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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
Regional Commissioners
for Bureau of Labor Statistics
R egion I— Boston : Anthony J. Ferrara
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
T h e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w is p u b lis h e d b y th e
B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s o f th e U .S . D e p a rtm e n t
o f L a b o r. C o m m u n ic a tio n s o n e d ito ria l m a tte rs
s h o u ld b e a d d re s s e d to th e E d ito r-in -C h ie f,
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s ,
W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 2 1 2 .
P h o n e : (2 0 2 ) 5 2 3 - 1 3 2 7 .
S u b s c rip tio n p ric e p e r y e a r— $ 2 4 d o m e s tic ; $ 3 0 fo re ig n .
S in g le c o p y $ 4 , d o m e s tic ; $ 5 fo re ig n .
S u b s c rip tio n p ric e s a n d d is trib u tio n p o lic ie s fo r th e
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w (IS S N 0 0 9 8 - 1 8 1 8 ) a n d o th e r G o v e rn m e n t
p u b lic a tio n s a re s e t b y th e G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffic e ,
a n a g e n c y o f th e U .S . C o n g re s s . S e n d c o rre s p o n d e n c e
o n c irc u la tio n a n d s u b s c rip tio n m a tte rs (in c lu d in g
a d d re s s c h a n g e s ) to :
S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts ,
G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffic e ,
W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2
M a k e c h e c k s p a y a b le to S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts .
T h e S e c re ta ry o f L a b o r h a s d e te rm in e d th a t th e
p u b lic a tio n o f th is p e rio d ic a l is n e c e s s a ry in th e
tra n s a c tio n o f th e p u b lic b u s in e s s re q u ire d by
la w o f th is D e p a rtm e n t. U s e o f fu n d s fo r p rin tin g
th is p e rio d ic a l h a s b e e n a p p ro v e d b y th e D ire c to r
o f th e O ffic e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t
th ro u g h A p ril 3 0 , 1 9 8 7 . S e c o n d -c la s s
p o s ta g e p a id a t W a s h in g to n , D .C . a n d at
a d d itio n a l m a ilin g a d d re s s e s .
1 6 0 3 J o h n F. K e n n e d y F e d e ra l B u ild in g , G o v e rn m e n t C e n te r,
B o s to n , M a s s . 0 2 2 0 3
P h o n e : (6 1 7 ) 2 2 3 - 6 7 6 1
C o n n e c tic u t
M a in e
M a s s a c h u s e tts
N e w H a m p s h ire
R h o d e Is la n d
V e rm o n t
R egion II— N ew York:
Samuel M. Ehrenhalt
1 5 1 5 B ro a d w a y , S u ite 3 4 0 0 , N e w Y o rk , N .Y . 10 0 3 6
P h o n e : (2 1 2 ) 9 4 4 - 3 1 2 1
N e w J e rs e y
N e w Y o rk
P u e rto R ic o
V irg in Is la n d s
R egion III— P hiladelphia: Alvin I. Margulis
3 5 3 5 M a rk e t S tre e t
P .O . B o x 1 3 3 0 9 , P h ila d e lp h ia , P a. 19101
P h o n e : (2 1 5 ) 5 9 6 - 1 1 5 4
D e la w a re
D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia
M a ry la n d
P e n n s y lv a n ia
V irg in ia
W e s t V irg in ia
R egion IV— A tlanta:
Donald M. Cruse
1371 P e a c h tre e S tre e t, N .E ., A tla n ta , G a. 3 0 3 6 7
P h o n e : (4 0 4 ) 8 8 1 - 4 4 1 8
A la b a m a
F lo rid a
G e o rg ia
K e n tu c k y
M is s is s ip p i
N o rth C a ro lin a
S o u th C a ro lin a
Tennessee
R egion V — C hicago: William E. Rice
9 th F lo o r, F e d e ra l O ffic e B u ild in g , 2 3 0 S. D e a rb o rn S tre e t,
C h ic a g o , III. 6 0 6 0 4
P h o n e : (3 1 2 ) 3 5 3 - 1 8 8 0
Illin o is
In d ia n a
M ic h ig a n
M in n e s o ta
O h io
W is c o n s in
R egion V I— D allas: Bryan Richey
S e c o n d F lo o r, 5 5 5 G riffin S q u a re B u ild in g , D a lla s , T e x. 7 5 2 0 2
P h o n e : (2 1 4 ) 7 6 7 - 6 9 7 1
A rk a n s a s
L o u is ia n a
N e w M e x ic o
O k la h o m a
Texas
R egions VII and VIII— K ansas City: Elliott A. Browar
911 W a ln u t S tre e t, K a n s a s C ity , M o. 6 4 1 0 6
P h o n e : (8 1 6 ) 3 7 4 - 2 4 8 1
VII
Io w a
Kansas
M is s o u ri
N e b ra s k a
VIII
D ecem ber cover:
Detail from “ Winter Landscape,”
by Jacques Hnizdovsky
Photograph courtesy
The Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.
Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C o lo ra d o
M o n ta n a
N o rth D a k o ta
S o u th D a k o ta
U ta h
W y o m in g
R egions IX and X— San Francisco:
4 5 0 G o ld e n G a te A v e n u e , B o x 3 6 0 1 7 ,
S a n F ra n c is c o , C a lif. 9 4 1 0 2
P h o n e : (4 1 5 ) 5 5 6 - 4 6 7 8
IX
A m e ric a n S o m o a
A riz o n a
C a lifo rn ia
G uam
H a w a ii
N evada
T ru s t T e rrito ry o f th e P a c ific Is la n d s
X
A la s k a
Id a h o
O re g o n
W a s h in g to n
Sam M. Hirabayashi
ml
/
1
M O N TH LY LA BO R R EVIEW
D EC EM B E R 1984
V O LU M E 107, N U M BER 12
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
Law rence J. Fulco
3
P ost-recession produ ctivity gain helps curb labor cost grow th
The a d vance in o utput per hour is in line with that of other postw ar recoveries
and, spanning 2 years, is the longest sustained increase since the 1 9 7 1 -7 3 period
H. Brand, C. Huffstutler
11
Productivity in m aking heating and cooling eq u ipm en t
O utput rose rapidly during 1 9 6 7 -7 3 but te n d e d to stagnate after 1973,
d espite orders for e n e rgy-efficient e q u ip m e n t and a rise in e xp o rt sales
Ellen Sehgal
18
W ork experience in 1983 reflects the effects of the recovery
As the econom y re b ounded from the recession, so d id the nu m b e r of jo bholders,
with the total of w om en holding full-tim e, year-round jo b s reaching an all-tim e high
M artin E. Personick
25
W hite-collar pay determ ination under range-of-rate system s
M edium -size and large em ployers use ranges of rates to establish the salaries
of w orkers having sim ilar duties but different levels of pe rfo rm a n ce or tenure
REPORTS
H ow ard H ayghe
31
W orking m others reach record num ber in 1984
Paul L. Burgess and others
34
U nem ploym ent insurance: identifying paym ent errors
Nathan Schloss
40
Use of em ploym ent data to estim ate office sp a ce dem and
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DEPARTMENTS
2
31
40
45
46
51
55
95
Labor m onth in review
Research sum m aries
Technical notes
M ajor agreem ents expiring next m onth
D evelopm ents in industrial relations
Book reviews
C urrent labor statistics
Index to volum e 107
Labor M onth
In Review
MULTIFIRM PENSION PLANS. The
Secretary of Labor reported to Congress
on the funding status of multiemployer
pension plans and on the feasibility of
requiring collective bargaining on con
tributions to and benefits from such
plans.
Background. Reflecting congressional
concern that current collective bargain
ing practices and actions by boards of
trustees have led to serious underfun
ding of multiemployer pension plans,
the Multiemployer Pension Plan
Amendments Act of 1980 directed the
Secretary of Labor to prepare a report
on such plans.
Results of the Secretary’s study,
which was based on Internal Revenue
Service records and provisions of collec
tive bargaining agreements, show that,
contrary to expectations, multiemployer
plans as currently bargained are relative
ly well funded. Nothing in the study in
dicates that failure to bargain over
benefit levels has hurt the funding status
of the plans. Other highlights:
Contract provisions. An analysis of a
sample of multiemployer collective
bargaining agreements indicated that the
typical pension plan provision required
employers to make a specified contribu
tion to a pooled central fund from which
pension benefits are paid. Only rarely
did a contract require employers to pro
vide specified types and levels of
benefits, as is common in single
employer plans.
In approximately 75 percent of the
agreements examined, the contribution
rate was based on hours worked for each
covered employee. About 15 percent of
the agreements required the employer to
contribute a fixed percentage of each
employee’s earnings or of total payroll.
A few agreements provided for other
2
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contribution methods.
Plan characteristics. The average
multiemployer plan was established
about 20 years ago. Only 20 percent of
the plans in effect in 1979, the reference
year of the study, had been established
after 1970.
Approximately 2,200 multiemployer
defined benefit plans and 400 defined
contribution plans established through
collective bargaining were in effect in
1979. These plans involved more than
700.000 employers and covered 9.1
million active and retired workers.
The top 68 multiemployer plans
covered almost 5 million participants,
more than half of all participants in
multiemployer plans. Plans with fewer
than 2,500 participants accounted for 80
percent of all multiemployer plans, but
only 15 percent of all participants.
Almost three-fifths of all multi
employer plans (covering one-third of
total participants) were in the construc
tion industry. About 30 percent of the
plans with almost half of the par
ticipants were in other nonmanufactur
ing industries, such as motor and water
transportation, retail and wholesale
trade, and services. The remaining plans
and participants were found in manufac
turing industries, with concentrations in
apparel and printing.
Members of 94 unions participated in
the plans studied. Ten unions covered
250.000 or more participants each, ac
counting for two-thirds of total par
ticipants—Teamsters, Ladies Garment
Workers, United Mine Workers, Hotel
and Restaurant Employees, Food and
Com m ercial W orkers, Electrical
Workers ( I B E W ) , Plumbers, Carpenters,
Laborers, and Operating Engineers.
During the 1975-79 period, the market
value of assets of multiemployer plans
almost doubled, rising from $22.7
billion to $40.8 billion. More than 50
percent of assets of multiemployer plans
were found in 75 large plans, each with
$100 million or more in assets.
Funding status. The typical defined
benefit multiemployer plan was well
funded in 1979, with an average funding
ratio of 90 percent. (The funding ratio is
the ratio of reported assets to reported
present value of vested benefits, as
valued using the plan interest rate.) This
was somewhat better than the average
for single-employer negotiated plans (84
percent). Overall, 35 percent of the
multiemployer plans with 18 percent of
all participants were fully funded, with
assets equal to or greater than the pre
sent value of vested benefits for active
and retired participants. Twenty-four
percent of plans with 20 percent of all
participants had funding ratios of 75-99
percent. Twenty-seven percent of the
plans with 33 percent of participants
were characterized by funding ratios in
the 50-74 percent range.
Thirteen percent of all plans had fun
ding ratios of 25-49 percent, while 2 per
cent had ratios of less than 25 percent.
These plans with funding ratios of less
than 50 percent tended to be much larger
in size than average, covering 29 percent
of all participants. However, funding
problems with these plans are probably
attributable to factors such as poor in
dustry performance, rather than to the
structure of multiemployer bargaining
itself.
The full report on the study, entitled
The Funding Status o f Multiemployer
Pension Plans and Implications for Col
lective Bargaining, Report o f the
Secretary o f Labor, is available from the
National Technical Information Service,
5258 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA,
22161, Order No. PB8-5-12005-3. Cost:
$19.
□
Strong post-recession gain in productivity
contributes to slow growth in labor costs
Hourly compensation growth was modest,
with the advance in output per hour in line
with other postwar recoveries;
spanning 2 years, the productivity rise was
the longest sustained increase since 1971-73
L a w r e n c e J. F u l c o
How do changes in productivity and costs during the current
economic recovery compare with earlier ones? Does the sixquarter recovery reflect a resurgence of the higher pre-1973
trend in the growth of output per hour?
Although postwar recessions have differed in length and
severity, movements of productivity and cost measures fol
low a common pattern. Generally, employers tend to delay
trimming payrolls in the face of uncertain or slack demand
in order to postpone the costs associated with layoffs until
the nature of weak demand becomes apparent. The resulting
delayed cutback in hours contributes to the initial drop in
productivity. If a contraction persists, average weekly hours
are initially reduced. Eventually, employment cuts also oc
cur, and productivity may actually increase if the belated
declines in hours outstrip the fall in output.
At the trough of the business cycle, capacity utilization
is low, with plant and equipment operating below optimum
or design rates because of weak demand for output. Inef
ficient plants and equipment may be idled completely as
demand may be met using only the newest, most efficient
facilities. Workers who have been retained may also perform
deferred maintenance or other duties previously handled by
laid-off coworkers. However, these “ hoarded” employees
may be those with the greatest seniority, experience, and
Lawrence J. Fulco is a supervisory economist in the Office of Productivity
and Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
training specific to the firm’s needs, making them the most
costly to replace.1
When demand begins to revive, output can often be boosted
without causing commensurate increases in the payroll. Firms
respond by using some idle plants and equipment and by
redirecting existing labor to production-related tasks. This
results in the rapid productivity gains which have charac
terized the immediate posttrough period of each postwar
recovery. The “ productivity dividend” continues as long
as output gains exceed additions to paid hours.
Employers tend to accommodate growing demand by
initially lengthening the workweek. But as the uptrend con
tinues, furloughed workers return and hiring may begin.
The pace of productivity growth slackens as hours increase,
and when new workers are hired, trained, and assimilated.
The least efficient plants are reopened last.
Periods of recovery
During the six quarters since November 1982 (the trough
of the last recession), output per hour in the nonfarm and
manufacturing sectors grew more than the postwar average
trend. A period of faster-than-trend productivity growth also
occurred after each of the seven previous postwar recession
troughs.2 Nonfarm productivity growth averaged 2.5 per
cent per year between 1947 and 1973. In the six quarters
following the trough of the five recessions, growth was
nearly half again as fast (at an annual rate). The following
3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Post-recession Productivity Gain
tabulation compares the productivity trend with recovery
growth rates before and after 1973:
Period
1 9 4 8 -7 3
1 9 7 3 -8 3
Nonfarm sector
Trend
Recovery
2 .5
0 .8
3 .6
3 .4
Manufacturing sector
Trend
Recovery
2 .9
1.8
4 .8
5 .7
After 1973, the long-term trend in productivity growth
slowed in the nonfarm sector. During 1973-83, the average
annual growth rate fell to 0.8 percent from 2.5 percent in
1948-73.3 However, productivity advances during the six
posttrough quarters slowed much less than the overall trend.
As indicated, during the first five recoveries, productivity
grew at a 3.6-percent annual rate during the first six quarters
after the trough. Since 1973, we have experienced three
additional recoveries, during which productivity advances
averaged 3.4 percent per year. The reduction in the pace of
productivity growth during recoveries after 1973 was smaller
than the slowdown of the long-term trend. Thus, produc
tivity increased during the pre-1973 recoveries at 1.4 times
the long-term rate; after 1973, the recoveries averaged four
times the slower trend which characterized the last decade.
The manufacturing sector— which is much smaller than
the nonfarm business sector— tends to be more volatile. As
in the nonfarm business sector, the trend also slowed; be
tween 1948-73 and 1973-83 the average annual rate of
productivity growth declined from 2.9 to 1.8 percent. But
in contrast to the more comprehensive nonfarm business
sector, the gains in the recovery period have been larger
since 1973. In the first five recoveries, productivity advances
averaged 4.8 percent annually; in the three most recent
Tab le 1.
rebounds they averaged 5.7 percent and the most recent
recovery showed gains at a 4.5-percent annual rate.
The highest nonfarm productivity growth occurred after
the three troughs when output per hour advanced at a 4.1percent annual rate. The smallest posttrough gain occurred
following the 1980 trough. (See table 1.)
From the standpoint of productivity advance, the current
recovery is somewhat stronger than the average of similar
stages of recovery in the nonfarm sector and weaker than
average in manufacturing. Chart 1 compares movements in
productivity and related measures in this recovery with the
average of the previous seven recovery periods in the non
farm and manufacturing sectors.
In the six posttrough quarters, nonfarm output has in
creased at an average annual rate of 7.0 percent in the
previous cycles, but the advance after the most recent trough
has been faster— 9.8 percent. Hours have also rebounded
from the trough level more rapidly than during past recov
eries.
Table 1 shows the annual rates of change in output, hours,
and related measures. Manufacturing output and hours also
advanced more rapidly in this recovery, although the rate
of productivity gain is smaller than average.
Hourly compensation increases during the present recov
ery have been smaller than during earlier upturns. This
measure, which includes wages and salaries, supplements,
and employer payments to all employee benefit plans, rep
resents the largest cost to most producers. In the seven
previous recoveries, hourly compensation increased at a 6.4percent annual rate in the nonfarm business sector, while
in the present recovery, the increase was 4.2 percent over
the six quarters. Moreover, in recent recovery periods, hourly
C hanges in p rodu ctivity and related m easures six quarters after the trough of postw ar recessions
[Percent change at compound annual rate]
Trough quarter
Productivity
Hourly
com pensation
U nit labor
costs
Output
Hours
Em ploym ent
11.1
7.7
6.8
6.3
6.5
6.7
3.8
7.0
9.8
6.8
4.3
4.2
2.1
2.4
2.5
1.8
3.4
5.6
5.8
3.4
3.6
1.8
2.3
2.5
2.0
3.1
4.3
20.3
9.3
9.5
10.1
8.4
10.7
7.9
10.9
12.5
13.4
5.5
5.7
4.6
3.0
3.4
2.3
5.4
7.6
10.8
3.5
4.1
3.2
1.4
2.1
2.0
3.9
5.4
Nonfarm business
1949 I V ...................................
1954 I I ......................................
1958 I I ......................................
1961 I ......................................
1970 I V ...................................
1975 I ......................................
1980 III1....................................
Average, 7 c y c le s ..............
1982 I V ...................................
4.1
3.2
2.5
4.1
4.0
4.1
2.0
3.4
4.0
9.1
3.8
3.9
3.7
6.6
7.9
9.5
6.4
4.2
4.7
0.5
1.4
0 .0
2.5
3.7
7.4
2.9
0.2
M anufacturing
6.1
3.6
3.6
5.3
5.3
7.1
5.5
5.2
4.5
1Percent change over four posttrough quarters.
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9.8
4.2
3.8
3.4
5.7
7.9
8.4
6.2
O
CO
1949 I V ...................................
1954 I I ......................................
1958 I I ......................................
1961 I ......................................
1970 I V ...................................
1975 I ......................................
1980 III1...................................
Average, 7 c y c le s ..............
1982 I V ...................................
3.5
0.5
0.2
- 1 .9
0.4
0.8
2.8
0.9
- 1 .5
C h art 1. P roductivity and related m easu res in the first six quarters a fte r cyc lical trough
(Index, trough quarter = 100)
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
N O N F A R M B U SIN E SS
108
106
104
*,.0
'P ro d u c tiv ity
Productivity
** '
108
10$
104
^ » -*« *-**'
102
100
102
100
120 I“
120
118
Current
recovery
116
114
112
O utput
\
^
0»•*
110
110
108
106
104
102
100
118
116
114
112
A verage of past
recoveries
108
106
104
102
100
112
110
108
106
104
102
100
110
110
108
106
104
108
106
104
102
102
100
100
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
104
102
100
98
96
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Post-recession Productivity Gain
T ab le 2.
N onfarm business productivity and related m easures follow ing the trough of the business cycle
[Index, trough quarter = 100]
Cycle trough
Q uarter a fte r trough
1949
IV
1 954
II
1958
II
1961
I
1970
IV
1975
I
1 980
III
Average,
7 cycles
1982
IV
102.5
104.2
103.7
105.1
106.0
106.2
100.3
101.5
101.4
102.0
(1)
(1)
101.9
103.1
104.0
104.8
105.2
105.6
101.1
103.1
103.6
103.9
104.6
106.0
101.8
103.5
105.4
107.6
109.9
112.1
102.4
105.1
107.0
109.5
(1)
(1)
101.7
103.1
104.6
106.3
107.5
108.9
101.4
102.3
102 8
103.9
105 4
106.4
99.3
99.3
101.6
102.4
103.6
105.6
102.1
103.5
105.6
107.4
(1)
Î 1)
99.8
100.0
100.6
101.4
102.2
103.2
100.3
99.2
99.3
100.0
100 8
100.3
101.5
104.2
105.4
108.6
109.5
110.2
101.6
103.4
103.3
103.8
(1)
(1)
102.3
104.7
106.9
108.9
110.5
111.5
101.5
104.9
107.1
109.5
112 2
115.1
99.0
100.1
101.7
103.3
103.3
103.7
101.2
101.9
101.9
101.8
(1)
(1)
100.3
101.5
102.8
103.9
105.1
105.6
100.4
101.8
103.4
105.4
107.3
108.5
99.2
100.0
101.1
102.3
103.1
103.8
100.8
101.3
101.6
102.0
(1)
(1)
100.1
101.1
102.2
103.1
104.2
104.9
100.2
101.1
102.5
104.2
105.5
106.5
Productivity
I...............................................
I I .........................................
I ll ..........................................................
IV .................................................
V .......................................................
V I.......................................................
103.8
105.7
106.9
107.5
106.4
106.2
101.6
102.3
104.0
105.0
105.5
104.9
101.1
103.0
103.8
105.0
103.3
103.8
102.0
102.9
104.5
105.4
104.8
106.2
102.0
102.4
103.8
103.8
104.9
106.1
Hourly com pensation
I ....................................................
I I ...............................................................
I ll ..........................................................
IV...............................................................
V ....................................................................
V I...............................................................
102.6
104.2
106.1
108.9
111.6
113.9
100.8
101.4
102.4
103.4
104.8
105.8
101.1
102.1
103.2
104.2
105.0
105.9
101.1
101.8
102.7
104.3
104.9
105.6
101.8
103.6
105.3
105.9
108.6
110.1
U nit labor costs
I.......................................................................
I I ...............................................................
I ll ....................................................................
IV ....................................................................
V ....................................................................
V I..................................................................
98.8
98.6
99.3
101.3
104.9
107.2
99.2
99.2
98.4
98.5
99.3
100.8
100.0
99.1
99.4
99.3
101.6
102.1
99.1
98.9
98.2
98.9
100.1
99.4
99.8
101.2
101.5
102.0
103.5
103.8
Output
I.......................................................................
I I ....................................................................
I ll ....................................................................
IV ....................................................................
V ....................................................................
V I....................................................................
104.5
109.2
113.9
115.7
116.4
117.1
101.2
103.4
106.7
109.1
110.7
111.7
102.5
106.1
108.7
111.9
110.0
110.4
102.1
103.6
106.4
107.7
108.5
109.6
102.5
103.1
104.2
105.5
107.9
109.9
Hours
I.......................................................................
I I .....................................................................
I ll ..................................................................
IV....................................................................
V ....................................................................
V I....................................................................
100.6
103.3
106.6
107.6
109.4
110.3
99.6
101.1
102.6
103.9
104.9
106.5
101.4
103.0
104.8
106.6
106.5
106.4
100.1
100.7
101.7
102.2
103.5
103.2
100.4
100.7
100,4
101.6
102.8
103.6
Em ploym ent
I.......................................................................
I I ............................................................
I l l ....................................................................
IV............................................................
V ...............................................................
V I..................................................................
100.2
102.4
105.3
106.2
107.9
108.8
99.7
100.7
101.8
103.0
103.9
105.2
100.9
102.0
103.5
105.1
105.1
105.4
100.0
100.5
101.3
101.9
102.7
102.7
100.4
100.7
100.8
101.5
102.7
103.5
'Excluded; past cyclical peak.
compensation advances have approached 10 percent in the
six quarters following the trough. (See tables 2 and 3.) Thus,
the slower gain in hourly compensation, coupled with the
productivity increase, resulted in a small rise in unit labor
costs (compensation per unit of output) for the nonfarm
sector. Nonfarm unit labor costs rose at a 0.2-percent annual
rate in the six quarters after the trough; in the preceding
recovery (after the 1980 trough) these costs rose 7.4 percent
in just four quarters.
In manufacturing, hourly compensation increased at a
3.0-percent rate over the six quarters of the recovery, com
pared with an average rate of gain of 6.2 percent during
previous recoveries. This slower increase, combined with
the advances in labor productivity, resulted in a 1.5-percent
6
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rate of decline in unit labor costs. In past recoveries, these
costs rose somewhat over the like period.
Because labor compensation is such an important part of
total costs, the more favorable performance of unit labor
costs during the current recovery means less upward pres
sure on prices. This also allows for noninflationary growth
of profits and nonlabor cost items, which can be a source
of business saving and investment.4
Quarterly measures of profits and profits per unit of output
are only available since 1958 and only for the nonfinancial
corporate sector.'1 The following tabulation shows the av
erage annual rate of change (in percent) in profits in the six
posttrough quarters for the sector. (Third-quarter 1980 shows
the change in just four posttrough quarters.)
Trough quarter
1958 II ...................................
1961 1 ......................................
1970 IV .................................
Unit labor
costs
Profits
Profits
per unit of
output
0.1
- 1.4
1.8
25.8
2 3.9
26.3
14.5
13.9
16.4
3.3
7 .0
-0 .2
41 .8
33 .0
7 4 .9
31 .0
27.5
58.7
.
1975 I ......................................
1980 I I I .................................
1982 IV .................................
-
The very large increase in total corporate profits and in
profits per unit of output partly reflects the downturn in unit
labor costs during the current recovery. Unit labor costs
declined 0.2 percent in the six quarters after the 1982 trough,
compared with an increase of 7.0 percent in just four quar
T ab le 3.
ters after the July 1980 trough. This contributed to the very
different performance of profits in these two cycles.
Periods of contraction
In response to major cyclical contractions in the demand
for goods and services, output, employment, productivity,
and prices all diverge from long-term trends. Little can be
inferred about the divergence in productivity from the length
of the recession alone. Two of the earlier contractions (1948—
49 and 1969-70) lasted 11 months; in one case, productivity
growth slowed to 0.6 percent in the nonfarm sector, and in
the other it grew 1.1 percent. (See table 4.) Two contractions
(1952-53 and 1960-61) lasted 10 months; in the former,
productivity was unchanged, while in the latter it rose 0.7
M anu facturing produ ctivity and related m easures follow ing the trough of the business cycle
[Index, trough quarter = 100]
Cycle trough
Q uarter a fte r trough
1949
IV
1954
II
1958
II
1961
I
1970
IV
1975
I
1 980
III
A verage,
7 cycles
1 982
IV
104.1
109.2
109.0
109.0
110.2
110.8
103.1
104.2
104.6
105.5
(!)
(1)
102.5
105.0
106.3
107.1
107.3
107.9
101.2
102.8
105.2
104.9
105.9
106.9
102.2
104.0
105.6
107.7
110.2
112.1
102.4
104.4
106.3
108.4
(!)
(1)
101.7
103.1
104.3
106.0
107.3
108.8
101.0
101.2
101.5
102.2
103.8
104.5
98.2
95.2
96.9
98.9
100.0
101.2
99.3
100.2
101.7
102.8
(!)
(1)
99.2
98.2
98.1
99.0
100.0
100.9
99.9
98.5
96.5
97.4
98.0
97.7
102.2
108.9
111.1
113.8
115.2
116.4
105.0
106.5
107.4
107.9
(!)
(1)
103.4
107.6
111.6
114.3
116.2
117.6
101.8
105.9
110.9
113.4
116.9
119.4
98.2
99.7
101.9
104.5
104.5
105.1
101.8
102.2
102.7
102.3
(!)
0
100.8
102.5
104.9
106.7
108.3
109.1
100.6
103.0
105.5
108.1
110.4
111.6
98.0
98.6
100.1
101.9
102.8
103.2
101.1
101.4
101.9
102.0
(!)
(1)
100.2
101.3
102.9
104.5
105.8
106.4
99.8
101.1
102.8
104.9
106.7
108.2
Productivity
I........................................................................
I I .....................................................................
I ll .....................................................................
IV .....................................................................
V .....................................................................
V I.....................................................................
101.4
105.1
108.0
107.4
108.9
109.3
101.4
102.5
104.7
106.0
105.9
105.5
102.7
105.2
106.6
108.6
105.1
105.4
102.7
105.0
106.6
107.2
106.7
108.1
102.2
103.7
104.9
106.0
106.9
108.0
Hourly com pensation
I........................................................................
I I .....................................................................
I l l .....................................................................
IV .....................................................................
V .....................................................................
V I.....................................................................
102.1
104.0
105.4
109.4
111.9
115.1
100.6
102.2
102.7
103.2
104.9
106.3
101.6
102.8
103.3
104.3
104.9
105.7
100.6
101.2
102.1
103.7
104.4
105.1
102.1
103.3
104.5
105.3
107.4
108.6
U nit labor costs
I........................................................................
I I .....................................................................
I l l .....................................................................
IV
...............................................
V .....................................................................
V I.....................................................................
100.7
98.9
97.6
101.9
102.7
105.3
99.3
99.7
98.1
97.4
99.0
100.8
98.9
97.7
96.8
96.0
99.8
100.3
97.9
96.4
95.8
96.8
97.8
97.2
99.9
99.6
99.6
99.4
100.5
100.6
Output
I........................................................................
I I .....................................................................
I l l .....................................................................
IV.....................................................................
V .....................................................................
V I.....................................................................
104.5
113.4
123.3
126.0
130.6
131.9
100.0
102.7
107.8
112.1
112.5
114.2
104.6
109.3
114.8
120.3
114.7
114.6
104.4
107.9
111.7
113.1
114.3
115.6
102.9
104.3
104.8
106.9
109.8
112.8
Hours
I
...............................................................
I I .....................................................................
I ll .....................................................................
IV.....................................................................
V .....................................................................
V I.....................................................................
103.1
107.8
114.1
117.3
119.9
120.7
98.6
100.2
102.9
105.8
106.2
108.3
101.8
103.9
107.7
110.7
109.1
108.7
101.6
102.8
104.7
105.5
107.1
107.0
100.8
100.7
99.9
100.9
102.8
104.5
Em ploym ent
I.......................................................................
I I .....................................................................
I ll ....................................................................
IV.....................................................................
V .....................................................................
V I....................................................................
102.1
105.7
110.5
113.5
116.0
116.7
98.4
99.4
100.9
103.2
103.9
105.3
100.7
102.2
104.8
107.2
106.3
106.2
100.8
101.7
102.7
103.7
104.7
104.8
100.1
99.9
99.5
99.8
100.8
102.1
'Excluded; past cyclical peak.
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7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Post-recession Productivity Gain
percent. Two contractions (1957-58 and 1980) lasted less
than 10 months; in the former, productivity rose 1.7 percent
during the downturn, and in the latter, it declined 0.2 per
cent. There was only one other contraction (1973-75) that
lasted as long as the 1981-82 downturn and while in the
most recent case productivity declined 0.3 percent, in the
earlier instance, it fell 2.6 percent during the 16-month
period. Growth of output per hour of all persons in nonfarm
business either slowed or ceased in the first five postwar
business cycles, but following the peaks in 1973 and 1980,
productivity actually declined during the contraction.
As noted, there have been eight business cycle contrac
tions since World War II. The most recent contraction began
in July 1981 and ended in November 1982, 16 months later.
We have seen that only the 1973-75 contraction lasted as
long; on average, the upturn has come 10 months after the
peak of the business cycle. Nonfarm business output de
clined more during 1981-82 than the average of previous
contractions, and the cutbacks in hours and employment
were also more severe. Hours were reduced in four of the
five quarters following the onset of the 1981-82 contraction.
Nonfarm employment had not been cut as sharply since the
late 1950’s, and manufacturing employment fell a record
amount— 10.2 percent. This situation may be partly ex
plained by the fact that there was a relatively short interval
between this contraction and the previous one—only 12
months— and employers did not maintain employment be
cause demand was falling again. In addition, the period of
rapid growth of hourly compensation carried over into the
downturn, which made labor “ hoarding” increasingly ex
pensive. Both nonfarm hourly compensation and unit labor
costs rose almost twice as much during the 1981-82 down
turn as during the average contraction. Hourly compensation
also advanced rapidly in manufacturing during the contrac
tion.
Unit labor costs (compensation per unit of output) are
affected by changes in productivity (output per hour) and
compensation per hour. If productivity and hourly compen
sation change equally, unit labor costs are unaffected. Chart
2 shows the relationship between these series since 1973.
Declines in productivity during postwar contractions are
thus related to periods of rapid increases in unit labor costs.
Tab le 4. C hanges in selected econom ic indicators and in productivity and related m easures during business cycle contractions from designated peak to trough
[In percent]
Change in:
P eak
jobless
rate
Low est
operating
ra te 1
Cyclical peak and trough
Duration
(in m onths)
Gross
national
product
Industrial
production
C onsum er
Price
Index
Nov. 48— Oct. 4 9 .....................................................................................................
July 53— May 5 4 .....................................................................................................
Aug. 57— Apr. 5 8 ..................................................................................................
Apr. 60— Feb. 6 1 .....................................................................................................
Dec. 69— Nov. 7 0 ..................................................................................................
Nov. 73— Mar. 7 5 ..................................................................................................
Jan. 80— July 8 0 .....................................................................................................
11
10
8
10
11
16
6
- 1 .4
- 2 .6
- 2 .7
-0 .1
-0 .1
- 4 .9
- 2 .2
-8 .5
-8 .9
-1 2 .6
-6 .1
- 5 .8
-1 5 .1
- 8 .3
-2 .1
0.2
2.4
0.9
5.7
14.5
5.2
Average, 7 cycles.............................................................................................
10
- 2 .0
-9 .3
3.8
7.2
73.7
July 81— Nov. 8 2 .....................................................................................................
16
- 3 .0
-1 2 .3
6.2
10.7
68.8
Output
per
hour
Output
Hours
Em ploym ent
U nit
labor
costs
C om pensation
per hour
- 2 .6
- 0 .2
- 4 .3
- 3 .6
- 4 .3
- 1 .6
- 1 .7
- 7 .4
- 2 .5
- 4 .9
- 3 .6
- 5 .9
- 2 .3
-2 .8
- 4 .9
- 2 .2
- 4 .0
- 3 .2
- 4 .8
-1 .6
- 1 .4
- 2 .7
- 1 .4
0.3
2.2
1.1
1.4
5.6
16.8
5.5
0.9
2.1
2.7
2.2
6.8
13.7
5.2
Average, 7 cycles.............................................................................................
0.2
- 3 .6
- 3 .8
- 2 .7
4.7
4.8
July 81— Nov. 8 2 .....................................................................................................
- 0 .3
- 4 .6
- 4 .3
- 3 .2
9.5
9.1
Nov. 48— Oct. 4 9 .....................................................................................................
July 53— May 5 4 .....................................................................................................
Aug. 57— Apr. 58 ..................................................................................................
Apr. 60— Feb. 6 1 .....................................................................................................
Dec. 69— Nov. 7 0 ..................................................................................................
Nov. 73— Mar. 75 ...............................................................................................
Jan 80— July 8 0 .....................................................................................................
1.6
0.3
- 3 .0
- 0 .6
1.7
- 4 .4
- 1 .9
- 8 .2
- 8 .8
12.8
- 6 .5
- 7 .6
16.1
- 7 .4
- 9 .7
- 9 .0
-1 0 .2
- 5 .9
-9 .1
-1 2 2
-5 6
-9 .1
-7 .6
- 8 .4
- 4 .9
- 7 .3
-9 1
-4 6
- 0 .7
3.3
6.2
2.5
4.7
22.5
8.7
0.9
3.5
3.1
2.1
6.5
17.1
6.6
Average, 7 cycles.............................................................................................
- 0 .9
- 9 .6
- 8 .8
- 7 .3
6.7
5.7
1.6
-1 0 .2
-1 1 .7
-1 0 .2
7.9
9.7
7.9
5.9
7.4
6.9
5.9
8.6
7.8
71.7
79.8
71.3
73.5
75.9
69.0
75.5
N onfarm business
Nov. 48— Oct. 4 9 .....................................................................................................
July 53— May 5 4 .....................................................................................................
Aug. 57— Apr. 5 8 ..................................................................................................
Apr. 60— Feb. 6 1 .....................................................................................................
Dec. 69— Nov. 7 0 ..................................................................................................
Nov. 73— Mar. 7 5 ..................................................................................................
Jan. 80— July 8 0 .....................................................................................................
0.6
0.0
1.7
0.7
1.1
M anu facturing
July 81— Nov. 82
’ Index of capacity utilization, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve.
8
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C h art 2. Productivity and related m easu res in four m ajo r sectors of the eco nom y,
1st-quarter 1 9 7 3 -1 s t-q u a rte r 1984
250
230
210
190
170
150
130
110
90
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
250
230
210
190
170
150
130
110
90
1973
Recent data
In the second quarter of 1984, productivity advanced in
all of the major sectors for which the Bureau of Labor
Statistics prepares quarterly measures. Growth in output and
hours remained strong while increases in hourly compen
sation were moderate. The second-quarter compensation
outlays partly reflect changes in employer contributions to
social security, which were effective January 1. These man
dated increases accounted for about 30 percent of the firstquarter rise in hourly compensation.
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1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
In the nonfarm business sector, productivity advanced
percent; gains in output and hours were strong in the
second quarter, although not as large as during the first
quarter. Productivity has advanced for the last eight quar
ters, the longest period of such uninterrupted gains since
1 9 7 1—
7 3 . Hourly compensation growth was very modest
and, combined with the increase in productivity, resulted
in a decline in unit labor costs. Movements in the business
sector were much the same as in nonfarm business in the
second quarter.
5 .5
9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Post-recession Productivity Gain
Contrasting trends were evident in manufacturing. While
productivity grew modestly in durables as large increases
occurred in both output and hours, a more rapid productivity
gain was experienced in nondurable goods manufacturing,
where increases in output and hours were not as robust. As
a result, unit labor costs declined more in nondurables.
There is also a significant difference between the secondquarter productivity advance in nonfarm business (5.5 per
cent) and that for nonfinancial corporations (2 .8 percent),
which account for more than 75 percent of nonfarm business
output. Most of this difference can be explained by the larger
rate of increase of hours in the nonfinancial corporate sector
than in nonfarm business, which includes the self-employed
and financial activities.
The following tabulation shows the percent changes at
annual rates in productivity, output, and hours for the second
quarter of 1984:6
Sector
B u s i n e s s .............................................
N o n f a r m b u s i n e s s ......................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................
Productivity’ Output
Hours
4 .9
5 .5
4 .0
1 1 .2
1 0 .6
8 .9
6 .0
4 .8
4 .6
D u r a b l e s .....................................
3.1
9 .5
N o n d u r a b l e s ..............................
5 .5
8 .0
6 .2
2 .4
N o n fin an cial co rp o ra tio n s . . .
2 .8
9 .8
6 .8
A cknowledgment : John Glaser, an economist in the Office of Produc
tivity and Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics, provided statistical
assistance.
1A recent attempt to directly measure labor hoarding indicates that as
much as 8 percent o f manufacturing blue-collar payrolls during trough
quarters may be hoarded labor, that is, labor paid for but not required for
current output levels. See James L. Medoff and Jon A. Fay, “ Labor and
Output Over the Business Cycle: Some Direct Evidence” (National Bureau
o f Economic Research, 1983).
Compensation and labor costs. Compensation per hour of
all persons engaged in the nonfarm business sector rose at
a 3.7-percent annual rate in second-quarter 1984, but re
mained unchanged after allowing for the increase in the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( c p i - u ).
Unit labor costs declined 1.7 percent in the second quarter,
compared with a 3.1-percent annual rate of increase in the
first quarter.
In manufacturing, hourly compensation increased at a
2.9-percent annual rate in the second quarter (or fell 0.8
percent after allowing for the increase in the c p i - u ) , and
unit labor costs declined 1.1 percent.
Employment and hours. Labor input used in b l s produc
tivity measures is hours of paid labor time. Adjustments to
labor input in response to changes in demand can be ac
complished through changes in the workweek as well as
changes in employment. In the nonfarm business sector,
employment maintained the high growth rate of the first
quarter, while average weekly hours decelerated in the sec
ond quarter. This marked the sixth consecutive quarter of
increasing average weekly hours, the longest period of such
growth in the series. Employment growth slowed, and the
workweek was shortened somewhat in manufacturing in the
second quarter.
□
slowdown of labor productivity in that sector, but not in manufacturing.
Other possible reasons for the slowdown have been studied; however, no
consensus has emerged on the specific role of these other factors. See
Jerome A. Mark and William H. Waldorf, “ Multifactor productivity: A
new bls measure,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1983.
2These are the troughs identified by the National Bureau of Economic
Research.
4See John F. Early and others, “ Inflation and the business cycle during
the postwar period,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1984, pp. 3 -7 .
5The nonfinancial corporate sector includes all corporations doing busi
ness in the United States with the exception of banks, financial institutions,
stock and commodity brokers, and insurance agents. This sector accounts
for about 75 percent of nonfarm business output, and about 60 percent of
the gross national product.
1There was a slowdown in the rate of growth of capital per hour (capital
intensity) in nonfarm business that accounted for about one-fifth of the
6 Data for additional measures and for previous quarters appear in tables
2 9 -3 2 of the Current Labor Statistics section of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
10
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Productivity in making air conditioners,
refrigeration equipment, and furnaces
Output per hour rose rapidly
during 1967-73, reflecting brisk demand;
output tended to stagnate after 1973,
but was shored up by orders for
energy-efficient equipment and by export sales
H o r st B r a n d
and
C l y d e H u ffstu tler
Output per employee hour in the manufacture of air con
ditioning, refrigeration, and warm-air heating equipment1
rose at an average annual rate of 1.3 percent between 1967
and 1982, compared with 2.4 percent a year for all of man
ufacturing. Output climbed 3.4 percent a year during the
period, and employee hours, 2.1 percent. (See table 1.)
Strong expansion in the demand for the industry’s residen
tial, commercial, and industrial products, and rapid diffusion
of basic improvements in metalworking technologies (such
as numerical control and computer numerical control) were
among factors underlying the rising productivity trend.
The improvement in the industry’s productivity occurred
mostly in the earlier part of the period reviewed. After 1973,
output per employee hour did not change, as shown by the
following tabulation of average annual rates of change:
1 9 6 7 - 8 2 ..................................................
1 9 6 7 - 7 3 .....................................
1973-82
.....................................
I n d u s tr y
A ll m a n u fa c tu r in g
1 .3
2 .4
5 .1
3 .4
0 .0
1.7
The industry’s productivity rate for the 1967-73 period
was 50 percent again as high as for manufacturing, but
thereafter the trends in the two rates diverged.
Year-to-year swings in the industry’s productivity were
comparatively moderate. These swings ranged between a
Horst Brand and Clyde Huffstutler are economists in the Division of In
dustry Productivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Ziaul Z. Ahned
helped compile the productivity measure.
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9-percent increase in 1972 and a 16-percent decrease in
1975. Year-to-year increases in productivity outnumbered
decreases by 12 to 2 (no change was recorded for 1973).
In the years when productivity dropped, output dipped less
than employee hours. Thus, in 1975 and 1980, productivity
declined 16 percent and 7 percent while output dipped 34
percent and 16 percent, and employee hours, 2 2 percent
and 10 percent. In 1974, productivity rose as a 6 -percent
decline in output was outdistanced by a 9-percent decline
in employee hours.
Output and demand
The manufacture of air conditioning and refrigeration
equipment and of warm-air furnaces involves the production
of heat transfer apparatus for residential, commercial, and
industrial applications, as well as for hospitals, marine ves
sels, freight and passenger vehicles, and many specialized
applications. Heat transfer equipment here includes unitary
air conditioners (units that operate on electric circuits of
their own); room air conditioners; commercial refrigeration
equipment (including frozen food display cases); as well as
heat pumps and dehumidifiers. The industry, in addition,
manufactures compressors and condensers, not only for its
own final output, but also for home refrigerators (classified
by the Bureau of the Census as a separate industry. ) 2
The industry’s output rose at an average annual rate of
3.4 percent between 1967 and 1982. The rate for the earlier
part of the period ran four times higher than that for all
11
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Productivity in Heating and Cooling Equipment
manufacturing, but dropped below the all-manufacturing
rate during 1973-82:
I n d u s tr y
1967-82
......................................................
A H m a n u fa c tu r in g
3 .4
2 .4
1967-73
........................................
1 2 .3
3 .2
1973-82
.........................................
0 .1
1.7
Among reasons underlying the industry’s output growth,
and underpinning it after 1973, have been exports. As a
proportion of value of shipments, exports by the industry
nearly doubled between the earlier and the later period stud
ied here— from 8 percent to 14 percent (reaching 19 percent
in 1982). For manufacturing as a whole, the export share
in the value of shipments increased less markedly— from 6
percent in 1972 to 10 percent in 1980.
The much slowed expansion in the industry’s output from
1973 forward corresponds to trends in the output of its major
product groups, which in turn parallel the trends in under
lying demand from the industry’s most important markets.
Thus, the production of heat transfer equipment other than
unitary or room air conditioners or warm-air furnaces in
creased at a rate nearly 10 times higher over the 1967-73
period than during the 1973—82 span. The increase in the
rate had resulted largely from strong demand for motor
vehicle air conditioners (which account for more than onehalf of the products in the group). Such demand was as
sociated with an increase in motor vehicle output of close
to 6 percent a year in 1967-73. The subsequent tapering of
output growth mirrored a falling-off in the annual rate of
motor vehicle output by - 1 .0 percent for 1973-82.
Likewise, output rates of growth of unitary air condi
tioners and commercial refrigeration equipment slowed after
1973; for warm air furnaces, the rate declined. This pattern
was linked largely to developments in construction (which
accounts for well over one-third of the demand for the in
dustry’s products) . 3 The average annual rate of change in
the constant-dollar value of new residential housing con
struction, for example, declined from around 9 percent for
1967-73 to 2 percent thereafter; that for commercial struc
tures, from 15 percent to 9 percent; and that for hospitals
(public and private) turned from a 5-percent annual gain to
a 4-percent annual decrease. Only industrial construction
evidenced a contrary trend, with a 1 0 -percent annual decline
in the earlier period giving way to a 3.5-percent annual rise
after 1973.
Leaving aside the medium-term swings, the industry’s
output has been sustained over the longer run by rapidlygrowing use of central and room air conditioning in homes,
as well as more gradual increases in offices and other com
mercial space, hospitals, and probably in factories. In
creases in the size of homes and other structures generated
the shift in demand from room air conditioners to central
systems and spurred the demand for warm-air furnaces,
which function through the same air circulation system as
central air conditioners. In the middle and late 1960’s, 28
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percent ot all new homes were equipped with central air
conditioners; that proportion rose to 43 percent between
1970 and 1975, and to 6 6 percent by 1982. Square footage
per new home, to which the size of heat transfer equipment
is linked, increased 9 percent between the mid-1960’s and
the early 1980’s. The proportion of homes wired for room
air conditioners more than doubled between the mid-1960’s
and the mid-1970’s, to 53 percent, but it did not rise much
thereafter. Warm-air ducted heating systems in occupied
housing units rose by about one-third between 1970 and
1975, but by only 7 percent between 1975 and 1980.4 For
offices, shopping centers, and hospitals, pertinent data on
air conditioning and forced warm-air systems are available
only for some recent years. According to a survey conducted
in the early 1970’s, 91 percent of all commercial office
buildings had central air conditioning, and 67 percent had
forced-air heating systems. For shopping centers, the com
parable figures were close to 1 0 0 percent in 1977; and for
hospitals and nursing homes, they read 9 7 percent and 56
percent in 1975.3 These data suggest that industry output is
sustained not only by the net increase in such structures,
but from replacement and retrofitting with more energyefficient equipment as well. In 1981, for example, more
than half of total residential expenditures on air conditioning
and heating systems were for replacement. 6
Furthermore, the introduction of more energy-efficient
heat transfer equipment since about 1975 has also bolstered
output. For the same wattage per hour of electric energy
input, higher equipment output capacities, as measured in
British Thermal Units ( b t u ’ s ) , have been achieved. Thus,
in 1976, the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
listed 56 percent of new unitary air conditioners as having
Table 1. P roductivity and related indexes for the refriger
ation and heating equipm ent industry, 1 9 6 7 -8 2
[1977 = 100]
Output per
em plo yee hour
Output
All em ployee
hours
Em ployees
1967 ................
1968 ................
1969 ................
77.5
82.3
87.6
53.6
60.8
73.0
69.2
73.9
83.3
68.4
73.1
81.7
1970 .................
1 9 7 1 ................
1972 ................
1973 .................
1974 ................
88.4
94.8
103.0
103.0
106.9
73.7
75.9
99.0
112.5
105.9
83.4
80.1
96.1
109.2
99.1
83.8
80.5
93.5
107.0
99.2
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
................
................
.................
................
................
89.9
94.1
100.0
100.6
102.2
69.7
87.5
100.0
110.8
112.4
77.5
93.0
100.0
110.1
110.0
78.9
91.6
100.0
107.6
109.4
1980 ................
1 9 8 1 ................
1982 .................
95.0
101.1
101.3
94.0
102.2
90.3
98.9
101.1
89.1
99.4
101.3
90.3
1967-82 ____
1977-82 ____
1.3
(1)
Y ear
A verage annual rates of change (in percent)
1Less than 0.05 percent.
3.4
- 2 .6
2.1
- 2 .6
22
- 2 .2
energy efficiency ratios of between 6.5 and 7.4, and 18
percent with ratios of 7.5 to 8.4 (that is, their b t u output
averaged that many times above their power input). By
1981, the proportion of the lower efficiency units had shrunk
to 37 percent, while that of the higher efficiency equipment
had expanded to 35 percent. New air conditioners with
efficiencies below 6.4, which in 1976 had accounted for 20
percent of the industry’s total shipments, had declined to 5
percent by 1981.7
Employment and hours
Employment in the air conditioning, refrigeration, and
warm-air heating equipment industry numbered 129,000
persons in mid-1984. It rose 32 percent between 1967 and
1982, or at an average annual rate of 2.2 percent. (Employee
hours rose at about the same rate.) Employment reached a
peak of 130,000 persons in 1979, and subsequently re
treated. This decline was attributable to a 21-percent con
traction in production worker jobs between 1979 and 1982,
as compared with a 9-percent loss in nonproduction worker
jobs. (Employment levels have improved, but have evi
dently remained below the 1979 high.)
Over the longer term, trends in employee hours displayed
patterns of acceleration and retardation similar to those noted
for production and output trends. Employee hours in the
industry rose during the first 6 years of the review period
at an average annual rate much greater than for all manu
facturing. Subsequently the rate plummeted:
1 9 6 7 -8 2 ............................................
1 9 6 7 -7 3 .................................
1 9 7 3 -8 2 .................................
Industry
All manufacturing
2.1
6 .8
0.1
0 .0
0 .2
0 .0
Production workers accounted for 70 percent of total em
ployment, which was the same proportion in both 1967 and
1982— nonproduction workers made up the balance. The
number of women workers more than doubled over the
period, raising their proportion of total employment from
14 percent to 21 percent. Underlying this increase may have
been a shift in the skill composition of the industry's workers
to more assembly-type jobs. The rise in the industry’s av
erage hourly earnings also slowed relative to the manufac
turing average. In 1967, the former was 104 percent of the
latter, compared with 96 percent in 1981.
Overtime ran somewhat below the manufacturing average
during the review period, suggesting that firms in the in
dustry were inclined to hire new production workers, rather
than assign overtime when the workload exceeded certain
limits. 8 Turnover rates nonetheless lagged; over the 1967—
81 span, they averaged 89 percent of the manufacturing
average for accessions, and 91 percent of that for separa
tions. Thus, it appears that employment stability was some
what greater in the industry than in manufacturing generally.
The skill composition of the industry’s work force differs
from that for manufacturing as a whole. (The air condi
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tioning, refrigeration, and warm-air heating equipment in
dustry represents 6 8 percent of the employment of the industry
group to which it belongs, and to which the data cited here
pertain .) 9 In 1980, craftworkers accounted for 17 percent
of total industry employment, compared with 19 percent for
all manufacturing. Operatives, however, accounted for a
significantly larger proportion— 48 percent, compared with
43 percent. The larger component of operatives stemmed
from the proportionately greater number of assembly work
ers in the industry (23 percent) than in all manufacturing (8
percent). The proportion of metalworking operatives in the
industry (16 percent) was more than twice as high as for
manufacturing generally. By contrast, the occupational dis
tribution of white-collar workers was similar to that for
manufacturing. Professional and technical workers made up
8 percent of the industry’s workforce (9 percent for man
ufacturing); clerical workers, 12 percent (1 1 percent); and
managers and administrators, 5 percent ( 6 percent).
Investment in plant and equipment
Like manufacturing establishments generally, the air con
ditioning, refrigeration, and warm-air heating equipment
industry installed new production equipment at a fairly high
rate over the 1967-81 period. (Also like other manufac
turing establishments, the industry spent a declining pro
portion of its total fixed investment outlays on new plant.)
However, unlike other manufacturing establishments, firms
in the industry spent at a much higher rate during the earlier
than the latter part of the review period. 10 For all manufac
turing, the reverse held true:
Industry
All Manufacturing
Total fixed Equipment
investment
Total fixed
Equipment
investment
{Average annual rates, in percent)
1 9 6 7 -8 1 ........................
1 9 6 7 -7 3 .............
1 9 7 3 - 8 1 .............
2 .2
7 .4
2 .6
5 .4
13.3
4 .0
3 .4
- 1.3
4 .2
6.2
1.0
7.5
The industry’s high rate of capital spending in the early
part of the period resulted from pressures on capacity, re
lated to high output growth rates. With the abatement of
output growth after 1973, fixed investment slowed. The
proportion of total fixed investment spent on equipment is
as follows:
Industry
1 9 6 7 -7 3 ..............................................
19 7 3 -8 1 ..............................................
69
87
Manufacturing
73
90
The comparatively high proportion of expenditures for
equipment is reflected in the data on the modernization of
the industry’s metalworking machinery, as reported by the
American Machinist. 11 (See the section on technological
change.) The rates shown, however, obscure large year-toyear fluctuations in the industry’s capital spending. This
instability was far more marked for the industry than for
13
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Productivity in Heating and Cooling Equipment
manufacturing generally. For example, in 1975, the indus
try’s plant and equipment expenditures plummeted 41 per
cent (in constant dollars), and in 1977, they soared 56 percent.
Manufacturing recorded a 9-percent drop, and a 21-percent
rise for the same 2 years.
Fixed assets per employee in the industry were 79 percent
of the manufacturing average in 1980, compared with 76
percent during 1972 and 1974-76. The rise in the ratio
partially reflected the cumulative effects of earlier equipment
installations and new plant construction on the value of the
industry’s fixed assets.
More efficient technology
Air conditioning and refrigeration equipment essentially
consists of a compressor driven by an electric motor, and
two coils— the condenser, in which the refrigerant is com
pressed to a liquid, and the evaporator, in which the refri
gerant expands into the gaseous state, enabling it to absorb
heat from the space being cooled. The heat is transferred
from the environment with the aid of fins, mounted upon
the evaporator coil. Warm-air furnaces built by the industry
are mostly gas-fueled forced-air devices. They include a
combustion chamber and a motor-driven blower. The sheet
metal housing that shields the equipment is manufactured
by the industry, but controls and motors normally are not.
Advances in the manufacture of air conditioners, refrig
eration equipment, and warm-air furnaces have been linked
chiefly to technological progress in metalworking machin
ery, welding, methods of storage and transfer of parts, and
assembly. They are also related to improvements in product
design.
The production of air conditioners, refrigeration equip
ment, and warm-air furnaces basically involves the cutting
and forming of metal, as well as welding, brazing, and
soldering of components. Efforts to improve efficiency usu
ally focus upon these operations, and on plant layout. Aux
iliary operations, such as materials handling, painting, testing,
and packaging have received increased attention in recent
years.
The most recent American Machinist inventory of metal
working equipment indicates that, in 1983, 30 percent of
all metalcutting and metalforming machine tools used in the
industry were at most 10 years old. In 1968, the proportion
was the same for metalcutting tools, but only 25 percent
for metalforming tools. The industry has steadily improved
its metalworking equipment, by and large maintaining the
same proportion of newer equipment during 1973-83 as
during 1958-68. The higher end of the age distribution,
however, shows an increase in the proportion of older met
alworking equipment in the industry. The share of metal
cutting machine tools 2 0 years and older rose from 25 percent
in 1968 to 32 percent in 1983, and the share of metalforming
tools, from 25 percent to 37 percent. However, the relative
increase in older machine tools cannot be readily interpreted
as a loss in efficiency, inasmuch as the American Machinist
14
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inventory does not take into account the retrofitting of older
machines with up-to-date components and control devices. 12
The efficiency of the industry’s metalworking equipment
has been significantly enhanced by an 1 1 -fold rise in the
number of numerically controlled ( n c ) machine tools. In
1983, n c machine tools accounted for 13 percent and 17
percent of metalcutting and metalforming tools 9 years old
or less. In 1968, when n c machine tools were not yet widely
diffused, the proportions were less than 1 percent. The per
centage increase in the number of n c tools understates the
increase in the output capabilities which the installation of
such tools spells. According to the American Machinist, the
number of machine tools in all metalworking industries de
clined from 16 per 1,000 population in 1968 to fewer than
10 in 1983. “ This represents in part the greater productivity
of machine tools, in part the simplification of design of
many products, so that less machining is required . ” 13 This
statement also applies to the industry reviewed here: the
number of machine tools in the industry’s shops dropped
by one-third between 1968 and 1983, while output (over
the 1968-81 period) more than doubled. Thus, the output
capability of metalworking equipment in the industry rose
nearly threefold over the study period, with that rise likely
to be largely attributable to NC-equipped machine tools . 14
Examples of how improved metalworking technology has
helped to raise output per hour may be drawn from the sheet
metal operations in the industry’s larger shops, and from
the fabrication of some of the major components of its
products. In punching sheet metal, templates were conven
tionally affixed to the press so as to obtain required shapes.
Templates have been increasingly replaced, however, by
taped instructions fed to the press, which greatly speeds
output and ensures greater precision of the finished shape.
Setup time of the press has been reduced to as little as onetwentieth of the conventional operation. In a related oper
ation, the press, after the sheet metal blank has been placed
automatically, is programmed to select 1 of up to 30 builtin punching tools from its turret, and to activate the tool
selected . 15 Bending of metal parts has likewise been in
creasingly automated, the bending apparatus being preset
to several sequential settings (so as to graduate the bending
process.) Setup time here has declined to an estimated 10
percent of what it had been prior to automation. Despite
their being automated, these metalworking processes con
tinue to require close monitoring by trained operators. The
operator may monitor two or more machines at the same
time, or may be engaged in such auxiliary tasks as placing
and removing work pieces . 16
Some of the more advanced shops in the industry feature
such machine tools as high-capacity drills, which may drill
all the holes in an air conditioning compressor vessel in one
or two operations. (The holes are for accomodating bolts.)
Older drilling machines, still widely in use, have much
lower capacity and speed. Automatic tool wear adjustment
is normally also a feature of n c machine tools, but at times
this feature is not desired or used. Replacement of a tool
bit is then left to the discretion of the operator assigned to
monitor the entire machining process. In small-lot produc
tion, loading and unloading the work piece may be done
manually. 17
Improved productivity in the fabrication of air condition
ing equipment components during the review period is ex
emplified by the coil manufacturing process. The coil (made
of copper or aluminum) is the heart of the heat exchanger.
The refrigerant is pumped through it (by the compressor)
to absorb heat from the surrounding space. The coil origi
nates as tubing on a large roll. In the more advance shops,
the rolled tubing is automatically straightened, cut to length
as specified in, and controlled by, a taped program, and
automatically bent to the shape of a U (or hairpin). This
operation has come to be performed by one person, where
1 0 years or so ago, four persons were required to shear the
tube manually and insert it into a bending device.
The U-shaped coil is inserted into a nest of aluminum
fins. The fins aid in absorbing heat from the refrigerant.
The fabrication of fins is usually highly mechanized, precut
aluminum blanks being punched to form them, and to ac
comodate the coils. Numerically controlled punch presses
featuring up to 27 spindles are used in the larger shops.
However, the number of blanks that may be punched at a
time is limited because punching tends to break rather than
cut the metal, and breaking forms rims that cannot be tol
erated. Where fins are produced in quantity, punch presses
may not be numerically controlled, because longer setup
times are usually justified by the longer runs.
Loading and unloading of the punch presses has usually
been mechanized in the larger plants, so that the fins emerge
stacked as nests. The coils are then inserted manually. Man
ual insertion is still preferred because it prevents “ binding.”
The operator can readily control the pressure he exerts in
inserting the individual coils, which is not (as yet) the case
for mechanical insertion where undue pressure may damage
(“ bind” ) the coil. The coils are then brazed together or
soldered to form a continous loop. Brazing or soldering is
still performed by means of hand-operated devices to ensure
leakproof joints and the continuity of the loop, so as not to
“ blind-alley” them ) . 18
The fabrication of reciprocating compressors provides other
examples of the reduction in unit labor requirements which
the industry seeks. Compressors, driven by electric motors
(manufactured outside the industry), function to increase
the density of the refrigerant to the liquid state. Basically,
the reciprocating compressor consists of a piston sitting on
a rod connected to the motor; and a cyclinder, against the
head of which the piston moves, compressing the refriger
ant. Where compressor components are produced in quan
tity, multistation machinery arranged in circular (or “ dial” )
form has come to be used. Yet, loading and unloading of
the workpiece, and transferring it between groups of dial
machinery, is still widely done manually. Some establish
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ments began to install automatic transfer lines toward the
end of the review period, affording automatic positioning
of the workpiece, as well as automation of most other met
alworking operations (such as milling, drilling, reaming,
and so forth). Transfer lines require usually one-half or less
of the labor per unit of the more conventional equipment;
so-called “ uptime,” that is the time during which the ma
chinery is fully operational, is estimated to be 2 0 percent
higher . 19 However, for the installation of such machinery
to be economical, volume of compressors with 4!/2 to 6 tons
of ice equivalent must run well in excess of 250,000 units
annually, and of compressors with 2 to 4!/2 tons of ice
equivalent must exceed 500,000 annually . 20
Changes in product design have, in some instances been
combined with technological advances. Thus, a cylindrically shaped air conditioning machine has been developed
that permits several hundred feet of continual coil (or tubing)
to be wrapped around a mandrel in one mechanical process.
This increases the heat transfer area, hence the efficiency
of the machine. It also minimizes the jointing of coil ends
(as described earlier), and thus, the leakage of refrigerant.
Fins consist of many hundreds of tiny aluminum pieces
glued to the tubing’s surface. Unit labor requirements in
mounting such tubing are estimated at 20 to 30 percent of
those for the manual insertion of U-shaped coils into nests
of fins and the fabrication of such fins. 21
Product design and technological advance have also been
combined in the case of a thermostatic valve body for au
tomotive air conditioning. After the valve body was rede
signed, it could be fabricated by means of a 43-spindle
metalworking machine which combines automatic indexing,
milling, drilling, counterboring, tapping, and other opera
tions. Material costs were reduced, assembly facilitated, and
quality improved. The machine replaced as many as 11
standard machines run by 30 workers. 22
A fundamental design change in air conditioning equip
ment and warm-air furnaces during the review period made
them more energy-efficient (see the section on output). The
relevant design changes usually involved finer tolerances,
hence greater precision machining, especially of compressor
components. Precision machining in turn has been facili
tated by— and has spurred the adoption of— n c metal
working machinery. Functional testing, furthermore, has
been upgraded by such electronic devices as automatic cal
ibration stations, which can be programmed for many set
tings at a time, and which require little attendance.23 Assembly
appears also to have been improved by the better “ fit-up”
of the more precisely machined components.
Industry structure
Industry concentration increased over the period re
viewed; in 1977, the 8 largest companies accounted for 51
percent of the industry’s value of shipments, compared with
an estimated 45 percent in 1967.24 The 20 largest companies
accounted for 67 percent of the value of shipments in 1977,
15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Productivity in Heating and Cooling Equipment
as against 62 percent in 1967. Moreover, the concentration
ratio for 1967 was higher than for 1963. These increases
suggest underlying growth over time in economies of scale,
a factor that usually engenders productivity improvement.
Employment, too, was concentrated in the larger estab
lishments. In 1977, 50 percent of the industry’s employees
worked in 31 (or 4 percent) of the 860 establishments class
ified in the industry. At the lower end of the employment
size stratification, just over 10 percent of all employees in
the industry worked in 75 percent of all establishments. It
is noteworthy that the size distribution of capital expendi
tures closely followed the size distribution of employment—
such that, for example, nearly one-half of all such expen
ditures were made by only 4 percent of all establishments
in the industry (that is, those with 1 ,0 0 0 or more employ
ees.) In line with the increase in concentration ratios, the
larger establishments raised their share of the industry’s total
employment over time.
Outlook
Equipment. Continued productivity improvement is indi
cated for the industry. As the American Machinist inventory
of metalworking equipment in the industry suggests, dif
fusion of n c machine tools is far from complete. If past
trends in diffusion persist, productivity gains are likely to
be generated. Moreover, the larger, more advanced shops
plan to install flexible manufacturing ( f m ) systems, which
will make small-lot production of larger air conditioning,
refrigeration, and heating equipment more efficient. 25 One
establishment, which is installing a f m system to produce
reciprocal compressors, expects direct labor requirements
to be reduced by more than 80 percent, as compared with
conventional production methods. Another establishment,
which produces large evaporators in lots of less than 1 0 0 ,
also plans to fabricate them by f m methods. Such evapo
rators require up to 5,000 different metal shapes. In com
bination with n c machine tools, plant management expects
f m to save up to 50 percent in unit labor requirements, cut
lead time by nearly one-half, and cope with declining lot
size and more exacting tolerances more efficiently. Man
agement also foresees significant savings in materials and
inventory costs . 26
The cutting of steel, a large-scale operation in the bigger
shops, should also become progressively more automated.
The cutting and punching of steel is often still done by an
operator using templates and judging by sight how to min
imize waste in laying them out. Templates and operator
judgment have begun to be replaced by computer-instructed
cutting machines, where the computer calculates the most
economical distribution of cuts. The computer memory also
records odd pieces of steel that might be used in future
work. With template labor and layout estimation by an op
erator eliminated, five times as much steel may be processed
in the same period as previously. Also, material savings of
up to 60 percent are expected . 27
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In welding operations, robots are increasingly being used,
but for complex surfaces, skilled welders who may be sub
ject to certification are still necessary. The use of a certified
welder is frequently required by a code authority, such as
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or by a
customer, such as the U.S. Navy. Plant managers generally
expect more versatile robots, which sense the complexities
of the surfaces to be joined, to become available. But the
laborsaving potential of such robots hinges upon the extent
to which code requirements are modified. 28
The efficiency of auxiliary operations in the industry is
also likely to improve. Thus, while many plants feature
partially automated storage of parts and components, work
stations are still usually supplied by means of manually
operated carts or small trucks. (Heavier and bulkier parts
may be moved by overhead crane, activated by radio con
trol.) Some plants in the industry which produce in quantity
expect to install fully automated storage and delivery sys
tems that convey parts to work stations upon command.
Management in one such plant expects labor savings of 50
to 75 percent, compared with the partially automated sys
tem, as well as the near elimination of damage from multiple
handling . 29
Employment. The occupational compositon of the indus
try’s employment is not expected to change very much dur
ing the 1980's, except for growth in the proportions of
engineers, engineering and science technicians, and com
puter specialists. Employment in these occupational cate
gories has been projected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
to rise 27 percent between 1980 and 1990, compared with
a 15-percent increase for employment in the industry as a
whole . 30 The proportion of craftworkers and operatives has
been projected to remain unchanged.
The projections signify increased reliance upon engineers
and technicians in designing and monitoring more efficient
production processes. The projections do not, however, in
dicate an accelerating trend toward either “ deskilling” craftworkers or displacing operatives. In 1990, craftworkers will
constitute an estimated 16 percent of total industry em
ployment, and operatives, 48 percent— the same as in 1980.
The proportion of professional, technical, and related work
ers in the industry is estimated to rise from 8 percent to just
under 9 percent.
Q
---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------1The industry for which labor productivity is discussed here has been
designated as number 3585 in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n
u a l ( 1 9 7 2 ) , published by the Office of Management and Budget, and titled
“ Air Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial
and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment.” The industry includes establish
ments primarily manufacturing such equipment, as well as soda fountains,
humidifiers, and dehumidifiers.
Average annual rates discussed in the text are based on the linear least
squares of the logarithms of the index numbers. The measures of produc
tivity and related variables will be extended annually, and will appear in
the annual bls Bulletin, P r o d u c t i v i t y M e a s u r e s f o r S e l e c t e d I n d u s tr ie s .
2Establishments which primarily manufacture household refrigerators
and freezers are classified as industry 3632 in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l
C la s s ific a tio n M a n u a l.
3 Based on input-output calculations for 1972.
4 S t a t i s t i c a l A b s t r a c t o f th e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 8 2 - 8 3
(Bureau of the Cen
sus, 1982), p. 752.
5 Barbara Bingham, “ Labor and material requirements for shopping cen
ter and retail store construction,” M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v i e w , forthcoming.
6 R e s id e n t ia l A lt e r a tio n s a n d R e p a i r s , C o n s tr u c tio n R e p o r ts , A n n u a l 1 9 8 1
(U .S. Department o f Commerce, 1981).
1 C o m p a r a t i v e S t u d y o f E n e r g y E f f ic ie n c y R a t i o s , (Arlington, Va., Airconditioning and Refrigeration Institute, April 1983). See also S t a t i s t i c a l
P a n o r a m a , published each April by T h e A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g , H e a t i n g , a n d
R e fr ig e r a tio n N e w s .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
91
75
94
87
79
97
84
73
1975 ...............
1976 ...............
1977 ...............
1978 ...............
1979 ...............
1980 ...............
1 9 8 1 ...............
l0The census data for plant and equipment were converted to a constantdollar basis from the current-dollar figures by applying the implicit price
deflator for structures and producers’ durable equipment, as published in
T h e E c o n o m i c R e p o r t o f th e P r e s i d e n t (U.S. Government Printing Office,
February 1983), p. 166.
11 ‘ ‘The 13th A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t Inventory of Metalworking Equipment
1983,” A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t , November 1983, pp. 113 ff.; and unpub
lished inventory data, by courtesy of A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t .
n I b i d . The decision to classify a metalworking machine in a lower age
group when retrofitting it with new components is left to the firm that
completes the inventory forms. These decisions tend to be conservative.
p. 123.
,4Horst Brand and Clyde Huffstutler, “ Productivity in the pump and
compressor industry,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1982, pp. 3 8 -
APPENDIX:
20Industry sources.
21 Industry sources.
22S
A m e r ic a n M a c h in is t,
22 I b i d . ,
Mar. 15, 1975, pp. 6 5 -6 7 .
and industry information.
24 While the data for 1967 include only air conditioning and refrigeration
equipment manufacturers, the rise in the concentration ratio in 1972 is
unlikely to have stemmed merely from the inclusion that year o f warmair furnace manufacturing establishments.
25Industry information.
26Industry source. Flexible manufacturing systems depend on automat
ically adjustable metaiworking equipment, often linked with robots or other
automatic transfer devices. See A m e r ic a n M a c h in is t, December 1981, pp. 5 5 56.
27Industry source.
28 “ Major technology changes in fabricated structural metal,” T h e I m
Bulletin 2137 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, December 1982), pp. 3 7 -3 9 . See also A m e r i c a n M a
c h i n i s t , January 1980, p. 63, and June 1980, p. 69.
p a c t o f T e c h n o l o g y o n L a b o r in F i v e I n d u s t r i e s , bls
29Industry source.
30“ The “ low ” trend version o f three alternative projections by bls is
used here. See Valerie A. Personick, “ The job outlook through 1995:
industry output and employment projections,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
November 1983, pp. 2 4 -3 5 .
Measurement techniques and limitations
Indexes of output per employee hour measure changes in
the relation between the output of an industry and employee
hours expended on that output. An index of output per
employee hour is derived by dividing an index of output by
an index of industry employee hours.
The preferred output index for manufacturing industries
would be obtained from data on quantities of the various
goods produced by the industry, each weighted (multiplied)
by the employee hours required to produce one unit of each
good in some specified base period. Thus, those goods which
require more labor time to produce are given more impor
tance in the index.
In the absence of physical quantity data, the output index
for the industry which manufactures air conditioning, re
frigeration, and warm-air heating equipment was con
structed using a deflated value technique. The value of
shipments of the various product classes was adjusted for
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17Industry sources.
19Industry sources.
. . . 65
. . . 97
. . . 91
. . . 100
. . . 82
. . . 79
. . . 79
9 Figures cited in this section are based on data developed by the Bureau
o f Labor Statistics.
13I b i d . ,
16Industry sources.
18 Industry sources.
8Overtime in sic 3585 (manufacturing = 100) '1967 ............
1968 ............
1969 ............
1970 ............
1 9 7 1 ............
1972 ............
1973 ............
1974 ............
45. It should be noted that the productive capability of machine tools in
the industry, as in industries in general, has been increased also by the
large proportion of metalworking equipment in the lower group that is not
numerically controlled. For example, three-quarters of all establishments
in the industry surveyed by A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t reported drilling machines
that were not numerically controlled (compared with 7 percent with nc
drilling machines). One-quarter of all drilling machines that were not
numerically controlled were less than 9 years old, and about two-thirds
were under 20 years old.
15Industry information. See also A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t , December 1981,
p. 57, describing a computer-NC notching press, and noting reductions in
labor requirements.
price changes by appropriate Producer Price Indexes to de
rive real output measures. These, in turn, were combined
with employee hour weights to derive the overall output
measure. These procedures result in a final output index
that is conceptually closer to the preferred output measure.
Employment and employee hour indexes were derived
from data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employees
and employee hours are considered homogeneous and ad
ditive, and thus do not reflect changes in the qualitative
aspects of labor, such as skill and experience.
The indexes of output per employee hour relate total
output to one input— labor time. The indexes do not measure
the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other single
factor. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of such factors
as changes in technology, capital investment, capacity uti
lization, plant design and layout, skill and effort of the work
force, managerial ability, and labor-management relations.
17
Work experience in 1983
reflects the eifects of the recovery
As the economy reboundedfrom the 1981-82 recession
so did the number of jobholders, particularly of
a full-time year-round nature; the figure for
women who held such jobs reached an all-time high
E llen S ehgal
Reflecting the strong rebound of the economy, 1.4 million
more persons held jobs in 1983 than in 1982. And the
number working year round full time expanded even more—
by nearly 3 million. In addition, there was a drop of 2.7
million in the number of persons experiencing some un
employment during the year.
These data come from responses to “ work experience”
questions asked in March 1984 in a supplement to the Cur
rent Population Survey ( c p s ) . 1 The questions, which are
asked annually, refer to the work status of the civilian pop
ulation over the previous calendar year.
Because many persons change their labor force status
during a year, the total number with some employment or
unemployment as measured in this survey usually is much
higher than the annual averages based on the monthly c p s .
For 1983, the number of persons who worked all or part
of the year— 117.7 million—was 17 percent higher than the
annual average civilian employment level of 100.8 million.
And the number of persons who encountered some unem
ployment (although lower than the previous year) was still
more than twice the annual average of the monthly unem
ployment figures (23.8 million versus 10.7 million). Alto
gether, 19.6 percent of all persons with some labor force
activity during the year, in terms of having either worked
Ellen Sehgal is an economist in the Division of Data Development and
Users’ Services. Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bu
reau o f Labor Statistics.
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
or looked for work, experienced some unemployment in
1983. By comparison, the annual average unemployment
rate for 1983 was 9.6 percent.
While reflecting the effects of the recovery, the data for
1983 generally are also in line with some of the salient
historical trends in employment and unemployment, as shown
by the following highlights:
• Women showed a large gain in full-time year-round em
ployment. This continued the trend of the last several
decades during which women have become not only a
larger but also a more permanent component of the labor
force.
• The proportion of men with some employment— 77.6
percent— continued to decline. (In 1980, the comparable
proportion was 80 percent and in 1950 it was 87 percent.)
This drop has been particularly sharp for older men.
• A smaller percentage of blacks (59 percent) than whites
(68 percent) were employed during the year. However,
following a longstanding pattern, the proportion of black
women employed full time year round exceeded that of
white women.
• As in the past, more blacks experienced unemployment
than whites. Among those with some labor force activity
during the year, nearly one-third of black men and more
than one-fourth of black women encountered at least one
spell of joblessness.
• The proportion of Hispanics2 encountering some unem-
ployment was higher than for whites but lower than for
blacks. This follows a pattern evident since these data
were first tabulated separately for Hispanics (in 1976).
• Men continued to be unemployed longer than women;
blacks and Hispanics were unemployed longer than whites;
and older workers tended to be unemployed longer than
younger ones.
The recovery’s impact on jobs
As the economy rebounded from the severe 1981-82
recession, so did the number of persons with jobs— partic
ularly jobs of a full-time year-round nature. Especially note
worthy was the fact that the number of women with full
time year-round employment reached 25.3 million in 1983,
48 percent of all women with some work during the year.
Both of these figures are all-time highs. (See table 1.)
The proportion of employed blacks and Hispanics work
ing full time year round— 55 percent for both— was up
nearly 3 percentage points from 1982. (See table 2.) For
Hispanics— as well as for whites and blacks— the 1983 level
was the highest since 1976. The tabulation below shows the
T a b le
1.
E x te n t o f e m p lo y m e n t d u r in g t h e y e a r b y g e n d e r ,
changes since 1976 in the proportion of workers in each of
these groups who worked full time the year round:
White
Black
Hispanic
1976
5 4 .7
5 1 .4
1 9 8 0 .............................................
5 6 .5
5 2 .7
5 0 .3
5 3 .1
1 9 8 3 .............................................
5 6 .9
5 5 .2
5 5 .2
For the entire population of working age, 1983 marked
the first time in 4 years when the proportion working at
some time during the year— 67.0 percent— did not de
crease. In 1980 and 1981, job growth had not kept pace
with population growth, and in 1982, reflecting the severity
of the recession, the number of persons with some em
ployment showed an actual decline. As a result, the pro
portion of the population with some employment during the
year was still lower in 1983 than it had been in 1980 (68.3
percent). This reflects the continuing decline in the pro
portion of men with some employment during the year,
which has been only partly offset by the rebound in the
proportion of working women. The latter reached 57.3 per
cent in 1983, only slightly below the peak levels of the
1979-81 period.
1982-83
Total
Extent of em ploym ent
1982
M en
1983
1982
W om en
1983
1982
1983
N um bers (in thousands)
Civilian noninstitutional po pulation........................................................................................................................
173,656
175,824
82,260
83,338
91,395
92,485
Total who worked or looked for w o r k .............................................................................................................
Percent of the population................................................................................................................................
120,235
69.2
121,634
69.2
66,160
80.4
66,531
79.8
54,074
59.2
55,103
59.6
Total who worked during the year1 ..................................................................................................................
Percent of the population................................................................................................................................
116,277
67.0
117,718
67.0
64,365
78.2
64,695
77.6
51,912
56.8
53,023
57.3
Full tim e2 ..............................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
48 to 49 weeks ............................................................................................................................................
40 to 47 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 39 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
14 to 26 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 13 w e e k s ..............................................................................................................................................
89,575
63,973
2,317
5,772
6,017
6,263
5,233
90,744
66,828
2,285
5,146
5,640
5,921
4,924
54,917
40,129
1,381
3,377
3,575
3,654
2,800
55,262
41,540
1,368
3,007
3,294
3,311
2,743
34,658
23,844
936
2,395
2,441
2,609
2,433
35,482
25,288
917
2,139
2,346
2,611
2,181
Part time3............................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
48 to 49 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
40 to 47 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 39 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
14 to 26 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 13 w e e k s ..............................................................................................................................................
26,702
9,812
815
2,416
3,463
4,623
5,574
26,974
10,306
766
2,346
3,101
4,505
5,950
9,448
3,118
253
912
1,210
1,714
2,241
9,433
3,227
234
748
1,052
1,762
2,410
17,254
6,694
562
1,503
2,253
2,910
3,332
17,541
7,079
532
1,599
2,049
2,742
3,540
Total who worked during the year1 ..................................................................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Full tim e2 ............................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
48 to 49 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
40 to 47 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 39 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
14 to 26 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 13 w e e k s ..............................................................................................................................................
77.0
55.0
2.0
5.0
5.2
5.4
4.5
77.1
56.8
1.9
4.4
4.8
5.0
4.2
85.3
62.3
2.1
5.2
5.6
5.7
4.4
85.4
64.2
2.1
4.6
5.1
5.1
4.2
66.8
45.9
1.8
4.6
4.7
5.0
4.7
66.9
47.7
1.7
4.0
4.4
4.9
4.1
Part time3...........................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
48 to 49 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
40 to 47 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 39 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
14 to 26 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 13 w e e k s ..............................................................................................................................................
23.0
8.4
.7
2.1
3.0
4.0
4.8
22.9
8.8
.7
2.0
2.6
3.8
5.1
14.7
4.8
.4
1.4
1.9
2.7
3.5
14.6
5.0
.4
1.2
1.6
2.7
3.7
33.2
12.9
1.1
2.9
4.3
5.6
6.4
33.1
13.4
1.0
3.0
3.9
5.2
6.7
P ercent distribution
1Time worked includes paid vacation and sick leave.
3Usually worked 1 to 34 hours per week.
2Usually worked 35 hours or more per week.
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19
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Work Experience in 1983
T a b le 2.
E xtent of em p lo ym en t during the year by race, H ispanic origin, and gender, 1 9 8 2 -8 3
[Numbers in thousands]
M en
Total
W om en
Characteristic
1982
1983
150,427
worked or looked for w o r k .............................................................................................................
of the population................................................................................................................................
worked during the year1 ...................................................................................................................
of the population................................................................................................................................
104,942
69.8
102,192
67.9
Total who worked during the year1 ...................................................................................................................
Full tim e2 ............................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 49 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 26 w e e k s ..............................................................................................................................................
Part time3............................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 49 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 26 w e e k s ..............................................................................................................................................
100.0
76.8
55.3
12.0
9.5
23.2
8.7
5.9
8.6
1982
1983
1 982
1 983
152,244
71,808
72,701
78,618
79,543
106,117
69.7
103,496
68.0
58,560
81,6
57,273
79.8
58,737
80.8
57,495
79.1
46,381
59.0
44,918
57.1
47,379
59.6
46,002
57.8
100.0
77.0
56.9
11.2
8.9
23.0
8.9
5.4
8.7
100.0
85.6
63.2
12.8
9.6
14.4
4.9
3.7
5.8
100.0
85.8
64.8
12.0
8.9
14.2
5.0
3.1
6.2
100.0
65.6
45.2
11.0
9.4
34.4
13.5
8.7
12.2
100.0
66.0
46.9
10.2
9.0
34.0
13.7
8.3
12.0
W hite
Civilian nonlnstltutional po pulatio n........................................................................................................................
Total who
Percent
Total who
Percent
Black
Civilian nonlnstltutional populatio n........................................................................................................................
18,823
19,248
8,398
8,608
10,425
10,641
Total who worked or looked for w o r k .............................................................................................................
Percent of the population................................................................................................................................
Total who worked during the year1 ..................................................................................................................
Percent of the population................................................................................................................................
12,276
65.2
11,168
59.3
12,593
65.4
11,414
59.3
5,994
71.4
5,521
65.7
6,269
72.8
5,737
66.6
6,282
60.3
5,647
54.2
6,323
59.4
5,678
53.4
Total who worked during the year1 ..................................................................................................................
Full time2 ...........................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 49 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 26 w e e k s ..............................................................................................................................................
Part time3...........................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 49 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 26 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................
100.0
78.6
52.3
13.4
13.0
21.4
6.4
4.9
10.1
100.0
77.5
55.2
10.9
11.4
22.5
7.9
4.6
10.0
100.0
83.0
54.1
14.6
14.2
17.0
4.3
3.4
9.2
100.0
82.1
57.2
11.5
13.3
17.9
5.0
3.8
9.2
100.0
74.4
50.5
12.2
11.7
25.6
8.3
6.2
11.0
100.0
72.9
53.2
10.2
9.5
27.1
10.9
5.4
10.8
9,384
9,811
4,406
4,542
4,978
5,268
worked or looked for w o r k .............................................................................................................
of the population................................................................................................................................
worked during the year1 ..................................................................................................................
of the population................................................................................................................................
6,331
67.5
6,078
64.8
6,565
66.9
6,348
64.7
3,646
82.7
3,544
80.4
3,723
82.0
3,622
79.7
2,685
53.9
2,534
50.9
2,843
54.0
2,727
51.8
Total who worked during the year1 ..................................................................................................................
Full tim e2 ...........................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 49 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 26 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................
Part time3...........................................................................................................................................................
50 to 52 weeks ...........................................................................................................................................
27 to 49 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................................................
1 to 26 w e e k s ..............................................................................................................................................
100.0
80.9
52.5
14.8
13.6
19.1
7.0
4.1
8.0
100.0
80.7
55.2
13.4
12.1
19.3
7.1
4.2
8.0
100.0
86.6
57.7
16.1
12.7
13.4
4.7
2.8
5.9
100.0
86.5
60.8
14.8
10.9
13.5
4.9
2.8
5.9
100.0
73.1
45.3
12.9
14.9
26.9
10.2
5.7
10.9
100.0
72.9
47.7
11.4
13.8
27.1
10.1
6.2
10.8
H ispanic origin
Civilian nonlnstltutional population........................................................................................................................
Total who
Percent
Total who
Percent
'Time worked includes paid vacation and sick leave.
2Usually worked 35 hours or more per week.
3Usually worked 1 to 34 hours per week.
Group differences in employment
Until a decade ago, a greater proportion of black than
white women worked at some time during the year. How
ever, the proportion of white women with some employment
has long been growing at a faster rate, and since 1976 if
has exceeded the proportion for black women by a gradually
larger margin. By 1983, the proportion with some employ
ment was 58 percent for white women and 53 percent for
black women. However, black women continue to be more
likely than their white counterparts to work full time year
round.
As expected, women without children are most likely to
be in the labor force all year, while those with younger
children are least likely. Still, more than half of the mothers
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because
data for the “ other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the
white and black population groups.
with children under age 3 who worked in 1983 did so year
round.
Reflecting a long-term trend, the proportion of men with
any employment during the year— 77.6 percent in 1983-—
reached its lowest level since about 35 years ago when this
series began. As shown in table 3, the drop in labor force
activity has been particularly evident among older men, who
have been choosing to retire at earlier ages under Social
Security Act provisions and private pension plans.3
Even when they remain in the labor force, older men are
now less likely to work year round full time than was the
case 10 years ago. In contrast, among older working women
there has been little change in the percentage who work full
time year round, as is shown in the following tabulation.
to 59
years
60 to 64
years
65 years
and over
8 1 .9
7 2 .9
3 6 .1
1 9 7 8 ...................... .................
8 0 .7
7 1 .6
3 2 .8
1 9 8 3 ...................... .................
7 7 .0
6 5 .6
3 3 .4
1 9 7 3 ...................... .................
1 9 7 8 ...................... .................
5 7 .4
4 9 .3
2 3 .8
5 9 .4
5 0 .0
2 2 .1
1 9 8 3 ...................... .................
5 5 .8
4 8 .9
2 3 .6
55
M ore data available
M en:
1 9 7 3 ...................... .................
Additional data on the work experience of the popu
lation, compiled from the March 1984 Current Pop
ulation Survey, are available as a tabulation package
from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Em
ployment and Unemployment Statistics, Division of
Data Development and Users’ Services, 441 G Street,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20212.
W om en:
There was also a drop over the past decade in the pro
portion of young men with work experience during the year.
This was evident both among those in their teens as well
as among those 20 to 24 years old. The trend for young
women was somewhat different, with a decline in the pro
portion of teenagers with some employment during the year
but a rise for women aged 20 to 24. Even among the latter
female group, however, the percentage employed in 1983
was lower than the peak reached in 1978.4
The percentage of blacks unemployed at some time during
1983 was also lower than in 1982 and 1981. However,
1 of 3 black men and 1 of 4 black women encountered some
unemployment, proportionately more than either Hispanic
or white workers.
Among industries, the greatest decrease in the proportion
of workers encountering unemployment in 1983 was in man
ufacturing, particularly in durable goods, where the pro
portion dropped from 28 to 20 percent. As usual, the
proportion of workers with the lowest incidence of unem
ployment over the year was in public administration and in
finance, insurance, and real estate (10 percent for both in
dustry groups in 1983). The highest incidence was in con
struction (38 percent) and agriculture (29 percent). (See
table 5.)
The great majority of persons with some unemployment
in 1983 held at least one job during the year (84 percent),
while the remaining 16 percent looked for work at least part
of the time but never held a job. Nearly 1 of 3 blacks with
Unemployment declines
The 23.8 million persons who were unemployed at some
time in 1983 represented 19.6 percent of all persons who
worked or looked for work during the year. (See table 4.)
This proportion was well below the 22 percent for 1982,
when unemployment reached a recessionary peak. For men,
who were particularly hard hit by the 1981-82 recession,
the proportion with some unemployment dropped to 21 per
cent for 1983. This was less than the proportion encoun
tering unemployment in 1982, but still above 1981’s level.
For women, the proportion with some joblessness in 1983—
17.8 percent— was lower than in both prior years.
T a b le 3 .
E x te n t o f e m p lo y m e n t b y g e n d e r a n d a g e , s e le c te d y e a r s , 1 9 7 3 -8 3
[Numbers in thousands]
1973
Total who
worked
during
the year
1978
1983
Percent
of the
population
Total who
worked
during
the year
Percent
of the
population
Total who
w orked
during
the y ear
58,370
83.7
61,917
81.4
64,695
77.6
2,560
3,178
7,696
13,385
10,412
61.3
85.3
92.1
97.0
97.0
2,368
3,336
8,797
15,767
11,274
56.7
83.7
92.9
96.2
96.1
1,712
2,797
8,813
18,002
13,666
46.6
73.9
86.9
92.4
94.0
to 5 4 .....................................................................................
to 5 9 .....................................................................................
to 6 4 .....................................................................................
and over ............................................................................
10,611
4,340
3,356
2,832
93.6
89.8
79.6
33.2
10,215
4,506
3,120
2,534
92.7
84.3
70.9
26.5
9,703
4,382
3,226
2,394
90.6
82.4
65.3
22.3
Women................................................................................................
Age (in years):
16 to 17.....................................................................................
18 to 19.....................................................................................
20 to 2 4 .....................................................................................
25 to 3 4 .....................................................................................
35 to 4 4 .....................................................................................
41,835
53.6
48,373
57.1
53,023
57.3
1,945
2,962
6,828
9,087
7,074
47.7
74.1
74.3
61.6
60.9
2,014
3.086
8,111
12,220
8,684
49.6
73.8
80.0
70.5
68.5
1,449
2,570
8,066
14,951
11,237
40.7
66.5
76.0
73.7
73.2
7,344
2,919
2,165
1,509
60.0
54.8
44.7
12.5
7,420
3,139
2,074
1,626
62.9
53.5
41.3
11.9
7,633
3,214
2,304
1,600
66.4
53.7
39.9
10.3
G ender and age
M en.....................................................................................................
Age (in years):
16 to 17.....................................................................................
18 to 19.....................................................................................
20 to 2 4 .....................................................................................
25 to 3 4 .....................................................................................
35 to 44 .....................................................................................
45
55
60
65
45
55
60
65
to 5 4 .....................................................................................
to 5 9 .....................................................................................
to 6 4 .....................................................................................
and over ............................................................................
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Percent
of the
population
21
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Work Experience in 1983
T a b le 4.
E xtent o f unem ploym ent during th e year by race, H ispanic origin, and gender, 1 9 8 2 -8 3
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Characteristic
M en
W om en
1 982
1983
1982
1983
1 982
1983
120,235
22.0
121,634
19.6
66,160
23.3
66,531
21.0
54,074
20.4
55,103
17.8
26,493
3,958
1,730
2,228
22,535
23,799
3,916
1,628
2,287
19.883
15,441
1,795
508
1,286
13,646
13,973
1,835
504
1,332
12,138
11,052
2,163
1,221
942
8,889
9,826
2,080
1,125
956
7,745
Year-round workers1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment.................................................................
Part-year workers2 with unem ploym ent.............................................................................................
1 to 4 w e e k s ...........................................................................................................
5 to 10 weeks..................................................................................
11 to 14 w eeks.............................................................................................
15 to 26 w eeks......................................................................................................................
27 weeks or m o re ...........................................................................................................
1,155
21,380
3,483
4.184
2,808
5,863
5,041
920
18,963
3,367
3,608
2,549
4,980
4,460
747
12,900
1,736
2,372
1,721
3,911
3,159
615
11,523
1,718
2,078
1,588
3,245
2,895
408
8,481
1,747
1,813
1,087
1,952
1,882
305
7,440
1,649
1,530
961
1,735
1,565
With 2 spells or more of unem ploym ent..........................................................................................
2 sp e lls................................................................................................................................
3 spells or m o re ......................................................................................................................................
7,573
3,854
3,719
6.445
3,308
3,136
4,913
2,421
2,492
4,276
2,082
2,194
2,660
1,433
1,227
2,168
1,226
942
Total who worked or looked for w o r k ..................................................................................................................
Percent with unemployment................................................................................................................................
104.942
20.7
106,117
18.4
58,560
22.0
58.737
19.8
46,381
19.1
47,379
16.7
Total with unem ploym ent.............................................................................................................................
Did not work but looked for w o r k ................................................................................................................
Worked during the year...................................................................................................................................
21,730
2,750
18,981
19,576
2,620
16,956
12,883
1,287
11.596
11,654
1,243
10,411
8,847
1,463
7,384
7,922
1,377
6,545
Total who worked or looked for w e r k ..................................................................................................................
Percent with unemployment................................................................................................................................
12,276
33.4
12,593
29.1
5,994
36.5
6,269
32.2
6,282
30.4
6,323
26.1
Total with un em ploym ent...................................................................................................................................
Did not work but looked for w o r k ................................................................................................................
Worked during the year...................................................................................................................................
4,096
1,108
2,988
3,668
1,178
2,490
2,186
473
1,713
2,019
533
1,486
1,910
635
1,275
1,650
646
1,004
Total who worked or looked for w o r k ..................................................................................................................
Percent with unemployment.............................................................................................................................
6,331
27.1
6,565
24.3
3,646
28.5
3,723
25.7
2,685
25.3
2,843
22.5
Total with unem ploym ent........................................................................................................................
Did not work but looked for w o r k ...............................................................................................
Worked during the ye ar................................................................................................................................
1,717
253
1.464
1,598
217
1,381
1,038
101
937
958
101
857
679
152
527
640
116
524
TOTAL
Total who worked or looked for w o r k ...........................
Percent with unemployment............................................................
Total with unem ploym ent...............................................................
Did not work but looked for w o r k ..........................................................
1 to 14 w e e k s .............................................................................
15 weeks or m ore.....................................................................
Worked during the year............................................................
W hite
Black
H ispanic origin
'W orked 50 or 51 weeks.
2Worked less than 50 weeks.
unemployment did not report any employment for the year,
in contrast to 14 percent for both whites and Hispanics.
For persons with some unemployment who worked at
some time during the year, the improvement in the economy
was reflected in slight decreases in the proportions with two
spells or more of joblessness and in a reduction in the median
weeks of unemployment. There also was a small decrease
in the number (and proportion) of persons reporting that
they were involuntarily working part year or part time.
Note: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data
for the “ other races” group are not presented and Híspanles are Included in both the white
and black population groups.
smaller percentage of women (3 percent), reported that they
only worked part of the year because there was “ no work
available.” (Some 1.3 million part-year workers aged 16
and over in 1983, in contrast to about 2.2 million in 1982,
seem to have been “ discouraged” by lack of employment
opportunities, citing that the main reason they were not
working or looking for work for the remainder of the year
was the unavailability of jobs.)5
Part-year workers
Part-year and part-time workers
Among the persons who were employed less than the
entire year in 1983, a far greater proportion of men than
women pointed to unemployment as the main reason. As
seen in the following tabulation, of part-year workers aged
25 to 44, 7 of 10 men but only 3 of 10 women cited un
employment as the major reason they were not employed
year round. Also, 5 percent of men aged 25 to 44, but a
22
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Number
(in thousands)
Percent
7 ,5 6 6
1 0 0 .0
U n e m p l o y m e n t ...............
5 ,2 2 9
6 9 .1
I lln e s s o r d is a b ility . . .
464
6 .1
H o m e r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s .
90
1 .2
S c h o o l a tte n d a n c e
N o w o rk a v a ila b le .. . .
O th e r ...................................
499
6 .6
375
909
5 .0
1 2 .0
Reason
M e n , 2 5 to 4 4 y e a r s
Table 5.
E xtent of unem ploym ent of w age and salary w orkers by industry of the job held the lo ngest, 1 9 8 2 -8 3
[Numbers in thousands]
1982
1 983
W ith u nem ploym ent
Total
P erc ent of
total w ag e and
sala ry w orkers
20.2
30.5
27.5
40.7
25.9
27.6
23.4
107,948
2,209
1,016
6,444
22,147
12,822
9,325
19,075
641
261
2,431
4,390
2,585
1,805
17.7
29.0
25.6
37.7
19.8
20.2
19.4
14.4
21.5
11.0
15.6
9.4
7,499
23,307
6,559
33,360
5,407
956
4,578
659
4,627
532
12.8
19.6
10.1
13.9
9.8
Total
Percent of
total w ag e and
sala ry w orkers
T o t a l.....................................................................................................
A g ric u ltu re ........................................................................................................
M in in g ................................................................................................................
C on struction.....................................................................................................
M anufacturing..................................................................................................
Durable g o o d s .............................................................................................
Nondurable g o o d s .......................................................................................
106,423
2,187
1,226
5,985
22,777
13,405
9,372
21,544
667
337
2,435
5,889
3,698
2,190
Transportation and public utilities.................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade...............................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate...............................................................
Services..............................................................................................................
Public adm inistration.......................................................................................
7,220
22,819
6,223
32,748
5,238
1,040
4,903
683
5,099
492
Part-year workers
Reason
Number
(in thousands)
Percent
W o m e n , 2 5 to 4 4 y e a r s ................................
9 ,0 8 2
1 0 0 .0
U n e m p l o y m e n t ...............................................
2 ,7 2 6
3 0 .0
I lln e s s o r d i s a b i l i t y .....................................
566
6 .2
H o m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ................. ...............
4 ,1 0 8
4 5 .2
S c h o o l a t t e n d a n c e ........................ ...............
417
4 .6
N o w o r k a v a i l a b l e ........................ ...............
253
2 .8
O t h e r .................................................... ...............
1 ,0 1 2
1 1.1
In addition, as indicated below, more than half of men
aged 25 to 44 but less than one-third of women reported
they were limited to working part time because they could
not find a full-time job or because of slack work or material
shortage. Such differences generally reflect the fact that
women are more likely than men to choose to work part
time or part year (although the choice often is imposed by
child-care responsibilities), and that women are less prone
to be in cyclically sensitive employment.
Part-time workers
Reason
M e n , 2 5 to 4 4 y e a r s ...................................
Number
(in thousands)
Percent
7 ,2 5 1
1 0 0 .0
993
1 3 .7
C o u ld o n ly fin d p a r t- tim e j o b —
W a n te d o r c o u ld o n ly w o r k p a r t
t i m e ............................................................
S la c k w o r k o r m a te r ia l s h o r ta g e . .
1 ,0 9 5
15.1
3 ,1 0 9
4 2 .9
O t h e r ..............................................................
2 ,0 5 4
2 8 .3
W o m e n , 2 5 to 4 4 y e a r s ...........................
1 0 ,2 0 2
1 0 0 .0
C o u ld o n ly fin d p a r t- tim e j o b . . . .
1 ,4 1 5
1 3 .9
t i m e ............................................................
S la c k w o r k o r m a te r ia l s h o r ta g e . .
5 ,4 7 5
5 3 .7
1 ,6 4 6
1 6.1
O t h e r ..............................................................
1 ,6 6 7
1 6 .3
W a n te d o r c o u ld o n ly w o r k p a r t
Unemployment and family income
The median number of weeks unemployed for persons
with both employment and unemployment during 1983 was
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W ith un em p lo ym en t
T otal w ag e
and sala ry
w orkers
Total w age
and salary
w orkers
Industry
13.3. (This figure represents total weeks unemployed in
cluding, for some persons, more than one spell of unem
ployment.) As indicated below, women on average were
unemployed fewer weeks than men, whites fewer weeks
than blacks and Hispanics, and younger workers fewer weeks
than older workers:
Persons with employment
and unemployment
Median weeks
unemployed
T o ta l, 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..............................................................
16
to 19 y e a r s ..............................................................
1 3 .3
1 0 .4
20
to 2 4 y e a r s ..............................................................
1 2 .5
25
to 4 4 y e a r s ..............................................................
1 4.1
45
to 6 4 y e a r s ..............................................................
1 7 .0
6 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...........................................................
1 7 .4
M e n ...........................................................................................................
1 5 .2
W o m e n ...................................................................................................
1 2 .3
W h i t e s ...........................................................................................
13.1
B l a c k s ......................................................................................................
H i s p a n i c s ..............................................................................................
1 8 .4
1 6 .9
Clearly, the longer a person is unemployed the more
severe the impact on earnings. But what is the effect of
unemployment on family income? While the impact also is
more burdensome the longer the period of unemployment,
other factors need to be considered. These include earnings
of other family members, wage levels of family earners,
and alternative sources of income such as unemployment
insurance benefits and transfer payments. For example, as
seen in the following tabulation, median family income—
while substantially lower than in similar families with no
unemployment— was still about $27,000 for married-couple
families with two earners or more in which at least one
experienced some unemployment. Seven percent of such
families had incomes which fell below the Federally des
ignated poverty thresholds.6 In contrast, median family in
come was about $7,000 in one-earner families maintained
by women in which the earner had encountered some un
employment during the year. More than half of such families
were in poverty.
23
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Work Experience in 1983
No member
unemployed
Type of family
Median Percent
family
in
income poverty
M a r r i e d - c o u p l e f a m i l i e s . . $ 3 1 ,4 9 5
O n e e a r n e r ......................... 2 4 ,8 0 1
T w o e a rn e rs o r m o re ..
3 5 ,2 0 1
4 .3
At least one
member with some
unemployment
Median
family
income
Percent
in
poverty
$ 2 3 ,5 9 2
1 3 .2
7 .8
1 4 ,9 5 9
2 7 .2
2 .6
2 7 ,2 7 4
7 .1
F a m ilie s m a in ta in e d by
w o m e n ...................................
1 6 ,1 1 6
1 7 .0
9 ,8 6 0
4 4 .5
O n e e a r n e r .........................
1 3 ,5 0 1
2 2 .1
7 ,3 4 5
5 2 .9
T w o e a rn e rs o r m o re ..
2 3 ,9 2 5
5 .9
1 8 ,3 4 1
1 7.1
F a m ilie s m a in ta in e d by
m e n ...........................................
2 5 ,9 5 0
6 .4
1 7 ,3 0 9
1 9 .2
O n e e a r n e r .........................
2 1 ,6 4 4
8 .9
1 1 ,3 4 9
2 7 .6
T w o e a rn e rs o r m o re ..
3 3 ,2 1 8
2 .8
2 4 ,1 0 7
6 .4
1 5 ,5 3 8
1 0 .2
7 ,2 3 8
3 8 .0
P e r s o n s n o t liv in g in
f a m i li e s , w ith e a r n in g s
Similar patterns are found among families with invol
untary part-time workers who encountered unemployment
in 1983, as well as among families with unemployed mem
bers who did not work at all during the year. In each case,
the largest proportion of families in poverty are those main
tained by women. However, even when no family members
are unemployed, median family income is relatively low for
families maintained by women ($16,000 in 1983), and a
significant proportion are in poverty (17 percent). This largely
reflects the concentration of these women in low-paying
jobs, employment constraints because of child-care respon
24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
sibilities, and the absence of other family wage earners.
Unemployment, of course, compounds their problem. □
---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------'This is the latest in a series of reports on this subject. For an analysis
of data from the March 1983 Current Population Survey, see Paul O.
Flaim, “ Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their fam ilies,”
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , February 1984, pp. 3 0 -3 7 , reprinted as Special
Labor Force Report Bulletin 2199.
•It should be noted that the “ Hispanic” category is not a racial clas
sification. Persons in this group may appear in the white or black or other
racial categories.
3 For a study of the work experiences of older men, see Herbert S.
Pames, ed., W o r k a n d R e t i r e m e n t , A L o n g i t u d i n a l S tu d y o f M e n (The MIT
Press, 1981). Pames documents the trend toward men’s earlier withdrawal
from the labor force, finding that relatively few men are forced out o f jobs
by mandatory retirement, and that a majority of retirees are not interested
in returning to work. For a study of the work experiences of women, see
Lois Banfill Shaw, ed., U n p l a n n e d C a r e e r s : T h e W o r k in g L i v e s o f M i d d l e A g e d W o m e n (Lexington Books, 1983).
4For studies on employment experiences of young men and women, see
Michael E. Bom s, ed., T o m o r r o w ’s Worker (Lexington Books 1983); and
Frank L. Mott, ed., T h e E m p l o y m e n t R e v o l u t i o n , Y o u n g A m e r i c a n W o m e n
o f th e 1 9 7 0 ’s (The mit Press, 1982).
5 While “ discouragement” has been measured on a current basis in the
monthly Current Population Survey (cps ) for a long time, the March 1983
supplement to the cps was the first which included a question aimed at
measuring discouragement retroactively, and, as in the March 1984 sup
plement, it was asked only of part-year workers.
6The poverty thresholds, which are based primarily on U.S. Department
of Agriculture determinations of consumption requirements of families by
size, are revised each year by the Office of Management and Budget to
reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index. The poverty threshold for a
family o f four in 1983 was $10,178. However, when making such deter
minations, only cash income is considered.
White-collar pay determination
under range-of-rate systems X
Medium-size and large employers use ranges of rates
to determine salaries for workers having
similar job duties but different levels
o f performance or tenure; ranges are generally
designed to control labor costs, attract
qualified candidates, and reward valued employees
M
a r t in
E.
P e r s o n ic k
Administrators of company pay policy face three funda
mental issues: (1) setting their companies’ overall pay levels
in relation to those of other companies; (2) evaluating in
dividual company jobs and determining pay relationships
among them; and (3) determining pay relationships among
individual workers within the same job. The last of these
functions— and the subject of this article— is often accom
plished by establishing minimum and maximum pay rates
for a given job or grouping of comparable jobs, and pro
viding for adjustments of individual workers’ pay within
this range of rates based on performance, seniority, or both.
Special tabulations developed from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics 1983 and 1984 national surveys of professional,
administrative, technical, and clerical pay ( p a t c ), which
cover white-collar employees in medium and large estab
lishments,1 show that:
• Most white-collar workers are under rate range systems
providing for periodic merit (performance) reviews of
their pay.
• Sizable rate ranges are often established for individual
company jobs, especially at the higher professional and
administrative levels.
Martin E. Personick is a project director in the Division of Occupational
Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Carl Barsky
and Mark Sieling, economists in the same division, assisted in the prep
aration o f this article.
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• In practice, however, differences between the highest and
the lowest rates actually paid are generally much smaller
than differences between the maximum and the minimum
rates specified for a range.
The data base
Information for this article comes from (1) internal work
sheets prepared by b l s field staff in the 1983 survey to
record job titles, formal rate ranges, duties, and responsi
bilities of company positions matching surveyed occupa
tions2 and (2) answers to questions on pay plan characteristics
from the 1984 survey. Approximately 3,100 establishments
were studied in the 1983 p a t c survey. For some 1,400
establishments providing rate range data, the internal work
sheets contained the minimum and maximum pay rates for
individual company jobs matching one of the 101 occupa
tional work levels in the survey.
Each of these work levels, ranging from entry-level to
managerial positions, is covered by a written job descrip
tion. Where several work levels are surveyed within a single
occupation, they are identified by Roman numerals— the
higher the numeral, the greater the duties and responsibil
ities.3 Each of the narrowly defined work levels represents
fairly homogeneous work duties and responsibilities. Thus,
classification of employees in accordance with these de
scriptions permits summary and analysis of rate range char25
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Range-of-Rate Pay Systems
acteristics for employees performing similar work, regardless
of company job title or grade.
Exhibit 1 provides a hypothetical example of this job
matching process in a large headquarters establishment. In
most cases, a one-to-one relationship exists between a com
pany job and a p a t c survey work level; for example, only
the company’s project engineer has duties comparable to
those in the p a t c survey engineer V definition. Less fre
quently, one company job spans two p a t c survey levels;
some engineering associates better match p a t c survey en
gineer I, while others generally perform engineer II duties.
Also, two company jobs at different grade levels may at
times equate to one p a t c survey level, as in the case of the
engineer and the nuclear engineer positions in the example,
which both match engineer III. For purposes of this study,
matches similar to the engineer III illustration were excluded
because they spanned more than one company rate range.
These excluded situations accounted for fewer than 10 per
cent of the 22,000 matches in establishments reporting rate
ranges.
The study focused on the width of company rate ranges—
that is, the spread between minimum and maximum rates—
and the relationship of actual salaries to points within the
ranges. In exhibit 1, the maximum rate is 50 percent above
the minimum rate in company grades 2 through 8, and
slightly higher in grades 11 through 17. Such patterns, as
found in surveyed establishments, will be discussed later in
the article.
Respondents to the 1984 p a t c survey answered the fol
lowing questions separately for the professional-adminis
trative and the technical-clerical worker groups: (1) What
E xhibit 1.
types of pay plans cover employees in white-collar jobs?
and (2) if workers are covered by rate ranges, what bound
aries are specified for the ranges; how frequently are rate
ranges adjusted; what formal provisions, if any, cover nor
mal hiring rates within rate ranges; and what point within
the rate range equates to a job’s market value? Following
is a description of the general characteristics of rate ranges
as revealed by the answers to these questions.
Rate range profiles
Formal salary payment plans incorporating a range of
rates for each job classification applied to about four-fifths
of the white-collar workers covered by the 1984 p a t c sur
vey.4 (See table 1.) In contrast, single rates for a given
job—an important formal system for setting blue-collar pay5—
were virtually nonexistent for white-collar workers. Infor
mal systems, which base salaries primarily on an individ
ual’s qualifications, accounted for almost all of the remaining
white-collar workers. Informal plans covered about 5 per
cent of such workers in the largest establishments (those
employing at least 2,500 employees), compared with about
one-fourth of those in establishments with fewer workers.
With few exceptions, a minimum and maximum were
specified for each rate range reported. Within the range, an
individual’s pay increases typically were based on periodic
merit (performance) reviews. This approach covered more
than four-fifths of the professional and administrative work
ers and two-thirds of the technical-clerical group who were
under rate ranges. Pay progression for the remaining work
ers under rate ranges either was automatic, determined by
H ypothetical exam ple of the salary structure and rate ranges in a large headqu arters establishm en t
Com pany grade
and job title
PATC survey
work level
Grade 2 ..............................
Junior accountant
Buyer B
Accountant I
Buyer I
Grade 4 ..............................
Engineering associate
Cost accountant
Buyer A
Financial analyst
Engineer I, II
Accountant II
Buyer II
Not in patc survey
Grade 6 ..............................
General accountant
Engineer
Senior buyer
Accountant III
Engineer III
Buyer III
Grade 7 ..............................
Nuclear engineer
Engineer III
Grade 8 ..............................
Staff accountant
Senior engineer
Associate counsel
Purchasing manager
Accountant IV
Engineer IV
Attorney II
Not in patc survey
Com pany
rate range
M in i
m um
M id
point
M a x i
m um
$20,000 $25,000 $30,000
23,040
26,480
28,480
30,480
28,800
33.100
35,600
38,100
Com pany grade
and job title
PATC survey
w ork level
Grade 111 ................
Cost accounting manager
Project engineer
Counsel
Accountant V
Engineer V
Attorney III
Grade 13 .......................................................
Engineering project manager
Senior counsel
Division director of human resources
Engineer VI
Attorney IV
Director of personnel III
Grade 15 ......................................................
Engineering division director
Division counsel
Assistant comptroller
Engineer VII
Attorney V
Chief accountant IV
Grade 1 7 .........................................................
Director of engineering
Associate general counsel
Corporate manager of human resources
Comptroller
Engineer VIII
Attorney VI
Director of personnel V
Not in patc survey
Com pany
rate range
M in i
m um
M id
point
M a x i
m um
$37,360 $46,700 $58,375
34,560
39,720
42,720
45,720
42,960
53,700
67,125
49,400
61,750
77,200
56,800
71,000
88.750
1lt is not uncommon to skip grades in moving from nonsupervisory to supervisory/managerial levels.
Note: Company jobs and patc survey work levels are compared using actual duties and responsibilities rather than job titles. Occupational definitions of patc work levels, based in
part on Federal Government personnel standards, appear In N a tio n a l S urve y o f P ro fe ss io n a l, A d m in is tra tiv e , Technical, a n d C le rica l P ay, M a rc h 1983, bis Bulletin 2181, 1983.
26
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b le 1 . P e r c e n t o f w h i t e - c o l l a r e m p l o y e e s , b y m e t h o d o f
w a g e p a y m e n t a n d ra te ra n g e c h a r a c te r is tic s , M a rc h 1 9 8 4
patc s u rv e y
Professional
and
administrative
employees
Technical
and
clerical
employees
All em p lo ye e s.......................................................
100
100
Formal p la n s ....................................................
Range of rates..............................................
Merit review...............................................
Length of s e rv ic e ....................................
C o m bina tion............................................
Single rate ....................................................
Individual determ ination.................................
Other type of p la n ............................................
81
81
68
1
11
(1)
18
1
79
77
53
11
14
2
20
(1)
100
98
2
1
100
95
4
(1)
3
81
5
Method of salary payment and
rate range characteristics
Method of salary payment
Selected characteristics
Employees under rate ra n g e s ...........................
Minimum and maximum rate specified. . . .
Minimum is specified, no set maximum. . .
Maximum is specified, no set m inim um. . .
Rate range is typically adjusted:
More than once a y e a r ..............................
Once a y e a r .................................................
Less than once a ye ar.................................
No formal p ro v is io n ....................................
Information not available...........................
1
5
78
5
11
<1)
Normal hiring rate within rate range at:
Minimum of ra n g e ......................................
Lower fourth of range.................................
Lower half of ra n g e ...................................
Other part of range......................................
No formal p ro v is io n ...................................
Information not available...........................
25
25
21
9
19
1
42
21
14
6
16
1
Location of job's market value:
Midpoint of range.........................................
Maximum of range......................................
Minimum to midpoint of ra n g e ................
Midpoint to maximum of range................
No established co nce pt...........................
Information not available........................
62
2
4
13
17
1
59
5
5
9
20
2
h
1Less than 0.5 percent.
Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal 100.
their length of service in the job, or depended on a com
bination of job tenure and merit ratings.
Rate ranges are typically adjusted once a year— a practice
covering about four-fifths of each worker group studied.
Less commonly, provisions call for range changes at some
other interval or on an ad hoc basis. After an upward ad
justment in the rate range, some workers’ rates fall below
the new minimum. Employers reported that such “ submi
nimum” rates are usually raised at the employee’s next
performance review or anniversary date.
Most establishments pay new employees at a specified
point or within a specified portion of the range. The 1984
p a t c survey found wide use of three distinct approaches,
whereby new hires were paid at the range minimum, at
some point between the minimum and the lower fourth, or
between the lower fourth and the middle of the range. Each
approach covered 20 to 25 percent of the professional-ad
ministrative worker group. For the technical-clerical group,
hiring at the minimum of the range pertained to 42 percent
of the workers, and was at least twice as common as the
other two hiring approaches. (See table 1.)
The pace of advancement within a rate range is influenced
in part by an employer’s perception of the market value of
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a job when fully and competently performed. Three-fifths
of the white-collar workers were employed by establish
ments that regarded the midpoint of the rate range as rep
resentative of a job’s market value. These employers used
the midpoint for controlling salary costs, that is, by filtering
through that point only highly rated employees or the most
experienced employees. About 15 percent of the workers
were in establishments in which advancement would be
expected to be faster because the midpoint was set below
the market value of a job. (It should be noted that another
15 to 20 percent of the workers were in establishments that
did not recognize this concept of a job’s market value.)
Range width
As mentioned earlier, rate ranges make it possible for
individuals in the same job and establishment to be paid at
different rates. The 1983 p a t c survey looked at the potential
for such differences in the approximately 1,400 establish
ments reporting rate range information. Although these es
tablishments are not statistically representative of the full
p a t c survey scope, they do span all of its covered industries
and varying work force size groups. Furthermore, the results
are consistent with findings from earlier Federal studies of
salary structure characteristics in the private sector.6
Employers generally agree on the basic rationale for rate
ranges, but commonly vary the percent by which the max
imum salary rate exceeds the minimum salary rate in a range
(its width). Ideally, rate minimums should attract qualified
job candidates while rate maximums should be set to reward
and retain high achievers. In practice, however, employers
see these as flexible boundaries that at times allow for rates
below the specified minimum, for hiring above the minimum
rate, and for progression beyond the maximum rate in the
range. Thus, the prescribed width of the range may differ
from the spread in rates actually paid.
Among the p a t c respondents, the maximum of a rate
range most commonly exceeded the minimum by 50 per
cent, as shown in table 2. Nevertheless, many establish
ments had wider or narrower ranges. For the 89 survey work
levels compared, the average spread ranged from 37 percent
for stenographers II to 57 percent for accountants V and
attorneys V. In general, rate spreads for professional-ad
ministrative jobs exceeded those for technical-clerical oc
cupations.
Few employers maintained a constant range width for all
their white-collar jobs. Among the 1,338 establishments
reporting two or more rate ranges, more than four-fifths
varied their range widths by at least 5 percentage points,
and differences of 20 percent or more were common. This
largely reflects the tendency of companies to establish sep
arate salary schedules for major groups of white-collar jobs,
such as professional-administrative and technical-clerical
occupations. As shown in table 3, the proportion of estab
lishments with uniform range widths (a zero or 1-percent
age-point différence between the widest and narrowest widths)
27
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Range-of-Rate Pay Systems
Tab le 2.
W id th 1 of rate ranges for w orkers in
O ccupational work
le v e l2
M ean w idth
of estab
lishm ent
rate range
(in percent)
patc
survey establishm en ts reporting rate ranges, M arch 1983
Percent of esta b lish m en ts w ith rate range of
Less than
35 percent
35 and
under 40
percent
40 and
under 45
percent
45 and
under 50
percent
50 percent
Over 50
but under 55
percent
55 and
under 60
percent
60 and
under 65
percent
65 percent
and over
P ro fe s s io n a l-a d m in is tra tiv e
I...............................................
I I ............................................
III............................................
IV ............................................
V ............................................
V I............................................
51
52
53
54
57
56
7
6
6
4
3
2
6
2
4
2
(3)
8
11
6
5
6
5
10
7
10
6
6
6
36
39
38
42
39
35
7
8
8
8
8
18
9
9
9
12
13
10
6
6
5
5
7
6
11
12
13
15
18
18
Chief accountants II .................................
Chief accountants I I I .................................
54
54
4
3
4
2
4
6
6
5
40
41
11
11
13
10
2
5
15
17
Auditors
Auditors
Auditors
Auditors
52
53
53
53
7
4
5
5
4
1
3
5
6
4
3
9
6
9
3
38
46
44
46
12
10
8
11
12
8
12
11
9
5
5
3
8
13
14
14
I .................................................
I I .................................................
I I I ...............................................
I V ...............................................
V .................................................
53
53
55
56
57
6
4
3
2
3
1
3
4
3
—
5
4
4
6
6
47
48
41
34
33
13
10
11
11
14
11
14
11
10
15
2
3
8
10
6
11
13
17
22
24
I .......................................................
II.......................................................
I I I ....................................................
I V ....................................................
51
52
53
54
10
7
4
6
5
5
3
4
11
8
7
7
9
7
7
6
31
36
43
33
11
10
9
9
7
10
9
13
6
4
6
2
11
13
12
20
I ..............................
I I ...........................
I I I ...........................
IV ...........................
V ...........................
50
51
52
53
53
7
8
6
5
2
8
5
3
4
4
14
9
9
5
7
7
10
7
8
6
31
34
39
38
38
11
9
9
9
8
7
9
9
15
16
4
6
7
4
10
11
11
11
12
11
Job analysts I I ............................................
Job analysts III .........................................
Job analysts I V .........................................
56
53
53
2
4
10
2
2
3
2
4
—
6
5
7
35
47
30
15
13
10
11
11
20
8
1
5
20
13
15
Directors of personnel I ...........................
Directors of personnel II...........................
Directors of personnel I I I .........................
51
52
56
6
10
5
—
9
4
3
11
7
3
45
39
38
8
6
8
11
11
16
2
9
5
8
11
20
Chemists
Chemists
Chemists
Chemists
Chemists
Chemists
I ....................................................
I I .................................................
III.................................................
IV .................................................
V .................................................
V I.................................................
51
53
51
53
54
54
10
6
6
6
4
7
10
5
7
4
5
7
6
9
8
9
12
7
6
6
4
5
2
37
42
37
38
34
37
7
8
9
8
10
5
7
10
9
17
9
12
5
6
6
4
11
12
12
13
11
14
13
14
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
I .................................................
I I .................................................
I I I ..............................................
I V ..............................................
V .................................................
V I ..............................................
V II..............................................
V I I I ............................................
52
52
53
54
55
56
55
54
8
8
7
6
4
6
5
6
3
8
7
8
5
7
6
9
3
8
7
8
9
6
6
3
3
31
39
37
38
40
31
36
30
9
9
11
6
9
10
8
6
12
8
10
13
10
11
10
24
7
7
5
6
6
7
9
6
13
10
12
15
17
23
20
18
I ..............................
I I ..............................
III..............................
IV..............................
V ..............................
46
47
47
47
49
15
18
17
17
15
14
13
13
10
4
21
15
14
12
8
8
8
10
13
15
21
21
21
23
24
7
5
6
5
7
5
5
7
6
9
2
5
4
4
8
8
10
9
10
11
I ....................................................
I I ....................................................
III .................................................
I V .................................................
V ....................................................
41
45
43
44
44
38
26
25
21
22
16
14
15
12
15
3
13
14
13
9
7
9
11
12
10
17
15
16
19
19
3
5
4
7
10
2
4
6
4
5
3
7
4
3
3
10
7
7
8
7
I .........................
I I ........................
I I I ......................
I V ......................
V ........................
42
43
44
45
47
33
23
22
19
16
16
19
11
12
13
6
13
18
12
7
13
11
9
13
14
14
16
19
19
19
1
4
3
9
8
6
5
6
2
6
5
4
5
6
4
6
4
6
7
12
Photographers II.........................................
Photographers I I I ......................................
Photographers I V ......................................
49
48
52
13
20
10
16
4
5
13
11
5
7
13
15
19
21
30
7
7
7
3
6
10
10
1
2
12
16
15
Accounting
Accounting
Accounting
Accounting
43
44
45
45
27
22
23
22
17
16
14
11
15
16
14
13
7
8
9
10
16
15
14
20
5
5
6
3
4
5
5
6
4
3
3
6
9
11
12
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
I ....................................................
I I ....................................................
I I I .................................................
I V .................................................
Attorneys
Attorneys
Attorneys
Attorneys
Attorneys
Buyers
Buyers
Buyers
Buyers
Programmer/analysts
Programmer/analysts
Programmer/analysts
Programmer/analysts
Programmer/analysts
—
4
—
2
1
—
3
2
—
4
4
2
3
1
—
—
T e c h n ic a l-c le ric a l
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Drafters
Drafters
Drafters
Drafters
Drafters
operators
operators
operators
operators
operators
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
technicians
technicians
technicians
technicians
technicians
clerks
clerks
clerks
clerks
I ...................................
II .................................
I I I .................................
IV
...........................
See footnotes at end of table
28
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
T able 2.
C o n tin u e d — W id th 1 of rate ranges for w orkers in
O ccupational work
le v e l2
M ean w idth
of esta b
lishm ent
rate range
(in percent)
File clerks 1 .................................................
File clerks II.................................................
File clerks I I I ...............................................
Key entry operators 1.................................
Key entry operators I I ..............................
patc
survey establishm en ts reportin g rate ranges, M arch 1983
Percent of esta b lish m en ts w ith rate range of
Over 50
but under 55
percent
55 and
under 60
percent
Less than
35 percent
35 and
under 40
percent
40 and
under 45
percent
45 and
under 50
percent
50 percent
42
44
47
29
23
21
16
17
13
15
13
15
7
9
10
15
16
13
6
9
3
5
44
44
24
24
17
14
15
13
8
8
13
15
7
7
3
5
60 and
u n der 65
percent
65 percent
and over
2
9
Messengers.................................................
44
30
15
11
8
16
7
2
Secretaries
Secretaries
Secretaries
Secretaries
Secretaries
1 ...............................................
I I ...............................................
III ............................................
I V ............................................
V ...............................................
45
46
46
47
49
20
18
19
15
14
20
16
15
12
10
12
17
14
12
11
11
9
9
11
9
16
15
17
24
24
6
6
6
4
6
4
4
10
6
8
8
9
11
12
Stenographers 1 .........................................
Stenographers I I .........................................
48
37
31
48
11
10
13
5
4
5
6
9
6
5
5
5
20
Typists 1.......................................................
Typists I I ....................................................
45
47
23
28
15
14
14
9
12
6
14
12
6
7
4
3
9
15
Personnel clerks 1......................................
Personnel clerks I I ...................................
Personnel clerks I I I ...................................
44
46
44
48
22
23
24
10
16
12
10
9
18
16
14
18
9
6
6
14
17
17
21
22
6
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
4
13
9
7
Purchasing assistants 1 ...........................
Purchasing assistants I I ...........................
41
44
31
20
14
18
11
15
11
13
13
12
9
6
4
7
4
7
1Percent by which maximum rate exceeds minimum rate.
Excludes work levels studied for which fewer than 30 establishments reported rate
ranges.
was much larger for similar types of jobs. Nevertheless,
even within a grouping of professional-administrative or
technical-clerical occupations, a majority of establishments
had varying range widths.7
Actual salaries within rate ranges
How widely do actual salaries vary within rate ranges?
Are there clusterings of salaries within ranges? To answer
these questions, actual salaries were compared to several
points in the corresponding rate ranges—the minimum, the
midpoint, and the maximum— and to the spread between
the minimum and maximum. These comparisons, it must
be stressed, were limited to salaries of workers in company
jobs matching p a t c survey definitions; a company’s rate
range for a labor grade normally would cover a number of
Table 3. P ercent of establishm en ts reporting tw o or m ore
rate ranges, by percentage-poin t difference betw een
w idest and narrow est ranges, March 1983 p a t c survey
Percent of establishm en ts
P erc en tag epoint
d itfe re n c e 1
0-1 ..............................
2 - 4 ..............................
5 - 9 ..............................
1 0 -1 9 ...........................
2 0 -2 9 ...........................
3 0 -3 9 ...........................
40 or m ore...................
All w h ite co lla r jobs
in study
P rofessional
and
ad m in istrative
jobs
Technical
and
clerical
jobs
12
6
11
29
15
10
16
40
8
13
19
8
5
7
27
13
17
21
11
4
8
1For each rate range in an establishment, the percent by which the maximum rate
exceeded the minimum rate was calculated; then, the smallest of these percentages was
subtracted from the largest.
Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
3Less than 0.5 percent.
Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
jobs, some within, and some excluded from, survey cov
erage.
As might be expected, clustering at or near the minimum
of the rate range was most pronounced at the lowest work
levels—the “ entry” levels—of an occupation, where job
skills are developed in preparation for advancement to more
responsible positions. The following tabulation illustrates
this point by showing, for three occupations and two work
levels, the percent of white-collar workers paid within 10
percent of their rate range minimums:
P ercen t
A c c o u n ta n t I ..................................................................................
46
A c c o u n ta n t I I I ...............................................................................
26
D r a f te r I ............................................................................................
44
D r a f te r I I I .........................................................................................
27
A c c o u n tin g c le r k I .....................................................................
38
A c c o u n tin g c le r k I I I ...................................................................
21
Because workers do not remain in entry level positions for
lengthy periods, they normally do not advance far into their
rate ranges. Conversely, because fully experienced workers
are less often promoted to higher work levels, they tend to
be granted more within-grade wage adjustments.
Unlike the minimum rate, the midpoint of the rate range
was typically an establishment’s focal point for controlling
overall salary levels of company jobs. One measure of cost
control used by employers is the average salary of employees
in a rate range expressed as a percent of the midpoint of
the range. Values of about 100 or less indicate that, on
average, salary costs do not exceed the employer’s market
value of the job.
29
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Range-of-Rate Pay Systems
Using this measure, 80 of the work levels came in at 102
or less, while the remaining 9 topped out at 108. The latter
comprised experienced drafters, engineering technicians,
photographers, secretaries, and stenographers—groups that
include many long-service workers, some of whom were
paid above the maximum of their rate ranges. Not unex
pectedly, some establishments allowed average salaries to
rise well beyond the midpoint of the range.
Most establishments, however, paid only salaries falling
within the associated rate ranges.8 Moreover, it was com
mon for substantial portions of these ranges to be unused
at a given time, in part because of use of the midpoint as
a salary control, or hiring at rates above the minimum, or
both. To illustrate this point, the spread between the highest
and the lowest salaries actually paid was computed as a
percent of the rate range spread for the job. On average,
these ratios, indicating the proportion of the rate range being
used, fell between one-third and one-half for professionaladministrative work levels studied, and between two-fifths
and two-thirds for technical-clerical classifications.
□
■FOOTNOTES
1The surveys’ industrial coverage and minimum-size establishment were
as follows: manufacturing, 100 or 250 employees; transportation, com
munications, and electric, gas, and sanitary services, 100 or 250 employ
ees; mining and construction, 250 employees; wholesale trade, 100 employees;
retail trade, 250 employees; finance, insurance, and real estate, 100 em
ployees; and selected services, 50 or 100 employees.
rate systems, one-third were under rate ranges, and the remainder were
under informal rate structures. At the same time, seven-tenths of the office
workers were under formal pay systems (almost always rate range plans)
and about three-tenths were covered by informal rate structures. See John
Howell Cox, “ Time and incentive pay practices in urban areas,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1971, p. 54.
2The internal worksheets are primarily used to verify job matching and
occupational salary data reported by respondents.
6
See S a l a r y S t r u c t u r e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in L a r g e F ir m s , 1 9 6 3 , Bulletin
1417 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964); and S u r v e y o f C o m p e n s a t i o n
P r a c t i c e s , 1 9 7 4 (U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1975). Textbooks that
contain discussions of rate ranges, plus useful bibliographies, include Allen
N. Nash and Stephen J. Carroll, Jr., T h e M a n a g e m e n t o f C o m p e n s a t i o n
(Monterey, Calif., Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1975); and David W.
Belcher, C o m p e n s a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (Englewood Cliffs, N .J.. PrenticeHall, Inc., 1974).
3 See National Survey o f Professional, Adminstrative, Technical, and
1 9 8 3 , Bulletin 2181 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1983), pp. 3 6 -7 5 , for descriptions of occupations surveyed. The 101 work
levels span 24 occupations, with the number of work levels ranging from
1 for messenger to 8 for engineer. For professional occupations, the first
two levels are entry and developmental positions; the next two are for
experienced workers; and higher levels generally are for supervisory or
managerial positions. This analysis excludes work levels for which fewer
than 30 establishments reported rate ranges. Thus, the study is limited to
89 of the 101 work levels covered in the 1983 patc survey.
C le r ic a l P a y , M a rc h
4This proportion o f workers reflects, in part, the greater frequency of
formal rate ranges in larger employing units; roughly two-thirds of the
surveyed establishments had such pay plans.
'' S a l a r y S t r u c t u r e , pp. 4 - 5 , comments on the tendency for rate range
widths to widen at higher levels of company work, noting that the widening
“ was usually justified on the basis that greater intragrade developmental
possibilities existed at the higher grades than at the lower grades. ’ ’ Another
avenue for increasing compensation at the upper levels is through bo
nuses— a factor usually not considered in establishing rate ranges, ac
cording to the same study.
xThe percentage of establishments in which all salaries were within rate
5
In the 1968-70 period— the latest for which data are available— about ranges varied by occupational work levels, ranging from 60 to 94 percent
one-third o f the plant workers in metropolitan areas were paid under single
among the 89 levels studied.
30
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Research
Summaries
no a i
a
Working mothers reach
record number in 1984
How ard H ayghe
Working mothers have become a familiar feature of today’s
economy. A record 19.5 million, or 6 out of 10 with children
under 18 years old, were in the labor force in March 1984.
In contrast, 14 years earlier, 6 out of 10 stayed at home.
Moreover, according to data from the Current Population
Survey1, the majority of employed mothers work full time.
(See table 1 on page 32.)
Labor force. Since 1970. the rise in mothers’ labor force
participation rates has been phenomenal—about 20 per
centage points. The increase was about the same for mothers
of preschoolers as it was for mothers of school age children.
Most of the gain was among married mothers, whose par
ticipation rate rose from 40 percent in 1970 to 59 percent
in 1984. The rates for other mothers also advanced, but at
a much slower pace. Among divorced women, for example,
79 percent of the mothers were working or looking for work
in March 1984, compared with 76 percent in 1970.
One important aspect of this increase is the degree to
which mothers today do not leave the job market after child
birth. This is clearly demonstrated in the following com
parison of married mothers’ labor force participation rates:
A g e o f y o u n g e s t c h ild
1 y ear and u n d er
..............................
M a rch
1970
M a rch
1984
2 4 .0
4 6 .8
2 y e a rs
....................................................
3 0 .5
5 3 .5
3 y ears
4 y e a rs
....................................................
....................................................
3 4 .5
3 9 .4
5 7 .6
5 y ears
....................................................
3 6 .9
5 7 .0
5 9 .2
Nearly half of the mothers with a child2 age 1 or younger
were in the labor force in 1984. By the time the youngest
is 3 years old, married mothers’ participation rates approach
60 percent, and nursery school attendance or day care in
some form becomes increasingly necessary.
The relatively high current participation rates of married
mothers, especially those with infants, attest, in part, to the
turnaround in society’s attitudes regarding the employment
Howard Hayghe is an economist in the Office of Employment and Un
employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beverly L. Johnson, a
social science research analyst in the same office, assisted in the preparation
o f this report.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o
a
û
of such mothers. The rates also reflect the fact that married
women often delay having children until they have estab
lished themselves in the labor market.
Most employed mothers—71 percent in March 1984—
work full time (35 hours a week or more). Even when the
youngest child is under 3, about 65 percent of employed
mothers are full-time workers. Divorced mothers are the
most likely to work full time, partly because relatively few
have preschoolers. Moreover, whether they work full or
part time, the majority of working mothers have jobs
Tab le 2. N um ber of children under age 18 in fam ilies, by
age, type of fam ily, and em ploym ent status of parents,
M arch 1984
[In thousands]
Age 6 to 17
Total
Age
14 to 17
Age
6 to 13
Under
age
6
58,096
32,701
24,169
38,738
23,361
14,518
13,610
8,615
4.604
25,128
14,746
9,914
19,358
9,340
9,650
In married-couple fa m ilie s ................ 45,991
Mother in labor fo rc e ...................... 25,786
20,205
30,027
17,969
12.058
10,304
6,506
3,798
19,724
11,463
8,260
15,964
7,817
8,147
Father in labor force......................... 42,981
Mother in labor f o r c e ................ 24,525
Mother not in labor force........... 18,456
27,982
17,053
10,929
9,457
6,098
3,359
18,525
10,956
7,569
14,999
7,471
7,527
Father e m p lo y e d ........................ 40,375
Mother in labor force.............. 23,034
Mother not in labor force . . . 17.341
26,429
16,100
10,329
9,019
5,830
3,189
17,410
10,270
7,140
13,946
6,934
7,013
Father unemployed......................
Mother in labor force..............
Mother not in labor force . . .
2,606
1,491
1,115
1,553
953
600
438
268
170
1,115
686
430
1,052
538
515
Father not in labor fo rc e ................
Mother in labor f o r c e ................
Mother not in labor force...........
2,062
802
1,260
1,562
626
936
747
336
411
815
290
525
500
176
324
Father in Armed Forces...................
Mother in labor f o r c e ................
Mother not in labor force...........
948
460
489
484
290
194
100
73
27
384
217
167
465
170
295
In families maintained by women1 . . 10,878
Mother in labor fo rc e ...................... 6,914
5,803
Em ployed......................................
U nem ployed................................. 1.112
Mother not in labor f o r c e .............. 3,964
7,851
5,391
4,610
781
2,460
2,915
2,109
1,866
243
806
4,936
3,282
2,744
539
1,654
3,027
1,523
1,193
330
1,504
1,226
1,036
942
94
160
30
859
741
694
47
103
14
391
346
325
21
43
2
468
395
369
26
60
13
367
295
248
47
57
15
C haracteristic
Total
under
age 18
T o ta l......................................
Mother in labor force...........................
Mother not in labor fo rc e ...................
In families maintained by men1 ........
Father in labor force.........................
Em ployed......................................
U nem ployed.................................
Father not in labor fo rc e ................
Father in Armed Forces...................
'Includes only families where the householder is a divorced, separated, widowed, or
never-married person.
Note: Children are defined as “ ow n'’ children of the family. Included are nevermarried daughters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related
children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Research Summaries
throughout most of the year. For instance, 2 of 3 employed
married mothers worked 40 weeks or more in 1983, mostly
at year-round, full-time jobs.
parent. Overall, approximately 1 child in 7 lived in a home
where there was no employed parent, and income was con
sequently low (a median of $6,782 in 1983).
Children. About 56 percent of the Nation’s 58 million
children under age 18 had mothers in the labor force in
March 1984. In 1970, the proportion was 39 percent. The
vast majority of these children were under 14 years— age
groups for which all-day care, after-school care, or a com
bination of both is likely to be needed over the year. (See
table 2 on page 31.)
Parents’ employment status clearly has a major impact
on children’s welfare. In 1984, almost half the children in
two-parent familes had both an employed father and mother,
and nearly all of the remainder were in homes with an
employed father. Only about 2.8 million, or 6 percent, were
in families where neither parent was employed. As might
be expected, children in single-parent families—especially
those in families maintained by women—were much less
likely to have a working parent in the home. About 2 of 10
children in families maintained by men and nearly 5 of 10
in families maintained by women did not have an employed
Single-parent families. A record 6.2 million families3 with
children were maintained by the mother alone (widowed,
divorced, separated, or never married), and they accounted
for one-fifth of all families with children. In 1970, there
were fewer than half as many such families, and they con
stituted only one-tenth of the families with children.
Families maintained by the mother alone are less likely
than two-parent families to contain a wage earner. Largely
for this reason, almost half the families maintained by a
mother in 1983 had incomes below the official poverty lev
els4 compared with 10 percent of two-parent families.
Whatever the number of children, the proportion of twoparent families with earners substantially exceeded 90 per
cent, while the ratio for families maintained by women
varied from a high of 78 percent where there was only one
child to 43 percent where there were four children or more.
Childcare responsibilities are undoubtedly a prime reason
for the differences in the percent of families maintained by
Tab le 1.
E m ploym ent of w om en by m arital status and presence and age of children, M arch 1984
[Numbers in thousands]
Em ployed
U nem ployed
C ivilian
noninstitutional
population
C ivilian
labor
force
Percent
of
population
N um b er
Percent
Full
tim e 1
Part
tim e 1
N um b er
Percent
of
labor
force
T o ta l.............................................................................................
No children under age 1 8 .......................................................................
With children under age 1 8 .......................................................................
Children age 6 to 17, none younger....................................................
Children under age 6 ............................................................................
Children under age 3 ..........................................................................
92,485
60,200
32,285
16,884
15,401
9,248
49,210
29,666
19,544
11,514
8,030
4,407
53.2
49.3
60.5
68.2
52.1
47.7
45,414
27,694
17,770
10,718
7,052
3,843
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
72.0
72.8
70.7
73.0
67.2
65.2
28.0
27.2
29.3
27.0
32.8
34.8
3,796
2,022
1.774
795
979
564
7.7
6.8
9.1
6.9
12.2
12.8
Never m arried...............................................................................................
No children under age 18.......................................................................
With children under age 1 8 ............................................................
Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r..............................................
Children under age 6 ..........................................................................
Children under age 3 ....................................................................
19,820
17,729
2,091
557
1,534
1,018
12,552
11,489
1,063
391
672
409
63.3
64.8
50.8
70.2
43.8
40.1
11,187
10,427
760
308
452
267
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
66.6
66.2
72.8
75.3
70.8
65.5
33.4
33.8
27.2
24.7
29.2
34.1
1,365
1,062
303
83
220
142
10.9
9.2
28.5
21.3
32.7
34.8
Married, husband p rese nt....................................................................
No children under age 1 8 .......................................................................
With children under age 1 8 .................................................................
Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r..............................................
Children under age 6 .........................................................
Children under age 3 ....................................................................
50,856
26,159
24,697
12,690
12,007
7,425
26,861
12,331
14,530
8,304
6,225
3,586
52.8
47.1
58.8
65.4
51.8
48.3
25,323
11,762
13,562
7,890
5,672
3,250
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
71.1
75.2
67.4
69.3
64.7
63.8
28.9
24.7
32.6
30.7
35.3
36.2
1,537
569
968
415
553
336
5.7
4.6
6.7
5.0
8.9
9.4
Married, husband absent............................................................................
No children under age 18.......................................................
With children under age 1 8 ....................................................
Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r..............................................
Children under age 6 ..........................................................................
Children under age 3 ....................................................................
3,313
1,551
1,762
933
829
441
2,023
919
1,103
655
448
214
61.1
59.3
62.6
70.2
54.0
48.5
1,743
837
906
569
337
158
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.7
84.6
76.9
79.6
72.7
73.4
19.3
15.3
23.1
20.6
27.3
26.6
280
83
197
86
111
56
13.8
9.0
17.9
13.1
24.9
26.3
W idow ed..................................................................................................
No children under age 18....................................................................
With children under age 1 8 .................................................................
Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r..............................................
Children under age 6 .......................................................................
Children under age 3 ....................................................................
11,079
10,518
561
471
90
30
2,260
1,929
331
285
46
12
2,120
1,821
299
255
44
11
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
H
140
108
32
30
3
1
7,418
4,244
3,174
2,233
941
334
5,514
2,997
2,517
1,878
639
185
5,041
2,797
2,244
1,696
548
157
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
66.7
66.6
67.2
69.8
(2)
(2)
87.6
87.7
87.5
87.7
87.0
85.4
33.3
33.5
32.4
30.2
(2)
D ivo rce d ................................................................................................
No children under age 18....................................................
With children under age 1 8 .................................................................
Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r..............................................
Children under age 6 ..........................................................................
Children under age 3 ....................................................................
20.4
18.3
59.0
60.4
51.4
(2)
74.3
70.6
79.3
84.1
67.9
55.5
12.4
12.3
12.5
12.3
13.0
14.6
473
200
274
182
91
28
6.2
5.6
9.8
10.4
(2)
(2)
8.6
6.7
10.9
9.7
14.3
15.0
Characteristic
T u ll time is defined as 35 hours or more a week; part time is less than 35 hours a
3ek2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
32
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Note: Children are defined as “ ow n'’ children of the family. Included are never-married
daughters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children
suc^ as 9 rahdchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children.
Tab le 3. N um ber of fam ilies by num ber and relationship of earners in 1983, fam ily typ e and presen ce and n u m ber o f c h il
dren u nder age 18, M arch 1984
[In thousands]
Characteristic
Total
Total fam ilies......................................................................................................................................
No earners......................................................................................................................................
One earner......................................................................................................................................
Two or more ea rne rs...................................................................................................................
62,501
9,602
19,448
33,450
Married-couple fam ilies................................................................................................................
No ea rne rs.................................................................................................................................
One e a rn e r.................................................................................................................................
Husband .................................................................................................................................
W ife.........................................................................................................................................
Other family m em ber..........................................................................................................
Two or more e a rn e rs .............................................................................................................
Husband and w ife ................................................................................................................
Husband and other(s) not w ife..........................................................................................
Husband is a nonearner.....................................................................................................
W ith no
children
under
age 18
W ith child ren under age 18
Total
1
child
2
child ren
3
child ren
4 or m ore
31,075
7,191
8,176
15,707
31,426
2,411
11,272
17,743
13,126
885
4,145
7,853
11,860
821
4,357
6,681
4,480
388
1,748
2,344
1,960
317
777
865
50,143
6,578
13,680
11,094
1,943
643
29,884
26,128
2,982
774
25,785
6,045
6.446
4,434
1,462
550
13,294
11,184
1,554
555
24,358
533
7,234
6,660
481
93
16,590
14,944
1,428
219
9,553
169
2,205
1,961
199
44
7,180
6,334
721
124
9,564
190
3,011
2,815
178
18
6,362
5,892
410
59
3,680
79
1,369
1,281
75
14
2,232
2,031
182
19
1,561
95
648
603
28
17
817
688
114
16
Families maintained by women1 ................................................................................................
No ea rne rs.................................................................................................................................
One e a rn e r.................................................................................................................................
Two or more e a rn e rs .............................................................................................................
10,265
2,749
4,788
2,728
4,029
965
1,330
1,734
6,236
1,784
3,458
994
3,033
660
1,809
565
2,073
609
1,186
278
752
300
343
109
377
216
120
42
Families maintained by men1 .....................................................................................................
No ea rne rs.................................................................................................................................
One e a rn e r.................................................................................................................................
Two or more e a rn e rs .............................................................................................................
2,093
275
980
838
1,261
181
400
679
832
94
580
159
539
56
375
108
224
22
160
41
48
9
36
3
21
6
9
6
11ncludes only families where the householder is a divorced, separated, widowed, or
never-married person.
mothers that had an earner. Even in two-parent families,
the proportion where the wife was an earner ranged from
nearly 70 percent in which there was only one child, to
below half where there were four children or more. (See
table 3.)
Minorities. A higher percentage of black than white or
Hispanic mothers were in the labor force in March 1984.
(See table 4.) However, when labor force participation is
examined by marital status, a different picture emerges.
While black married mothers are much more likely to be in
the labor force than their white counterparts, the opposite
is true among divorced or separated mothers. Age, educa
tion, and the number of children are important factors un
derlying these differences. On average, black mothers without
husbands are younger, have completed fewer years of ed
ucation, and have more children than their white counter
parts and, thus, are likely to have a harder time finding and
holding jobs5.
The labor force participation rates of Hispanic mothers,
regardless of their marital status, are lower than those of
white of black women. Part of this difference undoubtedly
lies in Hispanics’ cultural heritage,6 and part may stem from
the fact that Hispanics, on average, have completed fewer
years of school than whites or blacks.7
Black and Hispanic children are more likely than white
children to be living in one-parent households and, conse
quently, are more likely to be living in poverty. More than
60 percent of the black and Hispanic one-parent families
had incomes below the poverty threshold, as did 36 percent
of similar white families. In contrast, the poverty rate was
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Note: Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are never-married
daughters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children
such as granchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children.
T a b le 4 . L a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e s o f m o t h e r s a n d
n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n in f a m i l i e s , s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b y
r a c e a n d H is p a n ic o r ig in , M a r c h 1 9 8 4
Characteristic
White
Black
Hispanic
origin
Participation rates of mothers
Total with children under age 1 8 ......................
Age 6 to 17, none younger...........................
Under age 6 .................................................
Under age 3 ............................................
60.2
67.9
51.3
47.0
63.3
70.3
56.8
52.1
48.7
58.3
41.0
36.0
Married, spouse present...................................
D ivo rce d ...............................................................
Separated...............................................................
W idow ed...............................................................
Never-married.......................................................
57.9
80.5
63.8
59.6
53.5
70.3
75.2
61.3
59.3
49.4
49.1
63.4
42.9
(1)
35.7
Children in fam ilies (in thousands)
Total under age 18..............................................
Mother in labor f o r c e ...................................
Mother not in labor fo rc e ..............................
48,473
27,047
20,463
7,743
4,675
2,840
5,235
2,343
2,802
In married-couple fam ilies.................................
Mother in labor f o r c e ...................................
Mother not in labor fo rc e ..............................
40,641
22.403
18,238
3,775
2,547
1,228
3,934
1,826
2,108
In families maintained by women2 ...................
Mother in labor f o r c e ...................................
Mother not in labor fo rc e ..............................
6,869
4,644
2,225
3,740
2,127
1,613
1,211
517
694
In families maintained by men2........................
Father in labor force3 ...................................
Father not in labor f o r c e ..............................
962
871
91
228
170
58
90
68
22
1Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
fa m ilie s where parent is never-married, widowed, divorced, or separated.
includ es children living with fathers on or off a military post.
Note: Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are nevermarried sons, daughters, stepchildren and adopted children. Excluded are other related
children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children.
20 percent for black and Hispanic two-parent families and
9 percent for whites.
Q
33
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Research Summaries
---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------'The Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census, is a monthly sample survey
o f some 60,000 housholds in the United States. Information obtained from
this survey relates to the employment status of persons 16 years and over
in the noninstitutional population. In the survey conducted each March,
supplemental information is obtained on the earnings, income, and work
experience o f persons in the prior year. These data, along with information
on employment status are tabulated annually in conjunction with infor
mation on marital and family status.
Because it is a sample survey, estimates derived from the CPS may differ
from the actual counts that could be obtained from a complete census.
Therefore, small estimates or small differences between estimates should
be interpreted with caution. For a more detailed explanation, see the Ex
planatory Note in F a m i l i e s a t W o r k : T h e J o b s a n d th e P a y , Bulletin 2209
(Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1984), pp. 3 0 -3 4 .
2Children are defined as "ow n” children of the family. Included are
never-married daughters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Ex
cluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews,
and cousins, and unrelated children.
3 A family consists o f two persons or more who are related by blood or
marriage and living in the same household. Relationship o f family members
is determined by their relationship to the reference person or householder,
that is, the person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented.
4 For more information on poverty thresholds for 1983, see
M o n e y In
c o m e a n d P o v e r t y S ta tu s o f F a m i l i e s a n d P e r s o n s in th e U n i t e d S t a t e s :
1983,
Series P -6 0 , No. 145 (Bureau of the Census, 1984), p. 31.
5See Beverly L. Johnson and Elizabeth Waldman, “ Most women who
maintain families receive poor labor market returns,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e
v i e w , December 1983, pp. 3 0 -3 4 .
6See Morris J. Newman, “ A profile of Hispanics in the U.S. work
force,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1978, pp. 3 and 5.
7
See E d u c a t i o n a l A t t a i n m e n t o f W o r k e r s , M a r c h
2191 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1984), pp. 1 and 2.
1 9 8 2 -8 3 ,
Bulletin
Unemployment insurance:
identifying payment errors
Pa u l L. B
and
ur g ess,
Robert
D.
Je r r y L . K in g s t o n ,
S t . L o u is
A system for detecting payment errors in the unemployment
insurance program was recently developed by the U.S. De
partment of Labor. This system has made it possible to
identify the level of both fraud and nonfraud overpayments,
as well as underpayments, in the program. Prior to the
introduction of this detection system, it was not possible to
determine the extent and nature of payment errors.
Currently, the detection system— known as the random
audit system— is operating in 46 unemployment insurance
jurisdictions.1 The remaining jurisdictions will be included
in this program or its successor (the ui quality control pro-
Paul L. Burgess and Jerry L. Kingston are professors of economics, and
Robert D. St. Louis is an associate professor of decision and information
systems, Arizona State University. This paper summarizes some of the
major findings o f a study conducted by the authors under a contract with
the Unemployment Insurance Service, Employment and Training Admin
istration, U .S. Department of Labor. However, the opinions expressed
herein do not necessarily represent the official position or policy of the
U .S. Department o f Labor.
34
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
gram) during fiscal year 1985. At that time, the audit system
will provide a basis for: (1) estimating the extent of payment
errors in the nationwide unemployment insurance program;
(2) indentifying the primary sources of the payment errors;
(3) implementing corrective action, where appropriate; and
(4) evaluating the effects of such corrective actions (or other
programmatic changes) on unemployment insurance pay
ment accuracy. This summary discusses the design and
methodology of the random audit system and presents find
ings from the pilot tests conducted in five States— Illinois,
Kansas, Louisiana, New Jersey, and Washington— over a
1-year period ending in March 1982.2
Because of the large volume of weekly payments made
in the unemployment insurance system, it would be pro
hibitively expensive (undercurrent law and policy)3 to verify
each claimant’s eligibility to receive benefits. Thus, the
random audit system relies on a small sample of payments
made in each unemployment insurance jurisdiction as the
basis for estimating the extent and nature of payment errors.
The payments selected for investigation are taken from a
specially constructed computer file of weekly statewide un
employment insurance payments in each participating ju
risdiction. Each week, a probability sample of cases is selected
from the file, and the results of verifying benefit eligibility
for those cases are used to estimate statewide payment er
rors;4 quarterly estimates are developed for each unem
ployment insurance jurisdiction.5
After a sample has been selected for review, a detailed
and consistent procedure is followed. When cases are se
lected for investigation, it is assumed that claimants have
been properly paid, and this opinion is changed only if
documented evidence to the contrary is presented.
Verification of benefit eligibility includes the following
procedures:6 (1) files related to the case are obtained and
reviewed; (2) the base period wages upon which the claim
ant established his or her claim for benefits are verified (with
employers if possible);7 (3) a personal interview with the
claimant is conducted to verify relevant facts regarding the
individual’s claim for benefits; (4) the claimant’s reasons
for separation from previous employers are verified to de
termine if any disqualifying circumstances were involved;
(5) attempts are made to verify if the claimant was able and
available for work during the sampled week; (6) if appli
cable, employers listed by the claimant as work search con
tacts during the sampled week are contacted for verification
as to whether the claimant actually applied for work; (7) as
appropriate, attempts are made to determine if the claimant
refused any offers of “ suitable” work that would disqualify
the individual from receiving benefits; (8) attempts are made
to determine if the claimant accurately reported any earnings
or work perform ed during the sam pled week; and
(9) depending on the circumstances of the case, other in
dividuals may be contacted to verify any other determinants
that could affect the claimant’s eligibility for benefits during
the sampled week.
On the basis of information acquired during the verifi
cation process, the field investigator makes a judgment as
to whether the claimant met eligibility requirements for the
benefits received. If an overpayment is suspected, careful
review procedures are followed. First, the investigator in
terviews the claimant a second time in order to provide the
claimant an opportunity for rebuttal of evidence acquired
during the investigation. Second, a review is requested from
the manager of the local unemployment insurance office in
which the claim for benefits was filed. Third, the case file
is reviewed by the State random audit system supervisor
and, in some cases, by a Federal review team (representing
the national office of the unemployment insurance service).
If the State determines that the payment was in error and
the claimant files for an appeal, a representative of the State
random audit unit is available to present relevant evidence
affecting the case. In the event of a reversal of the over
payment determination, the results recorded for the case are
modified to reflect this final status of the sampled payment.
Verifications of benefit eligibility are conducted by un
employment insurance personnel from each participating
jurisdiction to ensure that each sampled case is reviewed in
accordance with the respective State’s law and policy. Each
full-time unemployment insurance investigator assigned to
the random audit program normally receives no more than
three cases on a weekly basis. In contrast, a full-time State
unemployment insurance claims examiner assigned to a lo
cal office typically would process at least 50 times as many
cases in a week.
Limitations of the random audit system
Several limitations of the random audit system and its
data should be noted. For example, the random audit system
tends to produce “ low-side” estimates of the payment errors
that characterize State unemployment insurance programs.
This tendency appears to result from the following: First,
unemployment insurance benefits are paid with at least a 1week lag, so that “ ex post facto” efforts are required to
determine if benefits have been paid in accordance with the
State’s employment security law and policies; the longer
these investigations are delayed, the more difficult it is for
claimants and others to accurately recall relevant facts, mak
ing it more difficult to document payment errors. Second,
the provisions of each State’s employment security laws and
policies limit the extent to which a claimant’s activities may
be investigated to determine if a payment error occurred.
Third, because of the very long time lags usually involved
in detecting instances of unreported earnings in unemploy
ment insurance-covered employment through a “ postau
dit,” this procedure is not utilized as part of the standard
random audit investigation, resulting in some understate
ment of overpayments that actually occur.8 Fourth, unre
ported earnings in the “ cash economy” are extremely difficult
to detect, even if “ postaudit” procedures are utilized. Fifth,
sampled payments are considered correct unless documented
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evidence to the contrary is made available; given the com
plexities of the employment security laws and policies that
specify the eligibility criteria— especially those related to
the “ availability for work” and “ active-search-for-work”
requirements— it is likely that overpayment errors are some
what understated simply because unrefutable documentation
could not be obtained. The nature of the payment errors that
cannot be detected by the random audit system is such that
many would be established as fraud overpayments if they
were detected; hence, the estimates provided by the random
audit system of fraud overpayments are very likely to be
more understated than is the case for all overpayments.9
The principal findings of the random audit system pilot
tests are summarized below. These results are indicative of
the types of information currently being produced on a quart
erly basis in the 46 unemployment insurance jurisdictions
in which the random audit system is currently operating,
but it should be noted that a variety of other data elements
also are collected in this system.10
Table 1 shows the estimated percentages” of weeks paid
statewide with either an overpayment or an underpayment
of any amount. The total percentage of weeks paid with
such errors ranged from 12.2 percent in Louisiana to 52.1
percent in New Jersey; the findings also indicate that ov
erpayment errors tended to be much more common than
underpayment errors in the five pilot test States.12 Under
payments, as a proportion of all dollars paid, were estimated
to be 1 percent or less in each State, indicating the insig
nificance of underpayments.
In sharp contrast, the rates of unemployment insurance
overpayments in the five States ranged from 7.3 percent in
Louisiana to 24.3 percent in New Jersey; overall, double
digit overpayment rates were estimated for 3 of the 5 States.13
A comparison of the percentage of dollars overpaid with
the percentage of weeks overpaid indicates that payment
errors of small dollar amounts were relatively frequent in
these States. In Washington, for example, 20 percent of the
weeks paid but only 9.3 percent of the dollars paid were
estimated to be overpaid. Similarly, in New Jersey, 38.2
percent of the weeks paid but only 24.3 percent of the dollars
paid were estimated to be overpaid. The principal cause of
these relatively frequent overpayments involving small dol
lar amounts was errors in the reporting or recording of base
period earnings.14
Tab le 1. P aym ent errors in five random -audit pilot test
S tates, A pril 1981-M a r c h 1982
Paym ent erro r category
Percentage of weeks with
payment e r r o r ...........................
Underpayments ...................
O verpaym ents......................
Percentage of dollars paid in
error:
Underpayments ...................
Overpayments ......................
Fradulent payments ...........
Illin o is
Kansas
Louisiana
New
Jersey
W ashington
19.1
3.1
16.0
15.0
0.9
14.1
12.2
1.7
10.5
52.1
13.9
38.2
31.7
11.7
20.0
0.8
11.9
1.2
0.1
12.9
0.2
0.1
7.3
2.7
1.0
24.3
1.9
1.0
9.3
2.1
35
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Research Summaries
Because of the historical interest in and concern about
fraud in the unemployment insurance program, a separate
measure of fraudulent payments is provided by the random
audit system; estimates for the five pilot test States indicate
that officially established” fraudulent payments consti
tuted only a small portion of the total dollars paid in each
State; fraud rates ranged from 0.2 percent in Kansas to 2.7
percent in Louisiana. As noted earlier, however, the absence
of postaudits to detect unreported earnings in covered em
ployment and the difficulty of detecting unreported earnings
in the ‘‘cash economy” tend to understate the “ true” mag
nitude of the fraud problem in the unemployment insurance
program.15
The random audit system also produces information on
both the “ types” and “ causes” of payment errors in the
unemployment insurance program. Types of payment errors
are classified on the basis of whether the error was the
“ responsibility” of the unemployment insurance claimant,
covered employers, the State unemployment insurance
agency, or a combination of the three. Causes of payment
errors are classified on the basis of which aspects of em
ployment security law or policy were violated, including:
errors in the reporting or recording of earnings during the
sampled week for which the payment was made; errors in
the reporting or recording of base period earnings; violations
of “ continuing” eligiblility criteria (refusals of suitable work,
nonavailability for work, inactive job search); disqualifying
reasons for separation from previous employers; and other
factors. In the current system, statistical information is pro
vided for specific causes of unemployment insurance pay
ment errors only if such causes account for at least 1 percent
of quarterly unemployment insurance payments.
is a major step forward in
controlling payment errors in the unemployment insurance
program. This is an essential program because it provides
statistically reliable estimates of payment error rates for
entire unemployment insurance jurisdictions. This permits
not only identification of payment errors, but also the means
through which the fundamental problems can be diagnosed
and solved. Furthermore, the capability of the system to
provide timely evidence on such payment errors facilitates
evaluation of the effects of the various types of corrective
actions that may be undertaken in individual unemployment
insurance jurisdictions. The compilation of this systemwide
data base should prove to be a valuable research tool. □
T he
n a t io n a l r a n d o m
a u d it
o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m f o r D e t e c t i n g U n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e P a y m e n t
E r r o r s T h ro u g h R a n d o m A u d its : T h e R e s u lts o f F iv e S ta te w id e P ilo t T e sts
(U .S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration,
Unemployment Insurance Service, 1982).
3 Each State provides for its own complete, self-contained unemployment
insurance program, administered by State employees. The States are re
sponsible for all substantive matters: qualifying requirements; benefit lev
els; disqualification provisions; eligibility conditions; and tax structure.
The Federal Government’s responsibilities include maintaining nationwide
standards for State program performance. Although the States are respon
sible for the administration of their programs, the responsibility for the
design and nature of that administration is shared because financing of
unemployment insurance administrative costs comes from Federal funds.
4Only payments that meet certain criteria are included in the populations
sampled each week. The major criterion is that the payments must be for
“ regular” unemployment insurance program claims made to intrastate
claimants. For additional detail on the criteria utilized to define the pop
ulation of payments sampled each week, see Burgess, Kingston, and St.
Louis, T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , pp. 5 -6 .
5 The decision to obtain accurate estimates on a quarterly basis was made
so as to provide data on a relatively frequent basis and in a cost-effective
manner. Obviously, information could have been provided on a more
frequent basis (for example, weekly or monthly), but this would have
greatly increased the cost of the random audit system.
6 For additional information on the investigative methodology utilized
in the random audit system, see Burgess, Kingston, and St. Louis, T h e
D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , pp. 13-20.
7The base period is the time period (normally a 12-month period prior
to the filing of an “ initial claim ” ) utilized to determine whether a claimant
is “ monetarily” eligible for benefits and, if so, the amount of the claimant’s
weekly benefit payment.
xPostaudits are conducted routinely in many “ wage-reporting” States.
In such States, computer files of wages reported by covered employers for
a given quarter are matched against unemployment insurance files of ben
efits paid during the same quarter to identify those claimants who may
have received both unemployment insurance benefits and wages in 1 or
more weeks. Given the usual lag of at least 1 and up to 2 quarters before
unemployment insurance agencies can conduct a postaudit, the use of this
procedure would delay by at least 3 months the time when error rates could
be estimated. Such a delay was considered unacceptable, at least during
the formative stages of the random audit system.
9 For additional limitations of the random audit system and its empirical
results, see Burgess, Kingston, and St. Louis, T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n
O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , pp. 2 7 -3 9 .
10For a complete listing of the data elements included in the random
audit data base, see T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , appendix
B.
11 These estimates are based on weekly samples of unemployment in
surance payments made in each State for 1 year. Statistical tests were
conducted to determine if the weekly samples selected were representative
o f their respective populations with regard to the following known pop
ulation characteristics: sex, age, ethnic group, and amount of the weekly
unemployment insurance payment. Because these tests indicated that the
samples selected were representative of their respective populations with
regard to the known characteristics analyzed, it is likely that the samples
also are representative with respect to the frequency and size of unem
ployment insurance payment errors in the populations from which the
samples were drawn. For additional details, see T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n
O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , p. 41.
'There are 53 unemployment insurance "jurisdictions" which include
all 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
Although it is more accurate to speak of unemployment insurance juris
dictions rather than “ State” unemployment insurance programs, the terms
are used interchangeably throughout this article.
12 Because the design of the study is based on p a y m e n t s m a d e rather
than c l a i m s f o r unemployment insurance benefits, this finding was not
unexpected. Presumably, some underpayments occur because claimants
are denied payment of any benefits: such cases would be excluded from
the populations analyzed in this study. Overpayments are also more likely
to be found than underpayments because issues related to the nature of the
claimant’s separation from previous employers, availability for work, and
active job search are more likely to result in overpayments than under
payments, once a payment actually has been made.
2For the full report from which this summary was taken, see Paul L.
Burgess, Jerry L. Kingston, and Robert D. St. Louis, T h e D e v e l o p m e n t
13 Although a number of different measures of these dollar rates are
utilized in the random audit system, the results reported in table 1 reflect
---------- F O O T N O T E S ----------
36
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only those overpayments for which “ official” actions were taken by the
State unemployment insurance agency in response to the random audit
investigations; hence, those cases reported as overpaid in table 1 were
“ sanctioned” by the State unemployment insurance agency through official
actions that were taken. Also included in the random audit system is a
measure which includes cases with errors that the State unemployment
insurance agencies were either unwilling or unable to “ sanction” through
official actions plus all of the cases in which such actions were taken. For
additional details on the other measures of payment errors, see T h e D e
v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , pp. 2 1 -2 5 .
14Additional analysis, not reported here, reveals that such reporting
errors were quite common. For example, more than 25 percent of the cases
analyzed in the pilot test period involved some error in the reporting or
recording o f base period wages in 3 of the 5• pilot test States, and more
than 70 percent o f the cases sampled in one of the States involved such
errors. See T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , p. 50.
15 It also should be emphasized that direct comparisons among the States
are difficult to interpret, especially for fraud overpayments, because im
portant differences in law and policy exist among these five States as to
what conditions constitute the basis for establishing a fraud overpayment.
Identical claimant behavior could lead to the establishment of a fraud
overpayment in one State, but the establishment of a nonfraud overpayment
in another State.
Small firms’ employment growth
twice that of large firms in 1983
Small businesses played a significant role in the 1983 re
covery, according to the Small Business Administration’s
1984 report of the President. In six major industries for
which small- and large-dominated industries can be iden
tified, small business employment growth of 2.6 percent
was more than twice that of large business growth of 1.2
percent.
Small firms accounted for 6 percent of the growth in
construction, 2 percent in retail trade, 6 percent in finance,
insurance, and real estate, and 4 percent in services. Trans
portation, communication, and public utilities employment
declined about . 1 percent, and employment was unchanged
in wholesale trade. In contrast, employment in large busi
ness-dominated industries declined in all but the finance,
insurance, and real estate (up 1.5 percent) and services (up
4 percent) industries.
According to the report, “ Small businesses furnish 2 of
3 workers with their first jobs. Many of these first-time
positions are in the service sector, the traditional doorway
to the job market for the young, minority, and unskilled
jobseeker.”
Over the 1980-82 period, firms with fewer than 100
employees accounted for 43 percent of the net increase in
jobs. Creation of new small businesses alone added 2 million
jobs. The service industry continued as the fastest growing.
Employment increased 10 to 12 percent a year in small firms
providing business, education, and legal services. Other
rapidly growing industries included metal and anthracite
mining, oil and gas extraction, real estate, social services,
and security, commodity brokers, and services. Job gen
eration slowed among small business industries in construc
tion and wholesale and retail trade.
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In addition to discussing the state of small business in
1983 and over the 1980-82 period, the 475-page report
contains information on the changing industrial and size
composition of U.S. business, historical patterns of small
business financing, worker characteristics and size of busi
ness, export trade and small business, small business and
procurement, women and minority owned businesses, de
velopment of small business data bases, export programs
of the Federal Government, and Federal procurement from
small businesses.
The State o f Small Business: A Report o f the President
Transmitted to the Congress March 1984 can be purchased
($13) from the Superintendent of Documents, Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
□
Earnings in electric
and gas utilities
Occupational pay levels in the Nation’s privately operated
electric and gas utility systems typically rose 45 to 55 per
cent between February 1978 and October 1982, according
to a recent industry wage survey conducted by the Bureau
of Fabor Statistics.1 By comparison, wages and salaries of
all private industry workers covered by the Bureau’s Em
ployment Cost Index rose 45 percent, and those of all trans
portation and public utility workers rose 50 percent, between
the first quarter of 1978 and the fourth quarter of 1982.
Slightly more than 100 physical, office clerical, and
professional and technical occupations were selected to rep
resent the utility systems’ wage structure in the October
1982 survey. Average hourly earnings among the physical
occupations studied ranged from $7.51 an hour for janitors
to 16.27 for watch engineers, but typically fell between $10
and $13. (See table 1.) Journeymen line workers, numeri
cally the most important physical occupation studied (23,938
workers), averaged $12.72 an hour. This compared with
$9.17 an hour for meter readers and $10.82 for gas appliance
service technicians, two other major groups. The physical
jobs studied accounted for nearly one-half of the 361,000
nonsupervisory physical workers within scope of the survey.
Averages for the office clerical jobs studied ranged from
$5.69 an hour for messengers to $9.35 for secretaries, with
rates of $7 to $9 being the norm. Secretaries, numbering
nearly 10,000, were by far the largest clerical group studied.
Hourly pay levels for professional and technical occu
pations ranged from $8.68 for computer data librarians to
$14.53 for computer systems analysts. Drafters, the most
numerous group, averaged $10.48 an hour.
Occupational averages varied by region and by type of
utility system. In general, averages were highest in the Pa
cific region and in combination electric and gas systems,2
and lowest in the Southeast and in gas distribution systems.
Table 1 illustrates the regional variations, with the largest
37
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Research Summaries
T able 1. A verage straight-tim e hourly e a rn in g s 1 and num ber of w orkers in selected o c c u p a tio n s ,2 electric and gas utility
system s, U nited S tates and regions,3 O ctober 1982
U nited States
Occupation
N um ber
of
w orkers
Average
hourly
earnings
New England
N um ber
of
w orkers
Average
hourly
earn ings
—
—
M id d le A tlantic
N um b er
of
w orkers
Average
hourly
earnings
Border States
N um b er
of
w orkers
Average
hourly
earnings
Southeast
N um ber
of
w orkers
Average
hourly
earnings
Physical occupations:
Auxiliary-equipment operators (electric) ..............
Control-room operators,
conventional (e le c tric ).........................................
Control-room operator assistants, conventional
(electric) ...............................................................
Electricians, maintenance ......................................
Gas-main fitters .......................................................
Janitors, porters, and clea ners..............................
4,615
13.24
227
$12.67
476
13.89
294
2,626
7,020
7,306
4,026
11.89
12.70
10.82
7.51
42
530
264
150
12.02
11.30
10.55
8.15
228
867
2,191
739
12.98
12.74
11.30
7.76
242
440
412
528
Line workers, journeym e n......................................
Mechanics, m aintenance.........................................
Meter re a d e rs ............................................................
Pipeline repairers (g a s )............................................
Service technicians, gas appliances......................
Watch engineers (e le c tric )......................................
Welders (g a s )............................................................
23,938
7,531
18,649
5,243
10,218
2,681
1,676
12.72
12.56
9.17
10.12
10.82
16.27
11.98
1,691
333
1,049
11.60
11.50
8.92
3,953
719
3,901
13.21
12.76
9.56
1,586
594
1,523
671
137
22
11.03
16.49
11.69
2,561
420
253
11.35
17.37
12.72
6,449
481
9,979
3,359
8.43
5.69
9.35
7.96
316
29
616
71
8.15
5.87
9.19
7.65
986
80
1,289
782
119
1,513
2,980
2,989
3,822
8.68
9.70
11.73
14.53
10.48
__
9.88
10.68
14.48
9.95
34
221
495
412
710
5,833
$10.51
—
—
378
—
$11.16
243
$10.45
743
$ 9.21
12.27
674
12.09
10.54
11.81
10.42
6,98
484
1,098
240
327
10.76
11.77
8.03
5.87
11.91
11.66
8.95
3,502
1,163
2,135
11.40
11.65
8.27
770
201
124
11.10
16.14
11.71
964
188
70
8.08
13.38
11.05
9.60
6.01
11.06
8.63
559
60
932
136
7.87
5.74
9.33
7.13
707
45
1,355
402
7.54
5.81
8.38
6.77
10.38
11.51
12.27
15.46
12.71
9
112
172
220
295
9.27
9.60
12.02
13.18
10.10
10
153
387
337
483
7.60
8.26
12.25
12.04
8.56
—
_
Office clerical occupations:
Accounting clerks ....................................................
Messengers ...............................................................
Secretaries..................................................................
Stenographers .........................................................
Professional and technical occupations:
Computer data lib ra ria n s .........................................
Computer o p e ra to rs .................................................
Computer programmers .........................................
Computer systems a n a ly s ts ...................................
D ra fte rs.......................................................................
—
106
201
191
163
Southwest
G reat Lakes
M id d le W est
M ountain
Pacific
Physical occupations:
Auxiliary-equipment operators (electric) ..............
Control-room operators, conventional (electric)
Control-room operator assistants, conventional
(electric) ...............................................................
Electricians, maintenance ......................................
Gas-main fitters ......................................................
Janitors, porters, and clea ners..............................
1,353
969
$10.01
12.41
1,483
864
$10.91
13.76
468
404
$11.24
13.76
382
1,057
586
462
10.92
12.44
6.64
5.92
737
1,616
2,409
1,125
12.63
13.42
11.41
8.48
260
587
495
290
12.33
12.78
10.95
8.45
Line workers, journeym e n......................................
Mechanics, m aintenance.........................................
Meter re a d e rs............................................................
Pipeline repairers (g a s )............................................
Service technicians, gas appliances......................
Watch engineers (e le c tric )......................................
Welders (g a s )............................................................
2,693
1,330
2,113
2,455
868
442
475
12.05
12.41
7.35
9.63
8.21
15.28
10.66
4,764
1,579
3,740
1,977
656
368
13.18
12.87
9.66
—
11.67
16.52
12.75
1,636
688
992
—
886
232
149
12.51
12.46
9.55
—
10.57
15.20
12.10
1,463
76
2,225
459
7.59
4.88
8.60
7.33
1,052
97
1,375
787
8.82
5.91
9.99
8.24
375
23
580
292
6.96
5.29
8.29
7.21
26
250
581
362
690
7.66
8.24
11.88
15.43
9.61
8
267
489
597
619
8.09
9.97
10.97
14.25
10.50
__
106
191
122
295
8.54
11.14
14.36
10.27
—
431
253
$10.74
13.58
468
454
$12.00
15.33
__
13.44
12.31
6.31
191
442
534
196
13.49
14.70
11.94
8.60
1,404
537
705
__
167
150
62
13.25
12.82
8.91
2,709
14.58
2,491
10.28
11.69
16.88
13.34
__
255
153
18.26
13.07
337
40
673
100
7.78
4.71
8.36
7.31
654
31
934
330
10.62
7.35
10.72
9.29
10
124
206
320
277
8.41
10.13
11.61
15.16
9.90
13
174
258
428
290
7.28
10.72
12.17
15.52
11.70
_
383
175
209
_
Office clerical occupations:
Accounting clerks ....................................................
Messengers ...............................................................
Secretaries..................................................................
Stenographers .........................................................
Professional and technical occupations:
Computer data lib ra ria n s .........................................
Computer o p e ra to rs.................................................
Computer programmers .........................................
Computer systems a n a ly s ts ...................................
D ra fte rs.......................................................................
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2The comprehensive report on the study includes data for additional occupations.
3The regions used in this study include: N e w E ng la nd — Connecticut, Maine, Massa
chusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; M id d le A tla n tic — New Jersey, New
York, and Pennsylvania; B o rd e r S ta te s— Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Mary
land, Virginia, and West Virginia; S o u th e a st— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; S o u th w e s t — Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
differences commonly associated with the lower paying oc
cupations. For example, janitors in the Pacific States av
eraged 47 percent more than their counterparts in the Southeast
($8.60 versus $5.87), compared with a 36-percent differ
ential for watch engineers ($18.26 versus $13.38), and one
38
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_
and Texas; G reat Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wiscon
sin; M id d le W e st— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Da
kota; M o u n ta in — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming;
and P a c ific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Alaska and Hawaii were not
included in this study.
Note: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data do not meet publication
criteria.
of only 18 percent for welders ($13.07 over $11.05).
Virtually all workers were in utilities providing paid hol
idays, paid vacations, and various health, insurance, and
retirement benefits to physical and office workers. The most
common provisions were 12 holidays annually and 2 weeks
of vacation pay after 1 year of service, 3 weeks after 10
years, 4 weeks after 15 years, and 5 weeks after 25 years.
Nearly all workers were eligible for life, hospitalization,
surgical, and basic and major medical insurance, and re
tirement pension plans. Accidental death and dismember
ment insurance, dental insurance, and sick leave plans also
were widespread in the industry, each applying to at least
two-thirds of the workers. Most of the health, insurance,
and retirement plans were paid for entirely by the employer.
Electric and gas utility systems within scope of the survey
employed about 521,000 nonsupervisory employees in Oc
tober 1982, an increase of 9 percent from February 1978.
Over the period, employment grew 19 percent in electric
systems and 8 percent in gas distribution systems, remained
stable in combination electric and gas systems, and fell
slightly in gas transmission systems.
Slightly more than three-fourths of the physical workers
and about one-third of the office workers were covered by
labor-management agreements in October 1982. The major
union for both types of workers was the International Broth
erhood of Electrical Workers ( a f l - c i o ).
A comprehensive report on the 1982 survey, Industry
Wage Survey: Electric and Gas Utilities, October 1982,
Bulletin 2218 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1984), is for sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The report provides ad
ditional information on occupational earnings and employee
benefits.
D
---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------‘ Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on
weekends, holidays, and late shifts. For an account of the 1978 study, see
I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y : E l e c t r i c a n d G a s U t i l i t i e s , F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 8 , Bulletin
2040 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979).
2Under the classification system used for this study, a utility was con
sidered a combination system if neither service contributed 95 percent or
more o f revenues obtained from electric and gas services. If one service
did account for at least 95 percent of such revenues, the utility was con
sidered as exclusively engaged in that service. Only the electric and gas
operations o f combination systems were included.
Pension plans as a spur
to labor force withdrawal
To what extent may pension plans decrease labor force
participation among older workers? In a study undertaken
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
for the National Bureau of Economic Research, economists
at several universities probe the possible effect of definedbenefit pension plans on labor force behavior. Their objec
tive, according to David A. Wise, author of the study, is
“ to demonstrate the order of magnitude of the potential
incentive effects of these plans without attempting to present
empirical estimates of the impacts, but suggesting the re
sponse of workers to pension plan characteristics could be
substantial.”
The economists consider the case of a 30-year-old worker
in a “ typical plan.” The plan calculates normal retirement
benefits as 1 percent of average earnings over the last 5
years of service multiplied by years of service. Benefits are
reduced by 3 percent for each year that early retirement at
age 55 precedes normal retirement at age 65. “ Cliff vest
ing” occurs after 10 years, meaning the employee accrues
no credits until meeting the service requirement. “ The an
nual increment to pension wealth” is calculated as a per
centage of the wage rate. “ Underlying the calculations is a
representative lifetime age-earnings profile that assumes
substantial growth in real wage rates between ages 30 and
50 and very little growth from 50 to 65.”
Under three accrual patterns based on wage inflation of
6 percent and nominal interest rates of 3, 6, and 9 percent,
pension wealth increases by from 4 to 14 percent of wage
earnings when vesting begins. The rate of accrual increases
“ slowly at first and then rather sharply until the age of early
retirement.” At the age of early retirement, the accrual rate
drops sharply. This is because annual benefits are not re
duced enough to offset the increase in the number of years
the worker would receive benefits if he or she chooses early
retirement.
For a plan without an early retirement option, or one
“ that uses an actuarially fair, early retirement reduction
formula,” benefits continue to increase to age 65.
The study emphasizes the importance of interest rates. It
points out that “ if interest rates are high relative to the rate
of inflation, the accrual after age 55 can indeed be negative.
In this case pension wealth could actually decline with ad
ditional years of work.”
Wise’s report is based on the introductory chapter of an
n b e r volume, “ Pensions, Labor and Individual Choice,”
to be published by the University of Chicago Press.
□
39
Technical Note
Use of employment data
to estimate office space demand
N
athan
S ch lo ss
Changes in employment data are fundamental to regional
economic analysis and urban planning. Typically, regional
population and employment are assumed to reflect the state
of a region’s economy.1 This is a basic assumption under
lying this technical note, which seeks to show how em
ployment data can be used to estimate the demand for office
space in a subnational area, such as a Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area.2
This article reports on the author’s recent study of the
demand for office space and office employment. On the basis
of this study, we conclude that our methodology provides
realistic projections of commercial office space demand in
a s m s a and represents an improvement over present meth
ods, which for the most part relate demand for space to
historical trends with perhaps some adjustment for expected
local area growth. Improved methodologies for estimating
office space demand are important because the average an
nual expenditure for commercial office buildings for 1979
through 1983 approximated $17 billion, according to the
U.S. Department of Commerce.
Our discussion will proceed in three stages: definition
and clarification of commercial office space and the demand
for it; data sources, assumptions, and method of calculation
of demand; and application of the methodology to estimate
demand in a specific area: the Chicago Standard Metro
politan Statistical Area.3
in buildings primarily used for business and professional
activities and is counted in the space totals. The purpose of
including retail and service establishments in these buildings
is to attract office space tenants.
Demand for office space is the sum of the demand for
new and replacement space. (Replacement demand is, of
course, that part of total demand that results from existing
space becoming unusable because of physical deterioration,
locational obsolescence, and similar reasons.) The concept
of estimating total office space demand is analogous to es
timating the average annual job openings by occupation;
that is, total average openings equal the number of job
openings arising because of economic growth and the num
ber resulting from labor force separations.
The space occupied by office employees is typically cal
culated in terms of square feet of net rentable area per
employee. Thus, if one can estimate employment in office
buildings and the average square footage devoted to each
employee, projections of office employment can be made
and future demand for office space determined.
Demand model established
The demand for commercial office space in a certain area
at a particular time can be determined by using a simple
market equilibrium model for which the following factors
are determined: the number of office employees, the amount
of commercial office space available and the amount oc
cupied, and the assumed market equilibrium occupancy level.
The demand for office space in a given area is expressed
in the following two equations:
W, =
(1)
Space defined
In this article, we define commercial office space as that
part of building structures used primarily for business or
professional purposes. Space used for industrial or residen
tial purposes is excluded. Retail and service space (such as
that used for restaurants, newsstands, card and gift shops,
apparel shops and airline ticket counters) is often included
Nathan Schloss is vice president-treasurer and corporate economist of the
Real Estate Research Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. He is a member of
the Business Research Advisory Council to the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and is chairperson of its committee on employment and unemployment.
40
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
where:
W),
Zi,
0.95,
Yi,
0.95
(V.)
the equilibrium demand in square feet
of net rentable space in year i, is equal
to
occupied space per office employee in
year i, divided by
a parameter that reflects the assumption
that the market in equilibrium will typ
ically have an occupancy level of 95
percent (or a vacancy rate of 5 percent),
multiplied by
office employment in year i; and
Where occupied space per office employee in year i
(Zj) equals X t, occupied office space in year i, divided
by office employment in year /' (Y|).
These equations capsule our concept of demand for office
space and underlie our estimates of demand for office space
in the Chicago area.
Extracting office employment
For larger metropolitan areas, reasonably reliable data are
available relating to inventory and occupancy levels of what
the commercial building market calls competitive rental space;
that is “ high quality” structures with at least 50,000 to
70,000 square feet of rentable space. (Buildings are ranked
from a through d with buildings in the A and B categories
classified as “ high quality.” )
An experienced analyst in this field can determine the
occupancy levels and area of other categories of space oc
cupied by office employees. Aside from smaller and qual
itatively lower ranking class c and d rental buildings, there
is single user/owner occupied space, governmental space,
and office space in distribution warehouses (typically 7 to
12 percent), manufacturing facilities, and so forth.
The last requirement in constructing estimates of office
space are reliable data sources so that reasonable estimates
can be made of office employment. Data used are imperfect.
For example, there is no economic census specifically re
lating to employment in office buildings and, for that matter,
detailed occupational data are not readily available by met
ropolitan area. However, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
publishes national data relating to employment by detailed
occupation and industry sector which can be used to estimate
T ab le 1.
office employment.4 The basic data source was the B L S
Handbook o f Labor Statistics. Additional b l s sources in
cluded Employment and Earnings and Employment, Hours
and Earnings, States and Areas, 1939-82.
Data obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics were
used to estimate office employment for the 1975-82 period.
Table 1 illustrates our estimates of office employment for
one major occupational category— managers and adminis
trators, except farm. First, total employment is shown for
the major category. Succeeding data show proportions of
workers excluded from the estimates. Total office employ
ment minus excluded employment equals estimated net of
fice employment. Net office employment for 11 major
occupational categories5 was derived in this manner.6 (See
table 2.) Only employees occupying rentable space have
been included; therefore, craftworkers such as carpenters,
electricians, and plumbers who move from place to place
have been excluded.
The Bureau also publishes employment data by industry.
The two industry divisions which best reflect office em
ployment are the finance, insurance, and real estate division
and the service division. Table 2 shows estimated office
equipment and employment in the combined finance, in
surance, and real estate and service divisions for the 1975—
82 period. Although the office employment data are derived
from the household survey and finance, insurance, and real
estate and service employment figures are taken from the
establishment survey,7 the two sets of data have a high
correlation for our purposes. Using simple regression the
calculated r2 is 0.99.
An annual office prone employment multiple provides the
basis for calculating the 1983 employment figure in the
Chicago s m s a . The multiple is derived by dividing total
office employment by total employment in the finance, in
surance, and real estate and service divisions:8
Estim ated office prone em ploym ent of m anagers and ad m inistrators, 1 9 7 5 -8 2
[In thousands]
Occupational category
Proportion
excluded
Managers and administrators, except farmworkers .........................................................
E x c lu s io n s ..............................................................................................................................
Em ployed
1975
1 976
1 977
1978
1979
1 980
1981
1982
9,006
2,979
9,452
3,099
9,821
3,221
10,286
3,332
10,719
3,502
11,138
3,651
11,540
3,748
11,493
3,741
Bank officials and financial m a n a g e rs.........................................................................
Buyers and purchasing agents ....................................................................................
Credit and collection m a n a g e rs....................................................................................
30.0
60.0
30.0
158
224
17
167
229
16
166
227
17
176
226
15
190
275
17
198
276
21
209
286
20
219
284
19
Health administrators .....................................................................................................
Inspectors, except construction and public adm inistration......................................
Officials and administrators; public administration, n.e.c..........................................
Restaurant, cafeteria, and bar m ana gers....................................................................
Sales managers and department heads, retail tr a d e .................................................
80.0
100.0
50.0
70.0
95.0
123
113
182
358
304
131
115
186
354
311
142
104
203
393
333
149
98
213
424
332
150
106
210
455
330
170
111
216
484
344
175
110
238
509
329
182
107
215
538
335
Sales managers, except retail trade ............................................................................
School adminstrators, c o lle g e .......................................................................................
School administrators, elementary and se condary....................................................
All other managers and administrators .......................................................................
20.0
100 0
100.0
20.0
62
104
264
1,070
62
116
283
1,129
65
127
266
1,178
67
110
277
1,245
71
118
301
1,279
72
135
300
1,324
75
139
291
1,367
74
130
293
1,345
6,027
6,353
6,600
6,954
7,217
7,487
7,792
7,752
Net office employment, managers and adm inistrators......................................................
n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified.
Note:
Dashes indicate "not applicable.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Technical Notes
Tab le 2. E stim ated office em ploym ent, by selected occupations, in finance, in surance, and real es ta te a nd s e rv ic e in d u stry
divisions, 1 9 7 5 -8 2
[In thousands]
Occupation
Total office employment ....................................................
Professional and te c h n ic a l..............................
Managers and administrators, except fa rm w o rke rs ..............................
Salesworkers
.........................................
Clerical w o rke rs .........................................
Craft and kindred w o rk e rs .................................................
Operatives, except tra n sp o rt.........................................................
Transport equipment operatives ..............................................
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
24,285
5,159
25,282
5,474
26,332
5,703
27,897
6,171
29,235
6,554
30,204
6,868
30,874
7,117
31,153
7,462
6,027
6,353
6,600
6,954
7,217
7,487
7,792
7,752
2,175
2,208
2,319
2,467
2,579
2,584
2,654
2,730
10,777
11,105
11,558
12,709
13,093
13,138
13,028
_
_
_
_
—
—
—
Finance, insurance, real estate and service c o m b in e d ...................................
—
_
_
_
_
—
—
—
—
_
_
_
_
147
—
142
—
152
—
—
18,057
18,822
19,770
_
_
—
169
176
172
—
20,976
—
22,087
23,050
173
181
—
—
23,917
24,404
Dashes indicate no office employment.
1975
1 .3 4
1976
1 .3 4
1977
1 .3 3
1978
1 .3 3
1979
1 .3 2
1980
1.31
1981
1 .2 9
1982
1 .2 8
A r ith m e tic m e a n .
1 .3 2
S ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n
0.02
0 .9 2
1983
—
_
_
Nonfarm labo rers..........................................................................
Private households.....................................................................................
Service workers, except private households...............................................................
Farm w orkers..................................................................................
Note:
_
12,136
—
e s tim a te
1 .2 8
The implicit assumption is that use of the multiple provides
a reasonable estimate of 1983 office employment when mul
tiplied by the 1983 combined finance, insurance, and real
estate and service employment in a given s m s a or labor
market area, where the two are not coextensive. Moreover,
one would expect the multiple to be greater than one because
workers using office space also come from industry sectors
other than finance, insurance, and real estate and service
(for example, manufacturing, government, and so forth).
At the same time, the multiple would be expected to exhibit
a secular decline because service sector employment is in
creasing more rapidly than manufacturing and government
employment, for example (sectors which also use office
space), but at a decreasing rate.
Table 3 presents the percentage change from the previous
year for office employment and employment in the finance,
insurance, and real estate and service divisions. The per
centage-point difference provides a realistic basis for pro
jecting office employment from 1983 to 1990. The year-toyear percentage change in employment is relatively volatile;
for this reason, we use the percentage-point differential in
the average rate of change as being representative of the
average annual differential percentage-point change in total
office employment and in combined finance, insurance, and
real estate and service employment. As shown in the table,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the average difference is 0.8 percent less. This means that
if we expect a 3.0-percent average annual rate of change in
finance, insurance, and real estate, and service employment
between 1983 and 1990, then the anticipated annual change
in office employment would be 2.2 percent (or a —0.8percentage-point difference).
The final step is to establish the parameter for expected
occupancy when a market is in equilibrium and the antic
ipated occupied space per office employee. Most analysts
assume that at the point of market equilibrium the occupancy
rate for office space will approximate 95 percent. Typical
space use per employee will range between 150 and 210
square feet of net rentable area for all categories of office
space combined. Moreover, the midpoint of the range, or
180 square feet per employee represents a good estimate of
median market area usage. That is so because between 45
percent and 55 percent of a major Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area space inventory typically consists of com
petitive rental space where space use per employee averages
about 195 square feet.
Tab le 3. A nnual percentage change in office em ploym ent
and em p lo ym en t in finance, insurance, and real estate and
service in dustry divisions, 1 9 7 6 -8 2
Year
Office
em p lo ym en t
Finance,
insurance, and
real estate and
service
em ploym ent
P erc entagepoint
difference
1976 ......................
1977 ......................
1978 ......................
1979 ......................
1980 ......................
1 9 8 1 ......................
1982 ......................
4.1
4.2
5.9
4.8
3.3
2.2
0.9
4.2
5.0
6.1
5.3
4.4
3.8
2.0
-0 .1
- 0 .8
- 0 .2
- 0 .5
-1 .1
- 1 .6
-1 .1
3.6
1.7
0.93
4.4
1.3
- 0 .8
Arithmetic mean . . .
Standard deviation .
r2 ..............................
Note:
Dashes indicate "not applicable.”
—
—
-
Estimating demand in the Chicago area
Over the past decade (December 1972 to 1982), net de
mand for competitive rental space in the Chicago Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area has averaged about 4,500,000
square feet of rentable area per year. As of midyear 1983,
the area’s inventory of competitive rental space was
125,150,000 square feet. Of this total, 110,020,000 square
feet, or 87.9 percent were occupied.9 Although the demand
estimates in this example are limited to competitive rental
space, the methodology can be adapted to estimate demand
for all categories of office space.
Table 4 presents occupied space per employee, at a 95percent occupancy level, for the Chicago Standard Metro
politan Statistical Area, 1979-83. The data show that oc
cupied space per employee has been increasing each year
by about 4 square feet (assuming a 95-percent occupancy
level). Recall that we estimated the median space usage per
office employee at approximately 180 square feet. At the
95-percent occupancy level, the area increases to 189.5
square feet. Similarly when all office employees are divided
into the competitive rental total, the space occupied per
employee (92.4 square feet) is about 49 percent of the me
dian. We have the choice of either relating office employ
ment to total market area office space or, alternatively, using
the competitive rental space inventory and grossing up to
total market area space.
In the Chicago area, competitive rental space has been
increasing its market share of total market area office space
construction and this trend will probably continue. We there
fore regressed 1979 through 1983 space per employee against
time10 and assumed that each employee would occupy about
103 square feet of area for the rest of the decade.
The final step necessary to estimate average annual space
demand in the Chicago area is to determine the estimated
net average annual increase in office employment during
1983-90, our forecast time frame. The following tabulation
T ab le 4. E stim ates of occupied rental space per office
em p lo yee in C hicago s m s a , 1 9 7 9 -8 3
[In thousands, except space per employee]
Year
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
Finan ce,
insurance,
and
real estate
and service
em p lo ym en t
Office
em p lo ym en t1
Occupied
space2
Occupied
space per
office
em p lo yee3
863.9
895.9
942.5
967.8
979.1
1,140.4
1,173.6
1,215.8
1,238.8
1,253.2
81,332.4
89,581.6
96,007.3
100,283.3
110,017.4
75.1
80.3
83.2
85.2
92.4
Calculated by multiplying the finance, Insurance, and real estate and service em
ployment figure by the corresponding multiple (for 1983, 979.1 x 1.28).
2ln square feet.
Calculated at the 95-percent occupancy level in square feet.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
compares the annual rate of change in employment for the
finance, insurance, and real estate division, the service di
vision, and the two divisions combined in the Chicago Stan
dard Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Nation for selected
periods, 1969-82:11
Chicago
sm sa
1969- 1975- 1975- 197982
82
79
79
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d
r e a l e s t a t e ..................................... . . .
S e r v i c e ............................................... . . .
T o t a l ........................................... . . .
2 .2
3 .1
3 .2
3 .4
2 .4
3 .0
3 .4
4 .0
2 .3
3 .0
3 .4
3 .9
United States
F i n a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d
r e a l e s t a t e ................................... . . .
S e r v ic e ................................................ . . .
T o t a l .......................................... . . .
3 .5
4 .5
3 .6
2 .4
4 .4
5 .4
4 .6
3 .7
4 .2
5 .2
4 .4
3 .4
55
58
77
115
C h ic a g o p e r c e n t o f U .S
t o t a l .......................................... . . .
It shows that Chicago’s performance has been dramatically
improving, relative to the performance in the United States.
For example, during the 1969-79 decade, the average an
nual rate of change in Chicago was 2.3 percent, or less than
that in the United States (4.2 percent). However, during
1979-82, a period of back-to-back recessions, Chicago’s
annual rate of change (3.9 percent) was 115 percent of that
in the United States. Future employment growth in the fi
nance, insurance, and real estate and service divisions in
the Chicago area will probably equal the average annual
rate of change between 1975 and 1982, or at least 3.4 percent
a year. This estimated growth rate is optimistic, when com
pared with unpublished estimates made by the Illinois De
partment of Employment Security and the Illinois Bureau
of the Budget. However, we believe Chicago is achieving
greater relative dominance as a regional financial and service
center and that this trend will persist.
We now have enough information to estimate the antic
ipated net increase in office employment between 1983 and
1990 and the resultant demand created for competitive rental
space in the Chicago area. The calculations follow:
• The estimate of 1983 office employment in the Chicago
area is 1,253,200 workers. (See table 4.)
• The average annual increase in finance, insurance and
real estate and service divisions employment is estimated
at approximately 3.4 percent a year for the 1983-90 pe
riod. Thus, expected average annual change in office em
ployment is 2.6 percent (or 0.8 percent less than that in
the finance, insurance, and real estate and service divi
sions).
• The net change in office employment during the 7-year
projection period is:
Y = X[(l + i)n—1]
43
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Technical Notes
where:
Y =
X =
n i =
Net change in office employment.
Office employment in first year of period.
Number of years in the future in the time
period.
Average annual rate of change expressed
as a decimal.
The Chicago area computation is:
Y =
=
1,253,200 [(1.026)7—1]
1,253,200 (0.19683) = 246,664
• The net change in office employment is expected to be
246,664 or 35,238 workers per year over the 1983-90
period.
• Each office
103 square
an average
new space.
worker is expected to occupy approximately
feet in competitive rental space, resulting in
annual demand of 3,629,500 square feet of
(Note that we have made no separate calcu
1For a more comprehensive understanding of the factors considered and
methods employed in making economic growth and employment projec
tions see bls H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, December 1982), chs. 18—20; '¿end E m p l o y m e n t P r o j e c t i o n s f o r
1 9 9 5 , Bulletin 2197 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1984).
2 State and area unemployment and establishment data appear monthly
in b ls E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s . Annual averages and area definitions
are contained in the May issue. In addition, each issue contains the ad
dresses o f cooperating State agencies in the Current Employment Statistics
Program ( c e s ) and State and Local Area Unemployment Statistics Program
( l a u s ). These agencies can advise readers of the availability of additional
labor market information relating to their respective states.
’ The Chicago s m s a consists of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry,
and Will Counties in Illinois.
4 H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , Bulletin 2175 (Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1983). Additional sources were E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s and E m
p l o y m e n t H o u r s a n d E a r n i n g s , S t a t e s a n d A r e a s , 1 9 3 9 - 8 2 , Bulletin 137017 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, January 1984).
5 The proportion of employees to be excluded from office employment
in each of the major occupational categories was estimated by the author.
While estimates were judgmental, they were based on data from bls H a n d
b o o k o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s which also contains data on employment by in
dustry which is classified by occupation; and employment surveys relating
to the industrial and occupational mix of employees in downtowns, office
buildings, office-industrial parks, and manufacturing facilities.
6Significant revisions were made in the Current Population Survey be
ginning in January 1983. See Gloria Peterson Green, Khoan tan Dinh,
John A. Priebe, and Ronald R. Tucker, “ Revisions in the Current Pop
44
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
lation for the replacement of obsolescent space. The im
pact of obsolescent space is reflected in the annual estimate
of occupied space per employee.)
E s t i m a t i o n o f o f f i c e e m p l o y m e n t , its net increase over
time, and the resultant effect on office demand is complex
and requires an understanding of a multitude of factors re
lating to regional economic growth. In addition, limited
historical data were available for model testing. For ex
ample, only since 1978 have reliable annual data been avail
able on the quantity and occupancy levels of suburban office
space. However, using estimates made from incomplete
data, the model was tested in the Milwaukee, Detroit, and
Tampa-St. Petersburg s m s a ’ s , and it produced satisfactory
results. Nonetheless, even with these caveats, employment
data provide a useful methodology for estimating commer
cial office space demand. Information on future demand for
office space would be valuable in a highly cyclical industry
such as nonresidential building construction, where supply
and demand are often not in equilibrium.
□
ulation Survey Beginning in January 1983,”
February 1983, pp. 7 -1 5 .
E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s
7The finance, insurance, and real estate and service totals are taken from
table 67 of the bls H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s . For an analysis of quan
tifiable and conceptual differences between the two surveys, see John F.
Stinson, Jr., “ Comparison of Nonagricultural Employment Estimates from
Two Surveys” E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , March 1984, pp. 6 -9 .
8 In order to estimate the 1983 multiple, an estimating equation was
determined by regressing the office employment multiple against time. The
equation is:
Yc = 1.357 - 0.009X
where:
Yc =
X =
the estimated office employment multiple.
time. (1983 = year 9)
9 Chicago s m s a
industry employment is from b ls E m p l o y m e n t , H o u r s
and E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s
(May 1984). Occupied competitive rental space is based on public records,
brokers’ surveys, and utility data which were verified by inspection and
phone validation.
a n d E a r n in g s , S ta te s a n d A r e a s , 1 9 3 9 - 8 2 ,
10The regression equation is Y = 7 1 . 3 9 + 3 . 9 5 X ; where Y = occupied
space at the 95-percent occupancy level and X = time. For example, in
1986 (year 8), space use is estimated at 102.99 square feet per employee.
11 Chicago
industry employment data are from E m p l o y m e n t , H o u r s
1 9 3 9 - 8 2 . U .S. industry employment
figures are from table 67, “ Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by
industry division, selected years, 1 9 1 9 -8 2 ,” bls H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S t a
t i s t i c s . Average annual rates of change were calculated by the author.
sm sa
a n d E a r n in g s, S ta te s a n d A r e a s ,
M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth
This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in January is based on information
from the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering
1,000 workers or more. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification.
Private industry
Employer and location
Labor organization1
Number of
workers
.....................................
Construction
Operating Engineers . . . .
1,000
National Electrical Contractors Association, Northwest Line Constructors
Chapter (Oregon and Washington)
Construction
Electrical Workers (ibew )
1,000
ITT Gwaltney Inc. (Smithfield, va )
Southern Dredge Owners Association (Interstate)
...........................................................
Food products .................
Teamsters (Ind.)
............................
1,400
Sugar Companies Negotiating Committee (Hawaii) ...................................
Food products .................
Longshoremen (iLwu-Ind.) ..........
7.500
Erwin Mills (Erwin, nc ) ..................................................................................
T e x tile s..............................
Textile W o rk e rs ..............................
1.500
Weyerhauser Co. (Oklahoma and Arkansas) ...............................................
L u m b e r.............................
Woodworkers
.................................
1.900
American Insulated Wire Corp. (Pawtucket, ri)
Primary m e ta ls.................
Electrical Workers (ibew ) .............
1,450
National Union Electric Corp., Eureka Division (Bloomington, il)
Electrical products ..........
M achinists........................................
1,250
Kelsey-Hayes Co. (Michigan)
........................................................................
Transportation equipment
Auto W orkers...................................
1.500
Jeep Corp. (Toledo, oh ) ..................................................................................
Transportation equipment
Auto Workers .................................
5,750
Pan American, ground service (Interstate)2 .................................................
Air transportation..........
Transport Workers
.......................
6,000
Pan American, clerical and passenger service (Interstate)2 ......................
Air transportation..........
Teamsters (Ind.)
............................
7,200
Pan American, flight attendants (Interstate)2 ...............................................
Air transportation..........
Flight Attendants (Ind.) ...............
4.900
Northern Illinois Gas Co. (Illin o is)................................................................
U tilities...........................
Electrical Workers (ibew ) .............
1,800
R.H. Macy and Co., Inc. (New York, ny ) .................................................
Retail trade ....................
Retail. Wholesale and Department
Store
6,000
Kroger, Schnuck’s, Thor and National Tea (St. Louis, mo ) ....................
Retail trade ....................
Food and Commercial Workers . .
2,300
Southern California Food Employers Council, Inc. (California)
............
Retail trade ....................
Service E m ployees.........................
1,000
Guest Services, Inc. (Washington, dc ) .........................................................
Restaurants ....................
Hotel Employees and Restaurant
Employees
1.000
.......................................
Government activity
California:
Wisconsin:
Southern California Rapid Transit District
Milwaukee municipal em p lo y ees............
Labor organization1
Number of
workers
Transportation .
Transportation Union
....
4.500
General services
State, County and Municipal
Employees
3.000
'Affiliated with afl- cio except where noted as independent (Ind ).
inform ation from newspaper reports.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45
Developments in
Industrial Relations
UAW, GM-Ford contracts focus on saving jobs
Increasing worker job security was the primary goal in
the United Auto Workers’ ( u a w ) bargaining with General
Motors Corp. ( g m ) and Ford Motor Co. The first settlement,
with g m , established a Job Opportunity Bank-Security Pro
gram described by the union as “ without equal in the history
of collective bargaining with a major U.S. corporation.”
After the g m settlement, which was preceded by a strike
at some locations, the u a w and Ford settled without a strike.
Terms for the 115,000 Ford workers were essentially iden
tical to those for the 350,000 g m workers, except that the
Ford contract bans plant closings. Ford apparently was will
ing to accept this ban because it produces substantially fewer
of its parts than g m , and therefore is not as likely to increase
outside purchases, which could lead to plant shutdowns.
The new Job-Security Program guarantees that workers
with at least 1 year of service will not be laid off as a result
of the introduction of new technology, “ outsourcing” (pro
curing parts from other manufacturers), negotiated produc
tivity improvements, shifting of work from one g m plant to
another, or the consolidation of component production. Lay
offs for other reasons— such as declines in vehicle sales or
sale of a facility— are not covered. The program will extend
through the new and succeeding contract or until g m ’ s com
mitment of $1 billion is exhausted. (At Ford, with fewer
employees, the commitment is $300 million.)
Facing a layoff, workers will first exercise their right to
“ bump” less senior workers. After this procedure is com
pleted, any employees with at least 1 year of service who
would ordinarily be laid off will participate in an Employee
Development Bank, where they will receive the pay rate of
the last job they held or if assigned to another job, the rate
for that job. Other possible assignments for bank members
include job training; replacing another worker undergoing
training; moving into a job opening at another g m plant if
there is no qualified worker with recall or rehire rights; and
moving into jobs within or outside the local bargaining unit,
including “ nontraditional” jobs. Temporary assignments
outside the local bargaining unit will be voluntary. Per-
“ Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of
the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources.
46
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
manent transfers to u a w bargaining units at other g m plants
will be filled by volunteers, if possible. Any remaining
openings will be filled in inverse seniority order.
Changes in the bank size will not correspond to changes
in production volume, but will be reduced by one for each
bank member who quits g m or otherwise breaks or loses
seniority (excluding discharge) or enters apprenticeship or
other training; transfers to an opening in the local plant or
another g m plant created by a reason other than a production
volume increase; or transfers to a salaried job.
Employees who do participate will continue to accrue
pension credits and be covered by all other regular benefits,
such as insurance, and paid holidays and vacations.
The Job-Security Program will be administered by joint
u a w - g m committees at the local, area, and national levels.
The national committee is permitted to set up special pro
grams when there are more employees in the bank at a plant
than anticipated openings at the local and area level. These
programs would provide pensions calculated at unreduced
rates and various supplements to departing bank members
who are age 55 to 61 with 10 years of service. Departing
bank members who do not meet the age and service re
quirements would receive lump-sum payments of $10,000
to $44,000, based on seniority.
The union did not win its demand for a ban on outsourcing
or a continuation of the provision (adopted in 1982) pro
hibiting g m from closing plants due to outsourcing. How
ever, g m must give the u a w 60 days’ notice of outsourcing
decisions affecting 25 or more existing jobs. Previously, the
requirement applied to decisions affecting 10 percent of a
plant’s work force, or 100 workers, whichever was less.
Job preservation also will be on the agenda of the new local
Job-Security committees, which will discuss “ sourcing”
issues, review competitive conditions, and develop plans to
improve local operations. Also, g m agreed to recommend
implementation of the Saturn small car program to the g m
board of directors, assuming that production concepts con
ceived by a g m - u a w study team prove workable. The joint
attempt to revolutionize domestic car production to counter
the increasing inroads of foreign manufacturers was initiated
in 1982.
Other layoff assistance. There also were improvements in
the Guaranteed Income Stream and Supplemental Unem-
ployment Benefits programs, both of which provide em
ployees with a financial cushion if they are laid off.
Funding of the Guaranteed Income Stream was raised to
a maximum of $185 million plus additional amounts from
the profit-sharing plan during the contract term. (The fund
ing level was $100 million under the 1982 contract.) The
plan covers workers with at least 10 years of service who
are laid off due to a plant closing and those with at least 15
years of service who are laid off for any reason. After their
Supplemental Unemployment Benefits entitlement is ex
hausted, these workers draw Guaranteed Income Stream
benefits until they retire or return to work, or until g m ’ s
maximum financial obligation is reached. The weekly Guar
anteed Income Stream benefit is 50 percent of the individ
ual’s weekly base earnings on the last day of work plus 1
percent for each year of seniority above 15 years. The max
imum benefit is the lesser of either 75 percent of base earn
ings or 95 percent of after-tax earnings minus $12.50 ($17.50
on or after January 1, 1985).
g m ’ s financing of Supplemental Unemployment Benefits
was increased to a rang«; of 19 to 31 cents per compensated
hour in January 1985, 20 to 32 cents in January 1986, and
21 to 33 cents in January 1987. Previously, the obligation,
which varies with the level of the fund, was 17 to 29 cents
per hour. The Advance Credit Account, which provides
benefits if the regular fund is exhausted, was strengthened
by increasing its “ base” to $200 million, from $100 million.
Any g m payments into this fund are offset against future
obligations. Funding also was strengthened for the Guar
anteed Benefits Account, which pays benefits to laid-off
workers with at least 10 years’ service if the regular and
Advance Credits Accounts are depleted, g m payments into
this account are not offset against future obligations.
In another move the union described as a “ first,” g m
and the u a w will jointly develop and launch new businesses
aimed at providing jobs for u a w members. The program,
to be financed by g m up to a maximum of $ 1 0 0 million,
will be administered by a joint Growth and Opportunity
Committee. Proposals for ventures, including those made
by local Job-Security Program committees, will be studied
by a New Business Venture Development Group, which
will have a full-time staff. Ventures will be aimed at aiding
communities hit by job losses at g m facilities, with hiring
preference given to the; affected workers.
Overtime restricted. The union, which in recent years has
been pressing for curbs on overtime to spread the available
work among as many workers as possible, won a require
ment that g m pay 50 cents per hour for all overtime hours
in excess of 5 percent of straight-time hours into the Joint
Skill Development and Training Fund. In a related provi
sion, g m agreed to a goal of reducing average weekly over
time by 2 hours. “ Spreading the work” also was furthered
by the addition of three paid holidays, bringing the total to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44 over the 3-year contract, which ends on September 14,
1987.
The overtime work penalty payments into the Joint Skill
Development and Training Fund, and a 10-cent-an-hour
contribution by g m for all hours worked, will help finance
training for active and laid-off employees. Laid-off workers
are eligible to receive tuition assistance ranging from $1,500
for those with 1 year of service to $5,000 for those with 4
years or more of service. Active employees are eligible for
payments of $1,500 a year for courses at colleges and uni
versities and $1,000 a year for other job-related courses and
certain other training in accredited schools.
The settlement does not provide for specified wage in
creases in every contract year. This reflects company efforts
to end the practice of providing guaranteed annual wage
increases regardless of corporate financial results. The work
ers will receive one specified wage increase and a $180
“ Special Paym ent,” effective immediately; lump-sum
“ Performance Bonus” payments in October of 1985 and
1986; continued automatic pay adjustments under the costof-living formula; and continued profit-sharing distribu
tions. The union forecast that the combined yield would be
$11,730 over the term (including $3,000 in profit sharing),
assuming a 5-percent annual rate of increase in the Con
sumer Price Index and continuation of the projected 1984
profit level. This would contrast with the 1982 accord, which
only provided for cost-of-living adjustments and profit-shar
ing distributions.
The immediate specified wage increase ranged from 9
cents an hour for the lowest paid workers to 50 cents for
the highest paid. According to the union, the 9- to 50-cent
increase plus the projected future cost-of-living adjustments
will raise the range to $13.93 for workers in the lowest
bracket to $16.20-$16.47 for those in the top bracket. Prior
pay rates, including a cost-of-living allowance, ranged from
$12.29 an hour for workers in the lowest pay bracket to
$17.19-$ 17.46 for those in the top bracket.
The performance bonuses, to be paid in October of 1985
and 1986, will amount to 2.25 percent of pay for all com
pensated hours, including overtime hours (but not overtime
premium pay), vacation and holiday pay, and shift premi
ums. The union estimated that the payments would be $725
and $750, respectively, using the assumed 5-percent infla
tion rate and compensated hours equivalent to the 1983 total.
The cost-of-living adjustment formula provides for 1cent-an-hour quarterly adjustments for each 0.26-point
movement in the b l s Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage
Earners and Clerical Workers (1967 = 100), with 1 cent
permanently diverted from each of the first nine adjustments,
and 2 cents from each of the two other adjustments. The
diverted money will help offset g m ’ s cost increases for ben
efits. Previously, adjustments were computed at 1 cent for
each 0.26-point movement in a composite 1967 = 100 in
dex derived from the U.S. and Canadian consumer price
47
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations
indexes. (The change was made because the formula for
Canadian employees is now linked to the Canadian
government’s index only.) Under the 1982 contract, each
of the first three quarterly adjustments were deferred for 18
months and a total of 6 cents was permanently diverted from
these adjustments.
g m ’s
Other contract provisions. The new contracts also pro
vide:
• A $3.85 increase in the pension rates over the term for
workers retiring from October 1, 1984, through Septem
ber 30, 1985, bringing their April 1, 1987, range of rates
(which vary by preretirment earnings) to $21.85—$22.60
a month for each year of credited service; a $3.95 total
increase for those retiring from October 1, 1985, through
September 1, 1986, bringing their range to $21,95-$22.70;
and a $4.05 increase for those retiring on October 1, 1986,
or later, bringing their range of rates to $22.05-$22.80.
The provision for “ 30 [years]-and-out” retirement was
revised to provide total monthly benefits of $1,185 for
employees who retire from October 1, 1984, through
September 30, 1985, $1,195 for those who retire from
October 1, 1985, through September 30, 1986, and $1,205
for those who retire later. The benefit consists of a pension
amount and a supplemental payment; the supplement ceases
at age 62. There also were improvements in benefits for
current retirees, including a $1 increase in the calculation
rate for normal benefits. Employees who retired prior to
October 1, 1984, with at least 30 years of credited service
will receive special $200 payments in December of 1985
and 1986.
• Addition of a third type of optional health insurance cov
erage, some improvements in the existing “ traditional”
and Health Maintenance Organization plans, and adoption
of “ preauthorization” and review procedures to preclude
unnecessary surgery and shorten hospital stays. Accord
ing to the union, the new Preferred Provider Organization
coverage provides a broader range of benefits than the
existing plans “ while maintaining quality safeguards and
assuring effective, affordable, and cost-efficient delivery
of care.”
• An increase in g m ’ s payment toward Medicare Part b
premiums from the $13.50 a month to $14.60 on October
1, 1984, and $15.60, $17.60, and $19.60 on January 1
of 1985, 1986, and 1987.
• The range of services provided by the legal services plan
was increased and the eligibility requirement was reduced
to 12 months of service, from 18. These changes, and
others, were financed by a $17 million surplus that had
accrued during the 1982 agreement, which established
the plan, g m will continue to finance the plan at the rate
of 3 cents per straight-time hour and, in a change, it will
provide any additional money needed to maintain the
plan. (At Ford, a legal services plan was established under
48
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the 1984 settlement.)
• Adoption of a bonus plan to improve attendance. Begin
ning in 1985, employees will receive $50 for each quarter
year in which they work all scheduled straight-time hours
in the regular workweek. Those who receive three quart
erly bonuses in a year will receive an additional $ 150 for
a combined total of $300 and those who receive four
quarterly bonuses in a year will receive an additional $300
for a combined total of $500. This bonus provision was
one of the changes to the 1982 attendance plan, which
continues to penalize workers who have excessive un
warranted absences by reducing their holiday, vacation,
and other benefit entitlements. The resulting $9 million
benefit cost saving that had accrued during the 1982 con
tract was transferred to an existing national training fund.
• An increase to 25 cents (previously 20 cents) in the hourly
premium paid to employees for all hours worked in continous 7-day-a-week operations.
• Increases in the relocation allowance to employees who
transfer to any other g m plant when there is a shift of
major operations from their home plant to another g m
plant. The allowance now ranges from $580 for single
employees moving 50-99 miles to $2,310 for married
employees moving 1,000 miles or more, compared with
the previous $500 to $2,025.
• Revision of the employee stock ownership plan to provide
for g m financing equal to 0.5 percent of employees’ pay.
Previously, financing varied with g m ’ s spending on plant
and equipment. In another change, dividends will be dis
tributed annually instead of accruing until retirement or
other termination of employment.
• Establishment of an experimental child-care program at
one location. The program will assist employees in ob
taining child-care services “ appropriate for each em
ployee’s particular needs.”
The bargaining leading to the September 21 settlement
at g m began in July. Initially, the union was concurrently
negotiating with Ford, but reverted to the usual “ divide and
conquer” strategy by suspending talks with Ford and fo
cusing on g m . Intense bargaining continued to the Septem
ber 14 expiration date of the contract, but the parties were
unable to reach agreement and the union struck g m ’ s War
ren, m i , technical center and 12 assembly plants in nine
States, purportedly over local issues. Apparently, the union
struck these key facilities, rather than calling a company
wide strike over national issues, because a company wide
stoppage could not be ended until a settlement is reached
and approved by a majority of all u a w members at g m . A
companywide strike also would have been a greater drain
on the union’s $563 million strike fund. The stoppage was
later extended to four additional plants, bringing the total
number of strikers to 91,000. At that time, an additional
19,000 g m employees were on layoff because of shortages
resulting from the strike. Immediately after the settlement,
employees began returning to work. The national terms were
approved by the u a w ’ s 300-member council; then members
of the 149 local unions approved the contract, 138,410 to
102,528.
Following the g m settlement, Ford and the u a w resumed
negotiations. A settlement was reached in mid-October, ending
a marathon 24-hour bargaining session. Ford workers ap
proved the agreement by a vote of 33,312 to 18,386.
Despite the settlements on companywide issues at g m and
Ford, bargaining was continuing on local issues. In these
talks, conducted by local union and plant officials, the com
panies were attempting to offset part of the labor cost in
crease resulting from the national accords by pressing for
changes in staffing levels, job assignments, output require
ments, and other areas.
u a w President Owen Bieber said he would ask Chrysler
Corp. to reopen negotiations for 65,000 workers despite the
fact that the current 2-year contract is not scheduled to expire
until October 1985. A company official said Chrysler would
listen to a reopening proposal because “ there may be some
things that we would like them to do for us.”
Coal settlement peaceful
Despite a change in union leadership, splintering of the
management bargaining group, high unemployment, and a
history of long, bitter strikes, the United Mine Workers
( u m w ) and the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association
( b c o a ) settled peacefully on a 40-month contract. Both sides
exulted in the new spirit of cooperation and indicated that
it will continue as they attempt to deal with problems, which
stem from increased foreign competition; easing of the pe
troleum crisis, which has slowed the shift to coal as a fuel
for power plants and other facilities, and also slowed the
development of a national “ synfuels” energy policy; grow
ing production by nonunion domestic producers; and pos
sible legislation to counter “ acid rain” that could reduce
coal burning.
Bobby R. Brown, chief executive officer of Consolidation
Coal Co. and head of the b c o a , described the agreement
as “ fair and modest,” and noted that it gives the industry
an 80-month period (from the 1981 settlement to the January
31, 1988, termination date of the new contract) without a
national strike. This, he said, will give a “ clear message
to our customers and competitors” that the industry is a
dependable energy source.
Rich Trumka, the coal miner-attorney who won the pres
idency of the union in 1982 on a promise to stabilize and
revitalize the union after years of chaos, said the new con
tract, has “ no concessions, absolutely none. Not a single
one. We made economic . . . (and] other gains.” Delegates
to the union’s prebargaining convention had given Trumka
a simple mandate for the bargaining: “ No backward steps.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
No takeaway contracts.”
During the negotiations, which began in April, the union
had indicated that it would settle on modest economic gains
if the mine operators accepted other terms designed to cut
unemployment. (About one-third of the industry’s 160,000
u m w members are unemployed.)
The contract provides for a total of $1.40 an hour in wage
increases (compared with $3.60 over the 40-month term of
the prior contract) consisting of a 25-cent increase on Oc
tober 1 of 1984, 1985, and 1987, and a 30-cent increase
on October 1 of 1986. In addition, workers will receive 5
cents “ quarterly” wage increases on January 1, April 1,
and July 1 of 1986 and 1987, and on January 1, 1988. These
increases will result in hourly rates ranging from $13,924
to $15,565 for underground workers at deep mines (who
are paid for 8 hours per shift), $14,946 to $16,328 at strip
and auger mines (7.25 hours’ pay), and $14,907 to $15,514
at preparation plants and other surface facilities at deep or
surface mines (also 7.25 hours’ pay). These increases ranged
from 11.2 percent (for the lowest paid workers) to 9.9 per
cent (highest paid) for underground workers, 10.3 to 9.4
percent for strip and auger workers, and 10.4 to 9.9 percent
for preparation plant and related workers.
The u m w did not win the curbs on overtime it had sought
to increase the number of jobs available for its members,
but it did gain changes in other provision intended to in
crease job security:
• New language ensures that miners will not lose their bid
ding rights to a job at their mine because the mine has
been subleased to another company. The union had charged
that in many cases new operators had used loopholes in
the contract language to evade hiring incumbent employ
ees.
• Mine owners are now required to give local union officials
copies of warranties covering any onsite work being per
formed by outside contractors. The union said this was
necessary because some mines were contracting out work
that should have been performed by u m w members.
•
members shall perform all work “ of the type” cus
tomarily done at the mine. The union said this provision
was necessary because some mine owners had previously
been able to contract out some work because it was not
the exact work performed by u m w members.
um w
• A company is required to notify the union of the sale of
a mine where a u m w contract is in effect and to furnish
proof that the buyer will abide by the terms. Previously,
notification was not required and, the union claimed, some
new owners were able to “ break” the labor contract.
• The b c o a and u m w will establish a “ Joint Interests Com
mittee” to promote the development and use of u m w mined coal. The committee, which replaces the “ Joint
Industry Development Committee,” will undertake ac49
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations
tivities such as contesting acid rain legislation, developing
coal export capabilities, and developing a coal-based na
tional energy policy.
Benefit improvements included a $10 a month increase
in pensions for all current retirees effective immediately and
on October 1, 1987. Survivors of retired workers will re
ceive $5 a month increases on the same dates. For current
employees, pension rates were increased by $1 for those
retiring during the first 3 years of the contract and $1.50
for those retiring after September 30, 1987. For the latter
retirees, pensions will be computed at the resulting rates of
$17 a month for each of the first 10 years of service, plus
$17.50 a month for each of the next 10 years, plus $18 for
each of the next 10 years, plus $18.50 for each year in
excess of 30.
Other terms included a 23-cent-a-ton increase in the roy
alty paid into the miners’ health and retirement funds by
mine owners on coal they produce; an increase in life in
surance to $30,000 (from $25,000); a $190-a-week sickness
and accident benefit (formerly $185) increasing to $195 in
the second year and to $200 in the third year; and $160
clothing allowances on October 1 of 1984, 1985, 1986, and
1987 (under the prior contract, the workers received three
$150 allowances).
At the time of settlement, the b c o a comprised only 32
companies, compared with about 130 at the time of the 1981
settlement. The withdrawals occurred because some com
panies believed they could individually negotiate more le
nient terms. However, u m w President Trumka announced
that he would not bargain with companies that dropped out
until after the b c o a settled. The possibility of being struck
while the b c o a companies and others operated led many of
the dropout companies to sign letters of intent with the union
in which they agreed to be bound by the subsequent b c o a
accord. Some did not sign the letters, but accepted the b c o a
terms immediately after they were announced. The few com
panies that did not sign were briefly struck by 2,000 em
ployees.
Meanwhile, bargaining was continuing between the u m w
and the Association of Bituminous Contractors, comprising
companies that open mines and build related facilities. This
bargaining covers about 10,000 workers, most of whom
were on layoff.
City workers in Philadelphia settle
The City of Philadelphia and unions representing 13,600
workers agreed on a 2-year contract that called for a single
8-percent wage increase at the beginning of the second year.
An arbitrator later awarded 2,700 firefighters terms similar
to the negotiated contract and awarded a similar, but earlier,
payment to 7,500 police officers. Unions involved in the
settlement and awards included the American Federation of
State, County and Municipal Employees ( a f s c m e ), the Fra
50
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ternal Order of Police, and the International Association of
Fire Fighters.
Grocery workers settle, avert walkout
A threatened strike by 65,000 workers was averted when
nine locals of the United Food and Commercial Workers
agreed to a 3-year contract with the Food Employers Coun
cil, comprising 12 grocery chains with stores in Southern
California.
Under the settlement, top-rated clerks will receive in
creases totaling 85 cents in their $11.70 an hour pay rate.
General merchandise clerks will receive increases totaling
59.5 cents if they were hired prior to August 7, 1981, and
55.25 cents if hired later. “ Courtesy” clerks will receive a
total of 30 cents. Another pay issue was resolved when the
employers agreed to guarantee each employee at least 16
hours of work a week. The union, which contended that 70
percent of the employees worked less than 28 hours a week,
had originally sought a 25-hour guarantee.
Management won a “ favored nations” clause, contend
ing that the union had unfairly agreed to lower wage and
benefit levels with some chains that are not members of the
council. The clause provides that if one of the local unions
and an independent store with at least 25 employees agree
to reductions in labor costs, the same reductions will be
extended to the stores of the council members within the
jurisdiction of the local.
The 1,334 stores covered by the settlement are in an area
extending from San Luis Obispo to the Mexican border.
The stores are owned by Albertson’s, Alpha Beta, Boys,
Hughes, Lucky, Mayfair, Pioneer, Ralph’s, Safeway, Smith’s
Food King, Stater Bros., and Vons.
Employees rate coworkers’ performance
In an unusual move, Levi Strauss & Co. announced that
it will consider the opinions of fellow employees in deter
mining who to include in an impending layoff. A company
official said, “ Most of the people who are laid off will
clearly have not performed well enough to be retained.”
The new procedure will be useful in determining which of
the marginally satisfactory workers should be retained. The
layoff will total 400 employees. Under the new “ Objective
Judgment Quotient,” each of the 2,000 executive, sales,
and other nonunion white-collar employees will be rated by
a group of up to nine employees. Members of each group
will be selected by the worker being rated.
More than 300 factory workers have already been laid
off because of a decline in demand for blue jeans. The
company announced that an additional 2,500 will be laid
off by mid-1985 as a result of the closing of several plants
and cutbacks at others. In this case, the employees will not
have a voice in retention decisions. These workers also are
not represented by a union.
rn
Book Reviews
A bleak pattern that never changes
A Needle, A Bobbin, A Strike: Women Needleworkers in
America. Edited by Joan M. Jensen and Sue Dav
idson. Philadelphia, p a , Temple University Press, 1984.
304 pp. $29.95.
To read this collection of studies of women workers in
the garment industry is to risk discouragement. Yet, suprisingly, on reflection, a bit of optimism emerges. Joan
Jensen, professor of history at New Mexico State Univer
sity, and Sue Davidson, information director of the National
Female Advocacy Project, have jointly edited these histor
ical accounts of women needleworkers in 20th century strug
gles for better wages and working conditions. Jensen has
also provided summary introductions to each of three sec
tions covering the evolution of needlework technology and
department store marketing; the “ great uprisings” in a num
ber of major cities in the early 20th century; and the role
of women within the garment industry unions. Although
there is necessary repetition of similar circumstances in the
record of labor disputes in the second section, there is value
for labor historians, for women’s studies specialists, and,
among general readers, for women, in the cumulative effect
of successive accounts. There is less detail of day-to-day
lives of women workers (communicated so poignantly in
Richardson’s “ The Long Day,” or Foner’s Factory Girls),
but instead a clearer picture of the economic determinants
of their depressed status.
A recurring characteristic of women needleworkers, from
the 1900’s to the present, has been their immigrant status,
often accompanied by difficulty with the English language,
and sometimes by problems of “ illegal” status. Thus, there
is a short answer to the question as to why women continue
to endure the deplorable working conditions, the pressure
for impossible output quotas, and the minimal pay (or subminimal, where “ off the books” employment is accepted).
For such women, employment opportunities are limited, and
the family need for income is often desperate.
Considering the demand for labor in the garment industry,
it is clear that the typical small employer, contractor, or
jobber, also has limited options. In automobile, steel, and
other major industries, a few of the larger employers operate
in an environment of high capital requirements for entry
into the industry, with relatively long runs of standardized
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
products. The resulting financial strength and political power
arising from the less-competitive industry structure, has (in
the past) shielded producers’ profit margins by inhibiting
domestic as well as international competition, and thus has
permitted substantial improvements in wages and working
conditions through industry collective bargaining. In con
trast, the low capital requirements of jobbers serving major
clothing manufacturers, and the fashion-dominated short
production runs, assure a perpetual influx of small contrac
tors into the garment industry; the resultant low profit mar
gins in this highly competitive industry exert downward
pressure on wages and discourage concern for working con
ditions. The rising tide of clothing imports in recent years
has exacerbated the competitive pressure. In such a situa
tion, it is not surprising that union negotiators might make
concessions to preserve jobs in a particular geographical
area, prompting charges of “ sellout” by the predominantly
female labor force, who continue to be greatly underrepre
sented in the union hierarchy. Thus, a purely market ap
proach would predict that poorly educated immigrant women
with language difficulties, burdened with family responsi
bilities, who are forced for lack of feasible alternatives to
seek employment in a highly competitive industry (where
firms face competition from low-wage “ runaway employ
ers” moving West or South, as well as from lower-wage
foreign producers) would find only low wages and poor
working conditions. So much for pessimism.
Where then are there grounds for optimism? It is not
enough to point out that, although newly arrived workers
of both sexes have historically always been subject to low
wages and poor working conditions, within a generation or
two, the low-ranking groups will move up. (As the studies
in this collection indicate, the ethnic composition of the
U.S. garment industry has changed from the Italian, Jewish,
and Irish of the early 19th century to the Hispanic, Asian,
and Chicano workers of the 1980’s.) In the long run, we
are all dead, as John Maynard Keynes noted, and, for the
ill-paid, overworked women in the garment industry today,
improvements are overdue. Yet, as pointed out above, given
the competitive pressures, employers individually may be
powerless to alter the labor contract; union power reached
its zenith in the “ Protocol of Peace” after the New York
City strike in 1910, when employers welcomed its stabiliz
ing influence. But because so much of the garment industry
51
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Book Reviews
has moved South or West in recent years, New York City
no longer sets the terms of labor-management relations in
the industry. Under these conditions, how can one expect
improvements in workers’ lives?
The accounts in this volume of the dedication and per
severance of the women leaders among the garment work
ers— Bessie Abramovitz, Dorothy Jacobs Bellanca, Rose
Pesotta suggest that improvements may not be impossi
ble. Whether or not these women received their just due
from the male leadership of the Amalgamated Clothing and
Textile Workers Union ( a c t w u ) or the International Ladies’
Garment Workers’ Union ( i l g w u ) , they developed their
own powers, won the confidence of their coworkers, and
provided role models for succeeding generations of women.
Current leaders, whether male or female, must deal with
the competitive structure of the clothing industry, and the
increasing importance of imports from low-wage developing
countries. To this reviewer, it seems entirely possible that
strong women leaders in the garment industry can today use
the growing political power of women to protect workers
of both sexes from the dehumanizing aspects of excessive
competition.
Political action could achieve a strengthening of the reg
ulatory powers of State and Federal agencies, enforcement
of existing factory laws, and stricter inspections for con
formity to standards set by the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration ( o s h a ) for workplace safety. Such
policies, coupled with negotiated import limitations, could
bring a degree of order to the wage structure and working
conditions of the industry. Noting the resurgence of sweat
shops in New York and Los Angeles, where “ workers from
Latin America and Asia sew under conditions little better
than those that so outraged early 20th century reformers,”
the authors of the concluding essay suggest that women are
“ left to rely upon women’s traditional sources of su p p o rtfamily, religion, and a sisterhood of coworkers.” Instead,
a sisterhood of voters just might prove effective.
— B l a n c h e F it z p a t r ic k
Professor of Economics
Boston University
Book notes
Employment and Training R & D : Lessons Learned and Fu
ture Directions. Conference Proceedings of the Na
tional Council on Employment Policy, Jan. 26-27,
1984.) Edited by R. Thayne Robson. Kalamazoo, m i ,
The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research,
1984. 133 pp. $16.95, cloth; $11.95, paper.
This book presents a review of the programs conducted
by the Office of Policy, Evaluation and Research in the U.S.
Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Admin
istration. The National Council on Employment Policy com52
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
missioned four papers for its January 1984 meetings to assist
in examining present policy and developing recommenda
tions for the future. These papers are included in the book,
along with the Council’s policy statement, “ Appraising Em
ployment and Training Research.”
The authors of the four papers have all played important
roles in the development and management of research, pol
icy, and evaluation programs. The papers and the authors
are: “ Expanding the Knowledge Base for Informed Public
Policy,” by Eli Ginzberg; “ A Research Agenda for Em
ployment and Training Policy in the Eighties,” by Daniel
H. Saks; “ An Administrator’s Reflections,” by Howard
Rosen; and “ Policy Lessons From Three Labor Market Ex
periments, by Gary Burtless and Robert H. Haveman.
Employment Security in a Changing Workplace. By Edgar
Weinberg. Scarsdale, n y , Work in America Institute,
Inc., 1984. 69 pp. (Work in America Institute Studies
in Productivity, 34.) $35, paper. Available from Pergamon Press, Inc., Fairview Park, Elmsford, n y . 10523.
This comprehensive survey of the literature on job and
income security briefly reviews major studies made over the
past 50 years and deals with writings on the impact of change
and various programs designed to mitigate adverse effects
on employee security. Writings appear under five headings:
planning for change; marketing and production strategies;
sharing of available opportunities; income maintenance pro
grams; and reemployment assistance.
Books, studies, reports, and articles covered in 60 ab
stracts were selected to aid managers, union leaders, and
public officials in planning adjustments to technological and
other changes that alter production methods. Recent works
in industrial relations, economics, sociology, and manage
ment are also included.
Labor and the Environment: An Analysis o f and Annotated
Bibliography on Workplace Environmental Quality in
the United States. Compiled by Frederick H. Buttel,
Charles C. Geisler, Irving W. Wiswall. Westport, c t ,
Greenwood Press, 1984. 148 pp. $29.95.
There is “ a new energy pulsating in the country on behalf
of environmental protection.” The literature annotated in
Labor and the Environment documents the emerging alli
ance between labor and environmentalists. In the first sec
tion of the bibliography, citations to various works point to
the cooperation between labor and environmental interests
and demonstrate the extent to which labor is bringing new
vitality to the environmental movement. Annotations in the
second section provide commentary and critiques on benefitcost analysis by labor-environmental alliances and under
score the unity of their respective concerns.
This book should be of interest to those concerned with
the environment, economic management, labor organiza
tion, and contemporary sociology.
Medical Screening o f Workers. By Mark A. Rothstein.
Washington, The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.,
1984. 276 p p . $30, b n a Books, Distribution Center,
Rockville, m d 20850-3397.
Will medical screening protect susceptible workers and
prevent the economic consequences of job-related illnesses
and injuries? Will genetic screening protect the health of
workers or will it serve as a destructive tool for the purpose
of discrimination?
In this book, Mark A. Rothstein, Professor of Law at
West Virginia University, describes types of medical screen
ing, genetic screening, and reproductive hazards and how
medical information influences employer decisionmaking.
He also discusses legal issues involving the Occupational
Safety and Health Act, workers’ compensation, Title VII
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and other relevant Federal
and State laws. The book concludes with a discussion of
the economic, ethical, and societal consequences of medical
screening and suggests possible reform measures.
Health and safety
R e ic h , M ic h a e l R . a n d R o s e H . G o l d m a n ,
“ I ta lia n O c c u p a tio n a l
H e a lth : C o n c e p t s , C o n f l i c t s , I m p l i c a t i o n s , ”
nal of Public Health,
American Jour
S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 1 0 3 1 - 4 1 .
“ T h e C o r p o r a te R x f o r M e d ic a l C o s ts : A P u s h f o r R e v o lu tio n a r y
C h a n g e s in th e H e a lth C a r e I n d u s t r y , ”
Business Week,
O c t.
1 5 , 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g o n p . 1 3 8 .
U . S . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta t i s t i c s ,
on Stairs.
Injuries Resulting from Falls
P r e p a r e d b y L a r r y J o n e s a n d H e le n M c D o n a ld .
W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 8 4 , 19 p p . ( B u lle tin 2 2 1 4 .) S to c k N o . 0 2 9 0 0 1 - 0 2 8 2 5 - 3 . $ 1 . 7 5 , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h
in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 .
Industrial relations
C o u l s o n , R o b e r t,
A n o th e r
“ T h e A r b i t r a t o r ’s R o le in D is c h a r g e C a s e s :
Employee Relations Law Journal,
V ie w p o in t,”
S um m er 1984, pp. 6 1 -6 3 .
E p s te in , E d y th e ,
“ N e g o tia tin g O v e r T e c h n o l o g i c a l C h a n g e in
B a n k in g a n d I n s u r a n c e , ”
International Labour Review,
J u ly -
A ugust 1984, pp. 4 0 5 -2 2 .
Unionism Comes to the Public Sector.
F r e e m a n , R ic h a r d B . ,
C a m b r id g e ,
m a
, N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c .,
1 9 8 4 , 91 p p . ( n
b e r
W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s ,
1 4 5 2 .) $ 1 . 5 0 ,
p ap er.
K e e fe , P a t W e c h s le r,
Business Month,
Publications received
9 1 -1 0 4 .
B a k e r , R e g in a ld P . a n d D a v id S . N o r t h ,
Their First Five Years in America.
The 1975 Refugees:
W a s h in g to n , N ew T ra n s-
C e n tu r y F o u n d a t i o n , 1 9 8 4 , 1 8 6 p p . $ 1 1 , p a p e r .
Worker
Participation and American Unions: Threat or Opportunity?
K o c h a n , T h o m a s A . , H a r r y C . K a tz , N a n c y R . M o w e r ,
K a la m a z o o ,
“ N e i g h b o r h o o d C h a n g e s in N e w Y o r k C ity :
A r e th e G e n t r y R e tu r n i n g ? ”
American Demographics,
O c
t o b e r 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g o n p . 18.
Flexible Functional Forms and
Global Curvature Conditions. C a m b r i d g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u
r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . ,
1984. ( n
b e r
T e c h n ic a l
pp. 6 4 -7 7 .
M in tz , B e n ja m in W . ,
American
O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 3 2 - 3 3 .
Adjusting the
Gross Changes Data: Implications for Labor Market Dynam
ics. C a m b r i d g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h ,
W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s , 1 4 3 6 .) $ 1 .5 0 ,
History, Law and Policy.
W a s h in g
S u m m er 1984, pp. 4 8 -6 0 .
International economics
“ I n c o m e I n e q u a lity U n d e r S o v ie t S o c i a l i s m , ”
S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p .
The Journal of Economic Literature,
R ic h e , M a r th a F a r n s w o r t h ,
“ T h e S ta te o f th e S t a t e s ’ S ta te D a ta
American Demographics,
O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g
on p. 28.
A lp e ro v itz , G a r an d Je ff F a u x ,
Rebuilding America: A Blueprint
for the New Economy. N e w Y o r k , P a n th e o n B o o k s , 1 9 8 4 ,
3 1 9 p p . $ 1 0 .9 5 , p a p e r.
E c o n o m ic C o u n c il o f C a n a d a ,
C hu,
K e - Y o u n g a n d T h o m a s K . M o r r is o n ,
“ T h e 1 9 8 1 -8 2
R e c e s s io n a n d N o n - O il P r im a r y C o m m o d ity P r i c e s , ” Inter
national Monetary Fund Staff Papers,
M a rc h 1 9 8 4 , p p . 9 3 -
140.
Western Transition.
n o m ic C o u n c il o f C a n a d a ,
O tta w a , E c o
1 9 8 4 , 2 6 0 p p . $ 9 .9 5 , C a n a d a ;
$ 1 1 . 9 5 , o t h e r c o u n tr ie s . A v a ila b le f r o m th e C a n a d ia n G o v
e r n m e n t P u b lis h in g C e n te r , S u p p ly a n d S e r v ic e s C a n a d a , O t
M o n t g o m e r y , T o m m ie S u e , e d . ,
D r o u e t, P ie r r e ,
“ T h e R e s tr u c tu r in g o f th e P e tr o le u m R e f in in g
S e c to r a n d Its S o c ia l C o n s e q u e n c e s , ” International Labour
Review,
J u ly - A u g u s t 1 9 8 4 , p p . 4 2 3 - 4 0 .
F a i r la m b , D a v id ,
ta w a .
Mexico Today.
P h ila d e lp h ia ,
, I n s titu te f o r th e S tu d y o f H u m a n I s s u e s , 1 9 8 2 , 1 4 0 p p .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 0 5 2 -9 9 .
C a v e s , R ic h a r d E . a n d L a w r e n c e B . K r a u s e , e d s . ,
The Australian
Economy: A View from the North. W a s h in g to n , T h e B r o o k
in g s I n s titu tio n , 1 9 8 4 , 4 1 5 p p . $ 3 2 . 9 5 , c lo th ; $ 1 2 . 9 5 , p a p e r .
Economic growth and development
p a
Law Journal,
B e rg s o n , A b ra m ,
p ap er.
C e n t e r s ,”
:
P h illip s , J o h n R . ,
“ T h e ir O w n B r a n d o f I n d u s tr ia l J u s tic e : A r
b i t r a to r s ’ E x c e s s e s in D is c h a r g e C a s e s . ” Employee Relations
P o te r b a , J a m e s M . a n d L a w r e n c e H . S u m m e r s ,
b e r
o s h a
t o n , T h e B u r e a u o f N a tio n a l A f fa ir s , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 , 7 7 0 p p . $ 6 5 ,
c lo th ; $ 3 5 , s tu d e n ts .
“ W hat L anguage D o Y ou S peak?”
I n c . , 19 8 4 , 3 7 p p . ( n
T h e W . E . U p jo h n I n s titu te f o r E m p lo y m e n t
L a n d s m a n , R o b e rt J .,
“ D u a l M o tiv e T e r m in a tio n s : T h e S h if tin g
B u r d e n s , ” Employee Relations Law Journal, S u m m e r 1 9 8 4 ,
P a p e r S e r i e s , 4 0 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r .
Demographics,
m i,
R e s e a r c h , 1 9 8 4 , 2 0 2 p p . $ 1 7 . 9 5 , c lo th ; $ 1 2 .9 5 , p a p e r .
D ie w e r t , W . E . a n d T . J . W a l e s ,
M c A r t h u r , E d ith ,
Dun’s
K ie rz k o w s k i, H e n ry k ,
“ T r a d e U n io n s , W a g e R e la tiv itie s a n d
E m p l o y m e n t , ” Australian Economic Papers, J u n e 1 9 8 4 , p p .
Economic and social statistics
C h a ll , D a n ie l E . ,
“ W o r k e r s T a k e It o n th e C h i n , ”
O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g o n p . 1 2 5 .
ness Month,
“ E u r o p e ’s G r im J o b O u t l o o k , ”
Dun’s Busi
O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g o n p . 1 3 3 .
F r ie d , E d w a r d R . a n d P h ilip H . T r e z i s e , e d s . ,
U.S.-Canadian
53
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Book Reviews
Economic Relations: Next Steps? W a s h in g to n ,
T h e B r o o k in g s
I n s t i t u t i o n , 1 9 8 4 , 141 p p . $ 9 .9 5 , p a p e r .
G a t e l y , D e r m o t , “ A T e n - Y e a r R e tr o s p e c tiv e :
o pec
a n d th e W o r ld
“ R a tio n a l E x p e c ta tio n s ,
G r a d u a l P r ic e A d ju s tm e n t a n d M o n e ta r y P o lic y in A u s t r a l i a , ”
Australian Economic Papers,
C a m b r id g e ,
, T h e m i t P re s s
The Effects of Market Demand, Technological
Opportunity and Research Spillovers on r & d Intensity and
Productivity Growth. C a m b r id g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f
Ja ffe , A d a m B .,
E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 , 3 9 p p . ( n
S e r ie s , 1 4 3 2 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r .
b e r
W o r k in g P a p e r
Ju n e 1984, pp. 7 9 - 9 0 .
“ I n te r n a tio n a l S e m i n a r o n M a c r o e c o n o m ic s ,”
nomic Review, J u n e 1 9 8 4 , p p . 1 - 1 4 8 .
“ N e w F ig u r e s o n A id to D e v e lo p in g C o u n t r i e s , ”
server, J u l y 1 9 8 4 , p p . 2 6 - 2 9 .
P e n a t i , A l e s s a n d r o a n d M ic h a e l D o o le y ,
European Eco
Wages and compensation
C o n lo n , T h o m a s R . a n d A s s o c ia te s ,
The OECD Ob
“ C u rren t A c co u n t Im
1984,
D e e r P ark , l
1984, 46 pp. $95.
L u n d b e r g , S h e lly ,
e
Executive Compensation Study,
, n y , T h o m a s R . C o n lo n & A s s o c i a t e s ’,
Tied Wage-Hours Offers and the Endogeneity
b a l a n c e s a n d C a p ita l F o r m a tio n in I n d u s tr ia l C o u n t r i e s , 1 9 4 9 -
of Wages,
8 1 , ” International Monetary
pp. 1 -2 4 .
R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 , 18 p p . ( n
1 4 3 1 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r .
Fund Staff Papers,
S h o v e n , J o h n B . a n d J o h n W h a lle y ,
M a rc h 1984
“ A p p lie d G e n e r a l - E q u i l i b
r iu m M o d e ls o f T a x a tio n a n d I n te r n a tio n a l T r a d e : A n I n tr o
d u c tio n a n d S u r v e y , ” The Journal
S e p te m b e r 1984. p p . 1 0 0 7 -5 1 .
S p y ro p o u lo s , G e o rg e s ,
m a
1 9 8 4 , 1 8 7 p p . $ 1 7 .5 0 .
O il M a r k e t , ’ The Journal of Economic Literature, S e p te m b e r
1984, p p . 1 1 0 0 -1 4 .
H o r n e , J o c e l y n a n d Ia n M . M c D o n a ld ,
ogy in a Post-lndustrial Age.
of Economic Literature,
“ W o r k in g C o n d itio n s in th e I n d u s tr ia l
N a tio n s : W h a t L ie s A h e a d , ” International
Ju ly -A u g u s t 1 9 8 4 , p p . 3 9 1 - 4 0 4 .
Labour Review,
C a m b rid g e ,
m a
, N a tio n a l
b e r
B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic
W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s
Area Wage Surveys: Green Bay,
Wisconsin, Metropolitan Area, August 1984 ( B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 2 9 , 3 9 p p . , $ 2 .2 5 ) ; South Bend, Indiana, Metropolitan Area,
August 1984 ( B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 - 3 2 , 2 8 p p . , $ 1 .7 5 ) ; Greens
boro— Winston-Salem—High Point, North Carolina, Met
ropolitan Area, August 1984 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 - 3 4 , 3 0 p p ., $ 1 .7 5 ) ;
Billings, Montana, Metropolitan Area, July 1984 ( B u lle tin
U .S . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s ,
3 0 2 5 —3 3 , 2 6 p p . , $ 1 .7 5 ) . A v a ila b le f r o m th e S u p e r in te n d e n t
o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 ,
r e g io n a l o f fic e s .
Monetary and fiscal policy
M a n c h e s te r , J o y c e ,
“ M o r tg a g e F in a n c e : W h y N o t plam’s [P ric e -
le v e l - a d j u s t e d m o r tg a g e s ] ? ” Economic Review,, F e d e r a l R e
s e r v e B a n k o f K a n s a s C ity , S e p te m b e r - O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 n n
3 1 -4 4 .
M il l e r , G le n n H . , J r . ,
“ A lte r n a tiv e s to th e C u r r e n t I n d iv id u a l
I n c o m e T a x , ” Economic Review, F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f
K a n s a s C ity , S e p t e m b e r - O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 3 - 1 6 .
M i t c h e ll , K a r ly n ,
“ C a p ita l A d e q u a c y a t C o m m e r c ia l B a n k s , ”
Economic Review,
F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f K a n s a s C ity ,
S e p t e m b e r - O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 1 7 - 3 0 .
W ils o n , M a rily n ,
“ T h e B u d g e t: N o th in g Is ‘U n c o n t r o l l a b l e ’ , ”
O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 6 2 - 6 4 .
Dun’s Business Month,
Retail Pricing, the Time Distribution of
Transactions, and Clearance Sales. C a m b r id g e , m a , N a tio n a l
B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 , 4 5 p p . ( n b e r
W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s , 1 4 4 6 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r .
“ F u ll C o s t P ric in g : A N e w W in e in a N e w B o t t l e , ”
Australian Economic Papers,
Ju n e 1984, pp. 1 5 1 -6 6 .
Productivity and technological change
H irsc h h o rn , L a rry ,
Beyond Mechanization: Work and Technol
54
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
bls
and Clerical Pay, March 1984.
P re p a re d b y M a rk S. S i d
in g . W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 8 4 , 91 p p . ( B u lle tin 2 2 0 8 .) S to c k N o .
0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 2 8 2 6 - 1 . $ 4 , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h
in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 .
Welfare programs and social insurance
Consumption During Retirement: The
Missing Link in the Life Cycle. R e p r in te d f r o m th e Review of
Economics and Statistics, F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 4 , p p . 1 - 7 . C a m
H a m e r m e s h , D a n ie l S . ,
b r i d g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . ,
1 9 8 4 . ( n b e r R e p r in t N o . 5 1 7 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r .
The New American Poverty.
N e w Y o rk ,
H o lt, R i n e h a r t a n d W in s to n , 1 9 8 4 , 271 p p . $ 1 7 .9 5 .
L a z e a r, E d w a rd P .,
L e e , F. S .,
B o o k s to r e s , o r
-------- National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical
H a r r i n g t o n , M ic h a e l,
Prices and living conditions
g po
Worker training and development
Employing Our
Youth: Meeting the Need for Employment and Training. ( P r o
L e a v i t t, R o y L . a n d S u s a n M a c D o n a ld , e d s . ,
c e e d in g s o f a R e s e a r c h U tiliz a tio n W o r k s h o p , D e c . 7 , 1 9 8 3 .)
N e w Y o r k , C o m m u n ity C o u n c il o f G r e a te r N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 4 .
59 p p . $ 8 , p a p e r.
M a rrs, T e x e a n d K a re n R e a d ,
Service.
C o c k e y s v ille , m
168 p p . $ 7 .9 5 , p a p e r.
d
Every woman’s Guide to Military
, L ib e rty P u b lis h in g C o ., I n c ., 1 9 8 4 ,
Current
Labor Statistics
Motes on Current Labor Statistics.....................................................................................................
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series
Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes
1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 ................................
2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted
3. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted ...................
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Selected employment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted .......................................................................................................................
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally a d ju sted ..................................................................................................................
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ...........................................................................................................
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally ad ju sted ...................................................................................
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted................................................................................................................................
Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Employment, by industry, selected years, 1950-83 .........................................................................................................................
Employment, by State .............................................................................................................................................................................
Employment, by industry, seasonally adjusted .................................................................................................................................
Average hours and earnings, by industry, 1968-83 .........................................................................................................................
Average weekly hours, by industry, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................
Average hourly earnings, by industry .................................................................................................................................................
Hourly Earnings Index, by industry......................................................................................................................................................
Average weekly earnings, by industry.................................................................................................................................................
Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased, seasonally a d ju sted ............................................................
Unemployment insurance data. Definitions
18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations
....................................................................................................
Price data. Definitions and notes
19. Consumer Price Index, 1967-83 ..........................................................................................................................................................
20. Consumer Price Index, U .S. city average, general summary and selected i t e m s ....................................................................
21. Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c l a s s ......................................................................
22.
23.
24.
25.
Consumer Price Index, selected areas .................................................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ...............................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ..........................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity groupings .............................................................................................................
26. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ............................................................................................................................
27. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ...............................................................................................
Productivity data. Definitions and notes
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years, 1950-83 ...............................................
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-83 .......................
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1973-83 ..................................................
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted ...........................
Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s...........
Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group ......................................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group ...............................................................
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size ....................................
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to d a te ....................................................
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date ..................
Work stoppage data. Definition
38. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date .............................................................................................
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NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series
collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief
introduction to each group of tables provides definitions, notes on
the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes.
Readers who need additional information are invited to consult
the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cover of this
issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series
are given below.
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to
eliminate the effect o f such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro
duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods,
and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements
o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea
sonally adjusted.’’ Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past
experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions
may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the
February 1984 issue o f the R e v i e w , to reflect experience through 1983.
Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications
in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the
data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -l 1/
ARIMA, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the
standard X - l l method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in
T h e X - l l A R I M A S e a s o n a l A d j u s t m e n t M e t h o d by Estela Bee Dagum
(Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second
change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the
first 6 months o f the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are
calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions o f historical
data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables
11, 13, and 15 were made in July 1984 using the X - ll ARIMA seasonal
adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in
tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally
adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from
quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer
Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published
for the U.S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent
changes are available for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the
effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current
dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component
of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly
wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100,
the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The
resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.
Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section
are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources.
Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the
Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule
given below. More information from household and establishment surveys
is provided in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , a monthly publication o f the
Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume
data book—L a b o r F o r c e S t a t i s t i c s D e r i v e d F r o m th e C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n
S u r v e y , Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in
two data b o o k s - E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , U n i t e d S t a t e s , and E m p l o v m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , S t a t e s a n d A r e a s , and their annual supplements. More
detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining
appears in the monthly periodical, C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e l o p m e n t s . More
detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the
C P I D e t a i l e d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P r i c e s a n d P r i c e I n d e x e s .
Symbols
P = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre
liminary figures are issued based on representative but in
complete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of
later data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
S ch ed u le o f release d ates fo r B LS statistical series
Series
Employment situation
................
Producer Price Index
. ,
Release
date
Period
covered
December 7
November
December 14
November
Release
date
Period
covered
Release
date
January 9
December
February 1
January
1-11
January 11
December
February 15
January
23-27
Period
covered
MLR table
Consumer Price Index . . .
December 20
November
January 23
December
February 26
January
19-22
Real e a rn in g s ...................
December 20
November
January 23
December
February 26
January
12-16
January (1)
4th quarter
4th quarter
29-32
Productivity and costs:
Nonfarm business and manufacturing . . .
Nonfinancial Corporations . . .
Employment Cost In d e x .............
January 29
Major collective bargaining settlements . . . .
January 24
1984
U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes . . . .
January 31
4th quarter
1Date not available.
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29-32
. 1.
4th quarter
36-37
EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
in this section are obtained from the Current
Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S population 16 years of age and older. House
holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months.
Em plo ym en t d ata
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any
time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who
worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and
(2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of
illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the
Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em
ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in
the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had
looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look
for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within
the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall
unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of
the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment
1.
rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent
of the civilian labor force.
The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus
members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not
in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed;
this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own
housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to
work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work
because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily
idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of
age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani
tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members o f the
Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation
rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor
force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including
the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments
are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating
errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara
bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description o f these ad
justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory
Notes of E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s .
Data in tables 2 - 8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex
perience through December 1983.
E m ploym ent status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3
[Numbers in thousands]
Labor force
Unemployed
Employed
Year
Noninsti
tutional
population
Number
Percent of
population
Civilian
Total
Percent ot
population
Armed
Forces
Total
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent of
labor
torce
Not in
labor torce
1950
1955
1960
................
................
................
106,164
111,747
119,106
63,377
67,087
71,489
59.7
60.0
60.0
60,087
64,234
67,639
56.6
57.5
56.8
1,169
2,064
1,861
58,918
62,170
65,778
7,160
6,450
5,458
51,758
55,722
60,318
3,288
2,852
3,852
5.2
4.3
5.4
42,787
44,660
46,617
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
................
................
................
................
................
128,459
130,180
132,092
134,281
136,573
76,401
77,892
79,565
80,990
82,972
59.5
59.8
60.2
60.3
60.8
73,034
75,017
76,590
78,173
80,140
56.9
57.6
58.0
58.2
58.7
1,946
2,122
2,218
2,253
2,238
71,088
72,895
74,372
75,920
77,902
4,361
3,979
3,844
3,817
3,606
66,726
68,915
70,527
72,103
74,296
3,366
2,875
2,975
2,817
2,832
4.4
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.4
52,058
52,288
52,527
53,291
53,602
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
................
................
................
................
................
139,203
142,189
145,939
148,870
151,841
84,889
86,355
88,847
91,203
93,670
61.0
60.7
60.9
61.3
61.7
80,796
81,340
83,966
86,838
88,515
58.0
57.2
57.5
58.3
58.3
2,118
1,973
1,813
1,774
1,721
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
3,463
3,394
3,484
3,470
3,515
75,215
75,972
78,669
81,594
83,279
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,355
5,156
4.8
5.8
5.5
4.8
5.5
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
.
................
. ...
................
................
154,831
157,818
160,689
163,541
166,460
95,453
97,826
100,665
103,882
106,559
61.6
62.0
62.6
63.5
64.0
87,524
90,420
93,673
97,679
100,421
56.5
57.3
58.3
59.7
60.3
1,678
1,668
1,656
1,631
1,597
85,845
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
3,408
3,331
3,283
3,387
3,347
82,438
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
8.3
7.6
6.9
6.0
5.8
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980
1981
1982
1983
................
................
................
................
169,349
171,775
173,939
175,891
108,544
110,315
111,872
113,226
64.1
65.2
64.3
64.4
100,907
102,042
101,194
102,510
59.6
59.4
58.2
58.3
1,604
1,645
1,668
1,676
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
3,364
3,368
3,401
3,383
95,938
97,030
96,125
97,450
7,637
8,273
10,578
10,717
7.0
7.5
9.5
9.5
60,806
61,460
62,067
62,665
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57
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
2.
E m p lo ym en t statu s o f th e p o pu lation , including A rm ed Forces in the U nited S tates, by sex, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and sex
Annual average
1983
1984
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
173,939
111,872
64.3
101,194
58.2
1,668
99,526
3,401
96,125
10,678
9.5
62,067
175,465
112,646
64.2
101,277
57.7
1,671
99,606
3,392
96,214
11,369
10.1
62,819
176,474
113,561
64.3
103,665
58.7
1,695
101,970
3,240
98,730
9,896
8.7
62,913
176,636
113,720
64.4
104,291
59.0
1,685
102,606
3,257
99,349
9,429
8.3
62,916
176,809
113,824
64.4
104,629
59.2
1,688
102,941
3,356
99,585
9,195
8.1
62,985
177,219
113,901
64.3
104,876
59.2
1,686
103,190
3,271
99,918
9,026
7.9
63,318
177,363
114,377
64.5
105,576
59.5
1,684
103,892
3,395
100,496
8,801
7.7
62,986
177,510
114,598
64.6
105,826
59.6
1,686
104,140
3,281
100,859
8,772
7.7
62,912
177,662
114,938
64.7
106,095
59.7
1.693
104,402
3,393
101,009
8,843
7.7
62,724
177,813
115,493
65.0
106,978
60.2
1,690
105,288
3,389
101,899
8,514
7.4
62,320
177,974
115,567
64.9
107,438
60.4
1,690
105,748
3,403
102,344
8,130
7.0
62,407
178,138
115,636
64.9
107,093
60.1
1,698
105,395
3,345
102,050
8,543
7.4
62,503
178,295
115,206
64.6
106,681
59.8
1,712
104,969
3,224
101,744
8,526
7.4
63,089
178,483
115,419
64.7
106.959
59.9
1,720
105,239
3,315
101,923
8,460
7.3
63,064
178,661
115,722
64.8
107,291
60.1
1,705
105,586
3,114
102,472
8,431
7.3
62,939
83,052
63,979
77.0
57,800
69.6
1,527
56,271
6,179
9.7
84,064
64,580
76.8
58,320
69.4
1,533
56,787
6,260
9.7
84,344
64,709
76.7
58,950
69.9
1,543
57,407
5,759
8.9
84,423
64,846
76.8
59,389
70.3
1,534
57,855
5,457
8.4
84,506
64,838
76.7
59,580
70.5
1,537
58,043
5,258
8.1
84,745
64,930
76.6
59,781
70.5
1,542
58,239
5,149
7.9
84,811
65,093
76.8
60,147
70.9
1,540
58,607
4,946
7.6
84,880
65,156
76.8
60,290
71.0
1,542
58,748
4,867
7.5
84,953
65,212
76.8
60,293
71.0
1,548
58,745
4,919
7.5
85,024
65,307
76.8
60,629
71.3
1,545
59,084
4,678
7.2
85,101
65,452
76.9
60,923
71.6
1,545
59,378
4,529
6.9
85,179
65,362
76.7
60,607
71.2
1,551
59,056
4,756
7.3
85,257
65,244
76.5
60,661
71.2
1,563
59,098
4,583
7.0
85,352
65,614
76.9
60,912
71.4
1,571
57,341
4,702
7.2
85,439
65,603
76.8
61,023
71.4
1,557
59,466
4,580
7.0
90,887
47,894
52.7
43,395
47.7
139
43,256
4,499
9.4
91,827
48,646
53.0
44,190
48.1
143
44,047
4,457
9.2
92,129
48,852
53.0
44,715
48,5
152
44,563
4,137
8.5
92,214
48,874
53.0
44,902
48.7
151
44,751
3,972
8.1
92,302
48,986
53.1
45,049
48.8
151
44,898
3,937
8.0
92,474
48,971
53.0
45,094
48.8
144
44,950
3,876
7.9
92,552
49,283
53.2
45,429
49.1
144
45,285
3,855
7.8
92,630
49,442
53.4
45,536
49.2
144
45,392
3.905
7.9
92,709
49,725
53.6
45,802
49.4
145
45,657
3,924
7.9
92,789
50,186
54.1
46,350
50.0
145
46,205
3,836
7.6
92,873
50,115
54.0
46,515
50.1
145
46,370
3,600
7.2
92,958
50,273
54.1
46,486
50.0
147
46,339
3,787
7.5
93,039
49,963
53.7
46,020
49.5
149
45,871
3,943
7.9
93,132
49,804
53.5
46,047
49.4
149
45,898
3,758
7.5
93,222
50,119
53.8
46,268
49.6
148
46,120
3,852
7.7
TOTAL
Nonlnstitutional population1' 2 . . . .
Labor force2 .................................
Participation rate3 ................
Total employed2
Employment-population rate4 . . . .
Resident Armed Forces1 . . .
Civilian e m p lo y e d ................
Agriculture ................
Nonagricultural in d u s trie s ................
U n e m p lo y e d ..........................
Unemployment rate5 ................
Not in iabor force .......................
Men, 16 years and over
Noninstitutional population1' 2 . . ,
Labor force2 .................................
Participation rate3 .............................
Total employed2 .............................
Employment-population rate4 . . . .
Resident Armed Forces1 ......................
Civilian e m p lo y e d ...................................
Unemployed ................................................
Unemployment rate5 .........................
Women, 16 years and over
Noninstitutional population1' 2 ..........................
Labor force2 ...................................................
Participation rate3 .............................
Total employed2 ..........................................
Employment-population rate4 . . . .
Resident Armed corces1 ...................
Civilian e m p lo y e d ...................................
U n e m p lo y e d ................................................
Unemployment rate5 ..........................
1The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
2 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed In the United States.
3 Labor force as a percent of the nonlnstitutional population.
58
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4Total employed as a percent of the nonlnstitutional population.
5 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (Including the resident Armed Forces).
3.
E m p lo ym en t status of the civilian popu lation by sex, age, race, and H ispanic origin, seasonally adjusted
[N um bers in thousands]
1984
1983
Annual average
Employment status
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
172,271
110,204
64.0
99,526
57.8
10,678
9.7
62,067
174,215
111,550
64.0
100,834
57.9
10,717
9.6
62,665
174,779
111,866
64.0
101,970
58.3
9,896
8.8
62,913
174,951
112,035
64.0
102,606
58.6
9,429
8.4
62,916
175,121
112,136
64.0
102,941
58.8
9,195
8.2
62,985
175,533
112,215
63.9
103,190
58.8
9,026
8.0
63,318
175,679
112,693
64.1
103,892
59.1
8,801
7.8
62,986
175,824
112,912
64.2
104,140
59.2
8,772
7.8
62,912
73,644
57,980
78.7
52,891
71.8
2,422
50,469
5,089
8.8
74,872
58,744
78.5
53,4897
71.4
2,429
51,058
5,257
8.9
75,216
58,949
78.4
54,140
72.0
2,376
51,764
4,809
8.2
75,327
59,053
78.4
54,457
72.3
2,336
52,121
4,596
7.8
75,433
59,050
78.3
54,658
72.5
2,374
52,284
4,392
7.4
75,692
59,299
78.3
54,999
72.7
2,356
52,643
4,300
7.3
75,786
59,394
78.4
55,266
72.9
2,409
52,857
4,128
7.0
82,864
43,699
52.7
40,086
48.4
601
39,485
3,613
8.3
84,069
44,636
53.1
41,004
48.8
620
40,384
3,632
8.1
84,443
44,936
53.2
41,570
49.2
597
40,973
3,366
7.5
84,553
44,953
53.2
41,738
49.4
638
41,100
3,215
7.2
84,666
45,024
53.2
41,843
49.4
653
41,190
3,181
7.1
84,860
44,981
53.0
41,798
49.3
625
41,174
3,182
7.1
15,763
8,526
54.1
6,549
41.5
378
6,171
1,977
23.2
15,274
8,171
53.5
6,342
41.5
334
6,008
1,829
22.4
15,120
7,981
52.8
6,260
41.4
267
5,993
1,721
21.6
15,072
8,029
53.3
6,411
42.5
283
6,128
1,618
20.2
15,022
8,062
53.7
6,440
42.9
329
6,111
1,622
20.1
149.441
96,143
64.3
87,903
58.8
8,241
8.6
150.805
97,021
64.3
88,893
58.9
8,128
8.4
151,175
97,339
64.4
89,851
59.4
7,488
7.7
151,324
97,559
64.5
90,430
59.8
7,129
7.3
18,584
11,331
61.0
9,189
49.4
2,142
18.9
18,925
11,647
61.5
9,375
49.5
2,272
19.5
19,026
11,565
60.8
9,449
49.7
2,116
18.3
9,400
5,983
63.6
5,158
54.9
825
13.8
12,771
8,119
63.6
6,995
54.8
1.124
13.8
9,745
6,165
63.3
5,398
55.4
767
12.4
Apr.
May
June
July
175,969
113,245
64.4
104,402
59.3
8,843
7.8
62,724
176,123
113,803
64.6
105,288
59 8
8,514
7.5
62,320
176,284
113,877
64.6
105,748
60.0
8,130
7.1
62,407
176,440
113,938
64.6
105,395
59.7
8,543
7.5
62,502
176,583
113,494
64.3
104,969
59.4
8,526
7.5
63,089
176,763
113,699
64.3
105,239
59.5
8,460
7.4
63,064
176,956
114,017
64.4
105,586
59.7
8,431
7.4
62,939
75,880
59,388
78.3
55,368
73.0
2,364
53,004
4,020
6.8
75,973
59,480
78.3
55,385
72.9
2,453
52,932
4,095
6.9
76,073
59,546
78.3
55,685
73.2
2,451
53,234
3,861
6.5
76,176
59,726
78.4
55,970
73.5
2,469
53,501
3,755
6.3
76,269
59,694
78.3
55,789
73.1
2,455
53,334
3,906
6.5
76,350
59,752
78.3
55,899
73.2
2,392
53,507
3,853
6.4
76,451
59,898
78.3
56,022
73.3
2,403
53,620
3,875
6.5
76,565
59,971
78.3
56,213
73.4
2,316
53,898
3,758
6.3
84,962
45,258
53.3
42,138
49.6
640
41,498
3,120
6.9
85,064
45,459
53.4
42.315
49.7
574
41,741
3,144
6.9
85,168
45,703
53.7
42,517
49.9
619
41,898
3,186
7.0
85,272
46,222
54.2
43,098
50.5
610
42,487
3,124
6.8
85,380
46,101
54.0
43,146
50.5
623
42,523
2,955
6.4
85,488
46,261
54.1
43,088
50.4
573
42,515
3,173
6.9
85,581
46,082
53.8
42,819
50.0
563
42,255
3,264
7.1
85,688
45,859
53.5
42,807
50.5
595
42,212
3,053
6.7
85,793
46,220
53.9
43,016
50.1
554
42,462
3,204
6.9
14,981
7,935
53.0
6,392
42.7
290
6,102
1,543
19.4
14,931
8,041
53.9
6,488
43.5
346
6,142
1,553
19.3
14,880
8,065
54.2
6,457
43.4
343
6,114
1,608
19.9
14,828
8,062
54.4
6,500
43.8
321
6,179
1,562
19.4
14,778
8,034
54.4
6,505
44.0
327
6,178
1,529
19.0
14,728
8,050
54.7
6,631
45.0
311
6,320
1,419
17.6
14,683
7,982
54.4
6,518
44.4
317
6,201
1,464
18.3
14,653
7,660
52.3
6,251
42.7
269
5,982
1,409
18.4
14,624
7,942
54.3
6,410
43.8
318
6,092
1,532
19.3
14,598
7,826
53.6
6,356
43.5
244
6,112
1,470
18.8
151,484
97,724
64.5
90,779
59.9
6,945
7.1
151,939
97,813
64.4
91,044
59.9
6,768
6.9
152,079
98,167
64.6
91,544
60.2
6,623
6.7
152,285
98,424
64.6
91.845
60.3
6,580
6.7
152,178
98,495
64.7
91,933
60.4
6,562
6.7
152,229
98,853
64.9
92,505
60.8
6,348
6.4
152,295
98,770
64.9
92,697
60.9
6,072
6.1
152,286
98,710
64.8
92,430
60.7
6,280
6.4
152,402
98,156
64.4
91,850
60.3
6,306
6.4
152,471
98,388
64.5
92,074
60.4
6,314
6.4
152,605
98,520
64.6
92,249
60 4
6.271
6.4
19,057
11,623
61.0
9,563
50.2
2,060
17.7
19,086
11,650
61.0
9,582
50.2
2,068
17.8
19,196
11,660
60.7
9,707
50.6
1,953
16.7
19,222
11,881
61.8
9,958
51.8
1,923
16.2
19,248
11,867
61.7
9,896
51.4
1,972
16.6
19,274
11,934
61.9
9,923
51.5
2,011
16.8
19,302
12,008
62.5
10,105
52.4
1,903
15.8
19,330
11,962
61.9
10,168
52.6
1,795
15.0
19,360
12,076
62.4
10,041
51 9
2,035
16.9
19,386
12,176
62.8
10,226
52.8
1,950
16.0
19,416
12,079
62.2
10,259
52 8
1,820
15.1
19,449
12,185
62.7
10,314
53.0
1.872
15.4
9,677
6,232
64.4
5,463
56.5
769
12.3
9,735
6,267
64.4
5,540
56.9
727
11.6
9,778
6,336
64.8
5,627
57.6
708
11.2
9,906
6,292
63.5
5,652
57.1
639
10.2
10,080
6.484
64.3
5,751
57.1
733
11.3
10,072
6,378
63.3
5,643
56.0
735
11.5
10,026
6,332
63.2
5,666
56.5
666
10.5
9,824
6,298
64.1
5,669
57.7
629
10.0
9,738
6,293
64.6
5,626
57.8
667
10.6
9,785
6,271
64.1
5,600
57.2
672
10.7
9,713
6,328
65.2
5,650
58.2
678
10.7
9,794
6,339
64.7
5,649
57.7
689
10.9
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................
Civilian labor f o r c e ..........................................
Participation r a t e ................................
Employed ...................................................
Employment-population ratio2 . . . .
U n e m p lo ye d ................................................
Unemployment rate ..........................
Not in labor force ..........................................
Men, 20 years and over
Employed
...................................................
A g ricu ltu re ................................................
Nonagricultural industries ...................
Unemployment rate
.........................
Women, 20 years and over
Employment-population ratio2 . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployment rate
...................
.........................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................
Employment-population ratio2 . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployment rate
...................
.........................
White
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................
Employment-population ratio2 . . . .
U n e m p lo ye d ................................................
Unemployment rate .........................
Black
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................
Civilian labor f o r c e .........................................
Participation r a t e ................................
Employment-population ratio2 . . . .
U n e m p lo ye d ................................................
Unemployment rate .........................
Hispanic origin
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................
Civilian labor f o r c e .........................................
Participation r a t e ................................
Employment-population ratio2
Unemployment rate
.........................
1The population figures are not seasonally adjusted.
C ivilia n employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for
the "other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
population groups.
59
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
4.
Selected em ploym ent indicators, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual average
1983
1984
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
99,526
56,271
43,256
38,074
24,053
5,099
100,834
56,787
44,047
37,967
24,603
5,091
101,970
57,407
44,563
38,240
24,953
5,172
102,606
57,855
44,751
38,388
25,057
5,236
102,941
58,043
44,898
38,494
25,140
5,254
103,190
58,239
44,950
38,682
24,947
5,293
103,892
58,607
45,285
38,911
25,212
5,346
104,140
58,748
45,392
38,927
25,239
5,444
104,402
58,745
45,657
39,062
25,457
5,491
105,288
59,084
46,205
39,159
25,722
5,668
105,748
59,378
46,370
39,072
25,786
5,688
105,395
59,056
46,339
39,121
25,716
5,662
104,969
59,098
45,871
39,029
25,764
5,507
105,239
59,341
45,898
39,034
25,641
5,412
105,586
59,466
46,120
39,023
25,891
5,344
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers ...................................
Seif-employed workers ......................................
Unpaid family w o rk e rs .........................................
1,505
1,636
261
1,579
1,565
240
1,505
1,527
227
1,481
1,556
224
1,512
1,572
265
1,443
1,613
233
1,560
1,609
232
1,515
1,580
198
1,661
1,534
207
1,610
1,537
246
1,604
1,570
212
1,513
1,559
230
1,425
1,568
208
1,569
1,569
187
1,481
1,479
173
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers ...................................
G overnm ent...................................................
Private in d u s trie s .........................................
Private households ............................
Other ......................................................
Self-employed workers ......................................
Unpaid family w o rk e rs .........................................
88,462
15,562
72,945
1,207
71,738
7,262
401
89,500
15,537
73,963
1,247
72,716
7,575
376
90,617
15,578
75,039
1,278
73,761
7,695
405
91,094
15,585
75,509
1,216
74,293
7,800
474
91,422
15,481
75,941
1,241
74,700
7,734
450
91,641
15,535
76,106
1,197
74,909
7,936
364
92,379
15,822
76,557
1,219
75,339
7,849
330
92,819
15,813
77,006
1,155
75,851
7,755
326
92,931
15,784
77,147
1,296
75,851
7,834
338
93,928
15,761
78,167
1,347
76,820
7,707
311
94,040
15,685
78,355
1,329
77,026
7,828
348
93,841
15,604
78,236
1,239
76,997
7,717
306
93,554
15,782
77,772
1,181
76,591
7,829
324
94,122
15,959
78,163
1,185
76,979
7,721
314
94,369
16,046
78,323
1,209
77,114
7,775
312
90,552
72,245
5,852
2,169
3,683
12,455
92,038
73,624
5,997
1,826
4,171
12,417
93,273
75,047
5,724
1,617
4,107
12,502
93,834
75,398
5,848
1,719
4,129
12,588
94,173
75,802
5,712
1,672
4,040
12,659
94,707
76,237
5,943
1,771
4,172
12,527
95,067
76,715
5,808
1,611
4,197
12,545
94,982
77,004
5,463
1,472
3,991
12,515
96,918
78,276
5,593
1,530
4,063
13,049
96,523
78,280
5,353
1,549
3,804
12,889
96,500
78,496
5,491
1,654
3,837
12,514
96,848
78,659
5,300
1,589
3,711
12,889
96,921
78,799
5,324
1,749
3,576
12,797
96,448
78,291
5,496
1,675
3,821
12,662
96,577
78,459
5,479
1,606
3,873
12,638
CHARACTERISTIC
Civilian employed, 16 years and over ......................
M e n .........................................................................
W o m e n ..................................................................
Married men, spouse p re s e n t.............................
Married women, spouse present ......................
Women who maintain families .........................
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER
PERSONS AT WORK1
Nonagricultural in d u s trie s ............................................
Full-time schedules ............................................
Part time for economic reaso ns.........................
Usually work full time ................................
Usually work part t im e ...............................
Part time for noneconomic reasons...................
1 Excludes persons "w ith a job but not at w ork" during the survey period for such reasons as
vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
60
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5.
S elected un em p lo ym en t indicators, seasonally adjusted
[Unem ploym ent rates]
Selected categories
1984
1983
Annual average
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Total, all civilian w o rk e rs .............................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a r s ................................
Men, 20 years and o v e r ......................................
Women, 20 years and o v e r ................................
9.7
23.2
8.8
8.3
9.6
22.4
8.9
8.1
8.8
21.6
8.2
7.5
8.4
20.2
7.8
7.2
8.2
20.1
7.4
7.1
8.0
19.4
7.3
7.1
7.8
19.3
7.0
6.9
7.8
19.9
6.8
6.9
7.8
19.4
6.9
7.0
7.5
19.0
6.5
6.8
7.1
17.6
6.3
6.4
7.5
18.3
6.5
6.9
7.5
18.4
6.4
7.1
7.4
19.3
6.5
6.7
7.4
18.8
6.3
6.9
White, t o t a l.............................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ......................
Men, 16 to 19 years .........................
Women, 16 to 19 years ...................
Men, 20 years and o v e r .............................
Women, 20 years and over ......................
8.6
20.4
21.7
19.0
7.8
7.3
8.4
19.3
20.2
18.3
7.9
6.9
7.7
18.5
19.8
16.9
7.3
6.3
7.3
17.2
17.6
16.6
6.9
6.0
7.1
17.0
17.5
16.5
6.7
5.9
6.9
16.2
17.8
14.5
6.3
6.0
6.7
16.5
16.4
16.7
6.1
5.8
6.7
17.1
17.3
16.8
5.8
5.9
6.7
16.2
16.6
15.7
5.9
6.0
6.4
16.2
16.8
15.5
5.6
5.8
6.1
15.5
16.5
14.5
5.3
5.6
6.4
15.3
17.8
12.6
5.5
5.9
6.4
15.9
16.2
15.5
5.5
6.0
6.4
16.6
17.3
15.8
5.6
5.8
6.4
16.1
17.0
15.2
5.4
5.9
Black, t o t a l .............................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ......................
Men, 16 to 19 years .........................
Women, 16 to 19 years ...................
Men, 20 years and o v e r .............................
Women, 20 years and over ......................
18.9
48.0
48.9
47.1
17.8
15.4
19.5
48.5
48.8
48.2
18.1
16.5
18.3
48.7
45.6
52.2
16.3
15.9
17.7
47.3
44.9
50.0
15.6
15.6
17.8
49.0
46.4
51.9
15.1
15.9
16.7
47.9
47.1
48.8
14.8
14.3
16.2
43.5
46.7
39.9
14.1
14.4
16.6
46.7
44.4
49.6
15.4
13.5
16.8
44.8
42.8
47.1
16.0
13.4
15.8
44.1
40.9
48.2
14.1
13.6
15.0
34.3
35.3
33.1
14.8
12.4
16 9
42.4
42.6
42.1
15.7
14.0
16.0
41.7
40.6
42.9
14.2
14.1
15.1
41.7
39.9
43.7
13.5
12.6
15.4
40.2
45.1
34 6
13.4
13.5
Hispanic origin, to ta l............................................
13.8
13.8
12.4
12.3
11.6
11.2
10.2
11.3
11.5
10.5
10.0
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.9
5.5
6.0
10.5
5.2
6.1
10.9
5.0
6.0
10.7
4.9
5.9
11.0
4.7
5.8
11.0
4.7
5.8
10.5
4.5
5.8
9.8
4.5
5.6
9.6
4.6
5.9
9.6
4.4
6.0
10.5
4.6
5.8
10.0
4.6
5.8
10.5
CHARACTERISTIC
Married men, spouse p re s e n t.............................
Married women, spouse present ......................
Women who maintain families .........................
6.5
7.4
11.7
6.5
7.0
12.2
5.7
6.3
11.4
Full-time w o rke rs...................................................
Part-time workers ................................................
Unemployed 15 weeks and over ......................
Labor force time lost1 .........................................
9.6
10.5
3.2
11.0
9.5
10.4
3.8
10.9
8.7
10.0
3.3
10.0
8.2
9.8
3.1
9.7
8.0
9.8
3.0
9.4
7.8
9.2
2.9
9.2
7.5
9.3
2.6
8.9
7.5
9.2
2.5
8.8
7.6
9.1
2.5
8.9
7.2
9.3
2.5
8.5
6.7
10.3
2.3
8.3
7.2
9.6
2.4
8.7
7.2
9.6
2.3
8.5
7.1
9.4
2.3
8.5
7.1
9.1
2.2
8.6
10.1
13.4
20.0
12.3
13.3
10.8
6.8
10.0
6.9
4.9
14.7
9.9
17.0
18.4
11.2
12.1
10.0
7.4
10.0
7.2
5.3
16.0
9.0
12.1
15.8
9.6
10.2
8.7
7.2
9.8
6.9
5.1
16.2
8.6
12 8
15.6
8.9
9.0
8.7
6.7
9.1
6.7
4.9
15.7
8.3
12.4
16.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
6.5
8.8
6.6
5.0
15.6
7.9
10.9
15.0
8.4
8.0
8.9
5.1
8.4
6.3
5.0
15.5
7.8
12.2
15.1
7.5
7.3
7.8
5.9
8.3
6.3
4.5
14.0
7.6
11.2
13.3
7.5
7.8
7.2
5.0
8.3
6.4
4.4
14.6
7.7
10.3
14.3
7.7
7.5
8.0
5.4
8.7
6.1
4.4
12.2
7.2
8.9
14.8
7.1
7.0
7.1
5.5
7.9
5.5
4.7
13.9
7.0
7.1
14.8
7.2
7.2
7.3
5.2
7.2
5.4
4.1
11.8
7.4
7.5
14.7
7.5
6.7
8.6
6.1
7.8
5.9
4.5
14.6
7.5
10.3
14.0
7.5
6.9
8.3
6.2
7.8
6.1
4.3
12.8
7.4
8.6
13.8
7.6
7.0
8.4
6.1
8.2
5.6
4.5
15.0
7.3
10.9
13.5
7.4
7.0
7.9
5.3
7.9
5.7
4.5
13.8
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers . .
Mining ...................................................................
Construction .........................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................
Durable goods ............................................
Nondurable goods ......................................
Transportation and public u tilitie s ......................
Wholesale and retail tr a d e ...................................
Finance and service industries .........................
Government workers ...................................................
Agricultural wage and salary workers ......................
1 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent
of potentially available labor force hours.
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61
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
6.
U n em p lo ym en t rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
[Civilian w orkers]
Sex and age
1983
1984
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
9.7
17.8
23 2
24.9
22.1
14.9
7.4
7.9
5.0
9.6
17.2
2? 4
24.5
21.1
14.5
7.5
8.0
5.3
8.8
16.3
21 fi
24.0
20.3
13.8
6.8
7.2
5.0
8.4
15.4
2Í1 2
21.9
19.3
13.6
6.5
6.9
4.9
8.2
14.9
8.0
14.8
7.8
14.2
7.8
14.4
7.8
14.6
7.5
14.0
7.1
13.0
7.5
13.6
7.5
14.0
7.4
14.1
7.4
13.6
22.9
18.8
13.0
6.4
6.8
4.9
21.9
17.6
12.2
6.2
6.5
4.7
22.1
17.5
12.5
6.1
6.4
4.3
23.1
18.1
11.6
5.9
6.3
4.3
22.3
17.5
11.6
6.0
6.3
4.2
20.2
18.2
12.2
5.7
6.0
4.4
19.7
16.3
11.5
5.6
5.7
4.6
20.5
16.7
10.7
5.9
6.2
4.4
21.4
16.7
11.8
5.8
6.1
4.6
21.3
17.9
11.5
5.7
5.9
4.5
20.1
18.0
11.1
5.7
5.9
4.8
Men, 16 years and o v e r ................
16 to 24 years ....................................
16 to 19 years ..........................................
16 to 17 y e a r s ................................
18 to 19 y e a r s ...................................
20 to 24 years ..........................................
25 years and over ...................................
25 to 54 y e a r s ..........................................
55 years and over ................................
9.9
19.1
24.4
26.4
23.1
16.4
7.5
8.0
5.1
9.9
18.4
23.3
25.2
22.2
15.9
7.8
8.2
5.6
9.1
17.3
22.5
24.3
21.6
14.7
7.0
7.4
5.4
8.6
15.9
20.2
22.0
19.6
13.8
6.8
7.1
5.4
8.3
15.6
20.4
23.3
18.9
13.3
6.5
6.7
5.4
8.1
15.6
20.8
21.6
19.6
13.1
6.2
6.6
4.8
7.8
14.6
19.7
21 6
18.1
12.1
6.1
6.4
4.5
7.7
14.6
20.0
23.0
18.2
11.9
5.9
6.1
4.6
7.7
15.0
19.7
23.7
17.3
12.7
5.9
6.2
4.4
7.3
14.0
19.4
21.3
18.3
11.5
5.7
5.9
4.5
7.1
13.7
18.5
22 7
16.1
11.4
5.4
5.6
4.3
7.5
14.6
20.6
23.0
18.8
11.7
5.7
5.9
4.6
7.2
14.3
18.6
22.1
16.5
12.3
5.5
5.7
4.6
7.3
14.8
19.9
21.1
19.1
12.3
5.5
5.6
5.0
7.2
13.9
20.2
21.5
19.3
10.9
5.5
5.6
4.8
Women, 16 years and o v e r ................................
16 to 24 y e a rs ................................................
16 to 19 years .............................................
16 to 17 y e a r s ..........................................
18 to 19 y e a r s ..........................................
20 to 24 years .............................................
25 years and over .............................................
25 to 54 years ..........................................
55 years and over ...................................
9.4
16.2
21.9
23.2
21.0
13.2
7.3
7.7
4.8
9.2
15.8
21.3
23 7
19.9
12.9
7.2
7.7
4.7
8.5
15.1
20.5
23 6
18.8
12.3
6.5
7.0
4.4
8.2
14.7
20.1
21 8
19.0
12.0
6.2
6.6
4.1
8.1
14.0
19.8
22 5
18.7
11.0
6.3
68
4.3
7.9
13.9
18.0
22 2
15.4
11.7
6.2
6.5
4.5
7.8
13.7
18.9
22 6
16.9
11.0
6.1
6.5
4.0
7.9
14.2
19.8
23 1
18.1
11.3
6.0
6.5
3.9
7.9
14.1
19.0
?n a
17.8
11.6
6.0
6.4
3.9
7.7
14.0
18.6
7.2
12.2
16.7
7.6
12.5
15.9
7.9
13.7
18.2
7.6
13.2
18.6
7.7
13.2
17.3
18.1
11.6
5.8
6.1
4.3
16.5
9.9
5.8
5.8
5.0
14.4
10.8
6.1
6.5
4.2
16.9
11.4
6.3
6.6
4.4
16.8
10.4
5.9
6.3
3.9
16.6
11.2
6.1
6.3
4.8
Total, 16 years and over ................
16 to 24 years .............................
16 to 19 y e a r s ................................
16 to 17 y e a rs ................................
18 to 19 y e a rs .......................
20 to 24 years .............................
25 years and over ....................
25 to 54 years .......................................
55 years and over .............................
7.
Annual average
1982
U n em p lo yed persons by reason for unem ploym ent, seasonally adjusted
[N um bers in thousands]
Reason lor unemployment
Job osers .......................................................................
On layoff ................................................................
Other job losers ...................................................
Job le a ve rs.......................................................................
R e e n tra n ts ......................................................................
New e n tra n ts ...................................................................
Annual average
1983
1984
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
6,258
2,127
4,141
840
2,384
1,185
6,258
1,780
4,478
830
2,412
1,216
5,601
1,392
4,209
866
2,322
1,127
5,226
1,321
3,905
868
2,250
1,154
5,017
1,283
3,734
855
2,246
1,150
4,825
1,238
3,588
809
2,192
1,175
4,737
1,272
3,465
772
2,153
1,092
4,614
1,254
3,360
756
2,208
1,213
4,527
1,108
3,419
781
2,308
1,216
4,327
1,192
3,134
804
2,178
1,186
4,220
1,166
3,055
800
1,968
1,136
4,511
1,164
3,346865
2,091
1,092
4,218
1,152
3,066
835
2,322
1,093
4,211
1,109
3,102
845
2,298
1,052
4,370
1,176
3,193
818
2,136
1,073
100.0
58.7
19.9
38.8
7.9
22.3
11.1
100.0
58.4
16.6
41.8
7.7
22.5
11.3
100.0
56.5
14.0
42.4
8.7
23.4
11.4
100.0
55.0
13.9
41.1
9.1
23.7
12.1
100.0
54.1
13.8
40.3
9.2
24.2
12.4
100.0
53.6
13.7
39.9
9.0
24.4
13.1
100.0
54.1
14.5
39.6
8.8
24.6
12.5
100.0
52.5
14.3
38.2
8.6
25.1
13.8
100.0
51.3
12.5
38.7
8.8
26.1
13.8
100.0
50.9
14.0
36.9
9.5
25.6
14,0
100.0
51.9
14.4
37.6
9.8
24.2
14.0
100.0
52.7
13.6
39.1
10.1
24.4
12.8
100.0
49.8
13.6
36.2
9.9
27.4
12,9
100.0
50.1
13.2
36.9
10.1
27.3
12.5
100.0
52.0
14.0
38.0
9.7
25.4
12.8
5.7
.8
2.2
1.1
5.6
.7
2.2
1.1
5.0
.8
2.1
1.0
4.7
.8
2.0
1.0
4.5
.8
2.0
1.0
4.3
.7
2.0
10
4.2
7
1.9
1.0
4.1
.7
2.0
1.1
4.0
.7
2.0
1.1
3.8
.7
1.9
1.0
3.7
.7
1.7
1.0
4.0
.8
1.8
1.0
3.7
.7
2.0
1.0
3.7
.7
2.0
.9
3.8
.7
1.9
.9
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed .........................................................
Job losers .......................................................................
On layoff ................................................................
Other job losers ...................................................
Job le a ve rs.......................................................................
R e e n tra n ts .......................................................................
New e n tra n ts ...................................................................
PERCENT OF
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers .......................................................................
Job le a ve rs.......................................................................
R e e n tra n ts .......................................................................
New e n tra n ts ...................................................................
8.
D uration of u nem ploym ent, seaso n ally adjusted
[N um bers in thousands]
Weeks of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks .........................................................
5 to 14 w e e k s ................................................................
15 weeks and over ......................................................
15 to 26 weeks ...................................................
27 weeks and over ................................................
Mean duration In w e e k s ................................................
Median duration In w e e k s .............................................
62
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual average
1983
1984
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
3,883
3,311
3,485
1,708
1,776
15.6
8.7
3,570
2,937
4,210
1,652
2,559
20.0
10.1
3,504
2,725
3,655
1,372
2,283
20.1
9.5
3,328
2,616
3,527
1,337
2,190
20.2
9.4
3,382
2,504
3,369
1.284
2,085
19.6
9.0
3,233
2,556
3,201
1,166
2.035
20.5
9.2
3.359
2,484
2,984
1,173
1,810
18.8
8.3
3,386
2,539
2,873
1.114
1,759
18.8
8.3
3.438
2,493
2,855
1,111
1,744
18.5
8.1
3,238
2,433
2,851
1,186
1,664
18.4
8.7
3,174
2,294
2,619
1.008
1,611
18.6
7.2
3,462
2,490
2,689
1,100
1,589
18.1
7.6
3,555
2,333
2,606
1,113
1,493
17.3
7.5
3,286
2,539
2,600
1,085
1,515
17.1
7.6
3,431
2,399
2,530
1.099
1,431
16.5
7.2
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS
p ile d f r o m p a y r o l l r e c o r d s r e p o r t e d m o n th ly o n a v o lu n ta r y b a s is
in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available)
and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers
to th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s a n d its c o o p e r a t i n g S ta te a g e n c ie s
in high-wage and low-wage industries.
b y o v e r 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 e s t a b l is h m e n t s r e p r e s e n t i n g a ll in d u s tr ie s e x c e p t
t h e r e f o r e in t h e s a m p le . ( A n e s t a b l is h m e n t is n o t n e c e s s a r ily a
Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper
visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard
or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average
weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime
f ir m ; it m a y b e a b r a n c h p l a n t , f o r e x a m p l e , o r w a r e h o u s e .) S e lf-
premiums were paid.
E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in th is s e c tio n a re c o m
a g r i c u l t u r e . In m o s t i n d u s t r i e s , t h e s a m p lin g p r o b a b ilitie s a re b a s e d
o n th e s i z e o f t h e e s t a b l is h m e n t ; m o s t la r g e e s t a b lis h m e n ts a r e
e m p l o y e d p e r s o n s a n d o t h e r s n o t o n a r e g u l a r c iv ilia n p a y r o ll a re
o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e o f th e s u r v e y b e c a u s e th e y a re e x c lu d e d f ro m
e s t a b l i s h m e n t r e c o r d s . T h is l a r g e ly a c c o u n ts f o r th e d if f e r e n c e in
e m p l o y m e n t f i g u r e s b e t w e e n th e h o u s e h o ld a n d e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r
veys.
Definitions
The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May 1983 issue,
represents the percent of 185 nonagricultural industries in which employ
ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with
unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice,
data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that
for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for
measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an eco
nomic indicator.
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday
and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the
month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons
in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su
pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc
tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-16 include production
workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc
tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in
wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in
services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total
employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re
ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or
late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments.
Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in
consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The
Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data
adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated
to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe
riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called
“ benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release
of May 1984 data, published in the July 1984 issue of the R e v i e w . Con
sequently, data published in the R e v i e w prior to that issue are not necessarily
comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to
April 1982; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January
1979. Unadjusted data from April 1983 forward, and seasonally adjusted
data from January 1980 forward are subject to revision in future bench
marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are
published in a S u p p l e m e n t to E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s (unadjusted data
from April 1977 through February 1984 and seasonally adjusted data from
January 1974 through February 1984) and in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s ,
U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 - 7 8 , BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and
establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com
paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also B L S H a n d b o o k o f
M e t h o d s , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982).
63
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
9.
E m ploym ent, by industry, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
Goods-producing
Year
Private
sector
Total
Total
Mining
Service-producing
Construc
tion
Manufac
turing
Total
Transpor
tation
and
public
utilities
Whole
sale
trade
Retail
trade
Government
Finance,
insurance,
Services
and real
estate
Total
Federal
State
Local
1950 ...................................
1955 ...................................
I9 6 0 2 ................................
1964 ...................................
1965 ...................................
45,197
50,641
54,189
58,283
60,765
39,170
43,727
45,836
48,686
50,689
18,506
20,513
20,434
21,005
21,926
901
792
712
634
632
2,364
2,839
2,926
3,097
3,232
15,241
16,882
16,796
17,274
18,062
26,691
30,128
33,755
37,278
38,839
4,034
4,141
4,004
3,951
4,036
2,635
2,926
3,143
3,337
3,466
6,751
7,610
8,248
8,823
9,250
1,888
2,298
2,629
2,911
2,977
5,357
6,240
7,378
8,660
9,036
6,026
6,914
8,353
9,596
10,074
1,928
2,187
2,270
2,348
2,378
(1)
1,168
1,536
1,856
1,996
(1)
3,558
4,547
5,392
5,700
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
63,901
65,803
67,897
70,384
70,880
53,116
54,413
56,058
58,189
58,325
23,158
23,308
23,737
24,361
23,578
627
613
606
619
623
3,317
3,248
3,350
3,575
3,588
19,214
19,447
19,781
20,167
19,367
40,743
42,495
44,160
46,023
47,302
4,158
4,268
4,318
4,442
4,515
3,597
3,689
3,779
3,907
3,993
9,648
9,917
10,320
10,798
11,047
3,058
3,185
3,337
3,512
3,645
9,498
10,045
10,567
11,169
11,548
10,784
11,391
11,839
12,195
12,554
2,564
2,719
2,737
2,758
2,731
2,141
2,302
2,442
2,533
2,664
6,080
6,371
6,660
6,904
7,158
1 9 7 1 ...................................
1972 ...................................
1973 ...................................
1974 ...................................
1975 ...................................
71,214
73,675
76,790
78,265
76,945
58,331
60,341
63,058
64,095
62,259
22,935
23,668
24,893
24,794
22,600
609
628
642
697
752
3,704
3,889
4,097
4,020
3,525
18,623
19,151
20,154
20,077
18,323
48,278
50,007
51,897
53,471
54,345
4,476
4,541
4,656
4,725
4,542
4,001
4,113
4,277
4,433
4,415
11,351
11,836
12,329
12,554
12,645
3,772
3,908
4,046
4,148
4,165
11,797
12,276
12,857
13,441
13,892
12,881
13,334
13,732
14,170
14,686
2,696
2,684
2,663
2,724
2,748
2,747
2,859
2,923
3,039
3,179
7,437
7,790
8,146
8,407
8,758
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
79,382
82,471
86,697
89.823
90,406
64,511
67,344
71,026
73,876
74,166
23,352
24,346
25,585
26,461
25,658
779
813
851
958
1,027
3,576
3,851
4,229
4,463
4,346
18,997
19,682
20,505
21,040
20,285
56,030
58,125
61,113
63,363
64,748
4,582
4,713
4,923
5,136
5,146
4,546
4,708
4,969
5,204
5,275
13,209
13,808
14,573
14,989
15,035
4,271
4,467
4,724
4,975
5,160
14,551
15,303
16,252
17,112
17,890
14,871
15,127
15,672
15,947
16,241
2,733
2,727
2,753
2,773
2,866
3,273
3,377
3,474
3,541
3,610
8,865
9,023
9,446
9,633
9,765
1 9 8 1 ...................................
1982 ...................................
1983 ...................................
91,156
89,566
90,138
75,126
73,729
74,288
25,497
23,813
23,394
1,139
1,128
957
4,188
3,905
3.940
20,170
18,781
18,497
65,659
65,753
66,744
5,165
5,082
4,958
5,358
5,278
5,259
15,189
15,179
15,545
5,298
5,341
5,467
18,619
19,036
19,665
16,031
15,837
15,851
2,772
2,739
2,752
3,640
3,640
3,660
9,619
9,458
9,439
1 Not available.
2Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
10.
NOTE:
See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
E m ploym ent, by S tate
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
State
September 1983
August 1984
September 1984P
State
September 1983
August 1984
September 1984P
A lab am a............................................................
A la s k a ................................................................
Arizona ............................................................
Arkansas .........................................................
California .........................................................
1,326.5
227.1
1,079.0
760.3
10,036.3
1,352.8
236.1
1,115.8
773.7
10,351.2
1,347.0
234.1
1,151.2
787.4
10,456.0
M ontana............................................................
Nebraska .........................................................
Nevada ............................................................
New H am pshire................................................
New J e r s e y ................................................
273.1
617.3
417.0
420 7
3,190.7
274.0
627.0
420.7
439 8
3,314.9
277.5
633.9
423.9
436 1
3,302.5
Colorado .........................................................
C o n n e cticu t......................................................
Delaware .........................................................
District of Columbia ......................................
F lo rid a ................................................................
1,337.9
1,459.6
269.8
596.2
3,919.9
1,363.7
1,478.2
276.7
612.0
4,094.6
1,366.0
1,478.2
275.6
599.3
4,144.0
New M e x ic o ...................................................
New Y o r k .........................................................
North Carolina ................................................
North D a k o ta ......................................
O h io ...................................................................
486.6
7,319 4
2,447.2
254.0
4,157.0
498.5
7 467 2
2,462.9
251.4
4,176.3
502.0
7 486 1
2,515.1
255.2
4,229.3
Georgia .............................................................
H a w a ii................................................................
Idaho ................................................................
Illin o is ................................................................
Indiana ............................................................
2,309.2
393.4
329.9
4,536.5
2,044,7
2,428.8
405.8
324.7
4,588.4
2,072.3
2,450.8
396.0
331.8
4,586.0
2,098.6
O kla hom a .........................................................
Oregon .............................................................
Pennsylvania ................................................
Rhode Island .........................................
South Carolina .........................................
1,175.5
984.2
4,563.9
399.7
1,201.7
1,179.1
997.3
4,625.7
404.4
1,234.5
1,188.3
1,011.3
4,636.3
408.6
1,252.7
Io w a ...................................................................
Kansas ............................................................
Kentucky .........................................................
Louisiana .........................................................
M a in e ............................................................
1,036.7
924.6
1,163.6
1,569.7
434.4
1,025.9
930.0
1,185.6
1,571.7
452.2
1,040.8
942.7
1,196.9
1,582.1
442.8
South D a k o ta ................................................
Tennessee .........................................................
Texas ................................................................
U ta h .............................................................
V e rm o n t............................................................
239.1
1,750.4
6,209.5
580.7
209 5
240.5
1,817.7
6,342.8
599.7
210.6
241.3
1,832.0
6,367.0
606.3
213.4
Maryland .........................................................
Massachusetts ................................................
Michigan .........................................................
M inn esota.........................................................
Mississippi ................................................
M is s o u ri............................................................
1,708.9
2,707.1
3,240.9
1,749.6
799.2
1,944.8
1,746.5
2,737.9
3,272.0
1,840.1
792.8
1,955.6
1,742.2
2,757.8
3,341.0
1,862.4
812.2
1,977.3
Virginia .........................................................
W ash in g to n ...................................................
West V ir g in ia .............................................
W isco n sin .........................................................
Wyoming ......................................................
2,229.5
1,607.8
587.2
1,876.4
211.4
2,291.6
1,647.1
595.6
1,929.6
212.6
2,321.9
1,667.0
592.1
1,949.6
213.0
Virgin Is la n d s ...................................................
34.4
35.1
33.5
p = preliminary.
64
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.
E m ploym ent, by industry, seasonally adjusted
[N onagricultural payroll data, In thousands]
Industry division and group
1984
1983
Annual average
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.F
Oct.P
89,566
90,138
91,345
91,688
92,026
92,391
92,846
93,058
93,449
93,768
94,135
94,350
94,523
94,754
95,195
73,729
74,288
75,481
75,814
76,157
76,533
76,971
77,185
77,546
77,864
78,241
78,422
78,566
78,694
79,108
23,813
23,394
23,895
24,058
24,198
24,383
24,577
24,595
24,760
24,851
24,974
25,059
25,098
25,005
25,071
1,128
708
957
,600
965
600
967
603
969
607
975
608
978
607
978
607
984
612
995
619
1,002
623
1,007
629
1,017
636
1,020
642
1,016
645
3,905
991
3,940
1,015
4,044
1,053
4,073
1,064
4,086
1,077
4,154
1,100
4,226
1,111
4,151
1,099
4,246
1,110
4,286
1,126
4,343
1,135
4,356
1,133
4,356
1,132
4,374
1,140
4,388
1,140
............................................
18,781
12,742
18,497
12,581
18,886
12,928
19,018
13,048
19,143
13,145
19,254
13,234
19,373
13,326
19,466
13,388
19,530
13,443
19,570
13,465
19,629
13,492
19,696
13,541
19,725
13,558
19,611
13,450
19,667
13,505
............................................
11,039
7,311
10,774
7,151
11,071
7,421
11,170
7,511
11,266
7,585
11,343
7,643
11,440
7,718
11,513
7,769
11,551
7,799
11,598
7,826
11,652
7,860
11,702
7,899
11,758
7,945
11,690
7,876
11,748
7,925
Lumber and wood products ................................
Furniture and fix tu r e s ............................................
Stone, clay, and glass products .........................
Primary metal industries ......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products . . . .
Fabricated metal p rod ucts......................................
598
432
577
922
396
1,427
658
447
573
838
343
1,374
690
462
587
863
351
1,408
695
467
589
869
351
1,420
698
470
592
877
352
1,431
702
475
595
871
347
1,440
706
480
604
877
348
1,447
712
483
606
877
347
1,456
714
482
604
879
345
1,459
711
482
605
887
347
1,469
712
485
605
884
345
1,479
708
485
606
880
342
1,490
706
484
603
879
334
1,491
703
481
603
862
324
1,485
711
486
607
869
325
1,494
Machinery, except electrical ...............................
Electrical and electronic equipm ent......................
Transportation equipm ent......................................
Motor vehicles and equipment .........................
Instruments and related products ......................
Miscellaneous m anufacturing................................
2,244
2,008
1,735
699
716
382
2,038
2,024
1,756
758
695
371
2,077
2,086
1,820
810
702
376
2,106
2,109
1,832
823
705
378
2,122
2,132
1,855
843
707
382
2,137
2,152
1,876
858
711
384
2,151
2,175
1,898
865
715
387
2,166
2,202
1,905
863
718
388
2,189
2,212
1,905
857
719
388
2,203
2,228
1,906
848
722
385
2,226
2,237
1,917
855
723
384
2,242
2,252
1,926
858
727
386
2,252
2,267
1,961
894
726
389
2,241
2,263
1,940
864
725
387
2,256
2,264
1,943
865
729
389
............................................
7,741
5,431
7,724
5,430
7,815
5,507
7,848
5,537
7,877
5,560
7,911
5,591
7,933
5,608
7,953
5,619
7,979
5,644
7,972
5,639
7,977
5,632
7,994
5,642
7,967
5,613
7,921
5,574
7,919
5,580
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ...................................
Tobacco manufactures .........................................
Textile mill p ro d u cts...............................................
Apparel and other textile p ro d u c ts ......................
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ......................................
1,636
69
749
1,161
662
1,622
69
744
1,164
662
1,624
68
758
1,186
669
1,629
66
760
1,195
671
1,631
67
762
1,202
675
1,638
66
758
1,207
676
1,637
65
767
1,213
680
1,638
66
769
1,218
680
1,648
67
766
1,226
680
1,643
67
762
1,217
681
1,644
67
759
1,209
685
1,655
66
755
1,206
687
1,642
65
751
1,200
686
1,631
68
744
1,180
681
1,631
68
735
1,176
685
Printing and p u b lis h in g .........................................
Chemicals and allied products .............................
Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts ................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . .
Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ................................
1,272
1,075
201
697
219
1,296
1,047
195
718
208
1,311
1,049
192
748
210
1,317
1,050
192
758
210
1,321
1,052
191
766
210
1,328
1,053
191
774
210
1,333
1,054
190
784
210
1,339
1,054
190
790
209
1,348
1,057
189
790
208
1,356
1,057
188
795
206
1,362
1,062
188
797
204
1,368
1,064
187
801
205
1,371
1,067
187
800
198
1,375
1,063
186
798
195
1,378
1,063
185
805
193
65,753
66,744
67,450
67,630
67,828
68,008
68,269
68,463
68,689
68,917
69,161
69,291
69,425
69,749
70,124
Transportation.........................................................
Communication and public u tilitie s ......................
5,082
2,789
2,293
4,958
2,739
2,219
5,053
2,776
2,277
5,043
2,763
2,280
5,055
2,776
2,279
5,095
2,816
2,279
5,105
2,828
2,276
5,112
2,839
2,273
5,129
2,862
2,267
5,144
2,871
2,273
5,163
2,883
2,280
5,175
2,896
2,279
5,202
2,924
2,278
5,211
2,936
2,275
5,238
2,967
2,271
Durable g o o d s .........................................................
Nondurable g o o d s ..................................................
5,278
11,039
7,741
5,259
10,774
7,724
5,322
11,071
7,815
5,344
11,170
7,848
5,371
11,266
7,877
5,406
11,343
7,911
5,438
11,440
7,933
5,457
11,513
7,953
5,473
11,551
7,979
5,492
11,598
7,972
5,502
11,652
7,977
5,528
11,702
7,994
5,544
11,758
7,967
5,585
11,690
7,921
5,612
11,748
7,919
15,179
2,184
2,478
1.632
4.831
15,545
2.161
2.560
1,667
5,007
15,737
2,179
2,587
1,695
5,071
15,805
2,195
2,594
1,703
5,082
15,857
2,189
2,600
1,710
5,095
15,914
2,210
2,618
1,725
5,111
15,980
2,211
2,626
1,740
5,121
16,030
2,230
2,626
1,748
5,136
16,095
2,251
2,635
1,743
5,154
16,166
2,273
2,630
1,751
5,183
16,245
2,295
2,641
1,751
5,199
16,283
2,301
2,648
1,762
5,211
16,295
2,303
2,640
1,758
5,238
16,339
2,315
2,650
1,754
5,253
16,477
2,353
2,676
1,763
5,276
5.341
2,646
1.714
981
5,467
2.740
1.721
1.005
5,512
2.769
1,725
1,018
5,530
2.777
1,728
1,025
5,546
2,789
1,730
1,027
5,573
2,797
1,737
1,039
5,593
2,812
1,741
1,040
5,613
2,831
1,742
1,041
5,640
2,851
1,742
1,047
5,662
2,863
1,746
1,053
5,676
2,854
1,752
1,066
5,676
2,854
1,759
1,063
5,679
2,850
1.763
1.066
5,684
2,857
1.765
1.062
5,712
2.869
1,772
1,071
19.036
3,286
5,812
19.665
3.539
5.973
19,962
3,672
6,007
20,034
3,703
6,016
20,130
3,758
6,026
20,162
3,798
6,030
20,278
3,845
6,040
20,378
3,875
6,052
20,449
3,912
6,062
20,549
3,979
6,073
20,681
4,014
6,064
20,701
4,035
6,079
20,748
4,069
6,034
20,870
4,084
6,086
20,998
4,112
6.102
15,837
2,739
3,640
9,458
15,851
2,752
3.660
9,439
15,864
2,760
3,667
9,437
15,874
2,759
3,669
9,446
15,869
2,762
3,668
9,439
15,858
2,760
3,670
9,428
15,875
2,763
3,682
9,430
15,873
2,770
3,686
9,417
15,903
2,771
3,693
9,439
15,904
2,767
3,699
9,438
15,894
2,777
3,699
9,418
15,928
2,779
3,697
9,452
15,957
2,785
3,714
9,458
16,060
2,785
3,729
9,546
16,087
2,772
3,738
9,577
TOTAL
PRIVATE SECTOR
GOODS-PRODUCING
Mining
Oil and gas e x tra c tio n .........................................
Construction
General building contractors...............................
Manufacturing
Production workers
Durable goods
Production workers
Nondurable goods
Production workers
SERVICE-PRODUCING
Transportation and public utilities
Retail trade
General merchandise stores ...............................
Food stores ............................................................
Automotive dealers and service s ta tio n s ............
Eating and drinking places ...................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Finance......................................................................
insurance ...............................................................
Real e s ta te ...............................................................
Services
Business s e rv ic e s ..................................................
Health services ......................................................
Government
F e d e ra l......................................................................
State .........................................................................
L o c a l.........................................................................
p = preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE:
See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
65
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
12.
A verage hours and earn in g s, by industry 1 9 6 8 -8 3
[Production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls]
Year
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Private sector
A verag e
A verag e
hourly
earnings
w e e k ly
e a r n in g s
Average
weekly
hours
Mining
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
h o u r ly
w e e k ly
e a r n in g s
eamings
C o n s t r u c tio n
1968 .............................................
1969 ................................................
1970 .......................................................
37.8
37.7
37.1
$2.85
3.04
3.23
$107.73
114.61
119.83
42.6
43.0
42 7
$3.35
3.60
3.85
$142.71
154.80
164.40
37.3
37.9
37.3
$4 41
4.79
5.24
$164.49
181.54
195.45
1 9 7 1 .......................................
1972 .............................................
1973 .............................................................
1974 ..........................................
1975 ................................................................
36.9
37.0
36.9
36.5
36.1
3.45
3.70
3.94
4.24
4.53
127.31
136.90
145.39
154.76
163.53
42.4
42.6
42.4
41.9
41.9
4.06
4.44
4.75
5.23
5.95
172.14
189.14
201.40
219.14
249.31
37.2
36.5
36.8
36.6
36.4
5.69
6.06
6.41
6.81
7.31
211.67
221.19
235.89
249.25
266.08
1976 ....................................................................
1977 .......................................................
1978
................................................................
1979 .......................................................................
1980 ..........................................................................
36.1
36.0
35.8
35.7
35.3
4.86
5.25
5.69
6.16
6.66
175.45
189.00
203.70
219.91
235.10
42.4
43.4
43.4
43.0
43.3
6.46
6.94
7.67
8.49
9.17
273.90
301.20
332 88
365.07
397.06
36.8
36.5
36.8
37.0
37.0
7.71
8.10
8.66
9.27
9.94
283.73
295.65
318.69
342.99
367.78
1 9 8 1 ..........................................................................
1982 ..........................................................................
1983
......................................................................
35.2
34.8
35.0
7.25
7.68
8.02
255.20
267.26
280.70
43.7
42.7
42.5
10.04
10.77
11.27
438.75
459.88
478.98
36.9
36 7
37.2
10.82
11.63
11.92
399.26
426.82
443.42
Manufacturing
Transportation and public utilities
Wholesale trade
1968 ..........................................................................
1969 ......................................................................
1970 ..........................................................................
40.7
40.6
39.8
$3.01
3.19
3.35
$122.51
129.51
133.33
40.6
40.7
40.5
$3.42
3.63
3.85
$138.85
147.74
155.93
40.1
40.2
39.9
$3.05
3.23
3.44
$122.31
129.85
137 26
1 9 7 1 ..........................................................................
1972 ..........................................................................
1973 .........................................................................
1974 .........................................................................
1975 .........................................................................
39.9
40,5
40.7
40.0
39.5
3.57
3.82
4.09
4.42
4.83
142.44
154.71
166.46
176.80
190.79
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.7
4.21
4.65
5.02
5.41
5.88
168.82
187.86
203.31
217.48
233.44
39.5
39.4
39.3
38.8
38.7
3.65
3.85
4.08
4.39
4.73
129.85
144.18
151.69
160.34
183.05
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.7
5.22
5.68
6.17
6.70
7.27
209,32
228.90
249.27
269.34
288.62
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.6
6.45
6.99
7.57
8.16
8.87
256.71
278.90
302 80
325.58
351.25
38.7
38.8
38.8
38.8
38.5
5.03
5.39
5.88
6.39
6.96
194.66
209.13
228.14
247.93
267.96
1 9 8 1 .........................................................................
1982 ......................................................................
1983 .........................................................................
39.8
38.9
40.1
7.99
8.49
8.83
318.00
330.26
354.08
39.4
39.0
39.0
9.70
10.32
10.80
382.18
402.48
421.20
38.5
38.3
38.5
7.56
8.09
8.54
291.06
309.85
328.79
Retail trade
Finance insurance, and real estate
Services
1968 .........................................................................
1969 .........................................................................
1970 .........................................................................
34.7
34.2
33.8
$2.16
2.30
2.44
$74.95
78.66
82.47
37.0
37.1
36.7
$2.75
2.93
3.07
$101.75
108.70
112.67
34.7
34.7
34.4
$2.42
2.61
2.81
$83.97
90.57
96.66
1 9 7 1 .........................................................................
1972 .........................................................................
1973 .........................................................................
1974 .........................................................................
1975 .........................................................................
33.7
33.4
33.1
32.7
32.4
2.60
2.75
2.91
3.14
3.36
87.62
91.85
96.32
102.68
108.86
36.6
36.6
36.6
36.5
36.5
3.22
3 36
3.53
3.77
4.06
117.85
122.98
129.20
137.61
148.19
33.9
33.9
33.8
33.6
33.5
3.04
3.27
3.47
3.75
4.02
103.06
110.85
117.29
126.00
134.67
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
32.1
31.6
31.0
30.6
30.2
3.57
3.85
4.20
4.53
4.88
114,60
121.66
130.20
138.62
147.38
36.4
36.4
36.4
36.2
36.2
4.27
4.54
4.89
5.27
5.79
155.43
165.26
178.00
190.77
209.60
33.3
33.0
32.8
32.7
32.6
4.31
4.65
4.99
5.36
5.85
143.52
153.45
163.67
175.27
190.71
1 9 8 1 .........................................................................
1982 .........................................................................
1983 .........................................................................
30.1
29.9
29.8
5.25
5.48
5.74
158.03
163.85
171.05
36.3
36.2
36.2
6.31
6.78
7.29
229.05
245.44
263.90
32.6
32.6
32.7
6.41
6 92
7.30
208 97
225.59
238.71
NOTE:
See "Notes on the data" tor a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
66
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13.
A verage w eekly hours, by industry, seasonally adjusted
[Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
Industry
Annual average
1982
PRIVATE SECTOR
1983
1984
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Oec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
S e p t .P
O c t.P
34.8
35.0
35.2
35.2
35.2
35.4
35.3
35.3
35.4
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.2
35.3
35.1
38.9
2.3
40.1
3.0
40.6
3.3
40.6
3.3
40.6
3.4
40.9
3.5
40.9
3.5
40.7
3.5
41.1
3.7
40.6
3.3
40.6
3.3
40.5
3.3
40.5
3.3
40.6
3.3
40.5
3.3
Overtime h o u r s ............................................
39.3
2.2
40.7
3.0
41.2
3.4
41.3
3.5
41.3
3.5
41.6
3.7
41.7
3.8
41.4
3.7
41.8
4.0
41.3
3.5
41.2
3.5
41.2
3.5
41.2
3.4
41.5
3.5
41.3
3.5
Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................
Furniture and fixtures .........................................
Stone, clay, and glass products ......................
Primary metal in d u strie s......................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products . . .
Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ...................................
38.0
37.2
40.1
38.6
37.9
39.2
40.1
39.4
41.5
40.5
39.5
40.6
40.5
39.8
41.8
41.6
40.8
41.2
40.0
39.8
41.8
41.7
40.8
41.4
40.0
40.1
41.9
41.8
41.2
41.4
40.6
40.0
42.1
41.9
41.0
41.6
40.4
39.9
42.5
42.0
41.3
41.8
40.1
39.6
41.9
41.8
41.2
41.3
40.4
39.7
42.3
42.2
41.0
41.8
39.6
39.7
42.1
42.1
41.6
41.4
39.4
39.1
41.8
41.7
41.1
41.3
39.3
39.8
41.9
41.5
39 9
41.3
39.4
39.1
41.7
41.0
39 6
41.1
40.2
40.0
41.9
41.3
39.8
41.5
39.6
39.5
41.7
41.5
40.0
41.4
Machinery, except e le c tric a l................................
Electrical and electronic e q u ip m e n t...................
Transportation e q u ip m e n t...................................
Motor vehicles and equipm ent.........................
Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ......................
39.7
39.3
40.5
40.5
39.8
40.5
40.5
42.1
43.3
40.4
41.2
41.1
42.5
44.1
40.7
41.3
41.1
42.6
44.1
40.7
41.5
41.0
42.4
43.9
40.8
41.8
41.2
43.2
44.8
41.3
41.9
41.2
43.1
44.3
41.2
41.9
41.0
42.9
44.4
41.1
42.3
41.3
43.5
44.8
41.4
41.9
41.0
42.4
42.9
40.7
42.0
40.8
42.3
43.1
41.3
41.8
40.8
42.2
42.4
41.3
42.0
40.9
42.4
43.3
41.1
42.0
41.1
42 7
43.8
41.5
41.9
40.9
42.3
43.4
41.3
Overtime h o u r s ............................................
38.4
25
39.4
3.0
39.7
3.1
39.8
3.1
39.7
3.2
39.9
3.3
39.9
3.3
39.8
3.3
40.2
3.4
39.6
3.1
39 6
3.2
39.4
3.1
39.5
3.1
39.4
3.0
39.4
3.0
Food and kindred products ................................
Textile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................
Apparel and other textile products ...................
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................
39.4
37.5
34.7
41.8
39.5
40.5
36.2
42.6
39.6
40.8
36.6
43.2
39.6
40.6
36.7
43.1
39.5
40.7
36.6
43.1
39.7
40.6
36.6
43.2
39.7
40.8
36.9
43.2
39.8
40.6
36.7
43.0
40.1
41.2
37.4
43.2
39.7
40.0
36.5
43.1
39.8
40.0
36.4
42.9
39.5
39.8
35.8
43.3
39.7
39.4
36 0
43.1
39.7
39.2
36.0
43.1
39.6
38.9
36.1
42.9
Printing and publishing ......................................
Chemicals and allied pro d u cts............................
Petroleum and coal products ............................
Leather and leather products ............................
37.1
40.9
43.9
35.6
37.6
41.6
43.9
36.8
37.9
41.7
43.6
37.3
37.9
41.9
43.7
37.2
37.7
41.9
44.6
37.1
37.9
42.1
44.8
37.3
37.9
42.1
44.5
37.2
37.9
42.0
44.7
36.7
38.2
42.0
43.7
37.5
38.0
41.8
43.5
36.5
37.7
41.9
43.1
36.7
37.7
41.9
43.2
37.0
37.8
42.0
43.9
36.0
37.9
41.7
43.1
36.6
37.9
41.8
43.4
36.1
39.0
39.0
39.4
39 2
39.4
39.5
39.3
39 2
39.5
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.4
39.8
39.1
MANUFACTURING
Overtime h o u r s ............................................
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
WHOLESALE TRADE
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.5
38.5
38.7
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.6
RETAIL TRADE
29.9
29.8
30.0
30.0
30.3
30.1
30.0
30.1
30.0
30.1
30.2
29.9
29.9
29.9
29.8
SERVICES
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.7
32.6
32.8
32.7
32.8
32 8
32.7
32.7
32.7
32.6
32.8
32.6
p = preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE:
See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
67
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
14.
A verag e hourly earnings, by industry
[Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
Annual average
Industry
1983
1984
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.P
Oct.P
Seasonally adju sted......................................
$7.68
<1)
$8.02
(1)
$8.16
8.13
$8.16
8.14
$8.16
8.17
$8.26
8.21
$8.24
8.23
$8.24
8.25
$8.29
8.31
$8.28
8.29
$8.29
8.33
$8.32
8.35
$8.30
8.34
$8.43
8.41
$8.42
8.40
....................................................................
10.77
11.27
11.33
11.40
11.41
11.54
11.49
11.60
11.62
11.56
11.57
11.57
11.57
11.65
11.58
11.63
11.92
12.06
11.91
12.02
12.08
11.99
11.97
11.95
11.99
11.94
11.97
12.01
12.16
12.15
8.49
8.83
8.90
8.97
9.04
9.08
9.06
9.09
9.11
9.11
9.14
9.18
9.14
9.22
9.23
Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ......................
Furniture and fix tu re s ...................................
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ................
Primary metal in d u s trie s ............................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts .........................
9.04
7.43
6.31
8 87
11.33
13.35
8.77
9.38
7.79
6 62
9.27
11.34
12.89
9.11
9.47
7.86
6.71
9.38
11.28
12.68
9.18
9.53
7.79
6.73
9.41
11.32
12.71
9.24
9.60
7.80
6.78
9.41
11.35
12.71
9.35
9.64
7.88
6.76
9.42
11.38
12.76
9.31
9.63
7.88
6.75
9.38
11.49
13.10
9.31
9.66
7.87
6.76
9.40
11.44
12.97
9.31
9.67
7.89
6.76
9.51
11.51
13.12
9.34
9.66
7.92
6.80
9.54
11.49
13.09
9.33
9.69
8.04
6.84
9.58
11.46
13.02
9.33
9.70
8.01
6.88
9.64
11.45
13.02
9.33
9.68
8.05
6.90
9.62
11.34
12.90
9.30
9.77
8.14
6.95
9.63
11.36
13.01
9.40
9.77
8.08
6.92
9.63
11.32
12.91
9.35
Machinery, except e le c tric a l......................
Electrical and electronic equipment . . . .
Transportation equipment .........................
Motor vehicles and e q u ip m e n t................
Instruments and related p ro d u c ts .............
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...................
9.26
8.21
11.11
11.62
8.06
6.42
9.55
8.65
11.66
12.12
8.46
6.80
9.66
8.71
11.87
12.38
8.54
6.84
9.74
8.77
12.01
12.49
8.56
6.84
9.85
8.84
12.04
12.47
8.65
6.95
9.85
8.88
12.06
12.53
8.68
7.00
9.87
8.86
12.00
12.41
8.66
6.97
9.90
8.88
12.12
12.62
8.71
6.97
9.91
8.89
12.06
12.56
8.73
6.97
9.90
8.89
12.04
12.51
8.71
6.99
9.93
8.91
12.14
12.67
8.78
6.98
9.96
8.95
12.13
12.61
8.83
7.02
9.92
9.00
12.13
12.59
8.85
6.97
10.02
9.08
12.26
12.70
8.89
7.02
10.02
9.09
12.35
12.90
8.84
7.09
Nondurable goods............................................
7.74
7.92
9.79
5.83
5.20
9.32
8.08
8.20
10.35
6.18
5.37
9.94
8.12
8.16
9.65
6 24
5.40
10.11
8.18
8.26
10.77
6.26
5.43
10.20
8.24
8.36
10.19
6.31
5.44
10.24
8.27
8.41
10.77
6.39
5.50
10.23
8.24
8.37
11.13
6.40
5.46
10.22
8.27
8.39
11.29
6.41
5.48
10.25
8.29
8.43
11.43
6.43
5.49
10.29
8.30
8.43
11.55
6.42
5.48
10.34
8.33
8.44
11.92
6.43
5.50
10.42
8.41
8.41
11.67
6.43
5.51
10.56
8.37
8.36
10.75
6.46
5.53
10.50
8.43
8.36
10.36
6.49
5.61
10.54
8.44
8.35
10.29
6.49
5.59
10.56
8.74
9.96
12.46
9.11
10.59
13.29
9.23
10.79
13.38
9.26
10.86
13.45
9.29
10.90
13.54
9.26
10.91
13.47
9.30
10.90
13.43
9.29
10.95
13.44
9.29
10.97
13.44
9.31
11.02
13.32
9.30
11.03
13.33
9.36
11.12
13.27
9.42
11.13
13.32
9.51
11.24
13.53
9.50
11.27
13.43
7.64
5.33
7.99
5.54
8.08
5.56
8.07
5.57
8.16
5.61
8.17
5.68
8.16
5.67
8.20
5.68
8.25
5.68
8.20
5.68
8.23
5.67
8.30
5.70
8.28
5.67
8.29
5.73
8.31
5.76
10.32
10.80
10.94
11.01
11.00
11.08
11.01
11.02
11.07
11.03
11.07
11.18
11.17
11.25
11.23
WHOLESALE TRADE
8.09
8.54
8.69
8.68
8.74
8.82
8.79
8.79
8.89
8.86
8.90
8.97
8.95
9.03
8.98
RETAIL TRADE
5.48
5.74
5.79
5.82
5.78
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.90
5.88
5.88
5.87
5.84
5.90
5.90
PRIVATE SECTOR ............................................
MINING
CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
Durable goods..................................................
Food and kindred products ......................
Tobacco m anu factures................................
Textile mill products ...................................
Apparel and other textile pro d u cts.............
Paper and allied products .........................
Printing and publishing................................
Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts ...................
Petroleum and coal products ...................
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics p ro d u c ts ......................................
Leather and leather products ...................
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE
6.78
7.29
7.45
7.39
7.43
7.55
7.54
7.54
7.62
7.55
7.58
7.60
7.57
7.77
7.73
SERVICES
6.92
7.30
7.43
7.44
7.47
7.57
7.55
7.54
7.60
7.55
7.53
7.56
7.53
7.71
7.72
1 Not available.
p = preliminary.
15.
NOTE:
See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
T he H ourly E arnings Index, by industry
[Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls; 1977 = 100]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry
Oct.
1983
Aug.
1984
Sept.
1984P
Seasonally adjusted
Oct.
1984P
Percent
change
from:
Oct. 1983
to
Oct. 1984
Oct.
1983
June
1984
July
1984
Aug.
1984
Sept.
1984P
Oct.
1984P
161.6
...........
157.2
160.1
161.9
161.8
2.9
157.1
160.3
160.8
160.6
161.7
M in in g ....................................................
Construction............................................
Manufacturing.........................................
Transportation and public utilities ...........
Wholesale tra d e ......................................
Retail trade..............................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate...........
Services .................................................
168.4
147.3
158.5
158.9
161.1
151.6
162.0
158.7
174.0
146.9
162.5
161.7
165.4
153.1
164.6
161.6
175.6
148.6
163.5
163.4
167.2
154.4
168.4
165.1
175.8
148.4
163.7
163.4
166.4
154.1
167.5
164.7
4.4
.8
3.2
2.8
3.3
1.6
3.4
3.8
(2)
(2)
(2)
146.6
163.3
161.9
<2>
146.9
163.4
162.9
(2)
(2)
158.7
153.8
(2)
162.5
146.6
162.9
162.6
<2)
154.0
(2)
163.4
(2)
153.6
(2)
162.8
PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant dollars)............
94.7
93.6
94.2
(3)
(3)
94.7
95.2
95.2
94.1
PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars)
145.5
158.7
158.4
(2)
151.9
147.1
162.3
162.1
(2)
Percent
change
from:
Sept. 1984
to
Oct. 1984
(2)
3Not available.
- .3
.3
154.3
(2)
165.1
(2)
94.3
(3)
(3)
68
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p = preliminary,
NOTE:
(2)
146.5
163.8
162.9
(2)
154.4
(2)
164.7
1 Percent change is less than .05 percent.
2This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component Is small relative to the trendcycle, Irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision.
(1)
See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
(1)
(2)
.1
(2)
-.2
16.
A verage w eekly earnings, by industry
[Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
1984
1983
Annual average
Industry
1982
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.P
Oct.F
$267.26
(1)
168.09
$280.70
(1)
171.37
$288.05
286.18
173.42
$286.42
286.53
172.44
$289.68
287.58
174.40
$289.10
290.63
173.32
$288.40
290.52
172.59
$288.40
291.23
172.59
$292.64
294.17
174.71
$291.46
292.64
173.18
$294.30
294.05
174.45
$296.19
293.92
174.85
$294.65
293.57
172.31
$299.27
296.87
173 99
$295.54
294.84
499.66
499.39
505 61
497.51
503.30
511.44
504.89
PRIVATE SECTOR
Constant (1977) d o lla r s ......................................
(1)
MINING
459.88
478.98
489.46
489.06
495.19
499.68
492.92
496.48
CONSTRUCTION
426.82
443.42
449.84
432.33
442.34
438.50
443.63
439.30
448.13
458.02
460.88
462.04
462.39
468.16
460.49
330.26
207.71
354.08
216.17
362.23
218.08
365.98
220.34
372.45
224.23
368.65
221.01
368.74
220.67
369.96
221.40
372.60
222.45
369.87
219.77
372.91
221 05
369.95
218.39
369.26
215.94
3/5.25
218.17
373 82
(1)
355.27
282.34
234.73
355.69
437.34
505.97
343.78
381.77
312.38
260.83
384.71
459.27
509.16
369.87
391.11
319.12
271.08
394.90
464.74
508.47
379.13
395.50
309.26
269.87
395.22
470.91
513.48
384.38
403.20
311.22
277.98
394.28
478.97
526.19
395.51
398.13
311.26
263.64
386.22
476.82
521.88
385.43
398.68
313.62
263.93
389.27
482.58
539.72
386.37
399 92
314.01
267.02
389.16
480.48
534.36
384.50
402.27
317.18
267.02
401.32
488.02
549.73
387.61
399 92
317.59
268.60
404.50
481.43
540.62
386.26
402.14
324.01
270.86
407.15
480.17
536.42
388.13
396.73
316.40
269.70
406.81
472.89
524.71
380.66
396.88
322.00
273.24
405.96
462.67
506.97
381.30
404.48
328.86
279.39
407.35
471.44
521.70
389.16
402.52
320.78
277.49
404.46
465.25
507.36
387.09
Instruments and related products ......................
Miscellaneous m anu facturing...............................
367.62
322.65
449.96
470.61
320.79
246.53
386.78
350.33
490.89
524.80
341.78
265.88
396.06
357.98
505.66
545.96
346.72
272.23
405.18
363.08
515.23
550.81
350.96
272.23
418.63
369.51
521.33
556.16
357.25
278.00
411.73
364.97
517.37
555.08
356.75
272.30
413.55
364.15
514.80
544.80
356.79
276.01
415.80
364.08
521.16
560.33
358.85
276.01
417.21
364.49
523.40
563.94
358.80
275.32
413.82
363.60
514.11
546.69
354.50
274.71
417.06
365.31
519.59
557.48
362.61
273.62
411.35
361.58
508.25
537.19
361.15
273.08
411.68
366.30
504.61
532.56
362.85
272.53
420.84
373.19
517.37
547.37
369.82
277.99
417.83
371.78
522.41
559.86
364.21
280.06
Apparel and other textile p ro d u c ts ......................
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ......................................
297.22
312.05
370.06
218.63
180.44
389.58
318.35
323.90
387.09
250.29
194.39
423.44
323.99
324.77
370.56
256.46
198.72
437.76
327.20
329.57
431.88
256.66
199.82
440.64
330.42
333.56
385.18
258.71
199.65
448.51
326.67
331.35
410.34
257.52
198.55
440.91
326.30
327.27
405.13
259.84
200.38
438.44
327.49
329.73
416.60
258.96
201.12
437.68
329.94
332.99
451.49
260.42
202.03
442.47
328.68
333.83
457.38
257.44
200.02
443.59
331.53
337.60
482 76
259.77
202.40
449.10
331.35
333.04
437.63
252.70
198.36
456.19
331.45
335.24
421.40
256.46
200.74
451.50
334.67
336.91
411.29
255.71
202.52
457.44
333.38
332.33
411.60
254.41
202.92
454.08
Petroleum and coat p ro d u c ts ................................
324.25
407.36
546.99
342.54
440.54
583.43
350.74
449.94
586.04
352.81
457.21
590.46
356.74
462.16
603.88
347.25
458.22
594.03
349.68
457.80
584.21
353.02
458.81
585.98
353.02
460.74
590.02
351.92
460.64
580.75
349.68
463.26
579.86
351.94
463.70
579.90
357.02
464.12
584.75
362 33
470.96
598 03
360.05
471.09
585.55
Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ................................
302.54
189.75
329.19
203.87
338.55
206.83
338.94
207.76
345.98
209.25
343.14
208.46
342.72
208.66
341.94
205.05
347.33
210.16
341.94
209.59
344.84
213.76
341.96
212.61
342.79
206.39
344.86
209.15
344 03
207.36
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
402.48
421.20
432.13
432.69
436.70
434.34
429.39
429.78
435.05
432.38
440.59
447.20
443.45
448.88
440.22
WHOLESALE TRADE
309.85
328.79
336.30
335.92
339.99
338.69
335.78
336.66
342.27
342.00
344.43
348.04
347.26
350.36
347.53
175.82
176.40
178.75
180.21
178.70
177.00
175.23
MANUFACTURING
Constant (1977) d o lla r s ......................................
Stone, clay, and glass p r o d u c ts .........................
Blast furnaces and basic steel products.............
Fabricated metal p rod ucts......................................
Machinery except e le c tric a l...................................
Electrical and electronic eguipm ent......................
RETAIL TRADE
163.85
171.05
173.12
173.44
178.02
173.17
173.17
174.34
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE
245.44
263.90
271.18
266.78
268.97
275.58
274.46
273.70
278.13
274.07
275.15
278.92
275.55
284.38
280 60
238.71
242.96 I 242.54
243.52
246.78
246.13
245.80 I 248.52
246.13
247.74
250.24
248.49
252.89
250.90
225.59
SERVICES
1 Not available.
oreliminarv
17.
NOTE:
See "Notes on the data’ io r a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
In dexes of diffusion: industries in w hich em ploym ent increased, seasonally adjusted
Time
span
1-month
span
3-month
span
Year
1982
1983
1984
1982
1983
1984
....
....
....
....
....
....
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
27.6
54.3
71.1
47.6
46.5
73.2
35.7
60.8
67.0
31.1
68.9
63.8
41.1
69.5
64.1
33.5
64.6
63.0
34.6
74.3
62.4
32.4
68.6
57.6
37.3
69.5
P40.3
28.9
75.4
P65.4
32.4
69.7
45.7
73.8
27.6
75.7
68.4
28.6
77.8
68.9
23.5
74.1
63.5
24.1
81.6
P55.7
26.5
80.8
P54.9
25.9
78.9
_
27.8
79.5
21.4
84.1
P61.4
18.6
82.4
—
23.2
84.6
—
27.3
85.9
29 5
86.8
35.4
83.8
21.1
83.8
21.1
88.1
25.1
86.8
31.6
87.3
34.1
85.4
40.3
87.3
25.1
46.8
82.2
27.8
57.3
80.5
27.8
64.1
76.5
27.3
75.1
71.1
6-month
span
1982
1983
1984
....
....
....
19.2
50.8
81.9
22 2
63.0
82.7
21.9
69.2
79.7
24.6
75.1
75.4
20.3
80.0
69.2
21.4
82.4
P62.7
12-month
span
1982
1983
1984
....
....
....
21.6
49.5
86.5
21.4
54.3
81.9
17.6
61.9
P78.9
18.1
71.1
P75.4
16.2
77.3
—
18.1
79.5
p = preliminary.
NOTE:
Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
41.6
77.6
—
are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the spans. See the “ Definitions” in this section.
See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
69
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA
N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a a r e c o m p ile d m o n th ly
excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by
persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of
work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued
to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment
figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number o f in
sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a
12-month period.
b y t h e E m p l o y m e n t a n d T r a in in g A d m in is tr a tio n o f th e U .S . D e
p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r f r o m m o n th ly r e p o r ts o f u n e m p lo y m e n t i n s u r
a n c e a c tiv ity p r e p a r e d b y S ta te a g e n c ie s . R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t
in s u r a n c e d a ta a re p r e p a r e d b y th e U .S . R a ilr o a d R e tir e m e n t B o a rd .
Definitions
Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are
computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure
incorporated the X -11 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust
ment program.
Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un
employment under State programs. Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees,
and the Railroad Insurance Act.
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is
required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments
are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount
of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted
for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However,
total benefits paid have been adjusted.
Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for
civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least
1 week o f unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons
not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor
force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are
18.
U nem p loym ent insurance and em ploym ent service operations
[All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands]
1 Ì83
Item
All programs:
Insured u n em ploym en t............................
State unemployment insurance program:1
Initiai claims2 ............................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly v o lu m e )................................
Rate of insured unem ploym ent................
Weeks of unemployment compensated . .
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment ......................
Total benefits paid ...................................
Sept.
Oct.
1984
Nov.
Oec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept P
2,580
2,478
2,620
2,915
3,374
3,174
2,958
2,613
2,290
2,166
r1.380
1,522
1,757
r2 ,104
r2,355
r1,528
r1,424
1,429
r1,368
r1,387
1 727
1 467
2,449
2.8
9,383
2,358
2.7
8,417
2,508
2.9
9,301
2,805
3.3
10,168
3,249
3.8
12,232
3,056
3.6
11,622
2,843
3.3
11,339
2,515
2.9
9,695
2,215
2.6
9,304
2,111
25
r8,053
2 270
26
8 367
2 183
?5
8 792
$121.32
$123.00
$122.19
$122,61
$123.60
$124.30
$124.67
$125.26
$123.69
$1,104,404 $1,002,141 $1,099,862 $1,203,605 $1,457,983 $1,400.458 $1,369,536 $1,173,601 $1,109,268
r$121.96
r$948,381
State unemployment insurance program:1
(Seasonally adjusted data)3
Initial claims2 ............................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly v o lu m e )......................................
Rate of insured unem ploym ent................
Unemployment compensation for exservicemen:4
Initial claim s1 ......................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly v o lu m e )......................................
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Total benefits paid ...................................
Unemployment compensation for
Federal civilian employees:5
Initial c la im s ............................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly v o lu m e )......................................
Weeks of unemployment compensated . .
Total benefits paid .........................
2 327
2 184
$119.85
$120.84
$972,687 $1,031,949
1,729
1,667
1,677
1.604
1,617
1,572
1,570
1,569
1,614
1,559
1,623
1 626
3,102
36
2.801
3.3
2.711
3.2
2.687
3.1
2,510
2.9
2,428
2.8
2,470
2.9
2,507
2.9
2.300
2.7
2,356
2.7
2 457
2.8
2 415
2.8
17
16
15
14
15
13
13
12
12
12
13
27
106
$13,531
28
107
$14.074
28
116
S15.121
27
113
$14.815
27
112
$14,532
24
96
$12,540
22
89
$11,813
20
78
$10,349
18
79
$10,577
18
r71.1
r$9,467
18
71
$9,578
11
15
13
13
16
10
9
13
9
11
12
22
83
$9,535
25
88
$10,144
27
110
$12,415
29
119
$13,888
32
133
$15,588
31
129
$15,003
28
122
$14,778
23
98
$11,844
20
88
$10,529
19
76
r$8,994
20
80
$9,490
19
80
$10,839
19
83
$9,826
Railroad unemployment Insurance:
A p p lic a tio n s .........................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly v o lu m e )......................................
Number of p a y m e n ts ................................
Average amount of benefit payment . . .
Total benefits paid ...................................
9
7
8
8
10
4
3
2
2
11
25
7
41
103
$214.77
$20,239
48
92
$211.41
$19,531
40
92
$212.36
$19,536
43
95
$213,71
$19,870
51
121
$210.73
$23,866
49
104
$209.56
$23,228
41
99
$208.96
$20,112
27
70
$196.32
$13,356
19
54
$188.45
$10,233
16
38
$187.37
$7,039
16
35
$189.06
$6,691
17
37
$197.85
$6,695
Employment service:6
New applications and renew als................
Nonfarm placements .........................
15,595
3,012
4,297
782
11nitial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican
igarcane workers.
‘ Excludes transition claims under State programs.
3 Insured unemployment data were revised for the development and application of updated seasonal
factors. The factors were developed from data through June 1984.
4 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
70
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8,231
1,469
18
34
$196 15
$6,349
9,517
1,810
E xcludes data or claims and payments made jointly with State programs
. . . . . . . . . .
,
“ Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly
NOTE: Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands included. Dashes indicate data not available,
p = preliminary,
r = revised.
PRICE DATA
P r ic e d a t a
a r e g a t h e r e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s f ro m
r e t a i l a n d p r i m a r y m a r k e ts in th e U n ite d S ta te s . P ric e in d e x e s a re
g iv e n in r e la tio n to a b a s e p e r io d ( 1 9 6 7 =
1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e
n o te d ).
Definitions
The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average
change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective
with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub
lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All
Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop
ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers
index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional,
managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers,
the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and serv
ices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of
these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that
only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than
24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across
the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of
items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex
penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately
reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif
ferent buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the “ Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures
only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting
living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices
among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each
area since the base period.
Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in
primary markets o f the United States by producers of commodities in all
stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains
about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected
to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the
manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity,
and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced
or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the
United States.
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by
commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree
o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods,
and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim
ilarity o f end-use or material composition.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes
apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States,
from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally
collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob
tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential
basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing
the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various
commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre
senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities
as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage
of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability of product
groupings, and a number of special composite groupings.
Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as
defined in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l 1 9 7 2 (Washing
ton, U .S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are
derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity
of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the
industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted
by the U .S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Notes on the data
Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in
the May 1978 R e v i e w . These indexes enable users in local areas for which
an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their
area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region.
The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.)
For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see T h e C o n s u m e r
P r i c e I n d e x : C o n c e p t s a n d C o n t e n t O v e r th e Y e a r s , Report 517, revised
edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978).
As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised
weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments.
Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the C P I
D e t a i l e d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P r i c e s a n d P r i c e I n d e x e s , both monthly
publications of the Bureau.
For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and
industry price indexes, see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Bulletin 2134-1
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see
B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S t u d i e s (1976), chapter 13.
See also John F. Early, “ Improving the measurement of producer price
change,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , April 1978. For industry prices, see also
Bennett R. Moss, “ Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , August 1965.
71
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
19.
C onsum er Price Index for Urban W age Earners and C lerical W orkers, annual averages and changes, 1 9 6 7 -8 3
[1967 = 100]
Food and
beverages
All items
Year
Index
Percent
change
Index
Apparel and
upkeep
Housing
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
Index
Transportation
Percent
change
Index
Medical care
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
Other goods
and services
Entertainment
Index
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
1967
1968
1969
1970
...................
...................
...................
...................
100.0
104.2
109.8
116.3
4.2
5.4
5.9
100.0
103.6
108.8
114.7
3.6
5.0
5.4
100.0
104.0
110.4
118.2
4.0
6.2
7.1
100.0
105.4
111.5
116.1
5.4
5.8
4.1
100.0
103.2
107.2
112.7
3.2
3.9
5.1
100.0
106.1
113.4
120.6
6.1
6.9
6.3
100.0
105.7
111.0
116.7
5.7
5.0
5.1
100.0
105.2
110.4
115.8
5.2
4.9
5.8
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
...................
...................
...................
...................
...................
121.3
125.3
133.1
147.7
161.2
4.3
3.3
6.2
11.0
9.1
118.3
123.2
139.5
158.7
172.1
3.1
4.1
13.2
13.8
8.4
123.4
128.1
133.7
148.8
164.5
4.4
3.8
4.4
11.3
10.6
119.8
122.3
126.8
136.2
142.3
3.3
2.1
3.7
7.4
4.5
118.6
119.9
123.8
137.7
150.6
5.2
1.1
3.3
11.2
9.4
128.4
132.5
137.7
150.5
168.6
6.5
3.2
3.9
9.3
12.0
122 9
126 5
130.0
139.8
152.2
5.3
2.9
2.8
7.5
8.9
122.4
127.5
132.5
142.0
153.9
4.8
4.2
3.9
7.2
8.4
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
...................
...................
...................
...................
...................
170.5
181.5
195.3
217.7
247.0
5.8
6.5
7.6
11.5
13.5
177.4
188.0
206.2
228.7
248.7
3.1
8.0
9.7
10.9
8.7
174.6
186.5
202.6
227.5
263.2
6.1
6.8
8.6
12.3
15.7
147.6
154.2
159.5
166.4
177.4
3.7
4.5
3.4
4.3
6.6
165.5
177.2
185.8
212.8
250.5
9.9
7.1
4.9
14.5
17.7
184.7
202.4
219.4
240.1
287.2
9.5
9.6
8.4
9.4
11.3
159.8
167.7
176.2
187.6
203.7
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.5
8.5
162.7
172.2
183.2
196.3
213.6
5.7
5.8
6.4
7.2
8.8
1981
1982
1983
...................
...................
...................
272.3
288.6
297.4
10.2
6.0
3.0
267.8
278.5
284.7
7.7
4.0
2.2
293.2
314.7
322.0
11.4
7.3
2.3
186.6
190.9
195.6
5.2
2.3
2.5
281.3
293.1
300.0
12.3
4.2
2.4
295.1
326.9
355.1
10.4
10.8
8.6
219.0
232.4
242.4
7.5
6.1
4.3
233.3
257.0
286.3
9.2
10.2
11.4
20. C onsum er Price Index for All Urban C onsum ers and revised CPI for U rban W age E arners and C lerical W orkers,
U.S. city averag e— general sum m ary and groups, subgroups, and selected item s
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
All Urban Consumers
1984
1983
General summary
1984
1983
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
All items
301.8
308.8
309.7
310.7
311.7
313.0
314.5
300.8
304.1
305.4
306.2
Food and beverages ...............................................................................................
Housing ..................................................................................................................
Apparel and u p k e e p ...............................................................................................
T ransportation........................................................................................................
Medical care
Entertainment ........................................................................................................
Other goods and se rvic e s.....................................................................................
285.3
326.4
200.4
303.7
361.2
247.5
294.4
294.5
333.2
199.2
309.6
375.7
253 8
302.8
293.6
334.6
198.9
312.2
376.8
253.5
303.2
294.3
336.2
197.4
313.1
378.0
254.5
304.4
295 3
338.1
196.6
312.9
380.3
255.3
306.5
296.9
339.5
200.1
312.9
381.9
256.4
307.2
296.4
341.4
204.2
313.7
383.1
257.3
314.6
285.6
325.3
199.3
305.5
359.2
244.1
292.0
294.7
322.7
198.2
311.9
373.9
249.8
300.4
293.7
325.2
197.7
314.6
375.0
249.6
300.8
294.3
326.2
196.1
315.5
376.3
250 7
302.1
307.5
310.3
312.1
295.3
328.7
195.3
315.2
378.5
251.4
304.5
296.9
334.2
199.0
315.2
380.1
252.5
305.3
296.3
336.8
203.3
316.0
381.2
253.4
310.9
Com m odities...........................................................................................................
Commodities less food and b eve rages......................................................
Nondurables less food and b eve rages..................................................
D u ra b le s .....................................................................................................
274.5
265.1
275.8
256.4
280.1
268.7
275.7
265 2
280.4
269.7
276.1
267.0
280.6
269.6
275.4
267.8
280.6
269.0
274.3
267.8
281.4
269.3
274.8
267.8
282.3
271.0
277.2
268 7
275.9
267.2
277.9
257.0
279.2
267.8
277.5
258.5
279.5
268.7
277.9
259.8
279.7
268.7
277.2
260.3
280.1
268 8
276.2
261.3
281.4
270 0
276.6
263.0
282.5
271.8
279.0
264.4
Services ..................................................................................................................
Rent, residential ............................................................................................
Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 1 0 0 ) .........................
Transportation services ...............................................................................
Medical care services ..................................................................................
Other services ...............................................................................................
349.0
239.5
105.1
305.4
391.0
282.5
358.1
246.4
106.2
315.8
406.3
291.3
359.9
247.2
107.4
317.7
407.1
292.3
361.9
248.4
108.5
319.6
408.4
293.6
364.5
249.7
109.7
321.4
410.9
294.2
366.5
251.1
110.5
323.8
412.7
295.5
368 9
252.4
111.0
324.6
413.9
302.5
346.9
238.9
350.1
245.7
353.4
246.5
355.2
247.7
358.2
249.0
363.9
250.3
366.8
251.7
301.4
388.3
279.6
312.1
403.9
288.3
313.9
404.7
289.4
315.7
406.1
290.9
317.4
408.6
291.5
319.6
410.4
292.8
320.7
411.5
299.0
302.3
103.2
308.6
105.5
310.0
105.9
311.0
106.2
312.0
106.5
313.2
106.9
315.2
107.4
301.5
303.3
305.2
306.0
307.3
310.4
312.7
262.9
270.6
311.0
281.8
104.2
342.2
269.2
267.5
429.3
422.1
292.1
290.2
246.2
341.6
266.5
270.7
312.1
286.3
106.3
350.6
279.4
280.6
421.3
414.2
300.5
298.3
251.8
352.2
267.4
271.1
313.0
286.1
107.5
352.5
277.4
278.1
426.1
416.3
301.1
299.3
252.5
353.3
267.4
270.5
312.9
286.0
108.3
354.5
278.0
273.7
428.5
414.4
301.9
300.2
252.8
354.7
266.8
269.5
311.9
286.0
109.0
357.1
279.0
271.9
428.3
408.9
303.1
301.3
253.0
356.8
267.1
270.0
311.0
287.1
109.7
359.2
281.4
274.2
427.3
404.2
304.6
302.8
254.2
358.6
268.8
272.3
312.3
288.0
110.5
361.7
280.0
271.5
429.0
405.4
306.1
304.9
256.0
361.0
287.5
264.9
272 8
312.8
282.8
292.4
265.7
272.6
313.5
287.2
293.2
266.6
273.0
314.3
286.9
294.0
266.6
272.4
314.3
286.9
294.9
266.7
271.4
313.3
286.8
296.4
267.8
271.8
312.2
287.8
297.9
269.6
274.1
313.5
288.8
340.2
268.1
268.9
430.2
423.4
290.3
288.3
246.4
339.0
342 2
278.1
282.3
421.5
414.8
294.6
291.3
248.4
343.3
345.8
276.0
279.3
426.0
416.9
295.7
293.0
249.1
346.1
347.6
276.4
274.9
428.2
415.0
296.3
293.6
249.3
347.2
350 5
277.4
272.8
427.8
409.5
297.8
295.1
250.1
349.7
356.6
279.8
275.5
426.5
404.9
301.0
298.7
252.0
355.5
359.6
278.3
273.2
428.3
406.3
302.7
301.0
253.8
358.4
SO.331
$0.324
$0.323
$0.322
$0.321
$0.319
$0.318
$0.332
$0.329
$0.327
$0.327
$0.325
$0.322
$0.320
Special indexes:
All items less fo o d ..................................................................................................
All items less mortgage interest c o s t s ...............................................................
Commodities less food ........................................................................................
Nondurables less food ........................................................................................
Nondurables less food and a ppa rel.....................................................................
N ond urables...........................................................................................................
Services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Services less medical care ..................................................................................
Domestically produced farm fo o d s .....................................................................
Selected beef c u t s ..................................................................................................
Energy .....................................................................................................................
Energy commodities ........................................................................................
All items less energy ...........................................................................................
All items less food and e n e rg y.........................................................................
Commodities less food and e n e r g y ............................................................
Services less e n ergy...............................................................................................
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 = $1
72
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
...................................
20.
C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General su mmary
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
1984
1983
1983
1984
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
FOOD AND BEVERAGES
285.3
294.5
293.6
294.3
295.3
296.9
296.4
285.6
294.7
293.7
294.3
295.3
296.9
296.3
Food ................................................................................................................
292.6
302.3
301.4
302.0
303.2
304.8
304.2
292.6
302.3
301.2
301.8
302.8
304.5
303.8
Food at home .........................................................................................................
Cereals and bakery products ......................................................................
Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) ...................................
Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
Cereal (12/77 = 100) ...............................................................
Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) ............................
Bakery products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................................
White b r e a d ..................................................................................
Other breads (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) ................
Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100) .............................
Cookies (12/77 = 100) ............................................................
Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) . . .
Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts 912/77 = 100)
Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and
fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................
282.5
293.7
158.5
142.9
177.5
146.0
154.4
252.9
149.8
152.6
155.2
157.6
148.3
155.9
292.8
302.8
162.5
143.8
183.9
149.2
159.4
258.2
154.7
159.2
161.2
163.8
156.6
160.1
290.7
303.5
163.4
144.6
185.1
150.0
159.6
260.4
154.3
158.5
160.6
163.9
155.4
161.5
291.4
304.9
164.2
146.2
185.7
150.1
160.4
260.2
154.8
158.7
161.3
165.8
157.9
162.1
292.5
306.6
164.5
147.2
185.7
150.3
161.5
260.9
155.7
158.7
163.9
166.1
160.7
163.0
294.4
307.8
165.0
148.3
185.9
150.5
162.2
262.6
154 9
159.3
164.9
167.9
162.0
163.4
293.4
307.9
164.5
146.3
186.1
150.4
162.4
263.2
155.8
159.7
165.9
167.3
161.7
162.9
281.5
292.3
159.3
143.4
179.7
147.1
153.1
248.5
151.9
148.7
153.5
158.6
149.5
158.6
291.6
301.3
163.1
144.1
186.1
150.4
158.2
254.0
156.8
155.1
159.2
164.8
158.1
163.1
289.4
301.9
164.1
144.8
187.3
151.1
158.4
256.1
156.6
154.3
158.7
164.7
156.6
164.2
290.0
303.4
164.8
146.5
188.0
151.2
159.1
256.0
157.0
154.5
159.3
166.7
159.2
164.9
291.0
304.9
165.2
147.5
188.0
151.4
160.1
256.6
157.8
154.6
161.8
167.1
162.0
165.6
292.9
306.3
165.7
148.6
188.2
151.7
160.9
258.5
157.3
155.1
162.7
168.9
163.4
166.3
291.9
306.3
165.1
146.6
188.3
151.5
161.1
258.8
158.0
155.6
163.6
168.3
163.0
165.9
161.3
166.0
164.9
166.6
169.0
168.9
169.3
154.3
159.1
158.1
159.8
162.1
161.8
162.0
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ...................................................................
Meats, poultry, and f i s h ......................................................................
Meats ............................................................................................
Beef and veal 1
Ground beef other than ca nn ed.........................................
Chuck roast .........................................................................
Round r o a s t .........................................................................
Round s te a k .........................................................................
Sirloin s te a k .........................................................................
Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ................................
P o r k ............................................................................................
Bacon ..................................................................................
Chops ...................................................................................
Ham other than canned (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .........................
Sausage ...............................................................................
Canned h a m .........................................................................
Other pork (12/77 = 100) ...............................................
Other meats ............................................................................
Frankfurters .........................................................................
Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) . . . .
Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ...................................
Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) .........................
P o u ltry ............................................................................................
Fresh whole c h ick e n ............................................................
Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............
Other poultry (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
Fish and seafood .........................................................................
Canned fish and seafood ...................................................
Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) . . .
E g g s ........................................................................................................
258.7
264.2
262.6
268.0
254.3
269.5
230.3
247.4
277.3
164.8
250.2
269.5
229.6
111.0
311.3
252.8
139.0
262.6
259.8
153.0
136.1
133.9
204.4
209.6
135.9
122.9
372.6
133.9
146.7
193.3
270.5
272.7
268.9
280.8
262.7
286.8
250.9
262.4
284.3
172.1
247.7
258.8
232.9
109 2
314.8
246.9
137.3
264.6
262.5
152.9
135.3
138.9
222.3
231.2
150.1
128.0
387.3
132.7
156.3
249.6
266.7
270.9
267.9
278.3
259.7
281.0
246.5
261.3
280.0
172.0
248.0
262.5
227.3
110.2
318.7
249.7
137.1
265.7
264.8
153.6
135.9
138.5
218.0
223.2
145.9
130.3
380.8
132.3
152.6
218.9
263.9
270.3
266.8
274.2
255.1
272.1
238.3
254.2
284.6
170.9
250.5
262.8
234.4
110.7
319.3
248.3
139.1
267.5
265.8
155.0
138.2
137.1
219.6
223.7
147.6
131.6
382.3
133.0
153.1
185.8
264.6
271.4
267.3
272.1
253.0
269.1
231.4
250.6
286.5
170.5
255.5
272.4
242.4
111.4
322.0
246.5
142.0
268.0
265.3
154.8
138.2
139.0
221.3
228.1
146.6
132.7
387.0
134.4
155.1
182.7
265.7
272.7
269.9
274.3
254.8
272.7
235.7
254.7
287.7
171.2
259.9
272.3
250.7
113.5
322.9
248.1
146.1
268.4
267.8
154.8
138.2
138.6
216.5
218.6
144.1
133.3
387.0
134.4
155.1
179.3
264.5
271.6
268.0
271.9
252.9
271.8
234.3
252.4
286.1
169.0
257.5
270.3
242.3
116.8
321.2
251.4
142.5
268.7
267.6
155.6
138.8
137.3
217.2
220.2
144.7
132.7
390.6
133.7
157.7
178.6
258.4
263.8
262.2
268.7
255.9
277.4
232.8
245.7
280.1
163.7
249.7
273.6
227.9
108.1
312.2
258.8
138.2
262.4
258.6
152.9
134.2
136.9
202.6
207.2
134.2
122.7
370.7
133.4
146.0
194.3
270.0
272.1
268.4
281.7
264.0
295.8
254.7
261.4
286.4
171.0
247.2
262.6
231.1
106.3
315.3
252.1
136.8
263.9
261.1
152.6
133.4
142.1
220.4
228.7
148.3
127.3
385.9
132.2
156.1
251.0
266.1
270.1
267.2
278.8
260.6
289.5
250.2
258.7
281.7
170.7
247.4
266.3
225.2
107.4
319.2
254.8
136.4
265.1
263.4
153.4
134.0
141.7
216.0
221.0
143.9
129.6
380.0
131.9
152.7
220.0
263.3
269.6
266.1
274.6
256.3
280.9
242.6
251.3
285.9
169.3
249.9
266.7
232.4
107.6
319.8
253.3
138.3
267.1
264.4
154.7
136.4
140.3
217.7
221.5
145.7
131.0
380.9
132.5
152.9
186.7
263.9
270.4
266.6
272.4
253.7
277.3
235.1
247.7
288.4
169.1
254.8
276.3
240.1
108.3
322.9
252.0
141.1
267.5
263.8
154.8
136.4
142.0
218.8
225.4
144.4
131.5
385.5
133.9
154.8
183.7
265.2
272.1
269.4
274.9
256.0
280.4
239.9
254.4
288.9
169.8
259.2
276.3
248.3
110.4
323.6
253.4
145.3
268.0
266.3
154.7
136.4
141.7
214.0
216.1
141.8
132.3
385.7
133.9
155.0
180.4
264.1
271.0
267.7
272.8
254.4
280.6
237.8
251.4
288.7
167.8
257.0
274.2
240.6
113.6
322.7
256.0
141.7
268.2
266.1
155.4
137.0
140.1
214.7
217.5
142.4
131.8
389.1
133.2
157.5
179.7
Dairy p ro d u c ts ...............................................................................................
Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
Fresh whole milk .........................................................................
Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................
Processed dairy products ...................................................................
Butter ............................................................................................
Cheese (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
Other dairy products (12/77 = 100) ......................................
250.2
136.1
222.6
136.4
149.0
253.9
146.8
154.4
146.0
251.5
136.8
223.7
137.3
149.6
252.4
146.6
156.4
148.2
251.0
136.5
223.0
137.3
149.4
254.2
146.2
156.6
146.8
251.7
136.6
223.2
137.3
150.2
254.1
147.4
156.6
148.5
252.2
136.7
223.3
137.5
150.8
261.2
147.9
155.8
148.3
252.7
136.7
223.2
137.7
151.5
264.4
148.2
157.4
148.1
254.9
137.7
224.7
138.7
153.1
266.0
149.1
160.9
149.9
249.4
135.5
221.7
135.8
149.3
256.4
147.1
153.5
146.5
250.5
136.2
222.6
136.6
149.8
254.9
146.9
155.3
148.7
250.1
135.9
222.0
136.6
149.7
256.8
146.5
155.5
147.3
250.6
135.9
222.1
136.6
150.5
256.7
147.8
155.5
148.8
251.1
136.0
222.2
136.8
151.0
263.8
148.2
154.8
148.6
251.7
136.0
222.0
137.0
151.8
266.7
148.6
156.5
148.6
253.8
136.9
223.5
138.0
153.4
268.6
149.4
159.9
150.4
Fruits and vegetables ..................................................................................
Fresh fruits and vegetables ...............................................................
Fresh fruits ..................................................................................
Apples ..................................................................................
Bananas ...............................................................................
Oranges ...............................................................................
Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................................
Fresh vegetables .........................................................................
Potatoes ...............................................................................
L e ttu c e ..................................................................................
Tomatoes ............................................................................
Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................
297.6
306.6
316.7
320.2
278.6
337.0
164.1
297.2
336.1
337.0
212.2
158.0
315.3
326.5
304.2
299.3
275.2
309.5
161.5
347.4
367.3
244.4
280.4
218.9
310.2
316.0
315.2
298.8
251.1
344.8
169.9
316.8
372.1
234.1
252.8
187.4
318.1
329.7
343.3
315.5
277.9
452.5
169.6
317.1
391.4
262.6
262.3
174.6
320.0
332.4
346.9
329.9
271.8
486.5
163.6
318.8
455.6
246.0
237.3
167.1
327.7
345.7
353.3
341.8
257.0
530.8
160.4
338.7
478.1
316.6
310.4
157.1
319.7
332.5
364.8
337.9
249.9
553.6
170.4
302.3
354.1
337.8
252.9
152.1
293.3
300.3
305.9
321.3
276.5
307.1
157.7
295.4
330.9
338.2
216.2
156.3
311.2
321.0
294.0
300.4
273.1
283.4
155.1
345.4
360.1
247.1
286.6
217.2
305.6
309.5
303.2
299.5
248.8
313.9
163.2
315.4
366.0
236.4
257.6
186.3
313.1
322.5
328.8
315.2
275.5
413.0
162.6
316.8
387.6
264.6
267.4
174.1
315.1
325.2
333.5
330.6
269.5
448.5
157.0
317.8
451.1
246.2
242.1
166.1
322.4
337.6
338.8
342.8
254.7
487.7
153.6
336.7
470.0
319.1
314.3
155.3
313.6
323.0
349.6
339.6
248.4
507.1
163.6
299.2
344.5
338.0
256.2
150.2
Processed fruits and vegetables.........................................................
Processed fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) ................
Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .........................
290.2
151.0
142.2
155.2
153.8
305.7
161.7
163.2
163.2
158.8
306.5
162.1
163.8
164.1
158.6
308.0
163.2
164.8
165.2
159.6
309.2
163.6
163.9
165.7
161.2
310.7
164.3
166.2
165.3
161.5
308.4
163.1
165.2
165.1
159.3
288.0
150.6
141.4
154.2
154.3
302.9
161.2
162.4
162.2
159.0
303.8
161.6
163.1
163.1
158.7
305.3
162.7
164.1
164.3
159.9
306.5
163.1
163.1
164.8
161.4
308.0
163.7
165.5
164.1
161.8
305.6
162.6
164.5
163.9
159.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
73
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In d ex— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1983
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
1984
1983
1984
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Fruits and vegetables— Continued
Processed vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................
Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100) ...................................
Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77 = 100)
Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77 = 100) . . . .
140.6
152.4
141.8
134.0
145.6
156.0
148.5
138.9
146.0
155.4
149.3
139.6
146.5
155.6
150.7
139.8
147.2
155.1
152.3
140.6
148.1
157.0
153.1
c141.2
146.9
156.2
150.9
140.2
139.4
153.9
139.3
132.6
144.3
157.7
145.8
137.2
144.8
157.1
146.6
138.0
145.3
157.2
148.0
138.1
146.0
156.7
149.7
138.9
145.7
157.7
148.3
138.6
Other foods at h o m e ...................................................
Sugar and sweets ...............................................................................
Candy and chewing gum (12/77 = 100) ................................
Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
Other sweets (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Fats and oils (12/77 = 100) ............................................................
M a rg a rin e .....................................................................................
Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77 = 100) . . .
Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............
Nonalcoholic beverages ......................................................................
Cola drinks, excluding diet cola ................................................
Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77 = 100) . . . .
Roasted coffee ............................................................................
Freeze dried and instant c o ffe e ...................................................
Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77 = 100) .........................
Other prepared foods ............................................................................
Canned and packaged soup (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................
Frozen prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ...................................
Snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77 = 100) . . .
Other condiments (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ......................
Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77 = 100) . .
340.7
376.4
151.9
170.3
152.7
264.8
259.3
148.9
136.9
431.2
312.7
147.6
353.7
348.3
141.0
277.8
141.4
155.7
159.9
158.9
156.3
152.2
147.2
351.0
387.7
158.6
171.8
156.9
282.4
280.5
154.3
146.7
443.6
320.8
151.3
368.6
362.2
144.7
283.8
144.6
159.3
163.0
163.5
157.5
155.8
151.7
350.8
390.0
159.4
172.4
158.5
282.9
282.7
153.3
146.9
441.7
316.2
150.9
368.9
362.8
146.0
283.9
144.6
158.3
164.7
162.7
157.8
156.0
151.3
352.1
391.2
160.5
172.4
158.3
285.4
285.6
152.3
149.1
442.3
317.1
150.1
372.8
363.5
146.2
285.3
144.6
160.4
165.1
163.8
158.4
156.0
152.1
353.1
391.8
161.3
171.0
159.4
291.4
293.2
153.2
152.7
442.7
315.1
150.5
374.8
366.9
147.4
285.4
145.6
159.1
166.0
163.8
160.0
154.9
151.6
354.0
392.6
161.6
171.0
160.1
295.4
296.0
154.9
155.2
441.5
313.3
149.2
375.9
369 6
147.6
286.9
146.4
162.0
166.5
164.4
159.9
155.5
152.1
355.1
393.7
162.1
172.3
159.7
295.1
296.6
156.3
154.2
444.0
316.8
149.4
376.3
369.2
148.3
287.3
146.4
161.6
166.9
165.6
159.5
155.9
152.8
341.5
376.2
151.8
171.6
150.5
264.7
257.3
147.2
137.5
433.1
310.2
145.3
348.4
347.5
141.3
279.4
143.3
154.9
162.0
158.1
158.2
152.5
148.4
351.6
387.3
158.4
173.0
154.7
281.9
278.5
152.2
147.1
445.2
318.0
149.0
363.0
361.6
144,9
285.4
246.5
258.4
165.2
162.4
159.4
156.0
153.0
351.3
389.4
159.2
173.6
156.2
282.4
280.3
151.5
147.3
443.1
313.5
148.5
363.4
362.1
146.4
285.4
146.5
157.3
166.9
161.7
159.6
156.0
152.4
352.5
390.5
160.3
173.6
155.8
284.9
283.2
150.5
149.4
443.7
314.5
147.6
367.1
362.9
146.4
286.9
146.4
159.6
167.4
163.0
160.2
156.2
153.2
353.5
391.1
161.0
172.2
157.0
291.0
291.1
151.3
153.2
444.0
312.4
148.1
369.0
366.3
147.7
287.0
147.6
158.3
168.3
162.9
161.9
154.9
152.8
146.9
158.6
150.5
139.5
354.3
391.9
161.3
172.3
157.6
295.0
293.6
153.1
155.7
442.8
310.7
147.0
369 9
368.9
147.9
288.5
148.4
161.2
168.8
163.5
161.7
155.6
153.2
355.4
393.1
161.8
173 5
157.2
294.6
294.3
154.2
154.7
445.2
314.1
147.1
370.2
368.2
148.7
288.7
148.2
160.4
169.2
164.7
161.4
155.9
153.9
Food away from home .........................................................................................
Lunch (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
Dinner (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
Other meals and snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................
322.2
155.9
154.9
159.4
330 9
159.6
159.6
163.7
332.6
160.5
160.2
164.8
333.1
160.7
160.3
165.3
334.4
161.5
161.0
165.5
335.5
161.9
161.7
166.0
335.8
162.4
161.8
165.7
325.4
157.5
156.6
159.9
334.1
161.2
161.3
164.2
335.9
162.0
162.0
165.3
336.3
162.3
162.0
165.8
337.7
163.0
162.8
166.0
338.8
163.5
163.5
166.5
339.0
163.9
163 6
166.3
Alcoholic beverages
218.4
221.3
221.5
222.4
222.5
222.9
223.1
221.3
224.6
224.8
225.6
225.8
226.2
226.4
Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77 = 100) ...................................................
Beer and ale ..................................................................................................
W hiskey............................................................................................................
Wine ...............................................................................................................
Other alcoholic beverages (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77 = 100) ...................................
141.2
225.4
153.7
235.7
122.5
148.4
142.3
229.9
153.1
233.4
122.8
153.6
142.3
230.6
153.3
231.4
122.3
154.2
142.8
231.2
153.8
234.0
122.5
154.8
142.8
231.5
153.5
232.5
122.7
155.5
142.9
231.1
154.0
234.2
122.6
156.4
142.8
231.5
153.8
231.8
123.4
157.2
143.2
224.8
154.2
243.7
122.3
149.6
144.5
228.9
153.7
241.7
122.7
154.8
144.6
229.7
153.7
239.3
122.3
155.3
145.0
230.2
154.1
241.8
122.4
155.9
145.0
230.6
153.9
240.1
122.4
156.6
145.1
230.3
154.3
241.6
122.4
157.8
145.1
230.5
154.1
239.5
123.2
158 6
325.3
322.7
325.2
326.2
328.7
334.2
336.8
344.6
347.9
356.1
359.3
380.2
407.6
162.6
393.4
299.8
519.0
441.8
248.9
658.4
217.4
357.4
405.4
256.9
383 6
404.8
163.4
397.2
302.5
524.9
442.4
251.4
666.4
218.6
359.4
407.9
258.1
HOUSING
326.4
333.2
334.6
336.2
338.1
339.5
341.4
Shelter (C P I-U )..............................................................................................
348.5
357.8
358.9
360.2
362.7
364.6
366.5
Renters' c o s t s .........................................................................................................
Rent, residential ............................................................................................
Other renters’ c o s t s ......................................................................................
Homeowners’ c o s t s ...............................................................................................
Owners' equivalent r e n t ...............................................................................
Household insurance .....................................................................................
Maintenance and repairs ......................................................................................
Maintenance and repair services ...............................................................
Maintenance and repair co m m odities.........................................................
104.4
239.5
361.3
103.5
103.5
104.0
346.6
387.6
259.9
107.4
246.4
371.2
106.2
106.2
106.1
356.3
408.1
259.2
107.8
247.2
371.3
106.5
106.3
160.6
357.3
409.6
259.7
108.2
248.4
371.5
106.8
106.8
106.6
358.9
409.8
262.2
108.9
249.7
375.7
107.6
107.7
106.7
360.3
411.6
263.1
109.6
251.1
380.7
108.1
108.1
108.0
360.1
412.3
262.2
110.2
252.4
384.3
108.7
108.7
108.6
362.7
414.3
264.8
Shelter (CPI-W)
Other renters' costs ...............................................................................................
Lodging while out of to w n ............................................................................
Tenants’ insurance (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
H om e ow nership.....................................................................................................
Home purchase ............................................................................................
Financing, taxes, and insurance..................................................................
Property in s u ra n c e ...............................................................................
Property taxes .....................................................................................
Contracted mortgage interest c o s t s ..................................................
Mortgage interest r a te s ...............................................................
Maintenance and re p a irs...............................................................................
Maintenance and repair services.........................................................
Maintenance and repair com m odities.........................................................
Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and
Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............
Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling
supplies (12/77 = 100) ............................................................
Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............
74
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
347.5
341.3
344.2
238 9
245 7
?4fi 5
358.6
374.8
156.2
386.1
303.4
500.0
434.9
238.5
634.2
207.2
343.7
385.5
255.2
370.7
393.8
159.8
374.9
291.7
480.8
440.3
244.8
601.6
203.9
354.2
401.0
255.9
370.5
393.5
159.8
378.5
291.9
490.1
441.0
245.6
615.5
208.4
355.0
402.6
255.6
370.8
393.9
160.1
378.8
291.7
490.6
441.5
245.9
616.0
209.3
356.0
403.1
257.2
375.1
400.6
160.4
382.7
294.9
496.5
441.6
246.4
624.9
210.1
357.3
405.2
257.1
145 8
125.3
147 3
124.5
124.2
124.1
123.1
123.3
123.5
140.7
142.2
140.2
141.7
141.9
142.4
142.5
143.0
142.1
146.3
142.8
144.2
142.7
146.7
20.
C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In d ex— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
1984
1983
1983
1984
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Fuel and other utilities..................................................................................
376.4
380.9
385.5
390.0
393.9
395.5
397.0
378.1
382.0
386.6
391 4
395.4
396 9
398.4
F u e ls .........................................................................................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s ......................................................................
Fuel oil ...................................................................................................
Other fuels (6/78 = 100) ..................................................................
Gas (piped) and electricity............................................................................
E le c tric ity ...............................................................................................
Utility (piped) gas ...............................................................................
478.3
623.2
631.2
190.2
440.5
342.3
590.5
476.0
650.7
660.9
195.6
432.3
338.9
573.2
483.5
649.2
659.9
194.4
441.4
343.0
591.7
490.7
646.0
656.2
194.1
450.6
358.6
585.9
496.5
637.4
646.2
193.7
459.1
368.7
589.7
498.6
625.5
632.4
193.3
463.9
374.3
592.2
500.1
622.1
628.4
193.1
466.4
374.9
598.4
478.3
625.6
633.7
191.0
440.0
342.6
586.4
475.4
652.9
663.1
196.3
431.1
338.0
569.8
482.6
651.5
662.1
195.1
439.9
342.2
587.2
490.4
648.4
658.6
194.8
449.7
358.7
581.6
496.1
640.0
648.8
194.4
458 2
369.0
585.1
498.2
628.1
635.1
193.9
463.0
374.8
587.1
499.8
624.5
630.8
193.6
465.5
375.5
593.2
Other utilities and public services ......................................................................
Telephone se rvic e s.........................................................................................
Local charges (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ...................................................
Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ...................................................
Water and sewerage maintenance...............................................................
215.4
174.4
142.6
121.9
118.6
356.8
228.2
186.4
157.8
122.3
123.7
371.4
228.8
186.7
158.3
122.6
123.1
373.9
229.4
187.1
160.1
118.5
124.8
374.6
230.6
188.1
162.3
116.2
125.9
376.6
231.3
188.4
163.3
116.1
124.9
378.9
232.7
189.8
165.3
116.1
124.8
380.2
216.4
175.0
143.1
122.3
118.7
361.0
229.2
187.0
158.4
122.7
123.6
375.7
229.9
187.4
159.0
123.0
122.9
378.2
230.4
187.6
160.8
118.9
124.6
378.9
231.7
188.7
163.1
116.6
125.7
381.0
232.4
189.1
164.0
116.5
124.8
383.2
233.7
190.4
166.0
116.5
124.6
384.5
Household furnishings and operations .......................................................
238.9
242.3
242.4
242.3
241.9
242.2
244.1
235.8
238.9
239.1
238.9
238.3
238.6
240.6
Housefurnishings ...................................................................................................
Textile housefurnishings...............................................................................
Household linens (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing
materials (12/77 = 100) ...............................................................
197.6
231.2
138.1
199.9
235.2
139.0
199.8
236.6
140.8
199.1
234.7
138.2
197.9
232.9
136.6
198.1
238.6
143.1
200.6
245.6
146.8
195.6
234.6
139.0
197.7
238.6
139.9
197.7
239.9
141.6
196.9
238.4
139.4
195.6
236.4
137.7
195.9
242.0
144.1
198.3
249.9
148.1
150.5
154.7
154.6
154.9
154.2
154.7
159.8
154.8
159.2
158.9
159.5
158.6
158.8
164.8
Furniture and b e d d in g ............................................................................................
Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 100) ...................................................
Sofas (12/77 = 100) .........................................................................
Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................
Other furniture (12/77 = 100) .........................................................
Appliances including TV and sound equipment ......................................
Television and sound equipment ......................................................
Television ................... ’ ................................................................
Sound equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
Household appliances .........................................................................
Refrigerators and home fre e z e rs ................................................
Laundry e q u ip m e n t.......................................................................
Other household appliances (12/77 = 100) .........................
Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing
machines (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................
Office machines, small electric appliances, and
air conditioners (12/77 = 100) ......................................
Other household equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
Floor and window coverings, Infants’ , laundry,
cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................
Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric
kitchenware (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
Lawn equipment, power tools, and other
hardware (12/77 = 100) ...............................................................
217.9
152.5
117.6
124.2
139.4
151.0
105.1
99.6
111.1
189.2
192.4
142.7
126.2
222.8
154.2
121.2
125.5
144.6
150.1
103.4
96.7
110.3
190.4
195.8
146.7
126.1
223.8
154.3
121.1
128.2
144.7
149.8
102.9
96.5
109.5
190.6
196.2
146.7
126.2
223.3
154.1
121.3
126.8
144.8
148.8
102.0
95.9
108.4
189.7
196.8
145.0
125.4
222.1
151.5
121.9
126.3
144.7
147.2
101.3
94.5
108.2
187.1
194.2
145.5
123.2
220.8
151.7
120.6
127.1
142.2
147.2
101.0
94.1
108.1
187.5
194.6
145.4
123.6
225.5
156.6
121.7
126.8
146.9
147.7
100.8
93.5
108.3
189.4
196.8
146.9
124.8
215.1
148.9
118.1
125.2
135.8
151.2
104.2
98.3
110.2
189.1
198.0
143.6
124.2
218.9
149.6
121.3
126.3
140.2
151.4
102.4
95.3
109.3
192.0
202.2
147.6
124.9
220.1
150.2
121.1
129.0
140.4
151.3
101.9
95.1
108.5
192.3
202.5
147.6
125.2
219.5
149.6
121.6
127.6
140.4
150.1
101.0
94.5
107.4
191.0
202.5
145.8
124.2
218.7
148.1
122.1
127.2
140.2
148.4
100.2
93.0
107.2
188.4
199.8
146.0
121.4
217.9
148.4
120.7
128.1
■138.4
148.5
100.0
92.7
107.1
188.9
200.6
146.3
121.7
222.2
153.5
121.6
127.8
142.1
149.4
99.8
92.2
107.2
190.9
202.6
147.6
123.2
Housekeeping supplies .........................................................................................
Soaps and d e te rg e n ts...................................................................................
Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100) ............................
Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100)
Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100) .............
Miscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100) ................................
Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................
125.4
126.3
126.9
127.0
121.7
123.6
127.5
123.6
125.4
126.2
125.8
120.0
121.6
125.5
127.3
141.0
126.2
143.2
125.7
142.1
124.4
142.2
124.9
142.1
123.9
141.7
122.8
141.9
124.9
138 8
124.2
140.7
124.1
139.4
122.4
139.6
122.9
139.5
121.8
138.9
120.6
139.1
144.2
132.9
147.6
137.4
147.5
136.1
147.8
134.3
147.0
135.5
147.7
134.3
146.7
137.1
136.0
128.4
139.0
132.9
138.8
131.5
138.8
129.7
137.8
130.7
137.3
129.8
136.2
132.8
147.7
149.2
147.2
147.9
147.2
147.0
145.5
143.6
145.1
143.0
143.9
143.3
143.1
141.5
134.7
134.9
134.1
134.6
135.2
134.4
135.5
140.2
140.5
139.5
140.0
140.7
139.8
141.4
295.7
296.1
152.0
148.0
139.5
154.9
140.8
301.8
297.1
153.8
151.6
142.0
159.2
147.5
301.5
298.2
153.4
151.7
142.5
159.8
144.8
303.0
299.3
155.1
152.9
143.5
160.1
144.7
303.8
299.8
154.9
153.7
143.7
161.2
144.9
304.2
298.8
154.9
153.6
144.2
162.0
145.7
304.9
299.1
155.8
155.2
144.2
162.2
144.8
293.1
292.0
150.9
148.2
142.6
149.5
134.9
298.5
292.8
152.5
151.6
145.1
153.7
140.5
298.5
293.7
152.0
151.7
145.7
154.4
138.7
300.1
294.8
153.8
152.9
146.7
154.7
138.7
301.0
295.3
153.6
153.7
147.1
155.9
138.7
301.1
294.2
153.4
153.4
147.7
156.6
139.1
302.0
294.8
154.3
155.2
147.9
156.7
138.3
Housekeeping services .........................................................................................
P o stage............................................................................................................
Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and
drycleaning services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................
320.9
337.5
325.7
337.5
326.5
337.5
327.0
337.5
327.6
337.5
328.2
337.5
329.4
337.5
320.8
337.5
326.0
337.5
326.9
337.5
327.5
337.5
328.2
337.5
328.8
337.5
330.0
337.5
165.9
145.4
171.8
149.4
172.9
150.1
173.7
150.2
174.5
150.9
174.6
152.2
175.9
153.4
166.0
143.6
172.1
147.5
173.2
148.1
174.1
148.2
174.9
148.9
175.1
150.0
176.4
151.0
APPAREL AND UPKEEP..................................................................................
200.4
199.2
198.9
197.4
196.6
200.1
204.2
199.3
198.2
197.7
196.1
195.3
199.0
203.3
Apparel commodities.....................................................................................
188.5
186.3
185.8
184.0
183.0
186.6
191.2
188.0
185.9
185.1
183.3
182.4
186.1
190.9
Apparel commodities less fo o tw e a r............................................................
185.3
182.6
181.7
179.8
178.9
' 183.1
187.8
184.6
181.9
180.7
178.7
177.9
182.2
187.3
Men's and b o y s '............................................................................................
Men's (12/77 = 100) .........................................................................
Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................
Coats and ja c k e ts .........................................................................
Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
Shirts (12/77 = 100) ...............................................................
Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100) ...................
Boys’ (12/77 = 100) .........................................................................
Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............
Furnishings (12/77 = 100) ......................................................
Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) . .
190.8
120.1
112.3
104.4
145.4
125.6
112.4
124.1
119.0
135.1
123.7
190.6
120.2
112.0
99.0
146.0
127.3
113.6
123.2
119.7
137.2
120.3
190.7
120.4
111.9
98.2
147.6
127.6
113.5
122.5
119.4
136.6
119.3
190.3
120.0
113.0
96.2
148.0
126.9
111.4
123.0
118.2
137.1
121.2
189.8
119.3
113.2
96.1
145.6
125.6
111.3
124.1
120.8
136.5
121.8
192.6
121.2
113.5
100.9
147.6
127.3
113.7
125.5
125.5
134.7
121.8
195.6
123.2
115.6
105.7
150.9
128.2
114.5
126.9
127.0
135.8
123.3
191.1
120.7
105.5
107.5
141.6
128.6
118.2
122.4
120.5
130.7
120.8
191.2
121.0
105.4
102.4
142.1
130.1
119.9
121.8
122.0
132.7
117.6
191.1
121.1
105.2
101.2
143.5
130.1
119.9
121.1
121.8
132.2
116.6
190.3
120.3
105.8
99.4
143.8
129.2
117.5
121.6
120.4
132.7
118.4
189.9
119.6
106.2
99.6
141.8
127.7
117.2
122.7
123.1
132.2
119.0
193.0
121.7
106.8
104.0
143.3
130.0
120.0
124.3
128.0
130.5
119.1
196.2
123.9
108.9
109.0
146.6
131.0
120.9
125.7
129.8
131.8
120.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1983
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
1984
1983
1984
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Women’s and girls' .........................................
Women's (12/77 = 100) ...............................................
Coats and ja c k e ts ..................................................................
Dresses .....................................................................................
Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ............................
Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100) ............
Suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
Girls' (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................
Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................
Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ............................
Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and
accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................
Infants' and toddlers' ..................................................................................
Other apparel commodities .........................................................................
Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) ................................
Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ...............................................
168.8
112.8
176.6
176.7
102.5
135.1
94.3
109.5
101.6
106.3
163.2
108.6
164.9
175.0
92.8
136.9
85.1
108.2
100.6
104.3
161.8
107.7
159.7
176.1
93.4
137.5
77.3
107.2
98.3
102.7
157.9
105.2
154.6
172.1
91.1
137.0
71.3
104.3
95.0
99.0
156.2
103.7
156.8
163.7
88.2
136.7
74.4
104.6
99.7
96.9
163.1
108.6
167.7
172.0
92.9
138.0
85.1
107.7
101.0
103.1
170.5
114.4
181.1
178.3
102.5
139.4
93.5
108.6
98.6
106.7
170.2
114.3
181.6
162.6
102.8
134.8
115.0
108.3
98.5
106.8
164.5
109.9
170.1
160.6
93.5
136.6
104.2
107.6
98.1
105.2
162.7
108.6
164.7
162.9
93.9
137.1
92.7
106.4
96.0
103.7
159.2
106.2
159.1
160.5
91.4
136.6
85.8
104.3
93.7
100.7
157.4
104.8
162.4
153.1
88.6
136.2
97.1
104.0
98.4
96.7
164.1
109.5
176.1
159.9
93.1
137.5
96.5
107.5
100.4
103.5
172.1
115.8
185.2
165.5
102.9
138.9
112.1
108.6
98.3
107.5
128.4
287.4
217.4
121.9
148.5
128.1
289.2
217.6
122.6
148.3
129.7
283.9
216.8
123.1
147.4
129.3
278.3
217.7
122.4
148.5
127.1
281.2
218.0
122.5
148.8
127.4
288.7
216.3
123.8
146.7
128.3
291.3
216.5
122.8
147.3
127.0
297 9
205.9
120.2
139.0
126.9
299.7
205.5
120.8
138.4
128.2
293.0
205.0
121.5
137.6
127.8
289.2
205.7
120.9
138.5
125.7
292.0
206.0
120.7
138.9
126.0
298.9
204.9
122.3
137.1
127.0
303.2
205.0
121.5
137.6
F o o tw e a r............................................................
Men's (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
Boys' and girls’ (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
Women's (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................
208.0
134.8
130.4
126.8
208.9
135.8
131.4
126.7
210.2
137.1
132.4
127.1
209.6
136.7
132.1
126.7
208.0
137.5
131.0
124.2
207.7
137.4
131.9
123.4
211.1
138.0
133.5
127.0
207.6
136.7
132.9
122.3
209.4
137.9
133.9
123.4
210.7
139.2
134.7
123.7
210.0
138.7
134.5
123.2
208.7
139.6
133.7
120.8
208.5
139.4
134.8
119.9
211.6
139.8
136.3
123.3
Apparel services ..................................................................................
293 4
301.5
303.7
304.4
305.1
307.5
307.6
291.5
299.4
301.6
302.4
303.0
305.5
305.6
Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100) ............
Other apparel services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
174.9
153.7
181.0
155.7
182.6
156.5
182.9
157.0
183.4
157.2
184.1
159.9
184.3
159.7
173.3
154.8
179.4
156.9
180.9
157.7
181.2
158.3
181.7
158.5
182.3
161.3
182.6
161.0
TRANSPORTATION
303.7
309.6
312.2
313.1
312.9
312.9
313.7
305.5
311.9
314.6
315.5
315.2
315.2
316.0
Private
299 2
304.8
307.4
308.1
307.5
307.5
308.4
302.2
308.3
311.0
311.7
311.2
311.1
312.1
New c a r s ..................................................................................................................
Used cars ...............................................................................................................
Gasoline ..................................................................................................................
Automobile maintenance and repair ..................................................................
Body work (12/77 = 100) .........................................................................
Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous
mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) .........................................................
Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) ............................................................
Other private transportation..................................................................................
Other private transportation commodities ................................................
Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 = 100) ................
Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100) .........................
T ir e s ...............................................................................................
Other parts and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............................
Other private transportation s e rv ic e s .........................................................
Automobile insurance .........................................................................
Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) ...................................
Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . .
State registration .........................................................................
Drivers' licenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................
Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................
202.7
343.9
387.1
332.3
167.7
207.4
370.0
374.0
338.9
171.4
207.6
378.0
376.7
340.2
172.3
207.7
382.0
374.9
340.7
172.6
208.1
383.2
369.8
341.6
172.6
208.1
383.8
365.9
342.7
173.5
208 2
384.2
367.8
344.2
174.7
202.3
343.9
388.8
333.0
166.5
206.9
370.0
375.7
339.6
170.1
207.1
378.0
378.2
340.8
170.9
207.1
382.0
376.4
341.5
171.3
207.6
383.2
376.4
342.3
171.6
207.6
383.8
367.4
343.4
172.1
207.6
384.2
369.4
344.9
173.1
160.7
152.6
158.4
260.8
208.3
154.2
131.9
181.7
132.9
277.3
303.8
156.4
146.9
195.3
153.0
139.8
160.5
165.1
154.2
162.4
269.0
202.4
152.7
127.7
172.9
134.0
289.3
321.8
160.9
149.5
195.7
158.0
139.8
164.3
165.8
154.8
162.6
270.4
201.7
152.7
127.2
172.2
133.5
291.2
323.7
162.4
150.3
197.1
158.0
139.9
165.2
166.2
154.6
163.4
271.5
202.0
154.1
127.3
172.0
134.1
292.5
324.2
164.1
151.1
199.4
157.8
139.9
165.1
166.5
155.3
163.5
272.4
200.6
154.3
126.2
169.6
134.7
294.1
324.8
166.2
152.0
199.8
161.0
139.9
166.5
167.2
155.9
163.9
274.9
200.8
153.6
126.4
170.4
133.9
297.2
325.2
168.7
156.8
209.7
161.3
139.9
170.0
168.1
156.3
164.7
275.9
201.2
155.1
126.5
170.9
133.3
298.4
326.9
169.9
156.4
212.2
163.7
139.9
166.4
164.5
151.9
157.8
261.8
210.9
153.2
133.8
185.4
132.8
277.8
303.4
155.8
147.9
195.2
153.4
140.5
167.8
169.2
153.4
161.9
269.9
204.8
151.9
129.4
176.5
133.6
289.7
321.0
160.4
150.4
195.6
158.3
140.3
171.5
169.8
154.0
162.2
271.3
204 2
152.5
128.9
175.7
133.3
291.6
322.7
161.9
151.3
197.1
158.3
140.4
172.7
170.2
153.8
163.1
272 4
204.5
153.5
129.0
175.5
133.9
293.0
323.1
163.5
152.4
199.6
158.1
140.4
172.6
170.6
154.5
163.2
273.4
202.9
153.8
127.8
173.0
134.1
294.6
323.9
165.7
153.1
200.0
161.2
140.4
173.8
171.3
155.0
163.5
275.8
203.2
153.2
128.1
174.0
133.3
297.5
324.2
168.2
157.4
208 8
161.5
140.5
176.4
172.2
155.5
164.3
277.0
203.4
154.5
128.0
174.2
132.7
299.1
325.9
169.5
157.7
211.7
164.1
140.5
173.8
Public
366.6
377.1
379.8
385.2
389.3
390.8
389.5
357.2
370.0
372.2
377.4
380.7
381.6
380.4
Airline f a r e ...............................................................................................................
Intercity bus fare ..................................................................................................
Intracity mass transit ............................................................................................
Taxi fare ..................................................................................................................
Intercity train f a r e ..................................................................................................
423.3
415.1
324.6
303.5
364.8
427.7
428.7
342.3
308.8
373.4
433.8
429.9
342.3
309.2
373.5
442.0
426.2
346.5
309.7
381.5
450.1
438.9
346.6
310.4
381.9
454.1
441.1
345.7
310.4
381.9
450.1
442.2
346.5
310.8
381.9
419.5
415.3
322.5
312.7
365.4
423.5-,
427.6
342.1
317.9
373.7
430.0
429.3
347.1
318.3
373.8
438.2
425.8
346.5
319.0
381 9
446.6
438.7
346.6
319.7
382.1
450.5
441.3
345.8
319.7
382.2
445.4
442.6
346.5
319.8
382.2
380.3
381.9
383 1
359.2
373.9
375.0
376.3
378.5
380.1
381.2
MEDICAL CARE
361.2
375.7
376.8
378.0
Medical care commodities
226.3
236.9
238 7
239.4
240.7
241.6
242.4
226.7
237.1
238.7
239.5
240.7
241.5
242.3
Prescription d ru g s ..................................................................................................
Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100) ............................................
Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and
prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................
Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................
Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and
respiratory agents (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................................
216.7
158.1
179.9
155.8
230.7
164.8
198.4
166.1
233.1
165.8
202.8
167.4
233.5
164.9
204.0
169.0
234.9
166.1
205.1
170.4
236.6
167.7
207.6
171.3
238.0
168.4
208.7
171.7
218.0
160.3
179.7
155.7
232 2
167.3
198.3
165.5
234.5
168.3
202.7
167.3
234.9
167.3
204.0
168.3
236.3
168.3
205 1
169 5
237.9
170.0
207.5
170.4
239.4
171.0
208.6
170.9
200.0
177.5
212.5
187.7
214.1
188.7
214.7
188.3
216 2
189.7
218.1
191.0
220.7
192.0
201.9
179.4
214.7
190.0
216.3
191.0
217.0
190.3
218.4
191.7
220.4
192.8
223.2
193.8
163.8
173.2
174.6
174.5
175.9
175.5
176.1
164.1
173.9
175.3
176.1
176.5
176.2
176.9
157.9
137.7
255.6
151.2
162.1
138.9
264.9
156.5
162.8
139.3
266.6
156.5
163.5
140.0
268.2
156.4
164.3
140.6
269.5
157.0
164.4
140.5
269.4
157.9
164.5
141.4
269.5
157.1
158.1
136.7
256.8
152.3
163.0
137.8
266.1
158.0
163.7
138.2
267.7
158 0
164.4
138.8
269.3
157.9
165.1
139.5
270.6
158.4
165.2
139.3
270.4
159.4
165.3
140.4
270.5
158.6
Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .........................
Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100) .........................................................................
Internal and respiratory over-the-counter d r u g s ......................................
Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 = 100) . . .
76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.
C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
1984
1983
1983
1984
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Medical care services ..................................................................................
391.0
406.3
407.1
408.4
410.9
412.7
413.9
388.3
403.9
404.7
406.1
408.6
410.4
411.5
Professional services ............................................................................................
Physicians' s e rv ic e s ......................................................................................
Dental s e rv ic e s ...............................................................................................
Other professional services (12/77 = 100) ............................................
327.6
356.5
308.3
155.4
342.5
373.5
322.5
159.5
343.8
375.2
323.6
159.7
345.8
377.1
326.2
159.9
347.0
378.1
327.9
160.1
348.2
379.5
329.1
160.3
349.8
380.8
331.9
160.0
328.0
360.5
306.1
150.8
343.0
377.5
320.5
155.8
344.2
379.0
321.6
156.0
346.2
381.1
324.0
156.1
347.4
382.1
325.7
156.4
348.6
383.6
326.8
156.6
350.1
384.8
329.5
156.2
Other medical care services..................................................................................
Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................
Hospital r o o m ............................................................................................
Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100) ................
467.8
197.8
633.8
193.3
483.4
207.5
660.3
204.2
483.6
207.9
660.7
204.8
484.1
208.4
662.0
205.2
488.3
210.9
672.9
207.0
490.7
212.5
678.1
208.5
491.5
213.0
679.5
209.1
463.9
195.7
626.1
191.4
480.0
205.6
652.9
202.4
480.3
205.9
653.3
203.0
480.9
206.3
654.4
203.4
485.2
208.9
664.6
205.4
487.7
210.4
669.5
206.8
488.4
210.9
670.8
207.4
ENTERTAINMENT...........................................................................................
247.5
253.8
253.5
254.5
255.3
256.4
257.3
244.1
249.8
249.6
250.7
251.4
252.5
253.4
Entertainment commodities .........................................................................
248.0
253.4
252.2
252.4
253.3
254.5
254.8
242.6
247.7
246.8
246.9
247.8
248.8
249.2
Reading materials (12/77 = 100) ......................................................................
Newspapers ..................................................................................................
Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 100)...................................
161.2
304.0
168.6
164.5
312.6
170.7
163.1
313.0
167.5
163.7
313.3
168.7
164.5
315.0
169.4
166.0
315.2
172.5
166.3
315.4
173.0
160.5
303.9
168.8
164.0
312.9
170.8
162.6
313.1
167.3
163.3
313.4
168.7
164.0
315.1
169.3
165.4
315.3
172.4
165.6
315.6
172.8
Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
Sport vehicles (12/77 = 100) ...................................................................
Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................
B icyc le s............................................................................................................
Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................
134.6
137.4
118.6
200.1
134.6
139.1
144.6
117.5
201.1
135.6
138.0
143.0
117.3
200.8
134.6
137.5
142.2
117.7
201.1
134.2
137.8
142.9
117.7
200.2
134.3
138.3
143.9
117.9
198.3
134.8
138.7
144.4
117.3
198.9
135.5
128.9
128.5
116.3
200.9
134.5
132.6
134.1
115.6
202.2
135.3
131.7
133.0
115.5
201.7
134.3
131.2
132.2
116.0
202.0
134.0
131.4
132.6
115.9
201.2
134.2
131.9
133.7
115.9
199.4
134.0
132.3
134.0
115.5
200.3
135.0
Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 100) ................................
Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................
Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100) .........................
Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
138.8
136.7
131.0
148.5
141.0
139.3
132.9
149.9
141.0
139.2
133.2
149.8
141.1
138.8
133.7
150.5
141.7
139.3
134.2
151.4
141.9
138.6
135.0
153.1
142.0
138.3
135.2
153.7
137.7
133.0
132.1
149.6
140.0
135.8
134.2
151.0
140.0
135.8
134.4
150.9
140.1
135.5
135.0
151.6
140.7
135.9
135.6
152.7
141.0
135.2
136.3
154.2
141.1
135.1
136.4
154.8
Entertainment services..................................................................................
247.2
254.9
255.4
258.1
258.5
259.7
261.3
247.8
254.7
255.8
258.5
258.8
260.1
262.0
Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).........................................................
Admissions (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................
Other entertainment services (12/77 = 100) ...................................................
154.4
145.2
131.0
159.5
149.4
134.8
159.6
151.3
134.9
159.7
155.3
135.1
159.7
156.0
135.3
160.1
157.3
136.1
162.3
156.9
136.2
155.5
144.2
132.3
160.1
148.3
135.7
160.3
150.2
132.5
160.7
154.3
135.7
160.4
155.0
136.0
161.0
156.1
136.8
163.7
155.7
137.1
OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES ...................................................................
294.4
302.8
303.2
304.4
306.5
307.2
314.6
292.0
300.4
300.8
302.1
304.5
305.3
310.9
Tobacco products ...........................................................................................
290.8
305.9
305.9
308.1
313.2
313.9
314.1
297.8
305.6
305.6
307.8
312.9
313.5
313.7
Cigarettes ...............................................................................................................
Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................
306.4
151.2
314.1
157.6
314.0
157.9
316.3
158.9
322.0
159.3
322.6
159.7
322.8
159.9
305.5
151.2
313.1
157.6
313.1
157.9
315.3
159.0
320.9
159.4
321.5
159.8
321.7
159.9
Personal c a r e .................................................................................................
263.0
268.9
269.5
270.6
271.8
272.6
273.6
260.9
266.9
267.5
268.5
269.7
270.5
271.6
Toilet goods and personal care appliances.........................................................
Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 = 100) ................
Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100) .........................................
Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and
eye makeup implements (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...............................................
Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) . . .
262.4
153.0
160.8
267.3
154.9
165.1
267.4
154.1
166.8
268.5
154.8
166.5
270.2
156.1
167.2
270.6
156.2
167.6
271.6
156.1
167.9
263.0
152.0
159.1
268.1
154.1
163.3
268.3
153.4
164.9
269.3
154.1
164.7
270.9
155.1
165.2
271.4
155.3
165.6
272.5
155.3
165.8
148.3
149.9
151.8
151.6
151.5
151.7
153.0
151.7
154.0
152.7
153.2
154.2
154.5
155.0
148.9
153.4
152.7
155.2
152.7
155.3
154.0
155.5
155.1
156.4
154.5
158.0
155.9
158.7
Personal care services .........................................................................................
Beauty parlor services for women ............................................................
Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 = 100) . . .
264.6
268.1
146.0
271.4
274.4
150.4
272.3
275.0
151.4
273.4
276.4
151.7
274.3
277.3
152.1
275.4
278.4
152.8
276.4
279.2
153.6
259.3
261.1
144.8
266.1
267.5
149.2
267.1
268.0
150.2
268.2
269.3
150.5
269.0
270.2
150.9
270.0
271.2
151.6
271.1
272.0
152.4
Personal and educational expenses..............................................................
344.6
356.9
357.4
357.9
358.6
359.3
381.9
345.6
359.7
360.3
360.7
361.3
362.1
384.1
Schoolbooks and supplies ..................................................................................
Personal and educational s e r v ic e s ......................................................................
Tuition and other school f e e s ......................................................................
College tuition (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 100) ......................
Personal expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
306.6
353.5
178.6
180.7
170.9
192.6
317.6
366.1
184.4
184.7
183.9
202.0
317.8
366.7
184.4
184.7
183.9
188.0
318.5
367.1
184.5
184.8
183.9
204.2
318.8
367.9
184.8
185.2
183.9
205.0
319.2
368.7
185.0
185.3
184.3
206.4
331.5
393.1
200.2
200.1
201.1
207.3
310.8
354.3
178.4
180.5
172.2
190.3
322.2
369.0
185.3
185.5
184.9
202.8
322.4
369.7
185.3
185.5
185.6
204.3
323.1
370.1
185.4
185.7
185.0
204.8
323.4
370.8
185.6
186.0
185.0
205.6
323.8
371.6
185.8
186.1
185.4
207.0
336.4
395.6
201.4
201.1
202.6
207.9
383.9
418.2
343.8
365.2
371.4
410.3
347.0
376.6
373.8
416.9
351.6
377.8
372.2
417.7
357.1
378.4
367.3
422.0
362.0
379.9
363.8
437.3
364.6
380.3
365.7
441.6
366.1
382.3
Special indexes:
Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other p ro d u c ts ............................................
Insurance and fin a n c e ............................................................................................
Utilities and public transportation.........................................................................
Housekeeping and home maintenance s e rv ic e s ...............................................
382.3
369.8
372.4
370.7
365.9
362.4
364.3
344.7
361.6
348.0
368.6
352.8
369.5
358.0
370.0
362.9
370.9
365.6
371.6
367.0
373.0
c = corrected.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
21. C o nsum er Price Index for All Urban C onsum ers: C ross classification of region and popu lation size c lass by exp en d itu re
category and com m o dity and service group
[December 1977 = 100]
Size class A
(1.25 million or more)
Category and group
Size class 8
(385,000-1,250 million)
1984
Apr.
June
1984
Aug.
Apr.
June
Size class D
(75,000 or less)
Size class C
(75,000-385,000)
1984
Aug.
Apr.
1984
June
Aug.
Apr.
June
Aug.
Nort least
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items ...................................
Food and beverages ......................................
H o u s in g ...................................
Apparel and upkeep ............................................
Transportation ............................................
Medical care ......................................
Entertainm ent............................
Other goods and services ...............................
160.7
152.7
165.3
123.8
170.1
173.2
148.1
170.6
161.2
153.0
165.9
122.2
171.4
174.0
146.6
171.1
162.6
154.2
167.4
125.7
172.0
176.8
149.7
172.3
166.3
151.5
175.7
128.5
174.1
177.6
143.8
169.1
167.2
151.0
177.3
125.5
176.2
179.2
143.8
170.0
168.9
152.0
180.6
125.6
175.6
181.0
148.2
172.0
170.9
155.2
183.0
131.8
174.3
176.9
152.8
174.5
171.7
156.0
184.0
131.1
175.5
177.7
152.3
172.5
173.7
157.5
187.7
131.1
176.2
178.9
153.9
176.6
166.3
152.4
172.9
133.6
173.4
182.5
152.3
173.9
167.2
152.6
173.4
136.4
175.1
183.0
153.6
174.6
167.2
152.7
172.3
138.5
175.7
184.9
153.6
175.6
154.1
154,7
168.8
154.2
154.6
169.8
154.9
154.6
172.0
159.9
163.5
176.1
159.8
163.7
178.2
159.8
163.1
182.3
159.2
160.8
189.6
159.8
161.5
190.4
160.2
161.0
195.0
158.2
160.4
178.4
159.1
160.8
179.1
158.7
161.0
179.1
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
C o m m o d itie s......................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ...................
Services...................................................
North Central Region
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items .........................................
Food and beverages ............................................
H o u s in g ......................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ..................................................................................
Transportation .........................................................
Medical care ...............................................................................................................
Entertainm ent..................................................................................................
Other goods and services .........................................................................................
169.9
149.4
187.7
118.2
170.5
177.4
145.1
165.9
171.3
149.0
190.7
117.8
172.3
178.5
145.7
166.8
172.3
150.2
192.0
120.2
171.9
180.0
146.4
168.7
166.8
148.6
175.2
132.8
172.9
177.2
140.6
178.6
167.7
148.5
176.7
130.8
174.1
179.4
140.7
180.5
168.1
149.4
177.3
131.7
173.4
182.0
139.6
180.6
163.4
148.8
169.1
132.6
173.8
172.7
151.0
163.6
164.7
149.1
171.6
128.3
176.2
172.7
152.9
164.3
166.6
150.7
175.3
130.2
175.1
175.2
153.9
167.1
164.5
156.9
167.3
126.1
172.2
182.9
141.3
176.1
164.8
156.9
166.4
124.6
174.7
184.0
140.5
177.4
166.6
158.4
170.0
124.9
174.9
185.1
142.5
178.4
158.1
162.1
187.2
158.0
162.2
190.7
158.6
162.4
192.3
157.3
160.9
182,1
157.5
161.1
184.1
157.2
160.2
185.3
155.1
157.9
176.8
155.4
158.3
179.6
155.8
157.9
183.6
154.8
153.8
179.8
155.6
155.0
179.2
156.3
155.3
182.8
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
C om m odities.....................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ..................................................................
Services.....................................................................................................
South
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items .....................................................................................................................
Food and beverages ...............................................................................................................
H o u s in g .....................................................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ........................................................................................................
Transportation ........................................................................................................................
Medical care ...........................................................................................................................
Entertainm ent...........................................................................................................................
Other goods and services .....................................................................................................
166.3
156.3
172.3
131.3
172.6
177.1
145.2
170.0
167.6
152.6
174.5
132.2
173.9
179.1
144.7
170.8
168.7
157.3
175.4
131.5
175.6
180.6
147.7
172.5
168.2
155.6
173.7
128.1
176.2
178.5
159.6
172.4
169.1
155.3
174.7
128.3
178.0
180.4
160.0
173.0
170.6
157.2
176.5
127.8
179.0
183.5
161.9
174.8
166.9
153.0
173.2
127.5
174.0
187.5
153.2
170.2
167.1
152.5
172.6
126.4
176.0
188.0
152.8
172.1
168.6
154.0
174.1
127.4
177.5
188.6
153.4
174.5
168.1
156.6
176.4
114.7
172.3
193.7
150.5
169.2
168.4
156.1
176.4
113.6
174.3
193.4
150.7
169.9
168.7
157.8
177.0
110.8
173.8
193.4
151.7
171.3
158.6
159.4
176.8
159.1
160.2
179.1
159.4
160.0
181.3
160.2
161.8
180.1
160.6
162.7
181.6
161.3
162.7
184.2
157.7
159.7
181.2
158.0
160.5
181.2
159.2
161.6
182.9
152.9
158.1
183.4
158.2
159.0
183.5
158.5
158.4
184.1
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
C o m m o d itie s............................................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ...............................................................................
Services...............................................................................................................................................
West
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items ...........................................................................................................................................
Food and beverages ...............................................................................................................
H o u s in g ...............................................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ...............................................................................................................
Transportation ..................................................................................................
Medical care ...............................................................................................................
Entertainm ent........................................................................................
Other goods and services ...............................................................................................
167.2
155.3
173.7
124.3
176.4
182.6
144.1
171.5
168.6
154.6
176.3
121.4
179.5
183.3
194.9
171.5
170.3
156.5
179.3
126.5
177.6
185.7
144.8
173.7
166.8
158.6
170.4
126.9
177.5
179.8
148.9
171.3
169.1
158.8
174.3
127.2
180.5
181.5
148.9
173.0
169.5
159.8
174.7
130.5
178.6
182.7
148.8
174.7
159.1
155.0
155.8
123.9
173.5
185.9
154.4
166.5
160.9
154.5
158.7
122.7
176.3
187.5
154.8
169.4
161.4
155.4
159.9
122.5
174.5
189.5
157 9
170.1
166.5
160.3
168.0
142.9
171.1
184.6
160.6
175.1
167.2
161.6
167.3
142.9
173.5
186.6
162.0
175.3
167.8
163.0
167.8
145.1
172.6
188.2
163.2
176.0
155.9
156.1
181.9
155.7
156.3
185.0
155.8
155.3
188.4
158.7
158.4
178.0
159.7
159.9
181.8
159.5
159.0
182.7
157.1
157.4
161.7
157.6
158.8
164.6
157.1
157.2
166.5
155.6
153.2
182.3
157.0
154.6
182.2
157.6
154.7
182.8
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
C om m o d itie s...............................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ...............................................................................
Services..............................................................................................................................................
78
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.
C o n su m er P rice In dex— U.S. city average, and selected areas
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
All Urban Consumers
Area1
1984
1983
1984
1983
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
U.S. city average2 ..................................................................................................
301.8
308.8
309.7
310.7
311.7
313.0
314.5
300.8
304.1
305.4
306.2
307.5
310.3
312.1
Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
Atlanta, Ga.................................................................................................................
Baltimore, M d............................................................................................................
Boston, Mass............................................................................................................
Buffalo, N.Y...............................................................................................................
267.9
277.9
260.8
307 2
298.2
286.6
309 4
300.6
296.3
296.3
312.3
314.0
302.9
291.3
Chicago, III.-Northwestern Ind..............................................................................
Cincinnati, Ohio—K y .-ln d ........................................................................................
Cleveland, Ohio ......................................................................................................
Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex...............................................................................................
Denver-Boulder, Colo...............................................................................................
303.0
314.6
Detroit, M ich..............................................................................................................
Honolulu, Hawaii ..................................................................................................
Houston. Tex.............................................................................................................
Kansas City, M o .-K a n s a s .....................................................................................
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif.............................................................
299.2
Miami, Fla. (11/77 - 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
Milwaukee, W is.........................................................................................................
Mlnneapolis-St. Paul, M lnn .-W ls..........................................................................
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J........................................................................
Northeast, Pa. (S cran ton)......................................................................................
162.9
313.9
Philadelphia, P a.-N .J...............................................................................................
Pittsburgh, Pa............................................................................................................
Portland, Oreg.-W ash.............................................................................................
St. Louis, Mo —III..............................................................................................
San Diego, Calif........................................................................................................
291.4
293.3
302.0
340.4
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif...................................................................................
Seattle-Everett, Wash...............................................................................................
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a .....................................................................................
306.5
297.3
310.4
302.0
293.0
311.3
303.1
306.7
306.9
321.9
296.4
292.1
287.2
305.7
305.4
306.3
284.7
330.5
310.8
305.6
166.4
320.5
322.0
300.9
298.2
318.6
310.8
323.3
300.8
294.7
298.7
300.0
319.7
307.7
305.9
302.9
297.3
301.4
308.0
286.0
332.0
311.2
308.6
324 8
305.0
302.9
319.1
300.9
308.7
351.3
299.1
311.2
351.3
337.3
311.6
304.6
310.2
296.7
167.9
324.0
164.3
329.1
306.9
298.2
288.1
290 0
303.9
294.2
302.5
311.4
357.1
288.2
299.1
323 9
314.3
308.3
316.5
313.0
295.7
301.2
298.3
298.3
299.0
301.5
299.0
314.4
303.1
291.6
295.5
300.5
302.7
301.4
298.3
300.3
294.7
295.9
304.3
346.1
298.9
293.6
333.6
304.5
305.1
301.3
304.2
169.7
347.9
332.5
297.1
306.1
303.3
299.9
297.7
308.5
293.7
308.0
330.7
294.6
301.4
324.6
322.7
315.1
302.7
308.9
304.3
320.9
328.1
324.8
168.0
341.6
328 9
293.0
297.5
297.3
328.2
310.8
301.2
347.1
297.0
290.9
329.5
299.9
303.4
167.2
338.2
321.1
291.2
288.6
321.9
318.7
340.8
298.6
289.0
324.9
299.7
298.9
316.4
305.3
311.6
300.8
287.3
320.7
316.5
323.4
318.7
313.0
305.7
315.1
325.2
337.3
329.8
167.0
321.3
324.1
301.6
301.9
305.4
353.5
315.9
313.4
349.9
346.1
305.6
283.2
325.7
309.1
302.8
299.5
289.3
294.5
336.7
325.7
332.8
323.9
339.4
310.0
315.0
310.9
316.4
307.4
313.0
304.9
270.9
266.8
265.7
315.9
292.5
1The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated Area
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
275.5
275.3
303 2
310.8
305.3
317.9
is used for New York and Chicago.
2Average of 85 cities.
79
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
23.
P roducer P rice indexes, by stage of processing
[1967 = 100]
Annual
average
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Finished g o o d s ..................................................................................
285.2
287.6
286.8
287.2
289.5
290.6
291.4
291.2
291.1
r290.9
292.6
291.8
289.8
291.6
Finished consumer goods ......................................................
Finished consumer foods ...................................................
Crude ..................................................................................
Processed .........................................................................
Nondurable goods less f o o d s ............................................
Durable goods ......................................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy . . .
Capital e q u ip m e n t......................................................................
284.6
261.8
258.7
260.0
335.3
233.1
231.5
287.2
287.0
263.7
287.3
259.5
338.1
235.3
233.6
289.9
285.9
261.9
270.4
259.0
336.8
235.4
234.1
290.0
286.3
264.3
266.0
262.0
335.2
235.9
234.0
290.4
288.9
272.2
306.9
266.9
335.0
235.9
236.0
291.6
290.1
274.7
313.6
269.0
336.1
236.1
236.5
292.3
291.1
276.6
323.7
270.2
336.7
236.6
237.1
292.3
290.3
274.3
299.0
269.9
336.4
236.7
237.9
294.5
290.3
271.7
270.7
269.6
338.9
236.6
238.7
293.9
r290.1
270.8
258.9
r269.7
r339.2
r236.4
r238.7
r293.9
292.0
275.6
275.1
273.4
339.8
236.6
240.2
294.8
290.8
274.2
278.9
271.6
337.6
237.1
240.2
295.1
288.9
273.4
274.7
271.0
336.9
232.5
240.9
292.9
290.3
271.8
277.2
269.1
337.7
237.9
240.4
296.0
Intermediate materials, supplies, and com ponents......................
312.3
315.6
315.5
315.7
316.3
317.6
319.7
320.3
320.9
& 1 -6
321.7
321.1
320.3
319.9
Materials and components for m anufacturing......................
293.4
296.4
296.5
297.6
298.9
299.8
301.8
302.9
303.3
r303.4
303.0
302.3
301.7
301.2
food m a n u fa ctu rin g ......................................
nondurable manufacturing .........................
durable manufacturing ................................
for m a n u fa ctu rin g .........................................
258.4
280.0
319.4
280.4
263.5
283.3
322.3
282.6
260.0
284.6
321.6
283.0
262.9
285.7
322.8
283.5
268.6
286.6
323.4
284.5
268.3
287.0
325.6
285.2
269.6
290.3
328.2
285.6
271.4
291.8
329.1
286.2
276.0
292.8
327.2
287.0
r275.2
r292.8
r326.9
r287.5
276.6
293.0
325.3
287.2
272.7
291.7
324.7
287.8
269.9
291.1
323.2
288.5
267.2
290.3
321.9
289.2
Commodity grouping
1983
1984
FINISHED GOODS
INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS
Materials for
Materials for
Materials for
Components
Materials and components for co n s tru ctio n .........................
301.8
303.6
303.9
304.9
305.5
307.8
309.6
310.5
309.8
r310.3
310.7
311.8
311.3
311.6
Processed fuels and lu b ric a n ts...............................................
Manufacturing indu stries......................................................
Nonmanufacturing industries ............................................
564.8
479.0
640.0
574.2
490.5
647.2
568.1
484.9
640.6
561.7
478.8
634.0
556.4
474.2
628.0
561.3
477.9
634.1
567.8
483.4
641.4
562.9
480.6
634.5
567.2
485.5
638.2
r575.2
r490.4
r649.1
578.9
494.5
652.3
572.5
489.3
645.0
567.6
485.0
639.6
564.2
483.6
634.1
C ontainers...................................................................................
286.6
288.1
289.3
289.9
292.3
294.8
297.3
299.4
300.9
r301.8
303.0
304.1
304.7
307.9
S u p p lie s ......................................................................................
Manufacturing ind u strie s......................................................
Nonmanufacturing industries ............................................
Feeds ...................................................................................
Other s u p p lie s ...................................................................
277.1
269.9
281.1
225.9
292.8
280.6
271.8
285.3
246.7
294.0
281.6
272.2
286.7
251.0
294.8
281.6
273.3
286.1
243.9
295.5
282.6
274.5
287.0
243.7
296.6
282.2
276.0
285.7
227.7
298.0
283.0
276.4
286.7
232.2
298.4
284.2
277.8
287.8
233.5
299.5
284.3
278.4
287.6
229.2
300.0
r283.9
r279.0
286.7
r221.6
r300.5
283.0
279.1
285.4
211.3
300.8
283.3
279.7
285.4
208.3
301.4
283.3
280.3
285.1
202.9
302.1
283.1
281.0
284.5
195.4
302.8
334.5
329.3
326.7
320.0
CRUDE MATERIALS
Crude materials for further processing
.........................................
323.6
324.8
324.0
327.5
333.5
332.6
338.8
339.4
338.0
r333.0
Foodstuffs and fe e d s tu ffs .........................................................
252.2
253.7
251.8
256.0
264.0
260.5
269.9
269.7
266.4
r260.3
264.0
256.9
253.1
245.5
Nonfood m aterials......................................................................
477.4
478.2
479.4
481.6
483.4
488.1
487.5
490.1
492.3
r489.6
486.6
485.5
485.1
480.2
Nonfood materials except f u e l ............................................
Manufacturing industries ...............................................
C o n s tru ctio n ......................................................................
372.2
381.9
270.6
377.1
387.4
270.5
377.7
387.9
272.1
379.1
389.4
272.7
380.1
390.4
273.7
385.5
395.5
280.3
387.8
398.8
276.5
388.8
399.5
279.2
389.9
400.2
282.7
r386.1
395.7
r283.5
381.1
390.3
281.9
377.2
386.6
277.5
379.8
389.1
280.2
374.8
384.0
276.4
Crude f u e l...............................................................................
Manufacturing industries ...............................................
Nonmanufacturing in d u s trie s .........................................
931.5
1,094.5
816.3
910.9
1,067.1
801.1
915.3
1,071.8
805.3
921.1
1,079.0
810.1
926.1
1,086.5
813.2
926.6
1,086.3
814.2
910.6
1,064.8
802.6
920.8
1,079.6
809.1
928.4
r932.6
1,088.1 r1,094.5
816.1
r818.4
940.6
1,104.4
825.0
954.4
1,121.7
836.3
938.8
1,101.4
824.3
935.0
1,097.6
820.4
Finished goods excluding f o o d s ......................................................
Finished consumer goods excluding foods .........................
Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y ...................................
290.8
291.4
249.9
293.4
293.9
252.1
293.0
293.2
251.7
292.6
292.5
252.6
292.9
292.5
256.1
293.6
293.1
257.2
294.0
293.6
258.2
294.6
293.5
257.8
295.3
294.9
257.1
r295.4
r294.9
256.7
296.0
295.4
259.0
295.3
294.4
258.7
292.9
291.9
257.2
295.9
294.8
258.2
Intermediate materials less foods and feeds ................................
Intermediate materials less e n e rg y .........................................
317.1
295.2
320.0
298.2
319.9
298.5
320.2
299.4
320.6
300.5
322.3
301.5
324.4
303.3
325.0
304.4
325.4
304.6
r326.4
r304.7
326.7
304.5
326.3
304.3
325.7
304.0
325.6
303.8
Intermediate foods and feeds .........................................................
247.9
258.2
257.4
256.9
260.7
255.1
257.5
259.1
260.8
r257.8
255.3
251.7
248.0
243.8
Crude materials less agricultural products ...................................
Crude materials less energy ...................................................
538.6
246.5
538.8
249.6
540.3
248.3
543.2
252.0
546.3
258.3
552.0
257.3
550.0
265.1
553.0
265.4
554.0
263.3
r552.5
r257.6
550.0
258.7
549.4
252.2
547.3
250.1
542.3
243.0
SPECIAL GROUPINGS
1Data lo r June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
80
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r = revised.
24.
P roducer P rice indexes, by com m o dity groupings
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Code
Commodity nroup and subgroup
All commodities
All commodities
............................................................................
(1 9 5 7 -5 9 =
1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
Farm products and processed foods and feeds
Industrial commodities
1984
1983
Annual
average
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
Sept.
303.1
321.5
306.0
324.7
305.5
324.1
306.1
324.8
308.0
326 8
308.9
327.7
311.0
330.0
311.3
330.3
311.5
330.5
r311.3
r330.3
312.0
331.0
310.9
329.9
309.5
328.4
309.4
328.3
253 9
315.7
257.5
318.5
256.0
318.3
257.9
318.4
264.4
319.1
263.4
320.6
267 9
321.9
267.3
322.6
265.8
323.2
r262.8
r323.8
265.2
324.0
261.6
323.5
259,6
322.3
255.8
323.2
261.6
312 2
235.3
251.9
251.3
232.7
275.7
280.7
265.4
278.9
267.4
308.0
250.9
260.8
258.4
250.3
274.2
<2)
281.4
277.7
265.4
263.8
262 1
260.8
240.8
252.3
272.7
264.4
282.1
279.7
260.8
251.9
256.2
254.8
240.6
259.1
271.7
201.0
297.0
288.2
257.1
r273.7
257.8
250.0
227.7
252.7
271.8
177.9
272.4
r279.1
258.6
281.2
248.9
260.1
259.2
235.8
273.9
184.9
245.8
277.4
253.2
293.3
236.9
253.7
218.6
211.3
276.8
181.2
242.6
284.1
249.7
289.7
231.4
244.9
239.7
210.3
282.1
177.6
228.4
296.1
240.1
266.8
219.0
233.9
219.2
202.8
286.7
179.9
219.1
293.8
O c t.
FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS
AMD FEEDS
01
01-1
01-2
01-3
01-4
01-5
01-6
01-7
01-8
01-9
Farm p ro d u cts.........................................................................................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables............................................
G ra in s ..................................................................................................
Livestock ............................................................................................
Live p o u ltry .........................................................................................
Plant and animal fibers ..................................................................
Fluid m i l k ............................................................................................
E g g s .....................................................................................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds .........................................................
Other farm p ro d u c ts .........................................................................
248.2
262.1
240.4
243.1
206.5
227.0
282.0
(2)
246.8
282.1
255.2
308.1
253.7
229.4
208.5
234.5
284.1
<2)
288.8
283.7
251.0
275.2
257.5
220.5
238.5
243.6
283.2
(2)
287.6
283.5
254.0
276.1
243.6
238 2
241.2
244.1
281.4
(2)
282.2
276.9
263.4
291.2
245.5
250.7
252.6
229.3
279.1
282.4
287.3
280.2
02
02-1
02-2
02-3
02-4
02-5
02-6
02-7
02-8
02-9
Processed foods and feeds ..................................................................
Cereal and bakery p r o d u c ts ............................................................
Meats, poultry, and f i s h ..................................................................
Dairy products ..................................................................................
Processed fruits and vegetables......................................................
Sugar and confectionery..................................................................
Beverages and beverage materials ...............................................
Fats and oils ......................................................................................
Miscellaneous processed f o o d s ......................................................
Prepared animal fe e d s ......................................................................
255.9
261.0
249.0
250.6
277.4
292.8
263.6
238.8
254.8
228.8
257.8
264.6
237.0
251.3
281.1
298.0
265.2
281.7
262.1
248.6
257.6
265 2
234.7
251.4
280.9
297.7
266.3
274.5
264.8
252.1
259.0
265.1
242.3
248.9
282.9
297.5
266.5
271.7
266.2
245.6
263.8
266.6
255.8
248.4
287.7
299.9
268.7
278.3
266.8
245.2
263.4
267.1
254.6
248.4
292.8
300.5
270.2
273.3
275.4
231.1
267.1
267.4
264.4
248.8
295.4
301.1
269.9
286.2
275.2
235.3
267.2
268.3
261.7
248.9
295.1
301.9
271.4
293.4
276.3
236 3
267.5
268.7
257.1
248.9
297 7
303 8
273.5
328.5
276.2
232.3
264.8
r271.4
r247.4
r249.6
r298.2
r304.1
r272.8
r328.1
r279.9
225.5
267.7
272.2
260.6
251.4
296.5
305.3
273.8
312.7
280.4
216.3
265.2
271.8
253.8
251.0
296.4
304.1
274.2
306.8
279.6
214.0
264.0
272.0
251.0
255.2
292.0
302.7
274.7
297.2
280.8
209.0
263.3
272.7
247.2
256.7
295.5
300.2
276.8
302.2
282.2
202.4
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
03
03-1
03-2
03-3
03-4
03-81
03-82
Textile products and a p p a re l...............................................................
Synthetic fibers (12/75 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ............................
Gray fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
Finished fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Apparel ...............................................................................................
Textile housefurnishings..................................................................
205.1
156.7
138.5
147.0
123.1
197.4
235.1
207.0
160.5
141.3
149.4
123.8
198.8
234.5
207.7
159.3
141.7
151.4
124.4
199.4
234.4
207.8
158.1
142.9
152.0
124.8
199.0
235.3
208.2
159.2
142.3
151.1
124.8
200.1
236.0
209.6
161.4
144.0
152.8
126.3
200.5
236.6
209.9
160.7
144.0
153.2
127.0
200.7
237.6
209.9
160.7
143.6
153.0
126.9
200.7
238.1
210.5
160.6
144.3
153.7
127.3
201.3
238.8
r210.2
160.5
143.8
154.3
r127.1
r200.8
r239.0
210.8
160.1
143.7
154.1
127.7
201.9
239 2
210.5
159.9
142.1
154.4
127.3
201.8
239.7
210.6
159.2
142.2
154.5
127.0
202.3
240.5
209.6
158.2
141.3
154.7
126.2
200.5
242.4
04
04-2
04-3
04-4
Hides, skins, leather, and related p ro d u c ts ......................................
Leather ...............................................................................................
Footwear ............................................................................................
Other leather and related products ...............................................
271.1
330.7
250.1
252.7
273.7
336.6
251.3
253.5
277.0
340.5
257.3
255.8
277.3
344.1
250.3
255 6
279.1
346.2
250.9
257.2
283.3
362.0
252.5
257.3
286.7
378.0
253.5
257.3
286.8
386.7
251.6
258.1
288.5
390.7
251.5
259.8
r290.1
r387.8
r250.5
r267.9
290 2
384.7
250.1
271.2
290.2
379.7
250.9
271.5
290.3
372.6
252.1
271.7
288.9
368.9
252.2
272.4
05
05-1
05-2
05-3
05-4
05-61
05-7
Fuels and related products and p o w e r...............................................
C o a l......................................................................................................
C o ke ......................................................................................................
Gas fuels3 ..........................................................................................
Electric power ...................................................................................
Crude petroleum'* ............................................................................
Petroleum products, refined5 .........................................................
664.7
537.4
444.6
1,146.9
417.9
681.4
684.3
06
06-1
06-21
06-22
06-3
06-4
06-5
06-6
06-7
Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts ............................................................
Industrial chemicals6 .........................................................................
Prepared paint
Paint m a te ria ls ...................................................................................
Drugs and pharmaceuticals ............................................................
Fats and oils, in e d ib le ......................................................................
Agricultural chemicals and chemical p r o d u c ts .............................
Plastic resins and m a te ria ls ............................................................
Other chemicals and allied products ............................................
293.0
342.9
264.7
305.8
226.1
285.6
280.5
291.5
273.6
295 5
344.9
264.2
316.9
229.3
318.6
276.4
299.1
274.4
296.4
346.2
264.5
316.5
231.0
321.6
280 4
297.9
273.8
297.7
349.2
264.9
315.5
230.9
318.8
281.9
301.5
273.6
298.1
347.4
265.6
316.6
232.9
334.2
278.5
305.2
274.9
296.5
337.6
267.3
314.2
234.4
349.0
285.9
305.0
273.3
300.1
344.7
267.3
317.9
237.6
366.7
288.1
306.2
275.2
302 0
345.4
268.7
328.7
239.8
383.2
288.4
307.8
277.0
302.7
345.3
270.0
337.6
240.1
399.2
286.8
310.6
277.2
r302.2
r345.4
r270.9
r337.4
r237.3
r414.3
r286.5
r311 1
r275.9
302.6
345.7
274.1
335.4
240.0
378.4
285.5
309.9
277.5
301.4
341.7
276.4
335.1
241.7
350.5
282.9
309.4
278.4
301.4
338.1
277.4
333.5
242.8
359.4
285.1
311.3
278.7
301.0
336.4
278.1
332.3
245.2
365.4
284.7
308.9
278.4
07
07-1
07-11
07-12
07-13
07-2
Rubber plastic products ......................................................................
Rubber and rubber p rod ucts............................................................
Crude rubber ......................................................................................
Tires and tu b e s ..................................................................................
Miscellaneous rubber products ......................................................
Plastic products (6/78 = 100) ......................................................
243.2
266.0
280 8
245.3
284.8
135.3
244.4
264.8
284 3
242.6
283 8
137.4
243.6
264.3
282 7
242.4
283.5
136.7
243.8
264.6
282.2
242.3
284.6
136.8
244.8
266.6
282.9
244.1
287.1
136.9
246.2
266.8
282.8
243.7
288.4
138.4
246.4
265.5
283.0
241.7
287.4
139.4
247.3
267.2
282 3
243.5
289.8
139.4
247.5
266.3
277.7
243,2
289.3
140.2
r247.6
r266.5
r277.2
r243.0
r290 5
r140.2
247.5
266.9
275 9
244.1
290.3
139 9
247.6
267.7
273.2
244 1
293.4
139.5
247.9
268.1
273.5
244.7
293.5
139.7
248.1
267.6
271.5
245.8
291.3
140.2
08
08-1
08-2
08-3
08-4
Lumber and wood products ...............................................................
L u m b e r...............................................................................................
M illw o rk ...............................................................................................
P lyw o od...............................................................................................
Other wood p ro d u cts.........................................................................
307.1
352.6
302.3
244.1
230.6
305.6
344.7
307.4
246.6
229.6
304.9
342.8
307.9
244 6
229.8
308.7
351.3
308.5
247.2
230.6
309.1
352.6
308.6
248 2
230.0
315.7
364.9
308.8
249.5
230.8
316.8
370.5
309.9
248.6
231.8
315.1
369.4
307.2
243.6
233.3
308 5
355.6
304.2
235.4
234.7
r307.1
r350 5
r305.3
236.3
r235.0
304.3
343.3
305.7
237.1
235 2
304.5
342.3
306.1
246.9
236.5
303.4
338.4
307.0
243.4
235.9
300.2
334.4
306.6
240.1
236 5
663 7
669.5
538.2
542.3
453.8
453.1
1,128.4 1,122.0
418.7
423.6
675.7
675.8
688.2
695.3
660.7
654.8
654.5
658.7
654 7
660.6 r665.9
667.2
652.1
656.0
658.0
547.4
543.7
541.4
546.8
550.7
549.6
544.7
546.2
542.0
r544.3
543.9
435.4
432.4
441.9
438.9
442.8
441.6 r442.9
437.3
415.4
418.3
437.9
1,120.4 1,123.0 1,107.8 1,091.0 1,102.1 1,104.1 r1,109.1 1,123.5 1,128.9 1,119.1 1,113.1
445.8
r446.7
457.1
456.8
424.4
426.7
431.5
433.1
453.9
417.3
420.5
670 8
672.0
675.6
673.9
673.9 r673.3
673.1
672.3
674.4
675.6
675.6
655.7
674.6
657.3
647.5
680.2
667.0
677.6 r679.7
663.2
669.8
678.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
24.
C o n tin u ed — P roducer Price Indexes, by com m o dity groupings
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Code
Commodity group and subgroup
Annual
average
1983
1983
1984
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES— Continued
09
09-1
09-11
09-12
09-13
09-14
09-15
09-2
Pulp, paper, and allied products.................................................
Pulp, paper,and products,excluding building paper and board
Woodpulp...............................................................................
Wastepaper.............................................................................
Paper .....................................................................................
Paperboard .............................................................................
Converted paper and paperboard products..............................
Building paper and board .......................................................
298.1
271.4
346.9
(2)
282.0
250.9
265.3
250.0
302.2
275.2
347.4
216.2
287.2
257.3
266.5
254.7
303.6
277.4
356.7
215.0
288.5
259.4
267.9
254.7
304.0
277.4
355.5
211.5
289.3
260.9
268.0
250.4
309.1
280.8
366.2
211.5
294.2
262.2
270.6
251.9
312.0
285.0
374.2
229.3
296.6
271.8
273.7
255.1
314.0
288.3
378.6
242.9
299.8
275.6
276.5
258.6
316.3
291.5
401.1
258.8
300.4
277.1
279.1
263.8
317.7
292.7
407.9
259.3
301.3
277.8
280.1
265.2
r318.4
293.3
r410.3
257.3
r301.6
r279.1
r280.6
265.1
319.2
295.6
410.6
254.7
307.9
279.1
281.9
262.9
320.0
296.3
410.0
254.5
306.9
285.4
282.4
258.4
321.2
297.2
409.5
249.6
306.7
288.2
283.8
258.1
322.6
298.3
399.5
235.6
308.0
291.8
285.8
257.3
10
10-1
10-17
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
Metals and metal products.........................................................
Iron and steel..........................................................................
Steel mill products..................................................................
Nonferrous m etals..................................................................
Metal containers ....................................................................
Hardware...............................................................................
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings ......................................
Heating equipment..................................................................
Fabricated structural metal products ......................................
Miscellaneous metal products.................................................
307.2
343.4
352.8
276.1
335.4
290.7
289.3
243.6
303.5
283.6
310.9
348.5
358.7
279.3
338.3
292.7
292.7
245.3
304.2
289.0
310.9
349.5
359.5
276.6
338.2
293.1
294.1
245.5
305.3
289.5
311.9
350.9
360.0
278.2
340.3
293.5
294.0
245.7
306.0
289.6
312.9
353.8
362.5
276.8
344.1
293.3
293.9
247.3
306.5
290.3
314.8
356.2
363.6
280.2
344.8
294.0
296.4
248.1
307.0
291.1
316.8
356.5
363.6
286.1
345.4
294.4
299.9
248.5
308.3
292.1
317.9
356.5
364.2
289.1
345.3
294.6
301.5
250.3
309.3
293.1
317.4
357.3
364.7
284.1
348.0
295.3
301.6
252.4
310.6
293.4
r317.3
r357.0
365.4
r282.8
r348.0
r296.2
r302.4
r252.7
r311.2
r294.3
315.9
357.2
367.8
276.8
348.4
295.8
302.5
254.7
311.6
294.1
315.8
357.1
368.0
274.6
352.4
296.7
303.3
255.5
312.3
295.0
315.3
357.6
367.9
271.3
352.6
297.3
299.0
257.5
312.1
295.6
315.4
358.9
368.9
266.1
358.0
299.0
300.6
258.2
314.0
297.7
11
11-1
11-2
11-3
11 4
11-6
11-7
11-9
Machinery and equipment .........................................................
Agricultural machinery and equipment ...................................
Construction machinery and equipment....................................
Metalworking machinery and equipment.................................
General purpose machinery and equipment ...........................
Special industry machinery and equipment..............................
Electrical machinery and equipment.........................................
Miscellaneous machinery .......................................................
286.4
326.3
351.9
326.5
308.2
337.1
240.1
274.1
287.6
328.0
353.6
327.0
307.8
340.6
242.6
273.3
288.0
328.6
353.9
327.3
308.6
341.0
242.8
273.7
288.8
330.1
353.6
328.7
309.8
342.0
243.8
273.9
289.7
331.0
354.2
329.2
310.7
342.0
244.7
275.5
290.2
331.4
355.9
330.2
310.9
343.2
245.7
274.3
291.0
332.9
355.3
330.6
311.7
344.6
246.7
274.5
292.2
335.5
357.5
332.6
313.1
346.8
247.7
274.6
292.6
338.2
357.8
333.5
313.2
348.2
248.1
273.7
293.1
r337.8
358.1
r333.4
r314.0
r348.6
r249.1
r273.9
293.7
337.2
358.2
334.1
314.9
351.0
248.5
275.6
294.2
337.6
358.6
334.6
315.4
352.3
248 7
276.1
294.5
337.9
359.0
335.5
315.8
350.3
249.3
276.6
295.0
338.0
359.1
336.2
316.1
350.5
250.4
276.3
12
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
12-6
Furniture and household durables..............................................
Household furniture ...............................................................
Commercial furniture...............................................................
Floor coverings.......................................................................
Household appliances ............................................................
Home electronic equipment....................................................
Other household durable goods..............................................
214.0
234.7
286.3
185.4
206.9
86.1
313.1
215.3
236.9
287.4
189.5
207.6
85.8
314.0
215.7
237.4
289.9
189.3
208.0
85.1
315.1
215.7
237.2
289.5
189.4
208.5
84.5
315.2
216.8
237.9
293.4
188.2
209.8
84.4
318.0
217.2
239.1
294.7
188.4
210.7
84.1
316.8
217.4
240.0
294.7
188.3
210.9
84.0
316.7
218.2
240.8
296.1
188.2
210.9
84.9
319.1
219.1
241.5
297.4
191.7
210.8
84.5
321.6
r219.1
242.3
297.0
r192.7
211.1
r83.9
319.9
218.7
241.8
297.9
191.4
211.4
82.4
320.4
218.9
242.2
298.4
191.3
211.7
84.2
316.3
218.9
243.0
298.5
191.4
211.8
83.5
315.9
219.0
243.9
298.0
192.7
211.9
81.8
317.0
13
13-11
13-2
13-3
13-4
13-5
13-6
13-7
13-8
13-9
Nonmetallic mineral products ....................................................
Flat g la s s ...............................................................................
Concrete ingredients...............................................................
Concrete products ..................................................................
Structural clay products, excluding refractories ......................
Refractories............................................................................
Asphalt roofing.......................................................................
Gypsum products ..................................................................
Glass containers ....................................................................
Other nonmetallic minerals ....................................................
325.2
229.7
313.3
302.0
277.8
341.3
384.0
286.0
352.4
480.2
328.0
229.6
316.7
303.3
283.5
344.7
387.9
312.8
350.2
483.2
328.9
230.1
314.8
304.1
284.1
353.3
387.8
315.1
350.4
487.4
328.9
229.9
314.6
304.2
284.2
353.3
384.2
322.6
350.4
486.8
330.1
229.5
315.6
304.9
284.3
353.9
385.0
328.6
350.6
486.4
332.2
229.9
319.9
305.9
283.7
356.0
392.3
339.4
350.6
488.1
333.4
229.1
324.2
306.3
284.3
361.1
385.6
339.6
351.6
490 8
335.8
230.2
324.3
308.8
285.0
361.8
396.2
353.0
358.0
491.3
337.6
226.1
328.0
309.4
285.6
361.8
398.7
360.9
361.9
494.9
r338.3
r226.3
r326.7
310.0
r286.2
r361.8
r394.2
360.3
r365.0
M99.2
339.3
227.4
327.2
310.6
285.7
362.9
392.6
360.6
367.1
507.1
340.0
217.8
329.0
311.3
287.5
362.7
405.6
352.9
366.0
512.0
340.4
217.9
328.8
311.4
288.7
362.7
406.7
356.1
364.6
510.1
339.6
218.0
328.0
311.5
288.8
362.7
410.3
339.4
364.8
507.4
14
14-1
14-4
Transportation equipment (12/68 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................
Motor vehicles and equipment.................................................
Railroad equipment..................................................................
256.7
256.8
350.2
260.6
260.6
348.6
260.5
260.5
348.6
260.7
260.6
350.5
261.5
261.1
351.5
262.2
261.2
351.5
262.4
261.5
352.0
263.4
261.9
380.8
262.5
261.5
354.4
r262.2
r261.1
r354.4
262.8
261.5
363.4
263.1
261.8
364.6
257.4
254.6
364.6
264.8
263.3
364.6
15
15-1
15-2
15-3
15-4
15-5
15-9
Miscellaneous products...............................................................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition......................
Tobacco products ..................................................................
N otions..................................................................................
Photographic equipment and supplies ....................................
Mobile homes (12/74 = 1 0 0 ).........................................................
Other miscellaneous products.................................................
289.6
225.2
365.4
280.1
215.7
163.4
351.8
291.7
225.9
376.8
279.7
216.8
164.8
349.2
291.7
225.2
377.0
279.6
216.8
165.0
349.3
292.8
225.3
377.1
280.1
216.8
165.1
353.2
294.5
227.4
389.4
281.4
(2)
162.2
350.8
294.9
227.8
390.3
282.2
217.9
162.4
350.5
294.9
227.6
390.4
282.2
212.7
162.5
354.2
294.6
226.5
390.4
283.0
213.6
163.8
351.9
294.3
226.8
390.6
283.9
213.6
163.7
350.4
r295.7
r226.5
400.2
283.9
r213.6
r162.7
r350.0
297.1
226.4
407.9
283.9
213.7
164.1
349.8
297.9
226.9
407.6
283.9
214.1
163.1
352.8
296.4
226.9
406.7
283.9
215.5
163.3
346.6
297.0
227.2
406.8
283.5
215.5
163.2
348.2
1Data tor June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
2Not available.
3Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month.
82
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4Includes only domestic production,
5Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month.
6Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month.
r = revised.
25.
P roducer Price Indexes, fo r special com m o dity groupings
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Commodity grouping
All commodities— less farm products
Processed foods .........................................................................
Industrial commodities less f u e l s ...................................................
Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
Underwear and nightwear ...............................................................
Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber
and fibers and y a rn s ......................................................................
Pharmaceutical prep arations............................................................
Lumber and wood products, excluding m illw o rk .........................
Steel mill products, including fabricated wire products .............
Finished steel mill products, excluding fabricated wire
products .........................................................................................
Finished steel mill products, including fabricated wire
products .........................................................................................
1984
1983
Annual
average
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
306.6
257.5
258.7
309.2
260.5
258.6
309.1
258.0
258 0
309.4
260.2
260.4
310.7
268.3
266.2
311.9
270.2
267.0
313.6
272.9
271.2
314.2
270.6
270.9
314.7
268.9
271.4
r314 8
r267.5
r269.0
315.4
272.1
273.4
314.7
270.1
270.5
313.4
268.9
269.5
314.1
267.2
269.1
279.3
138.2
144.7
223.8
281.8
139.4
145.6
224.7
282.2
139.8
145.6
224.6
282.9
140.1
145.6
225.4
284.3
140.0
145.8
228.6
285.5
141.3
147.3
229.8
286.7
141.7
147.4
r230.9
287.8
141.7
147.4
229.8
287.8
142.7
147.4
230.9
'288.0
r142.7
147.4
r228.8
288.1
142.9
147.8
229.5
288.2
142.7
147.8
230.2
287.5
142.7
147.9
230.2
288.5
142.6
148.1
230.3
283.5
285.6
286.3
287.4
287.6
286.2
289.1
290.6
291.1
r290 5
291.2
290.4
290.2
289.7
r240.6
r317.2
363.1
244.0
312.6
365.3
244.2
315.3
365.7
245.7
311.4
365.6
249.0
307.6
366.7
367.2
368.4
224.8
321.2
351.2
229.4
316.7
356.4
231.3
314.7
357.4
231.8
321.4
357.8
233.9
322.6
360.1
235.9
331.4
361.1
238.8
334.9
361.2
241.5
332.5
361.8
241.9
320.4
362.4
351.5
357.8
358.6
359.2
361.7
363.2
363.1
363.6
364.1
364.8
367.0
367.4
349.9
355.4
356.4
356.9
359.2
360.5
360.5
361.0
361.6
r362.4
364.4
364.9
364.8
366.0
300.0
303 8
183.5
286.7
320.3
300.0
304.9
181.8
287.1
321.0
296.7
305.0
182.1
284.7
321.1
300.4
307.3
176.6
288.3
321.3
Special metals and metal products ...............................................
Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ...............................................................
Copper and copper pro d u cts............................................................
Machinery and motive p ro d u c ts ......................................................
Machinery and equipment, except electrical ...............................
292.6
294.3
196.6
279.8
313.6
296.4
297.2
190.7
282.2
314.1
296.3
297.9
182.6
282.4
314.6
297.0
298.4
185.0
283.0
315.3
297.8
299.3
182.1
283.9
316.3
299 0
300.0
185.1
284.5
316.5
300.3
301.1
192.9
285.0
317.1
301.2
301.9
199.4
286.2
318.5
300.8
302.9
191.8
285.9
318.8
300.6
r303.6
r189.5
'286 1
r319.2
Agricultural machinery, including tractors ...................................
Metalworking m a ch in e ry...................................................................
Agricultural machinery and equipment less p a rts .........................
341.5
357.1
r369.7
330.0
343.6
357.1
372.6
331.8
344.0
357.6
373.1
332.2
346.4
358.2
373.8
334.2
347.1
359.3
374.0
335.2
347.5
362.1
374.5
335.7
349.3
361.6
376.1
337.4
352.9
363.0
384.1
340.4
357.0
363.2
386.8
343.6
'356.5
r363.3
r386.7
r343.0
355.4
364.7
384.9
342.3
355.9
365,2
386.5
342.7
356.0
366.5
386.4
343.0
355.5
368.6
386.2
342.7
Farm and garden tractors less parts
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts ................
Construction m a te ria ls ......................................................................
347.2
337.1
297.7
350.7
338.2
300.4
350.9
338.7
300.4
352.0
342.2
301.3
352.2
343.3
302.3
352.9
343.4
305.0
355.1
344.9
306.6
362.1
345.7
307.1
365.8
350.1
306.2
r365.7
r349.2
306.3
362.9
349.6
306.6
364.9
348.8
307.3
364.8
349.2
306.7
364 6
348.5
307.1
1Data tor June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
26.
r = revised.
P roducer Price Indexes, by durability of product
[1967 = 100]
_______________________________________________ _____________
1984
1983
Commodity grouping
Annual
average
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Total durable goods .........................................................................
Total nondurable goods ...................................................................
286.7
315.7
289.2
319.1
289.3
318.1
290.1
318.4
291.0
321.2
292.2
321.9
293.2
324.8
294.2
324.7
293.8
325.3
293.8
r324.9
293.7
326.3
293.9
324.0
292.5
322.6
294.2
321.0
Durabe ......................................................................................
Nondurable ...............................................................................
295.7
287.3
304.4
298.5
289.6
307.7
298.4
289.8
307.4
298.8
290.5
307.5
300.0
291.3
309.1
301.2
292.4
310.4
302.8
293.3
312.7
303.2
294.3
312.5
303.8
293.9
314.1
'303.9
r294.0
r314.2
304.2
294.1
314.9
303.4
294.5
312.7
302.1
293.0
311.7
303.0
294.8
311.5
Durable ......................................................................................
Nondurable ...............................................................................
339.8
249.3
345.4
343.6
259.8
348.6
340.6
258.5
345.6
341.8
263.3
346.5
348.4
267.4
353.3
347.6
275.2
351.8
352.4
278.7
356.7
352.4
280.6
356.5
350.1
277.9
354.3
'348.0
'273.3
'352.3
350.8
264.8
356.0
348.1
259.6
353.5
345.8
260.6
351.0
339.9
255.9
345.0
1Data for June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r = revised.
83
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
27.
P roducer Price Indexes fo r th e output of selected SIC industries
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1972
industry description
code
Annual
average
1983
1984
1983
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
177.1
269.7
921.4
177.1
283.3
907.2
177.1
287.5
909.4
177.1
277.0
909.4
177.1
275.8
914.3
177.1
245.4
913.0
177.1
250.0
902.7
177.1
267.9
909.2
177.1
273.7
914.1
177.1
271.6
r918.4
177.1
264.6
922.2
177.1
249.1
929.4
177.1
257.1
919.4
177.1
271.6
917.1
MINING
1011
1092
1311
Iron ores (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
Mercury ores (12/75 = 100) ......................................
Crude petroleum and natural gas ................................
MANUFACTURING
2067
2074
2083
2091
2098
Chewing g u m ...................................................................
Cottonseed oil m ills .........................................................
Malt ..................................................................................
Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) .............
Macaroni and sp a g h e tti...................................................
326.8
204.1
234.1
174.1
256.8
327.3
253.5
232.6
170.2
258.6
327.5
233.1
241.6
169.2
261.9
327.5
223.3
241.6
169.7
261.9
328.0
229.2
241.6
169.0
261.9
328.1
201.7
241.6
168.8
261.9
328.7
212.7
241.6
168.6
261.9
328.8
222.6
241.6
167.0
261.9
328.9
245.3
241.6
169.3
261.9
r328.9
r243.1
241.6
r169.0
261.9
329.1
223.2
241.6
167.8
261.9
329.2
210.3
241.6
167.9
261.9
329.2
205.0
241.6
167.1
261.9
329.2
172.9
241.6
167.0
261.9
2298
2361
2381
2394
2448
Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100) ............................
Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100) . . . .
Fabric dress and work gloves ......................................
Canvas and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............
Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
139.3
116.6
293.3
147.0
149.2
139.0
117.0
296.3
147.8
151.5
138.9
117.0
296.3
147.8
151.9
139.0
117.0
297.6
147.8
153.6
139.0
118.2
295.2
150.6
154.0
139.2
117.8
299.1
150.6
156.0
139.2
117.8
302.3
150.6
157.9
139.3
118.6
304.8
150.6
161.6
139.4
118.6
315.6
150.6
165.1
139.4
r118.6
315.6
r150.6
165.4
137.4
118.6
315.6
151.3
166.3
137.4
118.6
315.6
151.3
166.3
137.4
117.8
315.6
152.9
166.4
137.4
116.7
315.6
152.9
166.0
2521
2654
2655
2911
3251
Wood office fu rn itu re ......................................................
Sanitary food containers ...............................................
Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100)
Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) ................................
Brick and structural clay t i l e .........................................
281.3
266.1
186.5
253.8
332.3
283.6
269.0
187.8
257.1
338.4
283.6
269.0
189.5
253.5
339.7
283.6
269.0
189.6
249.7
339.9
285.1
269.1
189.6
244.4
340.2
289.1
273.4
189.7
246.7
339.9
289.1
278.4
191.4
249.8
341.1
289.2
280.6
193.1
244.9
342.6
289.2
280.6
193.1
248.1
343.8
r289.2
r280.7
193.1
r248.8
r345.0
290.3
282.3
194.7
247.2
346.5
290.3
282.3
194.7
241.0
346.5
292.2
282.9
194.7
238.3
348.7
292.3
283.0
194.7
241.0
348.9
3253
3255
3259
3261
3263
Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ................
Clay refractories...............................................................
Structural clay products, n.e.c........................................
Vitreous plumbing fix tu r e s ............................................
Fine earthenware food u te n s ils ......................................
146.0
355.6
230.2
278.1
366.5
149.6
364.3
235.1
283.7
366.5
149.6
366.6
235.0
284.5
368.5
149.6
366.5
235.0
285.4
368.5
149.6
367.2
235.0
285.6
383.6
149.6
367.7
232.1
287.0
384.0
149.6
369.3
232.4
290.1
375.9
149.6
371.5
232.4
290.4
382.6
149.6
371.5
232.4
290.8
376.5
r149.6
r371.7
r232.4
292.5
r372.1
146.8
373.7
233.0
293.1
372.1
150.5
373.4
232.9
293.9
373.0
150.5
373.4
232.9
295.5
372.8
150.5
373.4
233.0
297.6
373.1
3269
3274
3297
3482
3623
Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ...................
Lime (12/75 = 100) ......................................................
Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 1 0 0 ) .............................
Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 1 0 0 )......................
Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 1 0 0 ) ................
187.1
185.7
205.2
180.5
243.6
186.6
185.9
203.9
181.6
243.9
189.9
182.4
212.8
181.6
243.9
189.9
182.5
212.8
181.6
244.7
191.9
182.8
213.1
190.3
246.0
192.2
184.4
215.4
190.3
246.7
191.9
183.9
220.6
190.3
247.2
192.2
184.1
220.1
190.3
248.7
192.2
184.2
220.1
190.3
248.8
r186.3
r183.3
220.1
r190.3
r250.4
192.1
180.4
220.0
196.6
245.3
192.1
179.8
219.9
196.6
245.4
189.0
187.3
220.3
196.6
245.9
195.1
180.7
220.0
196.6
247.3
3648
3671
3942
3944
3955
Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ................
Electron tubes, receiving type ......................................
Dolls (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Games, toys, and children’s v e h ic le s .........................
Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100) . . .
172.8
435.4
137.5
238.7
139.2
173.7
432.9
137.7
236.4
139.3
173.9
432.9
137.7
236.2
139.3
172.6
469.8
137.7
236.2
139.3
173.5
490.6
137.6
239.3
144.3
173.5
490.8
137.8
240.6
149.0
184.9
490.8
137.7
240.1
149.0
185.0
490.9
131.6
239.7
149.1
185.6
490.9
133.4
239.1
149.1
185.7
r491.3
r133.6
r239.2
149.1
186.4
491.1
133.3
234.7
146.7
188.2
491.3
133.3
234.7
146.7
188.3
491.6
133.3
234.8
146.7
194.3
492.0
133.3
235.0
139.7
3995
3996
Burial caskets (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................
Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) .............
153.5
161.5
156.0
165.5
156.0
163.5
156.0
163.5
156.0
165.2
157.2
165.2
157.3
165.2
158.8
166.3
158.8
166.4
158.8
166.4
158.8
168.7
158.8
168.7
158.5
168.8
158.5
169.7
1Data for June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
84
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r = revised.
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
P
r o d u c t iv it y
d a t a
a r e c o m p ile d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s
f r o m e s t a b l is h m e n t d a ta a n d f r o m m e a s u r e s o f c o m p e n s a tio n a n d
o u tp u t s u p p lie d b y th e U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e a n d th e
F e d e ra l R e se rv e B o a rd .
Definitions
Output is the constant dollar gross product produced by the particular
sector. Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) measures the
value o f goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor.
Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) measures the
value o f goods and services in constant dollars per unit of capital services
hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there
are no self-employed. The capital services input index used in the mul
tifactor productivity computation is developed by b l s from measures of
the net stock of physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inven
tories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units
of labor and capital input are computed by combining changes in labor
and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share
of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of
labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages o f the
shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number
formula).
input.
Multifactor productivity measures the output per unit of combined
labor and capital input. The traditional measure of output per hour reflects
changes in capital per hour and a combination of other factors— such as,
changes in technology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes
in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the
work force, management, and so forth. The multifactor productivity meas
ure differs from the familiar b l s measure of output per hour of all persons
in that it excludes the effects of the substitution of capital for labor.
Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus
employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans.
The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary
payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in
which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com
pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers.
Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation costs required to
produce a unit o f output and is derived by dividing compensation by output.
Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in
direct taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting com
pensation o f all persons from current dollar gross product and dividing by
output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor
payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and
the value of inventory adjustments per unit of output.
The implicit price deflator is the price index for the gross product of
the sector reported. It is derived by dividing the current dollar gross product
by the constant dollar figures.
Hours of all persons measures the labor input of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the output meas
ure employed in the computation of output per hour is constructed from
Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Multifactor
productivity measures (table 28) for the p r i v a t e business and p r i v a t e non
farm business sectors differ from the business and nonfarm business sector
measures used in the traditional labor productivity indexes (tables 29—32)
in that they exclude the activities of government enterprises. There is no
difference in the sector definition for manufacturing.
Output measures for the business sectors are derived from data supplied
by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U .S. Department of Commerce, and
the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are
adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output
(gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Com
pensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the
Bureau of Economic Analysis.
The productivity and associated cost measures in the tables describe the
relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital
services involved in its production. They show the changes from period
to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input.
Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they
do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific
factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences,
including changes in technology; capital investment: level of output: uti
lization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production:
managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. For
a more complete description of the methodology underlying the multifactor
productivity measures, see Bulletin 2178. "Trends in Multitactor Produc
tivity, 194 8 -8 1 ” (September 1983).
85
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
28.
A nnual indexes of m ultifactor productivity and related m easures, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3
[1977 = 100]
Item
1950
1960
1970
1973
1974
1975
1976
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
49.7
98.6
63.6
39.5
64.8
98.5
75.4
53.3
86.1
98.5
90.2
78.3
94.8
103.0
97.5
91.8
92.5
96.5
93.8
89.9
94.5
92.0
93.6
88.0
97.6
96.1
97.1
93.7
100.5
101.8
101.0
105.5
99.3
100.3
99.7
107.9
98.7
95.6
97.6
106.4
100.6
94.1
98.3
109.2
100.8
89.6
96.8
106.3
103.7
92.3
99.6
111.1
79.4
40.1
62.1
50.4
82.2
54.1
70.7
65.8
90.8
79.4
86.7
87.4
96.8
89.1
94.1
92.0
97.2
93.1
95.8
95.9
93.1
95.7
94.0
102.8
95.9
97.5
96.5
101.6
105.0
103.6
104.5
98.7
108.6
107.5
108.2
98.9
107.8
111.4
109.0
103 3
108.5
116.0
111.0
106.9
105.4
118.7
109.8
112.6
107.2
120.3
111.5
112.3
55.6
98.2
68.1
38.3
68.0
98.4
77.6
52.3
86.8
98.6
90.7
77.8
95.3
103.2
97.9
91.7
92.9
96.5
94.1
89.7
94.8
91.7
93.6
87.6
97.8
96.1
97.2
93.6
100.6
101.9
101.0
105.7
99.0
100.1
99.4
108.0
98.2
95.2
97.2
106.4
99.6
93.2
97.4
108.7
99.9
88.7
95.9
105.9
103.5
91.9
99.3
111.3
69.0
39.0
56.2
56.6
77.0
53.2
67.4
69.1
89.7
78.9
85.9
88.0
96.2
88.8
93.6
92.4
96.5
93.0
95.3
96.3
92.4
95.6
93.5
103.4
95.7
97.4
96.3
101.8
105.1
103.7
104.6
98.7
109.1
107.9
108.7
98.9
108.4
111.7
109.5
103.1
109.1
116.6
111.6
106.8
106.0
119.4
110.4
112.6
107.6
121.2
112.0
112.6
49.4
94.5
59.9
38.6
60.0
88.0
67.0
50.7
79.2
91.8
82.3
77.0
93.0
108.2
96.8
95.9
90.8
99.6
93.1
91.9
93.4
89.4
92.2
85.4
97.6
96.1
97.1
93.6
100.9
101.5
101.1
105.3
101.6
99.5
101.0
108.2
101.7
90.7
98.8
103.5
104.9
89.9
100.8
106.1
107.1
82.9
100.3
99.3
111.6
87.6
104.9
104.4
78.2
40.9
64.5
52.3
84.4
57.5
75.6
68.2
97.3
83.9
93.5
86.2
103.1
88.6
99.0
85.9
101.2
92.2
98.7
91.1
91.4
95.5
92.6
104.5
95.9
97.4
96.3
101.6
104.4
103.8
104.2
99.4
106.5
108.8
107.1
102.1
101.7
114.1
104.8
112.2
101.1
118.0
105.2
116.7
92.7
119.8
99.0
129.2
93.5
119.2
99.5
127.5
PRIVATE BUSINESS SECTOR
Productivity:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................
Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ......................
Multifactor p ro d u c tiv ity .........................................
O u tp u t............................................................................
Inputs:
Hours of all perso ns................................................
Capital services ......................................................
Combined units of labor and capital input . . . .
Capital per hour of all persons ................................
PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS SECTOR
Productivity:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................
Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ......................
Multifactor p ro d u c tiv ity .........................................
O u tp u t............................................................................
Inputs:
Hours of all p erso ns...............................................
Capital services ......................................................
Combined units of labor and capital Input . . . .
Capital per hour of all persons ................................
MANUFACTURING
Productivity:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................
Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ......................
Multifactor p ro d u c tiv ity .........................................
O u tp u t............................................................................
Inputs:
Hours of all p erso ns...............................................
Capital services ......................................................
Combined units of labor and capital input . . . .
Capital per hour of all persons ................................
29.
A nnual indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3
[1977 = 100]
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons........................
Compensation per h o u r...................................
Real compensation per h o u r...........................
Unit labor c o s ts ..............................................
Unit nonlabor payments...................................
Implicit price deflator......................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons........................
Compensation per h o u r...................................
Real compensation per hour ...........................
Unit labor c o s ts ..............................................
Unit nonlabor payments....................................
Implicit price deflator......................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all persons........................
Compensation per h o u r...................................
Real compensation per hour ...........................
Unit labor c o s ts ..............................................
Unit non labor payments....................................
Implicit price deflator......................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons........................
Compensation per h o u r....................................
Real compensation per h o u r...........................
Unit labor c o s ts ..............................................
Unit nonlabor payments...................................
Implicit price deflator......................................
1Not available.
86
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
50.4
20.0
50.5
39.8
43.4
41.0
58.3
26.4
59.7
45.2
47.6
46.0
65.2
33.9
69.5
52.1
50.6
51.6
78.3
41.7
80.1
53.3
57.6
54.7
86.2
58.2
90.8
67.5
63.2
66.0
94.6
85.6
96.4
90.5
90.4
90.4
97.6
92.9
98.9
95.1
94.0
94.7
100.5
108.5
100.8
108.0
106.7
107.5
99.3
118.7
99.1
119.5
112.8
117.2
98.8
131.1
96.4
132.6
119.3
128.1
100.7
143.4
95.5
142.4
136.7
140.4
100.9
155.0
97.3
153.6
136.8
147.9
103.7
161.7
98.4
156.0
145.5
152.4
56.3
21.9
55.1
38.8
42.7
40.1
62.8
28.3
64.0
45.1
47.8
46.0
68.3
35.7
73.1
52.3
50.4
51.6
80.5
42.8
82.3
53.2
58.0
54.8
86.8
58.7
91.5
67.6
63.8
66.3
94.8
86.1
96.9
90.8
88.5
90.0
97.8
93.0
99.0
95.1
93.5
94.6
100.6
108.6
100.8
108.0
105.3
107.1
99.0
118.4
98.8
119.5
110.4
116.5
98.3
130.6
96.0
132.8
118.6
128.1
99.8
143.1
95.3
143.5
135.0
140.6
100.0
154.5
97.0
154.5
136.9
148.6
103.4
162.0
98.6
156.6
147.0
153.4
<1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
68.0
37.0
75.8
54.4
54.6
54.5
82.0
43.9
84.3
53.5
60.8
56.1
87.4
59.4
92.7
68.0
63.1
66.3
95.5
86.1
97.0
90.2
90.8
90.4
98.2
92.9
98.9
94.6
95.0
94.7
100.8
108.4
100.7
107.5
104.2
106.4
100.6
118.6
99.0
117.8
106.9
114.1
99.7
130.8
96.2
131.2
117.4
126.4
101.6
143.1
95.3
140.9
135.1
138.9
102.6
154.6
97.0
150.6
138.1
146.3
106.1
161.0
97.9
151.8
149.1
150.9
49.4
21.5
54.0
43.4
54.3
46.6
56.4
28.8
65.1
51.0
58.6
53.2
60.0
36.7
75.1
61.1
61.1
61.1
74.6
42.8
82.3
57.5
69.4
61.0
79.2
57.6
89.8
72.7
65.1
70.5
93.4
85.5
96.2
91.5
87.3
90.3
97.6
92.3
98.3
94.6
93.9
94.4
100.9
108.3
100.6
107.3
102.7
106.0
101.6
118.8
99.2
117.0
99.9
112.0
101.7
132.7
97.6
130.5
97.9
120.9
104.9
145.2
96.8
138.4
111.6
130.6
107.1
158.0
99.2
147.6
110.5
136.7
111.6
163.4
99.4
146.4
128.8
141.2
30.
A nnual changes in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, 1 9 7 3 -8 3
Annual rate
of change
Year
Item
1973-83
1950-83
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
2.6
8.0
1.6
5.3
5.9
5.5
- 2 .4
9.4
- 1 .4
12.1
4.4
9.5
2.2
9.6
0.5
7.3
15.1
9.8
3.3
8.5
2.6
5.1
4.0
4.7
2.4
7.7
1.2
5.1
6.4
5.6
0.5
8.5
0.8
8.0
6.7
7.5
-1 .2
9.4
-1 .7
10.7
5.8
9.0
-0 .5
10.4
-2 .7
11.0
5.7
9.3
1.9
9.4
-0 .9
7.3
14.6
9.6
0.2
8.1
1.9
7.9
0.1
5.3
2.7
4.3
1.1
1.6
6.3
3.0
2.2
6.5
2.0
4.2
3.7
4.1
0.9
8.5
0.1
7.6
7.1
7.1
2.4
7.6
1.3
5.0
1.3
3.8
-2 .5
9.4
-1 .4
12.2
5.9
10.2
2.0
9.6
0.4
7.5
16.7
10.3
3.2
8.1
2.2
4.7
5.7
5.1
2.2
7.5
1.0
5.2
6.9
5.7
0.6
8.6
0.8
8.0
5.3
7.1
- 1 .5
9.0
- 2 .0
10.7
4.8
8.8
- 0 .7
10.3
- 2 .8
11.1
7.4
10.0
1.5
9.6
-0 .7
8.0
13.8
9.8
0.2
8.0
1.7
7.7
1.4
5.7
3.5
4.9
1.6
1.4
7.4
3.2
1.9
6.3
1.8
4.3
3.8
4.1
1.2
8.5
0.1
7.6
7.5
7.6
2.4
7.5
1.2
4.9
1.5
3.8
- 3 .7
9.4
- 1 .5
13.6
7.1
11.4
2.9
9.6
0.4
6.5
20.1
10.9
2.9
7.9
2.0
4.9
4.6
4.8
1.8
7.6
1.1
5.7
5.3
5.6
0.8
8.4
0.7
7.5
4.2
6.4
-0 .2
9.4
-1 .7
9.6
2.6
7.2
-0 .9
10.3
-2 .8
11.3
9.8
10.8
1.9
9.4
-0 .9
7.4
15.1
9.8
1.0
8.0
1.8
6.9
2.3
5.3
3.3
4.2
0.9
0.8
7.9
3.1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1.1
8.5
0.1
7.4
7.1
7.3
5.4
7.2
0.9
1.7
- 3 .3
0.3
- 2 .4
10.6
- 0 .3
13.3
- 1 .8
9.0
2.9
11.9
2.5
8.8
25.9
13.1
4.5
8.0
2.1
3.4
7.5
4.6
2.5
8.3
1.8
5.7
6.5
6.0
0.9
8.3
0.6
7.3
2.7
6.0
0.7
9.7
- 1 .4
9.0
- 2 .6
5.7
0.2
11.7
-1 .6
11.5
- 2 .1
7.9
3.1
9.4
-0 .9
6.1
14.1
8.0
2.1
8.8
2.5
6.6
-1 .0
4.7
4.3
3.4
0.2
-0 .8
16.5
3.3
2.5
6.3
1.9
3.8
2.6
3.4
1.8
9.0
0.5
7.0
6.2
6.8
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ................
Compensation per h o u r ............................
Real compensation per hour ...................
Unit labor costs .........................................
Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................
Implicit price deflator ................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ................
Compensation per h o u r ............................
Real compensation per hour ...................
Unit labor costs .........................................
Unit noniabor p a y m e n ts ............................
Im plicit price deflator ................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all em ployees.............
Compensation per h o u r ............................
Real compensation per hour ...................
Unit labor costs .........................................
Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................
Im plicit price deflator ................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ................
Compensation per h o u r .............................
Real compensation per hour ...................
Unit labor costs .........................................
Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................
Im plicit price deflator ................................
1 Not available.
31.
Q uarterly indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, seaso n ally adjusted
[1977 = 100]
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r ................................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................................
Im plicit price d e fla to r............................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r ................................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all e m p lo y e e s ......................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r ................................
Total unit c o s ts ......................................................
Unit labor c o s ts ............................................
Unit nonlabor c o s ts ......................................
Implicit price d e fla to r............................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons .........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r ................................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................................
1 Not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Quarterly indexes
Annual
average
I
II
1984
1983
1982
III
IV
I
II
104.7
164.2
98.4
156.8
149.1
154.2
105.7
166.7
98.6
157.7
151.6
155.6
'107.0
167.5
98.2
r156.5
r157.2
156.7
107.5
169.3
98.4
157.6
158.7
157.9
104.1
162.4
98.3
155.9
149.4
153.8
104.4
164.0
98 2
157.1
151.4
155.2
105 2
166.5
98.5
158.3
152.2
156.3
'106.6
168.0
98.5
'157.6
'156.8
'157.3
106.6
169 5
98.5
159.1
158.1
158.7
105.8
160.6
98.2
155.2
151.7
165.1
111.8
150.2
107.2
161.8
98.0
154.4
150.9
164.4
126.6
151.2
107.2
162.6
97.4
154.7
151.7
163.3
135.9
152.6
108.1
164.8
97.5
155.0
152.5
162.0
143.2
153.6
'108.9
165.8
97.2
'155.0
'152.3
162.8
'151.1
'154.6
(1)
(1)
i 1)
(1)
<1)
(1)
110.8
163.0
99.7
147.0
113,4
163.5
99 0
144.1
113.1
164.6
98.6
145.5
114.2
167.1
98.9
146.4
'115.3
168.3
98 7
'146.0
III
1983
100.9
155.0
97.3
153.6
136.8
147.9
103.7
161.7
98.4
156.0
145.5
152.4
100.9
151.4
96.9
150.0
138.0
145.9
100.3
153.9
97.2
153.4
137.0
147.9
100.9
156.7
97.3
155.3
135.8
148.7
101.6
158.4
98.0
155.9
136.5
149.3
102.2
160.2
99.0
156.8
139.8
151.0
103.6
161.0
98.5
155.4
144.6
151.7
104.3
161.8
98.0
155.1
147.9
152.7
100.0
154.5
97.0
154.5
136.9
148.6
103.4
162.0
98.6
156.6
147.0
153.4
99.8
151.0
96.7
151.4
136.9
146.5
99.4
153.2
96.8
154.2
137.5
148.6
100.3
156.0
96.9
155.6
136.8
149.3
100.5
157.9
97.7
157.1
136.4
150.2
101.6
160.1
99.0
157.6
140.6
151.9
103.6
161.5
98.8
155.9
146.4
152.7
102.6
154.6
97.0
154.3
150.6
164.8
84.6
146.3
106.1
161.0
97.9
155.2
151.8
164.9
117.2
150.9
102.2
151.1
96.7
151.5
147.9
161.6
89.4
144.3
102.1
153.5
97.0
154.0
150.3
164.3
86.8
146.3
103.3
156.2
97.0
154.7
151.3
164.4
86.6
146.9
103.2
157.7
97.5
157.0
152 9
168.8
75.6
147.7
104.0
159.2
98.4
156.7
153.1
167.0
92.5
149.4
107.8
161.0
99.6
149.3
109.1
162.7
100.6
149.1
107.1
158.0
99.2
147.6
111.6
163.4
99.4
146.4
105.5
154.3
98.8
146.2
106.3
157.2
99.4
148.0
108.8
159.8
99.2
146.9
III"
1
II
1982
IV
O
(1)
117.6
169.9
98.7
144.5
P - preliminary.
r = revised.
87
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
32. P ercen t ch an g e from preceding q uarter and year in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices,
seaso n ally adjusted at annual rate
Quarterly percent change at annual rate
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .............
Compensation per h o u r .........................
Real compensation per h o u r ................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................
Implicit price d e fla to r.............................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .............
Compensation per h o u r .........................
Real compensation per h o u r ................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................
Im plicit price d e fla to r.............................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees . . .
Compensation per h o u r .........................
Real compensation per h o u r ................
Total units costs ...................................
Unit labor costs ................................
Unit nonlabor costs .........................
Unit profits .............................................
Implicit price d e fla to r.............................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .............
Compensation per h o u r .........................
Real compensation per h o u r ................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................
1Not available.
11983
to
II 1983
I11983
to
III 1983
5.9
2.2
- 2 .1
-3 .5
14.5
1.9
2.8
2.0
- 2 .1
-0 .8
9.5
2.5
1.4
6.1
1.6
4.6
3.1
4.1
8.1
3.5
-0 .8
- 4 .2
17.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
-1 .9
0.1
8.4
2.7
7.5
3.5
-0 .8
-3 .9
-3 .7
-4 .5
112.8
2.3
6.4
0.6
- 3 .5
- 5 .5
III 1982
to
IV 1983
IV 1983
to
11984
Percent change from same quarter a year ago
11984
to
I11984
I11984
to
II 1984
4.0
6.2
1.2
2.1
7.0
3.7
r4.9
1.9
r -1 .8
r -2 .9
r15.4
r2.9
P1.7
P4.5
P0.9
P2.7
P3.9
P3.1
3.3
4.6
1.3
1.3
5.5
2.6
3.4
3.3
0.7
- 0 .1
8.9
2.7
1.0
4.1
- 0 .3
3.0
5.3
3.7
2.9
6.1
1.0
3.1
2.3
2.8
r5.5
3.7
0.0
r -1 .7
r12.5
r2.8
POO
P3.7
P0.1
P3.7
P3.3
P3.6
4.3
5.4
2.0
1.1
6.5
2.8
5.3
3.1
-1 .0
-2 .0
- 2 .1
-1 .7
64.8
2.8
-0 .2
2.0
-2 .4
0.8
2.1
-2 .6
32.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
0.7
0.6
2.0
-3 .2
23.4
2.7
1.7
2.3
-1 .3
1.0
0.6
2.1
13.6
2.3
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0
(1)
(1)
9.7
1.3
-2 .8
-7 .7
-1 .0
2.9
-1 .5
3.9
3.7
6.2
1.1
2.3
3.6
2.9
- 0 .8
- 0 .7
P8.0
P3.7
P0.1
P - 4 .0
r = revised.
p = preliminary.
88
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I11982
to
I11983
III 1982
to
III 1983
IV 1982
to
IV 1983
11983
to
11984
II 1983
to
I11984
III 1983
to
III 1984
3.1
3.7
0.3
0.6
9.2
3.3
3.5
4.1
-0 .4
0.6
8.4
3.0
r3.3
4.0
- 0 .3
r0.7
r8.7
3.3
P3.0
P4.7
P0.5
P1.6
P7.3
P3.5
3.9
4.1
1.5
0.2
9.2
3.0
3.9
3.9
0.6
0.0
10.9
3.3
3.5
4.0
-0 .5
0.4
8.3
2.9
r2.9
4.0
-0 .3
r1.1
7 .1
r3.0
P2.3
P4.4
PO.2
P2.0
P5.8
P3.2
3.7
4.6
1.3
0.8
0.9
0.5
28.7
2.7
3.8
3.6
1.0
-0 .2
-0 .2
0.0
46.3
3.0
3.9
3.1
-0 .2
-1 .5
-0 .8
-3 .2
79.8
3.3
4.0
3.6
-0 .9
- 1 .1
-0 .4
-3 .0
54.8
2.8
r2.9
r3.3
-1 .0
0.1
r0.4
-1 .4
r35.2
r2.9
(1)
(1)
4.3
3.6
0.3
-0 .6
4.3
2.3
-0 .3
-1 .9
4.9
2.2
-1 .0
-2 .6
4.7
2.7
-1 .7
-1 .9
r4.1
3.3
-1 .0
r -0 .7
P3.7
P3.9
P -0 .3
P0.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA
D
a t a
fo r t h e
e m p l o y m e n t c o s t in d e x
a re r e p o r te d to th e B u r e a u
o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s b y a s a m p le o f 2 , 0 0 0 p r iv a te n o n f a r m e s t a b
l i s h m e n ts a n d 7 5 0 S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t u n its s e le c te d to
r e p r e s e n t to ta l e m p l o y m e n t in th o s e s e c to r s . O n a v e r a g e , e a c h
r e p o r tin g u n it p r o v id e s w a g e a n d c o m p e n s a tio n in f o r m a tio n o n
f iv e w e ll - s p e c i f i e d o c c u p a tio n s .
Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes a r e
o b ta in e d f r o m
c o n t r a c t s o n f ile a t th e B u r e a u , d ir e c t c o n ta c t w ith th e p a r tie s , a n d
se co n d ary so u rces.
Definitions
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average
change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total compensation,
which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben
efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in
each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the
ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence,
only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational
employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving
constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational
employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining
status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over
time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent)
is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months
of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an
nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex
cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and
shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions,
and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are
included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and
payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. B e n e f i ts
include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and
hours-related and legally required benefits.
Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Data
on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000
workers or more. F i r s t - y e a r wage or compensation changes refer to average
negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date o f the
agreement. C h a n g e s o v e r th e lif e o f th e a g r e e m e n t refer to all adjustments
specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas
ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment
clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index.
W a g e - r a t e c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn
ings; c o m p e n s a t i o n c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.
Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented
in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include
changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from
contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments.
The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the
period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated
over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of
1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private
nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in
cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’
cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units
were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total
compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups,
and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are
presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro
vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the
private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional
industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and
salaries component.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes
presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em
ployment Cost Index,’’ of the BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s (Bulletin 2134—
1), and the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w articles; “ Employment Cost Index: a
measure of change in the ‘price of labor,’ ’’ July 1975; “ How benefits will
be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and
“ The Employment Cost Index; recent trends and expansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen
sation changes appear in C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e l o p m e n t s , a monthly publi
cation of the Bureau.
89
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
33.
E m ploym ent C ost Index, by occupation and industry group
[June 1981 = 100]
Percent change
1! 82
Series
Sept.
Civilian workers1 ........................
Workers, by o c c u p a t io n a l group
White-collar workers...........
Blue-collar workers ...........
Service workers ................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing ...................
Nonmanufacturing..............
Services .........................
Public administration2 . .
Private industry workers...............
1983
Dec.
1984
3 months
ended
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
12 months
ended
Septem ter 1984
110.1
111.4
113.2
114.5
116.5
117.8
119.8
120.8
122.4
1.3
5.1
110.7
109.2
110.8
111.9
110.5
112.4
113.7
112.3
114.3
114.9
113.6
115.1
117.6
114.8
116.7
118.9
115.8
119.1
120.9
117.7
122.0
122.1
118.6
122.1
124.0
119.6
124.6
1.6
.8
2.0
5.4
42
6.8
109.3
110.5
113.5
112.8
110.4
111.8
115.0
113.6
112.5
113.5
116.6
116.2
113.5
114.9
117.1
117.0
115.0
117.2
121.1
119.8
116.0
118.6
122.6
121.4
117.9
120.7
125.0
122.9
119.1
121.6
125.5
123.7
120.4
123.3
128.8
126.9
1.1
1.4
2.6
2.6
4.7
52
6.4
5.9
109.3
110.7
112.6
113.9
115.6
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ...........
Blue-collar w orkers..............
Service workers...................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing......................
Nonmanufacturing.................
117.0
119.0
120.1
121.1
.8
4.8
109.5
109.0
109.6
110.8
110.3
111.8
112.8
112.1
113.8
114.2
113.5
114.6
116.5
114.6
115.1
117.9
115.7
117.9
119.9
117.5
121.5
121.4
118.4
121.2
122.4
119.3
123.2
.8
.8
1.7
51
41
7.0
109.3
109.3
110.4
110.8
112.5
112.6
113.5
114.2
115.0
116.0
116.0
117.5
117.9
119.6
119.1
120.7
120.4
121.6
1.1
.7
47
4.8
State and local government workers
114.3
115.1
116.5
117.1
120.8
122.0
123.9
124.4
128.8
3.5
6.6
114.9
112.7
115.8
113.0
117.0
114.9
117.5
115.8
121.5
118.0
122.6
119.2
124.5
121.9
125.0
122.3
129.7
125.0
3.8
2.2
6.7
5.9
114.9
114.8
115.6
115.3
112.8
115.9
115.8
116.6
116.0
113.6
116.8
116.6
117.2
117.5
116.2
117.4
116.9
117.4
118.8
117.0
121.7
121.9
123.3
121.1
119.8
122.6
122.6
123.9
122.6
121.4
124.5
124.5
125.4
124.4
122.9
125.0
124.7
125.7
125.7
123.7
129.9
130.6
132.1
127.9
126.9
3.9
4.7
5.1
1.8
2.6
6.7
7.1
7.1
56
5.9
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ..............
Blue-collar w orkers................
Workers, by industry division
Services .................................
Schools..............................
Elementary and secondary
Hospitals and other services3
Public administration2 ...........
Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers.
2Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
90
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
34.
E m ploym ent C ost Index, w ages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1981 = 100]
Percent change
Series
3 months
ended
1984
1983
1982
12 months
ended
Septemb er 1984
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
109.7
110.9
112.2
113.4
115.3
116.5
117.9
118.8
120.3
1.3
4.3
4.7
3.4
6.3
Civilian workers1
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers...........................
Blue-collar workers ...........................
Service workers .................................
110.4
108.6
110.1
111.4
109.8
111.8
113.0
110.8
113.2
114.2
112.0
113.9
116.7
113.1
115.1
117.9
114.0
117.4
119.3
115.3
120.0
120.4
116.1
119.8
122.2
117.0
122.3
1.5
0.8
2.1
Workers, by Industry division
Manufacturing ....................................
Nonmanufacturing..............................
Services .........................................
Public administration2 ...................
108.8
110.1
113.2
111.9
109.8
111.3
114.4
112.6
111.0
112.7
115.8
114.6
112.0
114.0
116.3
115.4
113.3
116.1
120.1
118.2
114.5
117.4
121.3
119.4
115.7
118.9
123.3
120.4
116.8
119.7
123.8
121.3
118.0
121.3
127.2
124.4
1.0
1.3
2.7
2.6
4.1
4.5
5.9
5.2
Private industry workers
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ......................
Professional and technical workers
Managers and administrators . . .
Salesworkers..............................
Clerical workers...........................
Blue-collar workers ........................
Craft and kindred w orkers...........
Operatives, except transport . . . .
Transport equipment operatives . .
Nonfarm laborers........................
Service workers..............................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing.................................
Durables......................................
Nondurables ..............................
Nonmanufacturing...........................
Construction ..............................
Transportation and public utilities .
Wholesale and retail tra d e ...........
Wholesale trade ......................
Retail trade..............................
Finance, Insurance, and real estate
Services......................................
109.0
110.3
111.6
112.9
114.5
115.8
117.2
118.2
119.2
.8
4.1
109.4
111.8
108.5
104.5
110.3
108.5
109.6
108.3
106.0
106.5
109.3
110.6
112.9
109.3
106.2
111.6
109.7
111.2
109.3
106.9
107.8
111.4
112.2
114.8
112.0
105.7
113.4
110.7
112.2
110.0
108.0
109.0
112.9
113.6
115.9
114.0
107.1
114.6
111.9
113.4
111.1
110.3
109.8
113.5
115.9
119.9
114.8
108.4
116.7
112.9
114.3
112.3
110.7
110.8
113.7
117.2
120.4
115.7
111.2
118.3
113.9
115.4
113.6
110.2
112.1
116.5
118.5
122.2
118.0
110.2
119.8
115.1
116.5
114.9
111.7
112.9
119.8
119.9
123.8
119.2
111.9
120.7
115.9
117.3
115.8
112.7
114.1
119.3
120.9
125.2
121.0
110.5
122.0
116.7
118.0
116.6
113.4
114.7
121.2
.8
1.1
1.5
-1 .3
1.1
.7
.6
.7
.6
.5
1.6
4.3
4.4
5.4
1.9
4.5
3.4
3.2
3.8
2.4
3.5
6.6
108.8
109.0
108,5
109.1
109.1
109.5
106.5
109.0
105.5
106.1
112.5
109.8
110.3
109.1
110.5
109.7
111.1
107.2
109.8
106.1
109.0
114.3
111.0
111.1
110.9
112.0
110.4
112.9
108.5
111.8
107.2
110.6
116.0
112.0
111.8
112.3
113.4
112.1
114.7
110.8
114.1
109.4
111.1
116.6
113.3
112.9
113.9
115.2
112.2
115.7
111.5
115.7
109.9
113.5
120.4
114.5
114.4
114.6
116.5
112.9
116.8
112.3
116.5
110.6
116.9
121.9
115.7
115.7
115.8
118.0
113.3
118.5
114.3
118.2
112.8
116.1
124.2
116.8
116.6
117.1
119.0
114.0
119.3
116.0
120.0
114.4
116.9
124.7
118.0
117.7
118.6
119.9
114.3
119.9
116.5
120.7
114.9
115.3
127.1
1.0
.9
1.3
.8
.3
.5
.4
.6
.4
- 1 .4
1.9
4.1
4.3
4.1
4.1
1.9
3.6
4.5
4.3
4.5
1.6
5.6
State and local government workers
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ......................
Blue-collar workers ......................
Workers, by Industry division
Services ......................................
Schools...................................
Elementary and secondary . .
Hospitals and other services3 . .
Public administration2 ................
113.5
114.0
115.1
115.7
119.2
120.0
121.6
122.0
126.1
3.4
5.8
120.6
116.9
122.2
119.1
122.5
119.6
127.1
121.9
3.8
1.9
6.1
4.7
120.6
120.6
121.7
120.6
119.4
122.2
122.2
122.9
121.9
120.4
122.5
122.3
123.0
123.1
121.3
127.2
127.8
129.3
125.1
124.4
3.8
4.5
5.1
1.6
2.6
6.2
6.6
6.8
4.5
5.2
114.2
111.5
114.6
112.0
115.6
113.3
116.1
114.3
119.8
116.4
114.2
114.2
114.6
114.5
115.1
114.9
112.6
115.5
115.2
115.6
116.5
114.6
115.9
115.4
115.8
117.7
115.4
119.8
119.9
121.1
119.7
118.2
1 1 4 .9
114.3
111.9
'Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers.
C onsists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in clu d e s, for example, library, social, and health services.
91
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
35.
E m ploym ent C ost Index, private industry w orkers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
[June 1981 = 100]
Percent change
1Í 82
Series
1983
1984
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
Workers, by bargaining status1
Union .........................................
Manufacturing ...................................................
N onm anufacturing............................................
110.6
110.3
111.0
112.3
111.8
112.8
114.5
114.0
114.9
116.0
114.8
117.1
117.8
116.3
119.2
118.8
117.2
120.4
120.6
119.3
121.9
121.7
120.5
122.8
122.6
121 6
123.6
07
9
.7
41
46
3.7
Nonunion ............................................................
Manufacturing .........................................
N onm anufacturing.........................................
108.5
108.4
108.6
109.7
109.2
109.9
111.5
111.2
111.6
112.8
112.3
113.0
114.4
113.8
114.7
115.9
114.9
116.4
118.0
116.6
118.6
119.2
117.9
119.8
120.3
119.3
120.7
9
12
.8
52
48
5.2
111.7
110.6
108.6
112.9
112.6
112.5
110.9
115.4
114.3
113.5
112.5
116.6
116.0
115.6
113.9
118.0
117.5
117.1
114.7
120.0
118.9
119.7
117.2
121.0
120.7
120.7
117.9
122.2
122.4
120.7
119.7
122.5
1.4
0
1.5
.2
5.5
44
5.1
3.8
109.4
108.6
110.9
109.1
112.9
110.8
114.2
112.3
116.0
113.4
117.4
114.5
119.4
116.7
120.6
117.4
121.5
119.0
7
1.4
47
4.9
110.3
109.5
111.1
111.8
110.8
112.7
112.9
111.4
114.3
114.2
112.3
116.0
116.0
113.7
118.3
116.9
114.8
118.9
118.1
116.1
120.1
119.0
117.1
120.7
119 8
118 1
121.3
7
9
.5
33
39
108.3
108.2
108.3
109.5
109.1
109.6
110.9
110.7
111.0
112.2
111.8
112.4
113.7
113.0
114.0
115.2
114.2
115.6
116.7
115.4
117.2
117.8
116.5
118.3
118.8
117 9
119.2
8
12
.8
45
43
4.6
109.7
108.8
107.6
110.7
111.5
109.8
108.6
112.0
112.0
111.4
110.1
114.1
113.6
112.5
111.5
114.9
115.3
114.3
112.8
116.5
116.6
115.7
113.6
118.5
117.4
117.9
115.5
118.8
118.9
119.0
116.0
119.6
120.5
119.0
117.8
120.0
1.3
o
1.6
.3
45
41
44
3.0
109.1
108.3
110.5
108.8
111.9
110.1
113.2
111.4
114.9
112.3
116.2
113.4
117.6
115.1
118.6
116.0
119.5
117.5
08
1.3
40
4.6
Septem ber 1984
COMPENSATION
Workers, by region1
N o rth e a s t............................................................
South ......................................................
North Central ................................................
W e s t................................................................
Workers, by area size1
Metropolitan areas .........................................
Other areas ......................................................
WAGES ANO SALARIES
Workers, by bargaining status1
Union ......................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................
N onm anufacturing............................
Nonunion .........................................................
Manufacturing ...................................
N onm anufacturing...................................
Workers, by region1
Northeast ......................................................
South ................................................
North Central ......................................
W e s t...................................................
Workers by area size1
Metropolitan areas .............................................
Other areas .............................................
'
’
1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a
detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Bulletin 1910.
92
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.5
36.
W age and com pensation change, m ajor collective bargaining settlem ents, 1979 to date
[In percent]
37.
Effective w age adjustm ents in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1979 to date
Year and quarter
Year
Measure
1982
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Average percent adjustment (including no change):
All in d u strie s............................................................................
Manufacturing ...................................................................
Nonmanufacturing ............................................................
9.1
9.6
8.8
9.9
10.2
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.5
6.8
5.2
7.9
From settlements reached in period ...................................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period . . . .
From cost-of-living c la u s e s ...................................................
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.6
3.5
2.8
2.5
3.8
3.2
Total number of workers receiving wage change
(in thousands)1 ...................................................................
—
—
8,648
From settlements reached
in period ............................................................................
Deferred from settlements
reached in earlier p e rio d ...................................................
From cost-of-living c la u s e s ...................................................
Number of workers receiving no adjustments
(in thousands) ...................................................................
IV
4.0
2.7
4.8
2.4
1.7
2.9
1.3
1.5
1.2
1,7
3.6
1.4
.8
2.5
.6
.5
1.3
.6
7,852
6,530
3,760
I
1984P
II
III
IV
1
II
III
0.3
-.5
.9
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
.9
1.2
0.9
1.2
.7
1.0
1.0
.9
1.1
.9
1.3
.6
.4
.3
-.2
.4
.1
.3
1.0
.1
.2
.8
.2
.6
.3
.2
.1
.4
.4
.1
.7
.2
.2
.7
.3
3,441
2,875
3,061
3,025
2,887
2,855
2,656
2,326
—
—
2,270
1,907
2,327
620
825
448
561
599
996
293
343
383
—
—
—
—
6,267
4,593
4,846
3,830
3,260
2,327
2,400
2,251
860
1,970
812
1,938
1,405
1,299
1,317
1,218
669
1,290
990
1,616
1,175
1,301
1,578
1,172
—
—
145
483
1,187
4,575
4,895
4,842
4,656
4,693
4,830
4,668
4,867
5,198
1The total number of workers who received adjustments does not equal the sum of workers that received
each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment during the
period.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1983
III
p = preliminary.
93
WORK STOPPAGE DATA
W
o r k
1 ,0 0 0
s t o p p a g e s
in c lu d e a ll k n o w n s tr ik e s o r lo c k o u ts in v o lv in g
w o r k e r s o r m o r e a n d la s tin g a fu ll s h if t o r lo n g e r . D a ta a re
E s tim a te s o f d a y s id le a s a p e r c e n t o f e s tim a te d w o r k in g tim e
m e a s u r e o n ly th e im p a c t o f la r g e r s tr ik e s ( 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ).
b a s e d l a r g e l y o n n e w s p a p e r a c c o u n ts a n d c o v e r a ll w o r k e r s id le
F o r m e r l y , th e s e e s tim a te s m e a s u r e d th e im p a c t o f s tr ik e s in v o lv in g
o n e s h if t o r m o r e in e s t a b l is h m e n t s d ir e c tly in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e .
6 w o rk e rs
T h e y d o n o t m e a s u r e th e in d ir e c t o r s e c o n d a r y e f fe c t o n o th e r
to b u d g e t s t r i n g e n c i e s , c o lle c tio n o f d a ta o n s tr ik e s in v o lv in g f e w e r
e s t a b l is h m e n t s w h o s e e m p l o y e e s a r e id le o w in g to m a te r ia l o r
th a n
se rv ic e sh o rta g e s .
d a ta .
38.
o r m o r e ; th a t is , th e im p a c t o f v ir tu a lly
all
s tr ik e s . D u e
1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s w a s d i s c o n tin u e d w ith th e D e c e m b e r 1981
W o rk sto p p ag es in volving 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1947 to date
Number o stoppages
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect
during month
Workers involved
Beginning in
month or year
(in thousands)
In effect
during month
(in thousands)
Days idle
Number
(in thousands)
Percent of
estimated
working time
1947
1948
1949
1950
270
245
262
424
1,629
1,435
2,537
1,698
25,720
26,127
43,420
30,390
.22
.38
.26
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
415
470
437
265
363
1,462
2,746
1,623
1,075
2,055
15,070
48.820
18,130
16,630
21,180
12
.38
.14
.13
.16
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
287
279
332
245
222
1,370
887
1,587
1,381
896
26,840
10,340
17,900
60,850
13.260
.20
.07
.13
.43
.09
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
195
211
181
246
268
1,031
793
512
1,183
999
10.140
11.760
10,020
16,220
15.140
.07
.08
.07
.11
.10
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
.
.
.
.
.
321
381
392
412
381
1,300
2,192
1,855
1,576
2,468
16,000
31,320
35,567
29,397
52.761
.10
.18
.20
.16
.29
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
.
.
.
.
.
298
250
317
424
235
2,516
975
1,400
1,796
965
35,538
16,764
16.260
31,809
17,563
.19
.09
.08
.16
.09
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
.
.
.
.
.
231
298
219
235
187
1,519
1,212
1,006
1,021
795
23,962
21,258
23,774
20,409
20,844
.12
.10
.11
.09
.09
1981 .
1982 .
1983 .
145
96
81
729
656
909
16,908
9,061
17,461
.07
.04
.08
1983
1984P
January
February .
March . .
April . . ,
May . .
June . . .
July . . .
August
September
October .
1
5
5
2
12
16
10
7
7
12
3
7
10
9
17
25
23
19
19
19
1.6
14.0
10.5
2.8
24.9
63.3
64.5
615.8
20.8
68.4
38.0
50.4
54.9
52.4
34.2
81.2
99.8
669.7
49.5
84.7
794.8
844.4
1,131.5
789.5
488.5
689.1
1.270.1
8.673.2
567.1
1.143.3
.04
.05
.05
.04
.03
.03
.07
.41
.03
.06
January .
February .
March . .
April .
May
. .
June . . .
July . . .
August . .
September
October .
6
2
2
7
5
5
8
'4
r9
4
12
12
9
13
15
14
20
r 18
17
15
28 9
8.7
3.0
28.5
8.1
23.7
68.4
r 21.5
M03.6
15.8
43.0
37.2
14.6
38.1
39 2
45.7
104.1
r100.9
M17.9
33.7
507.3
365.5
284.2
651.0
581.2
754.8
1,221.7
r1.623.3
r716.4
498.7
.03
.02
.01
03
.03
.04
.06
.07
.04
.02
p = preliminary.
94
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Index of Volume 107
January 1984 through December 1984
95
INDEX OF VOLUME 107
JANUARY 1984 THROUGH DECEMBER 1984
ACCIDENTS (See Work injuries.)
Response variation in the
Mar. 37-43.
AGRICULTURE
cps: caveats
for the unemployment analyst. 1984
A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers. 1984 June. 49-53.
DENMARK
APPRENTICESHIP (See Education and training.)
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
ARMED FORCES
Changing composition of the military and the effect on labor force data,
The. 1984 July. 10-13.
Working for Uncle Sam— a look at members of the Armed Forces. 1984
July. 3-9.
AUSTRALIA
A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States.
1984 Oct. 30-36.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
AUTOMATION (See Technological change.)
BARGAINING (See Collective bargaining.)
BELGIUM
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
BLS and the economy: a centennial timetable. 1984 Nov. 29-37.
Centennial. 1984 Jan. 2-3.
BENEFITS (See Supplemental benefits.)
CANADA
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
Collective bargaining calendar crowded again in 1984. 1984 Jan. 19-32.
Economy improves; bargaining problems persist in 1983. 1984 Jan. 3343.
Future of collective bargaining probed in ilo report. 1984 Sept. 41-43.
What do unions get in return for concessions? 1984 May. 40-41.
CONFERENCES AND CONVENTIONS
Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Asso
ciation. Papers from. 1984 May. 34-41; 1984 June. 34-44.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
Average retail food prices: a brief history of methods. 1984 Nov. 52-53.
bls to improve urban sample in 1987 revision of the cpi. 1984 May. 51.
COST OF LIVING
Average retail food prices: a brief history of methods. 1984 Nov. 52-53.
Social cost-of-living indexes estimated. 1984 May. 48-49.
EARNINGS AND WAGES
General
A century of wage statistics: the bls contribution. 1984 Nov. 16-28.
Earnings differences between men and women: an introductory note. 1984
June 15-16.
Earnings in electric and gas utilities. 1984 Dec. 37-38.
Investigating the differences in weekly earnings of women and men. 1984
June. 17-28.
Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 3 941.
‘Lifetime earnings’ in Japan for the class of 1955. 1984 Apr. 32-36.
Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1984. Oct. 43-45.
Pay differentials: the case of Japan. 1984 Oct. 24-29.
Proposed spendable earnings series retains basic faults of earlier one. 1984
Nov. 43-44.
Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap. 1984 June. 2 933.
Trends in employment and earnings in the philanthropic sector. 1984 Sept.
16-20.
Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families. 1984 Feb.
30-37.
Use of hourly earnings proposed to revive spendable earnings series. 1984
Nov. 38-43.
White-collar pay determination under range-of-rates systems. 1984 Dec.
25-29.
Wives as primary earners. 1984 Feb. 2.
Workers’ purchasing power rises despite slowdown in wage and salary
gains. 1984 May. 10-14.
Specified
Area occupational pay in auto dealer repair shops. 1984 Aug. 30-32.
Pay gains tempered in basic steel mills. 1984 Aug. 28-30.
Pay in data processing services by occupation and urban area. 1984 Sept.
40-41.
Pay in Mountain region coal mines outstrips national average. 1984 Mar.
49-52.
Wages in the paper industries among highest in manufacturing. 1984 Mar.
52-54.
Wet com mills yield top pay among grain industries. 1984 Nov. 49-50.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY
Current Population Survey: a historical perspective and
1984 June. 8-14.
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bls’
role, The.
Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3 7.
Recovery report. 1984 Mar. 2.
Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983 import and export
prices. 1984 Apr. 3-14.
Small firms’ employment growth twice that of large firms in 1983. 1984
Dec. 39.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
FRINGE BENEFITS (See Supplemental benefits.)
GERMANY
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
More U.S. workers are college graduates. 1984 Mar. 46-49.
EMPLOYMENT (See also Labor force.)
An evaluation of bls’ projections of 1980 industry employment. 1984
Aug. 12-22.
Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983. 1984
Feb. 3-14.
Employment attachment: Japan vs. U.S. 1984 May. 50.
Employment in durable goods anything but durable in 1979-82. 1984 Feb.
15-24.
Employment in the first half: robust recovery continues. 1984 Aug. 3-7.
Employment shift to services: where did it come from, The? 1984 Apr.
15-22.
Examining work. 1984 May. 2.
Female-male unemployment differential: effects of changes in industry em
ployment. The. 1984 Nov. 8-15.
Fewer students in work force as school age population declines. 1984 July.
34-37.
Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 3941.
Lifetime employment in Japan: three models of the concept. 1984 Aug.
34-35.
Modeling the retirement process for policy evaluation and research. 1984
July. 26-33.
New Jersey trends in high tech employment. 1984 Aug. 33.
New occupational separation data improve estimates of job replacement
needs. 1984 Mar. 3-10.
Occupational reclassification and changes in distribution by gender. 1984
Mar. 11-17.
Preferences of temporary workers: time, variety, and flexibility. 1984 Aug.
26-28.
Regional variations in employment and unemployment during 1970-82.
1984 Feb. 38-45.
Self-employed workers: an update to 1983. 1984 July. 14-18.
Small firms’ employment growth twice that of large firms in 1983. 1984
Dec. 39.
State and regional employment and unemployment in 1983. 1984 Sept.
9-15.
Trends in employment and earnings in the philanthrophic sector. 1984
Sept. 16-20.
Use of employment data to estimate office space demand. 1984 Dec. 4 044.
Work experience in 1983 reflects the effects of the recovery. 1984 Dec.
18-24.
Working for Uncle Sam— a look at members of the Armed Forces. 1984
July 3-9.
Working mothers reach record number in 1984. 1984 Dec. 31-34.
Work-sharing approaches: past and present. 1984 Sept. 34-39.
FOREIGN TRADE
Caribbean Basin Initiative: setting labor standards. 1984 Nov. 54-56.
Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery apparent in first-half import
and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3-17.
Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 3941.
Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983 import and export
prices. 1984 Apr. 3-14.
FRANCE
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
GREAT BRITAIN
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
HOURS OF WORK
A new bls survey measures the ratio of hours worked to hours paid. 1984
June. 3-7.
Preferences of temporary workers: time, variety, and flexibility. 1984 Aug.
26-28.
Work-sharing approaches: past and present. 1984 Sept. 34-39.
IMPORTS (See Foreign trade.)
INCOME (See Earnings and wages.)
INCENTIVE PLANS (See also Work motivation.)
Incentives in manufacturing: the carrot and the stick. 1984 July. 40-43.
INDEXES
Comparing rates and proportions: they can be misleading. 1984 June. 4546.
Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery apparent in first-half import
and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3-17.
Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3 9.
Producer Price trends continue moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan.
76-79.
Social cost-of-living indexes estimated. 1984 May. 48-49.
“ Underground economy’’ and bls statistical data, The. 1984 Jan. 4-18.
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (See Labor-management relations.)
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Asso
ciation. Papers from. 1984 May. 34-41; 1984 June. 34-44.
INFLATION (See also Prices.)
Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3 7.
Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3 9.
Proposed spendable earnings series retains basic faults of earlier one. 1984
Nov. 43-44.
Use of hourly earnings proposed to revive spendable earnings series. 1984
Nov. 38-43.
INJURIES (See Work injuries.)
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
ITALY
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
97
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Index o f Volume 107
JAPAN
Employment attachment: Japan vs. U.S. 1984 May. 50.
Japan’s low unemployment: an in-depth analysis. 1984 Mar. 18-27.
'Lifetime earnings’ in Japan for the class of 1955. 1984 Apr. 32-36.
Lifetime employment in Japan: three models of the concept. 1984 Aug.
34-35.
Pay differentials: the case of Japan. 1984 Oct. 24-29.
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
Robots are a big success at auto plant in Japan. 1984 Aug. 35-36.
JOB TENURE
Occupational mobility and job tenure in 1983. 1984 Oct. 18-23.
JOB SECURITY
Auto industry experiments with the Guaranteed Income Stream. 1984 July.
3 7 - 39.
Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment. 1984 May.
3 8 - 40.
Most U.S. workers still may be fired under the employment-at-will doc
trine. 1984 May. 34-38.
What do unions get in return for concessions? 1984 May. 40-41.
JOB VACANCIES
Job vacancies versus unemployment. 1984 May. 49—50.
New occupational separation data improve estimates of job replacement
needs. 1984 Mar. 3-10.
LABOR AND ECONOMIC HISTORY
A century of wage statistics: the bls contribution. 1984 Nov. 16-28.
bls and the economy: a centennial timetable. 1984 Nov. 29-37.
Centennial. 1984 Jan. 2-3.
Current Population Survey: a historical perspective and bls’ role, The.
1984 June. 8-14.
Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. 1984 May. 26-33.
LABOR FORCE
A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States.
1984 Oct. 30-36.
A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers. 1984 June. 49-53.
Changing composition of the military and the effect on labor force data,
The. 1984 July. 10-13.
Discouraged workers: how strong are their links to the job market? 1984
Aug. 8-11.
Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983. 1984
Feb. 3-14.
Employment in the first half: robust recovery continues. 1984 Aug. 3-7.
Employment shift to services: where did it come from. The? 1984 Apr.
15-22.
Fewer students in work force as school age population declines. 1984 July.
34-37.
Modeling the retirement process for policy evaluation and research. 1984
July. 26-33.
More U.S. workers are college graduates. 1984 Mar. 46-49.
Pension plans as a spur to labor force withdrawal. 1984 Dec. 39.
Preferences of temporary workers: time, variety, and flexibility. 1984 Aug.
26-28.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term unemployed. 1984 Feb.
25-29.
Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and women. 1984
May. 21-25.
Regional variations in employment and unemployment during 1970-82.
1984 Feb. 38-45.
Self-employed workers: an update to 1983. 1984 July. 14-18.
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Sources of secular increases in the unemployment rate, 1969-82. 1984
July. 19-25.
Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families. 1984 Feb.
30-37.
Work experience in 1983 reflects the effects of the recovery. 1984 Dec.
18-24.
Working mothers reach record number in 1984. 1984 Dec. 31-34.
Young discouraged workers: racial differences explored. 1984 June. 3 6 39.
LABOR LAW
Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1983. 1984 Feb.
46-61.
Most U.S. workers still may be fired under the employment-at-will doc
trine. 1984 May. 34-38.
State labor legislation enacted in 1983. 1984 Jan. 59-75.
Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983. 1984 Feb. 5 5 61.
LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
Economy improves; bargaining problems persist in 1983. 1984 Jan. 3 343.
Helping labor and management set up a quality-of-worklife program. 1984
Mar. 28-32.
Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. 1984 May. 26-33.
Industrial relations research: its postwar contributions. 1984 June. 34-36.
Worker participation and productivity change. 1984 Sept. 28-33.
LABOR MARKET
A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States.
1984 Oct. 30-36.
Employment shift to services: where did it come from. The? 1984 Apr.
15-22.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
Are unions facing a crisis? labor officials are divided. 1984 Aug. 23-25.
Caribbean Basin Initiative: setting labor standards. 1984 Nov. 54-56.
Does it pay to organize? estimating the cost to unions. 1984 June. 43-44.
Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. 1984 May. 26-33.
Labor organization mergers 1979-84: adapting to change. 1984 Sept. 2127.
What do unions get in return for concessions? 1984 May. 40-41.
MANUFACTURING
Employment in durable goods anything but durable in 1979-82. 1984 Feb.
15-24.
Incentives in manufacturing: the carrot and the stick. 1984 July. 40-43.
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
MOBILITY
Occupational mobility and job tenure in 1983. 1984 Oct. 18-23.
NETHERLANDS, THE
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
NORWAY
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
OCCUPATIONS
Occupational reclassification and changes in distribution by gender. 1984
Mar. 11-17.
Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap. 1984 June. 29 33.
PENSIONS (See also Supplemental benefits.)
SAFETY AND HEALTH
A comparison of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79. 1984
May. 42-47.
How social security payments affect private pensions. 1984 May. 15-20.
Pension plans as a spur to labor force withdrawal. 1984 Dec. 39.
Postretirement increases under private pension plans. 1984 Sept. 3-8.
Surviving spouse’s benefits in private pension plans. 1984 Apr. 23-31.
bls ’
1982 survey of work-related deaths. 1984 Mar. 43-45.
SALARIES (See Earnings and wages.)
SERVICE SECTOR
Employment shift to services: where did it come from, The? 1984 Apr.
15-22.
PLANT SHUTDOWN
SOCIAL SECURITY
Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment. 1984 May.
38-40.
Plant closures: efforts to cushion the blow. 1984 June. 41-43.
STATE GOVERNMENT
How social security payments affect private pensions. 1984 May. 15-20.
Poverty estimates lowered by inclusion of noncash benefits. 1984 May.
46-47.
Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1983. 1984 Feb.
46-61.
State and regional employment and unemployment in 1983. 1984 Sept.
9-15.
State labor legislation enacted in 1983. 1984 Jan. 59-75.
Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983. 1984 Feb. 5 5 61.
PRICES
STATISTICAL PROGRAMS AND METHODS
Average retail food prices: a brief history of methods. 1984 Nov. 52-53.
Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery apparent in first-half import
and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3-17.
Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3 7.
Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3 9.
Producer Price trends continue to moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan.
76-79.
Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983 import and export
prices. 1984 Apr. 3-14.
Workers’ purchasing power rises despite slowdown in wage and salary
gains. 1984 May. 10-14.
A century of wage statistics: the BLS contribution. 1984 Nov. 16-28.
A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers. 1984 June. 49-53.
bls to improve urban sample in 1987 revision of the cpi. 1984 May. 51.
Comparing rates and proportions: they can be misleading. 1984 June. 4 5 46.
Occupational reclassification and changes in distribution by gender. 1984
Mar. 11-17.
Response variation in the cps: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984
Mar. 37-43.
“ Underground economy” and bls statistical data, The. 1984 Jan. 4-18.
Use of employment data to estimate office space demand. 1984 Dec. 4 0 44.
PRODUCTIVITY
A comparison of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79. 1984
May. 42-47.
Postretirement increases under private pension plans. 1984 Sept. 3-8.
POPULATION
World population. 1984 Aug. 2.
POVERTY
A new BLS survey measures the ratio of hours worked to hours paid. 1984
June. 3-7.
Apparel stores display above-average productivity. 1984 Oct. 37-42.
Measuring productivity in State and local government. 1984 June. 47-48.
Meatpacking and prepared meats industry: above-average productivity gains.
1984 Apr. 37-42.
Productivity declined in 1982 in a majority of industries measured. 1984
Jan. 80-83.
Productivity growth in the switchgear industry slows after 1973. 1984 Mar.
33-36.
Productivity in making heating and cooling equipment. 1984 Dec. 11-17.
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
Strong post-recession productivity gain helps curb labor cost growth. 1984
Dec. 3-10.
Worker participation and productivity change. 1984 Sept. 28-33.
PROJECTIONS
An evaluation of
Aug. 12-22.
bls’
projections of 1980 industry employment. 1984
PUBLIC EMPLOYEES
Measuring productivity in State and local government. 1984 June. 47-48.
QUALITY OF WORKLIFE
Helping labor and management set up a quality-of-worklife program. 1984
Mar. 28-32.
QUIT RATE
New occupational separation data improve estimates of job replacement
needs. 1984 Mar. 3-10.
RETIREMENT (See also Pensions.)
Modeling the retirement process for policy evaluation and research. 1984
July. 26-33.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SUPPLEMENTAL BENEFITS
SURVEY METHODS
bls to improve urban sample in 1987 revision of the cpi. 1984 May. 51.
Current Population Survey: a historical perspective and bls’ role, The.
1984 June. 8-14.
Response variation in the cps: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984
Mar. 37-43.
SWEDEN
Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries.
1984 Jan. 52-58.
Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries.
1984 Jan. 44-51.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
New Jersey trends in high tech employment. 1984 Aug. 33.
Robots are a big success at auto plant in Japan. 1984 Aug. 35-36.
TENURE (See Job tenure.)
TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 3941.
TRADE UNIONS (See Labor organizations.)
TRAINING (See Education and training.)
UNDERGROUND ECONOMY
“ Underground economy” and
bls
statistical data, The. 1984 Jan. 4—18.
UNEMPLOYMENT (See also Employment; Labor force.)
A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States.
1984 Oct. 30-36.
Auto industry experiments with the Guaranteed Income Stream. 1984 July.
37-39.
99
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Index of Volume 107
Discouraged workers: how strong are their links to the job market? 1984
Aug. 8-11.
Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment. 1984 May.
38-40.
Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983. 1984
Feb. 3-14.
Employment in the first half: robust recovery continues. 1984 Aug. 3-7.
Female-male unemployment differential: effects of changes in industry
employment, The. 1984 Nov. 8-15.
Fewer students in work force as school age population declines. 1984 July.
34-37.
Japan’s low unemployment: an in-depth analysis. 1984 Mar. 18-27.
Job vacancies versus unemployment. 1984 May. 49-50.
Plant closures: efforts cushion the blow. 1984 June. 41-43.
Regional variations in employment and unemployment during 1970-82.
1984 Feb. 38-45.
Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term unemployed. 1984 Feb.
25-29.
Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and women. 1984
May. 21-25.
Sources of secular increases in the unemployment rate, 1969-82. 1984
July. 19-25.
State and regional employment and unemployment in 1983. 1984 Sept.
9-15.
Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families. 1984 Feb.
30-37.
Unemployment in the West. 1984 June. 2.
Young discouraged workers: racial differences explored. 1984 June. 3639.
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
Auto industry experiments with the Guaranteed Income Stream. 1984 July.
37-39.
Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1983. 1984 Feb.
46-61.
Federal Supplemental Compensation and Unemployment Insurance Re
cipients. 1984 Apr. 43-45.
Incomplete experience rating in State unemployment insurance. 1984 Nov.
4 5 - 49.
Unemployment insurance: identifying payment errors. 1984 Dec. 34-37.
UNION MEMBERSHIP
Labor organization mergers 1979-84: adapting to change. 1984 Sept. 2 127.
WAGES (See Earnings and wages.)
WELFARE REFORM
Poverty estimates lowered by inclusion of noncash benefits. 1984 May.
4 6 - 47.
WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS
Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1984. 1984 Oct. 4345.
White-collar pay determination under range-of-rate systems. 1984 Dec.
25-30.
WOMEN
Earnings differences between men and women: an introductory note. 1984
June. 15-16.
Female-male unemployment differential: effects of changes in industry
employment, The. 1984 Nov. 8-15.
Investigating the differences in weekly earnings of women and men. 1984
June. 17-28.
Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap. 1984 June. 2 933.
Working mothers reach record number in 1984. 1984 Dec. 31-34.
Working women. 1984 July. 2.
WORK INJURIES AND ILLNESSES
bls ’
1982 survey of work-related deaths. 1984 Mar. 43-45.
100
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WORKLIFE
Helping labor and management set up a quality-of-worklife program. 1984
Mar. 28-32.
WORK MOTIVATION
Incentives in manufacturing: the carrot and the stick. 1984 July. 40-43.
Worker participation and productivity change. 1984 Sept. 28-33.
WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983. 1984 Feb. 5561.
YOUTH (See Labor force.)
DEPARTMENTS
Anatomy of Price Change. January issue.
Book Notes. June issue.
Book Reviews. Each issue except January.
Communications. June and November issues.
Conference Papers. May and June issues.
Current Labor Statistics. Each issue.
Developments in Industrial Relations. Each issue except January.
Foreign Labor Developments. August and November issues.
Labor Month in Review. Each issue.
Major Agreements Expiring Next Month. Each issue.
Productivity Reports. January and June issues.
Research Notes. May issue.
Research Summaries. Each issue except January and February.
Technical Notes. May, November, and December issues.
BOOK REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTES (Listed by author of book.)
Aaron, Henry J. Economic Effects o f Social Security. 1984 Feb. 68.
Barnard, John, ed. Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. 1984
Mar. 60-61.
Berg, Ivar, ed. Sociological Perspectives on Labor Markets. 1984 Mar.
61-62.
Cottle, Rex L., Hugh Macaulay, and Bruce Yandle. Labor and Property
Rights in California Agriculture: An Economic Anaylsis of the calra.
1984 Aug. 44-45.
Davidson, Sue and Joan M. Jensen, eds. A Needle, A Bobbin, A Strike:
Women Needleworkers in America. 1984 Dec. 52-56.
Derber, Charles, ed. Professionals as Workers: Mental Labor in Advanced
Capitalism. 1984 Mar. 61-62.
Dyson, Kenneth and Stephen Wilks, eds. Industrial Crisis. 1984 Apr. 52.
Fabozzi, Frank J. and Harry 1. Greenfield, eds. The Handbook o f Economic
Measures. 1984 Nov. 62.
Goldfarb, Ronald L. Migrant Farm Workers: A Caste of Despair. 1984
Aug. 44-45.
Greenfield, Harry I. and Frank J. Fabozzi, eds. The Handbook o f Economic
Measures. 1984 Nov. 62.
Homer, Monica and Sharon Zarozny. The Federal Data Base Finder. 1984
Nov. 62.
Jensen, Joan M. and Sue Davidson, eds. A Needle, A Bobbin, A Strike:
Women Needleworkers in America. 1984 Dec. 52-56.
Jones, Ethel B. Determinants o f Female Reentrant Unemployment. 1984
June. 61.
Katzan, Harry, Jr. Management Support Systems: A Pragmatic Approach.
1984 May. 57.
Kaufman, H.G. Professionals in Search of Work: Coping with the Stress
o f Job Loss and Underemployment. 1984 Mar. 61-62.
Leab, Daniel J., Dorothy Swanson, and Maurice F. Neufeld. American
Working Class History: A Representative Bibliography. 1984 Feb. 69.
Lehrer, Robert N., ed. White Collar Productivity. 1984 Sept. 48-50.
Leventman, Paula G. Professionals Out o f Work. 1984 Mar. 61-62.
McColloch, Mark. White Collar Workers in Transition: The Boom Years,
1940-70. 1984 June. 61.
Macaulay, Hugh, Bruce Yandle, and Rex L. Cottle. Labor and Property
Rights in California Agriculture: An Economic Analysis o f the calra.
1984 Aug. 44-45.
Majka, Linda C. and Theo Majka. Farmworkers, Agribusiness, and the
State. 1984 Nov. 61-62.
Majka, Theo and Linda C. Majka. Farmworkers, Agribusiness, and the
State. 1984 Nov. 61-62.
National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, France. Donnees
Sociales. (Social Data.) 1984 June. 60-61.
Neikirk, William and Gail Garfield Schwartz. The Work Revolution. 1984
July. 48-49.
Neufeld, Maurice F., Daniel J. Leab, and Dorothy Swanson. American
Working Class History: A Representative Bibliography. 1984 Feb. 69.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris. Labor
Force Statistics, ¡970-81. 1984 June. 61.
Pascarella, Perry. The New Achievers. 1984 Oct. 50-51.
Rock, Milton L., ed. Handbook o f Wage and Salary Administration. 1984
June. 60.
Rothberg, Diane, ed. Part-time Employment in America. 1984 June. 61.
Schieber, Sylvester J., Social Security: Perspectives on Preserving the
System. 1984 Apr. 53.
Schwartz, Gail Garfield and William Neikirk. The Work Revolution. 1984
July. 48-49.
Swanson, Dorothy, Maurice F. Neufeld, and Daniel J. Leab. American
Working Class History: A Representative Bibliography. 1984 Feb. 69.
Tax Foundation, Inc. Facts and Figures on Government Finance. 1984
June. 61-62.
Triplett, Jack E. The Measurement o f Labor Cost. 1984 Feb. 68-69.
Wilks, Stephen and Kenneth Dyson, eds. Industrial Crisis. 1984 Apr. 52.
Yandle, Bruce, Rex L. Cottle, and Hugh Macaulay. Labor and Property
Rights in California Agriculture: An Economic Analysis of the CALRA.
1984 Aug. 44-45.
Zarozny, Sharon and Monica Homer. The Federal Data Base Finder. 1984
Nov. 62.
AUTHORS
Adams, Larry T. Labor organization mergers 1979-84: adapting to change.
1984 Sept. 21-27.
Allen, Steven G., Robert L. Clark, and Daniel A. Sumner. A comparison
of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79. 1984 May. 42-47.
Alvarez, Donato and Brian Cooper. Productivity trends in manufacturing
in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58.
Becker, Eugene H. Self-employed workers: an update to 1983. 1984 July.
14-18.
--------- and Norman Bowers. Employment and unemployment improve
ments widespread in 1983. 1984 Feb. 3-14.
Bell, Donald and Avy Graham. Surviving spouse’s benefits in private
pension plans. 1984 Apr. 23-31.
Bednarzik, Robert W. Book review. 1984 July. 48-49.
Bell, Donald and Diane Hill. How social security payments affect private
pensions. 1984 May. 15-20.
Bianchi, Suzanne M. and Nancy F. Rytina. Occupational reclassification
and changes in distribution by gender. 1984 Mar. 11-17.
Borowski, Allan. A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and
the United States. 1984 Oct. 30-36.
Bowers, Norman and Eugene H. Becker. Employment and unemployment
improvements widespread in 1983. 1984 Feb. 3-14.
Brand, Horst. Book review. 1984 Sept. 48-50.
--------- . Productivity in making heating and cooling equipment. 1984 Dec.
11-17.
Bregger, John E. The Current Population Survey: a historical perspective
and bls’ role. 1984 June. 8-14.
Burdetsky, Ben. Book review. 1984 Oct. 50-51.
Burgess, Paul L., Jerry Kingston, and Robert D. St. Louis. Unemployment
insurance: identifying payment errors. 1984 Dec. 34-37.
Bums, Roger, Craig Howell, and Andrew Clem. Inflation remained low
in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3-9.
--------- , Craig Howell, and Andrew Clem. Producer Price trends continue
to moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan. 76-79.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cappelli, Peter. Auto industry experiments with the Guaranteed Income
System. 1984 July. 37-39.
--------- . What do unions get in return for concessions? 1984 May. 4 041.
Carlson, Norma W. Pay gains tempered in basic steel mills. 1984 Aug.
28-30.
--------- . Pay in Mountain region coal mines outstrips national average.
1984 Mar. 49-52.
Carnes, Richard B. Meatpacking and prepared meats industry: aboveaverage productivity gains. 1984 Apr. 37-42.
Chamovitz, Steve. Caribbean Basin Initiative: setting labor standards. 1984
Nov. 54-56.
Clark, Robert L., Daniel A. Sumner, and Steven G. Allen. A comparison
of pension increases and inflation, 1973-79. 1984 May. 42-47.
Clem, Andrew, Roger Bums, and Craig Howell. Inflation remained low
in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3-9.
--------- , Roger Bums and Craig Howell. Producer price trends continue
to moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan. 76-79.
Conley, James R. and John J. Lacombe II. Collective bargaining calendar
crowded again in 1984. 1984 Jan. 19-32.
Cole, Cheryl and Hal Sider. The changing composition of the military and
the effect on labor force data. 1984 July. 10-13.
Cooper, Brian and Donato Alvarez. Productivity trends in manufacturing
in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58.
DeBoer, Larry and Michael Seeborg. The female-male unemployment
differential. 1984 Nov. 8-15.
Devens, Richard M., Jr. Book review. 1984 Apr. 52.
--------- . Employment in the first half: robust recovery continues. 1984
Aug. 3-7.
Douty, H.M. A century of wage statistics: the bls contribution. 1984
Nov. 16-28.
Dreijmanis, John. Book review. 1984 Mar. 61-62.
Early, John F., Mary Lynn Schmidt, and Thomas J. Mosimann. Inflation
and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3-7.
Eck, Alan. New occupational separation data improve estimates of job
replacement needs. 1984 Mar. 3-10.
Evans, Robert, Jr. ‘Lifetime earnings’ in Japan for the class of 1955. 1984
Apr. 32-36.
--------- . Pay differentials: the case of Japan. 1984 Oct. 24-29.
Fedrau, Ruth H. Easing the worker's transition from job loss to employ
ment. 1984 May. 38-40.
Fisk, Donald M. Measuring productivity in State and local government.
1984 June. 47-48.
Fitzpatrick, Blanche. Book review. 1984 Dec. 51-52.
Flaim, Paul O. Discouraged workers: how strong are their links to the job
market? 1984 Aug. 8-11.
--------- . Proposed spendable earnings series retains basic faults of earlier
one. 1984 Nov. 43-44.
--------- . Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families.
1984 Feb. 30-37.
Friedman, Brian. Apparel stores display above-average productivity. 1984
Oct. 37-42.
Fulco, Lawrence J. Strong post-recession gain in productivity contributes
to slow growth in labor costs. 1984 Dec. 3-10.
Gannon, Martin J. Preferences of temporary workers: time, variety, and
flexibility. 1984 Aug. 26-28.
Graham, Avy and Donald Bell. Surviving spouse’s benefits in private
pension plans. 1984 Apr. 23-31.
Graham, Harry and Brian Heshizer. Are unions facing a crisis? labor
officials are divided. 1984 Aug. 23-25.
Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier. Modeling the retirement
process for policy evaluation and research. 1984 July. 26-33.
Guzda, Henry P. Book review. 1984 Mar. 60-61.
--------- . Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. 1984 May. 26-33.
Harrison, Bennett. Plant closures: efforts to cushion the blow. 1984 June.
41-43.
101
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Index o f Volume 107
Hayghe, Howard, Working mothers reach record number in 1984. 1984
Dec. 31-34.
and Anne McDougall Young. More U.S. workers are college
graduates. 1984 Mar. 46-49.
Herman, Arthur S. Productivity declined in 1982 in a majority of industries
measured. 1984 Jan. 80-83.
and Phyllis F . Otto. Productivity growth in the switchgear industry
slows after 1973. 1984 Mar. 33-36.
Heshizer, Brian and Harry Graham. Are unions facing a crisis? labor
officials are divided. 1984 Aug. 23-25.
Hill. Diane and Donald Bell. How social security payments affect private
pensions. 1984 May. 15-20.
Holen. Arlene. Federal Supplemental Compensation and Unemployment
Insurance Recipients. 1984 Apr. 43-45.
Howell, Craig, Andrew Clem, and Roger Bums. Inflation remained low
in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3-9.
. Andrew Clem, and Roger Bums. Producer Price trends continue
to moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan. 76-79.
Huffstutler, Clyde and Horst Brand. Productivity in making heating and
cooling equipment. 1984 Dec. 11-17.
Johnson. Mark J. Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983
import and export prices. 1984 Apr. 3-14.
and Patricia Szarek. Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery
apparent in first-half import and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3-17.
Kerr, Clark. Industrial relations research: its postwar contributions. 1984
June. 34-36.
Kingston, Jerry L., Paul L. Burgess, and Robert D. St. Louis. Unem
ployment insurance: identifying payment errors. 1984 Dec. 34-37.
Koshiro, Kazutoshi. Lifetime employment in Japan: three models of the
concept. 1984 Aug. 34-35.
----------. Robots are a big success at auto plant in Japan. 1984 Aug. 3536.
Kunze, Kent. A new bls survey measures the ratio of hours worked to
hours paid. 1984 June. 3-7.
Lacombe, John J ., II, and James R. Conley. Collective bargaining calendar
crowded again in 1984. 1984 Jan. 19-32.
Larson, David. Wages in the paper industries among highest in manufac
turing. 1984 Mar. 52-54.
Leon, Carol Boyd. Working for Uncle Sam— a look at members of the
Armed Forces. 1984 July. 3-9.
Levitan, Sar A. and Diane Wemeke. Worker participation and productivity
change. 1984 Sept. 28-33.
Martin, Philip L. Book review. 1984 Nov. 61-62.
McDonald, Richard J. The “ underground economy” and bls statistical
data. 1984 Jan. 4-18.
Maccoby, Michael. Helping labor and management set up a quality-ofworklife program. 1984 Mar. 28-32.
Macon, Janet, bls’ 1982 survey of worker-related deaths. 1984 Mar. 43 45.
Marks, Denton. Incomplete rating in State unemployment insurance. 1984
Nov. 45-49.
Martin, Philip L. Book review. 1984 Aug. 44-45.
Mellor, Earl F. Investigating the differences in weekly earnings of women
and men. 1984 June. 17-28.
Mosimann, Thomas J.. John F. Early, and Mary Lynn Schmidt. Inflation
and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3-7.
Moy, Joyanna. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine
other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51.
Nash, Charles E. Book review. 1984 May. 57.
Nilson, Richard R , State labor legislation enacted in 1983. 1984 Jan. 5975.
Nemirow, Martin. Work-sharing approaches: past and present. 1984 Sept.
34-39.
Nilsen, Diane M. Employment in durable goods anything but durable in
1979-82. 1984 Feb. 15-24.
102
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nilsen, Sigurd R. Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and
women. 1984 May. 21-25.
Norwood, Janet L. Centennial. 1984 Jan. 2-4.
O ’Neill, Dave M. Comparing rates and proportions: they can be mislead
ing. 1984 June. 45-46.
Orr, Ann C. and James A. Orr. Job cuts are only one means firms use to
counter imports. 1984 June. 39-41.
Orr, James A. and Ann C. Orr. Job cuts are only one means firms use to
counter imports. 1984 June. 39-41.
Otto, Phyllis F. and Arthur S. Herman. Productivity growth in the switchgear industry slows after 1973. 1984 Mar. 33-36.
Personick. Martin E. W hite-collar pay determination under range-of-rate
systems. 1984 Dec. 25-30.
Podgursky, Michael. Sources of secular increases in the unemployment
rate. 1969-82. 1984 July. 19-25.
Poterba. James M. and Lawrence H. Summers. Response variation in the
CPS: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984 Mar. 37-43.
Prieser, Carl. Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1984.
1984 Oct. 43-45.
Pryor, Frederic L. Incentives in manufacturing: the carrot and the stick.
1984 July. 40-43.
Rabil, Floyd A. Average retail food prices: a brief history of methods.
1984 Nov. 52-53.
Rohrlich, George F. Book review. 1984 Apr. 53.
Rones, Philip L. Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term unem
ployed. 1984 Feb. 25-29.
Rosen, Richard J. Regional variations in employment and unemployment
during 1970-82. 1984 Feb. 38-45.
Ruben, George. Economy improves; bargaining problems persist in 1983.
1984 Jan. 33-43.
Rudney, Gabriel and Murray Weitzman. Trends in employment and earn
ings in the philanthropic sector. 1984 Sept. 16-20.
Runner, Diana. Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during
1983. 1984 Feb. 46-54.
Rytina, Nancy F. and Suzanne M. Bianchi. Occupational reclassification
changes in distribution by gender. 1984 Mar. 11-17.
Schloss, Nathan. Use of employment data to estimate office space demand.
1984 Dec. 40-44.
Schmidt, Mary Lynn, John F. Early, and Thom as J. M osim ann. In
flation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov.
3-7.
Schmitt, Donald G. Postretirement increases under private pension plans.
1984 Sept. 3-8.
Schumann, Richard. Workers’ purchasing power rises despite slowdown
in wage and salary gains. 1984 May. 10-14.
Seeborg, Michael and Larry DeBoer. The female-male unemployment
differential. 1984 Nov. 8-15.
Sehgal, Ellen. Occupational mobility and job tenure in 1983. 1984 Oct.
18-23.
--------- . Work experience in 1983 reflects the effects of the recovery. 1984
Dec. 18-24.
Shack-Marquez, Janice. Earnings differences between men and women:
an introductory note. 1984 June. 15-16.
Sheifer, Victor J. Book review. 1984 June. 60.
Sider, Hal and Cheryl Cole. The changing composition of the military and
the effect on labor force data. 1984 July. 10-13.
Sieling, Mark S. Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap.
1984 June. 29-33.
Sorrentino, Constance. Japan’s low unemployment: an indepth analysis.
1984 Mar. 18-27.
Stamas, George D. State and regional employment and unemployment in
1983. 1984 Sept. 9-15.
Steiber, Jack. Most U.S. workers still may be fired under the employmentat-will doctrine. 1984 May. 34-38.
Stein, Bruno. Book review. 1984 Feb. 68.
Steinmeier, Thomas L. and Alan L. Gustman. Modeling the retirement
process for policy evaluation and research. 1984 July. 26-33.
St. Louis. Robert D., Paul L. Burgess, and Jerry L. Kingston, Unem
ployment insurance: identifying payment errors. 1984 Dec. 34-37.
Summers, Lawrence H. and James M. Poterba. Response variation in the
cps: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984 Mar. 37-43.
Sumner, Daniel A., Steven G. Allen, and Robert L. Clark. A comparison,
of pension increases and inflation. 1973-79. 1984 May. 42-47.
Szarek, Patricia and Mark Johnson. Effects of strong dollar, economic
recovery apparent in first-half import and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3 17.
Tinsley, LaVeme C. Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in
1983. 1984 Feb. 55-61.
Tschetter, John H. An evaluation of bls’ projections of 1980 industry
employment. 1984 Aug. 12-22.
Urquhart, Michael. The employment shift to services: where did it come
from? 1984 Apr. 15-22.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Voos, Paula B. Does it pay to organize? estimating the cost to unions.
1984 June. 43-44.
Weinberg, Edgar, bls and the economy: a centennial timetable. 1984
Nov. 29-37.
Weisskopf, Thomas E. Use of hourly earnings proposed to revive spendable
earnings series. 1984 Nov. 38-43.
Weitzman, Murray and Gabriel Rudney. Trends in employment and earn
ings in the philanthropic sector. 1984 Sept. 16-20.
Wemeke, Diane and Sar A. Levitan. Worker participation and productivity
change. 1984 Sept. 28-33.
Whitener, Leslie A. A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers. 1984 June.
49-53.
Williams, Donald R. Young discouraged workers: racial differences ex
plored. 1984 June. 36-39.
Young, Anne McDougall. Fewer students in work force as school age
population declines. 1984 July. 34-37.
--------- and Howard Hayghe. More U.S. workers are college graduates.
1984 Mar. 46-49.
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement,
challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered
for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not po
lemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212.
103
P u b lish ed by bls in O ctober
S A L E S P U B L IC A T IO N S
In d u s try W a g e S u rv e y s
BLS B u lle tin s
These studies include results from the latest BLS survey o f wages
and supplemental benefits, with detailed occupational data for
the N ation, regions, and selected areas (where available). D ata
are useful for wage and salary adm inistration, union contract
negotiation, arbitration, and Governm ent policy considerations.
The following was published in September:
G e o g ra p h ic P r o f ile o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d U n e m p lo y
ment, 1983. Bulletin 2216, 155 pp., $5.50. (C.PO Stock No.
029-001-02827-0). Latest report in an annual series presenting
geographic labor force data from the Current Population
Survey. Provides 1983 annual averages for the employed and the
u n e m p lo y e d by selected d e m o g ra p h ic and econom ic
characteristics based on population counts projected from the
1980 Census. Includes estimates for the four regions and nine
divisions o f the Nation; data by industry and reason for parttime work for States; plus estimates for States, m etropolitan
areas, and cities.
Injuries Resulting From Falls on Stairs. Bulletin 2214, 19 pp.,
$1.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02825-3). Results o f a survey of
workers who were injured by slips or falls on stairs.
National Survey o f Professional, Adm inistrative, Technical,
and Clerical Pay, March 1984. Bulletin 2208, 91 pp., $4.00 (GPO
Stock No. 029-001-02826-1). Summarizes results o f the Bureau’s
annual survey o f selected white-collar occupations in private
industry. Results are used for a num ber o f purposes, including
general econom ic analysis and wage and salary a d
m inistration by private and public employers. One im portant
use is to provide the basis for setting Federal white-collar
salaries under the Federal Pay Com parability Act o f 1970.
A re a W a g e S u rve y B u lle tin s
T h ese b u lle tin s co v er o ffic e , p ro fe s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l,
m a in te n a n c e , c u sto d ia l, and m a te ria l m ovem ent o c
cupations in m ajor m etropolitan areas. The annual series of
70 is available by subscription for $88 per year. Individual area
bulletins are also available separately. The following were
published in October:
Baltimore, M aryland, M etropolitan Area, August 1984. Bulletin
3025-39, 53 pp., $2.25 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90306-5).
Billings, M ontana, M etropolitan Area, July 1984. Bulletin
3025-33, 26 pp., $1.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90300-6).
Green Bay, W isconsin, M etropolitan A rea, August 1984.
B u lle tin
3025-29, 39 p p ., $2.25 (GPO
S to c k N o .
029-001-90296-4).
G reensboro—W inston-Salem —High Point, N orth Carolina,
M etropolitan Area, August 1984. Bulletin 3025-34, 30 pp.,
$1.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90301-4).
Grain Mill Products, September 1982. Bulletin 2207. 64 pp., $3
(GPO Stock No. 029-001-02823-7).
P e rio d ic a ls
CPI Detailed Report. August issue provides a comprehensive
report on price movements for the m onth, plus statistical tables,
charts, and technical notes. 105 pp., $4 ($25 per year).
Current Wage Developments. September issue includes selected
wage and benefit changes; work stoppages in August; m ajor
agreements expiring in August; the Employment Cost Index for
June 1984; State and local government collective bargaining
settlements for the first 6 m onths o f 1984; and statistics on
compensation changes. 53 pp., $4.50 each ($21 per year).
Employment and Earnings. October issue covers employment and
unemploym ent developments in September, plus regular
statistical tables on national, State, and area employment,
unemploym ent, hours, and earnings. 171 pp., $4.50 ($31 per
year).
Producer Prices and Price Indexes. August issue includes a com
prehensive report on price movements for the m onth and for the
first half of 1984, plus regular tables and technical notes.
163 pp., $4.25 ($29 per year).
Supplement to Producer Prices and Price Indexes for 1983.
Presents m onthly indexes and annual averages for 1983. Also
includes price indexes for the net output o f selected industries
and their products, as calculated with the methodology o f the
Producer Price Index revision, plus tables and technical notes.
245 pp., $6. (GPO Stock No. 029-001-72417-9); (included in
subscription to Producer Prices and Price Indexes).
M a iig ra m
Consum er price index data summary by maiigram within 24 hours
o f the CPI release. Provides unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
U.S. City Average data for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and
for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical W orkers (CPI-W).
(NTISUB/158). $125 contiguous United States.
H artford, Connecticut, M etropolitan Area, July 1984. Bulletin
3025-35, 28 pp., $1.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90302-2).
T o ord er:
N ortheast Pennsylvania M etropolitan A rea, August 1984.
B u lle tin
3025-36, 28 p p ., $1.75 (GPO
S to c k N o .
029-001-90303-1).
O klahom a City, Oklahom a, M etropolitan Area, August 1984.
B u lle tin
3025-37, 28 p p ., $1.75 (GPO
S to c k N o.
029-001-90304-9).
Paterson—Clifton—Passaic, New Jersey, M etropolitan Area,
June 1984. Bulletin 3025-38, 42 pp., $2.25 (GPO Stock No.
029-001-90305-7).
South Bend, Indiana, M etropolitan Area, August 1984. Bulletin
3025-32, 28 pp., $1.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90299-9).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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ment Printing Office, W ashington, D .C. 20402. Order by title and
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Maiigram service—Available from the National Technical Infor
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IN THE MAZE
OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATISTICS,
do you som etim es feel like Stanley hffiiting for Livingstone?
If so, yo ur se a rc h for a sing le so u rc e of reliable and c o m p re h e n s iv e sta tistics and
a na lysis is over. S u b s c rib e to the M O N TH LY LABO R REVIEW, the o ld e st g o v e rn m e n t
journal p ro v id in g u p -to -d a te inform a tio n on e c o n o m ic and so cial statistics.
P U B LIS H ED C O N TIN U O U S LY SIN CE 1915, the REVIEW p ro v id e s a 4 0 -p a g e se ctio n
of c u rre n t s ta tistics c o v e rin g e m p lo y m e n t and u n e m p lo y m e n t; w a g e s, and strike a ctivity;
w o rk e r and c a p ita l p ro d u c tiv ity ; unit la b o r c o s ts and o utpu t; co nsu m er, industrial, and
intern atio n al p rice s; e c o n o m ic g row th; a nd related to p ic s . E ach m onth, the REVIEW also
c o n ta in s a rtic le s a nd info rm a tive re po rts. S om e re ce n t title s are:
■ Youth jo b le s s n e s s
■ J o b Training P a rtn e rsh ip A c t
■ M e n ’s and w o m e n ’s e a rn in g s
■ O ld e r w o rke rs in the la b o r m arket
■ O c c u p a tio n a l w in n e rs and losers
■ J a p a n ’s low u n e m p lo y m e n t
■ B la c k w o rk e rs ’ g ain s
■ E m p lo y e e -o w n e d firm s
■ S h o rta g e of m a ch in ists?
■ The la b o r fo rc e in 1995
■ Price inflation rem ains low
■ M u ltifa c to r p ro d u c tiv ity
■ E m p lo ym e n t in e n e rg y in d u strie s
■ Im p o rt p ric e s for p etro leu m
■ C o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g
■ The e m p lo y m e n t c o s t ind e x
■ Fatal injuries
■ W ork Injuries from falls
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