, and onions. Advances were shown for
corn, oats, steers, live poultry, fresh apples, hay, tobacco, peanuts,
potatoes, and wool.
Weakening market prices for cotton textiles, knit goods, silk and
rayon, and woolen goods caused the textile products group as a whole
to decrease one half of 1 percent during December. Declines took
place in prices for coal and gas, while prices for electricity and coke
advanced, with the petroleum products subgroup remaining at the
November level. The fuel and lighting materials group as a whole
declined only fractionally.
The hides and leather group with an advance of over 1 percent
showed the greatest increase of any of the 10 major groups of commod
ities. In this group, leather and hide and skin prices showed a
decided market strengthening, while boots and shoes and other leather
products declined fractionally.
The group of metals and metal products showed the second largest
advance and increased by 1 percent. The rise was due to increasing
prices of certain agricultural implements and iron and steel items.
The index for motor vehicles was unchanged, while the average of
nonferrous metals and plumbing and heating fixtures declined.
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MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W HOLESALE PRICES
471
The building-materials group also registered a price advance.
This group increased by nearly 1 percent during the month. Brick
and tile, lumber, paint and paint materials, and other building ma
terials shared in the upward movement. Cement and structural
steel remained at the same level as for November.
The group of chemicals and drugs and the miscellaneous-commodi
ties group showed increases of less than one half of 1 percent. The
rise in the chemical group was due to a general strengthening of the
more important commodities included under this classification.
This was particularly true of anilin oil, aluminum sulphate, and so
dium compounds. Higher prices for crude rubber and Pennsylvania
cylinder oil were, in the main, responsible for the increase for the
miscellaneous group. No change in the general average of prices
between the 2 months was reported for the house-furnishing goods
group.
Raw materials including basic farm products, pig tin, raw silk,
pig lead, crude rubber, and similar articles showed a decrease of nearly
1 percent during the month. The present index, however, averaged
more than 18 percent higher than December a year ago. This group
was 28 percent higher in December than in February when the low
point was reached. Semimanufactured articles including such items
as leather, yarns, iron and steel bars, wood pulp, and similar commod
ities advanced more than 1 percent to a level of 25 percent above a
year ago and have risen by 28 percent above the February average.
Prices of finished products, which include a list of over 500 fully
manufactured articles moved downward about one half of 1 percent
to a point fractionally more than 9 percent over last December and
to a level of 14 percent above the low point reached in February.
The nonagricultural-commodities group which includes all com
modities except farm products, declined one fourth of 1 percent
within the month. The group now stands 11 percent over a year ago
and 16 percent over the level for the month of February.
The combined index for all products, exclusive of farm products
and processed foods, advanced one half of 1 percent between Novem
ber and December. It showed an increase of more than 12 percent
over last December and 17 percent over the low point reached in
February.
The index number which includes 784 commodities or price series
weighted according to their relative importance in the markets are
based on average prices for the year 1926.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
472
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W HOLESALE PR IC ES B Y GROUPS A N D SUBGR OU PS
OF COM M O DITIES
[1926=100.0]
Index numbers
November
1933
December
1932
Purchasing
power of
dollar
December
1933
Groups and subgroups
December
1933
All commodities______________ ______ ______________
70.8
71.1
62.6
$1.412
Farm products------- --------- -------- --------- . ------Grains... _
____ _____________________ __
Livestock and poultry
____ ____ _____ ______
Other farm products_______________________ ____
Foods. _ ._
_____ ___________________________
Butter, cheese, and m ilk________________________
Cereal products. .......................
. . .
.......
Fruits and vegetables. .
------ -- --------------- -M ea ts.. .
___________________ ____________
Other fo o d s ____ _ . . . .
------- --------------------Hides and leather products__ _ ----------------------------Boots and shoes. . . -------------- ---------- -----Hides and skins.
...
. . . .
...
. ____ . ------------- -----------Leather_______
Other leather products.. . . . --------------------Textile products.. ______ .
.....
. . .
_
Clothing ____________ . . . . . . . . . . ..
Cotton goods_________ . . . . . . . . . . . .
Knit goods. __________ ____
.
___ _____
. . . . . . -------------Silk and rayon
Woolen and worsted goods.. .
------------Other textile products
___
Fuel and lighting materials. . . . . . . . . . -------------Anthracite . . . .
-- ---- -Bituminous coal. ______. . . -- - --------------------. . . . . --------- . . .
Coke__
Electricity
_______ ___ - - ______ . .
Gas
- ____
____
- - __
Petroleum products------ ----------- . . --------Metals and metal products... . . . . . .
.
.
Agricultural im p lem ents... ------- --------. _
Iron and steel
...
............... . . -----Motor vehicles
______
.. .
Nonferrous metals. ------ -------------------- - ------Plumbing and heating--------------------------- . ------Building materials . - . .
----------- . . .
- ---------Brick and tile . . . .
.
.. .
Cemenf _
.
.. . ..
-----...
Lumber.
.... _
.
. . .
. . ..
Paint and paint materials
Plumbing and heating
. . . Structural s te e l.. -------------------- ---------------------Other building materials ______ . . _ . . -----..
Chemicals and drugs. ---------------. . . . . . . . -------Chemicals. . _____ . . _ ------------ - .
Drugs and pharmaceuticals
_. - - - - Fertilizer materials _.
_______ ______ _ Mixed fertilizers __
_______________
Housefurnishing goods ---------- -------------------------- ..
Furnishings.. . __________
. . ------ ---------Furniture. _ _________________________________
Miscellaneous.
____ .
. ..
. --------Automobile tires and tubes.
. . . _ _ _ _ -----Cattle feed _______________ ______ . . . .
. .
Paper and p u lp ._ . . . . . . . . ---------- _ _ _ _ _
.
.. ... . . ...
Rubber, crude. ___
Other miscellaneous___ _
. . . --------- . .
Raw materials.- ___ . . .
.
. . . ------- - Semimanufactured articles____ _________ _____ - _.
Finished p r o d u c ts.-.___ . . .
- - . . -------------------Nonagricultural commodities
.
_____
All commodities other than farm products and fo o d s...
55.5
60.4
38.0
64.3
62.5
65. 1
84.7
63.0
46.0
63.4
89.2
98.6
74.9
80.1
87.6
76.4
87.9
85.5
71. 2
29.6
84.3
75.9
73.4
81.5
90.6
83.6
56.6
61.3
41. 2
64.3
64.3
67.2
85.8
61.7
48.2
66.4
88. 2
99.0
70.1
79.3
87.9
76.8
88.0
86.0
72.5
30.4
84.4
75.8
73.5
81.8
90.7
83.2
93.8
94. 6
51.6
82.7
83.7
81. 5
90.9
68.0
73. 7
84.9
84.7
91. 2
86.5
76.3
73.7
86.8
88.4
73.4
79. 2
58.4
67.8
68. 5
81.0
82.8
79.4
65.5
43.2
63.5
82.5
17.5
78.4
62.4
71.4
75. 2
74. 2
77.2
44. 1
31.7
38.7
51.3
58.3
59.5
61.7
52.8
49.4
66.1
69.6
83.8
41.7
59.2
81.9
53.0
62.5
51.7
49.3
29.3
54.2
66.6
69.3
88.7
80.2
75.3
104.1
96. 5
45.0
79.4
84.5
78.8
93.0
48.3
67.5
70.8
75.1
81.1
56.5
68.1
67.5
81.7
80.1
72.3
79.7
54.7
63. 1
65.6
73.6
74.7
72.7
63.4
44.6
37. 1
73.0
6.8
81.3
52. 1
57.7
68.4
66.5
69.0
1.802
1.656
2. 632
1.555
1.600
1. 536
1. 181
1.587
2.174
1.577
1.121
1. 014
1.335
1.248
1.142
1. 309
1.138
1.170
1.404
3.378
1. 186
1.318
1.362
1.227
1.104
1. 196
1 Data not yet available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(i)
(i)
51.6
83.5
85.1
83.6
90.9
66.6
72.5
85.6
85.7
91.2
88.0
77. 5
72.5
86.8
88.6
73.7
79.2
59.0
68. 1
69.9
81.0
82.9
79.3
65.7
43.2
60.3
82.5
18.0
79.0
61.9
72.3
74.8
74.0
77.5
1.938
1. 198
1.175
1. 196
1.100
1.502
1.379
1.168
1.167
1.096
1. 136
1.290
1.379
1. 152
1.129
1.357
1.263
1.695
1.468
1.431
1.235
1.206
1.261
1.522
2.315
1.658
1. 212
5.556
1.266
1.616
1.383
1.337
1.351
1. 290
W HOLESALE PRICES
473
Movement on Wholesale Prices During 1933
A n i n c r e a s e in the general level of wholesale prices took place in
1933. Except for a slight shading off during November and Decem
ber, the trend was steadily upward, beginning with March. The net
increase from the low of February to the high reached in October was
19 percent. The average for the year 1933 was more than 1.5 percent
above the average for the year 1932.
Sharp advances took place in prices of grain during the year. Live
stock and poultry also showed an increase in prices during the summer
and fall but fell off sharply in December to within one half of 1 percent
of the low for January. Other farm products including cotton, hay,
hops, seeds, potatoes, and wool also increased. The advance in the
group as a whole within the year was 30 percent, while the level of
farm products for 1933 was 6.5 percent above the average of the pre
ceding year. Foods declined in prices during January and February,
rose steadily from March to September, and reacted again for the
remaining 3 months of the year. The December average was 3 per
cent above that for January, while the level for the year was 1 percent
below that of the year 1932.
Prices of hides and leather products showed wide variations during
the year with the result that from the low of February to the high of
September, an increase of 36 percent was recorded. An increase of
11 percent was also shown from 1932 to 1933.
Textile products including clothing, cotton goods, silk and rayon,
and woolen and worsted goods moved steadily upward from the low
reached in February until the high of October, then receded slightly
during November and December. An increase of 18 percent was
recorded over the previous year.
Fuel and lighting materials receded steadily for the first part of the
year. From June to October there was a strengthening in average
prices with a slight reaction occurring for November and December.
This group with an average decline of 5.5 percent shows the largest
decrease of the 10 major groups when compared with the level of the
year before, due mainly to declining prices of anthracite, gasoline, and
crude petroleum. However, the index for December 1933 was nearly
6 percent above the index for December 1932. Fluctuations in the
group of metals and metal products were not so radical as in most
of the other groups. The low point was reached in April and the high
in December. An increase of 5 percent was recorded for December
when compared with December of the previous year. The average
for the year was less than 1 percent under the year before.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
474
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
Average prices of building materials did not show the weakening
during the closing months of 1933 that was recorded for other com
modities. Following minor changes during the first 4 months, prices
maintained a steady rise to the end of the year, with the index for
December up 21 percent over last December and higher than any
month since October 1930. Average prices for the year were 8 per
cent higher than in 1933.
Contrasted with an average increase of 1 percent for house-furnish
ing goods, the chemicals and drugs group registered a slight decrease
between the 2 years. The group of miscellaneous commodities, in
cluding crude rubber, automobile tires, cattle feed, and paper and
pulp also showed a decrease between 1932 and 1933, amounting to
nearly 3 percent, although an increase of 3.5 percent was shown
between the two Decembers.
Five of ten major groups of commodities averaged higher in 1933
than in 1932, ranging from 18 percent in the case of textiles to 1 per
cent for house-furnishing goods. The 5 groups which decreased dur
ing the year period ranged from 5.5 percent for fuel and lighting
materials to 1 percent for foods.
Index numbers by groups and subgroups of commodities for the
years 1926 to 1933, inclusive, are contained in the following table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
475
W HOLESALE PRICES
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W HOLESALE PR IC ES B Y GROUPS A N D SUBGROUPS
(1926=100)
1933
1930
96.7
95.3
86.4
73.0
64.8
65.9
105.9
107.3
105.4
105.8
104.9
97.4
106.1
106.6
88.3
78.3
89.2
91.1
64.8
53.0
63.9
69.2
48.2
39.4
48.2
51.4
51.4
53.1
43.4
55. 8
101.0
105.5
93.6
96.5
107.0
97.6
99.9
105.6
88.0
97.8
109.1
93.9
90.5
95.5
81.5
96.6
98.4
80.9
74.6
81.8
73.1
72.4
75.4
69.8
61.0
61.3
66.4
58. 0
58. 2
60.7
60.5
60.7
75.0
61.7
50. 0
61.1
107.7
102.6
120.3
109.2
102.8
121.4
109.9
148.6
126.3
108.2
109.1
106.3
112.7
113.2
106.4
100.0
102.0
91.0
101.3
105.5
86.1
93.7
60.2
86.2
101.4
72.9
86.1
42.1
65.1
90.1
80.9
90.2
67.1
71.4
81.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.6
95.8
97.1
91.9
87.1
97.8
98.2
95.5
93.2
100.4
90.1
83.7
100.1
95.4
90.4
90.0
98.8
88.5
80.4
88.3
93.1
80.3
86.2
84.7
80.0
60.2
79.0
84.2
66.3
75.9
66.1
60.9
43.5
68.2
75.1
54.9
63. 0
54.0
51.6
31.0
57.7
67.9
64.8
72.2
71.2
58.9
30.6
69.3
72.5
Fuel and lighting materials----------- ---------Anthracite . . . ------------------ -----------Bituminous coal__________ ___________
Coke.. ___
_____
— -------------- Electricity____________________________
G a s . __ . . . . _____________________
Petroleum products-----------------------------
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.3
96.3
100.3
94.4
102.9
98.0
72.7
84.3
91.7
93.6
84.6
96.6
94.9
72.0
83.0
90.1
91.3
84.6
94.5
93.1
71.3
78.5
89.1
89.4
84.0
97.7
97.3
61.5
67.5
91.1
84.6
82.4
98.8
98.7
39.5
70.3
88.4
82.0
77.7
104.7
101.3
45.4
66.3
82.2
82.8
77.9
0)
0)
41.0
Metals and metal products..------- --------------Agricultural implements----------------------Iron and steel
. . . ---------- ----------- Motor vehicles--------------------- -------------Nonferrous metals------------------------------Plumbing and heating--------------------------
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.3
99.7
94.2
100.4
92.8
92.0
97.0
99.3
93.5
102.9
94.0
95.1
100.5
98.7
94.9
106. 7
106.1
95.0
92.1
95.0
89.1
100.3
82.4
88.6
84.5
92.1
83. 3
94.8
61.9
84.7
80.2
84.9
79.4
94.1
49.8
66.8
79.8
83. 5
78.6
90.2
59.6
67.1
Building materials-. ------- --------- ------ -------Brick and tile. ______. . . ------------------Cement ---------- ------ --------------------------L u m b e r ..______ . . ------------------------Paint and paint materials. -----------------Plumbing and heating.. . -------------------Structural steel----------- . -------------------Other building m aterials..-------------------
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.7
95.7
96.7
93.1
96.3
92.0
94.7
95.4
94.1
95.6
95.9
90.5
93.1
95.1
95.2
96.7
95.4
94.3
91.8
93.8
94.9
95.0
98.1
97.7
89.9
89.8
91.8
85.8
90.5
88.6
87.3
93.3
79.2
83. 6
79.4
69.5
79.4
84. 7
83.1
84.8
71.4
77.3
77.2
58.5
71.1
66.8
80.9
79.5
77.0
79. 2
86.1
70.7
73.3
67.1
83.1
82. 7
Chemicals and drugs------------------ ------ -------Chemicals____________________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals------------------Fertilizer materials------------ --------- -------Mixed fertilizers______ ____ - .............. .......
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.8
99.6
88.4
96.2
93.0
95.6
100.5
72.6
94.6
97.3
94.2
99. 1
71.5
92.1
97.2
89.1
93.7
68.0
85. 6
93.6
79 3
83. 0
62.8
76. 8
82.0
73.5
79.5
57.7
66. 9
69.3
72.6
79.6
56.3
65. 9
64. 5
House-furnishing goods. --------- --------- -------- 100.0
Furnishings-........ ............................................ 100.0
Furniturel................... - .................................. 100.0
97.5
97.4
97.7
95.1
93.7
96.7
94.3
93.6
95.0
92.7
91.4
94.0
84.9
82. 2
88.0
75.1
75.4
75.0
75.8
76.6
75.1
Miscellaneous------------------ ---------------------Automobile tires and tubes------------------Cattle feed-------- -------------------------------Paper and pulp_______________________
Rubber, c ru d e... ------------------------------Other miscellaneous.................... - .............. -
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.0
74.9
117.8
93.8
77.9
98.8
85.4
63.4
138.1
91.4
46.4
96.9
82.6
54.5
121.6
88.9
42.3
98.4
77.7
51.3
99.7
86.1
24.5
95.5
69.8
46.0
62.7
81.4
12.8
88.0
64.4
41. 1
46. 0
75.5
7.3
83. 7
62.5
42.1
57.9
76.6
12.2
76.2
Raw materials-----------------------------------------Semimanufactured a r tic le s...--------------------Finished products------------------- ----------------Nonagricultural commodities.............. .............
All commodities other than farm products and
foods................... - ........................................ .........
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.5
94.3
95.0
94.6
99.1
94.5
95.9
94.8
97.5
93.9
94.5
93.3
84.3
81.8
88.0
85.9
65.6
69.0
77. 0
74.6
55.1
59. 3
70.3
68.3
56.5
65.4
/U. b
69. 0
100.0
94.0
92.9
91.6
85.2
75.0
70.2
71.2
1927
All commodities. . ---------------------------------- 100.0
95.4
Farm products.. . . ------ --------------------------- 100.0
Grains . . ------------------------------------ 100.0
Livestock and poultry.................................. 100.0
Other farm products---------------------------- 100.0
99.4
100.9
98.9
99.2
Foods. ------------------- - . ---------------------Butter, cheese, and m ilk .. -----------------Cereal products----------------------------------Fruits and vegetables--------------------------Meats---- -------- ----------------------- ---------- Other foods------ ----------------------------------
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
103.9
94.4
96.7
92.7
98.0
Hides and leather products----- ------------------Boots and shoes_______________________
Hides and skins------------------------------- . .
Leather. ______ . . -------------- -----Other leather products----------------- --------
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Textile products_____________ ______ ______
Clothing------------------ -------------------------Cotton goods--------------------------------------Knit goods-----------------------------------------Silk and rayon.
------- ----------------------Woolen and worsted goods-------------------Other textile products--------------------------
1 Data not yet available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1928
1931
1932
1929
1926
Groups and subgroups
COST OF LIVING
C hanges in C ost of L iving in th e U n ited S ta te s, D ecem b er 1933
HE December 1933 cost-of-living index number for the United
States, as computed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
United States Department of Labor is 135, based on 1913 as 100.
This means that the total cost of living is still 35 percent higher
than in 1913. The survey was made by the Bureau in 32 cities,
the figures applying to wage earners and lower-salaried workers.
As a whole the cost of living increased 5.2 percent between June
1933 and December 1933. Food increased 9.1 percent; clothing,
11.5 percent; fuel and light, 7.2 percent; house-furnishing goods,
11.6 percent; and miscellaneous items, 0.7 percent. Rents decreased
4.3 percent.
Comparing December 1932 and December 1933, the wage earners’
cost of living increased 2.2 percent. Food increased 6.9 percent
during the year; clothing, 10 percent; fuel and light, 1.5 percent; and
house-furnishing goods, 11.8 percent. Rents declined 11.8 percent
and miscellaneous items showed a decrease of 1.7 percent.
Between the peak period of June 1920 and December 1933, the
cost of living decreased 37.6 percent. The percentage declines of the
group items were food, 51.8 percent; clothing, 53.5; rents, 22.8; fuel
and light, 7.3; house-furnishing goods, 43.7; and miscellaneous
items, 2.7.
During the 6-month period ending December 1933, food increased
in all cities, the increases ranging from 1.7 percent in Seattle to
14.8 percent in Norfolk. Increases were reported for clothing in the
32 cities covered with Cincinnati showing the smallest increase of
7.3 percent and San Francisco the greatest of 15.9 percent. Rents
decreased in all of the 32 cities, the declines running from 1.3 percent
in Houston to 7.8 percent in Richmond. With the exception of
Los Angeles, which showed a decrease of 3 percent, fuel and light
increased in all cities included in the survey. The advances for the
group ranged from 0.6 percent in San Francisco to 17.5 percent in
New Orleans. Jacksonville with a rise of 19.2 percent showed the
greatest advance in house-furnishing goods with all other cities
reporting increases ranging downward to 6.8 percent in Portland,
Maine. Twenty-one of the thirty-two cities covered showed higher
476
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHANGES IN C O ST
OF
LIVING
1913=100
U.S. D epartm ent of Labor
Index
Numbers
bureau
of l a b o r
Index
Numbers
s t a t is t ic s
Washington
Cl
O
CD
i-3
O
t"1
hH
<1
I— I
!2S
Q
1920
January, 1934
1921
1922
1923
-1924
1923
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __ ._______________ ;______________ JfrcA Brandi,Jr.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-i
478
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
prices for the miscellaneous items, the increases ranging from 0.2 per
cent in St. Louis to 4 percent in Norfolk. Of the eight cities reporting
decreases Chicago and New Orleans showed a drop of 0.1 percent
and Minneapolis the greatest decline of only 0.7 percent. No change
was reported in Denver, Savannah, and Seattle.
The data are based on actual prices of standard articles of major
importance in the family budget with the prices of the articles
weighted according to the relative importance in wage-earner expendi
ture.
For food items retail price quotations were secured in 51 cities as
contrasted with 32 cities for other groups. The prices were obtained
from a representative number of grocers, meat dealers, bakers, and
dairymen in each city and covered 42 articles of food. Fuel and
light prices including gas, electricity, coal, and other fuel and light
items were obtained by mail from regular correspondents. All other
data were secured by personal visits of representatives of the Bureau.
Prices of men’s and boys’ clothing were secured on 32 articles.
The principal articles were suits, overcoats, hats, caps, overalls,
shoes, rubbers, repair of shoes, underwear, and furnishings. Prices
of women’s and girls’ clothing were taken on 38 articles including
coats, dresses, shoes, rubbers, repair of shoes, kimonos, hosiery,
underclothing, and yard goods used in making dresses and aprons.
The 28 furniture and house-furnishing articles on which prices
were obtained include livingroom, diningroom, and bedroom furni
ture, rugs, linoleum, household linens and bedding, baby carriages,
sewing machines, stoves, brooms, refrigerators, and kitchen tables.
Real-estate agents furnished rentals on from 500 to 2,500 unfur
nished houses and apartments in each city.
The miscellaneous group includes street-car fares, motion pictures,
newspapers, physicians’ and dentists’ fees, medicines, hospital fees
for wards, spectacles, laundry, cleaning supplies, barber service, toilet
articles and preparations, telephone rates for residential service, and
tobacco.
With the exception of certain items such as street-car fares, tele
phone rates, and newspapers, for which 4 quotations are not always
obtainable, 4 quotations were secured in each city for all items of
clothing, house-furnishing goods, and the miscellaneous group, except
ing New York where 5 quotations were secured.
Table 1 shows index numbers which represent changes in the six
groups of items entering into living costs in the United States from
1913 to December 1933.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
479
COST OF LIVING
T a b l e 1 . — IN D E X N U M B E R S OF COST OF LIVING FOR W AGE E A R N E R S A N D LOW
SA LARIED W ORKERS IN TH E U N IT E D STA TES, BY GROUPS OF ITE M S, 1913 TO
D E C E M B E R 1933
Index numbers (1913=100)
Date
Food
Average, 1913................ ................. -
100.0
Cloth
ing
Rent
HouseFuel and furnish Miscel
laneous
ing
light
goods
AU
ite m s
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
101.0
108.4
124.1
147.9
104.0
110.6
127.8
150.6
213. 6
103.0
107.4
113.3
140.5
165.8
103.0
105.1
118.3
142.4
174.4
1914______________________
1915______________________
1916_____________ ____ ___
1917____ ____ ___________
1918------------------------ ---------
105.0
105.0
126.0
157.0
187.0
101.0
104.7
120.0
149.1
205.3
100.0
101.5
102.3
100.1
109.2
June 1919 __ ______________________
December 1919—_____ ______________
June 1920___ - _____________________
December 1920____________________ -
184.0
197.0
219.0
178.0
214.5
268.7
287.5
258.5
114.2
125.3
134.9
151.1
145.6
156.8
171.9
194.9
225.1
263.5
292.7
285.4
173.2
190.2
201.4
208.2
177.3
199.3
216.5
200.4
M ay 1921----------- ------------------------------September 1921___________ _______
December 1921____________ ______ ___
144.7
153.1
149.9
222.6
192.1
184.4
159.0
160.0
161.4
181.6
180.9
181.1
247.7
224.7
218.0
208.8
207.8
206.8
180.4
177.3
174.3
March 1922_____________ _____ ______
June 1922____ ____________________
September 1922----------------------- -----------December 1922_____________________
138.7
140.7
139.7
146.6
175.5
172.3
171.3
171.5
160.9
160.9
161.1
161.9
175.8
174.2
183.6
186.4
206.2
202.9
202.9
208.2
203.3
201.5
201.1
200.5
166.9
166.4
166.3
169. 5
March 1923___________ ______ _______
June 1923-- _______ _____ - ..................
September 1923__________ ____ ______
December 1923.............. ............................. -
141.9
144.3
149.3
150.3
174.4
174.9
176.5
176.3
162.4
163.4
164.4
166.5
186.2
180.6
181.3
184.0
217.6
222.2
222.4
222.4
200.3
200.3
201.1
201.7
168.8
169.7
172.1
173. 2
March 1924.. ______________________
June 1924...
______ . _________
September 1924... . . _ ---------------- . . .
December 1924______________________
143.7
142.4
146.8
151.5
175.8
174.2
172.3
171.3
167.0
168.0
168.0
168.2
182.2
177.3
179.1
180.5
221.3
216.0
214.9
216.0
201.1
201. 1
201. 1
201.7
170.4
169.1
170.6
172.5
June 1925.. . ______________________
December 1925------- ---------- -----------------June 1926.. . ______________________
December 1926--------------------- ---------- -
155.0
165.5
159.7
161.8
170.6
169.4
168.2
166.7
167.4
167.1
165.4
164.2
176.5
186.9
180.7
188.3
214.3
214.3
210.4
207.7
202.7
203.5
203.3
203.9
173.5
177.9
174.8
175.6
June 1927__________________________
December 1927______________________
June 1928 ____________________ _____
December 1928------------------------------------
158.5
155.9
152.6
155.8
164.9
162.9
162.6
161.9
162.1
160. 2
157.6
155.9
180.8
183.2
177.2
181.3
205.2
204.6
201.1
199.7
204.5
205.1
205.5
207.1
173.4
172.0
170.0
171.3
June 1929..
-------------------------- -----December 1929 __________ ____ ______
June 1930__________________________
December 1930------------------------------------
154.8
158.0
147.9
137.2
161.3
160.5
158.9
153.0
153.7
151.9
149.6
146.5
175.2
178.7
172.8
175.0
198.5
197.7
195.7
188. 3
207.3
207.9
208.5
208.1
170.2
171.4
166.6
160.7
June 1931
______________________
December 1931__ ___________________
June 1932_____________ ____ — .........December 1932------------------------------------
118.3
114.3
100.1
98.7
146.0
135.5
127.8
121.5
142.0
136.2
127.8
118.0
165.4
168.0
157. 1
156.9
177.0
167.1
153.4
147.4
206.6
205.4
202.1
199.3
150.3
145.8
135.7
132.1
June 1933___________________ _____
December 1933 _________ ____________
96.7
105.5
119.8
133.6
108.8
104.1
148.4
159.3
147.7
164.8
194.5
195.9
128.3
135.0
December
December
December
December
December
Table 2 shows the percent of change in cost of living in each of the
32 cities in the United States from June 1920, December 1929,
December 1932, and June 1933 to December 1933.
Between June 1920, the peak period, and December 1933 all cities
showed decreases, ranging from 32.6 percent in Scranton to 45.5
percent in Detroit. The average decline for the United States was
37.6 percent.
33773°—34---- 16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
480
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
In the period from December 1929 to December 1933 the average
decrease for the United States was 21.2 percent. The drop in the
cities was from 17.3 percent in Washington to 27.6 percent in Detroit.
For the year period from December 1932 to December 1933, the
trend of the cost of living was not the same in all cities. Increases
were shown for 28 cities and averaged from 0.1 percent in Pittsburgh
to 5.1 percent in Houston. Los Angeles and Portland, Oreg., each
reported a decrease of 0.2 percent and Minneapolis decreased 0.1
percent. Kansas City showed no change. For the United States
as a whole there was an average increase of 2.2 percent.
Comparing changes during the recent 6-month period from June
1933 to December 1933 each of the 32 cities showed an increase.
The average rise for the United States was 5.2 percent. Norfolk,
with an increase of 8 percent, recorded the greatest rise. Seattle,
where the cost of living advanced by 2 percent, registered the smallest
increase.
T a b l e 2 — P E R C E N T OF C HANGE IN COST OF LIV IN G IN SP E C IF IE D C ITIES FROM
JU N E 1920, D E C E M B E R 192C, D E C E M B E R 1932, A N D JU N E 1933 TO D E C E M B E R 1933
Percent of
Percent of
decrease from— increase from—
Percent of
Percent of
decrease from— increase from—
City
Atlanta_______
Birmingham___
Boston
Buffalo
Chicago..............
Cincinnati..........
Dp.nvor
Detroit________
Houston
Kansas C ity___
Los Angeles____
M em phis...........
Minneapolis___
Mobile________
June
1920
to
Decernber1933
40.6
83 8
41.5
36.4
35. 9
40.0
34.5
36 7
38. 7
45.5
39.1
38 6
38 7
40.7
34.6
36.9
35.6
37.3
Decernber1929
to
Decernber1933
23.3
19. 0
25.8
20.4
21.1
25.9
21.8
20. 0
20.6
27.6
23. 0
22 4
19 9
19.9
21.8
20.7
20.5
21.2
Decern- June
ber1932 1933
to
to
Decern- Decernber1933 ber 1933
3.0
2. 8
2.1
2.8
1.6
.4
.8
1.9
.5
2.4
5.1
1.9
4.1
0)
2.2
3.1
2.1
3.1
i No change.
5.2
6.0
5.6
5.3
4.8
3.8
4.1
3.9
3.0
6.4
5.6
4. 7
7.4
2.5
4.9
5.0
5.2
6.3
June
1920
to
Decernber1933
City
Decernber1929
to
Decernber1933
Decern- June
ber1932 1933
to
to
Decern- Decernb er1933 ber1933
N ew Orleans____
New York______
N orfolk ................
Philadelphia........
Pittsburgh_____
Portland, M aine.
Portland, Oreg...
Richmond______
St. Louis_______
San Francisco___
Savannah.............
Scranton_______
Seattle_________
Washington____
33.6
35.2
36.7
35.3
36.8
34.2
40.2
34.9
37.1
32.9
39.7
32.6
35.8
34.6
20.7
19.8
19.0
21.0
23.5
17.6
21.0
18.5
23.0
18.2
19.7
19.8
19.9
17.3
1.5
1.4
3.0
3.2
.1
3.3
2.2
3.5
1.2
2.1
3.5
2.6
1.0
4.6
5.1
4.9
8.0
6.2
4.5
6.0
3.7
6.5
3.7
4.9
6.4
6.5
2.0
6.5
Average, United
States________
37.6
21.2
2.2
5. 2
2 Decrease.
For 19 cities data are available back to December 1914 and for 13
cities back to December 1917. Sufficient additional data were
collected to warrant an extension of the index for the United States
back to 1913 but not for the individual cities.
The percentage of changes in the cost of living and for the six
groups of items from December 1914 to December 1933 and specified
intervening dates for 19 cities are shown in table 3.
Index numbers for the other dates specified in table 1 are available
for these cities but are omitted as a matter of economy in printing.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
481
COST OF LIVING
Table 3 .—C H A N G ES IN COST OF LIV IN G IN 19 CITIES, JU N E 1920 TO D E C E M B E R 1933
Percent of increase over December 1914 in expenditure for—
City and date
Food
B altim ore, M d.:
June 1920 - ____________________
December 1920___________ _____
June 1928_____________________
December 1928 _________________
June 1929_______________________
December 1929______________ .
June 1930 ______________________
December 1930__________________
June 1931 - _________ ' ________
December 1931__________________
June 1932.. ___________________
December 1932__________________
June 1933_______________________
December 1933__________________
B o sto n , M ass.:
June 1920_______________________
December 1920__ ______________
June 1928.. _______ . _______
December 1928___ _ ___________
June 1929__________ _ ________
December 1929_________ _________
June 1930 ______________________
December 1930___ . ___________
June 1931______________________
December 1931__________________
June 1932________ _______ _____
December 1932___
. _________
June 1933_______________________
December 1933__
. _______
B uffalo, N .Y .:
June 1920_______________________
December 1920___ _____________
June 1928 _ ____________________
December 1928________________ .
June 1929 . ______ ___ _ ______ _
December 1929___ . _______ . .
June 1930 - _____ ____ ___ ___
December 1930___ ___
_____ .
June 1931____________ _____ ____
December 1931______ ______ ____
June 1932_______________________
December 1932______________ ___
June 1933 ______________________
December 1933__________________
C hicago, 111.:
June 1920 _____________ - ______
December 1920____________ _____
June 1928___________________ ___
December 1928__________________
June 1929_____________________ .
December 1929__________________
June 1930.. ____________________
December 1930__________________
June 1931_______________________
December 1931______________ ___
June 1932_______________________
December 1932__________________
June 1933___ _____________ ___
December 1933_______ ___ ___ ___
C leveland, O hio:
June 1920_________________ _ _ _
December 1920______ - - June 1928_________________ - ___
December 1928__ _______ ___ ___
June 1929______________
___December 1929____ _ . _
. .
June 1930________ ______________
December 1930____________ ____
June 1931_______________________
December 1931________________ _
June 1932 _____________________
December 1932__________________
June 1933_______________________
December 1933.....................................
1Decrease.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cloth
ing
Rent
HouseFuel and furnish Miscel
ing
laneous
light
goods
All
ite m s
57.6
79.0
82.0
87.3
80.7
86.1
80.9
85.6
78.7
83.9
67.9
75.1
62.8
75.7
191.8
181.9
103.2
102.0
100.4
99.4
95.6
86.0
72.1
66.8
55.6
48.0
47.4
64.5
111.4
112.9
118.7
120.9
119.8
120.2
127.0
126.5
125.6
124.5
119.1
117. 1
114.5
115.1
114. 3
96. 8
73. 7
73. 9
73. 8
75. 1
71. 6
65. 8
55. 8
51. 8
41. 0
38. 1
33. 9
41. 9
16. 2
25.8
52.2
51. 6
50.7
49.2
47.1
44.7
41.8
38.4
35.1
28.1
21.7
17. 2
83.6
106.0
90.4
96.7
87.7
94.3
88.7
95.7
85.3
86.0
70.7
73.1
64. 6
71.7
233.7
226.4
123.1
118.4
118.4
118.0
113.6
107. 6
97.4
89.9
72.6
59.3
62. 6
83.6
91.8
96.6
90.2
94.4
92.1
92.9
92.5
92.3
92.3
91.3
87.9
85.5
84.0
85.1
110. 7
97. 4
64. 8
68. 2
65. 4
68. 4
63. 1
59. 2
47. 1
44. 1
32. 6
30. 4
27. 3
34. 1
210. 6
168. 7
71. 7
72.4
71.2
71.0
70.0
62.0
52.3
45.4
37.0
25. 6
25. 7
39.9
46. 6
48. 5
72.7
69. 4
67.0
66.5
65.0
62.5
56.5
50.4
39.7
29.4
19.6
14.7
69.8
74.9
126.7
128.5
123.2
127. 0
122.9
126.7
121.3
124.8
113.8
117.4
111.7
119.5
199.7
189.2
105.4
104.2
104.4
104.2
105.0
96.4
84.0
72.4
56.9
51.9
52.4
67.8
101.9
107.4
117.8
117.8
118.9
119.1
120.4
118.4
116.4
114.2
110.8
106.4
100.0
100.6
121. 5
101. 7
78. 7
79. 6
78. 8
80. 0
76. 0
69. 4
58. 3
51. 8
44. 7
39. 8
35. 5
42. 0
120. 0
70. 5
59.4
62. 4
63.0
67.3
56. 9
45. 6
26. 7
23.1
5.4
1.3
1.2
6. 5
205. 3
158.6
53.3
52.1
51. 5
49. 2
47. 7
37. 2
30. 3
19. 5
11.0
7.6
6.1
17.0
35.1
48.9
86.8
83.6
80.3
77. 2
75.1
71.1
64.4
56. 5
38.8
24.9
8.7
2.1
62.4
83.5
51.2
56.5
50.7
56.7
51.5
54.8
49.5
52.5
42.1
44.1
28.1
41.0
215.9
205.8
96.0
97.2
97.4
97.0
92.1
82.7
67.7
57.8
37.1
34.6
35.4
50.0
87.5
96.5
98.5
101. 7
101. 7
102.9
104.7
104.5
103.3
98.6
94.2
93.0
89.9
89.7
114. 6
93. 3
71. 5
73. 1
72. 3
73. 7
69. 1
62. 2
51. 8
46. 2
33. 1
28. 2
24. 0
28. 7
118.7
71.7
50.6
48.5
50.6
47.0
42.0
29.5
9.6
4.1
i 6.4
1 10.3
1 10.1
1.7
185.1
156.0
65. 7
63.9
63.9
63. 2
61. 6
52.1
41.8
36.8
30. 2
25.3
24.3
33.7
47.3
80.0
61.8
60.5
59. 5
58.9
56. 4
55.3
48.6
41.0
29.9
18.2
6.1
1.1
90.3
94.5
161.3
163.7
160.5
163.1
160.2
162.5
158.0
159.5
156.4
155.4
150.3
156.1
186.5
176.8
90. 2
89.2
89.4
88.8
87.7
75.5
64.4
58.3
41.6
36.1
39.6
52.6
117.9
134.0
118.1
119.0
117.9
118.3
125.3
124.2
118.6
119.0
121.2
114.8
111.8
112.4
120. 3
107. 3
76. 3
75. 4
75. 7
74. 3
73. 3
66. 2
54. 4
50. 0
42. 7
36. 9
34. 3
39. 5
110.9
75. 6
52.9
51.9
53.8
56.7
47. 2
36.9
18.7
14.4
1 1.0
1.4
i 3.8
7.8
191.3
159. 5
68.1
68.3
67. 5
67.2
65.9
58.1
51.6
41.9
32.7
26. 5
24.0
39.0
41.6
49.5
66.7
65.7
65.2
63.4
62.4
61.3
59.8
56.3
51.5
37.9
29.8
24. 5
105.0
74.4
45.0
50. 5
47.1
53.2
43. 7
36. 7
14. 6
12.8
i 4.8
i 2.8
i 6. 2
1. 6
211.1
192.7
80.2
80. 4
79.0
79.0
78.3
72. 6
66. 7
58.0
49. 5
40. 5
39. 7
56. 5
115. 7
78. 5
51.6
54.9
54. 6
57.9
47.2
35.8
16.0
6.7
1.3
.5
i 2.9
6.5
,
482
M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W
T a b le 3 —C H ANGES IN COST OF L IV IN G IN 19 CITIES, JU N E 1920 TO D E C E M B E R 1933—Con.
Percent of increase over December 1914 in expenditure for—
City and date
Food
D etroit, M ich.:
June 1920..................................
December 1920____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
June 1928__ ______________
__
December 1928
_ ___'
June 1929 _______
_ ___ _____
December 1929
____ _
June 1930________ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __
December 1930__
_____
June 1931________ _____ _ _
December 1931__
______
June 1932______ ______
December 1932 ___ ____
June 1933_______ ______
December 1933_____ _____
H o u sto n , Tex.:
June 1920 __ ___________
December 1920________
June 1928 __ ___
December 1928__ _____
June 1929 _ __ __________
December 1929 ___ ___
June 1930___________ _
December 1930 ___
June 1931 _ _ _______
December 1931_______ _ __
June 1932_____ ____
December 1932__________
June 1933____ __ _ _ __
December 1933________
Jacksonville, Fla.:
June 1920____________
December 1920__ _______
June 1928_____ ____ _
December 1928___ _____ _
June 1929_______ __.
December 1929___ . .
June 1930_______ __
December 1930______
June 1931___________
December 1931_________
June 1932__________
December 1932________
June 1933__________
December 1933___ __
Los A ngeles, Calif.:
_ _____
June 1920____
December 1920 ___
June 1928_______________
December 1928___ ___
June 1929______ __
December 1929 ______
June 1930________ __
_
December 1930____ _
June 1931______ __
December 1931. _ __ ___
June 1932 _____ ___
December 1932______
June 1933 _____ ___
December 1933_______
M obile, Ala.:
June 1920_____ ________
December 1920_________
June 1928-_ ___________
December 1928___ _ _ ___
June 1929. __ _______ _
December 1929________
June 1930____________
December 1930
June 1931______ ___________
December 1931_______ _
June 1932_____________
December 1932______
June 1933 _ ______
December 1933. ..................
Cloth
ing
Rent
HouseFuel and furnish Miscel
light
ing
laneous
goods
All
ite m s
132.0
75.6
53.5
55.7
59. 2
57.9
47.6
32.6
14.7
7.7
i 7.7
i 11.3
i 8.8
1.3
208.8
176.1
64.3
62.5
62.5
61.7
59.6
50.2
44.0
33.1
26.8
25.9
21.0
37.1
68.8
108.1
79.1
78.2
77.3
77.8
73.2
60.0
45.4
31.0
17.8
1.1
i 11.3
i 16.2
74.9
104.5
73.2
77.0
72.8
77.5
67.2
71.0
61.4
59.3
46.2
47.2
37.3
48.2
206.7
184.0
81.4
81. 2
81.2
79.4
76.7
66.5
58.8
49.3
32.7
32.2
31.0
46.3
141.3
144.0
128.8
131.1
130.4
130.6
131.1
125.1
123.7
118.1
116.1
110.7
100.8
103.6
136.0
118.6
76.4
77.4
78.1
77.8
72.3
61.6
50.4
41.9
30.9
25.7
21.0
28.7
107.5
83.2
45.6
51. 4
51. 1
55.8
43.0
32.8
11.2
9.5
i 7.5
i 10.5
i 9. 2
1.0
211.3
187.0
85.8
86.4
84.7
84.1
82.8
65.6
63.8
52.5
42.0
30.4
29.0
43.4
25.3
35.1
30.4
30.1
27.5
27.1
25.7
23.8
20.0
12.3
1.2
i 11.1
i 17.0
i IS. 1
55.1
74.2
29.2
33.6
29.1
31.8
25.3
24.0
18.9
16.8
11.8
5.9
3.9
6.5
213.9
208.2
132.0
131.1
129.0
129.5
127.2
113.8
110.0
99.1
87.0
75.0
75.2
92.2
90.4
103.9
89.7
89.3
92.1
92.5
92.5
92.3
92.1
92.9
88.5
83.2
82.5
82.1
112.2
104.0
64.1
66.4
66.1
68.0
62.3
54.7
45.2
41.1
29.6
23.0
22.4
29.3
90.1
65.6
36.4
40.0
37.4
40.8
31.9
28.4
8.4
1.4
i 10.7
• 12.5
i 15.7
i 4.3
234.0
209.3
85.0
84.8
83. 9
82.4
80.4
71.9
65.4
49.7
41.3
35.2
33.6
50.8
28.9
34.1
32.3
27.4
19. 8
13.2
3.2
i 1.5
i 5.9
i 9.7
i 15.8
i 20.7
i 25.9
i 27.5
72.6
92.6
74.4
78.9
77.1
75.0
70.6
66.3
64.0
61.0
53.4
49.6
48.1
53.6
224.2
222.3
119.2
119.6
117.8
113.9
110.5
103.3
89.9
81.7
62.1
55.6
52.6
81.9
102.8
105.6
105.1
105.1
105.1
101.0
102.4
101.0
100.2
97.6
92.9
88.1
82.3
84.7
116.5
106.2
68.3
69.1
66.9
65.8
61.0
56.9
47.4
40.5
31.6
27.6
23.6
32.8
90.8
62.7
34.9
44.7
41.2
40.9
30.9
21.0
3.1
5.7
i 12.0
i 8.1
i 13.9
i 4.0
184.5
166.6
71.4
70.5
69.3
69.3
68.1
60.2
50.7
40.0
32.0
26.3
24.8
40.8
42.6
71.4
54.1
49.8
45.2
43.7
39.8
36.9
31.3
25.7
15.8
4.8
i 5.6
i 10.5
53.5
53.5
56.5
51.5
50.6
51.4
45.6
47.6
47.0
46.6
45.3
45.6
43.1
38.8
202.2
202.2
110.7
108.4
106.5
105.9
103.6
93.0
77.8
71.2
54.9
49.5
46.7
67.8
86.6
100.6
107.2
110.9
111.1
111.7
110.2
110.2
107.7
103.5
102.7
96.2
87.0
86.4
101.7
96.7
67.4
71.0
68.9
68.7
63.7
58.1
48.2
45.1
35.2
32.1
25.7
31.9
110.5
73.5
45.4
49.6
47.5
49.0
39.6
33.0
12.1
7.4
i 10.0
i 9.0
i 12.1
i 4. 0
137.4
122.2
47.5
48.1
47.2
47.2
46.8
40.0
34.1
26.2
18.9
17.6
16.8
31.3
34.6
53.6
41.0
41.6
41.0
40.6
38.9
36.3
32.5
24. 6
16.3
3.6
i 5.6
i 8.6
86.3
122.3
90.0
92.1
84.0
85.8
81.2
2 58.6
49.6
49.7
42.1
34.7
25.8
39.4
177.9
175.4
93.3
92.3
87.9
87.3
85.6
73.5
57.5
50.6
43.5
43.8
44. 1
64.9
100.3
100.7
107.3
108.3
108.1
108.3
108.1
107.5
105.4
102.3
98.1
97.7
93.7
96.6
107.0
93.3
63.5
65.7
64.0
64.8
60.3
54.4
43.0
38.0
27.4
25.9
22.1
29.8
1 Decrease.
s The decrease is due primarily to the change in consumption and price accompanying the change from
manufactured to natural gas.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
COST OF LIVING
483
T a b l e 3 . — C H ANGES IN COST OF L IV IN G IN 19 CITIES, JU N E 1920 TO D E C E M B E R
1933—Continued
Percent of increase over December 1914 in expenditure for—
City and date
Food
N ew Y ork, N .Y .:
June 1920_______________________
December 1920_________________
June 1928____ _ ____________ . .
December 1928___
______ ._
June 1929_____. . . ____
_____
December 1929_______
______
June 1930__________ ____ ______
December 1930___
June 1931 ______________________
December 1931____________ ._ __
June 1932 ______________ _____
December 1932 ______ __ ______
June 1933.._ ___________________
December 1933___ ________ _____
N orfolk, Va.:
June 1920
- _____ ________
December 1920.. ------- --------June 1928-_____________ _______
December 1928___
_______
June 1929_______________ _ _____
December 1929___
.
. ____
June 1930______ _____________
December 1930__ ____________
June 1931. . . .
.
.....
December 1931 ____ ______ _
June 1932.. _______ __________
December 1932_______________
June 1933___________ _______ . .
December 1933________ .
_____
P h ilad elp h ia, Pa.:
June 1920 . . . . . ----- . . . . . . .
December 1920______
. ... .
June 1928 _________ . . . . . . _
December 1928_____ . . . . ____
June 1929 . . .
______________ .
December 1929__ ______ ______ .
June 1930 ____ . ______. . . _
December 1930____________ ____
June 1931.._____________________
December 1931_______________ . .
June 1932.. ___________ _______
December 1932_______ _____ _ . .
June 1933___________________ . .
December 1933______ ______ . . .
P o r t l a n d , M a in e :
June 1920___ _____. . . . . . . .
December 1920__________________
June 1928____ . . ----------- --------December 1928_________ . . . . . .
June 1 9 2 9 .------- ---------------- . _.
December 1929___________ . . . ..
June 1930_______________________
December 1930_________ ______
June 1931_____. . . ______ «_______
December 1931__ _____ ______. .
June 1932______________ _______
December 1932_______ .
______
June 1933___________ _____ _____
December 1933________ _ _ _____
P o r t l a n d , O re g .:
June 1920______________ ________
December 1920________________
June 1928_____ _____ ___________
December 1928__________________
June 1929_______________________
December 1929__________________
June 1930_______ ____ __________
December 1930________________ .
June 1931_________________ ____
December 1931.. _________ _____
June 1932_____________________
December 1932 ______ . ____ .
June 1933________________ .
December 1933....... .............. ............. |
1Decrease.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cloth
ing
Rent
HouseFuel anc furnish Miscel
light
ing
laneous
goods
All
ite m s
105.3
73.5
47.5
53.0
50.6
54.9
43.7
35.9
19.6
14.4
4.1
1.9
1.9
8.9
241.4
201.8
90.3
88.4
87.8
85.9
85.5
82.2
67.6
56.5
51.0
37.6
34.8
51.0
32.4
38.1
69.3
68.6
67.6
66.1
65.1
63.1
61.5
58.4
53.0
44.1
35.2
29.0
60.1
87.5
94.4
96.3
92.0
95.1
85.7
90.9
86.3
90.4
76.5
80.4
73.0
80.3
205.1
185.9
97.8
96.4
96.2
95.4
90.5
85.5
62.5
52.3
44.7
37.9
39.4
56.3
111.9
116.3
118.6
118.8
121.4
122.9
123.3
123.7
123.5
120.6
118.6
116.0
108.7
107.7
119.2
101.4
74.4
76.3
75.5
77.1
71.7
67.5
57.1
52. 0
44.8
40.2
35. 5
42.1
107.6
76.3
50.2
55.0
51.9
55.8
43.3
36.7
15.0
9.8
1.3
i 4.7
l 11.4
1.7
176.5
153.6
71.6
71.8
71. 3
70.4
68.7
66.2
57.7
46.2
38.9
34.2
31.0
45.4
70.8
90.8
41.7
39.6
38.8
37.1
36.0
33.3
32.6
29.3
27.0
18.2
16.2
7.5
110.6
128.9
95.6
100. 3
94.3
92.7
87.3
97.0
83.6
83.0
67.4
68.4
53.4
70.3
165.0
160.5
85.7
86.1
85.2
83.0
80.4
73.5
63.8
56.1
47.4
42.4
40.5
56.9
108.4
106.3
114.6
118.2
118.0
119.3
118.6
119.0
119.0
118.3
107.8
110. 3
100.2
108.2
122.2
109.0
71.5
74. 1
72.3
73.5
67.9
64.8
54.0
48.8
39.9
36. 5
30.2
40.6
101.7
68.1
51.3
51.7
50.0
56.1
42.6
34.4
20.8
17.0
.1
i 3.8
1 5.2
6.0
219.6
183.5
76.5
74.0
72.6
71.2
69.7
64.9
57.6
42.0
33.4
26.3
23.6
36.8
28.6
38.0
67.1
63.8
59.9
56.5
54.0
51.2
45.8
40.3
33.7
25.7
17.7
12.8
66.8
96.0
81.5
87.3
85.4
86.3
86.5
95.8
80.5
91.7
67.4
71.9
62.8
75.7
187.4
183.4
85.4
83.9
84.1
84.7
83.2
75.3
63.2
54.1
43.9
31.8
26.7
46.7
102.8
122.3
121.4
120.3
121.2
121.2
121.4
120.7
118.5
117.6
113.2
108.7
104.5
106.1
113.5
100.7
75.3
74.5
73.1
75.0
69.0
64.5
55.3
50.5
38.6
33.9
30.1
38.2
114.5
78.7
54.2
57.0
54.3
55.7
45.9
38.5
20.5
17.2
5.2
2.1
i .4
7.7
165.9
147.8
66.5
64.8
65.8
65.6
65.4
60.4
55.7
47.9
38.6
24.7
23.1
39.8
14. 5
20.0
21.5
20.9
19.8
19.8
19.9
19.3
17.9
17.0
15.0
11.6
6.9
3.8
83.9
113.5
98.4
102.4
94.1
101.9
96.9
99.9
95.3
97.3
84.1
85.9
66.6
74.3
190.3
191.2
112. 5
112.3
112.3
112.1
111.9
105.8
99.2
91.0
81.1
69.9
75.7
87.6
89.4
94.3
88.8
97.3
97.3
97.1
97.1
95.9
95.9
95.7
94.9
93.5
92.0
95.6
107.6
93.1
63.8
66.6
64.8
65.8
61.5
57.2
48.2
45.1
36.9
32.3
29! 0
36.7
107.1
60.9
36.6
41.8
41.4
43.7
34.2
17.8
8.2
6.0
■6.9
i 6.8
i 10.7
i 6.8
158.6
122.1
50.8
49.4
48.4
47.8
44.8
38.4
32.9
23.3
15.9
10.0
10.6
21.8
33.2
36.9
20.9
16.4
. 11.0
8.2
5.4
2.4
i 1.3
i 6.2
i 13.2
‘ 19.0
i 23.9
* 27.2
46.9
65.9
51.6
63.0
51.4
61.8
49.7
55.5
36.4
40.1
22.9
24.9
18.4
35.4
183.9
179.9
80.5
80.1
79.7
81.0
78.6
69.7
65.8
56.8
42.7
36.4
37.5
50.8
79.7
81.1
76.4
78.0
77.3
77.7
86.6
85.1
83.6
82.9
79.6
76.9
67.5
67.2
100.4
80.3
50.5
52.4
50.7
51.6
49.1
41.5
35.2
31.9
22.7
20.1
15.4
19.8
484
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T able 3 .—C H A N G ES IN COST OF LIVING IN 19 CITIES, JU N E 1920 TO D E C E M B E R
1933—Continued
Percent of increase over December 1914 in expenditure for—
City and date
Food
S a n Francisco a n d O akland, C alif.:
June 1920_________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
December 1920____________ _ __ _
June 1928_________ ______ _______
December 1928___ _ _____________
June 1929 ______________________
December 1929____________ _____
June 1930__ ________ ____ _____
December 1930___ _____________
June 1931_______________________
December 1931. ________________
June 1932_______________________
December 1932. _______________
June 1933_______________________
December 1933______________ ___
S a v a n n a h , Ga.:
Junel920__ _________________ _ _
December 1920__________________
June 1928............... ...............................
December 1928 _____ ___________
June 1929 _ _ _______ ___ ___ _
December 1929 ____________ _
June 1930_____________________ _
December 1930- ________________
June 1931________ _____________
December 1931 __ _ ___________
June 1932_______________________
December 1932. ________ _________
June 1933_______________________
December 1933 ________________
S ea ttle, W ash.:
June 1920______________________ _
December 1920________________ _
June 1928_______________________
December 1928___________ _____ _
June 1929. __ ___________________
December 1929 _________________
June 1930_________________ _____
December 1930__________________
June 1931___________________ ___
December 1931 ___ ____________
June 1932___________________ ___
December 1932__________________
June 1933__________________ ____
December 1933_ ........ ........................
W a sh in g to n , I>.C.:
June 1920_________ _____________
December 1920- ................... - ...........
June 1928_______________________
December 1928 ______ __________
June 1929________ ______________
December 1929 ____________ ___
June 1930_____ ____ ____________
December 1930._________________
June 1931_______________________
December 1931 ________________
June 1932__________ ___________
December 1932___________ ____ _
June 1933.- ___________________
December 1933 _________________
Cloth
ing
Rent
HouseFuel and furnish Miscel
ing
laneous
light
goods
AU
ite m s
93.9
64.9
41.5
48.0
45.1
48.7
40. 4
32.0
15.8
10.3
.5
2.7
1.9
4.8
191.0
175.9
82.9
83.4
82.8
81.5
77. 9
72.0
66.3
57.5
48.7
39.6
37.4
59.2
9.4
15.0
35.7
33.5
31.9
30.4
28. 1
26.1
24.2
20.2
14.8
9.3
3.9
.5
47.2
66.3
45.9
47.5
43.7
40.3
2 28. 7
32.0
28.8
30.6
25.1
24.6
24.5
25.2
180.1
175.6
102.0
99.0
97.8
97.4
100.6
91.6
79.3
66.6
52.9
49.1
49.8
64.3
79.6
84.8
79.6
83.2
83.4
82.5
80.9
82.0
79.1
78.7
76.2
74.8
71.7
72.5
96.0
85.1
58.8
61.7
60.1
60.8
55.9
51.5
42.8
38.1
30.8
28.9
25.7
31.6
91.7
63.5
31.1
35.0
33.9
35.1
25.2
17.7
1.5
14.7
i 18.1
i 16.8
i 20.8
i 10.0
212.1
171.5
68.8
69.0
68.2
67.7
66.0
61.4
58.0
44.6
35.2
29.0
26.9
44.0
33.5
58.6
35.9
33.9
32.7
28.3
27.0
19.6
15.8
9.5
4.0
'4 .3
i 9.7
i 12.7
65.3
94.4
56.9
59.6
55.8
56.1
54.2
56.2
50.7
40.9
39.6
37.6
36.6
43.3
207.2
206.6
120.8
118.8
117.9
117.2
113.7
110.1
98.5
89.0
79.0
67.4
67.9
80.8
83.8
91.5
81.9
87.0
83.8
84.5
84.7
83.8
83.8
82.3
76.8
75.2
70.8
70.8
190.4
98.7
56.6
59.1
57.2
57.2
53.1
48.3
40.7
33.9
25.0
22.0
18.7
26.3
102.3
54.1
36.9
40.8
43.7
45.9
38.1
22.5
12.2
8.8
i 3.1
i 5.1
13.6
>2.0
173.9
160.5
68.8
68.3
66.6
66.6
64.6
59.7
55.7
45.9
35.2
28.7
28.8
42.1
74.8
76.7
55.5
54.1
52.4
52.1
50.1
47.8
44.4
37.5
25.3
15.4
8.0
3.1
65.8
78.7
57.1
62.9
62.1
65.8
65.5
64.0
54.0
61.5
56.3
48.5
45.6
47.2
221.2
216.4
133.5
132.6
131.7
132.6
132.4
128.0
114.5
103.1
83.4
77.7
82.1
98.5
90.4
95.5
97.4
97.4
98.8
98.8
98.6
97.6
96.6
94.6
90.5
88.8
85.8
85.4
110.5
94.1
65.8
67.1
67.7
68.7
65.4
58.4
52.3
48.0
38.2
33.7
32.5
35.1
108.4
79.0
55.5
58.2
58.4
57.4
49.1
41.3
22.8
17.8
2.4
i 1.4
i 1.0
8.4
184.0
151.1
67.0
65.2
64.4
62.3
60.5
55.4
49.7
39.7
28.0
20.7
17.1
35.7
15.6
24.7
32.7
31.0
30.5
30.0
29.7
28.7
28.2
27.9
27.1
22.5
17.2
14.3
53.7
68.0
38.8
41.0
38.0
39.7
36.2
36.6
32.5
34.9
26.7
29.2 V
23.5
28.3
196.4
194.0
102.2
99.4
100.0
100.2
100.4
93.0
86.6
79.9
61.2
57.3
55.4
72.8
68.2
73.9
73.6
73.8
74.0
74.3
73.8
76.8
75.7
75.3
74.6
72.7
70.1
72.1
101.3
87.8
59.7
60.2
60.0
59.2
55.5
51.8
43.0
39.0
29.5
25.8
23.6
31.6
1 Decrease.
s The decrease is due primarily to the change in consumption and price accompanying the change from
manufactured to natural gas.
The changes in the cost of living from December 1917 to December
1933 and specified intervening dates for 13 cities are reported in table
4. This table is constructed in the same m anner as table 3 and
differs only in the base period.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
485
COST OF LIVING
T a b l e 4 — CHANGES IN COST OF L IV IN G IN 13 CITIES, JU N E 1920 TO D E C E M B E R 1933
Percent of increase over December 1917 in expenditure for—
C ity and date
Food
A t l a n t a , G a .:
June 1920 ______________________
December 1920__________________
June 1928____________ _________
December 1928___________- _____
June 1929_______________ ______
December 1929---- --------- -- _
June 1930 _____ _
--- - ------December 1930.
_ June 1931-------------- --- -_ ------December 1931__________ ______
June 1932_____ ______ _____ _____
December 1932___ ______ _____ .
June 1933_______
__________
December 1933 _________ _______
B i r m i n g h a m , A la .:
June 1920_______________ _ -- -.
December 1920— ________ _____
June 1928_________________ ____
December 1928- -- ---- June 1929----------------------------------December 1929__________________
June 1930_______________________
December 1930__ ____ __________
June 1931_______ ______________
December 1931__ ____ __________
June 1932____________ _____ .December 1932__ -_ . . ______ _
June 1933 ____
- .
.. .
December 1933_________ ___ ____
C i n c i n n a t i , O h io :
June 1920____________ ________
December 1920.___
June 1928--- _ - - - - - - - - - - - December 1928.................. - - - June 1929-.-........................
December 1929 - ___June 1930_____ ________- .
December 1930___ - - - - - - - June 1931_______________________
December 1931________ ______
June 1932-.- _ ______________
December 1932__ _____ . _ ------June 1933_______________________
December 1933 „ ............. ------ D e n v e r , C o lo .:
June 1 9 2 0 -,___
____ --- - December 1920 ____ _ _______ .
June 1928_______________________
December 1928— ---------- - . . June 1 9 2 9 ---___--_ ----------------December 1929__ ______________
June 1930------------------------- ------December 1930_
..........
June 1931----------------------------------December 1931- _
- ______ _
June 1932_______ ______________
December 1932______________ --June 1933-.- _________ ________
December 1933_____ ______ - --I n d ia n a p o lis , I n d .:
June 1920_____ ________________
December 1920___ ______________
June 1928_____ ________________
December 1928____________ _____
June 1929 -------December 1929__________________
June 1930----------------- ---------------December 1930
June 1931.............................. ................
December 1931__ --- ---------------June 1932
____________ ____ _
December 1932...............................-,
June 1933________ ________ ____
December 1933______ ___________
Cloth
ing
Rent
HouseFuel and furnish Miscel
ing
laneous
light
goods
A ll
ite m s
34.0
12.8
i 1.0
2.9
.3
.1
i 7.9
i 13.1
i 24.2
i 29.2
i 36.6
i 39.8
i 39.4
i 35.9
80.5
56.5
.2
.4
.3
1.6
i 2.8
i 6.4
i 8.5
i 16.7
i 21.4
i 24.9
i 25.7
i 15.9
40.4
73.1
38.9
38.2
37.5
35.9
32.8
30.8
28.3
19.6
14.6
.2
i 5.8
i 11.2
61.0
66.8
31.8
36.3
28.4
31.6
2 11.6
11.6
3.6
4.8
i 2.7
.4
i 6.6
4.6
65.0
58.4
15.2
14.9
14.6
14.1
11.2
8.0
1.7
i 5.7
i 12.3
i 16.4
i 16.1
i 3.0
34.6
39.7
35.6
35.3
33.0
34.2
31.8
30.5
28.2
28.7
28.2
25.4
21.8
23.6
46.7
38.5
13.9
15.6
13.6
13.5
7.9
4.5
i 1.7
i 6.2
i 11.5
i 15.4
i 17.2
i 12.9
36.4
11.9
i 4.7
i 2.2
i 3.9
i 2.8
i 8.9
i 14.0
i 30.6
i 33.2
i 40.8
139.9
i 40.8
i 37.3
66.4
45.1
i 4.3
i 4.2
i 4.3
i 5.0
i 5.9
i 9.1
i 13.1
i 20.1
i 25.5
i 28. 2
i 28.6
■ 17.7
40.3
68.5
59.4
54.8
50.8
40.8
35.9
23.5
15.1
1.5
i 7.6
i 22.7
i 28.4
i 30.8
55.3
74.2
37.1
43.4
35.5
38.8
33.2
38.5
25.3
24.9
9.0
9.2
2.3
15.9
55.6
48.1
13.9
12.3
10.6
10. 5
9.3
2.7
i 5.4
> 11.0
i 23.4
i 24.4
i 26.4
i 15.9
28.7
30.4
28.2
27.2
26.1
27. 2
26.4
25.1
24.2
24.1
21.6
21.0
15.6
17.0
41.9
33.3
13.7
14.2
12.3
11.8
8.2
3.8
i 5.6
1 9.6
i 16.4
i 18.7
i 21.4
i 17.0
38.7
10.3
1.5
.4
2.5
4.5
i 1.2
i 8.0
i 20.4
i 24. 2
i 37.3
i 38.3
i 38.7
i 33.5
96.7
73.5
i 3.9
i 5.5
i 5.8
i 6.4
i 7. 1
• 8.7
i 17.5
i 22.4
i 24.3
i 26.9
i 28.7
i 23.5
13.6
25.0
57. 1
57.1
56.9
56.7
54.5
52.8
49.3
43.9
34.1
25.2
13.8
11.3
26.9
34. 1
61. 1
61.6
60.8
70.9
63.6
69.7
59.2
64.6
54.7
60.0
51. 2
65.7
75.5
66.7
15.4
14.7
13.6
13.1
11.6
8.7
1.4
i 5.1
i 11.3
i 15.8
i 12.3
i 3.9
47.6
53.4
49.7
49.6
49.7
51.2
51.5
49.4
51.5
50.3
48.6
47.6
45.1
45.6
47.1
34.7
21.0
21.2
21.8
23.1
20.1
16.6
9.1
5.8
i 2.3
i 4.5
i 7.3
i 3.7
41.5
7.9
i 8.6
i 6.3
i 7.4
i 6.8
i 11.9
i 19.9
i 28.7
i 30.6
i 38.6
i 37.7
i 38.8
i 35.0
96.8
78.3
8.4
8.2
8.0
7.9
7.0
5.5
2.3
i 6.5
i 15.3
i 19.7
■ 19.9
i 14.0
51.9
69.8
55.8
54.1
52.3
51.1
49.4
47.8
43.1
37.1
28.2
20.5
11.3
5.7
22.3
47.1
26.9
39.3
2 19.0
29.2
22.6
27.4
7.9
7.1
1.2
i 4.8
i 3.2
5.0
60. 2
58.9
20.5
19.8
17.4
16.0
15.3
12.4
8.1
i. 2
i 9. 1
i 10.7
i 10.9
i 1.4
35.4
38.8
33.4
33.8
38.8
38.7
38.0
37.6
36.9
36.5
35.8
34.2
31.2
31.2
50.3
38.7
14.9
16.3
15.6
16.1
13.0
9.7
3.8
.3
i 6.3
i 8.3
i 10.5
i 7.8
49.0
11.0
i 1.8
1.3
1.8
2.0
i 2.7
i 14.2
i 26.5
i 29. 1
i 37.6
i 39.0
i 39.4
135.0
87.9
72.3
4.3
3.2
3.0
2.4
1.2
i 1.6
i 10.4
i 19.4
i 22.9
i 25.5
i 25.9
1 17.6
18.9
32.9
31.3
30.4
28.4
27.9
25.9
23.9
16.8
11.3
3.4
• 6.6
i 14.7
i 17.3
45.6
60.3
29. 2
32.3
26.1
31.0
24.8
30.2
23.8
23.7
12.1
17.3
14.1
26.3
67.5
63.0
13.7
12.6
12.7
11.7
9.0
5.6
i 3.6
i 12.4
i 17.0
i 19. 1
i 16.5
* 6.6
40.5
47.5
52.3
52.0
52.3
52.0
51.8
50.4
49.5
49.2
48.5
44.8
40.3
41.0
50.2
37.6
18.2
18.5
17.7
18.8
16.1
10.8
3.0
1.8
i 6.6
1 9.5
i 11.9
i 7.8
2 The decrease is due primarily to the change in consumption and price accompanying the change from
manufactured to natural gas.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
486
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T able 4 .— CHA N G ES IN COST OF LIV IN G IN 13 C IT IES, JU N E 1920 TO D E C E M B E R 1 9 3 3 -
Con tinned
Percent of increase over December 1917 in expenditure for—
City and date
Food
Cloth
ing
Rent
House
Fuel and furnish Miscel
light
ing
laneous
goods
All
ite m s
K a n sa s C ity, M o.:
44.9
29.4
104.5
35.2
June 1920_______________________
73.0
37.1
51.0
10.2
December 1920__ _ ________ . . .
76.3
6^9
55.1
40.3
68.7
39.5
i 5. 4
2. 7
24.8
June 1928..
_____ . . . ___
28.7
35.0
6.8
11.2
i 6.0
December 1928_________ _______
2.9
23.8
26.8
5.6
37.8
11.3
i 5.3
2.4
21.1
J u n e l9 2 9 ._ ___________ . . . .
26.3
5.1
37.0
11.0
i 2.2
1.8
20. 1
December 1929__ _ . ______ ._
23.9
3.4
36.9
11.7
i 8.6
June 1930. . _______ ____ _____
1.5
19. 4
24.0
2.1
36.9
9.0
i 15.8
December 1930__________________
1.0
19.8
22.0
1 1.1
44.3
7.7
i 24.9
i 1.7
17.4
19.7
June 1931 _________ _ _____ . .
1 6.2
44.0
2.9
i 28. 9
December 1931____ ____________
19.9
16.3
14.3
1 11.5
42.3
1 1.1
i 38. 7
June 1932.
____
1 17.1
8.2
12.0
1 18.0
37.6
1 8.5
i 38.4
December 1932 . . . .
. . . . . ...
1 21 . 6
9.4
2.8
1 21.1
35.9
1 10.5
i 38.5
1 22 . 8
June 1933 . .
1 7.9
8.0
>20.3
33.6
1 12.7
i 36.0
December 1933 ____ ______ _.
1 15.2
1 10.4
9.1
1 11.9
32.9
1 10.5
M em p h is, T en n .:
38.8
June 1920
77.5
35.9
49.7
67.1
38.8
46.4
7.0
59.0
December 1920... . . . ____ ____
66.2
105.4
53.9
43. 2
39.3
i 8.1
June 1928_______________________
1.5
46.3
60.0
16.0
16.4
36.9
i 4.9
.2
December 1928 . . . _ ______ _ __
43.7
68.8
14.8
37.7
17.5
i 6.0
1.1
June 1929
. . . . .
42.6
2 63.6
13.8
38.5
16.8
i 5.1
1. 1
December 1929
40.6
55.3
13.9
38.6
16.5
i 10.6
June 1930
1.6
39.6
58.9
13.3
39.6
14.7
i 19.2
1 2.4
December 1930__
35.8
57.9
10.7
10.4
38.8
June 1931 . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ i 31.3
14.8
29.8
48.3
6.2
35.5
3.4
i 34.2
1 10.4
18.4
December 1931
... . ...
48.3
1.9
35.2
1.5
i 42.3
June 1932 _ _______
___ _
1 14.5
11.3
45.9
1 6.5
29.0
1 7.1
i 43.3
1 19.0
December 1932
. _____ . . .
1.7
31.7
1 14. 7
1 10.4
31.3
i 44.0
1 19.6
June 1933
____
... .
1 7.5
31.6
1 13.6
28.9
1 12.0
i 38.1
December 1933 _. . . ..............
1 11.0
1 12 .2
43.3
1 4.3
31.0
1 7.6
M in n eap olis, M in n .:
50.0
June 1920.
. . .
76.7
10.7
36.9
65.5
43.4
31.3
13.0
December 1920___ _____ _ _____
63.6
36.8
60.3
65.8
37.6
35.7
June 1928______________ ______
1.6
1 1.1
27.2
45.2
12.3
34.6
15.8
.7
December 1928 . _____
_____
1 1.5
27.5
44.6
10.5
34.5
15.2
1.8
June 1929_____ _____ __________
1 1.8
41. 9
25.6
15.4
10.5
36.7
3.9
December 1929___ ._
_ ______
1 2.8
25.2
44.3
10.9
16.2
36.6
> 1.0
June 1930_____________________ _
1 3.5
23.6
46.2
14.1
10.6
36.3
1 9.4
1 4.4
December 1930___ . .
23.5
39.9
7.8
37.0
10.6
i 21.2
June 1931
_
...
...
1 8.8
21.4
41. 6
3. 7
35.4
5.0
i 25.5
December 1931___ . . .
. . . ___
1 16.2
19.8
44.3
1 2.7
36.1
2.1
i 35.2
June 1932 . . . . . .
1 23.3
12.1
37.1
1 12.4
35.6
1 4.9
i 36.0
_ _ _
December 1932 ____
1 26.4
6.7
39.2
1 14.1
30.3
1 7.5
138.7
June 1933______ ______ . . . _. _.
■28.2
1 2.7
22.4
1 13.8
27.2
1 12.2
December 1933__________________
i 30.5
1 20.1
i 6.2
31.5
1 3.9
26.3
1 7.6
New O rleans, La.:
28.6
June 1920... . . .
____ ___ _
94.9
12.9
36.3
75.9
42.8
41.9
10. 7
December 1920_______ _____ ___
69.4
39. 7
41. 5
63.9
57.1
36.7
1 6.8
June 1928_____ ____________ . . .
13.1
55.9
34.5
17.9
46.1
18.2
i 3. 2
December 1928__ __________ . .
13.1
54.8
28.4
17.9
46.8
19.5
June 1929_________
..
i 4.3
12.6
53. 6
2 14.9
15.9
45.9
17.8
i 1.8
December 1929__ . . . _ _____ . .
12. 6
51.3
18.1
15.7
45.8
18.8
i 9.8
June 1930_______________________
12.0
49. 2
12.4
14.8
46.5
14.8
i 15.0
December 1930__________________
.1
45.3
14.4
10.2
46.5
10.2
June 1931. ___
. . .
______
i 30.3
1 2. 7
43.0
1 6.5
5.9
43.1
1.2
December 1931
i 30.3
1 9.7
4.1
38.7
1.5
45.2
.3
June 1932_________ _____ ______
i 40.5
1 13.9
35.4
i 4.4
1 8.7
42.6
1 6.4
December 1932___ . . . . . . ______
i 38.5
1 16.2
26.9
1 6.4
1 10.8
41.6
1 7.2
June 1933. _ ____ . . . ____ __ _
i 41.6
1 18.5
21. 1
1 10.7
1 1 1 .2
39.2
1 10.4
December 1933. _____. . .
_____
i 34.8
1 11.5
16.3
4.9
1.2
39.1
1 5.8
P ittsb u r g h , Pa.:
June 1920_______________________
36.5
91.3
34.9
31.7
77.4
41.2
49.1
December 1920
.
_ _
14.3
75.4
64.4
35.0
78.1
46.3
39.3
June 1928 _ .
i 3.8
4.2
72.8
85.6
15.9
46.9
22.3
December 1928 .
____
. _
2. 1
3.5
71.6
86.0
16.4
46.9
24.4
June 1929
...
.6
2.9
68.3
85.6
15.1
48.1
23.2
December 1929 __
1. 2
2. 1
67. 1
86.0
14.6
47.5
23.2
June 1930_______________
...
i 5.6
1.5
64.9
85.1
13.5
47.9
19.9
December 1930__ . . . . . ___
i 13.4
1 3.9
63. 7
84.4
6.6
47.5
15.2
June 1931______________ __ . . . .
i 24.2
19.4
56.8
83.1
.4
46.9
8.4
December 1931___ . . . ____ ____
i 29.2
1 13.3
52.3
83.8
1 6.4
45.6
4.5
June 1932 ______. . . . _____ . . .
i 38.4
1 17.0
35.9
81.6
1 14.5
1 3.4
42.5
December 1932_________ ____ _ _ i 38.8
1 21.2
29.4
77.4
1 17.0
40.8
1 5.8
June 1933____
____
...
i 40.3
1 22. 7
10.9
76.9
1 18 .1
38.7
1 9.8
December 1933 . . . . ____ .
i 33.6
1 16. 2
7.1
82.6
1 7.9
39.7
1 5.7
1 Decrease.
2 The decrease is due primarily to the change in consumption and price accompanying the change from
FRASER
manufactured to natural gas.
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
487
COST OF LIVING
T a ble 4 -C H A N G E S IN COST OF LIVING IN 13 CITIES, JU N E 1920 TO D E C E M B E R 1933—
Continued
Percent of increase over December 1917 in expenditure for—
City and date
Food
R ic h m o n d , Va.:
June 1920
- - __- ______
December 1920_______ _ _ ______
___ _ ____ _ _ ___
June 1928
December 1928__________________
June 1929
_____ ___________
December 1929 _________________
Jnnp, 1980
__________________
December 1930__________________
June 1931
____ _______________
December 1931
_ _ _ _ ___
June 1932 ______ ______________
December 1932__________________
June 1933_______________________
December 1933___________ _______
S t. L ouis, M o.:
_________________
June 1920
Dpir.p.mher 1920 ______ _________
June 1928 _____________________
December 1928_____ -- ________
June 1929
____ _____________
December 1929___ ___ - ________
__- ______________
June 1930
Dpp.p.mber 1930 __________ _____ June 1931 _ _ ________ _________
December 1931______ __________
June 1932
________________
December 1932_________ _________
une 1933 _____ ___ ____________
December 1933 _________________
S c r a n to n , Pa.:
June 1920 _ _ ___- ___________
Dppp.mbpr 1920
_______ __ -June 1928
__________ _________
December 1928_________ _______
June 1929
_____________ _____
December 1929
- - _________
June 1930 _ _______ ___ _______
December 1930 _________________
June 1931 __ __________________
December 1931__________________
June 1932
___ _____ ___ - ___
December 1932 ______ - _________
June 1933
_______________ -December 1933----------- ------------i Decrease.
Cloth
ing
HouseFuel and furnish Miscel
laneous
ing
light
goods
Rent
All
ite m s
36.1
11.9
i 3.8
i 3.1
i 5. 0
‘ 3.4
i 8. 0
i 14.9
i 27. 2
i 29. 2
i 39.2
i 39.7
i 41.7
i 34.4
93.6
69.0
5.0
5.4
4.2
4. 2
3.3
2.0
i 2.4
i 8.6
i 13.9
i 18.1
i 19.1
i 7.8
12.5
25.9
30.6
28.9
28.3
27.0
26.5
25.5
24.4
21.8
20.0
10.4
7.0
i 1.3
36.1
62.2
43.9
47.5
42.0
44. 7
38.5
42.0
33. 1
37.6
25.6
24.5
17.7
27.6
75.4
70.0
33.8
32.7
32.4
31.3
30.0
26.6
18.6
15.5
2.8
i 1.6
i 2.1
12.9
32.4
36.0
41.0
40.9
40.2
41.0
41.3
41.0
40.6
40.3
38.3
34.4
30.9
33.0
43.8
33.3
15.3
15.7
14.2
14.9
12.5
9.3
2.4
.3
i 6.7
i 9.6
i 12. 1
i 6.4
46.2
8.8
i 3.5
i 2.2
1.4
i.5
i 6.7
i 14.9
i 24.9
i 29.8
i 38.3
i 39.4
i 38.2
i 33.7
89.7
70.0
3.1
2.5
1.7
.8
(3)
i 1.4
i 10.7
i 19.2
i 22.4
i 25. 7
i 26.6
i 17.8
29.8
42.4
76.3
74. 2
71.8
69.2
66.0
59.5
53.0
44.0
34.4
22.3
11.2
4.8
19.6
42.6
18.9
23.1
22.5
33.4
21.8
29.1
12.4
20.7
17.4
14.1
.2
13.5
73.1
70.2
21.6
19.5
17.8
16.2
16.9
15.4
5.9
i.6
i 8.6
i 12.7
i 11.5
i 2.2
37.6
43. 2
37.2
38.7
38.4
44.2
44.6
42. 1
41.5
39.2
39.1
38.7
36.1
36.4
48.9
35.4
19.9
20.4
20.5
21.7
18.3
13.9
6.2
1.4
i 4.3
i 7.4
i 9.6
16.3
41.4
17.8
2.4
4.3
2.9
6.5
i.8
i 8. 1
i 20.3
i 22.8
i 32.1
i 33.4
i 35.1
i 27. 6
97.7
76.5
16.2
15. 3
15. 2
13.7
13.5
10.7
3.9
i 7.1
19.5
i 14. 1
i 15. 1
14.3
17.2
18.5
71.7
71.7
68.1
63.9
60.5
59.1
53.2
51.8
43.8
40. 6
30. 1
26. 5
43.5
67.3
69.0
72.2
65. 0
67.6
60.2
66. 1
61. 3
69.5
45.3
53.3
33.5
62.8
62.0
30. 1
29.3
26.5
26.0
26.0
22.9
18.2
7.3
3.7
1.0
i 2.5
47.9
50.4
56.2
57.8
57.5
57.3
57.3
56.8
55.2
55.2
52. 1
51.0
48.4
51.5
39.1
26.9
27.8
26.3
27.3
23.5
19.5
11.8
8.4
1.3
i.5
i 4.1
47.4
8.0
49.9
2.1
3 No change.
The Economy Act of March 20, 1933 (H.K. 2820), directed the
President of the United States to reduce salaries of Federal employees
in accordance with the reduction in the cost of living until that reduc
tion equaled 15 percent of basic salaries or salaries in effect when the
act was passed. The act further empowered the President to then
eliminate that portion of the reduction and restore salaries when the
changes in the cost of living warranted such action.
The cost-of-living index as calculated by the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics was selected as the medium for the determining of the changes
to be applied to Federal employees’ salaries. The base period selected
in accordance with the act was the 6 months ending June 30, 1928.
From these figures the President was authorized to determine an index
figure of the cost of living to be used as the base and from future inves
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
488
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
tigations to determine index figures upon which shall be based further
changes in employees’ salaries. The period to be covered by each
survey was 6 months.
In the following table (no. 5) there are given index numbers by
groups of items and by cities for December 1933 using the average
index for the base period (average December 1927-June 1928) as
100 percent.
The index for the United States as a whole for December 1933 was
78.9, showing that at the end of 1933 the general cost of living was 21.1
percent below the average for December 1927 and June 1928. In the
same period rents decreased 34.5 percent, foods fell by 31.6 percent,
house furnishings by 18.8 percent, clothing by 17.9 percent, fuel and
light by 11.6 percent, and the miscellaneous group of items by 4.6
percent. These and other detailed facts appear in the table.
T a b l e 5 .—CHA N G ES IN COST OP LIV IN G B E T W E E N SP E C IF IE D D A TE S, B Y GROUPS
OF ITEM S
Percent, of increase from December 1914 to December 1933 in the cost of—
City
Food
Baltimore______
Boston________
Buffalo________
Chicago________
Cleveland______
D etroit________
Houston_______
Jacksonville____
Los Angeles____
M obile________
N ew York_____
Norfolk________
Philadelphia___
Portland, Maine.
Portland, Oreg..
San Francisco...
Savannah______
Seattle_________
Washington........
Clothing
7.8
1.6
6.5
6. 5
-.7
1.3
1.0
-4 . 3
- 4 .0
- 4 .0
8. 9
1. 7
6.0
7.7
- 6 .8
4.8
-1 0 .0
- 2 .0
8.4
39.0
56.5
39.9
17.0
33.7
37.1
43.4
50.8
40.8
31.3
51. 0
45.4
36.8
39.8
21.8
59.2
44.0
42. 1
35.7
Rent
24.5
17. 2
14. 7
2. 1
1. 1
-16. 2
-18. 1
-27. 5
-10. 5
- 8 .6
29.0
7.5
12.8
3.8
-27. 2
.5
-1 2 .7
3. 1
14.3
Fuel and
light
Housefurnish
ing
goods
M iscel
laneous
75.7
71.7
119.5
41.0
156.1
48.2
6.5
53.6
38.8
39.4
80.3
70.3
75.7
74. 3
35.4
25.2
43.3
47.2
28.3
64.5
83.6
67.8
50.0
52.6
46. 3
92.2
81.9
67.8
64.9
56.3
56.9
46.7
87.6
50.8
64.3
80.8
98.5
72.8
115.1
85.1
100.6
89.7
112.4
103.6
82. 1
84.7
86.4
96.6
107.7
108.2
106.1
95.6
67.2
72.5
70.8
85.4
72.1
All
items
41.9
34.1
42.0
28.7
39.5
28.7
29.3
32.8
31.9
29.8
42.1
40.6
38.2
36.7
19.8
31.6
26.3
35.1
31.6
Percent of increase from December 1917 to December 1933
Atlanta.........
Birmingham .
Cincinnati__
Denver______
Indianapolis..
Kansas C ity.
M emphis____
M inneapolis..
New Orleans.
Pittsburgh . . .
Richmond___
St. Louis____
Scranton____
-3 5 .9
-3 7 . 3
-3 3 . 5
-3 5 .0
-3 5 .0
-3 6 .0
-3 8 . 1
-3 0 .5
-3 4 .8
-3 3 .6
-34. 4
-3 3 .7
-2 7 .6
-1 5 .9
-1 7 .7
-2 3 .5
-1 4 .0
-1 7 .6
-1 5 .2
-
11.0
-2 0 .1
-11. 5
-1 6 .2
- 7 .8
-1 7 .8
- 4 .3
11. 2
-
-3 0 .8
11.3
5.7
-1 7 .3
-10. 4
-
12.2
6.2
16.3
7. 1
- 1 .3
4.8
26.5
4.6
15.9
65.7
5.0
26. 3
9. 1
43.3
31.5
4.9
82.6
27.6
13.5
47.4
- 3 .0
-1 5 .9
- 3 .9
- 1 .4
- 6 .6
-1 1 .9
- 4 .3
- 3 .9
1.2
- 7 .9
12.9
- 2 .2
8.0
23. 6
17.0
45.6
31.2
41.0
32.9
31.0
26.3
39. 1
39.7
33.0
36.4
49.9
-1 2 .9
-1 7 .0
- 3 .7
- 7 .8
- 7 .8
-1 0 .5
- 7 .6
- 7 .6
- 5 .8
-5 . 7
- 6 .4
- 6 .3
2. 1
Percent of increase from 1913 to December 1933
Average, United S ta tes...
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33.6
4.1
59.3
64.8
95.9
35.0
489
COST OF LIVING
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING BY GROUPS
OF ITEMS FOR SPECIFIED DATES
U. S. Department of Labor
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
W a sh in g to n
J u n e 1920
Average Dec. '21& June 28
-T ? P \ T T ,\\\\\\\\\\\\\\V^^^ Dec. 19 29
-K Jb JN 1*
S M
« Dec. 1932
J u n e 1933
----------------------------------------- Dec. 1933
June! 1920
Average Dec. 27 & June 28
Dec
I 929
Dec
1032
Dec. 1932
J u n e 1933
Dec. 1933
ir' ITl
l T UP T ' ' 5VvJT/' Tl Ul
Ju n e 1920
Average Dec. 27 & June 28
M ÌS C E L L À N E P jJ.S ^ ^g ' {ggif?9
Ju n e 1933
Dec. 1933
Ju n e 1920
Average Dec. 27 & June 28
Dec 1929
Fv F O Q D S ^ ^ ' Dec. 1932
J une 19 3 3
Dec. 1933
.CLOTIIINO^ ^
June 1920
Average Dec. '27 & Ju n e 28
Dec. 1929
^ 1932
Dec
J u n e 1933
Dec. 1933
HOUSEFURNISHINGS
Ju n e 1920
Average Dec. 27 &June 28
Dec. 1929
Dec. 1932
J u n e 1933
Dec. 1933
J u n e 1920
A verage Dec. 2 7 & June 28
jKKSSSSSSSa Dec. 1929
HALL I T m ^
—
—
O ^ i oT,
J u n e 19 3 3
■■■ H iiiiiiin in Dec. 1933
1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I
0
50
100
150
200
j_ L
'
1
2g0
In d e x N um bers (1913 =100)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
'
300
I
1
1
'
1
350
490
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
C o st o f L iv in g in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s a n d in F o r e ig n C o u n tr ie s
HE trend of cost of living in the United States and certain
foreign countries for June and December, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932,
and 1933, is shown in the following table. In cases where data for
December 1933 are not available, the latest information is given
and the month noted. The number of countries included varies
according to the available information.
A general index and index numbers for the individual groups of
items are presented for all countries shown with the exception of
Australia, Ireland, The Netherlands, and South Africa. These
countries publish a general index and an index number for food only.
Fuel and light is not shown separately for Australia but is included
in the miscellaneous group index.
Caution should be observed in the use of the figures because of
differences in the base periods in the number and kind of articles in
cluded and the number of localities represented. There are also
very radical differences in the method of the construction and calcu
lation of the indexes.
The table shows the trend in the general cost of living and for the
groups of food, clothing, fuel and light, and rent for the countries for
which such information is published in original sources.
T
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
491
COST OF LIVING
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF COST OF LIVING FOR SP E C IF IE D PE R IO D S FOR TH E U N IT E D
ST A TES A N D C E R T A IN FO R E IG N C O U N TR IE S
Country___________
Austra
lia (30
towns)
United
States
Austria,
Vienna
Food,
clothing,
fuel and
Food,
Food,
light,
clothing, clothing,
Commodities
rent,
fuel
and
rent,
included............. __ houselight,
furnish miscel
rent,
ing goods, laneous sundries1
miscel
laneous
Bureau Bureau
of Cen
Computing agency.-. of Labor sus
and
Statistics Statistics
Base period________
General:
1929—June - -December..
1930—June.
December..
1931—June
. .
December..
1932—June
December..
1933—June - .
December..
Food:
1929—June_____
December. _
1930—June. ____
December..
1931—June. . _
December..
1932—June . . .
December..
1933—June___ _
December..
Clothing:
1929—June. ___
December..
1930—J u n e.. _
December..
1931—June..
December. _
1932—June . .
December..
1933—Jun e.. ..
December..
Fuel and light:
1929—June. __
December..
1930—June.
Decern ber_.
1931—June
December..
1932—June. . . .
December..
1933—June..
December..
Rent:
1929—June
. .
December.
1930—Ju n e.. . _.
December.
1931—June. . . ...
December. _
1932—Ju n e.. ___
December..
1933—Jun e.. . . .
December..
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile,
China,
Santiago Shanghai
Food,
Food,
Food,
Food,
Food,
clothing,
clothing, clothing,
clothing, fuel and clothing,
fuel
and
fuel
and
fuel and
fuel and
light,
light,
light,
light,
light,
rent,
rent,
rent,
rent,
rent,
miscel
sundries sundries
miscel
sundries (revised)
laneous
(revised) laneous
Federal Ministry
Statisti of Labor
cal Bu and In
reau
dustry
Federal Domin
National
Statisti ion Bu Office of
Tariff
cal Bu
reau of Statistics
Com
reau
Statistics
mission
July 1914 1921 = 100 1926=100 1926=100 March
1913=100 1923-1927
= 1,000
= 100
1928=100 1926=100
170.2
171. 4
166.6
160. 7
150.3
145. 8
135. 7
132. 1
128.3
135. 0
2 1. 026
2 1, 026
3 991
3 926
3 880
3 845
3 835
3 811
3 803
<803
111
113
113
108
106
108
109
107
106
! 105
212.6
227. 7
224. 0
222. 5
204. 5
193. 1
179. 7
187.9
177.2
6 177. 3
2 102. 4
2 102. 4
2 93. 7
2 93. 7
2 81. 1
2 81. 1
75.3
74.1
68.6
7 68. 6
99.0
101.6
100.2
95.9
88.7
85.9
81.0
79.5
77.0
78.4
109.4
111. 7
106.9
106. 4
108.0
101. 9
106. 5
129.3
141.0
8 141.1
105.4
111.5
120.2
113.8
121.0
121.2
121.3
108.0
105.4
3 103. 2
154.8
158. 0
147.9
137. 2
118.3
114. 3
100. 1
98.7
96. 7
105.5
1,045
1,011
968
871
833
809
803
759
759
8 764
124
122
121
111
108
110
113
109
106
3 104
207.8
227. 1
201. 1
200.1
176. 5
160. 7
143. 8
156.9
143.4
« 144. 0
2 106. 4
2 106. 4
2 86. 7
2 86. 7
2 68. 0
2 68. 0
65.1
62.1
59.2
7 59. 5
97.8
104.8
100.4
91. 5
75.0
71.2
62.1
64.0
62.2
66.6
121.0
130.7
114. 8
112.0
102.3
107. 7
105. 7
139. 8
147. 8
« 145. 5
93.5
104.5
119. 2
100.8
99.6
97.0
107.3
84.5
84.1
3 83. 2
161. 3
160. 5
158. 9
153. 0
146. 0
135.5
127. 8
121. 5
119. 8
133. 6
183
183
183
177
162
166
162
162
159
3 157
255. 8
262.0
262. 0
259.8
250. 8
248. 4
236. 1
231.9
225. 2
» 224. 3
2 101. 3
2 101.3
2 97. 3
2 97. 3
2 86 8
2 86. 8
77. 5
77.2
59. 7
9 59. 7
96. 9
96. 5
95. 0
88.3
81.1
76.4
71. 9
69. 2
66. 1
70.0
101. 2
99. 3
99.3
96.9
96.9
96.9
126. 5
178. 2
183.9
8 184.1
97.0
98. 8
99.1
99.0
110.2
108.8
98.3
92.0
89.5
7 89. 4
175. 2
178.7
172. 8
175.0
165.4
168.0
157. 1
156. 9
148. 4
159. 3
103
106
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
3 112
194. 3
212.8
204. 6
198.3
184 0
182. 4
173. 8
177. 0
164. 9
8 163. 7
2 101 2
2 101. 2
2 89. 8
2 89. 8
2 82. 6
2 82. 6
85.3
82.6
76. 0
9 74.0
95. 7
96.9
94. 9
95.7
93 3
93.9
90.9
89.3
87. 6
87.2
96.0
93.3
105. 1
101.2
94.2
89.2
99.9
116.6
143 3
8 144. 8
123.8
120.2
120.5
119.6
128.3
140.8
131.7
128.7
115.9
7 113. 2
153. 7
151.9
149. 6
146. 5
142.0
136. 2
127.8
118.0
108.8
104.1
15
22
22
25
25
27
28
28
28
3 28
223. 7
226. 8
406. 0
405.0
402. 5
401.0
398. 5
397.5
394.8
« 393. 7
2 99. 2
2 99. 2
2 99 5
2 99. 5
2 91 3
2 91. 3
84. 3
84.3
83.8
8 83.8
103.6
105. 5
105. 5
105. 5
103.3
99.3
93.9
90.0
84. 0
80.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8 100. 0
102.2
102.4
104. 5
104.5
105.6
107.3
. 107.3
108.8
109.8
7 109.8
—
1 Gold.
2 Yearly only.
3 Quarter ending with month.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* M ay.
5 November.
6 July.
7 September.
s October.
8 August.
492
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF COST OF LIVING FOR SP E C IF IE D PE R IO D S FOR T H E U N IT E D
STATES A N D C E R T A IN FO R E IG N C O U N T R IE S-C ontinued
Country................... .
Czecho
slovakia,
Prague
Commodities
included_________
Food,
Food,
Food,
Food,
Food,
Food,
Food,
Food,
clothing, clothing,
clothing,
clothing, clothing,
clothing, clothing,
fuel and fuel and fuel,
fuel and fuel and clothing,
fuel
and
fuel
and
rent,
fuel,
light,
light,
light,
light,
light,
light,
light,
rent, sun rent,
rent, sun rent, sun light,
rent,
sun
rent,
sun
etc.
taxes,
etc.
rent
dries i
dries
dries
dries
dries
Estonia,
Tallin
Finland
France,
Paris
India,
Germany Bombay
Commis
Bureau Ministry sion for Federal
Computing agency... Office of of Statis of Social study of Statisti
Statistics
cal Bu
tics
Affairs
cost of
reau
living
Labor
Office
January- JanuaryJune
1913-14=
June
1914=
1914=
100
100
100
July
1914 =
100
Base period________
General:
1929—June__ . . .
December..
1930—June__ _ .
December..
1931—Ju n e.. . .
December..
1932—J u n e ... ..
December..
1933—June__ . . .
December..
1929—June_____
December..
1930—June______
December..
1931—J u n e.. . .
December..
1932—June. . . .
December..
1933—June . . .
December..
Clothing:
1929—June _____
December..
1930—J u n e.. _ ._
December..
1931—June______
December..
1932—June. . . . .
December..
1933—June . .
December..
Fuel and light:
1929—June.
December..
1930—June____ _
December..
1931—J u n e.. . . .
December..
1932—June__ . . .
December..
1933—June______
December..
Rent:
1929—J u n e.. ___
D ecem ber1930—J u n e.. ___
December..
1931—June _ ___
December..
1932—June. ____
December..
1933—June__
December..
1 Gold.
4 M ay.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July
1914=100 1913=100
Ireland
Italy,
Milan
Depart
M uni
ment of cipal ad
Industry
minis
andCom tration
merce
July
1914=
100
JanuaryJune
1914=100
6 111. 1
6 111. 1
111. 1
105.8
106.8
101. 6
103.6
103.8
102. 7
8 100. 6
119
1, 215.3
109
1, 207. 2
102
1,108. 3
99
1,083. 2
104
1,019.9
95
1,048. 0
95
1, 003. 4
89
1, 021. 1
85
985.3
5 89 8 1,011.7
556
565
572
597
589
531
535
516
516
? 516
153.4
152.6
147.6
141.6
137.8
130.4
121.4
118.4
118.8
8 120. 4
147
150
140
121
109
109
107
110
104
8 101
io 173
8 179
io 168
8 168
4 156
8 165
4 159
8 155
4 148
8 156
544.3
549. 2
530.9
508.3
488.0
472.7
471. 7
468.0
446. 7
8 447. 7
6 123. 1
6 123. 1
118. 1
109. 4
109. 3
99.1
101. 4
102.3
98.8
5 94.6
130
112
101
96
93
80
80
75
74
5 78
1,103.1
1,090.1
937.2
903.3
842.4
918.8
871.0
910. 2
881. 7
8 923. 2
590
589
593
636
642
555
567
531
532
1 530
154.0
152.2
142. 7
134.8
130.9
119.9
113.4
109.0
110.7
8 113.4
144
148
137
116
101
101
99
103
95
8 92
io 164
8 173
io 156
8 156
4 139
8 155
4 144
8 135
4 126
8 140
541. 7
548.0
522.5
499.0
456.6
437.8
438. 0
433.9
102.9
8 405.1
e 145. 7
6 145. 7
133.2
119.9
111.9
105.8
100. 5
96.1
95.4
5 95.4
150
150
150
147
147
145
141
136
120
»134
1,055. 4
1,051.3
1, 045. 6
1,033. 6
1, 004.1
975. 7
979. 1
978.2
963. 6
8 967. 4
604
604
626
610
552
508
499
499
499
? 504
172. 4
170.3
166. 8
149.8
139. 9
129. 1
117. 2
112.4
110. 6
8 112.8
159
151
138
125
123
117
115
116
115
8 112
555. 2
548.8
508 8
447.7
421 2
390.3
371 8
366. 1
347 7
8 346. 8
6 123. 0
6123. 0
121.6
121.6
119.7
119.7
117.5
117.4
114.7
5 114.7
97
101
96
94
80
76
65
64
57
8 61
1,455. 5
1, 455. 4
1, 407.1
1, 290.1
1, 066. 8
913.5
865.9
887.4
878. 1
8 882.1
539
602
607
633
596
619
592
617
585
? 600
148.9
152.9
149. 4
151.1
145. 4
148.8
133. 8
136.6
133. 4
8 136. 1
143
143
143
141
143
145
137
137
136
8 136
425.0
453. 1
473.0
457.3
424.3
404.3
403.6
394.4
393.3
8 392. 2
52
1.476. 3
52
1.476. 3
52
1,467. 0
52
1,467.0
145
1, 373. 1
145
1, 373. 1
144
1, 263. 9
1, 252. 0
135
1,132. 1
120
8 114 8 1,132.1
300
350
350
350
350
360
360
375
375
? 375
126. 0
126.7
129. 8
131.3
131. 6
131.6
121. 4
121. 4
121. 3
8 121.3
172
172
172
172
158
158
158
158
158
8 158
407.6
410. 2
410.2
422. 2
473.1
482.7
445.1
490.5
488 9
4 491.0
0 46. 3
6 46. 3
49.6
52.8
54. 4
54.4
54.4
54.4
54.9
5 54.9
8 November.
ej^ y .
? September.
s October.
10 April.
493
COST OF LIVING
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF COST OF L IV IN G FOR S P E C IF IE D PE R IO D S FOR T H E U N IT E D
ST A TES A N D C E R T A IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S—Continued
Nether
lands,
Country....................... Amster
dam
New
Zealand
Norway
South
Africa
Poland,
Warsaw
Food,
Food,
Food,
clothing, clothing, clothing,
Food,
C o m m o d i t i e s all
fuel,
fuel,
fuel,
com
included________
light,
light,
light,
modities
rent,
rent,
rent,
sundries sundries sundries
Bureau
Computing agency-— of Sta
tistics
1,000
101.7
100.4
94.0
93.8
88.4
83.3
81.9
73.2
72.2
«69.8
1,320
1. 294
1,293
1,258
1, 233
1 , 206
1,179
1, 146
1, 148
7 1,146
ia 171
8 170
48165
8 163
10 160
8 158
1» 157
8 156
m 153
8 154
161
162
158
156
150
145
138
134
131
8 131
160
167
154
155
145
148
142
143
136
143
1,176
1,124
10 151
8 150
10 140
8 137
155
157
151
149
141
134
125
147
159
138
141
127
132
123
125
114
126
July 1914 June 1914 July 1914
= 100
= 100
= 100
s 806
4 798
5 800
165.3
161.6
151.6
144.8
140.6
125.5
119.2
119.2
116.5
« 1,009
« 1,017
988
922
839
835
778
713
723
8 752
156
157
151
149
138
136
133
132
130
« 130
94.7
91.7
80.9
80.2
75.9
69.1
68. 1
56.7
58.3
«54.8
8 978
159
157
153
148
143
142
144
143
142
7 142
106 5
108. 9
105 8
99. 6
81. 3
76. 4
73. 0
69. 0
62. 9
5 62. 6
10 185
8 183
10 181
161
160
157
150
148
146
146
142
139
8 137
127. 6
134. 6
130 5
132.1
131. 7
129. 2
128.1
123.8
100. 9
5 105. 9
10 155
8 160
10 150
8 155
10 155
8 150
10 149
175
175
174
174
173
173
172
172
172
6 168
131.1
134. 3
154. 8
170. 1
170.1
170.1
170.1
170.1
170. 1
s 170.1
10 200
8 200
4 May.
8 November.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
‘ 972
4 952
5 924
4 877
«849
4 826
5 784
4 821
8 823
8 993
8 990
4 990
5 994
4 990
5 975
4 978
5 954
4 894
8 854
8 1, 023
5 1,019
4 1,0 12
5 998
4 964
5 922
8 816
s 795
4 768
8 762
6 July.
7 September.
Ministry
of Labor
1914=
164
165
161
159
151
150
149
148
147
5 147
7 12 1 .1
Federal
Labor
Office
100
8 1, 003
6 888
4 839
United
King
dom
1927=
169.0
167.4
162.1
156.6
153.5
145. 2
140.9
140.2
137.4
7 139.5
5 1, 003
<990
5 963
4 913
Switzer
land
Food,
Food,
Food,
Food,
clothing, clothing,
clothing,
fuel,
fuel and
fuel,
fuel,
light,
light,
light,
light,
rent,
rent,
rent,
rent,
sundries taxation, sundries
sundries
sundries
Census
of Board of
Central Central Office
and Sta Statisti
Statisti Census
Social
tistics cal Office cal
and
Office
Statistics Welfare
Office
1911-1913 1926-1930 July 1914
= 100
= 1,000
= 100
General:
1929—June______
December—
1930—June______
December—
1931—June______
December—
1932—June__
December.,
1933—June______
December—
Food:
1929—June . —
December.
1930—June______
December..
1931—June______
December..
1932—June______
December..
1933—June______
December..
Clothing:
1929—June__ . . .
December..
1930—June__ _ .
December.
1931—June........ .
December..
1932—June_____
D ecem ber1933—June______
December..
Fuel and light:
1929—June______
December..
1930—Ju n e.. ___
December..
1931—June______
December .
1932—June______
December..
1933—June______
December .
Rent:
1929—June______
December..
1930—June__ . . .
December .
1931—June______
December..
1932—June. . . . .
December..
1933—June.
December..
Sweden
1,120
1,085
1, 064
1,004
963
926
989
7 987
m 130
8 128
m 125
8 125
10 119
8 123
8 178
10 175
8 170
10 158
8 167
10 153
8 163
8 144
10 139
8 136
8 October.
8 August.
10 205
8 205
10 205
8 206
10 205
8 206
10 202
«202
120
116
8 117
157
155
150
155
145
137
127
122
117
8 115
134
135
132
131
218
215
213
205
195
190
190
188
185
185
8 119
170
175
170
175
170
175
170
173
168
170
181
181
185
185
187
187
187
187
184
8 184
153
152
153
154
154
154
154
155
156
156
127
125
121
121
118
10 April,
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
O fficia l— U n ite d S t a te s
I n d ia n a .— D e p a rtm e n t of P ublic In stru c tio n .
tion.
B u lle tin N o . 1 0 9 : O c c u p a tio n s
c e n s u s fig u r e s f o r I n d i a n a , p r e p a r e d
1933.
12pp.
M
a s s a c h u s e t t s .—
in
by
D ivision of V ocational E duca
I n d ia n a , 1930.
A s tu d y o f the
G e o rg e K . W e lls .
I n d ia n a p o lis ,
D e p a rtm e n t of L abor an d In d u stries.
year ending November
Doc. ATo. 4-)
30, 1932.
[Boston,
19331}
Annual report, for the
pp., charts. (Public
193
A m ong th e sub jects selected for special em phasis by th e C om m issioner of
L abor an d In d u stries in th is re p o rt were th e low-wage problem a n d overtim e
em ploym ent.
P e n n s y l v a n i a .— E m p lo y m en t Com m ission.
T h ir t y th o u s a n d i n s e a r c h o f w o rk ,
b y G la d y s L . P a l m e r .
9 3 p p . , c h a r ts .
H a r r is b u r g , D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r y , 1 9 3 3 .
A stu d y of th e clients of th e S ta te em plo y m en t office in P hiladelphia in th e
first eight m onths of th e o peration of th a t agency as a d em o n stratio n center.
------ E m ergency Relief B oard. U n e m p lo y m e n t r e li e f i n P e n n s y lv a n ia , S e p te m b e r
1, 1 9 3 2 - O c io b e r 3 1 , 1 9 3 3 .
H a r r is b u r g , 1 9 3 3 .
9 9 p p . , c h a r ts .
Included in th e recom m endations of th e executive directo r of th e bo ard is one
for th e “ unequivocal ab an d o n m e n t of a n y a tte m p t to m ake w ork a quid pro quo
for th e g ran tin g of public relief or need th e m ain qualification for public em ploy
m e n t.” A ccording to th is rep o rt, how ever, self-generating an d self-rewarding
v o lu n tary program s to m ake com m unities b e tte r places to live in should be
encouraged as an en tirely se p arate m a tte r.
P u e r t o R ic o .— G overnor.
T h i r t y - t h i r d a n n u a l r e p o r t [f o r th e f is c a l y e a r e n d in g
J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 3 3 ].
S a n J u a n , 1933.
1 5 9 p p . , m a p s , c h a r ts .
Gives som e wage sta tistic s for coffee p la n ta tio n s, th e building trad es, a n d mis
cellaneous in d u strial establishm ents.
T he G overnor sta te s th a t wages in general declined betw een 10 a n d 20 p ercen t
as com pared w ith th e year preceding th a t covered by th e rep o rt. A ccurate
figures on cost of living for 1932-33 were n o t available, b u t it is believed th a t th e
cost of living for th e m iddle a n d low er classes decreased a t app ro x im ately th e
sam e rate.
U n i t e d S t a t e s .— B oard of M ediation. A n n u a l r e p o r t, f o r th e f is c a l y e a r e n d e d
J u n e 30, 1933.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
R eview ed in th is issue.
------ D e p a rtm e n t of Com m erce.
4 5 p p . , c h a r t.
B ureau of Foreign a n d D om estic Comm erce.
S t a t i s t i c a l a b s tr a c t o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s , 1 9 3 3 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
786 pp.
Includes inform atio n on im m igration an d em igration, prices, wages a n d hours
of labor, em ploym ent, cooperative m ark e tin g an d purch asin g th ro u g h farm ers’
organizations, pro d u ctio n , a n d d istrib u tio n .
—— ------ B ureau of M ines. I n f o r m a tio n C ir c u la r 6 7 5 2 : E x p lo s i o n s i n U ta h
c o a l m in e s , 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 3 2 , b y D . J . P a r k e r . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 . 1 5 p p .
( M im e o
g r a p h e d .)
A nalyzes causes of explosions a n d indicates m eans of prevention.
------ -------------- I n f o r m a tio n C ir c u la r 6 7 5 3 : E x p lo s i o n s i n C o lo r a d o c o a l m in e s ,
1 8 8 3 to 1 9 3 2 , b y B . M . K i n t z a n d E . H . D e n n y .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
20 p p .
P resen ts a ta b u la tio n of d a ta , including causes of explosions an d possible m eans
of prevention.
494
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
495
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
U
S t a t e s .— D e p a rtm e n t of Com m erce. B ureau of M ines. I n f o r m a tio n
C ir c u l a r 6 7 5 5 : T h e e x p e r im e n ta l m in e o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s B u r e a u o f M in e s ,
b y G . S . R ic e , H . P . G r e e n w a ld , a n d H . C . H o w a r th .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
21 p p ., m a p .
n it e d
D e sc rib e s th e p r o p e r ty a n d e q u ip m e n t, th e h is to ry of th e m in e , a n d in v e s tig a
tio n s c o n d u c te d th e re , p rin c ip a lly in c o n n e c tio n w ith coal d u s t. In c lu d e s a
b ib lio g ra p h y re la tin g to te s tin g w ork.
-------------- B ureau of N avig atio n an d S tea m b o a t Inspection.
s t a tis tic s , 1 9 3 3 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
M e r c h a n t m a r in e
118 pp.
D a ta on w ages of seam en on A m erican vessels, ta k e n from th is rep o rt, are given
in th is issue of th e M o n th ly L ab o r Review .
------ D e p a rtm e n t of L abor. B ureau of L ab o r S tatistics. B u lle tin N o . 5 9 1 :
W a g e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r i n
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
98 pp.
th e h o s ie r y a n d
u n d e r w e a r in d u s t r i e s ,
1932.
------------- -------- B u lle tin N o . 5 9 2 : D e c is io n s o f c o u r ts a n d o p in i o n s a ff e c tin g la b o r ,
1931 a n d 1932.
W a s h i n g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
387 pp.
------ — — — — ■B u lle tin N o . 5 9 3 : T e c h n o lo g ic a l c h a n g e s a n d e m p lo y m e n t i n th e
e le c tr ic - la m p i n d u s t r y , b y W i t t B o w d e n .
d ia g r a m s , illu s .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
6 2 p p . , c h a r t,
------ ------- ------- B u lle tin N o . 5 9 f : W a g e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r i n th e m e n ’s c lo th in g
in d u s tr y , 1 9 3 2 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
65 pp.
---------------------- B u l l e t i n N o . 6 0 3 : C o m p a r a tiv e d ig e s t o f la b o r le g is la tio n f o r th e
S ta t e s o f A la b a m a , F lo r id a , G e o rg ia , S o u th C a r o lin a , T e n n e s s e e , to be u s e d a t
th e G e o r g ia C o n fe r e n c e o n L a b o r L e g is la tio n , D e c e m b e r 1 3 , 1 9 3 3 , A t l a n t a , G a .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
66 pp.
P u b lic a tio n N o . 224 : T h e c o u n ty a s a n a d m i n i s
tr a tiv e u n it f o r s o c ia l w o r k , b y M a r y R u th C o lb y .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
48 pp.
------ -- C hildren’s B ureau.
In 1922, 1926, a n d 1927 th e C h ild ren ’s B ureau issued p u b licatio n s on th is su b
ject. T he p resen t stu d y analyzes th e sta tu s of co u n ty o rganization in th e U nited
S tates, an d shows th e developm ents w hich have ta k e n place since th e earlier
p ublications were issued.
D e p a rtm e n t of th e In terio r. A n n u a l r e p o r t o f th e S e c r e ta r y o f th e I n te r io r
f o r th e f is c a l y e a r e n d e d J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 3 3 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
3 2 9 p p . , c h a r ts .
T he re p o rt of th e F ederal B oard for V ocational E d u catio n , th e functions of
w hich were on O ctober 10, 1933, assigned to th e U n ited S tates C om m issioner
of E d u catio n , is included in th is re p o rt an d is sum m arized in th is issue of th e
M o n th ly L abor Review.
------ ■F e d e ra l B o a rd fo r V o c a tio n a l E d u c a tio n . B u l l e t i n N o . 1 6 7 , A g r ic u l tu r a l
S e r ie s ATo. 4 8 : T h e e a r n in g a b i l i t y o f f a r m e r s w h o h a v e r e c e iv e d v o c a tio n a l
tr a in in g .
A c o m p a r i s o n o f th e e a r n in g s o f f o r m e r v o c a tio n a l s tu d e n ts n o w
f a r m i n g w ith th e e a r n in g s o f a n e q u iv a le n t g r o u p i n f a r m i n g w h o d i d n o t
re c e iv e v o c a tio n a l tr a in in g .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
PP-
44
A ccording to th is rep o rt, th e average lab o r incom es realized by th e vocationally
train ed farm ers were g rea te r for each ty p e of farm ing th a n th e lab o r incom es of
farm ers w ho h a d n o t received such train in g . In 6 o u t of 9 farm in g projects th e
tra in e d group secured larger yields. On th e whole th e indiv id u als in th e train ed
group were a b o u t tw ice as activ e in farm organizations as th e u n tra in e d group.
------ ------- B u lle tin N o . 1 6 8 , T r a d e a n d I n d u s t r i a l S e r ie s N o . 4 9 : V o c a tio n a l t r a i n
i n g f o r th e p u l p a n d p a p e r i n d u s t r y .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 3 .
247 pp.
A job analysis of th e in d u s try covered, w ith suggestions for th e organization
a n d o peration of train in g program s.
G overnm ent P rin tin g Office. L a b o r : C h ild la b o r , w o m e n , e m p lo y m e n t, w a g e s ,
w o r k m e n ’s in s u r a n c e , a n d c o m p e n s a tio n .
L i s t o f p u b li c a tio n s r e la t in g to above
s u b je c ts f o r s a le b y S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n , D.C.
W ash
in g to n , S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 3 .
38 pp.
( P r ic e l i s t 3 3 — 1 9 th e d itio n .)
O fficia l— F o r e ig n C o u n tr ie s
A m s t e r d a m ( N e t h e r l a n d s ) . — [C e n tra le C om m issie v o o r G e o rg a n ise e rd O verleg
in W e rk lie d e n z a k e n (C .C .W .).]
V e r s la g o m tr e n t d e b e m o e iin g e n d e r g e m e e n te
A m s t e r d a m i n a r b e id s z a k e n e n d e v e r k z e k e r in g te g e n w e r k lo o s h e id i n 1 9 3 2 .
[ A m s te r d a m , 1 9 3 3 ? ] 9 6 p p .
C ontains a re p o rt on public unem p lo y m en t insurance in th e city of A m sterdam ,
th e subjects covered including legislation, o rganization of th e insurance system ,
em ploym ent an d unem ploym ent, insurance benefits an d relief, etc.
33773°—34---- -17
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
496
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
F r a n c e .— Caisse
N atio n ale
Supérieure.
des
R e tra ite s
p o u r la
Vieillesse.
C om m ission
R a p p o r t s u r le s o p é r a tio n s e t la s i t u a t i o n d e c e tte c a is s e , 1 9 3 1 .
132 pp.
P a r is , 1 9 3 3 .
T he re p o rt of th e F ren ch n a tio n al old-age pension fu n d for th e y ear 1931.
------ M inistère du T rav ail e t de la P révoyance Sociale. Conseil S upérieur du
T rav ail. [C o m p te r e n d u ] tr e n te - s ix iè m e s e s s io n , N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 2 . P a r i s , 1 9 3 3 .
188 pp.
T he re p o rt of th e a n n u a l m eeting of th e F ren ch S uperior L ab o r Council.
G e r m a n y .— S tatistisch es R eichsam t. S ta t is tis c h e s J a h r b u c h f ü r d a s D e u ts c h e
R e ic h , 1 9 3 3 .
B e r lin , 1 9 3 3 .
[ V a r io u s p a g i n g .]
Includes statistic s of wages, cost of living, em ploym ent, em p lo y m en t service,
unem ploym ent, social insurance, w elfare w ork, public h ealth , etc. Some of
th e d a ta given in th e volum e are for 1933 b u t m ost of th e sta tistic s are for earlier
years.
G r e a t B r i t a i n . [Board of E ducatio n .] A du lt E d u c a tio n C om m ittee. P a p e r
N o . 1 1 : A d u l t e d u c a tio n a n d th e lo c a l e d u c a tio n a u th o r it y .
171 p p .
L ondon, 1933.
A ccording to th is re p o rt, tw o of th e p resen t w eaknesses in a d u lt ed u catio n in
G reat B ritain are th e confusion of objectives a n d sta n d a rd s a n d th e ill-propor
tioned grow th of th e less intensive courses.
------ M ines D ep artm e n t. S afety in M ines R esearch B oard. P a p e r N o . 7 9 :
T h e i n f la m m a tio n o f c o a l d u s ts — T h e effect o f th e n a tu r e o f a d d e d in c o m b u s tib le
d u s t, b y T . N . M a s o n a n d R . V . W h e e le r .
L ondon, 1933.
1 3 3 p p . , c h a r ts .
D escribes te sts w hich in d icate th a t certain d u sts a re m ore effective th a n o th ers
in th e p rev en tio n of coal-dust explosions.
---------------------- P a p e r N o . 8 0 : T h e i g n i t i o n o f f ir e d a m p b y th e f il a m e n ts o f b r o k e n
e le c tr ic l a m p b u lb s , b y G . A l l s o p a n d T . S . E . T h o m a s .
d ia g r a m s , illu s .
Lon don, 1933.
1 3 p p .,
In d icates t h a t cu rre n t-in te rru p tin g devices are n o t effective w hen th e filam ent
cu rren t exceeds 2 am peres.
------ M inistry of H ealth . C o m m ittee on H ousing. R e p o r t. L o n d o n , 1 9 3 3 .
68
pp.
( C m d . 4 3 9 7 .)
T h e com m ittee was ap p o in ted in M arch 1933 to consider th e reconditioning of
existing houses. I t recom m ends th a t local au th o ritie s be au th o rized to acquire
an d recondition houses n o t now fit for occupancy b u t w hich can be given a life of
20 years. T his w ould be done th ro u g h p u b lic-u tility societies, w ith fu n d s loaned
by th e T reasury. I t also urges advances to such societies to p rovide new housing
an d a subsidy on th e new housing m eeting certain conditions as to re n ts charged,
k ind of housing provided, etc. T h e whole schem e should be supervised b y a
cen tral p u b lic-u tility council, consisting of n o t m ore th a n five m em bers, to be
ap p o in ted by th e M inister.
I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r O f f i c e .— S tu d ie s a n d R e p o r ts , S e r ie s C , N o . 1 8 : E m p l o y
m e n t e x c h a n g e s— a n i n t e r n a tio n a l s t u d y o f p la c in g a c tiv itie s .
231 p p .
( W o r ld P e a c e F o u n d a tio n , A m e r i c a n a g e n t, B o s to n .)
N e t h e r l a n d s .— C en trale Com m issie V oor de S ta tistie k .
ja a r 1932.
T h e P la g u e , 1 9 3 3 .
G en eva, 1 9 3 3 .
J a a r v e r s la g o v er het
19 p p .
A nnual re p o rt on th e activ ities of th e C e n tra l S ta tistic a l C om m ission of th e
N eth erlan d s during th e y ear 1932, including in fo rm atio n on wages, housing, in
d u strial accidents, etc.
------- R ijksverzekeringsbank. O n g e v a lle n s ta tis tie k ,
1931.
A m ste r d a m ,
1933.
117*, 268 p p .
C ontains statistic s on in d u stria l accidents (including those in ag riculture) com
pen sated u n d er th e accid en t insurance laws of th e N eth erlan d s in 1931. T he
d a ta are given b y localities, industries, trad es, occupations, a n d b y sev erity a n d
d u ra tio n of injuries.
N e w S o u t h W a l e s .— D irecto r-G en eral of Public H ealth . S t u d i e s i n I n d u s t r i a l
H y g ie n e , N o . 1 7 : C o a l m in e r ’s lu n g ; a p r e l i m i n a r y a c c o u n t o f th e c h e m ic a l
a n a l y s i s a n d p a th o lo g y o f th e lu n g s o f c o a l m in e r s i n N e w S o u th W a le s , b y
C h a r le s B a d h a m a n d H a r o ld B u r f ie ld T a y lo r .
[S yd n ey ], 1 9 3 3 .
1 6 p p . , ill u s .
T his investigatio n deals w ith th e chem ical analysis a n d path o lo g y of th e lungs
of 31 persons, all b u t tw o of w hom h ad been em ployed as coal m iners or in o th e r
d u sty occupations in w hich th e re was exposure to free silica o r com bined silica
a n d silicates.
N o r w a y .— R ik stry g d ev erk e t. S y k e tr y g d e n f o r d r et 1 9 3 2 . O slo , 1 9 3 3 . 7 6 p p .
A nnual re p o rt on public insurance ag a in st sickness in N orw ay in 1932, w ith
com parative d a ta for earlier years.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
497
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
S o v ie t U n i o n (U .S .S .R .).— Scientific In s titu te for th e P ro tectio n of L abor.
u la r L i b r a r y , N o . 9 : T h e c ir c u l a r r i p s a w a n d i t s d a n g e r s .
4 5 p p . , ill u s .
{ I n R u s s i a n .)
Pop
M o scow , 1931.
D iscusses th e dangers in th e use of th e circular rip saw, a n d th e use of safety
devices to g u ard ag ain st accidents.
-------------- P o p u l a r L i b r a r y , N o . 1 1 : R a t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f th e w o r k a n d im p r o v e m e n t
o f h e a lth c o n d itio n s o f w o m e n e m p lo y e d o n p e a t b o g s.
d ia g r a m s , ill u s .
{ I n R u s s i a n .)
M o scow , 1931.
24
p p .,
--------------- Popular Library, No. 14- Improvement of furniture [used by workers] in
w o rk sh o p s.
M o sco w , 1931.
2 8 p p . , d ia g r a m s .
{ I n R u s s ia n .)
D iscusses th e need for im p ro v em en t in w orkers’ fu rn itu re in w orkshops in th e
Soviet U nion, an d suggests an ed u catio n al cam paign fo r im proved fu rn itu re from
th e p o in t of view of th e w orkers’ h ealth.
U n i o n o p S o u t h A f r i c a .— D e p a rtm e n t of M ines a n d In d u stries. A n n u a l r e p o r t
o f th e G o v e r n m e n t M i n i n g E n g in e e r , f o r th e c a le n d a r y e a r 1 9 3 2 .
1933.
[ V a r io u s p a g in g ] , c h a r ts .
P r e to r i a ,
A sum m ary of t h a t p a rt of th is re p o rt relatin g to m in ers’ p h th isis is given in
th is issue.
U n o ffic ia l
B aker,
R o b e r t O s b o r n e . T h e I n te r n a tio n a l A llia n c e o f T h e a tr ic a l S ta g e
E m p lo y e e s a n d M o v in g P i c tu r e M a c h in e O p e r a to r s o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s a n d
C anada.
L a w re n c e , K a n s ., 1 9 3 3 .
94 pp.
A stu d y of th e organization, activities, an d benefits of th e union.
B eru fsgen o ssen scha ft
d e r F e in m e c h a n ik u n d E l e k t r o t e c h n ik .
Jah res
b e ric h t 1 9 3 2 ü b e r d ie D u r c h fü h r u n g d e r U n fa llv e r h ü tu n g s v o r s c h r ifte n u n d d ie
M a s s n a h m e n f ü r d ie e r s te H ilf e .
B e r lin , [1 9 3 3 ? ].
50 pp.
A nnual re p o rt on th e enforcem ent of th e regulations for accid en t prev en tio n
a n d on m easures for first aid, including th e activities of th e technical facto ry
inspectors, during 1932.
C h ir ia c , G e o r g e s .
1932.
D
L e s a s s u r a n c e s s o c ia le s e n R o u m a n ie .
P a r is , A . P edon e,
315 pp.
A discussion of th e various form s of social insurance in force in R oum ania.
W. J. T r a d e a s s o c ia tio n s : M a n a g e m e n t p o lic ie s , o r g a n iz a tio n , p e r s o n
onald,
n e l, s e r v ic e s .
N e w Y o r k , M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o ., I n c ., 1 9 3 3 .
437 pp.
In th e discussion of tra d e association services th e w riter discusses public
relations, purchasing, pro d u ctio n , finance, personnel an d lab o r relations, and
in d u strial an d econom ic planning.
D
uncan,
H a n n ib a l G e r a l d . I m m i g r a t i o n a n d a s s im i la tio n .
Y o r k , e tc ., D . C . H e a th & C o ., 1 9 3 3 .
8 9 0 p p ., m a p s.
B o s to n ,
N ew
T he first section of th is volum e, on backgrounds for im m igration, discusses th e
various n a tio n a lity groups; th e second p a r t covers im m igration a n d assim ilation
in th e U nited States. A nalyses are given of political, economic, educational, an d
religious developm ents in various countries.
F arm er, E
r ic .
L t d ., 1 9 3 2 .
T h e c a u s e s o f a c c id e n ts .
88 pp.
L o n d o n , S ir
I sa a c P itm a n
& S o n s,
In ad d itio n to th e discussion of causes of accidents, th e book includes sugges
tions for em ployers as to m ethods of recording accidents an d tre a tm e n t of acci
d ent-p ro n e w orkers.
F ed er a l C o d es, I n c .
p le m e n t s e r v ic e .
A h a n d b o o k o f N . R . A . : L a w s , r e g u la tio n s , c o d e s , w ith s u p
W a s h in g to n , 1 4 0 6 G S tr e e t, 1 9 3 3 .
413 pp.
A com pilation of all sta tu te s, E x ecu tiv e orders, codes, etc., connected w ith th e
N atio n al In d u stria l R ecovery Act. S upplem ents are published biw eekly.
G a m b l e , S id n e y D .
H
H
C h in e s e f a m i l i e s liv e i n P e i p i n g .
3 4 8 p p . , c h a r ts , illu s .
ow
W a g n a lls C o ., 1 9 3 3 .
N e w Y ork, F u n k &
B ased on d etailed w ritte n acco u n ts k e p t by 283 fam ilies for 1 year.
F o u n d a t io n . V ocational G uidance B ureau.
F in d in g y o u r p la c e
ecksch er
i n lif e th r o u g h v o c a tio n a l g u id a n c e a n d o p p o r tu n it ie s f o r tr a in in g .
1 E a s t 104 th S tr e e t, 1 9 3 3 .
79 p p .
N e w Y ork,
C ontains brief descriptions of som e vocations, a u th o rita tiv e articles concerning
careers, an d a n index of 467 o ccupations in reg ard to a n y one of w hich th e read er
m ay secure in form ation by filling in a p e rfo rated form included in th is han d b o o k
an d forw arding such blank to th e d irecto r of th e H eckscher F o u n d a tio n ’s voca
tional guidance bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
498
H
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
il d r e t h ,
G e r t r u d e H . A b ib lio g r a p h y o f m e n ta l te s ts a n d r a tin g s c a le s .
Y o r k , P s y c h o lo g ic a l C o r p o r a tio n , 1 9 3 3 .
242 pp.
N ew
C om piled to m e e t th e need for a convenient first reference as to w h a t m easure
m en ts of th is ch ara c te r h av e been a tte m p te d a n d th e devices th a t h av e been used
or are a t p resen t available.
I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t P
r e v e n t i o n A s s o c ia t io n s [o f O n t a r io , C a n a d a ].
D ig e s t
o f th e 1 9 3 3 s a f e ty c o n v e n tio n a n d a n n u a l g e n e r a l m e e tin g , h e ld a t T o r o n to ,
A p r il 27 an d 28, 1933.
[ T o r o n to , 1 9 3 3 .] 9 6 p p . , c h a r ts.
Includes list of officers, com m ittees, a n d directors of th e affiliated safety
associations.
I n f o r m a t io n B u r e a u
on
1 9 1 5 - 3 2 , in c lu s iv e .
W
o m e n ’s
W
o r k . A verage
T o le d o , O h io , 2 4 1 8
a n n u a l e a r n in g s i n O h io ,
R o b in w o o d A v e n u e [1 9 3 3 ].
3 pp.
------
O h io w a g e e a r n e r s i n la u n d r ie s a n d d r y - c le a n i n g e s ta b lis h m e n ts , 1 9 1 4 - 3 2 ,
b y A m y G. M a h er.
T o le d o , O h io , 2 4 1 8 R o b in w o o d A v e n u e [1 9 3 3 ].
11 p p . ,
c h a r ts.
I n s t i t u t e f o r S c ie n c e o f L a b o r . R e p o r t N o . 1 5 : A s t u d y o n th e p h y s ic a l
d e v e lo p m e n t o f f e m a le w o r k e r s , e s p e c ia lly w ith r e g a r d to th e ir f it n e s s f o r m a te r n ity ,
b y K o r e h ir o O g a w a , M . D .
K u r a s ik i, J a p a n , 1933.
1 9 p p . , c h a r ts .
T he a u th o r finds it im possible to agree w ith th e th eo ry th a t m echanical in d u s
tria l w ork begun a t an early age is a g reat obstacle to th e physical developm ent of
women.
------ R e p o r t N o . 1 7 : S tu d ie s o n th e o u tp u t c u rv e , b y T a k a tu g u Y a g i . K u r a s i k i ,
J a p a n , 1933.
4 6 P P -, c h a r ts .
T his stu d y of fatigue, as m easured b y o u tp u t in Jap an ese spinning mills, deals
w ith th e w ork of groups of spinning girls on d ay w ork a n d on n ig h t w ork, an d
shows th e days of th e week on w hich m axim um o u tp u t is reached in b o th groups
for b o th th e w in ter a n d sum m er seasons.
I n s t it u t o N
a c io n a l d e P r e v i s i o n .
C o m e n ta r io s m é d ic o s a la n u e v a le y d e a c c i
d e n te s d e l tr a b a jo , p o r D r . A . O ile r.
M a d r id , S p a in , 1 9 3 2 .
77 pp.
A discussion of th e m edical problem s in fixing com pensation benefits u n d e r th e
w orkm en’s com pensation law of Ju ly 4, 1932, of Spain. C o m p arativ e schedules
of com pensation benefits of o th e r countries are given.
J
ew k es,
J o h n , a n d W i n t e r b o t t o m , A l l a n . J u v e n ile u n e m p l o y m e n t. L o n d o n ,
G e o rg e A l l e n & U n w in , L t d ., 1 9 3 3 .
159 pp.
( P u b lic a tio n o f th e r e s e a r c h
s e c tio n o f th e D e p a r tm e n t o f E c o n o m ic s a n d C o m m e r c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a n
c h e ste r .)
A survey of conditions in L ancashire a n d C um berland, w hich were selected as
containing a sufficient v a rie ty of occupations a n d in d u stries to be typical.
U nem ploym ent was found to be heavy, a n d to be coupled w ith a general b reak
dow n in tra d e an d in d u strial train in g . C hildren leaving school were em ployed,
if a t all, m ainly in unskilled w ork, a n d were replaced, before th e y could claim
higher wages, by o th ers leaving school in th e ir tu rn . T h ere w as a serious lack
of p re p a ra tio n for fu tu re responsibilities.
T o im prove th e situ atio n , th e a u th o rs stro n g ly urge th a t th e school-leaving
age should be raised, th u s reducing th e n u m b er of young w orkers seeking em
p loym ent, an d th a t if th is is n o t done, th e age of e n try in to insurance should be
low ered, a n d junio r in stru c tio n centers should be so developed a n d extended
t h a t th e v a st m a jo rity of unem ployed w orkers u n d er 18 w ould be in a tte n d a n c e
a t them .
J o h n s o n , C h a r l e s S.
T h e e c o n o m ic s ta tu s o f N e g r o e s : S u m m a r y a n d a n a l y s i s
o f th e
N eg ro ,
o f th e
1933.
m a te r ia ls p r e s e n te d a t th e C o n fe r e n c e o n th e E c o n o m ic S t a t u s o f th e
h e ld i n W a s h in g to n , D .C . , M a y 1 1 - 1 3 , 1 9 3 3 , u n d e r th e s p o n s o r s h ip
J u l i u s R o s e n w a ld F u n d .
N a s h v i lle , T e n n ., F is k U n iv e r s ity P r e s s ,
53 pp.
A brief re p o rt of th is conference was given in th e M o n th ly L ab o r R eview for
Ju ly 1933 (p. 42).
K
u c z y n s k i,
J ürgen.
1 8 9 5 -1 9 3 3 .
D ie E n tw ic k lu n g d e r L ô h n e i n F r a n k r e ic h u n d B e lg ie n ,
B e r lin - S c h la c h te n s e e , T e r r a s s e n s tr a s s e 1 7 , 1934■
38 pp.
D eals w ith th e w age developm ents in F ran ce a n d Belgium du rin g th e period
1895 to 1933.
M
a r t in ,
L il l ie n J .,
and d e
M a c m i l l a n C o ., 1 9 3 3 .
G r u c h y , C l a r e . S w e e p i n g th e c o b w e b s.
N e w Y ork,
181 p p .
Shows w h at can be done, by p sy ch o th erap y , in “ abolishing u n h a p p y old a g e ” ,
in rean im atin g m iddle aged a n d aged people, a n d draw ing th e m back to useful
fam ily a n d com m unity life.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
r ., E d ito r. A m e r ic a n la b o r a n d th e N a tio n .
v e r s ity o f C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1 9 3 3 . [ V a r io u s p a g i n g .]
M il l e r , S p e n c e r , J
499
C h ic a g o , U n i
A collection of 20 radio addresses on la b o r’s c o n trib u tio n to A m erican life. T he
first 10 are historical a n d th e second 10, co ntem porary. T hese p ap ers were orig
inally published as sep ara te pam phlets.
M o s h e r , A., a n d W o l f e , E. J. S e lf - h e lp p r o je c ts i n th e U n ite d S ta t e s : A n a n n o ta te d
lis t.
N e w Y o r k , R u s s e ll S a g e F o u n d a tio n , N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 3 .
1+3 p p . ( M i m e o
g r a p h e d .)
N
a t io n a l
C o n ference
of
J e w i s h S o c ia l S e r v i c e .
s io n , h e ld i n D e tr o it, M ic h ., J u n e 8 - 1 1 , 1 9 3 3 .
s e v e n th S tr e e t, 1 9 3 3 . 1 3 9 p p .
P r o c e e d in g s , a n n u a l s e s
N e w Y o r k , 71 W e s t F o r ty -
T he subjects discussed a t th e general sessions included th e econom ic tre n d s
affecting A m erican Jew ish life, program s of Jew ish com m u n ity o rg an izatio n in
th e lig h t of changing tren d s, a n d a social philosophy for th e com m unal w orker.
N
C o n f e r e n c e o f S o c ia l W o r k . P r o c e e d in g s o f th e s ix tie th a n n u a l s e s
s io n , h e ld i n D e tr o it, M ic h ., J u n e 1 1 - 1 7 , 1 9 3 3 . C h ic a q o , U n iv e r s ity o f C h ic a g o
P r e ss , 1 9 3 3 . 751 p p .
a t io n a l
Includes pap ers on public relief, m inim um -w age laws, b a rte r a n d self-help
am ong th e unem ployed, co n su m ers’ cooperative m ovem ent, housing, im m ig ra
tio n , etc., m ainly in relatio n to social w ork.
N
a t io n a l
I n d u s t r ia l C o n f e r e n c e B o a r d , I n c . I n d i v i d u a l a n d c o lle c tiv e b a r
g a in i n g u n d e r th e N . I . R . A . : A s t a t i s t i c a l s t u d y o f p r e s e n t p r a c tic e , N o v e m b e r
1 9 3 3 . N e w Y o r k , 21+7 P a r k A v e n u e , 1 9 3 3 . 3 7 p p .
N
a t io n a l
R eview ed in th is issue.
S a f e t y C o u n c i l , I n c . T r a n s a c tio n s o f th e tw e n ty - f ir s t a n n u a l s a f e t y
c o n g r e s s, W a s h in g to n , O c to b er 3 to 7, 1 9 3 2 .
C h ic a g o , 2 0 N o r th W a c k e r D r i v e ,
1933.
2 v o ls.
D igests of th e pap ers p resen ted a t th e general a n d sectional m eetings of th e
congress. A brief sum m ary of th e convention proceedings, including a list of th e
officers selected for th e y ear 1932-33, was published in th e M o n th ly L abor
R eview for N ovem ber 1932 (p. 1102).
-----Y o u a n d y o u r jo b .
C h ic a g o , 2 0 N o r th W a c k e r D r iv e , 1 9 3 3 .
1+0 p p . , i l l u s .
A booklet of safety in stru ctio n , describing a n im aginary trip th ro u g h an
im ag in ary p la n t w here accidents do n o t occur.
P r in c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y . In d u stria l R elations Section.
T h e u s e o f c r e d it u n io n s
i n c o m p a n y p r o g r a m s f o r e m p lo y e e s a v in g s a n d in v e s tm e n t.
1933.
37 pp.
( R e v is e d .)
P
u b l ic
R
o o sevelt,
P r in c e to n , N . J . ,
A d m i n is t r a t io n S e r v i c e . P u b lic a tio n N o . 31+: F e d e r a l a n d S ta t e le g is
la tio n f o r u n e m p l o y m e n t r e l i e f a n d n a ti o n a l r e c o v e r y , 1 9 3 3 , b y M a r i e t t a S te v e n
s o n a n d L u c y W i l l i a m s B r o w n o f th e A m e r ic a n P u b l i c W e lf a r e A s s o c i a t i o n .
C h ic a g o , 8 5 0 E a s t F if ty - e ig h th S tr e e t, 1 9 3 3 .
19 p p .
M rs. F r a n k l in D .
S to k e s C o ., 1 9 3 3 .
I t ’s u p to th e w o m e n .
N e w Y o r k , F r e d e r ic k A .
263 pp.
D iscusses th e problem s of th e home, including h ealth , tra in in g of children, etc.,
th e o p p o rtu n ities for w om en in public service a n d in various occupations, w orking
conditions for women, a n d th e a d ju stm e n ts necessary to be m ad e to th e life of
to d ay .
R u t g e r s U n i v e r s i t y . School of E d u catio n . S tu d ie s i n E d u c a tio n , N o . 3 :
M i g r a n t s a s a s o c ia l a n d e d u c a tio n a l p r o b le m i n N e w J e r s e y , b y L a u r a F a ir .
N e w B r u n s w ic k , N . J . , 1 9 3 2 .
1+0 p p . , illu s .
R ep o rt on a stu d y of children of Ita lia n m ig ra n t fam ilies a t W hitesbog, N .J.,
d u ring th e b lueberry an d c ra n b erry seasons of 1930 a n d 1931, a n d of th e living
a n d w orking conditions of th ese fam ilies in th e ir hom es in P h iladelphia, P a.,
a n d C am den, N .J., in th e w in ter of 1930-31. I t was found t h a t th e children
w ere n o t as seriously re ta rd e d in school w ork as m ig h t be expected, a n d th a t th e ir
a d ju s tm e n ts to life w ere ap p ro x im ately norm al.
S o z ia l r e c h t l ic h e s J a h r b u c h .
H e r a u s g e b e n i m A u f tr ä g e d e s F o r s c h u n g s in s titu ts
f ü r S o z ia lw is s e n s c h a f te n , K ö l n .
B and IV .
M a n n h e im , 1 9 3 3 .
236 pp.
D eals w ith various social problem s in G erm any, such as la n d settle m e n t,
ed u catio n of unem ployed persons, w elfare w ork, etc.
S t e in e r , J e s s e F r e d e r ic k .
C o ., 1 9 3 3 .
A m e r ic a n s a t p l a y .
N e w Y o rk , M c G r a w -H ill B o o k
201 p p .
T his rep o rt, show ing recen t tendencies in recreatio n an d leisure-tim e activ ities,
is one of a series of m onographs p rep ared u n d er th e d irection of th e P re sid e n t’s
(H oover) R esearch C om m ittee on Social T rends.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
500
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
e in h a r d t .
D ie R e c h ts n a tu r d e r S o z ia lv e r s ic h e r u n g .
W e im a r , 1 9 3 3 _
79 pp .
(S c h r if te n d e s I n s t i t u t s f ü r A r b e its r e c h t a n d e r U n iv e r s itä t L e i p z i a
3 2 . H e f t.)
S t e l z ig R
D eals w ith th e legal n a tu re of social insurance in G erm any, including legal
du ties of insured w orkers an d th e ir em ployers, a n d relatio n s betw een social
insurance an d p riv a te com m ercial insurance.
T
rades
and
L abor C o n g ress
of
C anada.
f o r t y - n i n t h a n n u a l c o n v e n tio n , h e ld a t
1933.
[O tta w a ? ], 1 9 3 3 .
204 p p .
R e p o r t o f th e p r o c e e d in g s o f th e
W in d s o r , O n ta r io , S e p te m b e r 1 8 - 2 3 ,
A résum é of th e proceedings of th e convention was p u blished in th e Ja n u a ry
1934 M onthly L ab o r Review .
U n i o n s u i s s e s d e s P a y s a n s . S ecré ta ria t des P ay san s suisses. R e c h e r c h e s
r e la tiv e s à la r e n ta b ilité d e V a g r ic u ltu r e p e n d a n t l ’e x e r c ic e 1 9 3 1 - 3 2 , I I e p a r tie .
B ern , 1933.
( T ir a g e à p a r t d e V A n n u a ir e a g r ic o le d e la S u is s e , 1 9 3 3 , p p .
5 8 8 - 7 1 0 .)
R egular yearly re p o rt of th e S ecrétariat of Swiss F arm ers on th e cost of p ro
du ctio n in agriculture.
W A éciszA K O W SK i, L e o n .
W a rsa w , 1933.
40 pp.
P r a c o w n ic y m lo d o c ia n i iv s w ie tle b a d a n h a s c h o r y c h .
( B ib ljo te c z k a “ W ia d o m o s c i k a s C h o r y c h ” , N o . 3 9 .)
A re p o rt on th e resu lts of m edical exam in atio n s of young w orkers co n d u cte d
by th e Sickness In su ran ce F u n d in P oland in 1931, including n u m b er of w orkers
exam ined, an d diseases a n d o th er h ealth defects discovered, by in d u stries a n d
occupations. (In Polish, w ith preface a n d su m m ary in F rench.)
W e i n b e r g , G. D.
T a s k s o f th e c o lle c tiv e a g r e e m e n t i n th e f o u r th a n d f i n a l y e a r o l
th e f iv e - y e a r p la n .
R e p o r t to th e s ix th p le n u m o f th e A l l - U n io n C e n tr a l C o u n c if
o f T rade
U n io n s .
M o s c o w , C o o p e r a tiv e P u b lis h in g
S o c ie ty o f F o r e ig n
W o r k e r s i n th e U . S . S . R . , 1 9 3 2 .
6 4 VP[ I n E n g lis h .]
D eals w ith th e m eaning a n d purposes of th e collective agreem ents betw een
w orkers an d th e ir em ployers in Soviet R ussia.
W
oody,
T h o m a s . N e w m in d s : N e w m e n ? T h e e m e rg e n c e o f th e S o v ie t c itiz e n .
N e w Y o r k , M a c m i l l a n C o ., 1 9 3 2 .
5 2 8 p p . , U lu s .
W
o r k e r ’s p o i n t o f v i e w
, T he.
A s y m p o s iu m .
L o n d o n , H o g a r th P r e s s , 1 9 3 3 .
160 pp.
W o r l d A s s o c ia t io n
fo r
Adult
s ta te m e n t o f a c c o u n ts , 1 9 3 2 - 3 3 .
27 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E d u c a t io n .
F o u r te e n th a n n u a l r e p o r t a n d
L o n d o n , W .C . 1 ., 1 6 R u s s e ll S q u a r e , 1 9 3 3 .
O
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