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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics R egion I— Boston : Anthony J. Ferrara BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner T h e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w is p u b lis h e d b y th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s o f th e U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r. C o m m u n ic a tio n s o n e d ito ria l m a tte rs s h o u ld b e a d d re s s e d to th e E d ito r-in -C h ie f, M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 2 1 2 . P h o n e : (2 0 2 ) 5 2 3 - 1 3 2 7 . S u b s c rip tio n p ric e p e r y e a r— $ 2 4 d o m e s tic ; $ 3 0 fo re ig n . S in g le c o p y $ 4 , d o m e s tic ; $ 5 fo re ig n . S u b s c rip tio n p ric e s a n d d is trib u tio n p o lic ie s fo r th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w (IS S N 0 0 9 8 - 1 8 1 8 ) a n d o th e r G o v e rn m e n t p u b lic a tio n s a re s e t b y th e G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffic e , a n a g e n c y o f th e U .S . C o n g re s s . S e n d c o rre s p o n d e n c e o n c irc u la tio n a n d s u b s c rip tio n m a tte rs (in c lu d in g a d d re s s c h a n g e s ) to : S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffic e , W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 M a k e c h e c k s p a y a b le to S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts . T h e S e c re ta ry o f L a b o r h a s d e te rm in e d th a t th e p u b lic a tio n o f th is p e rio d ic a l is n e c e s s a ry in th e tra n s a c tio n o f th e p u b lic b u s in e s s re q u ire d by la w o f th is D e p a rtm e n t. U s e o f fu n d s fo r p rin tin g th is p e rio d ic a l h a s b e e n a p p ro v e d b y th e D ire c to r o f th e O ffic e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t th ro u g h A p ril 3 0 , 1 9 8 7 . S e c o n d -c la s s p o s ta g e p a id a t W a s h in g to n , D .C . a n d at a d d itio n a l m a ilin g a d d re s s e s . 1 6 0 3 J o h n F. K e n n e d y F e d e ra l B u ild in g , G o v e rn m e n t C e n te r, B o s to n , M a s s . 0 2 2 0 3 P h o n e : (6 1 7 ) 2 2 3 - 6 7 6 1 C o n n e c tic u t M a in e M a s s a c h u s e tts N e w H a m p s h ire R h o d e Is la n d V e rm o n t R egion II— N ew York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1 5 1 5 B ro a d w a y , S u ite 3 4 0 0 , N e w Y o rk , N .Y . 10 0 3 6 P h o n e : (2 1 2 ) 9 4 4 - 3 1 2 1 N e w J e rs e y N e w Y o rk P u e rto R ic o V irg in Is la n d s R egion III— P hiladelphia: Alvin I. Margulis 3 5 3 5 M a rk e t S tre e t P .O . B o x 1 3 3 0 9 , P h ila d e lp h ia , P a. 19101 P h o n e : (2 1 5 ) 5 9 6 - 1 1 5 4 D e la w a re D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia M a ry la n d P e n n s y lv a n ia V irg in ia W e s t V irg in ia R egion IV— A tlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 P e a c h tre e S tre e t, N .E ., A tla n ta , G a. 3 0 3 6 7 P h o n e : (4 0 4 ) 8 8 1 - 4 4 1 8 A la b a m a F lo rid a G e o rg ia K e n tu c k y M is s is s ip p i N o rth C a ro lin a S o u th C a ro lin a Tennessee R egion V — C hicago: William E. Rice 9 th F lo o r, F e d e ra l O ffic e B u ild in g , 2 3 0 S. D e a rb o rn S tre e t, C h ic a g o , III. 6 0 6 0 4 P h o n e : (3 1 2 ) 3 5 3 - 1 8 8 0 Illin o is In d ia n a M ic h ig a n M in n e s o ta O h io W is c o n s in R egion V I— D allas: Bryan Richey S e c o n d F lo o r, 5 5 5 G riffin S q u a re B u ild in g , D a lla s , T e x. 7 5 2 0 2 P h o n e : (2 1 4 ) 7 6 7 - 6 9 7 1 A rk a n s a s L o u is ia n a N e w M e x ic o O k la h o m a Texas R egions VII and VIII— K ansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 W a ln u t S tre e t, K a n s a s C ity , M o. 6 4 1 0 6 P h o n e : (8 1 6 ) 3 7 4 - 2 4 8 1 VII Io w a Kansas M is s o u ri N e b ra s k a VIII D ecem ber cover: Detail from “ Winter Landscape,” by Jacques Hnizdovsky Photograph courtesy The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C o lo ra d o M o n ta n a N o rth D a k o ta S o u th D a k o ta U ta h W y o m in g R egions IX and X— San Francisco: 4 5 0 G o ld e n G a te A v e n u e , B o x 3 6 0 1 7 , S a n F ra n c is c o , C a lif. 9 4 1 0 2 P h o n e : (4 1 5 ) 5 5 6 - 4 6 7 8 IX A m e ric a n S o m o a A riz o n a C a lifo rn ia G uam H a w a ii N evada T ru s t T e rrito ry o f th e P a c ific Is la n d s X A la s k a Id a h o O re g o n W a s h in g to n Sam M. Hirabayashi ml / 1 M O N TH LY LA BO R R EVIEW D EC EM B E R 1984 V O LU M E 107, N U M BER 12 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor Law rence J. Fulco 3 P ost-recession produ ctivity gain helps curb labor cost grow th The a d vance in o utput per hour is in line with that of other postw ar recoveries and, spanning 2 years, is the longest sustained increase since the 1 9 7 1 -7 3 period H. Brand, C. Huffstutler 11 Productivity in m aking heating and cooling eq u ipm en t O utput rose rapidly during 1 9 6 7 -7 3 but te n d e d to stagnate after 1973, d espite orders for e n e rgy-efficient e q u ip m e n t and a rise in e xp o rt sales Ellen Sehgal 18 W ork experience in 1983 reflects the effects of the recovery As the econom y re b ounded from the recession, so d id the nu m b e r of jo bholders, with the total of w om en holding full-tim e, year-round jo b s reaching an all-tim e high M artin E. Personick 25 W hite-collar pay determ ination under range-of-rate system s M edium -size and large em ployers use ranges of rates to establish the salaries of w orkers having sim ilar duties but different levels of pe rfo rm a n ce or tenure REPORTS H ow ard H ayghe 31 W orking m others reach record num ber in 1984 Paul L. Burgess and others 34 U nem ploym ent insurance: identifying paym ent errors Nathan Schloss 40 Use of em ploym ent data to estim ate office sp a ce dem and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DEPARTMENTS 2 31 40 45 46 51 55 95 Labor m onth in review Research sum m aries Technical notes M ajor agreem ents expiring next m onth D evelopm ents in industrial relations Book reviews C urrent labor statistics Index to volum e 107 Labor M onth In Review MULTIFIRM PENSION PLANS. The Secretary of Labor reported to Congress on the funding status of multiemployer pension plans and on the feasibility of requiring collective bargaining on con tributions to and benefits from such plans. Background. Reflecting congressional concern that current collective bargain ing practices and actions by boards of trustees have led to serious underfun ding of multiemployer pension plans, the Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980 directed the Secretary of Labor to prepare a report on such plans. Results of the Secretary’s study, which was based on Internal Revenue Service records and provisions of collec tive bargaining agreements, show that, contrary to expectations, multiemployer plans as currently bargained are relative ly well funded. Nothing in the study in dicates that failure to bargain over benefit levels has hurt the funding status of the plans. Other highlights: Contract provisions. An analysis of a sample of multiemployer collective bargaining agreements indicated that the typical pension plan provision required employers to make a specified contribu tion to a pooled central fund from which pension benefits are paid. Only rarely did a contract require employers to pro vide specified types and levels of benefits, as is common in single employer plans. In approximately 75 percent of the agreements examined, the contribution rate was based on hours worked for each covered employee. About 15 percent of the agreements required the employer to contribute a fixed percentage of each employee’s earnings or of total payroll. A few agreements provided for other 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis contribution methods. Plan characteristics. The average multiemployer plan was established about 20 years ago. Only 20 percent of the plans in effect in 1979, the reference year of the study, had been established after 1970. Approximately 2,200 multiemployer defined benefit plans and 400 defined contribution plans established through collective bargaining were in effect in 1979. These plans involved more than 700.000 employers and covered 9.1 million active and retired workers. The top 68 multiemployer plans covered almost 5 million participants, more than half of all participants in multiemployer plans. Plans with fewer than 2,500 participants accounted for 80 percent of all multiemployer plans, but only 15 percent of all participants. Almost three-fifths of all multi employer plans (covering one-third of total participants) were in the construc tion industry. About 30 percent of the plans with almost half of the par ticipants were in other nonmanufactur ing industries, such as motor and water transportation, retail and wholesale trade, and services. The remaining plans and participants were found in manufac turing industries, with concentrations in apparel and printing. Members of 94 unions participated in the plans studied. Ten unions covered 250.000 or more participants each, ac counting for two-thirds of total par ticipants—Teamsters, Ladies Garment Workers, United Mine Workers, Hotel and Restaurant Employees, Food and Com m ercial W orkers, Electrical Workers ( I B E W ) , Plumbers, Carpenters, Laborers, and Operating Engineers. During the 1975-79 period, the market value of assets of multiemployer plans almost doubled, rising from $22.7 billion to $40.8 billion. More than 50 percent of assets of multiemployer plans were found in 75 large plans, each with $100 million or more in assets. Funding status. The typical defined benefit multiemployer plan was well funded in 1979, with an average funding ratio of 90 percent. (The funding ratio is the ratio of reported assets to reported present value of vested benefits, as valued using the plan interest rate.) This was somewhat better than the average for single-employer negotiated plans (84 percent). Overall, 35 percent of the multiemployer plans with 18 percent of all participants were fully funded, with assets equal to or greater than the pre sent value of vested benefits for active and retired participants. Twenty-four percent of plans with 20 percent of all participants had funding ratios of 75-99 percent. Twenty-seven percent of the plans with 33 percent of participants were characterized by funding ratios in the 50-74 percent range. Thirteen percent of all plans had fun ding ratios of 25-49 percent, while 2 per cent had ratios of less than 25 percent. These plans with funding ratios of less than 50 percent tended to be much larger in size than average, covering 29 percent of all participants. However, funding problems with these plans are probably attributable to factors such as poor in dustry performance, rather than to the structure of multiemployer bargaining itself. The full report on the study, entitled The Funding Status o f Multiemployer Pension Plans and Implications for Col lective Bargaining, Report o f the Secretary o f Labor, is available from the National Technical Information Service, 5258 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161, Order No. PB8-5-12005-3. Cost: $19. □ Strong post-recession gain in productivity contributes to slow growth in labor costs Hourly compensation growth was modest, with the advance in output per hour in line with other postwar recoveries; spanning 2 years, the productivity rise was the longest sustained increase since 1971-73 L a w r e n c e J. F u l c o How do changes in productivity and costs during the current economic recovery compare with earlier ones? Does the sixquarter recovery reflect a resurgence of the higher pre-1973 trend in the growth of output per hour? Although postwar recessions have differed in length and severity, movements of productivity and cost measures fol low a common pattern. Generally, employers tend to delay trimming payrolls in the face of uncertain or slack demand in order to postpone the costs associated with layoffs until the nature of weak demand becomes apparent. The resulting delayed cutback in hours contributes to the initial drop in productivity. If a contraction persists, average weekly hours are initially reduced. Eventually, employment cuts also oc cur, and productivity may actually increase if the belated declines in hours outstrip the fall in output. At the trough of the business cycle, capacity utilization is low, with plant and equipment operating below optimum or design rates because of weak demand for output. Inef ficient plants and equipment may be idled completely as demand may be met using only the newest, most efficient facilities. Workers who have been retained may also perform deferred maintenance or other duties previously handled by laid-off coworkers. However, these “ hoarded” employees may be those with the greatest seniority, experience, and Lawrence J. Fulco is a supervisory economist in the Office of Productivity and Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis training specific to the firm’s needs, making them the most costly to replace.1 When demand begins to revive, output can often be boosted without causing commensurate increases in the payroll. Firms respond by using some idle plants and equipment and by redirecting existing labor to production-related tasks. This results in the rapid productivity gains which have charac terized the immediate posttrough period of each postwar recovery. The “ productivity dividend” continues as long as output gains exceed additions to paid hours. Employers tend to accommodate growing demand by initially lengthening the workweek. But as the uptrend con tinues, furloughed workers return and hiring may begin. The pace of productivity growth slackens as hours increase, and when new workers are hired, trained, and assimilated. The least efficient plants are reopened last. Periods of recovery During the six quarters since November 1982 (the trough of the last recession), output per hour in the nonfarm and manufacturing sectors grew more than the postwar average trend. A period of faster-than-trend productivity growth also occurred after each of the seven previous postwar recession troughs.2 Nonfarm productivity growth averaged 2.5 per cent per year between 1947 and 1973. In the six quarters following the trough of the five recessions, growth was nearly half again as fast (at an annual rate). The following 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Post-recession Productivity Gain tabulation compares the productivity trend with recovery growth rates before and after 1973: Period 1 9 4 8 -7 3 1 9 7 3 -8 3 Nonfarm sector Trend Recovery 2 .5 0 .8 3 .6 3 .4 Manufacturing sector Trend Recovery 2 .9 1.8 4 .8 5 .7 After 1973, the long-term trend in productivity growth slowed in the nonfarm sector. During 1973-83, the average annual growth rate fell to 0.8 percent from 2.5 percent in 1948-73.3 However, productivity advances during the six posttrough quarters slowed much less than the overall trend. As indicated, during the first five recoveries, productivity grew at a 3.6-percent annual rate during the first six quarters after the trough. Since 1973, we have experienced three additional recoveries, during which productivity advances averaged 3.4 percent per year. The reduction in the pace of productivity growth during recoveries after 1973 was smaller than the slowdown of the long-term trend. Thus, produc tivity increased during the pre-1973 recoveries at 1.4 times the long-term rate; after 1973, the recoveries averaged four times the slower trend which characterized the last decade. The manufacturing sector— which is much smaller than the nonfarm business sector— tends to be more volatile. As in the nonfarm business sector, the trend also slowed; be tween 1948-73 and 1973-83 the average annual rate of productivity growth declined from 2.9 to 1.8 percent. But in contrast to the more comprehensive nonfarm business sector, the gains in the recovery period have been larger since 1973. In the first five recoveries, productivity advances averaged 4.8 percent annually; in the three most recent Tab le 1. rebounds they averaged 5.7 percent and the most recent recovery showed gains at a 4.5-percent annual rate. The highest nonfarm productivity growth occurred after the three troughs when output per hour advanced at a 4.1percent annual rate. The smallest posttrough gain occurred following the 1980 trough. (See table 1.) From the standpoint of productivity advance, the current recovery is somewhat stronger than the average of similar stages of recovery in the nonfarm sector and weaker than average in manufacturing. Chart 1 compares movements in productivity and related measures in this recovery with the average of the previous seven recovery periods in the non farm and manufacturing sectors. In the six posttrough quarters, nonfarm output has in creased at an average annual rate of 7.0 percent in the previous cycles, but the advance after the most recent trough has been faster— 9.8 percent. Hours have also rebounded from the trough level more rapidly than during past recov eries. Table 1 shows the annual rates of change in output, hours, and related measures. Manufacturing output and hours also advanced more rapidly in this recovery, although the rate of productivity gain is smaller than average. Hourly compensation increases during the present recov ery have been smaller than during earlier upturns. This measure, which includes wages and salaries, supplements, and employer payments to all employee benefit plans, rep resents the largest cost to most producers. In the seven previous recoveries, hourly compensation increased at a 6.4percent annual rate in the nonfarm business sector, while in the present recovery, the increase was 4.2 percent over the six quarters. Moreover, in recent recovery periods, hourly C hanges in p rodu ctivity and related m easures six quarters after the trough of postw ar recessions [Percent change at compound annual rate] Trough quarter Productivity Hourly com pensation U nit labor costs Output Hours Em ploym ent 11.1 7.7 6.8 6.3 6.5 6.7 3.8 7.0 9.8 6.8 4.3 4.2 2.1 2.4 2.5 1.8 3.4 5.6 5.8 3.4 3.6 1.8 2.3 2.5 2.0 3.1 4.3 20.3 9.3 9.5 10.1 8.4 10.7 7.9 10.9 12.5 13.4 5.5 5.7 4.6 3.0 3.4 2.3 5.4 7.6 10.8 3.5 4.1 3.2 1.4 2.1 2.0 3.9 5.4 Nonfarm business 1949 I V ................................... 1954 I I ...................................... 1958 I I ...................................... 1961 I ...................................... 1970 I V ................................... 1975 I ...................................... 1980 III1.................................... Average, 7 c y c le s .............. 1982 I V ................................... 4.1 3.2 2.5 4.1 4.0 4.1 2.0 3.4 4.0 9.1 3.8 3.9 3.7 6.6 7.9 9.5 6.4 4.2 4.7 0.5 1.4 0 .0 2.5 3.7 7.4 2.9 0.2 M anufacturing 6.1 3.6 3.6 5.3 5.3 7.1 5.5 5.2 4.5 1Percent change over four posttrough quarters. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9.8 4.2 3.8 3.4 5.7 7.9 8.4 6.2 O CO 1949 I V ................................... 1954 I I ...................................... 1958 I I ...................................... 1961 I ...................................... 1970 I V ................................... 1975 I ...................................... 1980 III1................................... Average, 7 c y c le s .............. 1982 I V ................................... 3.5 0.5 0.2 - 1 .9 0.4 0.8 2.8 0.9 - 1 .5 C h art 1. P roductivity and related m easu res in the first six quarters a fte r cyc lical trough (Index, trough quarter = 100) M A N U F A C T U R IN G N O N F A R M B U SIN E SS 108 106 104 *,.0 'P ro d u c tiv ity Productivity ** ' 108 10$ 104 ^ » -*« *-**' 102 100 102 100 120 I“ 120 118 Current recovery 116 114 112 O utput \ ^ 0»•* 110 110 108 106 104 102 100 118 116 114 112 A verage of past recoveries 108 106 104 102 100 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 110 110 108 106 104 108 106 104 102 102 100 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 104 102 100 98 96 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Post-recession Productivity Gain T ab le 2. N onfarm business productivity and related m easures follow ing the trough of the business cycle [Index, trough quarter = 100] Cycle trough Q uarter a fte r trough 1949 IV 1 954 II 1958 II 1961 I 1970 IV 1975 I 1 980 III Average, 7 cycles 1982 IV 102.5 104.2 103.7 105.1 106.0 106.2 100.3 101.5 101.4 102.0 (1) (1) 101.9 103.1 104.0 104.8 105.2 105.6 101.1 103.1 103.6 103.9 104.6 106.0 101.8 103.5 105.4 107.6 109.9 112.1 102.4 105.1 107.0 109.5 (1) (1) 101.7 103.1 104.6 106.3 107.5 108.9 101.4 102.3 102 8 103.9 105 4 106.4 99.3 99.3 101.6 102.4 103.6 105.6 102.1 103.5 105.6 107.4 (1) Î 1) 99.8 100.0 100.6 101.4 102.2 103.2 100.3 99.2 99.3 100.0 100 8 100.3 101.5 104.2 105.4 108.6 109.5 110.2 101.6 103.4 103.3 103.8 (1) (1) 102.3 104.7 106.9 108.9 110.5 111.5 101.5 104.9 107.1 109.5 112 2 115.1 99.0 100.1 101.7 103.3 103.3 103.7 101.2 101.9 101.9 101.8 (1) (1) 100.3 101.5 102.8 103.9 105.1 105.6 100.4 101.8 103.4 105.4 107.3 108.5 99.2 100.0 101.1 102.3 103.1 103.8 100.8 101.3 101.6 102.0 (1) (1) 100.1 101.1 102.2 103.1 104.2 104.9 100.2 101.1 102.5 104.2 105.5 106.5 Productivity I............................................... I I ......................................... I ll .......................................................... IV ................................................. V ....................................................... V I....................................................... 103.8 105.7 106.9 107.5 106.4 106.2 101.6 102.3 104.0 105.0 105.5 104.9 101.1 103.0 103.8 105.0 103.3 103.8 102.0 102.9 104.5 105.4 104.8 106.2 102.0 102.4 103.8 103.8 104.9 106.1 Hourly com pensation I .................................................... I I ............................................................... I ll .......................................................... IV............................................................... V .................................................................... V I............................................................... 102.6 104.2 106.1 108.9 111.6 113.9 100.8 101.4 102.4 103.4 104.8 105.8 101.1 102.1 103.2 104.2 105.0 105.9 101.1 101.8 102.7 104.3 104.9 105.6 101.8 103.6 105.3 105.9 108.6 110.1 U nit labor costs I....................................................................... I I ............................................................... I ll .................................................................... IV .................................................................... V .................................................................... V I.................................................................. 98.8 98.6 99.3 101.3 104.9 107.2 99.2 99.2 98.4 98.5 99.3 100.8 100.0 99.1 99.4 99.3 101.6 102.1 99.1 98.9 98.2 98.9 100.1 99.4 99.8 101.2 101.5 102.0 103.5 103.8 Output I....................................................................... I I .................................................................... I ll .................................................................... IV .................................................................... V .................................................................... V I.................................................................... 104.5 109.2 113.9 115.7 116.4 117.1 101.2 103.4 106.7 109.1 110.7 111.7 102.5 106.1 108.7 111.9 110.0 110.4 102.1 103.6 106.4 107.7 108.5 109.6 102.5 103.1 104.2 105.5 107.9 109.9 Hours I....................................................................... I I ..................................................................... I ll .................................................................. IV.................................................................... V .................................................................... V I.................................................................... 100.6 103.3 106.6 107.6 109.4 110.3 99.6 101.1 102.6 103.9 104.9 106.5 101.4 103.0 104.8 106.6 106.5 106.4 100.1 100.7 101.7 102.2 103.5 103.2 100.4 100.7 100,4 101.6 102.8 103.6 Em ploym ent I....................................................................... I I ............................................................ I l l .................................................................... IV............................................................ V ............................................................... V I.................................................................. 100.2 102.4 105.3 106.2 107.9 108.8 99.7 100.7 101.8 103.0 103.9 105.2 100.9 102.0 103.5 105.1 105.1 105.4 100.0 100.5 101.3 101.9 102.7 102.7 100.4 100.7 100.8 101.5 102.7 103.5 'Excluded; past cyclical peak. compensation advances have approached 10 percent in the six quarters following the trough. (See tables 2 and 3.) Thus, the slower gain in hourly compensation, coupled with the productivity increase, resulted in a small rise in unit labor costs (compensation per unit of output) for the nonfarm sector. Nonfarm unit labor costs rose at a 0.2-percent annual rate in the six quarters after the trough; in the preceding recovery (after the 1980 trough) these costs rose 7.4 percent in just four quarters. In manufacturing, hourly compensation increased at a 3.0-percent rate over the six quarters of the recovery, com pared with an average rate of gain of 6.2 percent during previous recoveries. This slower increase, combined with the advances in labor productivity, resulted in a 1.5-percent 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis rate of decline in unit labor costs. In past recoveries, these costs rose somewhat over the like period. Because labor compensation is such an important part of total costs, the more favorable performance of unit labor costs during the current recovery means less upward pres sure on prices. This also allows for noninflationary growth of profits and nonlabor cost items, which can be a source of business saving and investment.4 Quarterly measures of profits and profits per unit of output are only available since 1958 and only for the nonfinancial corporate sector.'1 The following tabulation shows the av erage annual rate of change (in percent) in profits in the six posttrough quarters for the sector. (Third-quarter 1980 shows the change in just four posttrough quarters.) Trough quarter 1958 II ................................... 1961 1 ...................................... 1970 IV ................................. Unit labor costs Profits Profits per unit of output 0.1 - 1.4 1.8 25.8 2 3.9 26.3 14.5 13.9 16.4 3.3 7 .0 -0 .2 41 .8 33 .0 7 4 .9 31 .0 27.5 58.7 . 1975 I ...................................... 1980 I I I ................................. 1982 IV ................................. - The very large increase in total corporate profits and in profits per unit of output partly reflects the downturn in unit labor costs during the current recovery. Unit labor costs declined 0.2 percent in the six quarters after the 1982 trough, compared with an increase of 7.0 percent in just four quar T ab le 3. ters after the July 1980 trough. This contributed to the very different performance of profits in these two cycles. Periods of contraction In response to major cyclical contractions in the demand for goods and services, output, employment, productivity, and prices all diverge from long-term trends. Little can be inferred about the divergence in productivity from the length of the recession alone. Two of the earlier contractions (1948— 49 and 1969-70) lasted 11 months; in one case, productivity growth slowed to 0.6 percent in the nonfarm sector, and in the other it grew 1.1 percent. (See table 4.) Two contractions (1952-53 and 1960-61) lasted 10 months; in the former, productivity was unchanged, while in the latter it rose 0.7 M anu facturing produ ctivity and related m easures follow ing the trough of the business cycle [Index, trough quarter = 100] Cycle trough Q uarter a fte r trough 1949 IV 1954 II 1958 II 1961 I 1970 IV 1975 I 1 980 III A verage, 7 cycles 1 982 IV 104.1 109.2 109.0 109.0 110.2 110.8 103.1 104.2 104.6 105.5 (!) (1) 102.5 105.0 106.3 107.1 107.3 107.9 101.2 102.8 105.2 104.9 105.9 106.9 102.2 104.0 105.6 107.7 110.2 112.1 102.4 104.4 106.3 108.4 (!) (1) 101.7 103.1 104.3 106.0 107.3 108.8 101.0 101.2 101.5 102.2 103.8 104.5 98.2 95.2 96.9 98.9 100.0 101.2 99.3 100.2 101.7 102.8 (!) (1) 99.2 98.2 98.1 99.0 100.0 100.9 99.9 98.5 96.5 97.4 98.0 97.7 102.2 108.9 111.1 113.8 115.2 116.4 105.0 106.5 107.4 107.9 (!) (1) 103.4 107.6 111.6 114.3 116.2 117.6 101.8 105.9 110.9 113.4 116.9 119.4 98.2 99.7 101.9 104.5 104.5 105.1 101.8 102.2 102.7 102.3 (!) 0 100.8 102.5 104.9 106.7 108.3 109.1 100.6 103.0 105.5 108.1 110.4 111.6 98.0 98.6 100.1 101.9 102.8 103.2 101.1 101.4 101.9 102.0 (!) (1) 100.2 101.3 102.9 104.5 105.8 106.4 99.8 101.1 102.8 104.9 106.7 108.2 Productivity I........................................................................ I I ..................................................................... I ll ..................................................................... IV ..................................................................... V ..................................................................... V I..................................................................... 101.4 105.1 108.0 107.4 108.9 109.3 101.4 102.5 104.7 106.0 105.9 105.5 102.7 105.2 106.6 108.6 105.1 105.4 102.7 105.0 106.6 107.2 106.7 108.1 102.2 103.7 104.9 106.0 106.9 108.0 Hourly com pensation I........................................................................ I I ..................................................................... I l l ..................................................................... IV ..................................................................... V ..................................................................... V I..................................................................... 102.1 104.0 105.4 109.4 111.9 115.1 100.6 102.2 102.7 103.2 104.9 106.3 101.6 102.8 103.3 104.3 104.9 105.7 100.6 101.2 102.1 103.7 104.4 105.1 102.1 103.3 104.5 105.3 107.4 108.6 U nit labor costs I........................................................................ I I ..................................................................... I l l ..................................................................... IV ............................................... V ..................................................................... V I..................................................................... 100.7 98.9 97.6 101.9 102.7 105.3 99.3 99.7 98.1 97.4 99.0 100.8 98.9 97.7 96.8 96.0 99.8 100.3 97.9 96.4 95.8 96.8 97.8 97.2 99.9 99.6 99.6 99.4 100.5 100.6 Output I........................................................................ I I ..................................................................... I l l ..................................................................... IV..................................................................... V ..................................................................... V I..................................................................... 104.5 113.4 123.3 126.0 130.6 131.9 100.0 102.7 107.8 112.1 112.5 114.2 104.6 109.3 114.8 120.3 114.7 114.6 104.4 107.9 111.7 113.1 114.3 115.6 102.9 104.3 104.8 106.9 109.8 112.8 Hours I ............................................................... I I ..................................................................... I ll ..................................................................... IV..................................................................... V ..................................................................... V I..................................................................... 103.1 107.8 114.1 117.3 119.9 120.7 98.6 100.2 102.9 105.8 106.2 108.3 101.8 103.9 107.7 110.7 109.1 108.7 101.6 102.8 104.7 105.5 107.1 107.0 100.8 100.7 99.9 100.9 102.8 104.5 Em ploym ent I....................................................................... I I ..................................................................... I ll .................................................................... IV..................................................................... V ..................................................................... V I.................................................................... 102.1 105.7 110.5 113.5 116.0 116.7 98.4 99.4 100.9 103.2 103.9 105.3 100.7 102.2 104.8 107.2 106.3 106.2 100.8 101.7 102.7 103.7 104.7 104.8 100.1 99.9 99.5 99.8 100.8 102.1 'Excluded; past cyclical peak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Post-recession Productivity Gain percent. Two contractions (1957-58 and 1980) lasted less than 10 months; in the former, productivity rose 1.7 percent during the downturn, and in the latter, it declined 0.2 per cent. There was only one other contraction (1973-75) that lasted as long as the 1981-82 downturn and while in the most recent case productivity declined 0.3 percent, in the earlier instance, it fell 2.6 percent during the 16-month period. Growth of output per hour of all persons in nonfarm business either slowed or ceased in the first five postwar business cycles, but following the peaks in 1973 and 1980, productivity actually declined during the contraction. As noted, there have been eight business cycle contrac tions since World War II. The most recent contraction began in July 1981 and ended in November 1982, 16 months later. We have seen that only the 1973-75 contraction lasted as long; on average, the upturn has come 10 months after the peak of the business cycle. Nonfarm business output de clined more during 1981-82 than the average of previous contractions, and the cutbacks in hours and employment were also more severe. Hours were reduced in four of the five quarters following the onset of the 1981-82 contraction. Nonfarm employment had not been cut as sharply since the late 1950’s, and manufacturing employment fell a record amount— 10.2 percent. This situation may be partly ex plained by the fact that there was a relatively short interval between this contraction and the previous one—only 12 months— and employers did not maintain employment be cause demand was falling again. In addition, the period of rapid growth of hourly compensation carried over into the downturn, which made labor “ hoarding” increasingly ex pensive. Both nonfarm hourly compensation and unit labor costs rose almost twice as much during the 1981-82 down turn as during the average contraction. Hourly compensation also advanced rapidly in manufacturing during the contrac tion. Unit labor costs (compensation per unit of output) are affected by changes in productivity (output per hour) and compensation per hour. If productivity and hourly compen sation change equally, unit labor costs are unaffected. Chart 2 shows the relationship between these series since 1973. Declines in productivity during postwar contractions are thus related to periods of rapid increases in unit labor costs. Tab le 4. C hanges in selected econom ic indicators and in productivity and related m easures during business cycle contractions from designated peak to trough [In percent] Change in: P eak jobless rate Low est operating ra te 1 Cyclical peak and trough Duration (in m onths) Gross national product Industrial production C onsum er Price Index Nov. 48— Oct. 4 9 ..................................................................................................... July 53— May 5 4 ..................................................................................................... Aug. 57— Apr. 5 8 .................................................................................................. Apr. 60— Feb. 6 1 ..................................................................................................... Dec. 69— Nov. 7 0 .................................................................................................. Nov. 73— Mar. 7 5 .................................................................................................. Jan. 80— July 8 0 ..................................................................................................... 11 10 8 10 11 16 6 - 1 .4 - 2 .6 - 2 .7 -0 .1 -0 .1 - 4 .9 - 2 .2 -8 .5 -8 .9 -1 2 .6 -6 .1 - 5 .8 -1 5 .1 - 8 .3 -2 .1 0.2 2.4 0.9 5.7 14.5 5.2 Average, 7 cycles............................................................................................. 10 - 2 .0 -9 .3 3.8 7.2 73.7 July 81— Nov. 8 2 ..................................................................................................... 16 - 3 .0 -1 2 .3 6.2 10.7 68.8 Output per hour Output Hours Em ploym ent U nit labor costs C om pensation per hour - 2 .6 - 0 .2 - 4 .3 - 3 .6 - 4 .3 - 1 .6 - 1 .7 - 7 .4 - 2 .5 - 4 .9 - 3 .6 - 5 .9 - 2 .3 -2 .8 - 4 .9 - 2 .2 - 4 .0 - 3 .2 - 4 .8 -1 .6 - 1 .4 - 2 .7 - 1 .4 0.3 2.2 1.1 1.4 5.6 16.8 5.5 0.9 2.1 2.7 2.2 6.8 13.7 5.2 Average, 7 cycles............................................................................................. 0.2 - 3 .6 - 3 .8 - 2 .7 4.7 4.8 July 81— Nov. 8 2 ..................................................................................................... - 0 .3 - 4 .6 - 4 .3 - 3 .2 9.5 9.1 Nov. 48— Oct. 4 9 ..................................................................................................... July 53— May 5 4 ..................................................................................................... Aug. 57— Apr. 58 .................................................................................................. Apr. 60— Feb. 6 1 ..................................................................................................... Dec. 69— Nov. 7 0 .................................................................................................. Nov. 73— Mar. 75 ............................................................................................... Jan 80— July 8 0 ..................................................................................................... 1.6 0.3 - 3 .0 - 0 .6 1.7 - 4 .4 - 1 .9 - 8 .2 - 8 .8 12.8 - 6 .5 - 7 .6 16.1 - 7 .4 - 9 .7 - 9 .0 -1 0 .2 - 5 .9 -9 .1 -1 2 2 -5 6 -9 .1 -7 .6 - 8 .4 - 4 .9 - 7 .3 -9 1 -4 6 - 0 .7 3.3 6.2 2.5 4.7 22.5 8.7 0.9 3.5 3.1 2.1 6.5 17.1 6.6 Average, 7 cycles............................................................................................. - 0 .9 - 9 .6 - 8 .8 - 7 .3 6.7 5.7 1.6 -1 0 .2 -1 1 .7 -1 0 .2 7.9 9.7 7.9 5.9 7.4 6.9 5.9 8.6 7.8 71.7 79.8 71.3 73.5 75.9 69.0 75.5 N onfarm business Nov. 48— Oct. 4 9 ..................................................................................................... July 53— May 5 4 ..................................................................................................... Aug. 57— Apr. 5 8 .................................................................................................. Apr. 60— Feb. 6 1 ..................................................................................................... Dec. 69— Nov. 7 0 .................................................................................................. Nov. 73— Mar. 7 5 .................................................................................................. Jan. 80— July 8 0 ..................................................................................................... 0.6 0.0 1.7 0.7 1.1 M anu facturing July 81— Nov. 82 ’ Index of capacity utilization, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C h art 2. Productivity and related m easu res in four m ajo r sectors of the eco nom y, 1st-quarter 1 9 7 3 -1 s t-q u a rte r 1984 250 230 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 250 230 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 1973 Recent data In the second quarter of 1984, productivity advanced in all of the major sectors for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics prepares quarterly measures. Growth in output and hours remained strong while increases in hourly compen sation were moderate. The second-quarter compensation outlays partly reflect changes in employer contributions to social security, which were effective January 1. These man dated increases accounted for about 30 percent of the firstquarter rise in hourly compensation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 In the nonfarm business sector, productivity advanced percent; gains in output and hours were strong in the second quarter, although not as large as during the first quarter. Productivity has advanced for the last eight quar ters, the longest period of such uninterrupted gains since 1 9 7 1— 7 3 . Hourly compensation growth was very modest and, combined with the increase in productivity, resulted in a decline in unit labor costs. Movements in the business sector were much the same as in nonfarm business in the second quarter. 5 .5 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Post-recession Productivity Gain Contrasting trends were evident in manufacturing. While productivity grew modestly in durables as large increases occurred in both output and hours, a more rapid productivity gain was experienced in nondurable goods manufacturing, where increases in output and hours were not as robust. As a result, unit labor costs declined more in nondurables. There is also a significant difference between the secondquarter productivity advance in nonfarm business (5.5 per cent) and that for nonfinancial corporations (2 .8 percent), which account for more than 75 percent of nonfarm business output. Most of this difference can be explained by the larger rate of increase of hours in the nonfinancial corporate sector than in nonfarm business, which includes the self-employed and financial activities. The following tabulation shows the percent changes at annual rates in productivity, output, and hours for the second quarter of 1984:6 Sector B u s i n e s s ............................................. N o n f a r m b u s i n e s s ...................... M a n u f a c t u r i n g .............................. Productivity’ Output Hours 4 .9 5 .5 4 .0 1 1 .2 1 0 .6 8 .9 6 .0 4 .8 4 .6 D u r a b l e s ..................................... 3.1 9 .5 N o n d u r a b l e s .............................. 5 .5 8 .0 6 .2 2 .4 N o n fin an cial co rp o ra tio n s . . . 2 .8 9 .8 6 .8 A cknowledgment : John Glaser, an economist in the Office of Produc tivity and Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics, provided statistical assistance. 1A recent attempt to directly measure labor hoarding indicates that as much as 8 percent o f manufacturing blue-collar payrolls during trough quarters may be hoarded labor, that is, labor paid for but not required for current output levels. See James L. Medoff and Jon A. Fay, “ Labor and Output Over the Business Cycle: Some Direct Evidence” (National Bureau o f Economic Research, 1983). Compensation and labor costs. Compensation per hour of all persons engaged in the nonfarm business sector rose at a 3.7-percent annual rate in second-quarter 1984, but re mained unchanged after allowing for the increase in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( c p i - u ). Unit labor costs declined 1.7 percent in the second quarter, compared with a 3.1-percent annual rate of increase in the first quarter. In manufacturing, hourly compensation increased at a 2.9-percent annual rate in the second quarter (or fell 0.8 percent after allowing for the increase in the c p i - u ) , and unit labor costs declined 1.1 percent. Employment and hours. Labor input used in b l s produc tivity measures is hours of paid labor time. Adjustments to labor input in response to changes in demand can be ac complished through changes in the workweek as well as changes in employment. In the nonfarm business sector, employment maintained the high growth rate of the first quarter, while average weekly hours decelerated in the sec ond quarter. This marked the sixth consecutive quarter of increasing average weekly hours, the longest period of such growth in the series. Employment growth slowed, and the workweek was shortened somewhat in manufacturing in the second quarter. □ slowdown of labor productivity in that sector, but not in manufacturing. Other possible reasons for the slowdown have been studied; however, no consensus has emerged on the specific role of these other factors. See Jerome A. Mark and William H. Waldorf, “ Multifactor productivity: A new bls measure,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1983. 2These are the troughs identified by the National Bureau of Economic Research. 4See John F. Early and others, “ Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1984, pp. 3 -7 . 5The nonfinancial corporate sector includes all corporations doing busi ness in the United States with the exception of banks, financial institutions, stock and commodity brokers, and insurance agents. This sector accounts for about 75 percent of nonfarm business output, and about 60 percent of the gross national product. 1There was a slowdown in the rate of growth of capital per hour (capital intensity) in nonfarm business that accounted for about one-fifth of the 6 Data for additional measures and for previous quarters appear in tables 2 9 -3 2 of the Current Labor Statistics section of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w . 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Productivity in making air conditioners, refrigeration equipment, and furnaces Output per hour rose rapidly during 1967-73, reflecting brisk demand; output tended to stagnate after 1973, but was shored up by orders for energy-efficient equipment and by export sales H o r st B r a n d and C l y d e H u ffstu tler Output per employee hour in the manufacture of air con ditioning, refrigeration, and warm-air heating equipment1 rose at an average annual rate of 1.3 percent between 1967 and 1982, compared with 2.4 percent a year for all of man ufacturing. Output climbed 3.4 percent a year during the period, and employee hours, 2.1 percent. (See table 1.) Strong expansion in the demand for the industry’s residen tial, commercial, and industrial products, and rapid diffusion of basic improvements in metalworking technologies (such as numerical control and computer numerical control) were among factors underlying the rising productivity trend. The improvement in the industry’s productivity occurred mostly in the earlier part of the period reviewed. After 1973, output per employee hour did not change, as shown by the following tabulation of average annual rates of change: 1 9 6 7 - 8 2 .................................................. 1 9 6 7 - 7 3 ..................................... 1973-82 ..................................... I n d u s tr y A ll m a n u fa c tu r in g 1 .3 2 .4 5 .1 3 .4 0 .0 1.7 The industry’s productivity rate for the 1967-73 period was 50 percent again as high as for manufacturing, but thereafter the trends in the two rates diverged. Year-to-year swings in the industry’s productivity were comparatively moderate. These swings ranged between a Horst Brand and Clyde Huffstutler are economists in the Division of In dustry Productivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Ziaul Z. Ahned helped compile the productivity measure. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9-percent increase in 1972 and a 16-percent decrease in 1975. Year-to-year increases in productivity outnumbered decreases by 12 to 2 (no change was recorded for 1973). In the years when productivity dropped, output dipped less than employee hours. Thus, in 1975 and 1980, productivity declined 16 percent and 7 percent while output dipped 34 percent and 16 percent, and employee hours, 2 2 percent and 10 percent. In 1974, productivity rose as a 6 -percent decline in output was outdistanced by a 9-percent decline in employee hours. Output and demand The manufacture of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment and of warm-air furnaces involves the production of heat transfer apparatus for residential, commercial, and industrial applications, as well as for hospitals, marine ves sels, freight and passenger vehicles, and many specialized applications. Heat transfer equipment here includes unitary air conditioners (units that operate on electric circuits of their own); room air conditioners; commercial refrigeration equipment (including frozen food display cases); as well as heat pumps and dehumidifiers. The industry, in addition, manufactures compressors and condensers, not only for its own final output, but also for home refrigerators (classified by the Bureau of the Census as a separate industry. ) 2 The industry’s output rose at an average annual rate of 3.4 percent between 1967 and 1982. The rate for the earlier part of the period ran four times higher than that for all 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Productivity in Heating and Cooling Equipment manufacturing, but dropped below the all-manufacturing rate during 1973-82: I n d u s tr y 1967-82 ...................................................... A H m a n u fa c tu r in g 3 .4 2 .4 1967-73 ........................................ 1 2 .3 3 .2 1973-82 ......................................... 0 .1 1.7 Among reasons underlying the industry’s output growth, and underpinning it after 1973, have been exports. As a proportion of value of shipments, exports by the industry nearly doubled between the earlier and the later period stud ied here— from 8 percent to 14 percent (reaching 19 percent in 1982). For manufacturing as a whole, the export share in the value of shipments increased less markedly— from 6 percent in 1972 to 10 percent in 1980. The much slowed expansion in the industry’s output from 1973 forward corresponds to trends in the output of its major product groups, which in turn parallel the trends in under lying demand from the industry’s most important markets. Thus, the production of heat transfer equipment other than unitary or room air conditioners or warm-air furnaces in creased at a rate nearly 10 times higher over the 1967-73 period than during the 1973—82 span. The increase in the rate had resulted largely from strong demand for motor vehicle air conditioners (which account for more than onehalf of the products in the group). Such demand was as sociated with an increase in motor vehicle output of close to 6 percent a year in 1967-73. The subsequent tapering of output growth mirrored a falling-off in the annual rate of motor vehicle output by - 1 .0 percent for 1973-82. Likewise, output rates of growth of unitary air condi tioners and commercial refrigeration equipment slowed after 1973; for warm air furnaces, the rate declined. This pattern was linked largely to developments in construction (which accounts for well over one-third of the demand for the in dustry’s products) . 3 The average annual rate of change in the constant-dollar value of new residential housing con struction, for example, declined from around 9 percent for 1967-73 to 2 percent thereafter; that for commercial struc tures, from 15 percent to 9 percent; and that for hospitals (public and private) turned from a 5-percent annual gain to a 4-percent annual decrease. Only industrial construction evidenced a contrary trend, with a 1 0 -percent annual decline in the earlier period giving way to a 3.5-percent annual rise after 1973. Leaving aside the medium-term swings, the industry’s output has been sustained over the longer run by rapidlygrowing use of central and room air conditioning in homes, as well as more gradual increases in offices and other com mercial space, hospitals, and probably in factories. In creases in the size of homes and other structures generated the shift in demand from room air conditioners to central systems and spurred the demand for warm-air furnaces, which function through the same air circulation system as central air conditioners. In the middle and late 1960’s, 28 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis percent ot all new homes were equipped with central air conditioners; that proportion rose to 43 percent between 1970 and 1975, and to 6 6 percent by 1982. Square footage per new home, to which the size of heat transfer equipment is linked, increased 9 percent between the mid-1960’s and the early 1980’s. The proportion of homes wired for room air conditioners more than doubled between the mid-1960’s and the mid-1970’s, to 53 percent, but it did not rise much thereafter. Warm-air ducted heating systems in occupied housing units rose by about one-third between 1970 and 1975, but by only 7 percent between 1975 and 1980.4 For offices, shopping centers, and hospitals, pertinent data on air conditioning and forced warm-air systems are available only for some recent years. According to a survey conducted in the early 1970’s, 91 percent of all commercial office buildings had central air conditioning, and 67 percent had forced-air heating systems. For shopping centers, the com parable figures were close to 1 0 0 percent in 1977; and for hospitals and nursing homes, they read 9 7 percent and 56 percent in 1975.3 These data suggest that industry output is sustained not only by the net increase in such structures, but from replacement and retrofitting with more energyefficient equipment as well. In 1981, for example, more than half of total residential expenditures on air conditioning and heating systems were for replacement. 6 Furthermore, the introduction of more energy-efficient heat transfer equipment since about 1975 has also bolstered output. For the same wattage per hour of electric energy input, higher equipment output capacities, as measured in British Thermal Units ( b t u ’ s ) , have been achieved. Thus, in 1976, the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute listed 56 percent of new unitary air conditioners as having Table 1. P roductivity and related indexes for the refriger ation and heating equipm ent industry, 1 9 6 7 -8 2 [1977 = 100] Output per em plo yee hour Output All em ployee hours Em ployees 1967 ................ 1968 ................ 1969 ................ 77.5 82.3 87.6 53.6 60.8 73.0 69.2 73.9 83.3 68.4 73.1 81.7 1970 ................. 1 9 7 1 ................ 1972 ................ 1973 ................. 1974 ................ 88.4 94.8 103.0 103.0 106.9 73.7 75.9 99.0 112.5 105.9 83.4 80.1 96.1 109.2 99.1 83.8 80.5 93.5 107.0 99.2 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ................ ................ ................. ................ ................ 89.9 94.1 100.0 100.6 102.2 69.7 87.5 100.0 110.8 112.4 77.5 93.0 100.0 110.1 110.0 78.9 91.6 100.0 107.6 109.4 1980 ................ 1 9 8 1 ................ 1982 ................. 95.0 101.1 101.3 94.0 102.2 90.3 98.9 101.1 89.1 99.4 101.3 90.3 1967-82 ____ 1977-82 ____ 1.3 (1) Y ear A verage annual rates of change (in percent) 1Less than 0.05 percent. 3.4 - 2 .6 2.1 - 2 .6 22 - 2 .2 energy efficiency ratios of between 6.5 and 7.4, and 18 percent with ratios of 7.5 to 8.4 (that is, their b t u output averaged that many times above their power input). By 1981, the proportion of the lower efficiency units had shrunk to 37 percent, while that of the higher efficiency equipment had expanded to 35 percent. New air conditioners with efficiencies below 6.4, which in 1976 had accounted for 20 percent of the industry’s total shipments, had declined to 5 percent by 1981.7 Employment and hours Employment in the air conditioning, refrigeration, and warm-air heating equipment industry numbered 129,000 persons in mid-1984. It rose 32 percent between 1967 and 1982, or at an average annual rate of 2.2 percent. (Employee hours rose at about the same rate.) Employment reached a peak of 130,000 persons in 1979, and subsequently re treated. This decline was attributable to a 21-percent con traction in production worker jobs between 1979 and 1982, as compared with a 9-percent loss in nonproduction worker jobs. (Employment levels have improved, but have evi dently remained below the 1979 high.) Over the longer term, trends in employee hours displayed patterns of acceleration and retardation similar to those noted for production and output trends. Employee hours in the industry rose during the first 6 years of the review period at an average annual rate much greater than for all manu facturing. Subsequently the rate plummeted: 1 9 6 7 -8 2 ............................................ 1 9 6 7 -7 3 ................................. 1 9 7 3 -8 2 ................................. Industry All manufacturing 2.1 6 .8 0.1 0 .0 0 .2 0 .0 Production workers accounted for 70 percent of total em ployment, which was the same proportion in both 1967 and 1982— nonproduction workers made up the balance. The number of women workers more than doubled over the period, raising their proportion of total employment from 14 percent to 21 percent. Underlying this increase may have been a shift in the skill composition of the industry's workers to more assembly-type jobs. The rise in the industry’s av erage hourly earnings also slowed relative to the manufac turing average. In 1967, the former was 104 percent of the latter, compared with 96 percent in 1981. Overtime ran somewhat below the manufacturing average during the review period, suggesting that firms in the in dustry were inclined to hire new production workers, rather than assign overtime when the workload exceeded certain limits. 8 Turnover rates nonetheless lagged; over the 1967— 81 span, they averaged 89 percent of the manufacturing average for accessions, and 91 percent of that for separa tions. Thus, it appears that employment stability was some what greater in the industry than in manufacturing generally. The skill composition of the industry’s work force differs from that for manufacturing as a whole. (The air condi https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tioning, refrigeration, and warm-air heating equipment in dustry represents 6 8 percent of the employment of the industry group to which it belongs, and to which the data cited here pertain .) 9 In 1980, craftworkers accounted for 17 percent of total industry employment, compared with 19 percent for all manufacturing. Operatives, however, accounted for a significantly larger proportion— 48 percent, compared with 43 percent. The larger component of operatives stemmed from the proportionately greater number of assembly work ers in the industry (23 percent) than in all manufacturing (8 percent). The proportion of metalworking operatives in the industry (16 percent) was more than twice as high as for manufacturing generally. By contrast, the occupational dis tribution of white-collar workers was similar to that for manufacturing. Professional and technical workers made up 8 percent of the industry’s workforce (9 percent for man ufacturing); clerical workers, 12 percent (1 1 percent); and managers and administrators, 5 percent ( 6 percent). Investment in plant and equipment Like manufacturing establishments generally, the air con ditioning, refrigeration, and warm-air heating equipment industry installed new production equipment at a fairly high rate over the 1967-81 period. (Also like other manufac turing establishments, the industry spent a declining pro portion of its total fixed investment outlays on new plant.) However, unlike other manufacturing establishments, firms in the industry spent at a much higher rate during the earlier than the latter part of the review period. 10 For all manufac turing, the reverse held true: Industry All Manufacturing Total fixed Equipment investment Total fixed Equipment investment {Average annual rates, in percent) 1 9 6 7 -8 1 ........................ 1 9 6 7 -7 3 ............. 1 9 7 3 - 8 1 ............. 2 .2 7 .4 2 .6 5 .4 13.3 4 .0 3 .4 - 1.3 4 .2 6.2 1.0 7.5 The industry’s high rate of capital spending in the early part of the period resulted from pressures on capacity, re lated to high output growth rates. With the abatement of output growth after 1973, fixed investment slowed. The proportion of total fixed investment spent on equipment is as follows: Industry 1 9 6 7 -7 3 .............................................. 19 7 3 -8 1 .............................................. 69 87 Manufacturing 73 90 The comparatively high proportion of expenditures for equipment is reflected in the data on the modernization of the industry’s metalworking machinery, as reported by the American Machinist. 11 (See the section on technological change.) The rates shown, however, obscure large year-toyear fluctuations in the industry’s capital spending. This instability was far more marked for the industry than for 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Productivity in Heating and Cooling Equipment manufacturing generally. For example, in 1975, the indus try’s plant and equipment expenditures plummeted 41 per cent (in constant dollars), and in 1977, they soared 56 percent. Manufacturing recorded a 9-percent drop, and a 21-percent rise for the same 2 years. Fixed assets per employee in the industry were 79 percent of the manufacturing average in 1980, compared with 76 percent during 1972 and 1974-76. The rise in the ratio partially reflected the cumulative effects of earlier equipment installations and new plant construction on the value of the industry’s fixed assets. More efficient technology Air conditioning and refrigeration equipment essentially consists of a compressor driven by an electric motor, and two coils— the condenser, in which the refrigerant is com pressed to a liquid, and the evaporator, in which the refri gerant expands into the gaseous state, enabling it to absorb heat from the space being cooled. The heat is transferred from the environment with the aid of fins, mounted upon the evaporator coil. Warm-air furnaces built by the industry are mostly gas-fueled forced-air devices. They include a combustion chamber and a motor-driven blower. The sheet metal housing that shields the equipment is manufactured by the industry, but controls and motors normally are not. Advances in the manufacture of air conditioners, refrig eration equipment, and warm-air furnaces have been linked chiefly to technological progress in metalworking machin ery, welding, methods of storage and transfer of parts, and assembly. They are also related to improvements in product design. The production of air conditioners, refrigeration equip ment, and warm-air furnaces basically involves the cutting and forming of metal, as well as welding, brazing, and soldering of components. Efforts to improve efficiency usu ally focus upon these operations, and on plant layout. Aux iliary operations, such as materials handling, painting, testing, and packaging have received increased attention in recent years. The most recent American Machinist inventory of metal working equipment indicates that, in 1983, 30 percent of all metalcutting and metalforming machine tools used in the industry were at most 10 years old. In 1968, the proportion was the same for metalcutting tools, but only 25 percent for metalforming tools. The industry has steadily improved its metalworking equipment, by and large maintaining the same proportion of newer equipment during 1973-83 as during 1958-68. The higher end of the age distribution, however, shows an increase in the proportion of older met alworking equipment in the industry. The share of metal cutting machine tools 2 0 years and older rose from 25 percent in 1968 to 32 percent in 1983, and the share of metalforming tools, from 25 percent to 37 percent. However, the relative increase in older machine tools cannot be readily interpreted as a loss in efficiency, inasmuch as the American Machinist 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis inventory does not take into account the retrofitting of older machines with up-to-date components and control devices. 12 The efficiency of the industry’s metalworking equipment has been significantly enhanced by an 1 1 -fold rise in the number of numerically controlled ( n c ) machine tools. In 1983, n c machine tools accounted for 13 percent and 17 percent of metalcutting and metalforming tools 9 years old or less. In 1968, when n c machine tools were not yet widely diffused, the proportions were less than 1 percent. The per centage increase in the number of n c tools understates the increase in the output capabilities which the installation of such tools spells. According to the American Machinist, the number of machine tools in all metalworking industries de clined from 16 per 1,000 population in 1968 to fewer than 10 in 1983. “ This represents in part the greater productivity of machine tools, in part the simplification of design of many products, so that less machining is required . ” 13 This statement also applies to the industry reviewed here: the number of machine tools in the industry’s shops dropped by one-third between 1968 and 1983, while output (over the 1968-81 period) more than doubled. Thus, the output capability of metalworking equipment in the industry rose nearly threefold over the study period, with that rise likely to be largely attributable to NC-equipped machine tools . 14 Examples of how improved metalworking technology has helped to raise output per hour may be drawn from the sheet metal operations in the industry’s larger shops, and from the fabrication of some of the major components of its products. In punching sheet metal, templates were conven tionally affixed to the press so as to obtain required shapes. Templates have been increasingly replaced, however, by taped instructions fed to the press, which greatly speeds output and ensures greater precision of the finished shape. Setup time of the press has been reduced to as little as onetwentieth of the conventional operation. In a related oper ation, the press, after the sheet metal blank has been placed automatically, is programmed to select 1 of up to 30 builtin punching tools from its turret, and to activate the tool selected . 15 Bending of metal parts has likewise been in creasingly automated, the bending apparatus being preset to several sequential settings (so as to graduate the bending process.) Setup time here has declined to an estimated 10 percent of what it had been prior to automation. Despite their being automated, these metalworking processes con tinue to require close monitoring by trained operators. The operator may monitor two or more machines at the same time, or may be engaged in such auxiliary tasks as placing and removing work pieces . 16 Some of the more advanced shops in the industry feature such machine tools as high-capacity drills, which may drill all the holes in an air conditioning compressor vessel in one or two operations. (The holes are for accomodating bolts.) Older drilling machines, still widely in use, have much lower capacity and speed. Automatic tool wear adjustment is normally also a feature of n c machine tools, but at times this feature is not desired or used. Replacement of a tool bit is then left to the discretion of the operator assigned to monitor the entire machining process. In small-lot produc tion, loading and unloading the work piece may be done manually. 17 Improved productivity in the fabrication of air condition ing equipment components during the review period is ex emplified by the coil manufacturing process. The coil (made of copper or aluminum) is the heart of the heat exchanger. The refrigerant is pumped through it (by the compressor) to absorb heat from the surrounding space. The coil origi nates as tubing on a large roll. In the more advance shops, the rolled tubing is automatically straightened, cut to length as specified in, and controlled by, a taped program, and automatically bent to the shape of a U (or hairpin). This operation has come to be performed by one person, where 1 0 years or so ago, four persons were required to shear the tube manually and insert it into a bending device. The U-shaped coil is inserted into a nest of aluminum fins. The fins aid in absorbing heat from the refrigerant. The fabrication of fins is usually highly mechanized, precut aluminum blanks being punched to form them, and to ac comodate the coils. Numerically controlled punch presses featuring up to 27 spindles are used in the larger shops. However, the number of blanks that may be punched at a time is limited because punching tends to break rather than cut the metal, and breaking forms rims that cannot be tol erated. Where fins are produced in quantity, punch presses may not be numerically controlled, because longer setup times are usually justified by the longer runs. Loading and unloading of the punch presses has usually been mechanized in the larger plants, so that the fins emerge stacked as nests. The coils are then inserted manually. Man ual insertion is still preferred because it prevents “ binding.” The operator can readily control the pressure he exerts in inserting the individual coils, which is not (as yet) the case for mechanical insertion where undue pressure may damage (“ bind” ) the coil. The coils are then brazed together or soldered to form a continous loop. Brazing or soldering is still performed by means of hand-operated devices to ensure leakproof joints and the continuity of the loop, so as not to “ blind-alley” them ) . 18 The fabrication of reciprocating compressors provides other examples of the reduction in unit labor requirements which the industry seeks. Compressors, driven by electric motors (manufactured outside the industry), function to increase the density of the refrigerant to the liquid state. Basically, the reciprocating compressor consists of a piston sitting on a rod connected to the motor; and a cyclinder, against the head of which the piston moves, compressing the refriger ant. Where compressor components are produced in quan tity, multistation machinery arranged in circular (or “ dial” ) form has come to be used. Yet, loading and unloading of the workpiece, and transferring it between groups of dial machinery, is still widely done manually. Some establish https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ments began to install automatic transfer lines toward the end of the review period, affording automatic positioning of the workpiece, as well as automation of most other met alworking operations (such as milling, drilling, reaming, and so forth). Transfer lines require usually one-half or less of the labor per unit of the more conventional equipment; so-called “ uptime,” that is the time during which the ma chinery is fully operational, is estimated to be 2 0 percent higher . 19 However, for the installation of such machinery to be economical, volume of compressors with 4!/2 to 6 tons of ice equivalent must run well in excess of 250,000 units annually, and of compressors with 2 to 4!/2 tons of ice equivalent must exceed 500,000 annually . 20 Changes in product design have, in some instances been combined with technological advances. Thus, a cylindrically shaped air conditioning machine has been developed that permits several hundred feet of continual coil (or tubing) to be wrapped around a mandrel in one mechanical process. This increases the heat transfer area, hence the efficiency of the machine. It also minimizes the jointing of coil ends (as described earlier), and thus, the leakage of refrigerant. Fins consist of many hundreds of tiny aluminum pieces glued to the tubing’s surface. Unit labor requirements in mounting such tubing are estimated at 20 to 30 percent of those for the manual insertion of U-shaped coils into nests of fins and the fabrication of such fins. 21 Product design and technological advance have also been combined in the case of a thermostatic valve body for au tomotive air conditioning. After the valve body was rede signed, it could be fabricated by means of a 43-spindle metalworking machine which combines automatic indexing, milling, drilling, counterboring, tapping, and other opera tions. Material costs were reduced, assembly facilitated, and quality improved. The machine replaced as many as 11 standard machines run by 30 workers. 22 A fundamental design change in air conditioning equip ment and warm-air furnaces during the review period made them more energy-efficient (see the section on output). The relevant design changes usually involved finer tolerances, hence greater precision machining, especially of compressor components. Precision machining in turn has been facili tated by— and has spurred the adoption of— n c metal working machinery. Functional testing, furthermore, has been upgraded by such electronic devices as automatic cal ibration stations, which can be programmed for many set tings at a time, and which require little attendance.23 Assembly appears also to have been improved by the better “ fit-up” of the more precisely machined components. Industry structure Industry concentration increased over the period re viewed; in 1977, the 8 largest companies accounted for 51 percent of the industry’s value of shipments, compared with an estimated 45 percent in 1967.24 The 20 largest companies accounted for 67 percent of the value of shipments in 1977, 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Productivity in Heating and Cooling Equipment as against 62 percent in 1967. Moreover, the concentration ratio for 1967 was higher than for 1963. These increases suggest underlying growth over time in economies of scale, a factor that usually engenders productivity improvement. Employment, too, was concentrated in the larger estab lishments. In 1977, 50 percent of the industry’s employees worked in 31 (or 4 percent) of the 860 establishments class ified in the industry. At the lower end of the employment size stratification, just over 10 percent of all employees in the industry worked in 75 percent of all establishments. It is noteworthy that the size distribution of capital expendi tures closely followed the size distribution of employment— such that, for example, nearly one-half of all such expen ditures were made by only 4 percent of all establishments in the industry (that is, those with 1 ,0 0 0 or more employ ees.) In line with the increase in concentration ratios, the larger establishments raised their share of the industry’s total employment over time. Outlook Equipment. Continued productivity improvement is indi cated for the industry. As the American Machinist inventory of metalworking equipment in the industry suggests, dif fusion of n c machine tools is far from complete. If past trends in diffusion persist, productivity gains are likely to be generated. Moreover, the larger, more advanced shops plan to install flexible manufacturing ( f m ) systems, which will make small-lot production of larger air conditioning, refrigeration, and heating equipment more efficient. 25 One establishment, which is installing a f m system to produce reciprocal compressors, expects direct labor requirements to be reduced by more than 80 percent, as compared with conventional production methods. Another establishment, which produces large evaporators in lots of less than 1 0 0 , also plans to fabricate them by f m methods. Such evapo rators require up to 5,000 different metal shapes. In com bination with n c machine tools, plant management expects f m to save up to 50 percent in unit labor requirements, cut lead time by nearly one-half, and cope with declining lot size and more exacting tolerances more efficiently. Man agement also foresees significant savings in materials and inventory costs . 26 The cutting of steel, a large-scale operation in the bigger shops, should also become progressively more automated. The cutting and punching of steel is often still done by an operator using templates and judging by sight how to min imize waste in laying them out. Templates and operator judgment have begun to be replaced by computer-instructed cutting machines, where the computer calculates the most economical distribution of cuts. The computer memory also records odd pieces of steel that might be used in future work. With template labor and layout estimation by an op erator eliminated, five times as much steel may be processed in the same period as previously. Also, material savings of up to 60 percent are expected . 27 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In welding operations, robots are increasingly being used, but for complex surfaces, skilled welders who may be sub ject to certification are still necessary. The use of a certified welder is frequently required by a code authority, such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or by a customer, such as the U.S. Navy. Plant managers generally expect more versatile robots, which sense the complexities of the surfaces to be joined, to become available. But the laborsaving potential of such robots hinges upon the extent to which code requirements are modified. 28 The efficiency of auxiliary operations in the industry is also likely to improve. Thus, while many plants feature partially automated storage of parts and components, work stations are still usually supplied by means of manually operated carts or small trucks. (Heavier and bulkier parts may be moved by overhead crane, activated by radio con trol.) Some plants in the industry which produce in quantity expect to install fully automated storage and delivery sys tems that convey parts to work stations upon command. Management in one such plant expects labor savings of 50 to 75 percent, compared with the partially automated sys tem, as well as the near elimination of damage from multiple handling . 29 Employment. The occupational compositon of the indus try’s employment is not expected to change very much dur ing the 1980's, except for growth in the proportions of engineers, engineering and science technicians, and com puter specialists. Employment in these occupational cate gories has been projected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to rise 27 percent between 1980 and 1990, compared with a 15-percent increase for employment in the industry as a whole . 30 The proportion of craftworkers and operatives has been projected to remain unchanged. The projections signify increased reliance upon engineers and technicians in designing and monitoring more efficient production processes. The projections do not, however, in dicate an accelerating trend toward either “ deskilling” craftworkers or displacing operatives. In 1990, craftworkers will constitute an estimated 16 percent of total industry em ployment, and operatives, 48 percent— the same as in 1980. The proportion of professional, technical, and related work ers in the industry is estimated to rise from 8 percent to just under 9 percent. Q ---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------1The industry for which labor productivity is discussed here has been designated as number 3585 in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l ( 1 9 7 2 ) , published by the Office of Management and Budget, and titled “ Air Conditioning and Warm Air Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment.” The industry includes establish ments primarily manufacturing such equipment, as well as soda fountains, humidifiers, and dehumidifiers. Average annual rates discussed in the text are based on the linear least squares of the logarithms of the index numbers. The measures of produc tivity and related variables will be extended annually, and will appear in the annual bls Bulletin, P r o d u c t i v i t y M e a s u r e s f o r S e l e c t e d I n d u s tr ie s . 2Establishments which primarily manufacture household refrigerators and freezers are classified as industry 3632 in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C la s s ific a tio n M a n u a l. 3 Based on input-output calculations for 1972. 4 S t a t i s t i c a l A b s t r a c t o f th e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 8 2 - 8 3 (Bureau of the Cen sus, 1982), p. 752. 5 Barbara Bingham, “ Labor and material requirements for shopping cen ter and retail store construction,” M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v i e w , forthcoming. 6 R e s id e n t ia l A lt e r a tio n s a n d R e p a i r s , C o n s tr u c tio n R e p o r ts , A n n u a l 1 9 8 1 (U .S. Department o f Commerce, 1981). 1 C o m p a r a t i v e S t u d y o f E n e r g y E f f ic ie n c y R a t i o s , (Arlington, Va., Airconditioning and Refrigeration Institute, April 1983). See also S t a t i s t i c a l P a n o r a m a , published each April by T h e A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g , H e a t i n g , a n d R e fr ig e r a tio n N e w s . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 75 94 87 79 97 84 73 1975 ............... 1976 ............... 1977 ............... 1978 ............... 1979 ............... 1980 ............... 1 9 8 1 ............... l0The census data for plant and equipment were converted to a constantdollar basis from the current-dollar figures by applying the implicit price deflator for structures and producers’ durable equipment, as published in T h e E c o n o m i c R e p o r t o f th e P r e s i d e n t (U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1983), p. 166. 11 ‘ ‘The 13th A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t Inventory of Metalworking Equipment 1983,” A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t , November 1983, pp. 113 ff.; and unpub lished inventory data, by courtesy of A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t . n I b i d . The decision to classify a metalworking machine in a lower age group when retrofitting it with new components is left to the firm that completes the inventory forms. These decisions tend to be conservative. p. 123. ,4Horst Brand and Clyde Huffstutler, “ Productivity in the pump and compressor industry,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1982, pp. 3 8 - APPENDIX: 20Industry sources. 21 Industry sources. 22S A m e r ic a n M a c h in is t, 22 I b i d . , Mar. 15, 1975, pp. 6 5 -6 7 . and industry information. 24 While the data for 1967 include only air conditioning and refrigeration equipment manufacturers, the rise in the concentration ratio in 1972 is unlikely to have stemmed merely from the inclusion that year o f warmair furnace manufacturing establishments. 25Industry information. 26Industry source. Flexible manufacturing systems depend on automat ically adjustable metaiworking equipment, often linked with robots or other automatic transfer devices. See A m e r ic a n M a c h in is t, December 1981, pp. 5 5 56. 27Industry source. 28 “ Major technology changes in fabricated structural metal,” T h e I m Bulletin 2137 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1982), pp. 3 7 -3 9 . See also A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t , January 1980, p. 63, and June 1980, p. 69. p a c t o f T e c h n o l o g y o n L a b o r in F i v e I n d u s t r i e s , bls 29Industry source. 30“ The “ low ” trend version o f three alternative projections by bls is used here. See Valerie A. Personick, “ The job outlook through 1995: industry output and employment projections,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1983, pp. 2 4 -3 5 . Measurement techniques and limitations Indexes of output per employee hour measure changes in the relation between the output of an industry and employee hours expended on that output. An index of output per employee hour is derived by dividing an index of output by an index of industry employee hours. The preferred output index for manufacturing industries would be obtained from data on quantities of the various goods produced by the industry, each weighted (multiplied) by the employee hours required to produce one unit of each good in some specified base period. Thus, those goods which require more labor time to produce are given more impor tance in the index. In the absence of physical quantity data, the output index for the industry which manufactures air conditioning, re frigeration, and warm-air heating equipment was con structed using a deflated value technique. The value of shipments of the various product classes was adjusted for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17Industry sources. 19Industry sources. . . . 65 . . . 97 . . . 91 . . . 100 . . . 82 . . . 79 . . . 79 9 Figures cited in this section are based on data developed by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 13I b i d . , 16Industry sources. 18 Industry sources. 8Overtime in sic 3585 (manufacturing = 100) '1967 ............ 1968 ............ 1969 ............ 1970 ............ 1 9 7 1 ............ 1972 ............ 1973 ............ 1974 ............ 45. It should be noted that the productive capability of machine tools in the industry, as in industries in general, has been increased also by the large proportion of metalworking equipment in the lower group that is not numerically controlled. For example, three-quarters of all establishments in the industry surveyed by A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t reported drilling machines that were not numerically controlled (compared with 7 percent with nc drilling machines). One-quarter of all drilling machines that were not numerically controlled were less than 9 years old, and about two-thirds were under 20 years old. 15Industry information. See also A m e r i c a n M a c h i n i s t , December 1981, p. 57, describing a computer-NC notching press, and noting reductions in labor requirements. price changes by appropriate Producer Price Indexes to de rive real output measures. These, in turn, were combined with employee hour weights to derive the overall output measure. These procedures result in a final output index that is conceptually closer to the preferred output measure. Employment and employee hour indexes were derived from data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employees and employee hours are considered homogeneous and ad ditive, and thus do not reflect changes in the qualitative aspects of labor, such as skill and experience. The indexes of output per employee hour relate total output to one input— labor time. The indexes do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other single factor. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of such factors as changes in technology, capital investment, capacity uti lization, plant design and layout, skill and effort of the work force, managerial ability, and labor-management relations. 17 Work experience in 1983 reflects the eifects of the recovery As the economy reboundedfrom the 1981-82 recession so did the number of jobholders, particularly of a full-time year-round nature; the figure for women who held such jobs reached an all-time high E llen S ehgal Reflecting the strong rebound of the economy, 1.4 million more persons held jobs in 1983 than in 1982. And the number working year round full time expanded even more— by nearly 3 million. In addition, there was a drop of 2.7 million in the number of persons experiencing some un employment during the year. These data come from responses to “ work experience” questions asked in March 1984 in a supplement to the Cur rent Population Survey ( c p s ) . 1 The questions, which are asked annually, refer to the work status of the civilian pop ulation over the previous calendar year. Because many persons change their labor force status during a year, the total number with some employment or unemployment as measured in this survey usually is much higher than the annual averages based on the monthly c p s . For 1983, the number of persons who worked all or part of the year— 117.7 million—was 17 percent higher than the annual average civilian employment level of 100.8 million. And the number of persons who encountered some unem ployment (although lower than the previous year) was still more than twice the annual average of the monthly unem ployment figures (23.8 million versus 10.7 million). Alto gether, 19.6 percent of all persons with some labor force activity during the year, in terms of having either worked Ellen Sehgal is an economist in the Division of Data Development and Users’ Services. Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bu reau o f Labor Statistics. 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis or looked for work, experienced some unemployment in 1983. By comparison, the annual average unemployment rate for 1983 was 9.6 percent. While reflecting the effects of the recovery, the data for 1983 generally are also in line with some of the salient historical trends in employment and unemployment, as shown by the following highlights: • Women showed a large gain in full-time year-round em ployment. This continued the trend of the last several decades during which women have become not only a larger but also a more permanent component of the labor force. • The proportion of men with some employment— 77.6 percent— continued to decline. (In 1980, the comparable proportion was 80 percent and in 1950 it was 87 percent.) This drop has been particularly sharp for older men. • A smaller percentage of blacks (59 percent) than whites (68 percent) were employed during the year. However, following a longstanding pattern, the proportion of black women employed full time year round exceeded that of white women. • As in the past, more blacks experienced unemployment than whites. Among those with some labor force activity during the year, nearly one-third of black men and more than one-fourth of black women encountered at least one spell of joblessness. • The proportion of Hispanics2 encountering some unem- ployment was higher than for whites but lower than for blacks. This follows a pattern evident since these data were first tabulated separately for Hispanics (in 1976). • Men continued to be unemployed longer than women; blacks and Hispanics were unemployed longer than whites; and older workers tended to be unemployed longer than younger ones. The recovery’s impact on jobs As the economy rebounded from the severe 1981-82 recession, so did the number of persons with jobs— partic ularly jobs of a full-time year-round nature. Especially note worthy was the fact that the number of women with full time year-round employment reached 25.3 million in 1983, 48 percent of all women with some work during the year. Both of these figures are all-time highs. (See table 1.) The proportion of employed blacks and Hispanics work ing full time year round— 55 percent for both— was up nearly 3 percentage points from 1982. (See table 2.) For Hispanics— as well as for whites and blacks— the 1983 level was the highest since 1976. The tabulation below shows the T a b le 1. E x te n t o f e m p lo y m e n t d u r in g t h e y e a r b y g e n d e r , changes since 1976 in the proportion of workers in each of these groups who worked full time the year round: White Black Hispanic 1976 5 4 .7 5 1 .4 1 9 8 0 ............................................. 5 6 .5 5 2 .7 5 0 .3 5 3 .1 1 9 8 3 ............................................. 5 6 .9 5 5 .2 5 5 .2 For the entire population of working age, 1983 marked the first time in 4 years when the proportion working at some time during the year— 67.0 percent— did not de crease. In 1980 and 1981, job growth had not kept pace with population growth, and in 1982, reflecting the severity of the recession, the number of persons with some em ployment showed an actual decline. As a result, the pro portion of the population with some employment during the year was still lower in 1983 than it had been in 1980 (68.3 percent). This reflects the continuing decline in the pro portion of men with some employment during the year, which has been only partly offset by the rebound in the proportion of working women. The latter reached 57.3 per cent in 1983, only slightly below the peak levels of the 1979-81 period. 1982-83 Total Extent of em ploym ent 1982 M en 1983 1982 W om en 1983 1982 1983 N um bers (in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional po pulation........................................................................................................................ 173,656 175,824 82,260 83,338 91,395 92,485 Total who worked or looked for w o r k ............................................................................................................. Percent of the population................................................................................................................................ 120,235 69.2 121,634 69.2 66,160 80.4 66,531 79.8 54,074 59.2 55,103 59.6 Total who worked during the year1 .................................................................................................................. Percent of the population................................................................................................................................ 116,277 67.0 117,718 67.0 64,365 78.2 64,695 77.6 51,912 56.8 53,023 57.3 Full tim e2 .............................................................................................................................................. 50 to 52 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 48 to 49 weeks ............................................................................................................................................ 40 to 47 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 39 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 14 to 26 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 13 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................. 89,575 63,973 2,317 5,772 6,017 6,263 5,233 90,744 66,828 2,285 5,146 5,640 5,921 4,924 54,917 40,129 1,381 3,377 3,575 3,654 2,800 55,262 41,540 1,368 3,007 3,294 3,311 2,743 34,658 23,844 936 2,395 2,441 2,609 2,433 35,482 25,288 917 2,139 2,346 2,611 2,181 Part time3............................................................................................................................................................ 50 to 52 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 48 to 49 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 40 to 47 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 39 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 14 to 26 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 13 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................. 26,702 9,812 815 2,416 3,463 4,623 5,574 26,974 10,306 766 2,346 3,101 4,505 5,950 9,448 3,118 253 912 1,210 1,714 2,241 9,433 3,227 234 748 1,052 1,762 2,410 17,254 6,694 562 1,503 2,253 2,910 3,332 17,541 7,079 532 1,599 2,049 2,742 3,540 Total who worked during the year1 .................................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Full tim e2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 50 to 52 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 48 to 49 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 40 to 47 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 39 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 14 to 26 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 13 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................. 77.0 55.0 2.0 5.0 5.2 5.4 4.5 77.1 56.8 1.9 4.4 4.8 5.0 4.2 85.3 62.3 2.1 5.2 5.6 5.7 4.4 85.4 64.2 2.1 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.2 66.8 45.9 1.8 4.6 4.7 5.0 4.7 66.9 47.7 1.7 4.0 4.4 4.9 4.1 Part time3........................................................................................................................................................... 50 to 52 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 48 to 49 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 40 to 47 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 39 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 14 to 26 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 13 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................. 23.0 8.4 .7 2.1 3.0 4.0 4.8 22.9 8.8 .7 2.0 2.6 3.8 5.1 14.7 4.8 .4 1.4 1.9 2.7 3.5 14.6 5.0 .4 1.2 1.6 2.7 3.7 33.2 12.9 1.1 2.9 4.3 5.6 6.4 33.1 13.4 1.0 3.0 3.9 5.2 6.7 P ercent distribution 1Time worked includes paid vacation and sick leave. 3Usually worked 1 to 34 hours per week. 2Usually worked 35 hours or more per week. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Work Experience in 1983 T a b le 2. E xtent of em p lo ym en t during the year by race, H ispanic origin, and gender, 1 9 8 2 -8 3 [Numbers in thousands] M en Total W om en Characteristic 1982 1983 150,427 worked or looked for w o r k ............................................................................................................. of the population................................................................................................................................ worked during the year1 ................................................................................................................... of the population................................................................................................................................ 104,942 69.8 102,192 67.9 Total who worked during the year1 ................................................................................................................... Full tim e2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 50 to 52 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 49 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 26 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................. Part time3............................................................................................................................................................ 50 to 52 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 49 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 26 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................. 100.0 76.8 55.3 12.0 9.5 23.2 8.7 5.9 8.6 1982 1983 1 982 1 983 152,244 71,808 72,701 78,618 79,543 106,117 69.7 103,496 68.0 58,560 81,6 57,273 79.8 58,737 80.8 57,495 79.1 46,381 59.0 44,918 57.1 47,379 59.6 46,002 57.8 100.0 77.0 56.9 11.2 8.9 23.0 8.9 5.4 8.7 100.0 85.6 63.2 12.8 9.6 14.4 4.9 3.7 5.8 100.0 85.8 64.8 12.0 8.9 14.2 5.0 3.1 6.2 100.0 65.6 45.2 11.0 9.4 34.4 13.5 8.7 12.2 100.0 66.0 46.9 10.2 9.0 34.0 13.7 8.3 12.0 W hite Civilian nonlnstltutional po pulatio n........................................................................................................................ Total who Percent Total who Percent Black Civilian nonlnstltutional populatio n........................................................................................................................ 18,823 19,248 8,398 8,608 10,425 10,641 Total who worked or looked for w o r k ............................................................................................................. Percent of the population................................................................................................................................ Total who worked during the year1 .................................................................................................................. Percent of the population................................................................................................................................ 12,276 65.2 11,168 59.3 12,593 65.4 11,414 59.3 5,994 71.4 5,521 65.7 6,269 72.8 5,737 66.6 6,282 60.3 5,647 54.2 6,323 59.4 5,678 53.4 Total who worked during the year1 .................................................................................................................. Full time2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 50 to 52 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 49 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 26 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................. Part time3........................................................................................................................................................... 50 to 52 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 49 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 26 w e e k s ............................................................................................................................................. 100.0 78.6 52.3 13.4 13.0 21.4 6.4 4.9 10.1 100.0 77.5 55.2 10.9 11.4 22.5 7.9 4.6 10.0 100.0 83.0 54.1 14.6 14.2 17.0 4.3 3.4 9.2 100.0 82.1 57.2 11.5 13.3 17.9 5.0 3.8 9.2 100.0 74.4 50.5 12.2 11.7 25.6 8.3 6.2 11.0 100.0 72.9 53.2 10.2 9.5 27.1 10.9 5.4 10.8 9,384 9,811 4,406 4,542 4,978 5,268 worked or looked for w o r k ............................................................................................................. of the population................................................................................................................................ worked during the year1 .................................................................................................................. of the population................................................................................................................................ 6,331 67.5 6,078 64.8 6,565 66.9 6,348 64.7 3,646 82.7 3,544 80.4 3,723 82.0 3,622 79.7 2,685 53.9 2,534 50.9 2,843 54.0 2,727 51.8 Total who worked during the year1 .................................................................................................................. Full tim e2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 50 to 52 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 49 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 26 w e e k s ............................................................................................................................................. Part time3........................................................................................................................................................... 50 to 52 weeks ........................................................................................................................................... 27 to 49 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................................... 1 to 26 w e e k s .............................................................................................................................................. 100.0 80.9 52.5 14.8 13.6 19.1 7.0 4.1 8.0 100.0 80.7 55.2 13.4 12.1 19.3 7.1 4.2 8.0 100.0 86.6 57.7 16.1 12.7 13.4 4.7 2.8 5.9 100.0 86.5 60.8 14.8 10.9 13.5 4.9 2.8 5.9 100.0 73.1 45.3 12.9 14.9 26.9 10.2 5.7 10.9 100.0 72.9 47.7 11.4 13.8 27.1 10.1 6.2 10.8 H ispanic origin Civilian nonlnstltutional population........................................................................................................................ Total who Percent Total who Percent 'Time worked includes paid vacation and sick leave. 2Usually worked 35 hours or more per week. 3Usually worked 1 to 34 hours per week. Group differences in employment Until a decade ago, a greater proportion of black than white women worked at some time during the year. How ever, the proportion of white women with some employment has long been growing at a faster rate, and since 1976 if has exceeded the proportion for black women by a gradually larger margin. By 1983, the proportion with some employ ment was 58 percent for white women and 53 percent for black women. However, black women continue to be more likely than their white counterparts to work full time year round. As expected, women without children are most likely to be in the labor force all year, while those with younger children are least likely. Still, more than half of the mothers 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “ other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. with children under age 3 who worked in 1983 did so year round. Reflecting a long-term trend, the proportion of men with any employment during the year— 77.6 percent in 1983-— reached its lowest level since about 35 years ago when this series began. As shown in table 3, the drop in labor force activity has been particularly evident among older men, who have been choosing to retire at earlier ages under Social Security Act provisions and private pension plans.3 Even when they remain in the labor force, older men are now less likely to work year round full time than was the case 10 years ago. In contrast, among older working women there has been little change in the percentage who work full time year round, as is shown in the following tabulation. to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 8 1 .9 7 2 .9 3 6 .1 1 9 7 8 ...................... ................. 8 0 .7 7 1 .6 3 2 .8 1 9 8 3 ...................... ................. 7 7 .0 6 5 .6 3 3 .4 1 9 7 3 ...................... ................. 1 9 7 8 ...................... ................. 5 7 .4 4 9 .3 2 3 .8 5 9 .4 5 0 .0 2 2 .1 1 9 8 3 ...................... ................. 5 5 .8 4 8 .9 2 3 .6 55 M ore data available M en: 1 9 7 3 ...................... ................. Additional data on the work experience of the popu lation, compiled from the March 1984 Current Pop ulation Survey, are available as a tabulation package from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Em ployment and Unemployment Statistics, Division of Data Development and Users’ Services, 441 G Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20212. W om en: There was also a drop over the past decade in the pro portion of young men with work experience during the year. This was evident both among those in their teens as well as among those 20 to 24 years old. The trend for young women was somewhat different, with a decline in the pro portion of teenagers with some employment during the year but a rise for women aged 20 to 24. Even among the latter female group, however, the percentage employed in 1983 was lower than the peak reached in 1978.4 The percentage of blacks unemployed at some time during 1983 was also lower than in 1982 and 1981. However, 1 of 3 black men and 1 of 4 black women encountered some unemployment, proportionately more than either Hispanic or white workers. Among industries, the greatest decrease in the proportion of workers encountering unemployment in 1983 was in man ufacturing, particularly in durable goods, where the pro portion dropped from 28 to 20 percent. As usual, the proportion of workers with the lowest incidence of unem ployment over the year was in public administration and in finance, insurance, and real estate (10 percent for both in dustry groups in 1983). The highest incidence was in con struction (38 percent) and agriculture (29 percent). (See table 5.) The great majority of persons with some unemployment in 1983 held at least one job during the year (84 percent), while the remaining 16 percent looked for work at least part of the time but never held a job. Nearly 1 of 3 blacks with Unemployment declines The 23.8 million persons who were unemployed at some time in 1983 represented 19.6 percent of all persons who worked or looked for work during the year. (See table 4.) This proportion was well below the 22 percent for 1982, when unemployment reached a recessionary peak. For men, who were particularly hard hit by the 1981-82 recession, the proportion with some unemployment dropped to 21 per cent for 1983. This was less than the proportion encoun tering unemployment in 1982, but still above 1981’s level. For women, the proportion with some joblessness in 1983— 17.8 percent— was lower than in both prior years. T a b le 3 . E x te n t o f e m p lo y m e n t b y g e n d e r a n d a g e , s e le c te d y e a r s , 1 9 7 3 -8 3 [Numbers in thousands] 1973 Total who worked during the year 1978 1983 Percent of the population Total who worked during the year Percent of the population Total who w orked during the y ear 58,370 83.7 61,917 81.4 64,695 77.6 2,560 3,178 7,696 13,385 10,412 61.3 85.3 92.1 97.0 97.0 2,368 3,336 8,797 15,767 11,274 56.7 83.7 92.9 96.2 96.1 1,712 2,797 8,813 18,002 13,666 46.6 73.9 86.9 92.4 94.0 to 5 4 ..................................................................................... to 5 9 ..................................................................................... to 6 4 ..................................................................................... and over ............................................................................ 10,611 4,340 3,356 2,832 93.6 89.8 79.6 33.2 10,215 4,506 3,120 2,534 92.7 84.3 70.9 26.5 9,703 4,382 3,226 2,394 90.6 82.4 65.3 22.3 Women................................................................................................ Age (in years): 16 to 17..................................................................................... 18 to 19..................................................................................... 20 to 2 4 ..................................................................................... 25 to 3 4 ..................................................................................... 35 to 4 4 ..................................................................................... 41,835 53.6 48,373 57.1 53,023 57.3 1,945 2,962 6,828 9,087 7,074 47.7 74.1 74.3 61.6 60.9 2,014 3.086 8,111 12,220 8,684 49.6 73.8 80.0 70.5 68.5 1,449 2,570 8,066 14,951 11,237 40.7 66.5 76.0 73.7 73.2 7,344 2,919 2,165 1,509 60.0 54.8 44.7 12.5 7,420 3,139 2,074 1,626 62.9 53.5 41.3 11.9 7,633 3,214 2,304 1,600 66.4 53.7 39.9 10.3 G ender and age M en..................................................................................................... Age (in years): 16 to 17..................................................................................... 18 to 19..................................................................................... 20 to 2 4 ..................................................................................... 25 to 3 4 ..................................................................................... 35 to 44 ..................................................................................... 45 55 60 65 45 55 60 65 to 5 4 ..................................................................................... to 5 9 ..................................................................................... to 6 4 ..................................................................................... and over ............................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent of the population 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Work Experience in 1983 T a b le 4. E xtent o f unem ploym ent during th e year by race, H ispanic origin, and gender, 1 9 8 2 -8 3 [Numbers in thousands] Total Characteristic M en W om en 1 982 1983 1982 1983 1 982 1983 120,235 22.0 121,634 19.6 66,160 23.3 66,531 21.0 54,074 20.4 55,103 17.8 26,493 3,958 1,730 2,228 22,535 23,799 3,916 1,628 2,287 19.883 15,441 1,795 508 1,286 13,646 13,973 1,835 504 1,332 12,138 11,052 2,163 1,221 942 8,889 9,826 2,080 1,125 956 7,745 Year-round workers1 with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment................................................................. Part-year workers2 with unem ploym ent............................................................................................. 1 to 4 w e e k s ........................................................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks.................................................................................. 11 to 14 w eeks............................................................................................. 15 to 26 w eeks...................................................................................................................... 27 weeks or m o re ........................................................................................................... 1,155 21,380 3,483 4.184 2,808 5,863 5,041 920 18,963 3,367 3,608 2,549 4,980 4,460 747 12,900 1,736 2,372 1,721 3,911 3,159 615 11,523 1,718 2,078 1,588 3,245 2,895 408 8,481 1,747 1,813 1,087 1,952 1,882 305 7,440 1,649 1,530 961 1,735 1,565 With 2 spells or more of unem ploym ent.......................................................................................... 2 sp e lls................................................................................................................................ 3 spells or m o re ...................................................................................................................................... 7,573 3,854 3,719 6.445 3,308 3,136 4,913 2,421 2,492 4,276 2,082 2,194 2,660 1,433 1,227 2,168 1,226 942 Total who worked or looked for w o r k .................................................................................................................. Percent with unemployment................................................................................................................................ 104.942 20.7 106,117 18.4 58,560 22.0 58.737 19.8 46,381 19.1 47,379 16.7 Total with unem ploym ent............................................................................................................................. Did not work but looked for w o r k ................................................................................................................ Worked during the year................................................................................................................................... 21,730 2,750 18,981 19,576 2,620 16,956 12,883 1,287 11.596 11,654 1,243 10,411 8,847 1,463 7,384 7,922 1,377 6,545 Total who worked or looked for w e r k .................................................................................................................. Percent with unemployment................................................................................................................................ 12,276 33.4 12,593 29.1 5,994 36.5 6,269 32.2 6,282 30.4 6,323 26.1 Total with un em ploym ent................................................................................................................................... Did not work but looked for w o r k ................................................................................................................ Worked during the year................................................................................................................................... 4,096 1,108 2,988 3,668 1,178 2,490 2,186 473 1,713 2,019 533 1,486 1,910 635 1,275 1,650 646 1,004 Total who worked or looked for w o r k .................................................................................................................. Percent with unemployment............................................................................................................................. 6,331 27.1 6,565 24.3 3,646 28.5 3,723 25.7 2,685 25.3 2,843 22.5 Total with unem ploym ent........................................................................................................................ Did not work but looked for w o r k ............................................................................................... Worked during the ye ar................................................................................................................................ 1,717 253 1.464 1,598 217 1,381 1,038 101 937 958 101 857 679 152 527 640 116 524 TOTAL Total who worked or looked for w o r k ........................... Percent with unemployment............................................................ Total with unem ploym ent............................................................... Did not work but looked for w o r k .......................................................... 1 to 14 w e e k s ............................................................................. 15 weeks or m ore..................................................................... Worked during the year............................................................ W hite Black H ispanic origin 'W orked 50 or 51 weeks. 2Worked less than 50 weeks. unemployment did not report any employment for the year, in contrast to 14 percent for both whites and Hispanics. For persons with some unemployment who worked at some time during the year, the improvement in the economy was reflected in slight decreases in the proportions with two spells or more of joblessness and in a reduction in the median weeks of unemployment. There also was a small decrease in the number (and proportion) of persons reporting that they were involuntarily working part year or part time. Note: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “ other races” group are not presented and Híspanles are Included in both the white and black population groups. smaller percentage of women (3 percent), reported that they only worked part of the year because there was “ no work available.” (Some 1.3 million part-year workers aged 16 and over in 1983, in contrast to about 2.2 million in 1982, seem to have been “ discouraged” by lack of employment opportunities, citing that the main reason they were not working or looking for work for the remainder of the year was the unavailability of jobs.)5 Part-year workers Part-year and part-time workers Among the persons who were employed less than the entire year in 1983, a far greater proportion of men than women pointed to unemployment as the main reason. As seen in the following tabulation, of part-year workers aged 25 to 44, 7 of 10 men but only 3 of 10 women cited un employment as the major reason they were not employed year round. Also, 5 percent of men aged 25 to 44, but a 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Number (in thousands) Percent 7 ,5 6 6 1 0 0 .0 U n e m p l o y m e n t ............... 5 ,2 2 9 6 9 .1 I lln e s s o r d is a b ility . . . 464 6 .1 H o m e r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s . 90 1 .2 S c h o o l a tte n d a n c e N o w o rk a v a ila b le .. . . O th e r ................................... 499 6 .6 375 909 5 .0 1 2 .0 Reason M e n , 2 5 to 4 4 y e a r s Table 5. E xtent of unem ploym ent of w age and salary w orkers by industry of the job held the lo ngest, 1 9 8 2 -8 3 [Numbers in thousands] 1982 1 983 W ith u nem ploym ent Total P erc ent of total w ag e and sala ry w orkers 20.2 30.5 27.5 40.7 25.9 27.6 23.4 107,948 2,209 1,016 6,444 22,147 12,822 9,325 19,075 641 261 2,431 4,390 2,585 1,805 17.7 29.0 25.6 37.7 19.8 20.2 19.4 14.4 21.5 11.0 15.6 9.4 7,499 23,307 6,559 33,360 5,407 956 4,578 659 4,627 532 12.8 19.6 10.1 13.9 9.8 Total Percent of total w ag e and sala ry w orkers T o t a l..................................................................................................... A g ric u ltu re ........................................................................................................ M in in g ................................................................................................................ C on struction..................................................................................................... M anufacturing.................................................................................................. Durable g o o d s ............................................................................................. Nondurable g o o d s ....................................................................................... 106,423 2,187 1,226 5,985 22,777 13,405 9,372 21,544 667 337 2,435 5,889 3,698 2,190 Transportation and public utilities................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade............................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................................... Services.............................................................................................................. Public adm inistration....................................................................................... 7,220 22,819 6,223 32,748 5,238 1,040 4,903 683 5,099 492 Part-year workers Reason Number (in thousands) Percent W o m e n , 2 5 to 4 4 y e a r s ................................ 9 ,0 8 2 1 0 0 .0 U n e m p l o y m e n t ............................................... 2 ,7 2 6 3 0 .0 I lln e s s o r d i s a b i l i t y ..................................... 566 6 .2 H o m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ................. ............... 4 ,1 0 8 4 5 .2 S c h o o l a t t e n d a n c e ........................ ............... 417 4 .6 N o w o r k a v a i l a b l e ........................ ............... 253 2 .8 O t h e r .................................................... ............... 1 ,0 1 2 1 1.1 In addition, as indicated below, more than half of men aged 25 to 44 but less than one-third of women reported they were limited to working part time because they could not find a full-time job or because of slack work or material shortage. Such differences generally reflect the fact that women are more likely than men to choose to work part time or part year (although the choice often is imposed by child-care responsibilities), and that women are less prone to be in cyclically sensitive employment. Part-time workers Reason M e n , 2 5 to 4 4 y e a r s ................................... Number (in thousands) Percent 7 ,2 5 1 1 0 0 .0 993 1 3 .7 C o u ld o n ly fin d p a r t- tim e j o b — W a n te d o r c o u ld o n ly w o r k p a r t t i m e ............................................................ S la c k w o r k o r m a te r ia l s h o r ta g e . . 1 ,0 9 5 15.1 3 ,1 0 9 4 2 .9 O t h e r .............................................................. 2 ,0 5 4 2 8 .3 W o m e n , 2 5 to 4 4 y e a r s ........................... 1 0 ,2 0 2 1 0 0 .0 C o u ld o n ly fin d p a r t- tim e j o b . . . . 1 ,4 1 5 1 3 .9 t i m e ............................................................ S la c k w o r k o r m a te r ia l s h o r ta g e . . 5 ,4 7 5 5 3 .7 1 ,6 4 6 1 6.1 O t h e r .............................................................. 1 ,6 6 7 1 6 .3 W a n te d o r c o u ld o n ly w o r k p a r t Unemployment and family income The median number of weeks unemployed for persons with both employment and unemployment during 1983 was https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W ith un em p lo ym en t T otal w ag e and sala ry w orkers Total w age and salary w orkers Industry 13.3. (This figure represents total weeks unemployed in cluding, for some persons, more than one spell of unem ployment.) As indicated below, women on average were unemployed fewer weeks than men, whites fewer weeks than blacks and Hispanics, and younger workers fewer weeks than older workers: Persons with employment and unemployment Median weeks unemployed T o ta l, 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................................................. 16 to 19 y e a r s .............................................................. 1 3 .3 1 0 .4 20 to 2 4 y e a r s .............................................................. 1 2 .5 25 to 4 4 y e a r s .............................................................. 1 4.1 45 to 6 4 y e a r s .............................................................. 1 7 .0 6 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................................... 1 7 .4 M e n ........................................................................................................... 1 5 .2 W o m e n ................................................................................................... 1 2 .3 W h i t e s ........................................................................................... 13.1 B l a c k s ...................................................................................................... H i s p a n i c s .............................................................................................. 1 8 .4 1 6 .9 Clearly, the longer a person is unemployed the more severe the impact on earnings. But what is the effect of unemployment on family income? While the impact also is more burdensome the longer the period of unemployment, other factors need to be considered. These include earnings of other family members, wage levels of family earners, and alternative sources of income such as unemployment insurance benefits and transfer payments. For example, as seen in the following tabulation, median family income— while substantially lower than in similar families with no unemployment— was still about $27,000 for married-couple families with two earners or more in which at least one experienced some unemployment. Seven percent of such families had incomes which fell below the Federally des ignated poverty thresholds.6 In contrast, median family in come was about $7,000 in one-earner families maintained by women in which the earner had encountered some un employment during the year. More than half of such families were in poverty. 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Work Experience in 1983 No member unemployed Type of family Median Percent family in income poverty M a r r i e d - c o u p l e f a m i l i e s . . $ 3 1 ,4 9 5 O n e e a r n e r ......................... 2 4 ,8 0 1 T w o e a rn e rs o r m o re .. 3 5 ,2 0 1 4 .3 At least one member with some unemployment Median family income Percent in poverty $ 2 3 ,5 9 2 1 3 .2 7 .8 1 4 ,9 5 9 2 7 .2 2 .6 2 7 ,2 7 4 7 .1 F a m ilie s m a in ta in e d by w o m e n ................................... 1 6 ,1 1 6 1 7 .0 9 ,8 6 0 4 4 .5 O n e e a r n e r ......................... 1 3 ,5 0 1 2 2 .1 7 ,3 4 5 5 2 .9 T w o e a rn e rs o r m o re .. 2 3 ,9 2 5 5 .9 1 8 ,3 4 1 1 7.1 F a m ilie s m a in ta in e d by m e n ........................................... 2 5 ,9 5 0 6 .4 1 7 ,3 0 9 1 9 .2 O n e e a r n e r ......................... 2 1 ,6 4 4 8 .9 1 1 ,3 4 9 2 7 .6 T w o e a rn e rs o r m o re .. 3 3 ,2 1 8 2 .8 2 4 ,1 0 7 6 .4 1 5 ,5 3 8 1 0 .2 7 ,2 3 8 3 8 .0 P e r s o n s n o t liv in g in f a m i li e s , w ith e a r n in g s Similar patterns are found among families with invol untary part-time workers who encountered unemployment in 1983, as well as among families with unemployed mem bers who did not work at all during the year. In each case, the largest proportion of families in poverty are those main tained by women. However, even when no family members are unemployed, median family income is relatively low for families maintained by women ($16,000 in 1983), and a significant proportion are in poverty (17 percent). This largely reflects the concentration of these women in low-paying jobs, employment constraints because of child-care respon 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sibilities, and the absence of other family wage earners. Unemployment, of course, compounds their problem. □ ---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------'This is the latest in a series of reports on this subject. For an analysis of data from the March 1983 Current Population Survey, see Paul O. Flaim, “ Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their fam ilies,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , February 1984, pp. 3 0 -3 7 , reprinted as Special Labor Force Report Bulletin 2199. •It should be noted that the “ Hispanic” category is not a racial clas sification. Persons in this group may appear in the white or black or other racial categories. 3 For a study of the work experiences of older men, see Herbert S. Pames, ed., W o r k a n d R e t i r e m e n t , A L o n g i t u d i n a l S tu d y o f M e n (The MIT Press, 1981). Pames documents the trend toward men’s earlier withdrawal from the labor force, finding that relatively few men are forced out o f jobs by mandatory retirement, and that a majority of retirees are not interested in returning to work. For a study of the work experiences of women, see Lois Banfill Shaw, ed., U n p l a n n e d C a r e e r s : T h e W o r k in g L i v e s o f M i d d l e A g e d W o m e n (Lexington Books, 1983). 4For studies on employment experiences of young men and women, see Michael E. Bom s, ed., T o m o r r o w ’s Worker (Lexington Books 1983); and Frank L. Mott, ed., T h e E m p l o y m e n t R e v o l u t i o n , Y o u n g A m e r i c a n W o m e n o f th e 1 9 7 0 ’s (The mit Press, 1982). 5 While “ discouragement” has been measured on a current basis in the monthly Current Population Survey (cps ) for a long time, the March 1983 supplement to the cps was the first which included a question aimed at measuring discouragement retroactively, and, as in the March 1984 sup plement, it was asked only of part-year workers. 6The poverty thresholds, which are based primarily on U.S. Department of Agriculture determinations of consumption requirements of families by size, are revised each year by the Office of Management and Budget to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index. The poverty threshold for a family o f four in 1983 was $10,178. However, when making such deter minations, only cash income is considered. White-collar pay determination under range-of-rate systems X Medium-size and large employers use ranges of rates to determine salaries for workers having similar job duties but different levels o f performance or tenure; ranges are generally designed to control labor costs, attract qualified candidates, and reward valued employees M a r t in E. P e r s o n ic k Administrators of company pay policy face three funda mental issues: (1) setting their companies’ overall pay levels in relation to those of other companies; (2) evaluating in dividual company jobs and determining pay relationships among them; and (3) determining pay relationships among individual workers within the same job. The last of these functions— and the subject of this article— is often accom plished by establishing minimum and maximum pay rates for a given job or grouping of comparable jobs, and pro viding for adjustments of individual workers’ pay within this range of rates based on performance, seniority, or both. Special tabulations developed from the Bureau of Labor Statistics 1983 and 1984 national surveys of professional, administrative, technical, and clerical pay ( p a t c ), which cover white-collar employees in medium and large estab lishments,1 show that: • Most white-collar workers are under rate range systems providing for periodic merit (performance) reviews of their pay. • Sizable rate ranges are often established for individual company jobs, especially at the higher professional and administrative levels. Martin E. Personick is a project director in the Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Carl Barsky and Mark Sieling, economists in the same division, assisted in the prep aration o f this article. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • In practice, however, differences between the highest and the lowest rates actually paid are generally much smaller than differences between the maximum and the minimum rates specified for a range. The data base Information for this article comes from (1) internal work sheets prepared by b l s field staff in the 1983 survey to record job titles, formal rate ranges, duties, and responsi bilities of company positions matching surveyed occupa tions2 and (2) answers to questions on pay plan characteristics from the 1984 survey. Approximately 3,100 establishments were studied in the 1983 p a t c survey. For some 1,400 establishments providing rate range data, the internal work sheets contained the minimum and maximum pay rates for individual company jobs matching one of the 101 occupa tional work levels in the survey. Each of these work levels, ranging from entry-level to managerial positions, is covered by a written job descrip tion. Where several work levels are surveyed within a single occupation, they are identified by Roman numerals— the higher the numeral, the greater the duties and responsibil ities.3 Each of the narrowly defined work levels represents fairly homogeneous work duties and responsibilities. Thus, classification of employees in accordance with these de scriptions permits summary and analysis of rate range char25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Range-of-Rate Pay Systems acteristics for employees performing similar work, regardless of company job title or grade. Exhibit 1 provides a hypothetical example of this job matching process in a large headquarters establishment. In most cases, a one-to-one relationship exists between a com pany job and a p a t c survey work level; for example, only the company’s project engineer has duties comparable to those in the p a t c survey engineer V definition. Less fre quently, one company job spans two p a t c survey levels; some engineering associates better match p a t c survey en gineer I, while others generally perform engineer II duties. Also, two company jobs at different grade levels may at times equate to one p a t c survey level, as in the case of the engineer and the nuclear engineer positions in the example, which both match engineer III. For purposes of this study, matches similar to the engineer III illustration were excluded because they spanned more than one company rate range. These excluded situations accounted for fewer than 10 per cent of the 22,000 matches in establishments reporting rate ranges. The study focused on the width of company rate ranges— that is, the spread between minimum and maximum rates— and the relationship of actual salaries to points within the ranges. In exhibit 1, the maximum rate is 50 percent above the minimum rate in company grades 2 through 8, and slightly higher in grades 11 through 17. Such patterns, as found in surveyed establishments, will be discussed later in the article. Respondents to the 1984 p a t c survey answered the fol lowing questions separately for the professional-adminis trative and the technical-clerical worker groups: (1) What E xhibit 1. types of pay plans cover employees in white-collar jobs? and (2) if workers are covered by rate ranges, what bound aries are specified for the ranges; how frequently are rate ranges adjusted; what formal provisions, if any, cover nor mal hiring rates within rate ranges; and what point within the rate range equates to a job’s market value? Following is a description of the general characteristics of rate ranges as revealed by the answers to these questions. Rate range profiles Formal salary payment plans incorporating a range of rates for each job classification applied to about four-fifths of the white-collar workers covered by the 1984 p a t c sur vey.4 (See table 1.) In contrast, single rates for a given job—an important formal system for setting blue-collar pay5— were virtually nonexistent for white-collar workers. Infor mal systems, which base salaries primarily on an individ ual’s qualifications, accounted for almost all of the remaining white-collar workers. Informal plans covered about 5 per cent of such workers in the largest establishments (those employing at least 2,500 employees), compared with about one-fourth of those in establishments with fewer workers. With few exceptions, a minimum and maximum were specified for each rate range reported. Within the range, an individual’s pay increases typically were based on periodic merit (performance) reviews. This approach covered more than four-fifths of the professional and administrative work ers and two-thirds of the technical-clerical group who were under rate ranges. Pay progression for the remaining work ers under rate ranges either was automatic, determined by H ypothetical exam ple of the salary structure and rate ranges in a large headqu arters establishm en t Com pany grade and job title PATC survey work level Grade 2 .............................. Junior accountant Buyer B Accountant I Buyer I Grade 4 .............................. Engineering associate Cost accountant Buyer A Financial analyst Engineer I, II Accountant II Buyer II Not in patc survey Grade 6 .............................. General accountant Engineer Senior buyer Accountant III Engineer III Buyer III Grade 7 .............................. Nuclear engineer Engineer III Grade 8 .............................. Staff accountant Senior engineer Associate counsel Purchasing manager Accountant IV Engineer IV Attorney II Not in patc survey Com pany rate range M in i m um M id point M a x i m um $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 23,040 26,480 28,480 30,480 28,800 33.100 35,600 38,100 Com pany grade and job title PATC survey w ork level Grade 111 ................ Cost accounting manager Project engineer Counsel Accountant V Engineer V Attorney III Grade 13 ....................................................... Engineering project manager Senior counsel Division director of human resources Engineer VI Attorney IV Director of personnel III Grade 15 ...................................................... Engineering division director Division counsel Assistant comptroller Engineer VII Attorney V Chief accountant IV Grade 1 7 ......................................................... Director of engineering Associate general counsel Corporate manager of human resources Comptroller Engineer VIII Attorney VI Director of personnel V Not in patc survey Com pany rate range M in i m um M id point M a x i m um $37,360 $46,700 $58,375 34,560 39,720 42,720 45,720 42,960 53,700 67,125 49,400 61,750 77,200 56,800 71,000 88.750 1lt is not uncommon to skip grades in moving from nonsupervisory to supervisory/managerial levels. Note: Company jobs and patc survey work levels are compared using actual duties and responsibilities rather than job titles. Occupational definitions of patc work levels, based in part on Federal Government personnel standards, appear In N a tio n a l S urve y o f P ro fe ss io n a l, A d m in is tra tiv e , Technical, a n d C le rica l P ay, M a rc h 1983, bis Bulletin 2181, 1983. 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T a b le 1 . P e r c e n t o f w h i t e - c o l l a r e m p l o y e e s , b y m e t h o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t a n d ra te ra n g e c h a r a c te r is tic s , M a rc h 1 9 8 4 patc s u rv e y Professional and administrative employees Technical and clerical employees All em p lo ye e s....................................................... 100 100 Formal p la n s .................................................... Range of rates.............................................. Merit review............................................... Length of s e rv ic e .................................... C o m bina tion............................................ Single rate .................................................... Individual determ ination................................. Other type of p la n ............................................ 81 81 68 1 11 (1) 18 1 79 77 53 11 14 2 20 (1) 100 98 2 1 100 95 4 (1) 3 81 5 Method of salary payment and rate range characteristics Method of salary payment Selected characteristics Employees under rate ra n g e s ........................... Minimum and maximum rate specified. . . . Minimum is specified, no set maximum. . . Maximum is specified, no set m inim um. . . Rate range is typically adjusted: More than once a y e a r .............................. Once a y e a r ................................................. Less than once a ye ar................................. No formal p ro v is io n .................................... Information not available........................... 1 5 78 5 11 <1) Normal hiring rate within rate range at: Minimum of ra n g e ...................................... Lower fourth of range................................. Lower half of ra n g e ................................... Other part of range...................................... No formal p ro v is io n ................................... Information not available........................... 25 25 21 9 19 1 42 21 14 6 16 1 Location of job's market value: Midpoint of range......................................... Maximum of range...................................... Minimum to midpoint of ra n g e ................ Midpoint to maximum of range................ No established co nce pt........................... Information not available........................ 62 2 4 13 17 1 59 5 5 9 20 2 h 1Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal 100. their length of service in the job, or depended on a com bination of job tenure and merit ratings. Rate ranges are typically adjusted once a year— a practice covering about four-fifths of each worker group studied. Less commonly, provisions call for range changes at some other interval or on an ad hoc basis. After an upward ad justment in the rate range, some workers’ rates fall below the new minimum. Employers reported that such “ submi nimum” rates are usually raised at the employee’s next performance review or anniversary date. Most establishments pay new employees at a specified point or within a specified portion of the range. The 1984 p a t c survey found wide use of three distinct approaches, whereby new hires were paid at the range minimum, at some point between the minimum and the lower fourth, or between the lower fourth and the middle of the range. Each approach covered 20 to 25 percent of the professional-ad ministrative worker group. For the technical-clerical group, hiring at the minimum of the range pertained to 42 percent of the workers, and was at least twice as common as the other two hiring approaches. (See table 1.) The pace of advancement within a rate range is influenced in part by an employer’s perception of the market value of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a job when fully and competently performed. Three-fifths of the white-collar workers were employed by establish ments that regarded the midpoint of the rate range as rep resentative of a job’s market value. These employers used the midpoint for controlling salary costs, that is, by filtering through that point only highly rated employees or the most experienced employees. About 15 percent of the workers were in establishments in which advancement would be expected to be faster because the midpoint was set below the market value of a job. (It should be noted that another 15 to 20 percent of the workers were in establishments that did not recognize this concept of a job’s market value.) Range width As mentioned earlier, rate ranges make it possible for individuals in the same job and establishment to be paid at different rates. The 1983 p a t c survey looked at the potential for such differences in the approximately 1,400 establish ments reporting rate range information. Although these es tablishments are not statistically representative of the full p a t c survey scope, they do span all of its covered industries and varying work force size groups. Furthermore, the results are consistent with findings from earlier Federal studies of salary structure characteristics in the private sector.6 Employers generally agree on the basic rationale for rate ranges, but commonly vary the percent by which the max imum salary rate exceeds the minimum salary rate in a range (its width). Ideally, rate minimums should attract qualified job candidates while rate maximums should be set to reward and retain high achievers. In practice, however, employers see these as flexible boundaries that at times allow for rates below the specified minimum, for hiring above the minimum rate, and for progression beyond the maximum rate in the range. Thus, the prescribed width of the range may differ from the spread in rates actually paid. Among the p a t c respondents, the maximum of a rate range most commonly exceeded the minimum by 50 per cent, as shown in table 2. Nevertheless, many establish ments had wider or narrower ranges. For the 89 survey work levels compared, the average spread ranged from 37 percent for stenographers II to 57 percent for accountants V and attorneys V. In general, rate spreads for professional-ad ministrative jobs exceeded those for technical-clerical oc cupations. Few employers maintained a constant range width for all their white-collar jobs. Among the 1,338 establishments reporting two or more rate ranges, more than four-fifths varied their range widths by at least 5 percentage points, and differences of 20 percent or more were common. This largely reflects the tendency of companies to establish sep arate salary schedules for major groups of white-collar jobs, such as professional-administrative and technical-clerical occupations. As shown in table 3, the proportion of estab lishments with uniform range widths (a zero or 1-percent age-point différence between the widest and narrowest widths) 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Range-of-Rate Pay Systems Tab le 2. W id th 1 of rate ranges for w orkers in O ccupational work le v e l2 M ean w idth of estab lishm ent rate range (in percent) patc survey establishm en ts reporting rate ranges, M arch 1983 Percent of esta b lish m en ts w ith rate range of Less than 35 percent 35 and under 40 percent 40 and under 45 percent 45 and under 50 percent 50 percent Over 50 but under 55 percent 55 and under 60 percent 60 and under 65 percent 65 percent and over P ro fe s s io n a l-a d m in is tra tiv e I............................................... I I ............................................ III............................................ IV ............................................ V ............................................ V I............................................ 51 52 53 54 57 56 7 6 6 4 3 2 6 2 4 2 (3) 8 11 6 5 6 5 10 7 10 6 6 6 36 39 38 42 39 35 7 8 8 8 8 18 9 9 9 12 13 10 6 6 5 5 7 6 11 12 13 15 18 18 Chief accountants II ................................. Chief accountants I I I ................................. 54 54 4 3 4 2 4 6 6 5 40 41 11 11 13 10 2 5 15 17 Auditors Auditors Auditors Auditors 52 53 53 53 7 4 5 5 4 1 3 5 6 4 3 9 6 9 3 38 46 44 46 12 10 8 11 12 8 12 11 9 5 5 3 8 13 14 14 I ................................................. I I ................................................. I I I ............................................... I V ............................................... V ................................................. 53 53 55 56 57 6 4 3 2 3 1 3 4 3 — 5 4 4 6 6 47 48 41 34 33 13 10 11 11 14 11 14 11 10 15 2 3 8 10 6 11 13 17 22 24 I ....................................................... II....................................................... I I I .................................................... I V .................................................... 51 52 53 54 10 7 4 6 5 5 3 4 11 8 7 7 9 7 7 6 31 36 43 33 11 10 9 9 7 10 9 13 6 4 6 2 11 13 12 20 I .............................. I I ........................... I I I ........................... IV ........................... V ........................... 50 51 52 53 53 7 8 6 5 2 8 5 3 4 4 14 9 9 5 7 7 10 7 8 6 31 34 39 38 38 11 9 9 9 8 7 9 9 15 16 4 6 7 4 10 11 11 11 12 11 Job analysts I I ............................................ Job analysts III ......................................... Job analysts I V ......................................... 56 53 53 2 4 10 2 2 3 2 4 — 6 5 7 35 47 30 15 13 10 11 11 20 8 1 5 20 13 15 Directors of personnel I ........................... Directors of personnel II........................... Directors of personnel I I I ......................... 51 52 56 6 10 5 — 9 4 3 11 7 3 45 39 38 8 6 8 11 11 16 2 9 5 8 11 20 Chemists Chemists Chemists Chemists Chemists Chemists I .................................................... I I ................................................. III................................................. IV ................................................. V ................................................. V I................................................. 51 53 51 53 54 54 10 6 6 6 4 7 10 5 7 4 5 7 6 9 8 9 12 7 6 6 4 5 2 37 42 37 38 34 37 7 8 9 8 10 5 7 10 9 17 9 12 5 6 6 4 11 12 12 13 11 14 13 14 Engineers Engineers Engineers Engineers Engineers Engineers Engineers Engineers I ................................................. I I ................................................. I I I .............................................. I V .............................................. V ................................................. V I .............................................. V II.............................................. V I I I ............................................ 52 52 53 54 55 56 55 54 8 8 7 6 4 6 5 6 3 8 7 8 5 7 6 9 3 8 7 8 9 6 6 3 3 31 39 37 38 40 31 36 30 9 9 11 6 9 10 8 6 12 8 10 13 10 11 10 24 7 7 5 6 6 7 9 6 13 10 12 15 17 23 20 18 I .............................. I I .............................. III.............................. IV.............................. V .............................. 46 47 47 47 49 15 18 17 17 15 14 13 13 10 4 21 15 14 12 8 8 8 10 13 15 21 21 21 23 24 7 5 6 5 7 5 5 7 6 9 2 5 4 4 8 8 10 9 10 11 I .................................................... I I .................................................... III ................................................. I V ................................................. V .................................................... 41 45 43 44 44 38 26 25 21 22 16 14 15 12 15 3 13 14 13 9 7 9 11 12 10 17 15 16 19 19 3 5 4 7 10 2 4 6 4 5 3 7 4 3 3 10 7 7 8 7 I ......................... I I ........................ I I I ...................... I V ...................... V ........................ 42 43 44 45 47 33 23 22 19 16 16 19 11 12 13 6 13 18 12 7 13 11 9 13 14 14 16 19 19 19 1 4 3 9 8 6 5 6 2 6 5 4 5 6 4 6 4 6 7 12 Photographers II......................................... Photographers I I I ...................................... Photographers I V ...................................... 49 48 52 13 20 10 16 4 5 13 11 5 7 13 15 19 21 30 7 7 7 3 6 10 10 1 2 12 16 15 Accounting Accounting Accounting Accounting 43 44 45 45 27 22 23 22 17 16 14 11 15 16 14 13 7 8 9 10 16 15 14 20 5 5 6 3 4 5 5 6 4 3 3 6 9 11 12 Accountants Accountants Accountants Accountants Accountants Accountants I .................................................... I I .................................................... I I I ................................................. I V ................................................. Attorneys Attorneys Attorneys Attorneys Attorneys Buyers Buyers Buyers Buyers Programmer/analysts Programmer/analysts Programmer/analysts Programmer/analysts Programmer/analysts — 4 — 2 1 — 3 2 — 4 4 2 3 1 — — T e c h n ic a l-c le ric a l Computer Computer Computer Computer Computer Drafters Drafters Drafters Drafters Drafters operators operators operators operators operators Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering technicians technicians technicians technicians technicians clerks clerks clerks clerks I ................................... II ................................. I I I ................................. IV ........................... See footnotes at end of table 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 T able 2. C o n tin u e d — W id th 1 of rate ranges for w orkers in O ccupational work le v e l2 M ean w idth of esta b lishm ent rate range (in percent) File clerks 1 ................................................. File clerks II................................................. File clerks I I I ............................................... Key entry operators 1................................. Key entry operators I I .............................. patc survey establishm en ts reportin g rate ranges, M arch 1983 Percent of esta b lish m en ts w ith rate range of Over 50 but under 55 percent 55 and under 60 percent Less than 35 percent 35 and under 40 percent 40 and under 45 percent 45 and under 50 percent 50 percent 42 44 47 29 23 21 16 17 13 15 13 15 7 9 10 15 16 13 6 9 3 5 44 44 24 24 17 14 15 13 8 8 13 15 7 7 3 5 60 and u n der 65 percent 65 percent and over 2 9 Messengers................................................. 44 30 15 11 8 16 7 2 Secretaries Secretaries Secretaries Secretaries Secretaries 1 ............................................... I I ............................................... III ............................................ I V ............................................ V ............................................... 45 46 46 47 49 20 18 19 15 14 20 16 15 12 10 12 17 14 12 11 11 9 9 11 9 16 15 17 24 24 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10 6 8 8 9 11 12 Stenographers 1 ......................................... Stenographers I I ......................................... 48 37 31 48 11 10 13 5 4 5 6 9 6 5 5 5 20 Typists 1....................................................... Typists I I .................................................... 45 47 23 28 15 14 14 9 12 6 14 12 6 7 4 3 9 15 Personnel clerks 1...................................... Personnel clerks I I ................................... Personnel clerks I I I ................................... 44 46 44 48 22 23 24 10 16 12 10 9 18 16 14 18 9 6 6 14 17 17 21 22 6 7 6 7 6 6 6 6 4 13 9 7 Purchasing assistants 1 ........................... Purchasing assistants I I ........................... 41 44 31 20 14 18 11 15 11 13 13 12 9 6 4 7 4 7 1Percent by which maximum rate exceeds minimum rate. Excludes work levels studied for which fewer than 30 establishments reported rate ranges. was much larger for similar types of jobs. Nevertheless, even within a grouping of professional-administrative or technical-clerical occupations, a majority of establishments had varying range widths.7 Actual salaries within rate ranges How widely do actual salaries vary within rate ranges? Are there clusterings of salaries within ranges? To answer these questions, actual salaries were compared to several points in the corresponding rate ranges—the minimum, the midpoint, and the maximum— and to the spread between the minimum and maximum. These comparisons, it must be stressed, were limited to salaries of workers in company jobs matching p a t c survey definitions; a company’s rate range for a labor grade normally would cover a number of Table 3. P ercent of establishm en ts reporting tw o or m ore rate ranges, by percentage-poin t difference betw een w idest and narrow est ranges, March 1983 p a t c survey Percent of establishm en ts P erc en tag epoint d itfe re n c e 1 0-1 .............................. 2 - 4 .............................. 5 - 9 .............................. 1 0 -1 9 ........................... 2 0 -2 9 ........................... 3 0 -3 9 ........................... 40 or m ore................... All w h ite co lla r jobs in study P rofessional and ad m in istrative jobs Technical and clerical jobs 12 6 11 29 15 10 16 40 8 13 19 8 5 7 27 13 17 21 11 4 8 1For each rate range in an establishment, the percent by which the maximum rate exceeded the minimum rate was calculated; then, the smallest of these percentages was subtracted from the largest. Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 3Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. jobs, some within, and some excluded from, survey cov erage. As might be expected, clustering at or near the minimum of the rate range was most pronounced at the lowest work levels—the “ entry” levels—of an occupation, where job skills are developed in preparation for advancement to more responsible positions. The following tabulation illustrates this point by showing, for three occupations and two work levels, the percent of white-collar workers paid within 10 percent of their rate range minimums: P ercen t A c c o u n ta n t I .................................................................................. 46 A c c o u n ta n t I I I ............................................................................... 26 D r a f te r I ............................................................................................ 44 D r a f te r I I I ......................................................................................... 27 A c c o u n tin g c le r k I ..................................................................... 38 A c c o u n tin g c le r k I I I ................................................................... 21 Because workers do not remain in entry level positions for lengthy periods, they normally do not advance far into their rate ranges. Conversely, because fully experienced workers are less often promoted to higher work levels, they tend to be granted more within-grade wage adjustments. Unlike the minimum rate, the midpoint of the rate range was typically an establishment’s focal point for controlling overall salary levels of company jobs. One measure of cost control used by employers is the average salary of employees in a rate range expressed as a percent of the midpoint of the range. Values of about 100 or less indicate that, on average, salary costs do not exceed the employer’s market value of the job. 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Range-of-Rate Pay Systems Using this measure, 80 of the work levels came in at 102 or less, while the remaining 9 topped out at 108. The latter comprised experienced drafters, engineering technicians, photographers, secretaries, and stenographers—groups that include many long-service workers, some of whom were paid above the maximum of their rate ranges. Not unex pectedly, some establishments allowed average salaries to rise well beyond the midpoint of the range. Most establishments, however, paid only salaries falling within the associated rate ranges.8 Moreover, it was com mon for substantial portions of these ranges to be unused at a given time, in part because of use of the midpoint as a salary control, or hiring at rates above the minimum, or both. To illustrate this point, the spread between the highest and the lowest salaries actually paid was computed as a percent of the rate range spread for the job. On average, these ratios, indicating the proportion of the rate range being used, fell between one-third and one-half for professionaladministrative work levels studied, and between two-fifths and two-thirds for technical-clerical classifications. □ ■FOOTNOTES 1The surveys’ industrial coverage and minimum-size establishment were as follows: manufacturing, 100 or 250 employees; transportation, com munications, and electric, gas, and sanitary services, 100 or 250 employ ees; mining and construction, 250 employees; wholesale trade, 100 employees; retail trade, 250 employees; finance, insurance, and real estate, 100 em ployees; and selected services, 50 or 100 employees. rate systems, one-third were under rate ranges, and the remainder were under informal rate structures. At the same time, seven-tenths of the office workers were under formal pay systems (almost always rate range plans) and about three-tenths were covered by informal rate structures. See John Howell Cox, “ Time and incentive pay practices in urban areas,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1971, p. 54. 2The internal worksheets are primarily used to verify job matching and occupational salary data reported by respondents. 6 See S a l a r y S t r u c t u r e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in L a r g e F ir m s , 1 9 6 3 , Bulletin 1417 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964); and S u r v e y o f C o m p e n s a t i o n P r a c t i c e s , 1 9 7 4 (U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1975). Textbooks that contain discussions of rate ranges, plus useful bibliographies, include Allen N. Nash and Stephen J. Carroll, Jr., T h e M a n a g e m e n t o f C o m p e n s a t i o n (Monterey, Calif., Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1975); and David W. Belcher, C o m p e n s a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (Englewood Cliffs, N .J.. PrenticeHall, Inc., 1974). 3 See National Survey o f Professional, Adminstrative, Technical, and 1 9 8 3 , Bulletin 2181 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1983), pp. 3 6 -7 5 , for descriptions of occupations surveyed. The 101 work levels span 24 occupations, with the number of work levels ranging from 1 for messenger to 8 for engineer. For professional occupations, the first two levels are entry and developmental positions; the next two are for experienced workers; and higher levels generally are for supervisory or managerial positions. This analysis excludes work levels for which fewer than 30 establishments reported rate ranges. Thus, the study is limited to 89 of the 101 work levels covered in the 1983 patc survey. C le r ic a l P a y , M a rc h 4This proportion o f workers reflects, in part, the greater frequency of formal rate ranges in larger employing units; roughly two-thirds of the surveyed establishments had such pay plans. '' S a l a r y S t r u c t u r e , pp. 4 - 5 , comments on the tendency for rate range widths to widen at higher levels of company work, noting that the widening “ was usually justified on the basis that greater intragrade developmental possibilities existed at the higher grades than at the lower grades. ’ ’ Another avenue for increasing compensation at the upper levels is through bo nuses— a factor usually not considered in establishing rate ranges, ac cording to the same study. xThe percentage of establishments in which all salaries were within rate 5 In the 1968-70 period— the latest for which data are available— about ranges varied by occupational work levels, ranging from 60 to 94 percent one-third o f the plant workers in metropolitan areas were paid under single among the 89 levels studied. 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Research Summaries no a i a Working mothers reach record number in 1984 How ard H ayghe Working mothers have become a familiar feature of today’s economy. A record 19.5 million, or 6 out of 10 with children under 18 years old, were in the labor force in March 1984. In contrast, 14 years earlier, 6 out of 10 stayed at home. Moreover, according to data from the Current Population Survey1, the majority of employed mothers work full time. (See table 1 on page 32.) Labor force. Since 1970. the rise in mothers’ labor force participation rates has been phenomenal—about 20 per centage points. The increase was about the same for mothers of preschoolers as it was for mothers of school age children. Most of the gain was among married mothers, whose par ticipation rate rose from 40 percent in 1970 to 59 percent in 1984. The rates for other mothers also advanced, but at a much slower pace. Among divorced women, for example, 79 percent of the mothers were working or looking for work in March 1984, compared with 76 percent in 1970. One important aspect of this increase is the degree to which mothers today do not leave the job market after child birth. This is clearly demonstrated in the following com parison of married mothers’ labor force participation rates: A g e o f y o u n g e s t c h ild 1 y ear and u n d er .............................. M a rch 1970 M a rch 1984 2 4 .0 4 6 .8 2 y e a rs .................................................... 3 0 .5 5 3 .5 3 y ears 4 y e a rs .................................................... .................................................... 3 4 .5 3 9 .4 5 7 .6 5 y ears .................................................... 3 6 .9 5 7 .0 5 9 .2 Nearly half of the mothers with a child2 age 1 or younger were in the labor force in 1984. By the time the youngest is 3 years old, married mothers’ participation rates approach 60 percent, and nursery school attendance or day care in some form becomes increasingly necessary. The relatively high current participation rates of married mothers, especially those with infants, attest, in part, to the turnaround in society’s attitudes regarding the employment Howard Hayghe is an economist in the Office of Employment and Un employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beverly L. Johnson, a social science research analyst in the same office, assisted in the preparation o f this report. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o a û of such mothers. The rates also reflect the fact that married women often delay having children until they have estab lished themselves in the labor market. Most employed mothers—71 percent in March 1984— work full time (35 hours a week or more). Even when the youngest child is under 3, about 65 percent of employed mothers are full-time workers. Divorced mothers are the most likely to work full time, partly because relatively few have preschoolers. Moreover, whether they work full or part time, the majority of working mothers have jobs Tab le 2. N um ber of children under age 18 in fam ilies, by age, type of fam ily, and em ploym ent status of parents, M arch 1984 [In thousands] Age 6 to 17 Total Age 14 to 17 Age 6 to 13 Under age 6 58,096 32,701 24,169 38,738 23,361 14,518 13,610 8,615 4.604 25,128 14,746 9,914 19,358 9,340 9,650 In married-couple fa m ilie s ................ 45,991 Mother in labor fo rc e ...................... 25,786 20,205 30,027 17,969 12.058 10,304 6,506 3,798 19,724 11,463 8,260 15,964 7,817 8,147 Father in labor force......................... 42,981 Mother in labor f o r c e ................ 24,525 Mother not in labor force........... 18,456 27,982 17,053 10,929 9,457 6,098 3,359 18,525 10,956 7,569 14,999 7,471 7,527 Father e m p lo y e d ........................ 40,375 Mother in labor force.............. 23,034 Mother not in labor force . . . 17.341 26,429 16,100 10,329 9,019 5,830 3,189 17,410 10,270 7,140 13,946 6,934 7,013 Father unemployed...................... Mother in labor force.............. Mother not in labor force . . . 2,606 1,491 1,115 1,553 953 600 438 268 170 1,115 686 430 1,052 538 515 Father not in labor fo rc e ................ Mother in labor f o r c e ................ Mother not in labor force........... 2,062 802 1,260 1,562 626 936 747 336 411 815 290 525 500 176 324 Father in Armed Forces................... Mother in labor f o r c e ................ Mother not in labor force........... 948 460 489 484 290 194 100 73 27 384 217 167 465 170 295 In families maintained by women1 . . 10,878 Mother in labor fo rc e ...................... 6,914 5,803 Em ployed...................................... U nem ployed................................. 1.112 Mother not in labor f o r c e .............. 3,964 7,851 5,391 4,610 781 2,460 2,915 2,109 1,866 243 806 4,936 3,282 2,744 539 1,654 3,027 1,523 1,193 330 1,504 1,226 1,036 942 94 160 30 859 741 694 47 103 14 391 346 325 21 43 2 468 395 369 26 60 13 367 295 248 47 57 15 C haracteristic Total under age 18 T o ta l...................................... Mother in labor force........................... Mother not in labor fo rc e ................... In families maintained by men1 ........ Father in labor force......................... Em ployed...................................... U nem ployed................................. Father not in labor fo rc e ................ Father in Armed Forces................... 'Includes only families where the householder is a divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married person. Note: Children are defined as “ ow n'’ children of the family. Included are nevermarried daughters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Research Summaries throughout most of the year. For instance, 2 of 3 employed married mothers worked 40 weeks or more in 1983, mostly at year-round, full-time jobs. parent. Overall, approximately 1 child in 7 lived in a home where there was no employed parent, and income was con sequently low (a median of $6,782 in 1983). Children. About 56 percent of the Nation’s 58 million children under age 18 had mothers in the labor force in March 1984. In 1970, the proportion was 39 percent. The vast majority of these children were under 14 years— age groups for which all-day care, after-school care, or a com bination of both is likely to be needed over the year. (See table 2 on page 31.) Parents’ employment status clearly has a major impact on children’s welfare. In 1984, almost half the children in two-parent familes had both an employed father and mother, and nearly all of the remainder were in homes with an employed father. Only about 2.8 million, or 6 percent, were in families where neither parent was employed. As might be expected, children in single-parent families—especially those in families maintained by women—were much less likely to have a working parent in the home. About 2 of 10 children in families maintained by men and nearly 5 of 10 in families maintained by women did not have an employed Single-parent families. A record 6.2 million families3 with children were maintained by the mother alone (widowed, divorced, separated, or never married), and they accounted for one-fifth of all families with children. In 1970, there were fewer than half as many such families, and they con stituted only one-tenth of the families with children. Families maintained by the mother alone are less likely than two-parent families to contain a wage earner. Largely for this reason, almost half the families maintained by a mother in 1983 had incomes below the official poverty lev els4 compared with 10 percent of two-parent families. Whatever the number of children, the proportion of twoparent families with earners substantially exceeded 90 per cent, while the ratio for families maintained by women varied from a high of 78 percent where there was only one child to 43 percent where there were four children or more. Childcare responsibilities are undoubtedly a prime reason for the differences in the percent of families maintained by Tab le 1. E m ploym ent of w om en by m arital status and presence and age of children, M arch 1984 [Numbers in thousands] Em ployed U nem ployed C ivilian noninstitutional population C ivilian labor force Percent of population N um b er Percent Full tim e 1 Part tim e 1 N um b er Percent of labor force T o ta l............................................................................................. No children under age 1 8 ....................................................................... With children under age 1 8 ....................................................................... Children age 6 to 17, none younger.................................................... Children under age 6 ............................................................................ Children under age 3 .......................................................................... 92,485 60,200 32,285 16,884 15,401 9,248 49,210 29,666 19,544 11,514 8,030 4,407 53.2 49.3 60.5 68.2 52.1 47.7 45,414 27,694 17,770 10,718 7,052 3,843 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.0 72.8 70.7 73.0 67.2 65.2 28.0 27.2 29.3 27.0 32.8 34.8 3,796 2,022 1.774 795 979 564 7.7 6.8 9.1 6.9 12.2 12.8 Never m arried............................................................................................... No children under age 18....................................................................... With children under age 1 8 ............................................................ Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r.............................................. Children under age 6 .......................................................................... Children under age 3 .................................................................... 19,820 17,729 2,091 557 1,534 1,018 12,552 11,489 1,063 391 672 409 63.3 64.8 50.8 70.2 43.8 40.1 11,187 10,427 760 308 452 267 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.6 66.2 72.8 75.3 70.8 65.5 33.4 33.8 27.2 24.7 29.2 34.1 1,365 1,062 303 83 220 142 10.9 9.2 28.5 21.3 32.7 34.8 Married, husband p rese nt.................................................................... No children under age 1 8 ....................................................................... With children under age 1 8 ................................................................. Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r.............................................. Children under age 6 ......................................................... Children under age 3 .................................................................... 50,856 26,159 24,697 12,690 12,007 7,425 26,861 12,331 14,530 8,304 6,225 3,586 52.8 47.1 58.8 65.4 51.8 48.3 25,323 11,762 13,562 7,890 5,672 3,250 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 71.1 75.2 67.4 69.3 64.7 63.8 28.9 24.7 32.6 30.7 35.3 36.2 1,537 569 968 415 553 336 5.7 4.6 6.7 5.0 8.9 9.4 Married, husband absent............................................................................ No children under age 18....................................................... With children under age 1 8 .................................................... Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r.............................................. Children under age 6 .......................................................................... Children under age 3 .................................................................... 3,313 1,551 1,762 933 829 441 2,023 919 1,103 655 448 214 61.1 59.3 62.6 70.2 54.0 48.5 1,743 837 906 569 337 158 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.7 84.6 76.9 79.6 72.7 73.4 19.3 15.3 23.1 20.6 27.3 26.6 280 83 197 86 111 56 13.8 9.0 17.9 13.1 24.9 26.3 W idow ed.................................................................................................. No children under age 18.................................................................... With children under age 1 8 ................................................................. Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r.............................................. Children under age 6 ....................................................................... Children under age 3 .................................................................... 11,079 10,518 561 471 90 30 2,260 1,929 331 285 46 12 2,120 1,821 299 255 44 11 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 H 140 108 32 30 3 1 7,418 4,244 3,174 2,233 941 334 5,514 2,997 2,517 1,878 639 185 5,041 2,797 2,244 1,696 548 157 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 66.6 67.2 69.8 (2) (2) 87.6 87.7 87.5 87.7 87.0 85.4 33.3 33.5 32.4 30.2 (2) D ivo rce d ................................................................................................ No children under age 18.................................................... With children under age 1 8 ................................................................. Children age 6 to 17, none y o u n g e r.............................................. Children under age 6 .......................................................................... Children under age 3 .................................................................... 20.4 18.3 59.0 60.4 51.4 (2) 74.3 70.6 79.3 84.1 67.9 55.5 12.4 12.3 12.5 12.3 13.0 14.6 473 200 274 182 91 28 6.2 5.6 9.8 10.4 (2) (2) 8.6 6.7 10.9 9.7 14.3 15.0 Characteristic T u ll time is defined as 35 hours or more a week; part time is less than 35 hours a 3ek2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Note: Children are defined as “ ow n'’ children of the family. Included are never-married daughters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children suc^ as 9 rahdchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. Tab le 3. N um ber of fam ilies by num ber and relationship of earners in 1983, fam ily typ e and presen ce and n u m ber o f c h il dren u nder age 18, M arch 1984 [In thousands] Characteristic Total Total fam ilies...................................................................................................................................... No earners...................................................................................................................................... One earner...................................................................................................................................... Two or more ea rne rs................................................................................................................... 62,501 9,602 19,448 33,450 Married-couple fam ilies................................................................................................................ No ea rne rs................................................................................................................................. One e a rn e r................................................................................................................................. Husband ................................................................................................................................. W ife......................................................................................................................................... Other family m em ber.......................................................................................................... Two or more e a rn e rs ............................................................................................................. Husband and w ife ................................................................................................................ Husband and other(s) not w ife.......................................................................................... Husband is a nonearner..................................................................................................... W ith no children under age 18 W ith child ren under age 18 Total 1 child 2 child ren 3 child ren 4 or m ore 31,075 7,191 8,176 15,707 31,426 2,411 11,272 17,743 13,126 885 4,145 7,853 11,860 821 4,357 6,681 4,480 388 1,748 2,344 1,960 317 777 865 50,143 6,578 13,680 11,094 1,943 643 29,884 26,128 2,982 774 25,785 6,045 6.446 4,434 1,462 550 13,294 11,184 1,554 555 24,358 533 7,234 6,660 481 93 16,590 14,944 1,428 219 9,553 169 2,205 1,961 199 44 7,180 6,334 721 124 9,564 190 3,011 2,815 178 18 6,362 5,892 410 59 3,680 79 1,369 1,281 75 14 2,232 2,031 182 19 1,561 95 648 603 28 17 817 688 114 16 Families maintained by women1 ................................................................................................ No ea rne rs................................................................................................................................. One e a rn e r................................................................................................................................. Two or more e a rn e rs ............................................................................................................. 10,265 2,749 4,788 2,728 4,029 965 1,330 1,734 6,236 1,784 3,458 994 3,033 660 1,809 565 2,073 609 1,186 278 752 300 343 109 377 216 120 42 Families maintained by men1 ..................................................................................................... No ea rne rs................................................................................................................................. One e a rn e r................................................................................................................................. Two or more e a rn e rs ............................................................................................................. 2,093 275 980 838 1,261 181 400 679 832 94 580 159 539 56 375 108 224 22 160 41 48 9 36 3 21 6 9 6 11ncludes only families where the householder is a divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married person. mothers that had an earner. Even in two-parent families, the proportion where the wife was an earner ranged from nearly 70 percent in which there was only one child, to below half where there were four children or more. (See table 3.) Minorities. A higher percentage of black than white or Hispanic mothers were in the labor force in March 1984. (See table 4.) However, when labor force participation is examined by marital status, a different picture emerges. While black married mothers are much more likely to be in the labor force than their white counterparts, the opposite is true among divorced or separated mothers. Age, educa tion, and the number of children are important factors un derlying these differences. On average, black mothers without husbands are younger, have completed fewer years of ed ucation, and have more children than their white counter parts and, thus, are likely to have a harder time finding and holding jobs5. The labor force participation rates of Hispanic mothers, regardless of their marital status, are lower than those of white of black women. Part of this difference undoubtedly lies in Hispanics’ cultural heritage,6 and part may stem from the fact that Hispanics, on average, have completed fewer years of school than whites or blacks.7 Black and Hispanic children are more likely than white children to be living in one-parent households and, conse quently, are more likely to be living in poverty. More than 60 percent of the black and Hispanic one-parent families had incomes below the poverty threshold, as did 36 percent of similar white families. In contrast, the poverty rate was https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Note: Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are never-married daughters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as granchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. T a b le 4 . L a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e s o f m o t h e r s a n d n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n in f a m i l i e s , s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b y r a c e a n d H is p a n ic o r ig in , M a r c h 1 9 8 4 Characteristic White Black Hispanic origin Participation rates of mothers Total with children under age 1 8 ...................... Age 6 to 17, none younger........................... Under age 6 ................................................. Under age 3 ............................................ 60.2 67.9 51.3 47.0 63.3 70.3 56.8 52.1 48.7 58.3 41.0 36.0 Married, spouse present................................... D ivo rce d ............................................................... Separated............................................................... W idow ed............................................................... Never-married....................................................... 57.9 80.5 63.8 59.6 53.5 70.3 75.2 61.3 59.3 49.4 49.1 63.4 42.9 (1) 35.7 Children in fam ilies (in thousands) Total under age 18.............................................. Mother in labor f o r c e ................................... Mother not in labor fo rc e .............................. 48,473 27,047 20,463 7,743 4,675 2,840 5,235 2,343 2,802 In married-couple fam ilies................................. Mother in labor f o r c e ................................... Mother not in labor fo rc e .............................. 40,641 22.403 18,238 3,775 2,547 1,228 3,934 1,826 2,108 In families maintained by women2 ................... Mother in labor f o r c e ................................... Mother not in labor fo rc e .............................. 6,869 4,644 2,225 3,740 2,127 1,613 1,211 517 694 In families maintained by men2........................ Father in labor force3 ................................... Father not in labor f o r c e .............................. 962 871 91 228 170 58 90 68 22 1Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. fa m ilie s where parent is never-married, widowed, divorced, or separated. includ es children living with fathers on or off a military post. Note: Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are nevermarried sons, daughters, stepchildren and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. 20 percent for black and Hispanic two-parent families and 9 percent for whites. Q 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Research Summaries ---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------'The Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census, is a monthly sample survey o f some 60,000 housholds in the United States. Information obtained from this survey relates to the employment status of persons 16 years and over in the noninstitutional population. In the survey conducted each March, supplemental information is obtained on the earnings, income, and work experience o f persons in the prior year. These data, along with information on employment status are tabulated annually in conjunction with infor mation on marital and family status. Because it is a sample survey, estimates derived from the CPS may differ from the actual counts that could be obtained from a complete census. Therefore, small estimates or small differences between estimates should be interpreted with caution. For a more detailed explanation, see the Ex planatory Note in F a m i l i e s a t W o r k : T h e J o b s a n d th e P a y , Bulletin 2209 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1984), pp. 3 0 -3 4 . 2Children are defined as "ow n” children of the family. Included are never-married daughters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Ex cluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. 3 A family consists o f two persons or more who are related by blood or marriage and living in the same household. Relationship o f family members is determined by their relationship to the reference person or householder, that is, the person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. 4 For more information on poverty thresholds for 1983, see M o n e y In c o m e a n d P o v e r t y S ta tu s o f F a m i l i e s a n d P e r s o n s in th e U n i t e d S t a t e s : 1983, Series P -6 0 , No. 145 (Bureau of the Census, 1984), p. 31. 5See Beverly L. Johnson and Elizabeth Waldman, “ Most women who maintain families receive poor labor market returns,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1983, pp. 3 0 -3 4 . 6See Morris J. Newman, “ A profile of Hispanics in the U.S. work force,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1978, pp. 3 and 5. 7 See E d u c a t i o n a l A t t a i n m e n t o f W o r k e r s , M a r c h 2191 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1984), pp. 1 and 2. 1 9 8 2 -8 3 , Bulletin Unemployment insurance: identifying payment errors Pa u l L. B and ur g ess, Robert D. Je r r y L . K in g s t o n , S t . L o u is A system for detecting payment errors in the unemployment insurance program was recently developed by the U.S. De partment of Labor. This system has made it possible to identify the level of both fraud and nonfraud overpayments, as well as underpayments, in the program. Prior to the introduction of this detection system, it was not possible to determine the extent and nature of payment errors. Currently, the detection system— known as the random audit system— is operating in 46 unemployment insurance jurisdictions.1 The remaining jurisdictions will be included in this program or its successor (the ui quality control pro- Paul L. Burgess and Jerry L. Kingston are professors of economics, and Robert D. St. Louis is an associate professor of decision and information systems, Arizona State University. This paper summarizes some of the major findings o f a study conducted by the authors under a contract with the Unemployment Insurance Service, Employment and Training Admin istration, U .S. Department of Labor. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent the official position or policy of the U .S. Department o f Labor. 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis gram) during fiscal year 1985. At that time, the audit system will provide a basis for: (1) estimating the extent of payment errors in the nationwide unemployment insurance program; (2) indentifying the primary sources of the payment errors; (3) implementing corrective action, where appropriate; and (4) evaluating the effects of such corrective actions (or other programmatic changes) on unemployment insurance pay ment accuracy. This summary discusses the design and methodology of the random audit system and presents find ings from the pilot tests conducted in five States— Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, New Jersey, and Washington— over a 1-year period ending in March 1982.2 Because of the large volume of weekly payments made in the unemployment insurance system, it would be pro hibitively expensive (undercurrent law and policy)3 to verify each claimant’s eligibility to receive benefits. Thus, the random audit system relies on a small sample of payments made in each unemployment insurance jurisdiction as the basis for estimating the extent and nature of payment errors. The payments selected for investigation are taken from a specially constructed computer file of weekly statewide un employment insurance payments in each participating ju risdiction. Each week, a probability sample of cases is selected from the file, and the results of verifying benefit eligibility for those cases are used to estimate statewide payment er rors;4 quarterly estimates are developed for each unem ployment insurance jurisdiction.5 After a sample has been selected for review, a detailed and consistent procedure is followed. When cases are se lected for investigation, it is assumed that claimants have been properly paid, and this opinion is changed only if documented evidence to the contrary is presented. Verification of benefit eligibility includes the following procedures:6 (1) files related to the case are obtained and reviewed; (2) the base period wages upon which the claim ant established his or her claim for benefits are verified (with employers if possible);7 (3) a personal interview with the claimant is conducted to verify relevant facts regarding the individual’s claim for benefits; (4) the claimant’s reasons for separation from previous employers are verified to de termine if any disqualifying circumstances were involved; (5) attempts are made to verify if the claimant was able and available for work during the sampled week; (6) if appli cable, employers listed by the claimant as work search con tacts during the sampled week are contacted for verification as to whether the claimant actually applied for work; (7) as appropriate, attempts are made to determine if the claimant refused any offers of “ suitable” work that would disqualify the individual from receiving benefits; (8) attempts are made to determine if the claimant accurately reported any earnings or work perform ed during the sam pled week; and (9) depending on the circumstances of the case, other in dividuals may be contacted to verify any other determinants that could affect the claimant’s eligibility for benefits during the sampled week. On the basis of information acquired during the verifi cation process, the field investigator makes a judgment as to whether the claimant met eligibility requirements for the benefits received. If an overpayment is suspected, careful review procedures are followed. First, the investigator in terviews the claimant a second time in order to provide the claimant an opportunity for rebuttal of evidence acquired during the investigation. Second, a review is requested from the manager of the local unemployment insurance office in which the claim for benefits was filed. Third, the case file is reviewed by the State random audit system supervisor and, in some cases, by a Federal review team (representing the national office of the unemployment insurance service). If the State determines that the payment was in error and the claimant files for an appeal, a representative of the State random audit unit is available to present relevant evidence affecting the case. In the event of a reversal of the over payment determination, the results recorded for the case are modified to reflect this final status of the sampled payment. Verifications of benefit eligibility are conducted by un employment insurance personnel from each participating jurisdiction to ensure that each sampled case is reviewed in accordance with the respective State’s law and policy. Each full-time unemployment insurance investigator assigned to the random audit program normally receives no more than three cases on a weekly basis. In contrast, a full-time State unemployment insurance claims examiner assigned to a lo cal office typically would process at least 50 times as many cases in a week. Limitations of the random audit system Several limitations of the random audit system and its data should be noted. For example, the random audit system tends to produce “ low-side” estimates of the payment errors that characterize State unemployment insurance programs. This tendency appears to result from the following: First, unemployment insurance benefits are paid with at least a 1week lag, so that “ ex post facto” efforts are required to determine if benefits have been paid in accordance with the State’s employment security law and policies; the longer these investigations are delayed, the more difficult it is for claimants and others to accurately recall relevant facts, mak ing it more difficult to document payment errors. Second, the provisions of each State’s employment security laws and policies limit the extent to which a claimant’s activities may be investigated to determine if a payment error occurred. Third, because of the very long time lags usually involved in detecting instances of unreported earnings in unemploy ment insurance-covered employment through a “ postau dit,” this procedure is not utilized as part of the standard random audit investigation, resulting in some understate ment of overpayments that actually occur.8 Fourth, unre ported earnings in the “ cash economy” are extremely difficult to detect, even if “ postaudit” procedures are utilized. Fifth, sampled payments are considered correct unless documented https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis evidence to the contrary is made available; given the com plexities of the employment security laws and policies that specify the eligibility criteria— especially those related to the “ availability for work” and “ active-search-for-work” requirements— it is likely that overpayment errors are some what understated simply because unrefutable documentation could not be obtained. The nature of the payment errors that cannot be detected by the random audit system is such that many would be established as fraud overpayments if they were detected; hence, the estimates provided by the random audit system of fraud overpayments are very likely to be more understated than is the case for all overpayments.9 The principal findings of the random audit system pilot tests are summarized below. These results are indicative of the types of information currently being produced on a quart erly basis in the 46 unemployment insurance jurisdictions in which the random audit system is currently operating, but it should be noted that a variety of other data elements also are collected in this system.10 Table 1 shows the estimated percentages” of weeks paid statewide with either an overpayment or an underpayment of any amount. The total percentage of weeks paid with such errors ranged from 12.2 percent in Louisiana to 52.1 percent in New Jersey; the findings also indicate that ov erpayment errors tended to be much more common than underpayment errors in the five pilot test States.12 Under payments, as a proportion of all dollars paid, were estimated to be 1 percent or less in each State, indicating the insig nificance of underpayments. In sharp contrast, the rates of unemployment insurance overpayments in the five States ranged from 7.3 percent in Louisiana to 24.3 percent in New Jersey; overall, double digit overpayment rates were estimated for 3 of the 5 States.13 A comparison of the percentage of dollars overpaid with the percentage of weeks overpaid indicates that payment errors of small dollar amounts were relatively frequent in these States. In Washington, for example, 20 percent of the weeks paid but only 9.3 percent of the dollars paid were estimated to be overpaid. Similarly, in New Jersey, 38.2 percent of the weeks paid but only 24.3 percent of the dollars paid were estimated to be overpaid. The principal cause of these relatively frequent overpayments involving small dol lar amounts was errors in the reporting or recording of base period earnings.14 Tab le 1. P aym ent errors in five random -audit pilot test S tates, A pril 1981-M a r c h 1982 Paym ent erro r category Percentage of weeks with payment e r r o r ........................... Underpayments ................... O verpaym ents...................... Percentage of dollars paid in error: Underpayments ................... Overpayments ...................... Fradulent payments ........... Illin o is Kansas Louisiana New Jersey W ashington 19.1 3.1 16.0 15.0 0.9 14.1 12.2 1.7 10.5 52.1 13.9 38.2 31.7 11.7 20.0 0.8 11.9 1.2 0.1 12.9 0.2 0.1 7.3 2.7 1.0 24.3 1.9 1.0 9.3 2.1 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Research Summaries Because of the historical interest in and concern about fraud in the unemployment insurance program, a separate measure of fraudulent payments is provided by the random audit system; estimates for the five pilot test States indicate that officially established” fraudulent payments consti tuted only a small portion of the total dollars paid in each State; fraud rates ranged from 0.2 percent in Kansas to 2.7 percent in Louisiana. As noted earlier, however, the absence of postaudits to detect unreported earnings in covered em ployment and the difficulty of detecting unreported earnings in the ‘‘cash economy” tend to understate the “ true” mag nitude of the fraud problem in the unemployment insurance program.15 The random audit system also produces information on both the “ types” and “ causes” of payment errors in the unemployment insurance program. Types of payment errors are classified on the basis of whether the error was the “ responsibility” of the unemployment insurance claimant, covered employers, the State unemployment insurance agency, or a combination of the three. Causes of payment errors are classified on the basis of which aspects of em ployment security law or policy were violated, including: errors in the reporting or recording of earnings during the sampled week for which the payment was made; errors in the reporting or recording of base period earnings; violations of “ continuing” eligiblility criteria (refusals of suitable work, nonavailability for work, inactive job search); disqualifying reasons for separation from previous employers; and other factors. In the current system, statistical information is pro vided for specific causes of unemployment insurance pay ment errors only if such causes account for at least 1 percent of quarterly unemployment insurance payments. is a major step forward in controlling payment errors in the unemployment insurance program. This is an essential program because it provides statistically reliable estimates of payment error rates for entire unemployment insurance jurisdictions. This permits not only identification of payment errors, but also the means through which the fundamental problems can be diagnosed and solved. Furthermore, the capability of the system to provide timely evidence on such payment errors facilitates evaluation of the effects of the various types of corrective actions that may be undertaken in individual unemployment insurance jurisdictions. The compilation of this systemwide data base should prove to be a valuable research tool. □ T he n a t io n a l r a n d o m a u d it o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m f o r D e t e c t i n g U n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e P a y m e n t E r r o r s T h ro u g h R a n d o m A u d its : T h e R e s u lts o f F iv e S ta te w id e P ilo t T e sts (U .S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Unemployment Insurance Service, 1982). 3 Each State provides for its own complete, self-contained unemployment insurance program, administered by State employees. The States are re sponsible for all substantive matters: qualifying requirements; benefit lev els; disqualification provisions; eligibility conditions; and tax structure. The Federal Government’s responsibilities include maintaining nationwide standards for State program performance. Although the States are respon sible for the administration of their programs, the responsibility for the design and nature of that administration is shared because financing of unemployment insurance administrative costs comes from Federal funds. 4Only payments that meet certain criteria are included in the populations sampled each week. The major criterion is that the payments must be for “ regular” unemployment insurance program claims made to intrastate claimants. For additional detail on the criteria utilized to define the pop ulation of payments sampled each week, see Burgess, Kingston, and St. Louis, T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , pp. 5 -6 . 5 The decision to obtain accurate estimates on a quarterly basis was made so as to provide data on a relatively frequent basis and in a cost-effective manner. Obviously, information could have been provided on a more frequent basis (for example, weekly or monthly), but this would have greatly increased the cost of the random audit system. 6 For additional information on the investigative methodology utilized in the random audit system, see Burgess, Kingston, and St. Louis, T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , pp. 13-20. 7The base period is the time period (normally a 12-month period prior to the filing of an “ initial claim ” ) utilized to determine whether a claimant is “ monetarily” eligible for benefits and, if so, the amount of the claimant’s weekly benefit payment. xPostaudits are conducted routinely in many “ wage-reporting” States. In such States, computer files of wages reported by covered employers for a given quarter are matched against unemployment insurance files of ben efits paid during the same quarter to identify those claimants who may have received both unemployment insurance benefits and wages in 1 or more weeks. Given the usual lag of at least 1 and up to 2 quarters before unemployment insurance agencies can conduct a postaudit, the use of this procedure would delay by at least 3 months the time when error rates could be estimated. Such a delay was considered unacceptable, at least during the formative stages of the random audit system. 9 For additional limitations of the random audit system and its empirical results, see Burgess, Kingston, and St. Louis, T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , pp. 2 7 -3 9 . 10For a complete listing of the data elements included in the random audit data base, see T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , appendix B. 11 These estimates are based on weekly samples of unemployment in surance payments made in each State for 1 year. Statistical tests were conducted to determine if the weekly samples selected were representative o f their respective populations with regard to the following known pop ulation characteristics: sex, age, ethnic group, and amount of the weekly unemployment insurance payment. Because these tests indicated that the samples selected were representative of their respective populations with regard to the known characteristics analyzed, it is likely that the samples also are representative with respect to the frequency and size of unem ployment insurance payment errors in the populations from which the samples were drawn. For additional details, see T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , p. 41. 'There are 53 unemployment insurance "jurisdictions" which include all 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Although it is more accurate to speak of unemployment insurance juris dictions rather than “ State” unemployment insurance programs, the terms are used interchangeably throughout this article. 12 Because the design of the study is based on p a y m e n t s m a d e rather than c l a i m s f o r unemployment insurance benefits, this finding was not unexpected. Presumably, some underpayments occur because claimants are denied payment of any benefits: such cases would be excluded from the populations analyzed in this study. Overpayments are also more likely to be found than underpayments because issues related to the nature of the claimant’s separation from previous employers, availability for work, and active job search are more likely to result in overpayments than under payments, once a payment actually has been made. 2For the full report from which this summary was taken, see Paul L. Burgess, Jerry L. Kingston, and Robert D. St. Louis, T h e D e v e l o p m e n t 13 Although a number of different measures of these dollar rates are utilized in the random audit system, the results reported in table 1 reflect ---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------- 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis only those overpayments for which “ official” actions were taken by the State unemployment insurance agency in response to the random audit investigations; hence, those cases reported as overpaid in table 1 were “ sanctioned” by the State unemployment insurance agency through official actions that were taken. Also included in the random audit system is a measure which includes cases with errors that the State unemployment insurance agencies were either unwilling or unable to “ sanction” through official actions plus all of the cases in which such actions were taken. For additional details on the other measures of payment errors, see T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , pp. 2 1 -2 5 . 14Additional analysis, not reported here, reveals that such reporting errors were quite common. For example, more than 25 percent of the cases analyzed in the pilot test period involved some error in the reporting or recording o f base period wages in 3 of the 5• pilot test States, and more than 70 percent o f the cases sampled in one of the States involved such errors. See T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n O p e r a t i o n a l S y s t e m , p. 50. 15 It also should be emphasized that direct comparisons among the States are difficult to interpret, especially for fraud overpayments, because im portant differences in law and policy exist among these five States as to what conditions constitute the basis for establishing a fraud overpayment. Identical claimant behavior could lead to the establishment of a fraud overpayment in one State, but the establishment of a nonfraud overpayment in another State. Small firms’ employment growth twice that of large firms in 1983 Small businesses played a significant role in the 1983 re covery, according to the Small Business Administration’s 1984 report of the President. In six major industries for which small- and large-dominated industries can be iden tified, small business employment growth of 2.6 percent was more than twice that of large business growth of 1.2 percent. Small firms accounted for 6 percent of the growth in construction, 2 percent in retail trade, 6 percent in finance, insurance, and real estate, and 4 percent in services. Trans portation, communication, and public utilities employment declined about . 1 percent, and employment was unchanged in wholesale trade. In contrast, employment in large busi ness-dominated industries declined in all but the finance, insurance, and real estate (up 1.5 percent) and services (up 4 percent) industries. According to the report, “ Small businesses furnish 2 of 3 workers with their first jobs. Many of these first-time positions are in the service sector, the traditional doorway to the job market for the young, minority, and unskilled jobseeker.” Over the 1980-82 period, firms with fewer than 100 employees accounted for 43 percent of the net increase in jobs. Creation of new small businesses alone added 2 million jobs. The service industry continued as the fastest growing. Employment increased 10 to 12 percent a year in small firms providing business, education, and legal services. Other rapidly growing industries included metal and anthracite mining, oil and gas extraction, real estate, social services, and security, commodity brokers, and services. Job gen eration slowed among small business industries in construc tion and wholesale and retail trade. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In addition to discussing the state of small business in 1983 and over the 1980-82 period, the 475-page report contains information on the changing industrial and size composition of U.S. business, historical patterns of small business financing, worker characteristics and size of busi ness, export trade and small business, small business and procurement, women and minority owned businesses, de velopment of small business data bases, export programs of the Federal Government, and Federal procurement from small businesses. The State o f Small Business: A Report o f the President Transmitted to the Congress March 1984 can be purchased ($13) from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. □ Earnings in electric and gas utilities Occupational pay levels in the Nation’s privately operated electric and gas utility systems typically rose 45 to 55 per cent between February 1978 and October 1982, according to a recent industry wage survey conducted by the Bureau of Fabor Statistics.1 By comparison, wages and salaries of all private industry workers covered by the Bureau’s Em ployment Cost Index rose 45 percent, and those of all trans portation and public utility workers rose 50 percent, between the first quarter of 1978 and the fourth quarter of 1982. Slightly more than 100 physical, office clerical, and professional and technical occupations were selected to rep resent the utility systems’ wage structure in the October 1982 survey. Average hourly earnings among the physical occupations studied ranged from $7.51 an hour for janitors to 16.27 for watch engineers, but typically fell between $10 and $13. (See table 1.) Journeymen line workers, numeri cally the most important physical occupation studied (23,938 workers), averaged $12.72 an hour. This compared with $9.17 an hour for meter readers and $10.82 for gas appliance service technicians, two other major groups. The physical jobs studied accounted for nearly one-half of the 361,000 nonsupervisory physical workers within scope of the survey. Averages for the office clerical jobs studied ranged from $5.69 an hour for messengers to $9.35 for secretaries, with rates of $7 to $9 being the norm. Secretaries, numbering nearly 10,000, were by far the largest clerical group studied. Hourly pay levels for professional and technical occu pations ranged from $8.68 for computer data librarians to $14.53 for computer systems analysts. Drafters, the most numerous group, averaged $10.48 an hour. Occupational averages varied by region and by type of utility system. In general, averages were highest in the Pa cific region and in combination electric and gas systems,2 and lowest in the Southeast and in gas distribution systems. Table 1 illustrates the regional variations, with the largest 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Research Summaries T able 1. A verage straight-tim e hourly e a rn in g s 1 and num ber of w orkers in selected o c c u p a tio n s ,2 electric and gas utility system s, U nited S tates and regions,3 O ctober 1982 U nited States Occupation N um ber of w orkers Average hourly earnings New England N um ber of w orkers Average hourly earn ings — — M id d le A tlantic N um b er of w orkers Average hourly earnings Border States N um b er of w orkers Average hourly earnings Southeast N um ber of w orkers Average hourly earnings Physical occupations: Auxiliary-equipment operators (electric) .............. Control-room operators, conventional (e le c tric )......................................... Control-room operator assistants, conventional (electric) ............................................................... Electricians, maintenance ...................................... Gas-main fitters ....................................................... Janitors, porters, and clea ners.............................. 4,615 13.24 227 $12.67 476 13.89 294 2,626 7,020 7,306 4,026 11.89 12.70 10.82 7.51 42 530 264 150 12.02 11.30 10.55 8.15 228 867 2,191 739 12.98 12.74 11.30 7.76 242 440 412 528 Line workers, journeym e n...................................... Mechanics, m aintenance......................................... Meter re a d e rs ............................................................ Pipeline repairers (g a s )............................................ Service technicians, gas appliances...................... Watch engineers (e le c tric )...................................... Welders (g a s )............................................................ 23,938 7,531 18,649 5,243 10,218 2,681 1,676 12.72 12.56 9.17 10.12 10.82 16.27 11.98 1,691 333 1,049 11.60 11.50 8.92 3,953 719 3,901 13.21 12.76 9.56 1,586 594 1,523 671 137 22 11.03 16.49 11.69 2,561 420 253 11.35 17.37 12.72 6,449 481 9,979 3,359 8.43 5.69 9.35 7.96 316 29 616 71 8.15 5.87 9.19 7.65 986 80 1,289 782 119 1,513 2,980 2,989 3,822 8.68 9.70 11.73 14.53 10.48 __ 9.88 10.68 14.48 9.95 34 221 495 412 710 5,833 $10.51 — — 378 — $11.16 243 $10.45 743 $ 9.21 12.27 674 12.09 10.54 11.81 10.42 6,98 484 1,098 240 327 10.76 11.77 8.03 5.87 11.91 11.66 8.95 3,502 1,163 2,135 11.40 11.65 8.27 770 201 124 11.10 16.14 11.71 964 188 70 8.08 13.38 11.05 9.60 6.01 11.06 8.63 559 60 932 136 7.87 5.74 9.33 7.13 707 45 1,355 402 7.54 5.81 8.38 6.77 10.38 11.51 12.27 15.46 12.71 9 112 172 220 295 9.27 9.60 12.02 13.18 10.10 10 153 387 337 483 7.60 8.26 12.25 12.04 8.56 — _ Office clerical occupations: Accounting clerks .................................................... Messengers ............................................................... Secretaries.................................................................. Stenographers ......................................................... Professional and technical occupations: Computer data lib ra ria n s ......................................... Computer o p e ra to rs ................................................. Computer programmers ......................................... Computer systems a n a ly s ts ................................... D ra fte rs....................................................................... — 106 201 191 163 Southwest G reat Lakes M id d le W est M ountain Pacific Physical occupations: Auxiliary-equipment operators (electric) .............. Control-room operators, conventional (electric) Control-room operator assistants, conventional (electric) ............................................................... Electricians, maintenance ...................................... Gas-main fitters ...................................................... Janitors, porters, and clea ners.............................. 1,353 969 $10.01 12.41 1,483 864 $10.91 13.76 468 404 $11.24 13.76 382 1,057 586 462 10.92 12.44 6.64 5.92 737 1,616 2,409 1,125 12.63 13.42 11.41 8.48 260 587 495 290 12.33 12.78 10.95 8.45 Line workers, journeym e n...................................... Mechanics, m aintenance......................................... Meter re a d e rs............................................................ Pipeline repairers (g a s )............................................ Service technicians, gas appliances...................... Watch engineers (e le c tric )...................................... Welders (g a s )............................................................ 2,693 1,330 2,113 2,455 868 442 475 12.05 12.41 7.35 9.63 8.21 15.28 10.66 4,764 1,579 3,740 1,977 656 368 13.18 12.87 9.66 — 11.67 16.52 12.75 1,636 688 992 — 886 232 149 12.51 12.46 9.55 — 10.57 15.20 12.10 1,463 76 2,225 459 7.59 4.88 8.60 7.33 1,052 97 1,375 787 8.82 5.91 9.99 8.24 375 23 580 292 6.96 5.29 8.29 7.21 26 250 581 362 690 7.66 8.24 11.88 15.43 9.61 8 267 489 597 619 8.09 9.97 10.97 14.25 10.50 __ 106 191 122 295 8.54 11.14 14.36 10.27 — 431 253 $10.74 13.58 468 454 $12.00 15.33 __ 13.44 12.31 6.31 191 442 534 196 13.49 14.70 11.94 8.60 1,404 537 705 __ 167 150 62 13.25 12.82 8.91 2,709 14.58 2,491 10.28 11.69 16.88 13.34 __ 255 153 18.26 13.07 337 40 673 100 7.78 4.71 8.36 7.31 654 31 934 330 10.62 7.35 10.72 9.29 10 124 206 320 277 8.41 10.13 11.61 15.16 9.90 13 174 258 428 290 7.28 10.72 12.17 15.52 11.70 _ 383 175 209 _ Office clerical occupations: Accounting clerks .................................................... Messengers ............................................................... Secretaries.................................................................. Stenographers ......................................................... Professional and technical occupations: Computer data lib ra ria n s ......................................... Computer o p e ra to rs................................................. Computer programmers ......................................... Computer systems a n a ly s ts ................................... D ra fte rs....................................................................... 1Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2The comprehensive report on the study includes data for additional occupations. 3The regions used in this study include: N e w E ng la nd — Connecticut, Maine, Massa chusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; M id d le A tla n tic — New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; B o rd e r S ta te s— Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Mary land, Virginia, and West Virginia; S o u th e a st— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; S o u th w e s t — Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, differences commonly associated with the lower paying oc cupations. For example, janitors in the Pacific States av eraged 47 percent more than their counterparts in the Southeast ($8.60 versus $5.87), compared with a 36-percent differ ential for watch engineers ($18.26 versus $13.38), and one 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ and Texas; G reat Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wiscon sin; M id d le W e st— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Da kota; M o u n ta in — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and P a c ific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in this study. Note: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data do not meet publication criteria. of only 18 percent for welders ($13.07 over $11.05). Virtually all workers were in utilities providing paid hol idays, paid vacations, and various health, insurance, and retirement benefits to physical and office workers. The most common provisions were 12 holidays annually and 2 weeks of vacation pay after 1 year of service, 3 weeks after 10 years, 4 weeks after 15 years, and 5 weeks after 25 years. Nearly all workers were eligible for life, hospitalization, surgical, and basic and major medical insurance, and re tirement pension plans. Accidental death and dismember ment insurance, dental insurance, and sick leave plans also were widespread in the industry, each applying to at least two-thirds of the workers. Most of the health, insurance, and retirement plans were paid for entirely by the employer. Electric and gas utility systems within scope of the survey employed about 521,000 nonsupervisory employees in Oc tober 1982, an increase of 9 percent from February 1978. Over the period, employment grew 19 percent in electric systems and 8 percent in gas distribution systems, remained stable in combination electric and gas systems, and fell slightly in gas transmission systems. Slightly more than three-fourths of the physical workers and about one-third of the office workers were covered by labor-management agreements in October 1982. The major union for both types of workers was the International Broth erhood of Electrical Workers ( a f l - c i o ). A comprehensive report on the 1982 survey, Industry Wage Survey: Electric and Gas Utilities, October 1982, Bulletin 2218 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1984), is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The report provides ad ditional information on occupational earnings and employee benefits. D ---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------‘ Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. For an account of the 1978 study, see I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y : E l e c t r i c a n d G a s U t i l i t i e s , F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 8 , Bulletin 2040 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979). 2Under the classification system used for this study, a utility was con sidered a combination system if neither service contributed 95 percent or more o f revenues obtained from electric and gas services. If one service did account for at least 95 percent of such revenues, the utility was con sidered as exclusively engaged in that service. Only the electric and gas operations o f combination systems were included. Pension plans as a spur to labor force withdrawal To what extent may pension plans decrease labor force participation among older workers? In a study undertaken https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for the National Bureau of Economic Research, economists at several universities probe the possible effect of definedbenefit pension plans on labor force behavior. Their objec tive, according to David A. Wise, author of the study, is “ to demonstrate the order of magnitude of the potential incentive effects of these plans without attempting to present empirical estimates of the impacts, but suggesting the re sponse of workers to pension plan characteristics could be substantial.” The economists consider the case of a 30-year-old worker in a “ typical plan.” The plan calculates normal retirement benefits as 1 percent of average earnings over the last 5 years of service multiplied by years of service. Benefits are reduced by 3 percent for each year that early retirement at age 55 precedes normal retirement at age 65. “ Cliff vest ing” occurs after 10 years, meaning the employee accrues no credits until meeting the service requirement. “ The an nual increment to pension wealth” is calculated as a per centage of the wage rate. “ Underlying the calculations is a representative lifetime age-earnings profile that assumes substantial growth in real wage rates between ages 30 and 50 and very little growth from 50 to 65.” Under three accrual patterns based on wage inflation of 6 percent and nominal interest rates of 3, 6, and 9 percent, pension wealth increases by from 4 to 14 percent of wage earnings when vesting begins. The rate of accrual increases “ slowly at first and then rather sharply until the age of early retirement.” At the age of early retirement, the accrual rate drops sharply. This is because annual benefits are not re duced enough to offset the increase in the number of years the worker would receive benefits if he or she chooses early retirement. For a plan without an early retirement option, or one “ that uses an actuarially fair, early retirement reduction formula,” benefits continue to increase to age 65. The study emphasizes the importance of interest rates. It points out that “ if interest rates are high relative to the rate of inflation, the accrual after age 55 can indeed be negative. In this case pension wealth could actually decline with ad ditional years of work.” Wise’s report is based on the introductory chapter of an n b e r volume, “ Pensions, Labor and Individual Choice,” to be published by the University of Chicago Press. □ 39 Technical Note Use of employment data to estimate office space demand N athan S ch lo ss Changes in employment data are fundamental to regional economic analysis and urban planning. Typically, regional population and employment are assumed to reflect the state of a region’s economy.1 This is a basic assumption under lying this technical note, which seeks to show how em ployment data can be used to estimate the demand for office space in a subnational area, such as a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.2 This article reports on the author’s recent study of the demand for office space and office employment. On the basis of this study, we conclude that our methodology provides realistic projections of commercial office space demand in a s m s a and represents an improvement over present meth ods, which for the most part relate demand for space to historical trends with perhaps some adjustment for expected local area growth. Improved methodologies for estimating office space demand are important because the average an nual expenditure for commercial office buildings for 1979 through 1983 approximated $17 billion, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce. Our discussion will proceed in three stages: definition and clarification of commercial office space and the demand for it; data sources, assumptions, and method of calculation of demand; and application of the methodology to estimate demand in a specific area: the Chicago Standard Metro politan Statistical Area.3 in buildings primarily used for business and professional activities and is counted in the space totals. The purpose of including retail and service establishments in these buildings is to attract office space tenants. Demand for office space is the sum of the demand for new and replacement space. (Replacement demand is, of course, that part of total demand that results from existing space becoming unusable because of physical deterioration, locational obsolescence, and similar reasons.) The concept of estimating total office space demand is analogous to es timating the average annual job openings by occupation; that is, total average openings equal the number of job openings arising because of economic growth and the num ber resulting from labor force separations. The space occupied by office employees is typically cal culated in terms of square feet of net rentable area per employee. Thus, if one can estimate employment in office buildings and the average square footage devoted to each employee, projections of office employment can be made and future demand for office space determined. Demand model established The demand for commercial office space in a certain area at a particular time can be determined by using a simple market equilibrium model for which the following factors are determined: the number of office employees, the amount of commercial office space available and the amount oc cupied, and the assumed market equilibrium occupancy level. The demand for office space in a given area is expressed in the following two equations: W, = (1) Space defined In this article, we define commercial office space as that part of building structures used primarily for business or professional purposes. Space used for industrial or residen tial purposes is excluded. Retail and service space (such as that used for restaurants, newsstands, card and gift shops, apparel shops and airline ticket counters) is often included Nathan Schloss is vice president-treasurer and corporate economist of the Real Estate Research Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. He is a member of the Business Research Advisory Council to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and is chairperson of its committee on employment and unemployment. 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis where: W), Zi, 0.95, Yi, 0.95 (V.) the equilibrium demand in square feet of net rentable space in year i, is equal to occupied space per office employee in year i, divided by a parameter that reflects the assumption that the market in equilibrium will typ ically have an occupancy level of 95 percent (or a vacancy rate of 5 percent), multiplied by office employment in year i; and Where occupied space per office employee in year i (Zj) equals X t, occupied office space in year i, divided by office employment in year /' (Y|). These equations capsule our concept of demand for office space and underlie our estimates of demand for office space in the Chicago area. Extracting office employment For larger metropolitan areas, reasonably reliable data are available relating to inventory and occupancy levels of what the commercial building market calls competitive rental space; that is “ high quality” structures with at least 50,000 to 70,000 square feet of rentable space. (Buildings are ranked from a through d with buildings in the A and B categories classified as “ high quality.” ) An experienced analyst in this field can determine the occupancy levels and area of other categories of space oc cupied by office employees. Aside from smaller and qual itatively lower ranking class c and d rental buildings, there is single user/owner occupied space, governmental space, and office space in distribution warehouses (typically 7 to 12 percent), manufacturing facilities, and so forth. The last requirement in constructing estimates of office space are reliable data sources so that reasonable estimates can be made of office employment. Data used are imperfect. For example, there is no economic census specifically re lating to employment in office buildings and, for that matter, detailed occupational data are not readily available by met ropolitan area. However, the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes national data relating to employment by detailed occupation and industry sector which can be used to estimate T ab le 1. office employment.4 The basic data source was the B L S Handbook o f Labor Statistics. Additional b l s sources in cluded Employment and Earnings and Employment, Hours and Earnings, States and Areas, 1939-82. Data obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics were used to estimate office employment for the 1975-82 period. Table 1 illustrates our estimates of office employment for one major occupational category— managers and adminis trators, except farm. First, total employment is shown for the major category. Succeeding data show proportions of workers excluded from the estimates. Total office employ ment minus excluded employment equals estimated net of fice employment. Net office employment for 11 major occupational categories5 was derived in this manner.6 (See table 2.) Only employees occupying rentable space have been included; therefore, craftworkers such as carpenters, electricians, and plumbers who move from place to place have been excluded. The Bureau also publishes employment data by industry. The two industry divisions which best reflect office em ployment are the finance, insurance, and real estate division and the service division. Table 2 shows estimated office equipment and employment in the combined finance, in surance, and real estate and service divisions for the 1975— 82 period. Although the office employment data are derived from the household survey and finance, insurance, and real estate and service employment figures are taken from the establishment survey,7 the two sets of data have a high correlation for our purposes. Using simple regression the calculated r2 is 0.99. An annual office prone employment multiple provides the basis for calculating the 1983 employment figure in the Chicago s m s a . The multiple is derived by dividing total office employment by total employment in the finance, in surance, and real estate and service divisions:8 Estim ated office prone em ploym ent of m anagers and ad m inistrators, 1 9 7 5 -8 2 [In thousands] Occupational category Proportion excluded Managers and administrators, except farmworkers ......................................................... E x c lu s io n s .............................................................................................................................. Em ployed 1975 1 976 1 977 1978 1979 1 980 1981 1982 9,006 2,979 9,452 3,099 9,821 3,221 10,286 3,332 10,719 3,502 11,138 3,651 11,540 3,748 11,493 3,741 Bank officials and financial m a n a g e rs......................................................................... Buyers and purchasing agents .................................................................................... Credit and collection m a n a g e rs.................................................................................... 30.0 60.0 30.0 158 224 17 167 229 16 166 227 17 176 226 15 190 275 17 198 276 21 209 286 20 219 284 19 Health administrators ..................................................................................................... Inspectors, except construction and public adm inistration...................................... Officials and administrators; public administration, n.e.c.......................................... Restaurant, cafeteria, and bar m ana gers.................................................................... Sales managers and department heads, retail tr a d e ................................................. 80.0 100.0 50.0 70.0 95.0 123 113 182 358 304 131 115 186 354 311 142 104 203 393 333 149 98 213 424 332 150 106 210 455 330 170 111 216 484 344 175 110 238 509 329 182 107 215 538 335 Sales managers, except retail trade ............................................................................ School adminstrators, c o lle g e ....................................................................................... School administrators, elementary and se condary.................................................... All other managers and administrators ....................................................................... 20.0 100 0 100.0 20.0 62 104 264 1,070 62 116 283 1,129 65 127 266 1,178 67 110 277 1,245 71 118 301 1,279 72 135 300 1,324 75 139 291 1,367 74 130 293 1,345 6,027 6,353 6,600 6,954 7,217 7,487 7,792 7,752 Net office employment, managers and adm inistrators...................................................... n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified. Note: Dashes indicate "not applicable.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Technical Notes Tab le 2. E stim ated office em ploym ent, by selected occupations, in finance, in surance, and real es ta te a nd s e rv ic e in d u stry divisions, 1 9 7 5 -8 2 [In thousands] Occupation Total office employment .................................................... Professional and te c h n ic a l.............................. Managers and administrators, except fa rm w o rke rs .............................. Salesworkers ......................................... Clerical w o rke rs ......................................... Craft and kindred w o rk e rs ................................................. Operatives, except tra n sp o rt......................................................... Transport equipment operatives .............................................. 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 24,285 5,159 25,282 5,474 26,332 5,703 27,897 6,171 29,235 6,554 30,204 6,868 30,874 7,117 31,153 7,462 6,027 6,353 6,600 6,954 7,217 7,487 7,792 7,752 2,175 2,208 2,319 2,467 2,579 2,584 2,654 2,730 10,777 11,105 11,558 12,709 13,093 13,138 13,028 _ _ _ _ — — — Finance, insurance, real estate and service c o m b in e d ................................... — _ _ _ _ — — — — _ _ _ _ 147 — 142 — 152 — — 18,057 18,822 19,770 _ _ — 169 176 172 — 20,976 — 22,087 23,050 173 181 — — 23,917 24,404 Dashes indicate no office employment. 1975 1 .3 4 1976 1 .3 4 1977 1 .3 3 1978 1 .3 3 1979 1 .3 2 1980 1.31 1981 1 .2 9 1982 1 .2 8 A r ith m e tic m e a n . 1 .3 2 S ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n 0.02 0 .9 2 1983 — _ _ Nonfarm labo rers.......................................................................... Private households..................................................................................... Service workers, except private households............................................................... Farm w orkers.................................................................................. Note: _ 12,136 — e s tim a te 1 .2 8 The implicit assumption is that use of the multiple provides a reasonable estimate of 1983 office employment when mul tiplied by the 1983 combined finance, insurance, and real estate and service employment in a given s m s a or labor market area, where the two are not coextensive. Moreover, one would expect the multiple to be greater than one because workers using office space also come from industry sectors other than finance, insurance, and real estate and service (for example, manufacturing, government, and so forth). At the same time, the multiple would be expected to exhibit a secular decline because service sector employment is in creasing more rapidly than manufacturing and government employment, for example (sectors which also use office space), but at a decreasing rate. Table 3 presents the percentage change from the previous year for office employment and employment in the finance, insurance, and real estate and service divisions. The per centage-point difference provides a realistic basis for pro jecting office employment from 1983 to 1990. The year-toyear percentage change in employment is relatively volatile; for this reason, we use the percentage-point differential in the average rate of change as being representative of the average annual differential percentage-point change in total office employment and in combined finance, insurance, and real estate and service employment. As shown in the table, 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the average difference is 0.8 percent less. This means that if we expect a 3.0-percent average annual rate of change in finance, insurance, and real estate, and service employment between 1983 and 1990, then the anticipated annual change in office employment would be 2.2 percent (or a —0.8percentage-point difference). The final step is to establish the parameter for expected occupancy when a market is in equilibrium and the antic ipated occupied space per office employee. Most analysts assume that at the point of market equilibrium the occupancy rate for office space will approximate 95 percent. Typical space use per employee will range between 150 and 210 square feet of net rentable area for all categories of office space combined. Moreover, the midpoint of the range, or 180 square feet per employee represents a good estimate of median market area usage. That is so because between 45 percent and 55 percent of a major Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area space inventory typically consists of com petitive rental space where space use per employee averages about 195 square feet. Tab le 3. A nnual percentage change in office em ploym ent and em p lo ym en t in finance, insurance, and real estate and service in dustry divisions, 1 9 7 6 -8 2 Year Office em p lo ym en t Finance, insurance, and real estate and service em ploym ent P erc entagepoint difference 1976 ...................... 1977 ...................... 1978 ...................... 1979 ...................... 1980 ...................... 1 9 8 1 ...................... 1982 ...................... 4.1 4.2 5.9 4.8 3.3 2.2 0.9 4.2 5.0 6.1 5.3 4.4 3.8 2.0 -0 .1 - 0 .8 - 0 .2 - 0 .5 -1 .1 - 1 .6 -1 .1 3.6 1.7 0.93 4.4 1.3 - 0 .8 Arithmetic mean . . . Standard deviation . r2 .............................. Note: Dashes indicate "not applicable.” — — - Estimating demand in the Chicago area Over the past decade (December 1972 to 1982), net de mand for competitive rental space in the Chicago Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area has averaged about 4,500,000 square feet of rentable area per year. As of midyear 1983, the area’s inventory of competitive rental space was 125,150,000 square feet. Of this total, 110,020,000 square feet, or 87.9 percent were occupied.9 Although the demand estimates in this example are limited to competitive rental space, the methodology can be adapted to estimate demand for all categories of office space. Table 4 presents occupied space per employee, at a 95percent occupancy level, for the Chicago Standard Metro politan Statistical Area, 1979-83. The data show that oc cupied space per employee has been increasing each year by about 4 square feet (assuming a 95-percent occupancy level). Recall that we estimated the median space usage per office employee at approximately 180 square feet. At the 95-percent occupancy level, the area increases to 189.5 square feet. Similarly when all office employees are divided into the competitive rental total, the space occupied per employee (92.4 square feet) is about 49 percent of the me dian. We have the choice of either relating office employ ment to total market area office space or, alternatively, using the competitive rental space inventory and grossing up to total market area space. In the Chicago area, competitive rental space has been increasing its market share of total market area office space construction and this trend will probably continue. We there fore regressed 1979 through 1983 space per employee against time10 and assumed that each employee would occupy about 103 square feet of area for the rest of the decade. The final step necessary to estimate average annual space demand in the Chicago area is to determine the estimated net average annual increase in office employment during 1983-90, our forecast time frame. The following tabulation T ab le 4. E stim ates of occupied rental space per office em p lo yee in C hicago s m s a , 1 9 7 9 -8 3 [In thousands, except space per employee] Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. Finan ce, insurance, and real estate and service em p lo ym en t Office em p lo ym en t1 Occupied space2 Occupied space per office em p lo yee3 863.9 895.9 942.5 967.8 979.1 1,140.4 1,173.6 1,215.8 1,238.8 1,253.2 81,332.4 89,581.6 96,007.3 100,283.3 110,017.4 75.1 80.3 83.2 85.2 92.4 Calculated by multiplying the finance, Insurance, and real estate and service em ployment figure by the corresponding multiple (for 1983, 979.1 x 1.28). 2ln square feet. Calculated at the 95-percent occupancy level in square feet. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis compares the annual rate of change in employment for the finance, insurance, and real estate division, the service di vision, and the two divisions combined in the Chicago Stan dard Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Nation for selected periods, 1969-82:11 Chicago sm sa 1969- 1975- 1975- 197982 82 79 79 F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ..................................... . . . S e r v i c e ............................................... . . . T o t a l ........................................... . . . 2 .2 3 .1 3 .2 3 .4 2 .4 3 .0 3 .4 4 .0 2 .3 3 .0 3 .4 3 .9 United States F i n a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ................................... . . . S e r v ic e ................................................ . . . T o t a l .......................................... . . . 3 .5 4 .5 3 .6 2 .4 4 .4 5 .4 4 .6 3 .7 4 .2 5 .2 4 .4 3 .4 55 58 77 115 C h ic a g o p e r c e n t o f U .S t o t a l .......................................... . . . It shows that Chicago’s performance has been dramatically improving, relative to the performance in the United States. For example, during the 1969-79 decade, the average an nual rate of change in Chicago was 2.3 percent, or less than that in the United States (4.2 percent). However, during 1979-82, a period of back-to-back recessions, Chicago’s annual rate of change (3.9 percent) was 115 percent of that in the United States. Future employment growth in the fi nance, insurance, and real estate and service divisions in the Chicago area will probably equal the average annual rate of change between 1975 and 1982, or at least 3.4 percent a year. This estimated growth rate is optimistic, when com pared with unpublished estimates made by the Illinois De partment of Employment Security and the Illinois Bureau of the Budget. However, we believe Chicago is achieving greater relative dominance as a regional financial and service center and that this trend will persist. We now have enough information to estimate the antic ipated net increase in office employment between 1983 and 1990 and the resultant demand created for competitive rental space in the Chicago area. The calculations follow: • The estimate of 1983 office employment in the Chicago area is 1,253,200 workers. (See table 4.) • The average annual increase in finance, insurance and real estate and service divisions employment is estimated at approximately 3.4 percent a year for the 1983-90 pe riod. Thus, expected average annual change in office em ployment is 2.6 percent (or 0.8 percent less than that in the finance, insurance, and real estate and service divi sions). • The net change in office employment during the 7-year projection period is: Y = X[(l + i)n—1] 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Technical Notes where: Y = X = n i = Net change in office employment. Office employment in first year of period. Number of years in the future in the time period. Average annual rate of change expressed as a decimal. The Chicago area computation is: Y = = 1,253,200 [(1.026)7—1] 1,253,200 (0.19683) = 246,664 • The net change in office employment is expected to be 246,664 or 35,238 workers per year over the 1983-90 period. • Each office 103 square an average new space. worker is expected to occupy approximately feet in competitive rental space, resulting in annual demand of 3,629,500 square feet of (Note that we have made no separate calcu 1For a more comprehensive understanding of the factors considered and methods employed in making economic growth and employment projec tions see bls H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1982), chs. 18—20; '¿end E m p l o y m e n t P r o j e c t i o n s f o r 1 9 9 5 , Bulletin 2197 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1984). 2 State and area unemployment and establishment data appear monthly in b ls E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s . Annual averages and area definitions are contained in the May issue. In addition, each issue contains the ad dresses o f cooperating State agencies in the Current Employment Statistics Program ( c e s ) and State and Local Area Unemployment Statistics Program ( l a u s ). These agencies can advise readers of the availability of additional labor market information relating to their respective states. ’ The Chicago s m s a consists of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties in Illinois. 4 H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , Bulletin 2175 (Bureau of Labor Statis tics, 1983). Additional sources were E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s and E m p l o y m e n t H o u r s a n d E a r n i n g s , S t a t e s a n d A r e a s , 1 9 3 9 - 8 2 , Bulletin 137017 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, January 1984). 5 The proportion of employees to be excluded from office employment in each of the major occupational categories was estimated by the author. While estimates were judgmental, they were based on data from bls H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s which also contains data on employment by in dustry which is classified by occupation; and employment surveys relating to the industrial and occupational mix of employees in downtowns, office buildings, office-industrial parks, and manufacturing facilities. 6Significant revisions were made in the Current Population Survey be ginning in January 1983. See Gloria Peterson Green, Khoan tan Dinh, John A. Priebe, and Ronald R. Tucker, “ Revisions in the Current Pop 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lation for the replacement of obsolescent space. The im pact of obsolescent space is reflected in the annual estimate of occupied space per employee.) E s t i m a t i o n o f o f f i c e e m p l o y m e n t , its net increase over time, and the resultant effect on office demand is complex and requires an understanding of a multitude of factors re lating to regional economic growth. In addition, limited historical data were available for model testing. For ex ample, only since 1978 have reliable annual data been avail able on the quantity and occupancy levels of suburban office space. However, using estimates made from incomplete data, the model was tested in the Milwaukee, Detroit, and Tampa-St. Petersburg s m s a ’ s , and it produced satisfactory results. Nonetheless, even with these caveats, employment data provide a useful methodology for estimating commer cial office space demand. Information on future demand for office space would be valuable in a highly cyclical industry such as nonresidential building construction, where supply and demand are often not in equilibrium. □ ulation Survey Beginning in January 1983,” February 1983, pp. 7 -1 5 . E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s 7The finance, insurance, and real estate and service totals are taken from table 67 of the bls H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s . For an analysis of quan tifiable and conceptual differences between the two surveys, see John F. Stinson, Jr., “ Comparison of Nonagricultural Employment Estimates from Two Surveys” E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , March 1984, pp. 6 -9 . 8 In order to estimate the 1983 multiple, an estimating equation was determined by regressing the office employment multiple against time. The equation is: Yc = 1.357 - 0.009X where: Yc = X = the estimated office employment multiple. time. (1983 = year 9) 9 Chicago s m s a industry employment is from b ls E m p l o y m e n t , H o u r s and E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s (May 1984). Occupied competitive rental space is based on public records, brokers’ surveys, and utility data which were verified by inspection and phone validation. a n d E a r n in g s , S ta te s a n d A r e a s , 1 9 3 9 - 8 2 , 10The regression equation is Y = 7 1 . 3 9 + 3 . 9 5 X ; where Y = occupied space at the 95-percent occupancy level and X = time. For example, in 1986 (year 8), space use is estimated at 102.99 square feet per employee. 11 Chicago industry employment data are from E m p l o y m e n t , H o u r s 1 9 3 9 - 8 2 . U .S. industry employment figures are from table 67, “ Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by industry division, selected years, 1 9 1 9 -8 2 ,” bls H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s . Average annual rates of change were calculated by the author. sm sa a n d E a r n in g s, S ta te s a n d A r e a s , M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in January is based on information from the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification. Private industry Employer and location Labor organization1 Number of workers ..................................... Construction Operating Engineers . . . . 1,000 National Electrical Contractors Association, Northwest Line Constructors Chapter (Oregon and Washington) Construction Electrical Workers (ibew ) 1,000 ITT Gwaltney Inc. (Smithfield, va ) Southern Dredge Owners Association (Interstate) ........................................................... Food products ................. Teamsters (Ind.) ............................ 1,400 Sugar Companies Negotiating Committee (Hawaii) ................................... Food products ................. Longshoremen (iLwu-Ind.) .......... 7.500 Erwin Mills (Erwin, nc ) .................................................................................. T e x tile s.............................. Textile W o rk e rs .............................. 1.500 Weyerhauser Co. (Oklahoma and Arkansas) ............................................... L u m b e r............................. Woodworkers ................................. 1.900 American Insulated Wire Corp. (Pawtucket, ri) Primary m e ta ls................. Electrical Workers (ibew ) ............. 1,450 National Union Electric Corp., Eureka Division (Bloomington, il) Electrical products .......... M achinists........................................ 1,250 Kelsey-Hayes Co. (Michigan) ........................................................................ Transportation equipment Auto W orkers................................... 1.500 Jeep Corp. (Toledo, oh ) .................................................................................. Transportation equipment Auto Workers ................................. 5,750 Pan American, ground service (Interstate)2 ................................................. Air transportation.......... Transport Workers ....................... 6,000 Pan American, clerical and passenger service (Interstate)2 ...................... Air transportation.......... Teamsters (Ind.) ............................ 7,200 Pan American, flight attendants (Interstate)2 ............................................... Air transportation.......... Flight Attendants (Ind.) ............... 4.900 Northern Illinois Gas Co. (Illin o is)................................................................ U tilities........................... Electrical Workers (ibew ) ............. 1,800 R.H. Macy and Co., Inc. (New York, ny ) ................................................. Retail trade .................... Retail. Wholesale and Department Store 6,000 Kroger, Schnuck’s, Thor and National Tea (St. Louis, mo ) .................... Retail trade .................... Food and Commercial Workers . . 2,300 Southern California Food Employers Council, Inc. (California) ............ Retail trade .................... Service E m ployees......................... 1,000 Guest Services, Inc. (Washington, dc ) ......................................................... Restaurants .................... Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees 1.000 ....................................... Government activity California: Wisconsin: Southern California Rapid Transit District Milwaukee municipal em p lo y ees............ Labor organization1 Number of workers Transportation . Transportation Union .... 4.500 General services State, County and Municipal Employees 3.000 'Affiliated with afl- cio except where noted as independent (Ind ). inform ation from newspaper reports. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45 Developments in Industrial Relations UAW, GM-Ford contracts focus on saving jobs Increasing worker job security was the primary goal in the United Auto Workers’ ( u a w ) bargaining with General Motors Corp. ( g m ) and Ford Motor Co. The first settlement, with g m , established a Job Opportunity Bank-Security Pro gram described by the union as “ without equal in the history of collective bargaining with a major U.S. corporation.” After the g m settlement, which was preceded by a strike at some locations, the u a w and Ford settled without a strike. Terms for the 115,000 Ford workers were essentially iden tical to those for the 350,000 g m workers, except that the Ford contract bans plant closings. Ford apparently was will ing to accept this ban because it produces substantially fewer of its parts than g m , and therefore is not as likely to increase outside purchases, which could lead to plant shutdowns. The new Job-Security Program guarantees that workers with at least 1 year of service will not be laid off as a result of the introduction of new technology, “ outsourcing” (pro curing parts from other manufacturers), negotiated produc tivity improvements, shifting of work from one g m plant to another, or the consolidation of component production. Lay offs for other reasons— such as declines in vehicle sales or sale of a facility— are not covered. The program will extend through the new and succeeding contract or until g m ’ s com mitment of $1 billion is exhausted. (At Ford, with fewer employees, the commitment is $300 million.) Facing a layoff, workers will first exercise their right to “ bump” less senior workers. After this procedure is com pleted, any employees with at least 1 year of service who would ordinarily be laid off will participate in an Employee Development Bank, where they will receive the pay rate of the last job they held or if assigned to another job, the rate for that job. Other possible assignments for bank members include job training; replacing another worker undergoing training; moving into a job opening at another g m plant if there is no qualified worker with recall or rehire rights; and moving into jobs within or outside the local bargaining unit, including “ nontraditional” jobs. Temporary assignments outside the local bargaining unit will be voluntary. Per- “ Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis manent transfers to u a w bargaining units at other g m plants will be filled by volunteers, if possible. Any remaining openings will be filled in inverse seniority order. Changes in the bank size will not correspond to changes in production volume, but will be reduced by one for each bank member who quits g m or otherwise breaks or loses seniority (excluding discharge) or enters apprenticeship or other training; transfers to an opening in the local plant or another g m plant created by a reason other than a production volume increase; or transfers to a salaried job. Employees who do participate will continue to accrue pension credits and be covered by all other regular benefits, such as insurance, and paid holidays and vacations. The Job-Security Program will be administered by joint u a w - g m committees at the local, area, and national levels. The national committee is permitted to set up special pro grams when there are more employees in the bank at a plant than anticipated openings at the local and area level. These programs would provide pensions calculated at unreduced rates and various supplements to departing bank members who are age 55 to 61 with 10 years of service. Departing bank members who do not meet the age and service re quirements would receive lump-sum payments of $10,000 to $44,000, based on seniority. The union did not win its demand for a ban on outsourcing or a continuation of the provision (adopted in 1982) pro hibiting g m from closing plants due to outsourcing. How ever, g m must give the u a w 60 days’ notice of outsourcing decisions affecting 25 or more existing jobs. Previously, the requirement applied to decisions affecting 10 percent of a plant’s work force, or 100 workers, whichever was less. Job preservation also will be on the agenda of the new local Job-Security committees, which will discuss “ sourcing” issues, review competitive conditions, and develop plans to improve local operations. Also, g m agreed to recommend implementation of the Saturn small car program to the g m board of directors, assuming that production concepts con ceived by a g m - u a w study team prove workable. The joint attempt to revolutionize domestic car production to counter the increasing inroads of foreign manufacturers was initiated in 1982. Other layoff assistance. There also were improvements in the Guaranteed Income Stream and Supplemental Unem- ployment Benefits programs, both of which provide em ployees with a financial cushion if they are laid off. Funding of the Guaranteed Income Stream was raised to a maximum of $185 million plus additional amounts from the profit-sharing plan during the contract term. (The fund ing level was $100 million under the 1982 contract.) The plan covers workers with at least 10 years of service who are laid off due to a plant closing and those with at least 15 years of service who are laid off for any reason. After their Supplemental Unemployment Benefits entitlement is ex hausted, these workers draw Guaranteed Income Stream benefits until they retire or return to work, or until g m ’ s maximum financial obligation is reached. The weekly Guar anteed Income Stream benefit is 50 percent of the individ ual’s weekly base earnings on the last day of work plus 1 percent for each year of seniority above 15 years. The max imum benefit is the lesser of either 75 percent of base earn ings or 95 percent of after-tax earnings minus $12.50 ($17.50 on or after January 1, 1985). g m ’ s financing of Supplemental Unemployment Benefits was increased to a rang«; of 19 to 31 cents per compensated hour in January 1985, 20 to 32 cents in January 1986, and 21 to 33 cents in January 1987. Previously, the obligation, which varies with the level of the fund, was 17 to 29 cents per hour. The Advance Credit Account, which provides benefits if the regular fund is exhausted, was strengthened by increasing its “ base” to $200 million, from $100 million. Any g m payments into this fund are offset against future obligations. Funding also was strengthened for the Guar anteed Benefits Account, which pays benefits to laid-off workers with at least 10 years’ service if the regular and Advance Credits Accounts are depleted, g m payments into this account are not offset against future obligations. In another move the union described as a “ first,” g m and the u a w will jointly develop and launch new businesses aimed at providing jobs for u a w members. The program, to be financed by g m up to a maximum of $ 1 0 0 million, will be administered by a joint Growth and Opportunity Committee. Proposals for ventures, including those made by local Job-Security Program committees, will be studied by a New Business Venture Development Group, which will have a full-time staff. Ventures will be aimed at aiding communities hit by job losses at g m facilities, with hiring preference given to the; affected workers. Overtime restricted. The union, which in recent years has been pressing for curbs on overtime to spread the available work among as many workers as possible, won a require ment that g m pay 50 cents per hour for all overtime hours in excess of 5 percent of straight-time hours into the Joint Skill Development and Training Fund. In a related provi sion, g m agreed to a goal of reducing average weekly over time by 2 hours. “ Spreading the work” also was furthered by the addition of three paid holidays, bringing the total to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44 over the 3-year contract, which ends on September 14, 1987. The overtime work penalty payments into the Joint Skill Development and Training Fund, and a 10-cent-an-hour contribution by g m for all hours worked, will help finance training for active and laid-off employees. Laid-off workers are eligible to receive tuition assistance ranging from $1,500 for those with 1 year of service to $5,000 for those with 4 years or more of service. Active employees are eligible for payments of $1,500 a year for courses at colleges and uni versities and $1,000 a year for other job-related courses and certain other training in accredited schools. The settlement does not provide for specified wage in creases in every contract year. This reflects company efforts to end the practice of providing guaranteed annual wage increases regardless of corporate financial results. The work ers will receive one specified wage increase and a $180 “ Special Paym ent,” effective immediately; lump-sum “ Performance Bonus” payments in October of 1985 and 1986; continued automatic pay adjustments under the costof-living formula; and continued profit-sharing distribu tions. The union forecast that the combined yield would be $11,730 over the term (including $3,000 in profit sharing), assuming a 5-percent annual rate of increase in the Con sumer Price Index and continuation of the projected 1984 profit level. This would contrast with the 1982 accord, which only provided for cost-of-living adjustments and profit-shar ing distributions. The immediate specified wage increase ranged from 9 cents an hour for the lowest paid workers to 50 cents for the highest paid. According to the union, the 9- to 50-cent increase plus the projected future cost-of-living adjustments will raise the range to $13.93 for workers in the lowest bracket to $16.20-$16.47 for those in the top bracket. Prior pay rates, including a cost-of-living allowance, ranged from $12.29 an hour for workers in the lowest pay bracket to $17.19-$ 17.46 for those in the top bracket. The performance bonuses, to be paid in October of 1985 and 1986, will amount to 2.25 percent of pay for all com pensated hours, including overtime hours (but not overtime premium pay), vacation and holiday pay, and shift premi ums. The union estimated that the payments would be $725 and $750, respectively, using the assumed 5-percent infla tion rate and compensated hours equivalent to the 1983 total. The cost-of-living adjustment formula provides for 1cent-an-hour quarterly adjustments for each 0.26-point movement in the b l s Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (1967 = 100), with 1 cent permanently diverted from each of the first nine adjustments, and 2 cents from each of the two other adjustments. The diverted money will help offset g m ’ s cost increases for ben efits. Previously, adjustments were computed at 1 cent for each 0.26-point movement in a composite 1967 = 100 in dex derived from the U.S. and Canadian consumer price 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations indexes. (The change was made because the formula for Canadian employees is now linked to the Canadian government’s index only.) Under the 1982 contract, each of the first three quarterly adjustments were deferred for 18 months and a total of 6 cents was permanently diverted from these adjustments. g m ’s Other contract provisions. The new contracts also pro vide: • A $3.85 increase in the pension rates over the term for workers retiring from October 1, 1984, through Septem ber 30, 1985, bringing their April 1, 1987, range of rates (which vary by preretirment earnings) to $21.85—$22.60 a month for each year of credited service; a $3.95 total increase for those retiring from October 1, 1985, through September 1, 1986, bringing their range to $21,95-$22.70; and a $4.05 increase for those retiring on October 1, 1986, or later, bringing their range of rates to $22.05-$22.80. The provision for “ 30 [years]-and-out” retirement was revised to provide total monthly benefits of $1,185 for employees who retire from October 1, 1984, through September 30, 1985, $1,195 for those who retire from October 1, 1985, through September 30, 1986, and $1,205 for those who retire later. The benefit consists of a pension amount and a supplemental payment; the supplement ceases at age 62. There also were improvements in benefits for current retirees, including a $1 increase in the calculation rate for normal benefits. Employees who retired prior to October 1, 1984, with at least 30 years of credited service will receive special $200 payments in December of 1985 and 1986. • Addition of a third type of optional health insurance cov erage, some improvements in the existing “ traditional” and Health Maintenance Organization plans, and adoption of “ preauthorization” and review procedures to preclude unnecessary surgery and shorten hospital stays. Accord ing to the union, the new Preferred Provider Organization coverage provides a broader range of benefits than the existing plans “ while maintaining quality safeguards and assuring effective, affordable, and cost-efficient delivery of care.” • An increase in g m ’ s payment toward Medicare Part b premiums from the $13.50 a month to $14.60 on October 1, 1984, and $15.60, $17.60, and $19.60 on January 1 of 1985, 1986, and 1987. • The range of services provided by the legal services plan was increased and the eligibility requirement was reduced to 12 months of service, from 18. These changes, and others, were financed by a $17 million surplus that had accrued during the 1982 agreement, which established the plan, g m will continue to finance the plan at the rate of 3 cents per straight-time hour and, in a change, it will provide any additional money needed to maintain the plan. (At Ford, a legal services plan was established under 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the 1984 settlement.) • Adoption of a bonus plan to improve attendance. Begin ning in 1985, employees will receive $50 for each quarter year in which they work all scheduled straight-time hours in the regular workweek. Those who receive three quart erly bonuses in a year will receive an additional $ 150 for a combined total of $300 and those who receive four quarterly bonuses in a year will receive an additional $300 for a combined total of $500. This bonus provision was one of the changes to the 1982 attendance plan, which continues to penalize workers who have excessive un warranted absences by reducing their holiday, vacation, and other benefit entitlements. The resulting $9 million benefit cost saving that had accrued during the 1982 con tract was transferred to an existing national training fund. • An increase to 25 cents (previously 20 cents) in the hourly premium paid to employees for all hours worked in continous 7-day-a-week operations. • Increases in the relocation allowance to employees who transfer to any other g m plant when there is a shift of major operations from their home plant to another g m plant. The allowance now ranges from $580 for single employees moving 50-99 miles to $2,310 for married employees moving 1,000 miles or more, compared with the previous $500 to $2,025. • Revision of the employee stock ownership plan to provide for g m financing equal to 0.5 percent of employees’ pay. Previously, financing varied with g m ’ s spending on plant and equipment. In another change, dividends will be dis tributed annually instead of accruing until retirement or other termination of employment. • Establishment of an experimental child-care program at one location. The program will assist employees in ob taining child-care services “ appropriate for each em ployee’s particular needs.” The bargaining leading to the September 21 settlement at g m began in July. Initially, the union was concurrently negotiating with Ford, but reverted to the usual “ divide and conquer” strategy by suspending talks with Ford and fo cusing on g m . Intense bargaining continued to the Septem ber 14 expiration date of the contract, but the parties were unable to reach agreement and the union struck g m ’ s War ren, m i , technical center and 12 assembly plants in nine States, purportedly over local issues. Apparently, the union struck these key facilities, rather than calling a company wide strike over national issues, because a company wide stoppage could not be ended until a settlement is reached and approved by a majority of all u a w members at g m . A companywide strike also would have been a greater drain on the union’s $563 million strike fund. The stoppage was later extended to four additional plants, bringing the total number of strikers to 91,000. At that time, an additional 19,000 g m employees were on layoff because of shortages resulting from the strike. Immediately after the settlement, employees began returning to work. The national terms were approved by the u a w ’ s 300-member council; then members of the 149 local unions approved the contract, 138,410 to 102,528. Following the g m settlement, Ford and the u a w resumed negotiations. A settlement was reached in mid-October, ending a marathon 24-hour bargaining session. Ford workers ap proved the agreement by a vote of 33,312 to 18,386. Despite the settlements on companywide issues at g m and Ford, bargaining was continuing on local issues. In these talks, conducted by local union and plant officials, the com panies were attempting to offset part of the labor cost in crease resulting from the national accords by pressing for changes in staffing levels, job assignments, output require ments, and other areas. u a w President Owen Bieber said he would ask Chrysler Corp. to reopen negotiations for 65,000 workers despite the fact that the current 2-year contract is not scheduled to expire until October 1985. A company official said Chrysler would listen to a reopening proposal because “ there may be some things that we would like them to do for us.” Coal settlement peaceful Despite a change in union leadership, splintering of the management bargaining group, high unemployment, and a history of long, bitter strikes, the United Mine Workers ( u m w ) and the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association ( b c o a ) settled peacefully on a 40-month contract. Both sides exulted in the new spirit of cooperation and indicated that it will continue as they attempt to deal with problems, which stem from increased foreign competition; easing of the pe troleum crisis, which has slowed the shift to coal as a fuel for power plants and other facilities, and also slowed the development of a national “ synfuels” energy policy; grow ing production by nonunion domestic producers; and pos sible legislation to counter “ acid rain” that could reduce coal burning. Bobby R. Brown, chief executive officer of Consolidation Coal Co. and head of the b c o a , described the agreement as “ fair and modest,” and noted that it gives the industry an 80-month period (from the 1981 settlement to the January 31, 1988, termination date of the new contract) without a national strike. This, he said, will give a “ clear message to our customers and competitors” that the industry is a dependable energy source. Rich Trumka, the coal miner-attorney who won the pres idency of the union in 1982 on a promise to stabilize and revitalize the union after years of chaos, said the new con tract, has “ no concessions, absolutely none. Not a single one. We made economic . . . (and] other gains.” Delegates to the union’s prebargaining convention had given Trumka a simple mandate for the bargaining: “ No backward steps. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis No takeaway contracts.” During the negotiations, which began in April, the union had indicated that it would settle on modest economic gains if the mine operators accepted other terms designed to cut unemployment. (About one-third of the industry’s 160,000 u m w members are unemployed.) The contract provides for a total of $1.40 an hour in wage increases (compared with $3.60 over the 40-month term of the prior contract) consisting of a 25-cent increase on Oc tober 1 of 1984, 1985, and 1987, and a 30-cent increase on October 1 of 1986. In addition, workers will receive 5 cents “ quarterly” wage increases on January 1, April 1, and July 1 of 1986 and 1987, and on January 1, 1988. These increases will result in hourly rates ranging from $13,924 to $15,565 for underground workers at deep mines (who are paid for 8 hours per shift), $14,946 to $16,328 at strip and auger mines (7.25 hours’ pay), and $14,907 to $15,514 at preparation plants and other surface facilities at deep or surface mines (also 7.25 hours’ pay). These increases ranged from 11.2 percent (for the lowest paid workers) to 9.9 per cent (highest paid) for underground workers, 10.3 to 9.4 percent for strip and auger workers, and 10.4 to 9.9 percent for preparation plant and related workers. The u m w did not win the curbs on overtime it had sought to increase the number of jobs available for its members, but it did gain changes in other provision intended to in crease job security: • New language ensures that miners will not lose their bid ding rights to a job at their mine because the mine has been subleased to another company. The union had charged that in many cases new operators had used loopholes in the contract language to evade hiring incumbent employ ees. • Mine owners are now required to give local union officials copies of warranties covering any onsite work being per formed by outside contractors. The union said this was necessary because some mines were contracting out work that should have been performed by u m w members. • members shall perform all work “ of the type” cus tomarily done at the mine. The union said this provision was necessary because some mine owners had previously been able to contract out some work because it was not the exact work performed by u m w members. um w • A company is required to notify the union of the sale of a mine where a u m w contract is in effect and to furnish proof that the buyer will abide by the terms. Previously, notification was not required and, the union claimed, some new owners were able to “ break” the labor contract. • The b c o a and u m w will establish a “ Joint Interests Com mittee” to promote the development and use of u m w mined coal. The committee, which replaces the “ Joint Industry Development Committee,” will undertake ac49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations tivities such as contesting acid rain legislation, developing coal export capabilities, and developing a coal-based na tional energy policy. Benefit improvements included a $10 a month increase in pensions for all current retirees effective immediately and on October 1, 1987. Survivors of retired workers will re ceive $5 a month increases on the same dates. For current employees, pension rates were increased by $1 for those retiring during the first 3 years of the contract and $1.50 for those retiring after September 30, 1987. For the latter retirees, pensions will be computed at the resulting rates of $17 a month for each of the first 10 years of service, plus $17.50 a month for each of the next 10 years, plus $18 for each of the next 10 years, plus $18.50 for each year in excess of 30. Other terms included a 23-cent-a-ton increase in the roy alty paid into the miners’ health and retirement funds by mine owners on coal they produce; an increase in life in surance to $30,000 (from $25,000); a $190-a-week sickness and accident benefit (formerly $185) increasing to $195 in the second year and to $200 in the third year; and $160 clothing allowances on October 1 of 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987 (under the prior contract, the workers received three $150 allowances). At the time of settlement, the b c o a comprised only 32 companies, compared with about 130 at the time of the 1981 settlement. The withdrawals occurred because some com panies believed they could individually negotiate more le nient terms. However, u m w President Trumka announced that he would not bargain with companies that dropped out until after the b c o a settled. The possibility of being struck while the b c o a companies and others operated led many of the dropout companies to sign letters of intent with the union in which they agreed to be bound by the subsequent b c o a accord. Some did not sign the letters, but accepted the b c o a terms immediately after they were announced. The few com panies that did not sign were briefly struck by 2,000 em ployees. Meanwhile, bargaining was continuing between the u m w and the Association of Bituminous Contractors, comprising companies that open mines and build related facilities. This bargaining covers about 10,000 workers, most of whom were on layoff. City workers in Philadelphia settle The City of Philadelphia and unions representing 13,600 workers agreed on a 2-year contract that called for a single 8-percent wage increase at the beginning of the second year. An arbitrator later awarded 2,700 firefighters terms similar to the negotiated contract and awarded a similar, but earlier, payment to 7,500 police officers. Unions involved in the settlement and awards included the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees ( a f s c m e ), the Fra 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ternal Order of Police, and the International Association of Fire Fighters. Grocery workers settle, avert walkout A threatened strike by 65,000 workers was averted when nine locals of the United Food and Commercial Workers agreed to a 3-year contract with the Food Employers Coun cil, comprising 12 grocery chains with stores in Southern California. Under the settlement, top-rated clerks will receive in creases totaling 85 cents in their $11.70 an hour pay rate. General merchandise clerks will receive increases totaling 59.5 cents if they were hired prior to August 7, 1981, and 55.25 cents if hired later. “ Courtesy” clerks will receive a total of 30 cents. Another pay issue was resolved when the employers agreed to guarantee each employee at least 16 hours of work a week. The union, which contended that 70 percent of the employees worked less than 28 hours a week, had originally sought a 25-hour guarantee. Management won a “ favored nations” clause, contend ing that the union had unfairly agreed to lower wage and benefit levels with some chains that are not members of the council. The clause provides that if one of the local unions and an independent store with at least 25 employees agree to reductions in labor costs, the same reductions will be extended to the stores of the council members within the jurisdiction of the local. The 1,334 stores covered by the settlement are in an area extending from San Luis Obispo to the Mexican border. The stores are owned by Albertson’s, Alpha Beta, Boys, Hughes, Lucky, Mayfair, Pioneer, Ralph’s, Safeway, Smith’s Food King, Stater Bros., and Vons. Employees rate coworkers’ performance In an unusual move, Levi Strauss & Co. announced that it will consider the opinions of fellow employees in deter mining who to include in an impending layoff. A company official said, “ Most of the people who are laid off will clearly have not performed well enough to be retained.” The new procedure will be useful in determining which of the marginally satisfactory workers should be retained. The layoff will total 400 employees. Under the new “ Objective Judgment Quotient,” each of the 2,000 executive, sales, and other nonunion white-collar employees will be rated by a group of up to nine employees. Members of each group will be selected by the worker being rated. More than 300 factory workers have already been laid off because of a decline in demand for blue jeans. The company announced that an additional 2,500 will be laid off by mid-1985 as a result of the closing of several plants and cutbacks at others. In this case, the employees will not have a voice in retention decisions. These workers also are not represented by a union. rn Book Reviews A bleak pattern that never changes A Needle, A Bobbin, A Strike: Women Needleworkers in America. Edited by Joan M. Jensen and Sue Dav idson. Philadelphia, p a , Temple University Press, 1984. 304 pp. $29.95. To read this collection of studies of women workers in the garment industry is to risk discouragement. Yet, suprisingly, on reflection, a bit of optimism emerges. Joan Jensen, professor of history at New Mexico State Univer sity, and Sue Davidson, information director of the National Female Advocacy Project, have jointly edited these histor ical accounts of women needleworkers in 20th century strug gles for better wages and working conditions. Jensen has also provided summary introductions to each of three sec tions covering the evolution of needlework technology and department store marketing; the “ great uprisings” in a num ber of major cities in the early 20th century; and the role of women within the garment industry unions. Although there is necessary repetition of similar circumstances in the record of labor disputes in the second section, there is value for labor historians, for women’s studies specialists, and, among general readers, for women, in the cumulative effect of successive accounts. There is less detail of day-to-day lives of women workers (communicated so poignantly in Richardson’s “ The Long Day,” or Foner’s Factory Girls), but instead a clearer picture of the economic determinants of their depressed status. A recurring characteristic of women needleworkers, from the 1900’s to the present, has been their immigrant status, often accompanied by difficulty with the English language, and sometimes by problems of “ illegal” status. Thus, there is a short answer to the question as to why women continue to endure the deplorable working conditions, the pressure for impossible output quotas, and the minimal pay (or subminimal, where “ off the books” employment is accepted). For such women, employment opportunities are limited, and the family need for income is often desperate. Considering the demand for labor in the garment industry, it is clear that the typical small employer, contractor, or jobber, also has limited options. In automobile, steel, and other major industries, a few of the larger employers operate in an environment of high capital requirements for entry into the industry, with relatively long runs of standardized https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis products. The resulting financial strength and political power arising from the less-competitive industry structure, has (in the past) shielded producers’ profit margins by inhibiting domestic as well as international competition, and thus has permitted substantial improvements in wages and working conditions through industry collective bargaining. In con trast, the low capital requirements of jobbers serving major clothing manufacturers, and the fashion-dominated short production runs, assure a perpetual influx of small contrac tors into the garment industry; the resultant low profit mar gins in this highly competitive industry exert downward pressure on wages and discourage concern for working con ditions. The rising tide of clothing imports in recent years has exacerbated the competitive pressure. In such a situa tion, it is not surprising that union negotiators might make concessions to preserve jobs in a particular geographical area, prompting charges of “ sellout” by the predominantly female labor force, who continue to be greatly underrepre sented in the union hierarchy. Thus, a purely market ap proach would predict that poorly educated immigrant women with language difficulties, burdened with family responsi bilities, who are forced for lack of feasible alternatives to seek employment in a highly competitive industry (where firms face competition from low-wage “ runaway employ ers” moving West or South, as well as from lower-wage foreign producers) would find only low wages and poor working conditions. So much for pessimism. Where then are there grounds for optimism? It is not enough to point out that, although newly arrived workers of both sexes have historically always been subject to low wages and poor working conditions, within a generation or two, the low-ranking groups will move up. (As the studies in this collection indicate, the ethnic composition of the U.S. garment industry has changed from the Italian, Jewish, and Irish of the early 19th century to the Hispanic, Asian, and Chicano workers of the 1980’s.) In the long run, we are all dead, as John Maynard Keynes noted, and, for the ill-paid, overworked women in the garment industry today, improvements are overdue. Yet, as pointed out above, given the competitive pressures, employers individually may be powerless to alter the labor contract; union power reached its zenith in the “ Protocol of Peace” after the New York City strike in 1910, when employers welcomed its stabiliz ing influence. But because so much of the garment industry 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Book Reviews has moved South or West in recent years, New York City no longer sets the terms of labor-management relations in the industry. Under these conditions, how can one expect improvements in workers’ lives? The accounts in this volume of the dedication and per severance of the women leaders among the garment work ers— Bessie Abramovitz, Dorothy Jacobs Bellanca, Rose Pesotta suggest that improvements may not be impossi ble. Whether or not these women received their just due from the male leadership of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union ( a c t w u ) or the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union ( i l g w u ) , they developed their own powers, won the confidence of their coworkers, and provided role models for succeeding generations of women. Current leaders, whether male or female, must deal with the competitive structure of the clothing industry, and the increasing importance of imports from low-wage developing countries. To this reviewer, it seems entirely possible that strong women leaders in the garment industry can today use the growing political power of women to protect workers of both sexes from the dehumanizing aspects of excessive competition. Political action could achieve a strengthening of the reg ulatory powers of State and Federal agencies, enforcement of existing factory laws, and stricter inspections for con formity to standards set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( o s h a ) for workplace safety. Such policies, coupled with negotiated import limitations, could bring a degree of order to the wage structure and working conditions of the industry. Noting the resurgence of sweat shops in New York and Los Angeles, where “ workers from Latin America and Asia sew under conditions little better than those that so outraged early 20th century reformers,” the authors of the concluding essay suggest that women are “ left to rely upon women’s traditional sources of su p p o rtfamily, religion, and a sisterhood of coworkers.” Instead, a sisterhood of voters just might prove effective. — B l a n c h e F it z p a t r ic k Professor of Economics Boston University Book notes Employment and Training R & D : Lessons Learned and Fu ture Directions. Conference Proceedings of the Na tional Council on Employment Policy, Jan. 26-27, 1984.) Edited by R. Thayne Robson. Kalamazoo, m i , The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1984. 133 pp. $16.95, cloth; $11.95, paper. This book presents a review of the programs conducted by the Office of Policy, Evaluation and Research in the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Admin istration. The National Council on Employment Policy com52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis missioned four papers for its January 1984 meetings to assist in examining present policy and developing recommenda tions for the future. These papers are included in the book, along with the Council’s policy statement, “ Appraising Em ployment and Training Research.” The authors of the four papers have all played important roles in the development and management of research, pol icy, and evaluation programs. The papers and the authors are: “ Expanding the Knowledge Base for Informed Public Policy,” by Eli Ginzberg; “ A Research Agenda for Em ployment and Training Policy in the Eighties,” by Daniel H. Saks; “ An Administrator’s Reflections,” by Howard Rosen; and “ Policy Lessons From Three Labor Market Ex periments, by Gary Burtless and Robert H. Haveman. Employment Security in a Changing Workplace. By Edgar Weinberg. Scarsdale, n y , Work in America Institute, Inc., 1984. 69 pp. (Work in America Institute Studies in Productivity, 34.) $35, paper. Available from Pergamon Press, Inc., Fairview Park, Elmsford, n y . 10523. This comprehensive survey of the literature on job and income security briefly reviews major studies made over the past 50 years and deals with writings on the impact of change and various programs designed to mitigate adverse effects on employee security. Writings appear under five headings: planning for change; marketing and production strategies; sharing of available opportunities; income maintenance pro grams; and reemployment assistance. Books, studies, reports, and articles covered in 60 ab stracts were selected to aid managers, union leaders, and public officials in planning adjustments to technological and other changes that alter production methods. Recent works in industrial relations, economics, sociology, and manage ment are also included. Labor and the Environment: An Analysis o f and Annotated Bibliography on Workplace Environmental Quality in the United States. Compiled by Frederick H. Buttel, Charles C. Geisler, Irving W. Wiswall. Westport, c t , Greenwood Press, 1984. 148 pp. $29.95. There is “ a new energy pulsating in the country on behalf of environmental protection.” The literature annotated in Labor and the Environment documents the emerging alli ance between labor and environmentalists. In the first sec tion of the bibliography, citations to various works point to the cooperation between labor and environmental interests and demonstrate the extent to which labor is bringing new vitality to the environmental movement. Annotations in the second section provide commentary and critiques on benefitcost analysis by labor-environmental alliances and under score the unity of their respective concerns. This book should be of interest to those concerned with the environment, economic management, labor organiza tion, and contemporary sociology. Medical Screening o f Workers. By Mark A. Rothstein. Washington, The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1984. 276 p p . $30, b n a Books, Distribution Center, Rockville, m d 20850-3397. Will medical screening protect susceptible workers and prevent the economic consequences of job-related illnesses and injuries? Will genetic screening protect the health of workers or will it serve as a destructive tool for the purpose of discrimination? In this book, Mark A. Rothstein, Professor of Law at West Virginia University, describes types of medical screen ing, genetic screening, and reproductive hazards and how medical information influences employer decisionmaking. He also discusses legal issues involving the Occupational Safety and Health Act, workers’ compensation, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and other relevant Federal and State laws. The book concludes with a discussion of the economic, ethical, and societal consequences of medical screening and suggests possible reform measures. Health and safety R e ic h , M ic h a e l R . a n d R o s e H . G o l d m a n , “ I ta lia n O c c u p a tio n a l H e a lth : C o n c e p t s , C o n f l i c t s , I m p l i c a t i o n s , ” nal of Public Health, American Jour S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 1 0 3 1 - 4 1 . “ T h e C o r p o r a te R x f o r M e d ic a l C o s ts : A P u s h f o r R e v o lu tio n a r y C h a n g e s in th e H e a lth C a r e I n d u s t r y , ” Business Week, O c t. 1 5 , 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g o n p . 1 3 8 . U . S . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta t i s t i c s , on Stairs. Injuries Resulting from Falls P r e p a r e d b y L a r r y J o n e s a n d H e le n M c D o n a ld . W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 8 4 , 19 p p . ( B u lle tin 2 2 1 4 .) S to c k N o . 0 2 9 0 0 1 - 0 2 8 2 5 - 3 . $ 1 . 7 5 , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 . Industrial relations C o u l s o n , R o b e r t, A n o th e r “ T h e A r b i t r a t o r ’s R o le in D is c h a r g e C a s e s : Employee Relations Law Journal, V ie w p o in t,” S um m er 1984, pp. 6 1 -6 3 . E p s te in , E d y th e , “ N e g o tia tin g O v e r T e c h n o l o g i c a l C h a n g e in B a n k in g a n d I n s u r a n c e , ” International Labour Review, J u ly - A ugust 1984, pp. 4 0 5 -2 2 . Unionism Comes to the Public Sector. F r e e m a n , R ic h a r d B . , C a m b r id g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c ., 1 9 8 4 , 91 p p . ( n b e r W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s , 1 4 5 2 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p ap er. K e e fe , P a t W e c h s le r, Business Month, Publications received 9 1 -1 0 4 . B a k e r , R e g in a ld P . a n d D a v id S . N o r t h , Their First Five Years in America. The 1975 Refugees: W a s h in g to n , N ew T ra n s- C e n tu r y F o u n d a t i o n , 1 9 8 4 , 1 8 6 p p . $ 1 1 , p a p e r . Worker Participation and American Unions: Threat or Opportunity? K o c h a n , T h o m a s A . , H a r r y C . K a tz , N a n c y R . M o w e r , K a la m a z o o , “ N e i g h b o r h o o d C h a n g e s in N e w Y o r k C ity : A r e th e G e n t r y R e tu r n i n g ? ” American Demographics, O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g o n p . 18. Flexible Functional Forms and Global Curvature Conditions. C a m b r i d g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1984. ( n b e r T e c h n ic a l pp. 6 4 -7 7 . M in tz , B e n ja m in W . , American O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 3 2 - 3 3 . Adjusting the Gross Changes Data: Implications for Labor Market Dynam ics. C a m b r i d g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s , 1 4 3 6 .) $ 1 .5 0 , History, Law and Policy. W a s h in g S u m m er 1984, pp. 4 8 -6 0 . International economics “ I n c o m e I n e q u a lity U n d e r S o v ie t S o c i a l i s m , ” S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . The Journal of Economic Literature, R ic h e , M a r th a F a r n s w o r t h , “ T h e S ta te o f th e S t a t e s ’ S ta te D a ta American Demographics, O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g on p. 28. A lp e ro v itz , G a r an d Je ff F a u x , Rebuilding America: A Blueprint for the New Economy. N e w Y o r k , P a n th e o n B o o k s , 1 9 8 4 , 3 1 9 p p . $ 1 0 .9 5 , p a p e r. E c o n o m ic C o u n c il o f C a n a d a , C hu, K e - Y o u n g a n d T h o m a s K . M o r r is o n , “ T h e 1 9 8 1 -8 2 R e c e s s io n a n d N o n - O il P r im a r y C o m m o d ity P r i c e s , ” Inter national Monetary Fund Staff Papers, M a rc h 1 9 8 4 , p p . 9 3 - 140. Western Transition. n o m ic C o u n c il o f C a n a d a , O tta w a , E c o 1 9 8 4 , 2 6 0 p p . $ 9 .9 5 , C a n a d a ; $ 1 1 . 9 5 , o t h e r c o u n tr ie s . A v a ila b le f r o m th e C a n a d ia n G o v e r n m e n t P u b lis h in g C e n te r , S u p p ly a n d S e r v ic e s C a n a d a , O t M o n t g o m e r y , T o m m ie S u e , e d . , D r o u e t, P ie r r e , “ T h e R e s tr u c tu r in g o f th e P e tr o le u m R e f in in g S e c to r a n d Its S o c ia l C o n s e q u e n c e s , ” International Labour Review, J u ly - A u g u s t 1 9 8 4 , p p . 4 2 3 - 4 0 . F a i r la m b , D a v id , ta w a . Mexico Today. P h ila d e lp h ia , , I n s titu te f o r th e S tu d y o f H u m a n I s s u e s , 1 9 8 2 , 1 4 0 p p . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 5 2 -9 9 . C a v e s , R ic h a r d E . a n d L a w r e n c e B . K r a u s e , e d s . , The Australian Economy: A View from the North. W a s h in g to n , T h e B r o o k in g s I n s titu tio n , 1 9 8 4 , 4 1 5 p p . $ 3 2 . 9 5 , c lo th ; $ 1 2 . 9 5 , p a p e r . Economic growth and development p a Law Journal, B e rg s o n , A b ra m , p ap er. C e n t e r s ,” : P h illip s , J o h n R . , “ T h e ir O w n B r a n d o f I n d u s tr ia l J u s tic e : A r b i t r a to r s ’ E x c e s s e s in D is c h a r g e C a s e s . ” Employee Relations P o te r b a , J a m e s M . a n d L a w r e n c e H . S u m m e r s , b e r o s h a t o n , T h e B u r e a u o f N a tio n a l A f fa ir s , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 , 7 7 0 p p . $ 6 5 , c lo th ; $ 3 5 , s tu d e n ts . “ W hat L anguage D o Y ou S peak?” I n c . , 19 8 4 , 3 7 p p . ( n T h e W . E . U p jo h n I n s titu te f o r E m p lo y m e n t L a n d s m a n , R o b e rt J ., “ D u a l M o tiv e T e r m in a tio n s : T h e S h if tin g B u r d e n s , ” Employee Relations Law Journal, S u m m e r 1 9 8 4 , P a p e r S e r i e s , 4 0 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r . Demographics, m i, R e s e a r c h , 1 9 8 4 , 2 0 2 p p . $ 1 7 . 9 5 , c lo th ; $ 1 2 .9 5 , p a p e r . D ie w e r t , W . E . a n d T . J . W a l e s , M c A r t h u r , E d ith , Dun’s K ie rz k o w s k i, H e n ry k , “ T r a d e U n io n s , W a g e R e la tiv itie s a n d E m p l o y m e n t , ” Australian Economic Papers, J u n e 1 9 8 4 , p p . Economic and social statistics C h a ll , D a n ie l E . , “ W o r k e r s T a k e It o n th e C h i n , ” O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g o n p . 1 2 5 . ness Month, “ E u r o p e ’s G r im J o b O u t l o o k , ” Dun’s Busi O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 , b e g in n in g o n p . 1 3 3 . F r ie d , E d w a r d R . a n d P h ilip H . T r e z i s e , e d s . , U.S.-Canadian 53 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Book Reviews Economic Relations: Next Steps? W a s h in g to n , T h e B r o o k in g s I n s t i t u t i o n , 1 9 8 4 , 141 p p . $ 9 .9 5 , p a p e r . G a t e l y , D e r m o t , “ A T e n - Y e a r R e tr o s p e c tiv e : o pec a n d th e W o r ld “ R a tio n a l E x p e c ta tio n s , G r a d u a l P r ic e A d ju s tm e n t a n d M o n e ta r y P o lic y in A u s t r a l i a , ” Australian Economic Papers, C a m b r id g e , , T h e m i t P re s s The Effects of Market Demand, Technological Opportunity and Research Spillovers on r & d Intensity and Productivity Growth. C a m b r id g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f Ja ffe , A d a m B ., E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 , 3 9 p p . ( n S e r ie s , 1 4 3 2 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r . b e r W o r k in g P a p e r Ju n e 1984, pp. 7 9 - 9 0 . “ I n te r n a tio n a l S e m i n a r o n M a c r o e c o n o m ic s ,” nomic Review, J u n e 1 9 8 4 , p p . 1 - 1 4 8 . “ N e w F ig u r e s o n A id to D e v e lo p in g C o u n t r i e s , ” server, J u l y 1 9 8 4 , p p . 2 6 - 2 9 . P e n a t i , A l e s s a n d r o a n d M ic h a e l D o o le y , European Eco Wages and compensation C o n lo n , T h o m a s R . a n d A s s o c ia te s , The OECD Ob “ C u rren t A c co u n t Im 1984, D e e r P ark , l 1984, 46 pp. $95. L u n d b e r g , S h e lly , e Executive Compensation Study, , n y , T h o m a s R . C o n lo n & A s s o c i a t e s ’, Tied Wage-Hours Offers and the Endogeneity b a l a n c e s a n d C a p ita l F o r m a tio n in I n d u s tr ia l C o u n t r i e s , 1 9 4 9 - of Wages, 8 1 , ” International Monetary pp. 1 -2 4 . R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 , 18 p p . ( n 1 4 3 1 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r . Fund Staff Papers, S h o v e n , J o h n B . a n d J o h n W h a lle y , M a rc h 1984 “ A p p lie d G e n e r a l - E q u i l i b r iu m M o d e ls o f T a x a tio n a n d I n te r n a tio n a l T r a d e : A n I n tr o d u c tio n a n d S u r v e y , ” The Journal S e p te m b e r 1984. p p . 1 0 0 7 -5 1 . S p y ro p o u lo s , G e o rg e s , m a 1 9 8 4 , 1 8 7 p p . $ 1 7 .5 0 . O il M a r k e t , ’ The Journal of Economic Literature, S e p te m b e r 1984, p p . 1 1 0 0 -1 4 . H o r n e , J o c e l y n a n d Ia n M . M c D o n a ld , ogy in a Post-lndustrial Age. of Economic Literature, “ W o r k in g C o n d itio n s in th e I n d u s tr ia l N a tio n s : W h a t L ie s A h e a d , ” International Ju ly -A u g u s t 1 9 8 4 , p p . 3 9 1 - 4 0 4 . Labour Review, C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l b e r B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s Area Wage Surveys: Green Bay, Wisconsin, Metropolitan Area, August 1984 ( B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 2 9 , 3 9 p p . , $ 2 .2 5 ) ; South Bend, Indiana, Metropolitan Area, August 1984 ( B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 - 3 2 , 2 8 p p . , $ 1 .7 5 ) ; Greens boro— Winston-Salem—High Point, North Carolina, Met ropolitan Area, August 1984 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 - 3 4 , 3 0 p p ., $ 1 .7 5 ) ; Billings, Montana, Metropolitan Area, July 1984 ( B u lle tin U .S . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s , 3 0 2 5 —3 3 , 2 6 p p . , $ 1 .7 5 ) . A v a ila b le f r o m th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 , r e g io n a l o f fic e s . Monetary and fiscal policy M a n c h e s te r , J o y c e , “ M o r tg a g e F in a n c e : W h y N o t plam’s [P ric e - le v e l - a d j u s t e d m o r tg a g e s ] ? ” Economic Review,, F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f K a n s a s C ity , S e p te m b e r - O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 n n 3 1 -4 4 . M il l e r , G le n n H . , J r . , “ A lte r n a tiv e s to th e C u r r e n t I n d iv id u a l I n c o m e T a x , ” Economic Review, F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f K a n s a s C ity , S e p t e m b e r - O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 3 - 1 6 . M i t c h e ll , K a r ly n , “ C a p ita l A d e q u a c y a t C o m m e r c ia l B a n k s , ” Economic Review, F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f K a n s a s C ity , S e p t e m b e r - O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 1 7 - 3 0 . W ils o n , M a rily n , “ T h e B u d g e t: N o th in g Is ‘U n c o n t r o l l a b l e ’ , ” O c to b e r 1 9 8 4 , p p . 6 2 - 6 4 . Dun’s Business Month, Retail Pricing, the Time Distribution of Transactions, and Clearance Sales. C a m b r id g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 , 4 5 p p . ( n b e r W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s , 1 4 4 6 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r . “ F u ll C o s t P ric in g : A N e w W in e in a N e w B o t t l e , ” Australian Economic Papers, Ju n e 1984, pp. 1 5 1 -6 6 . Productivity and technological change H irsc h h o rn , L a rry , Beyond Mechanization: Work and Technol 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bls and Clerical Pay, March 1984. P re p a re d b y M a rk S. S i d in g . W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 8 4 , 91 p p . ( B u lle tin 2 2 0 8 .) S to c k N o . 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 2 8 2 6 - 1 . $ 4 , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 . Welfare programs and social insurance Consumption During Retirement: The Missing Link in the Life Cycle. R e p r in te d f r o m th e Review of Economics and Statistics, F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 4 , p p . 1 - 7 . C a m H a m e r m e s h , D a n ie l S . , b r i d g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 8 4 . ( n b e r R e p r in t N o . 5 1 7 .) $ 1 . 5 0 , p a p e r . The New American Poverty. N e w Y o rk , H o lt, R i n e h a r t a n d W in s to n , 1 9 8 4 , 271 p p . $ 1 7 .9 5 . L a z e a r, E d w a rd P ., L e e , F. S ., B o o k s to r e s , o r -------- National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical H a r r i n g t o n , M ic h a e l, Prices and living conditions g po Worker training and development Employing Our Youth: Meeting the Need for Employment and Training. ( P r o L e a v i t t, R o y L . a n d S u s a n M a c D o n a ld , e d s . , c e e d in g s o f a R e s e a r c h U tiliz a tio n W o r k s h o p , D e c . 7 , 1 9 8 3 .) N e w Y o r k , C o m m u n ity C o u n c il o f G r e a te r N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 4 . 59 p p . $ 8 , p a p e r. M a rrs, T e x e a n d K a re n R e a d , Service. C o c k e y s v ille , m 168 p p . $ 7 .9 5 , p a p e r. d Every woman’s Guide to Military , L ib e rty P u b lis h in g C o ., I n c ., 1 9 8 4 , Current Labor Statistics Motes on Current Labor Statistics..................................................................................................... Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes 1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 ................................ 2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted 3. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted ................... 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Selected employment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ....................................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally a d ju sted .................................................................................................................. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................... Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................................... Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted................................................................................................................................ Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Employment, by industry, selected years, 1950-83 ......................................................................................................................... Employment, by State ............................................................................................................................................................................. Employment, by industry, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................. Average hours and earnings, by industry, 1968-83 ......................................................................................................................... Average weekly hours, by industry, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................ Average hourly earnings, by industry ................................................................................................................................................. Hourly Earnings Index, by industry...................................................................................................................................................... Average weekly earnings, by industry................................................................................................................................................. Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased, seasonally a d ju sted ............................................................ Unemployment insurance data. Definitions 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations .................................................................................................... Price data. Definitions and notes 19. Consumer Price Index, 1967-83 .......................................................................................................................................................... 20. Consumer Price Index, U .S. city average, general summary and selected i t e m s .................................................................... 21. Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c l a s s ...................................................................... 22. 23. 24. 25. Consumer Price Index, selected areas ................................................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ............................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings .......................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity groupings ............................................................................................................. 26. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ............................................................................................................................ 27. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ............................................................................................... Productivity data. Definitions and notes 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years, 1950-83 ............................................... Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-83 ....................... Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1973-83 .................................................. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted ........................... Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s........... Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group ...................................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group ............................................................... Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size .................................... Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to d a te .................................................... Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date .................. Work stoppage data. Definition 38. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date ............................................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group of tables provides definitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cover of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series are given below. Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect o f such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea sonally adjusted.’’ Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the February 1984 issue o f the R e v i e w , to reflect experience through 1983. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -l 1/ ARIMA, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X - l l method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in T h e X - l l A R I M A S e a s o n a l A d j u s t m e n t M e t h o d by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months o f the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions o f historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 11, 13, and 15 were made in July 1984 using the X - ll ARIMA seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. More information from household and establishment surveys is provided in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , a monthly publication o f the Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume data book—L a b o r F o r c e S t a t i s t i c s D e r i v e d F r o m th e C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n S u r v e y , Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in two data b o o k s - E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , U n i t e d S t a t e s , and E m p l o v m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , S t a t e s a n d A r e a s , and their annual supplements. More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e l o p m e n t s . More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the C P I D e t a i l e d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P r i c e s a n d P r i c e I n d e x e s . Symbols P = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre liminary figures are issued based on representative but in complete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. S ch ed u le o f release d ates fo r B LS statistical series Series Employment situation ................ Producer Price Index . , Release date Period covered December 7 November December 14 November Release date Period covered Release date January 9 December February 1 January 1-11 January 11 December February 15 January 23-27 Period covered MLR table Consumer Price Index . . . December 20 November January 23 December February 26 January 19-22 Real e a rn in g s ................... December 20 November January 23 December February 26 January 12-16 January (1) 4th quarter 4th quarter 29-32 Productivity and costs: Nonfarm business and manufacturing . . . Nonfinancial Corporations . . . Employment Cost In d e x ............. January 29 Major collective bargaining settlements . . . . January 24 1984 U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes . . . . January 31 4th quarter 1Date not available. 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 29-32 . 1. 4th quarter 36-37 EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S population 16 years of age and older. House holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Em plo ym en t d ata Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment 1. rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description o f these ad justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s . Data in tables 2 - 8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex perience through December 1983. E m ploym ent status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3 [Numbers in thousands] Labor force Unemployed Employed Year Noninsti tutional population Number Percent of population Civilian Total Percent ot population Armed Forces Total Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor torce Not in labor torce 1950 1955 1960 ................ ................ ................ 106,164 111,747 119,106 63,377 67,087 71,489 59.7 60.0 60.0 60,087 64,234 67,639 56.6 57.5 56.8 1,169 2,064 1,861 58,918 62,170 65,778 7,160 6,450 5,458 51,758 55,722 60,318 3,288 2,852 3,852 5.2 4.3 5.4 42,787 44,660 46,617 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 128,459 130,180 132,092 134,281 136,573 76,401 77,892 79,565 80,990 82,972 59.5 59.8 60.2 60.3 60.8 73,034 75,017 76,590 78,173 80,140 56.9 57.6 58.0 58.2 58.7 1,946 2,122 2,218 2,253 2,238 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 4,361 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 66,726 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,296 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 4.4 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 52,058 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 139,203 142,189 145,939 148,870 151,841 84,889 86,355 88,847 91,203 93,670 61.0 60.7 60.9 61.3 61.7 80,796 81,340 83,966 86,838 88,515 58.0 57.2 57.5 58.3 58.3 2,118 1,973 1,813 1,774 1,721 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,515 75,215 75,972 78,669 81,594 83,279 4,093 5,016 4,882 4,355 5,156 4.8 5.8 5.5 4.8 5.5 54,315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 . ................ . ... ................ ................ 154,831 157,818 160,689 163,541 166,460 95,453 97,826 100,665 103,882 106,559 61.6 62.0 62.6 63.5 64.0 87,524 90,420 93,673 97,679 100,421 56.5 57.3 58.3 59.7 60.3 1,678 1,668 1,656 1,631 1,597 85,845 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 3,408 3,331 3,283 3,387 3,347 82,438 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 8.3 7.6 6.9 6.0 5.8 59,377 59,991 60,025 59,659 59,900 1980 1981 1982 1983 ................ ................ ................ ................ 169,349 171,775 173,939 175,891 108,544 110,315 111,872 113,226 64.1 65.2 64.3 64.4 100,907 102,042 101,194 102,510 59.6 59.4 58.2 58.3 1,604 1,645 1,668 1,676 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 3,364 3,368 3,401 3,383 95,938 97,030 96,125 97,450 7,637 8,273 10,578 10,717 7.0 7.5 9.5 9.5 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. E m p lo ym en t statu s o f th e p o pu lation , including A rm ed Forces in the U nited S tates, by sex, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status and sex Annual average 1983 1984 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 173,939 111,872 64.3 101,194 58.2 1,668 99,526 3,401 96,125 10,678 9.5 62,067 175,465 112,646 64.2 101,277 57.7 1,671 99,606 3,392 96,214 11,369 10.1 62,819 176,474 113,561 64.3 103,665 58.7 1,695 101,970 3,240 98,730 9,896 8.7 62,913 176,636 113,720 64.4 104,291 59.0 1,685 102,606 3,257 99,349 9,429 8.3 62,916 176,809 113,824 64.4 104,629 59.2 1,688 102,941 3,356 99,585 9,195 8.1 62,985 177,219 113,901 64.3 104,876 59.2 1,686 103,190 3,271 99,918 9,026 7.9 63,318 177,363 114,377 64.5 105,576 59.5 1,684 103,892 3,395 100,496 8,801 7.7 62,986 177,510 114,598 64.6 105,826 59.6 1,686 104,140 3,281 100,859 8,772 7.7 62,912 177,662 114,938 64.7 106,095 59.7 1.693 104,402 3,393 101,009 8,843 7.7 62,724 177,813 115,493 65.0 106,978 60.2 1,690 105,288 3,389 101,899 8,514 7.4 62,320 177,974 115,567 64.9 107,438 60.4 1,690 105,748 3,403 102,344 8,130 7.0 62,407 178,138 115,636 64.9 107,093 60.1 1,698 105,395 3,345 102,050 8,543 7.4 62,503 178,295 115,206 64.6 106,681 59.8 1,712 104,969 3,224 101,744 8,526 7.4 63,089 178,483 115,419 64.7 106.959 59.9 1,720 105,239 3,315 101,923 8,460 7.3 63,064 178,661 115,722 64.8 107,291 60.1 1,705 105,586 3,114 102,472 8,431 7.3 62,939 83,052 63,979 77.0 57,800 69.6 1,527 56,271 6,179 9.7 84,064 64,580 76.8 58,320 69.4 1,533 56,787 6,260 9.7 84,344 64,709 76.7 58,950 69.9 1,543 57,407 5,759 8.9 84,423 64,846 76.8 59,389 70.3 1,534 57,855 5,457 8.4 84,506 64,838 76.7 59,580 70.5 1,537 58,043 5,258 8.1 84,745 64,930 76.6 59,781 70.5 1,542 58,239 5,149 7.9 84,811 65,093 76.8 60,147 70.9 1,540 58,607 4,946 7.6 84,880 65,156 76.8 60,290 71.0 1,542 58,748 4,867 7.5 84,953 65,212 76.8 60,293 71.0 1,548 58,745 4,919 7.5 85,024 65,307 76.8 60,629 71.3 1,545 59,084 4,678 7.2 85,101 65,452 76.9 60,923 71.6 1,545 59,378 4,529 6.9 85,179 65,362 76.7 60,607 71.2 1,551 59,056 4,756 7.3 85,257 65,244 76.5 60,661 71.2 1,563 59,098 4,583 7.0 85,352 65,614 76.9 60,912 71.4 1,571 57,341 4,702 7.2 85,439 65,603 76.8 61,023 71.4 1,557 59,466 4,580 7.0 90,887 47,894 52.7 43,395 47.7 139 43,256 4,499 9.4 91,827 48,646 53.0 44,190 48.1 143 44,047 4,457 9.2 92,129 48,852 53.0 44,715 48,5 152 44,563 4,137 8.5 92,214 48,874 53.0 44,902 48.7 151 44,751 3,972 8.1 92,302 48,986 53.1 45,049 48.8 151 44,898 3,937 8.0 92,474 48,971 53.0 45,094 48.8 144 44,950 3,876 7.9 92,552 49,283 53.2 45,429 49.1 144 45,285 3,855 7.8 92,630 49,442 53.4 45,536 49.2 144 45,392 3.905 7.9 92,709 49,725 53.6 45,802 49.4 145 45,657 3,924 7.9 92,789 50,186 54.1 46,350 50.0 145 46,205 3,836 7.6 92,873 50,115 54.0 46,515 50.1 145 46,370 3,600 7.2 92,958 50,273 54.1 46,486 50.0 147 46,339 3,787 7.5 93,039 49,963 53.7 46,020 49.5 149 45,871 3,943 7.9 93,132 49,804 53.5 46,047 49.4 149 45,898 3,758 7.5 93,222 50,119 53.8 46,268 49.6 148 46,120 3,852 7.7 TOTAL Nonlnstitutional population1' 2 . . . . Labor force2 ................................. Participation rate3 ................ Total employed2 Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 . . . Civilian e m p lo y e d ................ Agriculture ................ Nonagricultural in d u s trie s ................ U n e m p lo y e d .......................... Unemployment rate5 ................ Not in iabor force ....................... Men, 16 years and over Noninstitutional population1' 2 . . , Labor force2 ................................. Participation rate3 ............................. Total employed2 ............................. Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 ...................... Civilian e m p lo y e d ................................... Unemployed ................................................ Unemployment rate5 ......................... Women, 16 years and over Noninstitutional population1' 2 .......................... Labor force2 ................................................... Participation rate3 ............................. Total employed2 .......................................... Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed corces1 ................... Civilian e m p lo y e d ................................... U n e m p lo y e d ................................................ Unemployment rate5 .......................... 1The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed In the United States. 3 Labor force as a percent of the nonlnstitutional population. 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4Total employed as a percent of the nonlnstitutional population. 5 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (Including the resident Armed Forces). 3. E m p lo ym en t status of the civilian popu lation by sex, age, race, and H ispanic origin, seasonally adjusted [N um bers in thousands] 1984 1983 Annual average Employment status 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665 174,779 111,866 64.0 101,970 58.3 9,896 8.8 62,913 174,951 112,035 64.0 102,606 58.6 9,429 8.4 62,916 175,121 112,136 64.0 102,941 58.8 9,195 8.2 62,985 175,533 112,215 63.9 103,190 58.8 9,026 8.0 63,318 175,679 112,693 64.1 103,892 59.1 8,801 7.8 62,986 175,824 112,912 64.2 104,140 59.2 8,772 7.8 62,912 73,644 57,980 78.7 52,891 71.8 2,422 50,469 5,089 8.8 74,872 58,744 78.5 53,4897 71.4 2,429 51,058 5,257 8.9 75,216 58,949 78.4 54,140 72.0 2,376 51,764 4,809 8.2 75,327 59,053 78.4 54,457 72.3 2,336 52,121 4,596 7.8 75,433 59,050 78.3 54,658 72.5 2,374 52,284 4,392 7.4 75,692 59,299 78.3 54,999 72.7 2,356 52,643 4,300 7.3 75,786 59,394 78.4 55,266 72.9 2,409 52,857 4,128 7.0 82,864 43,699 52.7 40,086 48.4 601 39,485 3,613 8.3 84,069 44,636 53.1 41,004 48.8 620 40,384 3,632 8.1 84,443 44,936 53.2 41,570 49.2 597 40,973 3,366 7.5 84,553 44,953 53.2 41,738 49.4 638 41,100 3,215 7.2 84,666 45,024 53.2 41,843 49.4 653 41,190 3,181 7.1 84,860 44,981 53.0 41,798 49.3 625 41,174 3,182 7.1 15,763 8,526 54.1 6,549 41.5 378 6,171 1,977 23.2 15,274 8,171 53.5 6,342 41.5 334 6,008 1,829 22.4 15,120 7,981 52.8 6,260 41.4 267 5,993 1,721 21.6 15,072 8,029 53.3 6,411 42.5 283 6,128 1,618 20.2 15,022 8,062 53.7 6,440 42.9 329 6,111 1,622 20.1 149.441 96,143 64.3 87,903 58.8 8,241 8.6 150.805 97,021 64.3 88,893 58.9 8,128 8.4 151,175 97,339 64.4 89,851 59.4 7,488 7.7 151,324 97,559 64.5 90,430 59.8 7,129 7.3 18,584 11,331 61.0 9,189 49.4 2,142 18.9 18,925 11,647 61.5 9,375 49.5 2,272 19.5 19,026 11,565 60.8 9,449 49.7 2,116 18.3 9,400 5,983 63.6 5,158 54.9 825 13.8 12,771 8,119 63.6 6,995 54.8 1.124 13.8 9,745 6,165 63.3 5,398 55.4 767 12.4 Apr. May June July 175,969 113,245 64.4 104,402 59.3 8,843 7.8 62,724 176,123 113,803 64.6 105,288 59 8 8,514 7.5 62,320 176,284 113,877 64.6 105,748 60.0 8,130 7.1 62,407 176,440 113,938 64.6 105,395 59.7 8,543 7.5 62,502 176,583 113,494 64.3 104,969 59.4 8,526 7.5 63,089 176,763 113,699 64.3 105,239 59.5 8,460 7.4 63,064 176,956 114,017 64.4 105,586 59.7 8,431 7.4 62,939 75,880 59,388 78.3 55,368 73.0 2,364 53,004 4,020 6.8 75,973 59,480 78.3 55,385 72.9 2,453 52,932 4,095 6.9 76,073 59,546 78.3 55,685 73.2 2,451 53,234 3,861 6.5 76,176 59,726 78.4 55,970 73.5 2,469 53,501 3,755 6.3 76,269 59,694 78.3 55,789 73.1 2,455 53,334 3,906 6.5 76,350 59,752 78.3 55,899 73.2 2,392 53,507 3,853 6.4 76,451 59,898 78.3 56,022 73.3 2,403 53,620 3,875 6.5 76,565 59,971 78.3 56,213 73.4 2,316 53,898 3,758 6.3 84,962 45,258 53.3 42,138 49.6 640 41,498 3,120 6.9 85,064 45,459 53.4 42.315 49.7 574 41,741 3,144 6.9 85,168 45,703 53.7 42,517 49.9 619 41,898 3,186 7.0 85,272 46,222 54.2 43,098 50.5 610 42,487 3,124 6.8 85,380 46,101 54.0 43,146 50.5 623 42,523 2,955 6.4 85,488 46,261 54.1 43,088 50.4 573 42,515 3,173 6.9 85,581 46,082 53.8 42,819 50.0 563 42,255 3,264 7.1 85,688 45,859 53.5 42,807 50.5 595 42,212 3,053 6.7 85,793 46,220 53.9 43,016 50.1 554 42,462 3,204 6.9 14,981 7,935 53.0 6,392 42.7 290 6,102 1,543 19.4 14,931 8,041 53.9 6,488 43.5 346 6,142 1,553 19.3 14,880 8,065 54.2 6,457 43.4 343 6,114 1,608 19.9 14,828 8,062 54.4 6,500 43.8 321 6,179 1,562 19.4 14,778 8,034 54.4 6,505 44.0 327 6,178 1,529 19.0 14,728 8,050 54.7 6,631 45.0 311 6,320 1,419 17.6 14,683 7,982 54.4 6,518 44.4 317 6,201 1,464 18.3 14,653 7,660 52.3 6,251 42.7 269 5,982 1,409 18.4 14,624 7,942 54.3 6,410 43.8 318 6,092 1,532 19.3 14,598 7,826 53.6 6,356 43.5 244 6,112 1,470 18.8 151,484 97,724 64.5 90,779 59.9 6,945 7.1 151,939 97,813 64.4 91,044 59.9 6,768 6.9 152,079 98,167 64.6 91,544 60.2 6,623 6.7 152,285 98,424 64.6 91.845 60.3 6,580 6.7 152,178 98,495 64.7 91,933 60.4 6,562 6.7 152,229 98,853 64.9 92,505 60.8 6,348 6.4 152,295 98,770 64.9 92,697 60.9 6,072 6.1 152,286 98,710 64.8 92,430 60.7 6,280 6.4 152,402 98,156 64.4 91,850 60.3 6,306 6.4 152,471 98,388 64.5 92,074 60.4 6,314 6.4 152,605 98,520 64.6 92,249 60 4 6.271 6.4 19,057 11,623 61.0 9,563 50.2 2,060 17.7 19,086 11,650 61.0 9,582 50.2 2,068 17.8 19,196 11,660 60.7 9,707 50.6 1,953 16.7 19,222 11,881 61.8 9,958 51.8 1,923 16.2 19,248 11,867 61.7 9,896 51.4 1,972 16.6 19,274 11,934 61.9 9,923 51.5 2,011 16.8 19,302 12,008 62.5 10,105 52.4 1,903 15.8 19,330 11,962 61.9 10,168 52.6 1,795 15.0 19,360 12,076 62.4 10,041 51 9 2,035 16.9 19,386 12,176 62.8 10,226 52.8 1,950 16.0 19,416 12,079 62.2 10,259 52 8 1,820 15.1 19,449 12,185 62.7 10,314 53.0 1.872 15.4 9,677 6,232 64.4 5,463 56.5 769 12.3 9,735 6,267 64.4 5,540 56.9 727 11.6 9,778 6,336 64.8 5,627 57.6 708 11.2 9,906 6,292 63.5 5,652 57.1 639 10.2 10,080 6.484 64.3 5,751 57.1 733 11.3 10,072 6,378 63.3 5,643 56.0 735 11.5 10,026 6,332 63.2 5,666 56.5 666 10.5 9,824 6,298 64.1 5,669 57.7 629 10.0 9,738 6,293 64.6 5,626 57.8 667 10.6 9,785 6,271 64.1 5,600 57.2 672 10.7 9,713 6,328 65.2 5,650 58.2 678 10.7 9,794 6,339 64.7 5,649 57.7 689 10.9 Aug. Sept. Oct. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor f o r c e .......................................... Participation r a t e ................................ Employed ................................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . U n e m p lo ye d ................................................ Unemployment rate .......................... Not in labor force .......................................... Men, 20 years and over Employed ................................................... A g ricu ltu re ................................................ Nonagricultural industries ................... Unemployment rate ......................... Women, 20 years and over Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate ................... ......................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Nonagricultural industries Unemployment rate ................... ......................... White Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Employment-population ratio2 . . . . U n e m p lo ye d ................................................ Unemployment rate ......................... Black Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor f o r c e ......................................... Participation r a t e ................................ Employment-population ratio2 . . . . U n e m p lo ye d ................................................ Unemployment rate ......................... Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................ Civilian labor f o r c e ......................................... Participation r a t e ................................ Employment-population ratio2 Unemployment rate ......................... 1The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. C ivilia n employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected em ploym ent indicators, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Annual average 1983 1984 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 99,526 56,271 43,256 38,074 24,053 5,099 100,834 56,787 44,047 37,967 24,603 5,091 101,970 57,407 44,563 38,240 24,953 5,172 102,606 57,855 44,751 38,388 25,057 5,236 102,941 58,043 44,898 38,494 25,140 5,254 103,190 58,239 44,950 38,682 24,947 5,293 103,892 58,607 45,285 38,911 25,212 5,346 104,140 58,748 45,392 38,927 25,239 5,444 104,402 58,745 45,657 39,062 25,457 5,491 105,288 59,084 46,205 39,159 25,722 5,668 105,748 59,378 46,370 39,072 25,786 5,688 105,395 59,056 46,339 39,121 25,716 5,662 104,969 59,098 45,871 39,029 25,764 5,507 105,239 59,341 45,898 39,034 25,641 5,412 105,586 59,466 46,120 39,023 25,891 5,344 Agriculture: Wage and salary workers ................................... Seif-employed workers ...................................... Unpaid family w o rk e rs ......................................... 1,505 1,636 261 1,579 1,565 240 1,505 1,527 227 1,481 1,556 224 1,512 1,572 265 1,443 1,613 233 1,560 1,609 232 1,515 1,580 198 1,661 1,534 207 1,610 1,537 246 1,604 1,570 212 1,513 1,559 230 1,425 1,568 208 1,569 1,569 187 1,481 1,479 173 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers ................................... G overnm ent................................................... Private in d u s trie s ......................................... Private households ............................ Other ...................................................... Self-employed workers ...................................... Unpaid family w o rk e rs ......................................... 88,462 15,562 72,945 1,207 71,738 7,262 401 89,500 15,537 73,963 1,247 72,716 7,575 376 90,617 15,578 75,039 1,278 73,761 7,695 405 91,094 15,585 75,509 1,216 74,293 7,800 474 91,422 15,481 75,941 1,241 74,700 7,734 450 91,641 15,535 76,106 1,197 74,909 7,936 364 92,379 15,822 76,557 1,219 75,339 7,849 330 92,819 15,813 77,006 1,155 75,851 7,755 326 92,931 15,784 77,147 1,296 75,851 7,834 338 93,928 15,761 78,167 1,347 76,820 7,707 311 94,040 15,685 78,355 1,329 77,026 7,828 348 93,841 15,604 78,236 1,239 76,997 7,717 306 93,554 15,782 77,772 1,181 76,591 7,829 324 94,122 15,959 78,163 1,185 76,979 7,721 314 94,369 16,046 78,323 1,209 77,114 7,775 312 90,552 72,245 5,852 2,169 3,683 12,455 92,038 73,624 5,997 1,826 4,171 12,417 93,273 75,047 5,724 1,617 4,107 12,502 93,834 75,398 5,848 1,719 4,129 12,588 94,173 75,802 5,712 1,672 4,040 12,659 94,707 76,237 5,943 1,771 4,172 12,527 95,067 76,715 5,808 1,611 4,197 12,545 94,982 77,004 5,463 1,472 3,991 12,515 96,918 78,276 5,593 1,530 4,063 13,049 96,523 78,280 5,353 1,549 3,804 12,889 96,500 78,496 5,491 1,654 3,837 12,514 96,848 78,659 5,300 1,589 3,711 12,889 96,921 78,799 5,324 1,749 3,576 12,797 96,448 78,291 5,496 1,675 3,821 12,662 96,577 78,459 5,479 1,606 3,873 12,638 CHARACTERISTIC Civilian employed, 16 years and over ...................... M e n ......................................................................... W o m e n .................................................................. Married men, spouse p re s e n t............................. Married women, spouse present ...................... Women who maintain families ......................... MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER PERSONS AT WORK1 Nonagricultural in d u s trie s ............................................ Full-time schedules ............................................ Part time for economic reaso ns......................... Usually work full time ................................ Usually work part t im e ............................... Part time for noneconomic reasons................... 1 Excludes persons "w ith a job but not at w ork" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5. S elected un em p lo ym en t indicators, seasonally adjusted [Unem ploym ent rates] Selected categories 1984 1983 Annual average 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Total, all civilian w o rk e rs ............................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a r s ................................ Men, 20 years and o v e r ...................................... Women, 20 years and o v e r ................................ 9.7 23.2 8.8 8.3 9.6 22.4 8.9 8.1 8.8 21.6 8.2 7.5 8.4 20.2 7.8 7.2 8.2 20.1 7.4 7.1 8.0 19.4 7.3 7.1 7.8 19.3 7.0 6.9 7.8 19.9 6.8 6.9 7.8 19.4 6.9 7.0 7.5 19.0 6.5 6.8 7.1 17.6 6.3 6.4 7.5 18.3 6.5 6.9 7.5 18.4 6.4 7.1 7.4 19.3 6.5 6.7 7.4 18.8 6.3 6.9 White, t o t a l............................................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ...................... Men, 16 to 19 years ......................... Women, 16 to 19 years ................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ............................. Women, 20 years and over ...................... 8.6 20.4 21.7 19.0 7.8 7.3 8.4 19.3 20.2 18.3 7.9 6.9 7.7 18.5 19.8 16.9 7.3 6.3 7.3 17.2 17.6 16.6 6.9 6.0 7.1 17.0 17.5 16.5 6.7 5.9 6.9 16.2 17.8 14.5 6.3 6.0 6.7 16.5 16.4 16.7 6.1 5.8 6.7 17.1 17.3 16.8 5.8 5.9 6.7 16.2 16.6 15.7 5.9 6.0 6.4 16.2 16.8 15.5 5.6 5.8 6.1 15.5 16.5 14.5 5.3 5.6 6.4 15.3 17.8 12.6 5.5 5.9 6.4 15.9 16.2 15.5 5.5 6.0 6.4 16.6 17.3 15.8 5.6 5.8 6.4 16.1 17.0 15.2 5.4 5.9 Black, t o t a l ............................................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ...................... Men, 16 to 19 years ......................... Women, 16 to 19 years ................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ............................. Women, 20 years and over ...................... 18.9 48.0 48.9 47.1 17.8 15.4 19.5 48.5 48.8 48.2 18.1 16.5 18.3 48.7 45.6 52.2 16.3 15.9 17.7 47.3 44.9 50.0 15.6 15.6 17.8 49.0 46.4 51.9 15.1 15.9 16.7 47.9 47.1 48.8 14.8 14.3 16.2 43.5 46.7 39.9 14.1 14.4 16.6 46.7 44.4 49.6 15.4 13.5 16.8 44.8 42.8 47.1 16.0 13.4 15.8 44.1 40.9 48.2 14.1 13.6 15.0 34.3 35.3 33.1 14.8 12.4 16 9 42.4 42.6 42.1 15.7 14.0 16.0 41.7 40.6 42.9 14.2 14.1 15.1 41.7 39.9 43.7 13.5 12.6 15.4 40.2 45.1 34 6 13.4 13.5 Hispanic origin, to ta l............................................ 13.8 13.8 12.4 12.3 11.6 11.2 10.2 11.3 11.5 10.5 10.0 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.9 5.5 6.0 10.5 5.2 6.1 10.9 5.0 6.0 10.7 4.9 5.9 11.0 4.7 5.8 11.0 4.7 5.8 10.5 4.5 5.8 9.8 4.5 5.6 9.6 4.6 5.9 9.6 4.4 6.0 10.5 4.6 5.8 10.0 4.6 5.8 10.5 CHARACTERISTIC Married men, spouse p re s e n t............................. Married women, spouse present ...................... Women who maintain families ......................... 6.5 7.4 11.7 6.5 7.0 12.2 5.7 6.3 11.4 Full-time w o rke rs................................................... Part-time workers ................................................ Unemployed 15 weeks and over ...................... Labor force time lost1 ......................................... 9.6 10.5 3.2 11.0 9.5 10.4 3.8 10.9 8.7 10.0 3.3 10.0 8.2 9.8 3.1 9.7 8.0 9.8 3.0 9.4 7.8 9.2 2.9 9.2 7.5 9.3 2.6 8.9 7.5 9.2 2.5 8.8 7.6 9.1 2.5 8.9 7.2 9.3 2.5 8.5 6.7 10.3 2.3 8.3 7.2 9.6 2.4 8.7 7.2 9.6 2.3 8.5 7.1 9.4 2.3 8.5 7.1 9.1 2.2 8.6 10.1 13.4 20.0 12.3 13.3 10.8 6.8 10.0 6.9 4.9 14.7 9.9 17.0 18.4 11.2 12.1 10.0 7.4 10.0 7.2 5.3 16.0 9.0 12.1 15.8 9.6 10.2 8.7 7.2 9.8 6.9 5.1 16.2 8.6 12 8 15.6 8.9 9.0 8.7 6.7 9.1 6.7 4.9 15.7 8.3 12.4 16.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 6.5 8.8 6.6 5.0 15.6 7.9 10.9 15.0 8.4 8.0 8.9 5.1 8.4 6.3 5.0 15.5 7.8 12.2 15.1 7.5 7.3 7.8 5.9 8.3 6.3 4.5 14.0 7.6 11.2 13.3 7.5 7.8 7.2 5.0 8.3 6.4 4.4 14.6 7.7 10.3 14.3 7.7 7.5 8.0 5.4 8.7 6.1 4.4 12.2 7.2 8.9 14.8 7.1 7.0 7.1 5.5 7.9 5.5 4.7 13.9 7.0 7.1 14.8 7.2 7.2 7.3 5.2 7.2 5.4 4.1 11.8 7.4 7.5 14.7 7.5 6.7 8.6 6.1 7.8 5.9 4.5 14.6 7.5 10.3 14.0 7.5 6.9 8.3 6.2 7.8 6.1 4.3 12.8 7.4 8.6 13.8 7.6 7.0 8.4 6.1 8.2 5.6 4.5 15.0 7.3 10.9 13.5 7.4 7.0 7.9 5.3 7.9 5.7 4.5 13.8 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers . . Mining ................................................................... Construction ......................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................... Durable goods ............................................ Nondurable goods ...................................... Transportation and public u tilitie s ...................... Wholesale and retail tr a d e ................................... Finance and service industries ......................... Government workers ................................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers ...................... 1 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 6. U n em p lo ym en t rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [Civilian w orkers] Sex and age 1983 1984 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 9.7 17.8 23 2 24.9 22.1 14.9 7.4 7.9 5.0 9.6 17.2 2? 4 24.5 21.1 14.5 7.5 8.0 5.3 8.8 16.3 21 fi 24.0 20.3 13.8 6.8 7.2 5.0 8.4 15.4 2Í1 2 21.9 19.3 13.6 6.5 6.9 4.9 8.2 14.9 8.0 14.8 7.8 14.2 7.8 14.4 7.8 14.6 7.5 14.0 7.1 13.0 7.5 13.6 7.5 14.0 7.4 14.1 7.4 13.6 22.9 18.8 13.0 6.4 6.8 4.9 21.9 17.6 12.2 6.2 6.5 4.7 22.1 17.5 12.5 6.1 6.4 4.3 23.1 18.1 11.6 5.9 6.3 4.3 22.3 17.5 11.6 6.0 6.3 4.2 20.2 18.2 12.2 5.7 6.0 4.4 19.7 16.3 11.5 5.6 5.7 4.6 20.5 16.7 10.7 5.9 6.2 4.4 21.4 16.7 11.8 5.8 6.1 4.6 21.3 17.9 11.5 5.7 5.9 4.5 20.1 18.0 11.1 5.7 5.9 4.8 Men, 16 years and o v e r ................ 16 to 24 years .................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................... 16 to 17 y e a r s ................................ 18 to 19 y e a r s ................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................... 25 years and over ................................... 25 to 54 y e a r s .......................................... 55 years and over ................................ 9.9 19.1 24.4 26.4 23.1 16.4 7.5 8.0 5.1 9.9 18.4 23.3 25.2 22.2 15.9 7.8 8.2 5.6 9.1 17.3 22.5 24.3 21.6 14.7 7.0 7.4 5.4 8.6 15.9 20.2 22.0 19.6 13.8 6.8 7.1 5.4 8.3 15.6 20.4 23.3 18.9 13.3 6.5 6.7 5.4 8.1 15.6 20.8 21.6 19.6 13.1 6.2 6.6 4.8 7.8 14.6 19.7 21 6 18.1 12.1 6.1 6.4 4.5 7.7 14.6 20.0 23.0 18.2 11.9 5.9 6.1 4.6 7.7 15.0 19.7 23.7 17.3 12.7 5.9 6.2 4.4 7.3 14.0 19.4 21.3 18.3 11.5 5.7 5.9 4.5 7.1 13.7 18.5 22 7 16.1 11.4 5.4 5.6 4.3 7.5 14.6 20.6 23.0 18.8 11.7 5.7 5.9 4.6 7.2 14.3 18.6 22.1 16.5 12.3 5.5 5.7 4.6 7.3 14.8 19.9 21.1 19.1 12.3 5.5 5.6 5.0 7.2 13.9 20.2 21.5 19.3 10.9 5.5 5.6 4.8 Women, 16 years and o v e r ................................ 16 to 24 y e a rs ................................................ 16 to 19 years ............................................. 16 to 17 y e a r s .......................................... 18 to 19 y e a r s .......................................... 20 to 24 years ............................................. 25 years and over ............................................. 25 to 54 years .......................................... 55 years and over ................................... 9.4 16.2 21.9 23.2 21.0 13.2 7.3 7.7 4.8 9.2 15.8 21.3 23 7 19.9 12.9 7.2 7.7 4.7 8.5 15.1 20.5 23 6 18.8 12.3 6.5 7.0 4.4 8.2 14.7 20.1 21 8 19.0 12.0 6.2 6.6 4.1 8.1 14.0 19.8 22 5 18.7 11.0 6.3 68 4.3 7.9 13.9 18.0 22 2 15.4 11.7 6.2 6.5 4.5 7.8 13.7 18.9 22 6 16.9 11.0 6.1 6.5 4.0 7.9 14.2 19.8 23 1 18.1 11.3 6.0 6.5 3.9 7.9 14.1 19.0 ?n a 17.8 11.6 6.0 6.4 3.9 7.7 14.0 18.6 7.2 12.2 16.7 7.6 12.5 15.9 7.9 13.7 18.2 7.6 13.2 18.6 7.7 13.2 17.3 18.1 11.6 5.8 6.1 4.3 16.5 9.9 5.8 5.8 5.0 14.4 10.8 6.1 6.5 4.2 16.9 11.4 6.3 6.6 4.4 16.8 10.4 5.9 6.3 3.9 16.6 11.2 6.1 6.3 4.8 Total, 16 years and over ................ 16 to 24 years ............................. 16 to 19 y e a r s ................................ 16 to 17 y e a rs ................................ 18 to 19 y e a rs ....................... 20 to 24 years ............................. 25 years and over .................... 25 to 54 years ....................................... 55 years and over ............................. 7. Annual average 1982 U n em p lo yed persons by reason for unem ploym ent, seasonally adjusted [N um bers in thousands] Reason lor unemployment Job osers ....................................................................... On layoff ................................................................ Other job losers ................................................... Job le a ve rs....................................................................... R e e n tra n ts ...................................................................... New e n tra n ts ................................................................... Annual average 1983 1984 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 6,258 2,127 4,141 840 2,384 1,185 6,258 1,780 4,478 830 2,412 1,216 5,601 1,392 4,209 866 2,322 1,127 5,226 1,321 3,905 868 2,250 1,154 5,017 1,283 3,734 855 2,246 1,150 4,825 1,238 3,588 809 2,192 1,175 4,737 1,272 3,465 772 2,153 1,092 4,614 1,254 3,360 756 2,208 1,213 4,527 1,108 3,419 781 2,308 1,216 4,327 1,192 3,134 804 2,178 1,186 4,220 1,166 3,055 800 1,968 1,136 4,511 1,164 3,346865 2,091 1,092 4,218 1,152 3,066 835 2,322 1,093 4,211 1,109 3,102 845 2,298 1,052 4,370 1,176 3,193 818 2,136 1,073 100.0 58.7 19.9 38.8 7.9 22.3 11.1 100.0 58.4 16.6 41.8 7.7 22.5 11.3 100.0 56.5 14.0 42.4 8.7 23.4 11.4 100.0 55.0 13.9 41.1 9.1 23.7 12.1 100.0 54.1 13.8 40.3 9.2 24.2 12.4 100.0 53.6 13.7 39.9 9.0 24.4 13.1 100.0 54.1 14.5 39.6 8.8 24.6 12.5 100.0 52.5 14.3 38.2 8.6 25.1 13.8 100.0 51.3 12.5 38.7 8.8 26.1 13.8 100.0 50.9 14.0 36.9 9.5 25.6 14,0 100.0 51.9 14.4 37.6 9.8 24.2 14.0 100.0 52.7 13.6 39.1 10.1 24.4 12.8 100.0 49.8 13.6 36.2 9.9 27.4 12,9 100.0 50.1 13.2 36.9 10.1 27.3 12.5 100.0 52.0 14.0 38.0 9.7 25.4 12.8 5.7 .8 2.2 1.1 5.6 .7 2.2 1.1 5.0 .8 2.1 1.0 4.7 .8 2.0 1.0 4.5 .8 2.0 1.0 4.3 .7 2.0 10 4.2 7 1.9 1.0 4.1 .7 2.0 1.1 4.0 .7 2.0 1.1 3.8 .7 1.9 1.0 3.7 .7 1.7 1.0 4.0 .8 1.8 1.0 3.7 .7 2.0 1.0 3.7 .7 2.0 .9 3.8 .7 1.9 .9 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed ......................................................... Job losers ....................................................................... On layoff ................................................................ Other job losers ................................................... Job le a ve rs....................................................................... R e e n tra n ts ....................................................................... New e n tra n ts ................................................................... PERCENT OF CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers ....................................................................... Job le a ve rs....................................................................... R e e n tra n ts ....................................................................... New e n tra n ts ................................................................... 8. D uration of u nem ploym ent, seaso n ally adjusted [N um bers in thousands] Weeks of unemployment Less than 5 weeks ......................................................... 5 to 14 w e e k s ................................................................ 15 weeks and over ...................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ................................................... 27 weeks and over ................................................ Mean duration In w e e k s ................................................ Median duration In w e e k s ............................................. 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Annual average 1983 1984 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 3,883 3,311 3,485 1,708 1,776 15.6 8.7 3,570 2,937 4,210 1,652 2,559 20.0 10.1 3,504 2,725 3,655 1,372 2,283 20.1 9.5 3,328 2,616 3,527 1,337 2,190 20.2 9.4 3,382 2,504 3,369 1.284 2,085 19.6 9.0 3,233 2,556 3,201 1,166 2.035 20.5 9.2 3.359 2,484 2,984 1,173 1,810 18.8 8.3 3,386 2,539 2,873 1.114 1,759 18.8 8.3 3.438 2,493 2,855 1,111 1,744 18.5 8.1 3,238 2,433 2,851 1,186 1,664 18.4 8.7 3,174 2,294 2,619 1.008 1,611 18.6 7.2 3,462 2,490 2,689 1,100 1,589 18.1 7.6 3,555 2,333 2,606 1,113 1,493 17.3 7.5 3,286 2,539 2,600 1,085 1,515 17.1 7.6 3,431 2,399 2,530 1.099 1,431 16.5 7.2 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS p ile d f r o m p a y r o l l r e c o r d s r e p o r t e d m o n th ly o n a v o lu n ta r y b a s is in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers to th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s a n d its c o o p e r a t i n g S ta te a g e n c ie s in high-wage and low-wage industries. b y o v e r 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 e s t a b l is h m e n t s r e p r e s e n t i n g a ll in d u s tr ie s e x c e p t t h e r e f o r e in t h e s a m p le . ( A n e s t a b l is h m e n t is n o t n e c e s s a r ily a Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime f ir m ; it m a y b e a b r a n c h p l a n t , f o r e x a m p l e , o r w a r e h o u s e .) S e lf- premiums were paid. E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in th is s e c tio n a re c o m a g r i c u l t u r e . In m o s t i n d u s t r i e s , t h e s a m p lin g p r o b a b ilitie s a re b a s e d o n th e s i z e o f t h e e s t a b l is h m e n t ; m o s t la r g e e s t a b lis h m e n ts a r e e m p l o y e d p e r s o n s a n d o t h e r s n o t o n a r e g u l a r c iv ilia n p a y r o ll a re o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e o f th e s u r v e y b e c a u s e th e y a re e x c lu d e d f ro m e s t a b l i s h m e n t r e c o r d s . T h is l a r g e ly a c c o u n ts f o r th e d if f e r e n c e in e m p l o y m e n t f i g u r e s b e t w e e n th e h o u s e h o ld a n d e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r veys. Definitions The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May 1983 issue, represents the percent of 185 nonagricultural industries in which employ ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an eco nomic indicator. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called “ benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1984 data, published in the July 1984 issue of the R e v i e w . Con sequently, data published in the R e v i e w prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1982; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1979. Unadjusted data from April 1983 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1980 forward are subject to revision in future bench marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a S u p p l e m e n t to E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s (unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1984 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1984) and in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 - 7 8 , BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 9. E m ploym ent, by industry, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3 [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] Goods-producing Year Private sector Total Total Mining Service-producing Construc tion Manufac turing Total Transpor tation and public utilities Whole sale trade Retail trade Government Finance, insurance, Services and real estate Total Federal State Local 1950 ................................... 1955 ................................... I9 6 0 2 ................................ 1964 ................................... 1965 ................................... 45,197 50,641 54,189 58,283 60,765 39,170 43,727 45,836 48,686 50,689 18,506 20,513 20,434 21,005 21,926 901 792 712 634 632 2,364 2,839 2,926 3,097 3,232 15,241 16,882 16,796 17,274 18,062 26,691 30,128 33,755 37,278 38,839 4,034 4,141 4,004 3,951 4,036 2,635 2,926 3,143 3,337 3,466 6,751 7,610 8,248 8,823 9,250 1,888 2,298 2,629 2,911 2,977 5,357 6,240 7,378 8,660 9,036 6,026 6,914 8,353 9,596 10,074 1,928 2,187 2,270 2,348 2,378 (1) 1,168 1,536 1,856 1,996 (1) 3,558 4,547 5,392 5,700 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 53,116 54,413 56,058 58,189 58,325 23,158 23,308 23,737 24,361 23,578 627 613 606 619 623 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 40,743 42,495 44,160 46,023 47,302 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 3,597 3,689 3,779 3,907 3,993 9,648 9,917 10,320 10,798 11,047 3,058 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 9,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 11,548 10,784 11,391 11,839 12,195 12,554 2,564 2,719 2,737 2,758 2,731 2,141 2,302 2,442 2,533 2,664 6,080 6,371 6,660 6,904 7,158 1 9 7 1 ................................... 1972 ................................... 1973 ................................... 1974 ................................... 1975 ................................... 71,214 73,675 76,790 78,265 76,945 58,331 60,341 63,058 64,095 62,259 22,935 23,668 24,893 24,794 22,600 609 628 642 697 752 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 48,278 50,007 51,897 53,471 54,345 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 4,001 4,113 4,277 4,433 4,415 11,351 11,836 12,329 12,554 12,645 3,772 3,908 4,046 4,148 4,165 11,797 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 12,881 13,334 13,732 14,170 14,686 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 2,747 2,859 2,923 3,039 3,179 7,437 7,790 8,146 8,407 8,758 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... 79,382 82,471 86,697 89.823 90,406 64,511 67,344 71,026 73,876 74,166 23,352 24,346 25,585 26,461 25,658 779 813 851 958 1,027 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,463 4,346 18,997 19,682 20,505 21,040 20,285 56,030 58,125 61,113 63,363 64,748 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,146 4,546 4,708 4,969 5,204 5,275 13,209 13,808 14,573 14,989 15,035 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,160 14,551 15,303 16,252 17,112 17,890 14,871 15,127 15,672 15,947 16,241 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 3,273 3,377 3,474 3,541 3,610 8,865 9,023 9,446 9,633 9,765 1 9 8 1 ................................... 1982 ................................... 1983 ................................... 91,156 89,566 90,138 75,126 73,729 74,288 25,497 23,813 23,394 1,139 1,128 957 4,188 3,905 3.940 20,170 18,781 18,497 65,659 65,753 66,744 5,165 5,082 4,958 5,358 5,278 5,259 15,189 15,179 15,545 5,298 5,341 5,467 18,619 19,036 19,665 16,031 15,837 15,851 2,772 2,739 2,752 3,640 3,640 3,660 9,619 9,458 9,439 1 Not available. 2Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 10. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. E m ploym ent, by S tate [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] State September 1983 August 1984 September 1984P State September 1983 August 1984 September 1984P A lab am a............................................................ A la s k a ................................................................ Arizona ............................................................ Arkansas ......................................................... California ......................................................... 1,326.5 227.1 1,079.0 760.3 10,036.3 1,352.8 236.1 1,115.8 773.7 10,351.2 1,347.0 234.1 1,151.2 787.4 10,456.0 M ontana............................................................ Nebraska ......................................................... Nevada ............................................................ New H am pshire................................................ New J e r s e y ................................................ 273.1 617.3 417.0 420 7 3,190.7 274.0 627.0 420.7 439 8 3,314.9 277.5 633.9 423.9 436 1 3,302.5 Colorado ......................................................... C o n n e cticu t...................................................... Delaware ......................................................... District of Columbia ...................................... F lo rid a ................................................................ 1,337.9 1,459.6 269.8 596.2 3,919.9 1,363.7 1,478.2 276.7 612.0 4,094.6 1,366.0 1,478.2 275.6 599.3 4,144.0 New M e x ic o ................................................... New Y o r k ......................................................... North Carolina ................................................ North D a k o ta ...................................... O h io ................................................................... 486.6 7,319 4 2,447.2 254.0 4,157.0 498.5 7 467 2 2,462.9 251.4 4,176.3 502.0 7 486 1 2,515.1 255.2 4,229.3 Georgia ............................................................. H a w a ii................................................................ Idaho ................................................................ Illin o is ................................................................ Indiana ............................................................ 2,309.2 393.4 329.9 4,536.5 2,044,7 2,428.8 405.8 324.7 4,588.4 2,072.3 2,450.8 396.0 331.8 4,586.0 2,098.6 O kla hom a ......................................................... Oregon ............................................................. Pennsylvania ................................................ Rhode Island ......................................... South Carolina ......................................... 1,175.5 984.2 4,563.9 399.7 1,201.7 1,179.1 997.3 4,625.7 404.4 1,234.5 1,188.3 1,011.3 4,636.3 408.6 1,252.7 Io w a ................................................................... Kansas ............................................................ Kentucky ......................................................... Louisiana ......................................................... M a in e ............................................................ 1,036.7 924.6 1,163.6 1,569.7 434.4 1,025.9 930.0 1,185.6 1,571.7 452.2 1,040.8 942.7 1,196.9 1,582.1 442.8 South D a k o ta ................................................ Tennessee ......................................................... Texas ................................................................ U ta h ............................................................. V e rm o n t............................................................ 239.1 1,750.4 6,209.5 580.7 209 5 240.5 1,817.7 6,342.8 599.7 210.6 241.3 1,832.0 6,367.0 606.3 213.4 Maryland ......................................................... Massachusetts ................................................ Michigan ......................................................... M inn esota......................................................... Mississippi ................................................ M is s o u ri............................................................ 1,708.9 2,707.1 3,240.9 1,749.6 799.2 1,944.8 1,746.5 2,737.9 3,272.0 1,840.1 792.8 1,955.6 1,742.2 2,757.8 3,341.0 1,862.4 812.2 1,977.3 Virginia ......................................................... W ash in g to n ................................................... West V ir g in ia ............................................. W isco n sin ......................................................... Wyoming ...................................................... 2,229.5 1,607.8 587.2 1,876.4 211.4 2,291.6 1,647.1 595.6 1,929.6 212.6 2,321.9 1,667.0 592.1 1,949.6 213.0 Virgin Is la n d s ................................................... 34.4 35.1 33.5 p = preliminary. 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11. E m ploym ent, by industry, seasonally adjusted [N onagricultural payroll data, In thousands] Industry division and group 1984 1983 Annual average 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.F Oct.P 89,566 90,138 91,345 91,688 92,026 92,391 92,846 93,058 93,449 93,768 94,135 94,350 94,523 94,754 95,195 73,729 74,288 75,481 75,814 76,157 76,533 76,971 77,185 77,546 77,864 78,241 78,422 78,566 78,694 79,108 23,813 23,394 23,895 24,058 24,198 24,383 24,577 24,595 24,760 24,851 24,974 25,059 25,098 25,005 25,071 1,128 708 957 ,600 965 600 967 603 969 607 975 608 978 607 978 607 984 612 995 619 1,002 623 1,007 629 1,017 636 1,020 642 1,016 645 3,905 991 3,940 1,015 4,044 1,053 4,073 1,064 4,086 1,077 4,154 1,100 4,226 1,111 4,151 1,099 4,246 1,110 4,286 1,126 4,343 1,135 4,356 1,133 4,356 1,132 4,374 1,140 4,388 1,140 ............................................ 18,781 12,742 18,497 12,581 18,886 12,928 19,018 13,048 19,143 13,145 19,254 13,234 19,373 13,326 19,466 13,388 19,530 13,443 19,570 13,465 19,629 13,492 19,696 13,541 19,725 13,558 19,611 13,450 19,667 13,505 ............................................ 11,039 7,311 10,774 7,151 11,071 7,421 11,170 7,511 11,266 7,585 11,343 7,643 11,440 7,718 11,513 7,769 11,551 7,799 11,598 7,826 11,652 7,860 11,702 7,899 11,758 7,945 11,690 7,876 11,748 7,925 Lumber and wood products ................................ Furniture and fix tu r e s ............................................ Stone, clay, and glass products ......................... Primary metal industries ...................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products . . . . Fabricated metal p rod ucts...................................... 598 432 577 922 396 1,427 658 447 573 838 343 1,374 690 462 587 863 351 1,408 695 467 589 869 351 1,420 698 470 592 877 352 1,431 702 475 595 871 347 1,440 706 480 604 877 348 1,447 712 483 606 877 347 1,456 714 482 604 879 345 1,459 711 482 605 887 347 1,469 712 485 605 884 345 1,479 708 485 606 880 342 1,490 706 484 603 879 334 1,491 703 481 603 862 324 1,485 711 486 607 869 325 1,494 Machinery, except electrical ............................... Electrical and electronic equipm ent...................... Transportation equipm ent...................................... Motor vehicles and equipment ......................... Instruments and related products ...................... Miscellaneous m anufacturing................................ 2,244 2,008 1,735 699 716 382 2,038 2,024 1,756 758 695 371 2,077 2,086 1,820 810 702 376 2,106 2,109 1,832 823 705 378 2,122 2,132 1,855 843 707 382 2,137 2,152 1,876 858 711 384 2,151 2,175 1,898 865 715 387 2,166 2,202 1,905 863 718 388 2,189 2,212 1,905 857 719 388 2,203 2,228 1,906 848 722 385 2,226 2,237 1,917 855 723 384 2,242 2,252 1,926 858 727 386 2,252 2,267 1,961 894 726 389 2,241 2,263 1,940 864 725 387 2,256 2,264 1,943 865 729 389 ............................................ 7,741 5,431 7,724 5,430 7,815 5,507 7,848 5,537 7,877 5,560 7,911 5,591 7,933 5,608 7,953 5,619 7,979 5,644 7,972 5,639 7,977 5,632 7,994 5,642 7,967 5,613 7,921 5,574 7,919 5,580 Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ................................... Tobacco manufactures ......................................... Textile mill p ro d u cts............................................... Apparel and other textile p ro d u c ts ...................... Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................... 1,636 69 749 1,161 662 1,622 69 744 1,164 662 1,624 68 758 1,186 669 1,629 66 760 1,195 671 1,631 67 762 1,202 675 1,638 66 758 1,207 676 1,637 65 767 1,213 680 1,638 66 769 1,218 680 1,648 67 766 1,226 680 1,643 67 762 1,217 681 1,644 67 759 1,209 685 1,655 66 755 1,206 687 1,642 65 751 1,200 686 1,631 68 744 1,180 681 1,631 68 735 1,176 685 Printing and p u b lis h in g ......................................... Chemicals and allied products ............................. Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts ................................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . . Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ................................ 1,272 1,075 201 697 219 1,296 1,047 195 718 208 1,311 1,049 192 748 210 1,317 1,050 192 758 210 1,321 1,052 191 766 210 1,328 1,053 191 774 210 1,333 1,054 190 784 210 1,339 1,054 190 790 209 1,348 1,057 189 790 208 1,356 1,057 188 795 206 1,362 1,062 188 797 204 1,368 1,064 187 801 205 1,371 1,067 187 800 198 1,375 1,063 186 798 195 1,378 1,063 185 805 193 65,753 66,744 67,450 67,630 67,828 68,008 68,269 68,463 68,689 68,917 69,161 69,291 69,425 69,749 70,124 Transportation......................................................... Communication and public u tilitie s ...................... 5,082 2,789 2,293 4,958 2,739 2,219 5,053 2,776 2,277 5,043 2,763 2,280 5,055 2,776 2,279 5,095 2,816 2,279 5,105 2,828 2,276 5,112 2,839 2,273 5,129 2,862 2,267 5,144 2,871 2,273 5,163 2,883 2,280 5,175 2,896 2,279 5,202 2,924 2,278 5,211 2,936 2,275 5,238 2,967 2,271 Durable g o o d s ......................................................... Nondurable g o o d s .................................................. 5,278 11,039 7,741 5,259 10,774 7,724 5,322 11,071 7,815 5,344 11,170 7,848 5,371 11,266 7,877 5,406 11,343 7,911 5,438 11,440 7,933 5,457 11,513 7,953 5,473 11,551 7,979 5,492 11,598 7,972 5,502 11,652 7,977 5,528 11,702 7,994 5,544 11,758 7,967 5,585 11,690 7,921 5,612 11,748 7,919 15,179 2,184 2,478 1.632 4.831 15,545 2.161 2.560 1,667 5,007 15,737 2,179 2,587 1,695 5,071 15,805 2,195 2,594 1,703 5,082 15,857 2,189 2,600 1,710 5,095 15,914 2,210 2,618 1,725 5,111 15,980 2,211 2,626 1,740 5,121 16,030 2,230 2,626 1,748 5,136 16,095 2,251 2,635 1,743 5,154 16,166 2,273 2,630 1,751 5,183 16,245 2,295 2,641 1,751 5,199 16,283 2,301 2,648 1,762 5,211 16,295 2,303 2,640 1,758 5,238 16,339 2,315 2,650 1,754 5,253 16,477 2,353 2,676 1,763 5,276 5.341 2,646 1.714 981 5,467 2.740 1.721 1.005 5,512 2.769 1,725 1,018 5,530 2.777 1,728 1,025 5,546 2,789 1,730 1,027 5,573 2,797 1,737 1,039 5,593 2,812 1,741 1,040 5,613 2,831 1,742 1,041 5,640 2,851 1,742 1,047 5,662 2,863 1,746 1,053 5,676 2,854 1,752 1,066 5,676 2,854 1,759 1,063 5,679 2,850 1.763 1.066 5,684 2,857 1.765 1.062 5,712 2.869 1,772 1,071 19.036 3,286 5,812 19.665 3.539 5.973 19,962 3,672 6,007 20,034 3,703 6,016 20,130 3,758 6,026 20,162 3,798 6,030 20,278 3,845 6,040 20,378 3,875 6,052 20,449 3,912 6,062 20,549 3,979 6,073 20,681 4,014 6,064 20,701 4,035 6,079 20,748 4,069 6,034 20,870 4,084 6,086 20,998 4,112 6.102 15,837 2,739 3,640 9,458 15,851 2,752 3.660 9,439 15,864 2,760 3,667 9,437 15,874 2,759 3,669 9,446 15,869 2,762 3,668 9,439 15,858 2,760 3,670 9,428 15,875 2,763 3,682 9,430 15,873 2,770 3,686 9,417 15,903 2,771 3,693 9,439 15,904 2,767 3,699 9,438 15,894 2,777 3,699 9,418 15,928 2,779 3,697 9,452 15,957 2,785 3,714 9,458 16,060 2,785 3,729 9,546 16,087 2,772 3,738 9,577 TOTAL PRIVATE SECTOR GOODS-PRODUCING Mining Oil and gas e x tra c tio n ......................................... Construction General building contractors............................... Manufacturing Production workers Durable goods Production workers Nondurable goods Production workers SERVICE-PRODUCING Transportation and public utilities Retail trade General merchandise stores ............................... Food stores ............................................................ Automotive dealers and service s ta tio n s ............ Eating and drinking places ................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance...................................................................... insurance ............................................................... Real e s ta te ............................................................... Services Business s e rv ic e s .................................................. Health services ...................................................... Government F e d e ra l...................................................................... State ......................................................................... L o c a l......................................................................... p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 12. A verage hours and earn in g s, by industry 1 9 6 8 -8 3 [Production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls] Year Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Average weekly hours Private sector A verag e A verag e hourly earnings w e e k ly e a r n in g s Average weekly hours Mining A v e ra g e A v e ra g e h o u r ly w e e k ly e a r n in g s eamings C o n s t r u c tio n 1968 ............................................. 1969 ................................................ 1970 ....................................................... 37.8 37.7 37.1 $2.85 3.04 3.23 $107.73 114.61 119.83 42.6 43.0 42 7 $3.35 3.60 3.85 $142.71 154.80 164.40 37.3 37.9 37.3 $4 41 4.79 5.24 $164.49 181.54 195.45 1 9 7 1 ....................................... 1972 ............................................. 1973 ............................................................. 1974 .......................................... 1975 ................................................................ 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5 36.1 3.45 3.70 3.94 4.24 4.53 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76 163.53 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9 41.9 4.06 4.44 4.75 5.23 5.95 172.14 189.14 201.40 219.14 249.31 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 211.67 221.19 235.89 249.25 266.08 1976 .................................................................... 1977 ....................................................... 1978 ................................................................ 1979 ....................................................................... 1980 .......................................................................... 36.1 36.0 35.8 35.7 35.3 4.86 5.25 5.69 6.16 6.66 175.45 189.00 203.70 219.91 235.10 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.3 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49 9.17 273.90 301.20 332 88 365.07 397.06 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 7.71 8.10 8.66 9.27 9.94 283.73 295.65 318.69 342.99 367.78 1 9 8 1 .......................................................................... 1982 .......................................................................... 1983 ...................................................................... 35.2 34.8 35.0 7.25 7.68 8.02 255.20 267.26 280.70 43.7 42.7 42.5 10.04 10.77 11.27 438.75 459.88 478.98 36.9 36 7 37.2 10.82 11.63 11.92 399.26 426.82 443.42 Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade 1968 .......................................................................... 1969 ...................................................................... 1970 .......................................................................... 40.7 40.6 39.8 $3.01 3.19 3.35 $122.51 129.51 133.33 40.6 40.7 40.5 $3.42 3.63 3.85 $138.85 147.74 155.93 40.1 40.2 39.9 $3.05 3.23 3.44 $122.31 129.85 137 26 1 9 7 1 .......................................................................... 1972 .......................................................................... 1973 ......................................................................... 1974 ......................................................................... 1975 ......................................................................... 39.9 40,5 40.7 40.0 39.5 3.57 3.82 4.09 4.42 4.83 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2 39.7 4.21 4.65 5.02 5.41 5.88 168.82 187.86 203.31 217.48 233.44 39.5 39.4 39.3 38.8 38.7 3.65 3.85 4.08 4.39 4.73 129.85 144.18 151.69 160.34 183.05 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.7 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70 7.27 209,32 228.90 249.27 269.34 288.62 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9 39.6 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.16 8.87 256.71 278.90 302 80 325.58 351.25 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.5 5.03 5.39 5.88 6.39 6.96 194.66 209.13 228.14 247.93 267.96 1 9 8 1 ......................................................................... 1982 ...................................................................... 1983 ......................................................................... 39.8 38.9 40.1 7.99 8.49 8.83 318.00 330.26 354.08 39.4 39.0 39.0 9.70 10.32 10.80 382.18 402.48 421.20 38.5 38.3 38.5 7.56 8.09 8.54 291.06 309.85 328.79 Retail trade Finance insurance, and real estate Services 1968 ......................................................................... 1969 ......................................................................... 1970 ......................................................................... 34.7 34.2 33.8 $2.16 2.30 2.44 $74.95 78.66 82.47 37.0 37.1 36.7 $2.75 2.93 3.07 $101.75 108.70 112.67 34.7 34.7 34.4 $2.42 2.61 2.81 $83.97 90.57 96.66 1 9 7 1 ......................................................................... 1972 ......................................................................... 1973 ......................................................................... 1974 ......................................................................... 1975 ......................................................................... 33.7 33.4 33.1 32.7 32.4 2.60 2.75 2.91 3.14 3.36 87.62 91.85 96.32 102.68 108.86 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5 36.5 3.22 3 36 3.53 3.77 4.06 117.85 122.98 129.20 137.61 148.19 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 3.04 3.27 3.47 3.75 4.02 103.06 110.85 117.29 126.00 134.67 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... 32.1 31.6 31.0 30.6 30.2 3.57 3.85 4.20 4.53 4.88 114,60 121.66 130.20 138.62 147.38 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 36.2 4.27 4.54 4.89 5.27 5.79 155.43 165.26 178.00 190.77 209.60 33.3 33.0 32.8 32.7 32.6 4.31 4.65 4.99 5.36 5.85 143.52 153.45 163.67 175.27 190.71 1 9 8 1 ......................................................................... 1982 ......................................................................... 1983 ......................................................................... 30.1 29.9 29.8 5.25 5.48 5.74 158.03 163.85 171.05 36.3 36.2 36.2 6.31 6.78 7.29 229.05 245.44 263.90 32.6 32.6 32.7 6.41 6 92 7.30 208 97 225.59 238.71 NOTE: See "Notes on the data" tor a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13. A verage w eekly hours, by industry, seasonally adjusted [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Industry Annual average 1982 PRIVATE SECTOR 1983 1984 1983 Oct. Nov. Oec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. S e p t .P O c t.P 34.8 35.0 35.2 35.2 35.2 35.4 35.3 35.3 35.4 35.3 35.3 35.2 35.2 35.3 35.1 38.9 2.3 40.1 3.0 40.6 3.3 40.6 3.3 40.6 3.4 40.9 3.5 40.9 3.5 40.7 3.5 41.1 3.7 40.6 3.3 40.6 3.3 40.5 3.3 40.5 3.3 40.6 3.3 40.5 3.3 Overtime h o u r s ............................................ 39.3 2.2 40.7 3.0 41.2 3.4 41.3 3.5 41.3 3.5 41.6 3.7 41.7 3.8 41.4 3.7 41.8 4.0 41.3 3.5 41.2 3.5 41.2 3.5 41.2 3.4 41.5 3.5 41.3 3.5 Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................ Furniture and fixtures ......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal in d u strie s...................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products . . . Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ................................... 38.0 37.2 40.1 38.6 37.9 39.2 40.1 39.4 41.5 40.5 39.5 40.6 40.5 39.8 41.8 41.6 40.8 41.2 40.0 39.8 41.8 41.7 40.8 41.4 40.0 40.1 41.9 41.8 41.2 41.4 40.6 40.0 42.1 41.9 41.0 41.6 40.4 39.9 42.5 42.0 41.3 41.8 40.1 39.6 41.9 41.8 41.2 41.3 40.4 39.7 42.3 42.2 41.0 41.8 39.6 39.7 42.1 42.1 41.6 41.4 39.4 39.1 41.8 41.7 41.1 41.3 39.3 39.8 41.9 41.5 39 9 41.3 39.4 39.1 41.7 41.0 39 6 41.1 40.2 40.0 41.9 41.3 39.8 41.5 39.6 39.5 41.7 41.5 40.0 41.4 Machinery, except e le c tric a l................................ Electrical and electronic e q u ip m e n t................... Transportation e q u ip m e n t................................... Motor vehicles and equipm ent......................... Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ...................... 39.7 39.3 40.5 40.5 39.8 40.5 40.5 42.1 43.3 40.4 41.2 41.1 42.5 44.1 40.7 41.3 41.1 42.6 44.1 40.7 41.5 41.0 42.4 43.9 40.8 41.8 41.2 43.2 44.8 41.3 41.9 41.2 43.1 44.3 41.2 41.9 41.0 42.9 44.4 41.1 42.3 41.3 43.5 44.8 41.4 41.9 41.0 42.4 42.9 40.7 42.0 40.8 42.3 43.1 41.3 41.8 40.8 42.2 42.4 41.3 42.0 40.9 42.4 43.3 41.1 42.0 41.1 42 7 43.8 41.5 41.9 40.9 42.3 43.4 41.3 Overtime h o u r s ............................................ 38.4 25 39.4 3.0 39.7 3.1 39.8 3.1 39.7 3.2 39.9 3.3 39.9 3.3 39.8 3.3 40.2 3.4 39.6 3.1 39 6 3.2 39.4 3.1 39.5 3.1 39.4 3.0 39.4 3.0 Food and kindred products ................................ Textile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................ Apparel and other textile products ................... Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ................................... 39.4 37.5 34.7 41.8 39.5 40.5 36.2 42.6 39.6 40.8 36.6 43.2 39.6 40.6 36.7 43.1 39.5 40.7 36.6 43.1 39.7 40.6 36.6 43.2 39.7 40.8 36.9 43.2 39.8 40.6 36.7 43.0 40.1 41.2 37.4 43.2 39.7 40.0 36.5 43.1 39.8 40.0 36.4 42.9 39.5 39.8 35.8 43.3 39.7 39.4 36 0 43.1 39.7 39.2 36.0 43.1 39.6 38.9 36.1 42.9 Printing and publishing ...................................... Chemicals and allied pro d u cts............................ Petroleum and coal products ............................ Leather and leather products ............................ 37.1 40.9 43.9 35.6 37.6 41.6 43.9 36.8 37.9 41.7 43.6 37.3 37.9 41.9 43.7 37.2 37.7 41.9 44.6 37.1 37.9 42.1 44.8 37.3 37.9 42.1 44.5 37.2 37.9 42.0 44.7 36.7 38.2 42.0 43.7 37.5 38.0 41.8 43.5 36.5 37.7 41.9 43.1 36.7 37.7 41.9 43.2 37.0 37.8 42.0 43.9 36.0 37.9 41.7 43.1 36.6 37.9 41.8 43.4 36.1 39.0 39.0 39.4 39 2 39.4 39.5 39.3 39 2 39.5 39.4 39.6 39.8 39.4 39.8 39.1 MANUFACTURING Overtime h o u r s ............................................ Durable goods Nondurable goods TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES WHOLESALE TRADE 38.3 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.5 38.5 38.7 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.6 RETAIL TRADE 29.9 29.8 30.0 30.0 30.3 30.1 30.0 30.1 30.0 30.1 30.2 29.9 29.9 29.9 29.8 SERVICES 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.8 32.7 32.8 32 8 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.6 32.8 32.6 p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 14. A verag e hourly earnings, by industry [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Annual average Industry 1983 1984 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.P Oct.P Seasonally adju sted...................................... $7.68 <1) $8.02 (1) $8.16 8.13 $8.16 8.14 $8.16 8.17 $8.26 8.21 $8.24 8.23 $8.24 8.25 $8.29 8.31 $8.28 8.29 $8.29 8.33 $8.32 8.35 $8.30 8.34 $8.43 8.41 $8.42 8.40 .................................................................... 10.77 11.27 11.33 11.40 11.41 11.54 11.49 11.60 11.62 11.56 11.57 11.57 11.57 11.65 11.58 11.63 11.92 12.06 11.91 12.02 12.08 11.99 11.97 11.95 11.99 11.94 11.97 12.01 12.16 12.15 8.49 8.83 8.90 8.97 9.04 9.08 9.06 9.09 9.11 9.11 9.14 9.18 9.14 9.22 9.23 Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ...................... Furniture and fix tu re s ................................... Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ................ Primary metal in d u s trie s ............................ Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ......................... 9.04 7.43 6.31 8 87 11.33 13.35 8.77 9.38 7.79 6 62 9.27 11.34 12.89 9.11 9.47 7.86 6.71 9.38 11.28 12.68 9.18 9.53 7.79 6.73 9.41 11.32 12.71 9.24 9.60 7.80 6.78 9.41 11.35 12.71 9.35 9.64 7.88 6.76 9.42 11.38 12.76 9.31 9.63 7.88 6.75 9.38 11.49 13.10 9.31 9.66 7.87 6.76 9.40 11.44 12.97 9.31 9.67 7.89 6.76 9.51 11.51 13.12 9.34 9.66 7.92 6.80 9.54 11.49 13.09 9.33 9.69 8.04 6.84 9.58 11.46 13.02 9.33 9.70 8.01 6.88 9.64 11.45 13.02 9.33 9.68 8.05 6.90 9.62 11.34 12.90 9.30 9.77 8.14 6.95 9.63 11.36 13.01 9.40 9.77 8.08 6.92 9.63 11.32 12.91 9.35 Machinery, except e le c tric a l...................... Electrical and electronic equipment . . . . Transportation equipment ......................... Motor vehicles and e q u ip m e n t................ Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ............. Miscellaneous manufacturing ................... 9.26 8.21 11.11 11.62 8.06 6.42 9.55 8.65 11.66 12.12 8.46 6.80 9.66 8.71 11.87 12.38 8.54 6.84 9.74 8.77 12.01 12.49 8.56 6.84 9.85 8.84 12.04 12.47 8.65 6.95 9.85 8.88 12.06 12.53 8.68 7.00 9.87 8.86 12.00 12.41 8.66 6.97 9.90 8.88 12.12 12.62 8.71 6.97 9.91 8.89 12.06 12.56 8.73 6.97 9.90 8.89 12.04 12.51 8.71 6.99 9.93 8.91 12.14 12.67 8.78 6.98 9.96 8.95 12.13 12.61 8.83 7.02 9.92 9.00 12.13 12.59 8.85 6.97 10.02 9.08 12.26 12.70 8.89 7.02 10.02 9.09 12.35 12.90 8.84 7.09 Nondurable goods............................................ 7.74 7.92 9.79 5.83 5.20 9.32 8.08 8.20 10.35 6.18 5.37 9.94 8.12 8.16 9.65 6 24 5.40 10.11 8.18 8.26 10.77 6.26 5.43 10.20 8.24 8.36 10.19 6.31 5.44 10.24 8.27 8.41 10.77 6.39 5.50 10.23 8.24 8.37 11.13 6.40 5.46 10.22 8.27 8.39 11.29 6.41 5.48 10.25 8.29 8.43 11.43 6.43 5.49 10.29 8.30 8.43 11.55 6.42 5.48 10.34 8.33 8.44 11.92 6.43 5.50 10.42 8.41 8.41 11.67 6.43 5.51 10.56 8.37 8.36 10.75 6.46 5.53 10.50 8.43 8.36 10.36 6.49 5.61 10.54 8.44 8.35 10.29 6.49 5.59 10.56 8.74 9.96 12.46 9.11 10.59 13.29 9.23 10.79 13.38 9.26 10.86 13.45 9.29 10.90 13.54 9.26 10.91 13.47 9.30 10.90 13.43 9.29 10.95 13.44 9.29 10.97 13.44 9.31 11.02 13.32 9.30 11.03 13.33 9.36 11.12 13.27 9.42 11.13 13.32 9.51 11.24 13.53 9.50 11.27 13.43 7.64 5.33 7.99 5.54 8.08 5.56 8.07 5.57 8.16 5.61 8.17 5.68 8.16 5.67 8.20 5.68 8.25 5.68 8.20 5.68 8.23 5.67 8.30 5.70 8.28 5.67 8.29 5.73 8.31 5.76 10.32 10.80 10.94 11.01 11.00 11.08 11.01 11.02 11.07 11.03 11.07 11.18 11.17 11.25 11.23 WHOLESALE TRADE 8.09 8.54 8.69 8.68 8.74 8.82 8.79 8.79 8.89 8.86 8.90 8.97 8.95 9.03 8.98 RETAIL TRADE 5.48 5.74 5.79 5.82 5.78 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.90 5.88 5.88 5.87 5.84 5.90 5.90 PRIVATE SECTOR ............................................ MINING CONSTRUCTION MANUFACTURING Durable goods.................................................. Food and kindred products ...................... Tobacco m anu factures................................ Textile mill products ................................... Apparel and other textile pro d u cts............. Paper and allied products ......................... Printing and publishing................................ Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts ................... Petroleum and coal products ................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u c ts ...................................... Leather and leather products ................... TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 6.78 7.29 7.45 7.39 7.43 7.55 7.54 7.54 7.62 7.55 7.58 7.60 7.57 7.77 7.73 SERVICES 6.92 7.30 7.43 7.44 7.47 7.57 7.55 7.54 7.60 7.55 7.53 7.56 7.53 7.71 7.72 1 Not available. p = preliminary. 15. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. T he H ourly E arnings Index, by industry [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls; 1977 = 100] Not seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. 1983 Aug. 1984 Sept. 1984P Seasonally adjusted Oct. 1984P Percent change from: Oct. 1983 to Oct. 1984 Oct. 1983 June 1984 July 1984 Aug. 1984 Sept. 1984P Oct. 1984P 161.6 ........... 157.2 160.1 161.9 161.8 2.9 157.1 160.3 160.8 160.6 161.7 M in in g .................................................... Construction............................................ Manufacturing......................................... Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale tra d e ...................................... Retail trade.............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate........... Services ................................................. 168.4 147.3 158.5 158.9 161.1 151.6 162.0 158.7 174.0 146.9 162.5 161.7 165.4 153.1 164.6 161.6 175.6 148.6 163.5 163.4 167.2 154.4 168.4 165.1 175.8 148.4 163.7 163.4 166.4 154.1 167.5 164.7 4.4 .8 3.2 2.8 3.3 1.6 3.4 3.8 (2) (2) (2) 146.6 163.3 161.9 <2> 146.9 163.4 162.9 (2) (2) 158.7 153.8 (2) 162.5 146.6 162.9 162.6 <2) 154.0 (2) 163.4 (2) 153.6 (2) 162.8 PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant dollars)............ 94.7 93.6 94.2 (3) (3) 94.7 95.2 95.2 94.1 PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars) 145.5 158.7 158.4 (2) 151.9 147.1 162.3 162.1 (2) Percent change from: Sept. 1984 to Oct. 1984 (2) 3Not available. - .3 .3 154.3 (2) 165.1 (2) 94.3 (3) (3) 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p = preliminary, NOTE: (2) 146.5 163.8 162.9 (2) 154.4 (2) 164.7 1 Percent change is less than .05 percent. 2This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component Is small relative to the trendcycle, Irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. (1) See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. (1) (2) .1 (2) -.2 16. A verage w eekly earnings, by industry [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1984 1983 Annual average Industry 1982 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.P Oct.F $267.26 (1) 168.09 $280.70 (1) 171.37 $288.05 286.18 173.42 $286.42 286.53 172.44 $289.68 287.58 174.40 $289.10 290.63 173.32 $288.40 290.52 172.59 $288.40 291.23 172.59 $292.64 294.17 174.71 $291.46 292.64 173.18 $294.30 294.05 174.45 $296.19 293.92 174.85 $294.65 293.57 172.31 $299.27 296.87 173 99 $295.54 294.84 499.66 499.39 505 61 497.51 503.30 511.44 504.89 PRIVATE SECTOR Constant (1977) d o lla r s ...................................... (1) MINING 459.88 478.98 489.46 489.06 495.19 499.68 492.92 496.48 CONSTRUCTION 426.82 443.42 449.84 432.33 442.34 438.50 443.63 439.30 448.13 458.02 460.88 462.04 462.39 468.16 460.49 330.26 207.71 354.08 216.17 362.23 218.08 365.98 220.34 372.45 224.23 368.65 221.01 368.74 220.67 369.96 221.40 372.60 222.45 369.87 219.77 372.91 221 05 369.95 218.39 369.26 215.94 3/5.25 218.17 373 82 (1) 355.27 282.34 234.73 355.69 437.34 505.97 343.78 381.77 312.38 260.83 384.71 459.27 509.16 369.87 391.11 319.12 271.08 394.90 464.74 508.47 379.13 395.50 309.26 269.87 395.22 470.91 513.48 384.38 403.20 311.22 277.98 394.28 478.97 526.19 395.51 398.13 311.26 263.64 386.22 476.82 521.88 385.43 398.68 313.62 263.93 389.27 482.58 539.72 386.37 399 92 314.01 267.02 389.16 480.48 534.36 384.50 402.27 317.18 267.02 401.32 488.02 549.73 387.61 399 92 317.59 268.60 404.50 481.43 540.62 386.26 402.14 324.01 270.86 407.15 480.17 536.42 388.13 396.73 316.40 269.70 406.81 472.89 524.71 380.66 396.88 322.00 273.24 405.96 462.67 506.97 381.30 404.48 328.86 279.39 407.35 471.44 521.70 389.16 402.52 320.78 277.49 404.46 465.25 507.36 387.09 Instruments and related products ...................... Miscellaneous m anu facturing............................... 367.62 322.65 449.96 470.61 320.79 246.53 386.78 350.33 490.89 524.80 341.78 265.88 396.06 357.98 505.66 545.96 346.72 272.23 405.18 363.08 515.23 550.81 350.96 272.23 418.63 369.51 521.33 556.16 357.25 278.00 411.73 364.97 517.37 555.08 356.75 272.30 413.55 364.15 514.80 544.80 356.79 276.01 415.80 364.08 521.16 560.33 358.85 276.01 417.21 364.49 523.40 563.94 358.80 275.32 413.82 363.60 514.11 546.69 354.50 274.71 417.06 365.31 519.59 557.48 362.61 273.62 411.35 361.58 508.25 537.19 361.15 273.08 411.68 366.30 504.61 532.56 362.85 272.53 420.84 373.19 517.37 547.37 369.82 277.99 417.83 371.78 522.41 559.86 364.21 280.06 Apparel and other textile p ro d u c ts ...................... Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................... 297.22 312.05 370.06 218.63 180.44 389.58 318.35 323.90 387.09 250.29 194.39 423.44 323.99 324.77 370.56 256.46 198.72 437.76 327.20 329.57 431.88 256.66 199.82 440.64 330.42 333.56 385.18 258.71 199.65 448.51 326.67 331.35 410.34 257.52 198.55 440.91 326.30 327.27 405.13 259.84 200.38 438.44 327.49 329.73 416.60 258.96 201.12 437.68 329.94 332.99 451.49 260.42 202.03 442.47 328.68 333.83 457.38 257.44 200.02 443.59 331.53 337.60 482 76 259.77 202.40 449.10 331.35 333.04 437.63 252.70 198.36 456.19 331.45 335.24 421.40 256.46 200.74 451.50 334.67 336.91 411.29 255.71 202.52 457.44 333.38 332.33 411.60 254.41 202.92 454.08 Petroleum and coat p ro d u c ts ................................ 324.25 407.36 546.99 342.54 440.54 583.43 350.74 449.94 586.04 352.81 457.21 590.46 356.74 462.16 603.88 347.25 458.22 594.03 349.68 457.80 584.21 353.02 458.81 585.98 353.02 460.74 590.02 351.92 460.64 580.75 349.68 463.26 579.86 351.94 463.70 579.90 357.02 464.12 584.75 362 33 470.96 598 03 360.05 471.09 585.55 Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ................................ 302.54 189.75 329.19 203.87 338.55 206.83 338.94 207.76 345.98 209.25 343.14 208.46 342.72 208.66 341.94 205.05 347.33 210.16 341.94 209.59 344.84 213.76 341.96 212.61 342.79 206.39 344.86 209.15 344 03 207.36 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 402.48 421.20 432.13 432.69 436.70 434.34 429.39 429.78 435.05 432.38 440.59 447.20 443.45 448.88 440.22 WHOLESALE TRADE 309.85 328.79 336.30 335.92 339.99 338.69 335.78 336.66 342.27 342.00 344.43 348.04 347.26 350.36 347.53 175.82 176.40 178.75 180.21 178.70 177.00 175.23 MANUFACTURING Constant (1977) d o lla r s ...................................... Stone, clay, and glass p r o d u c ts ......................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products............. Fabricated metal p rod ucts...................................... Machinery except e le c tric a l................................... Electrical and electronic eguipm ent...................... RETAIL TRADE 163.85 171.05 173.12 173.44 178.02 173.17 173.17 174.34 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 245.44 263.90 271.18 266.78 268.97 275.58 274.46 273.70 278.13 274.07 275.15 278.92 275.55 284.38 280 60 238.71 242.96 I 242.54 243.52 246.78 246.13 245.80 I 248.52 246.13 247.74 250.24 248.49 252.89 250.90 225.59 SERVICES 1 Not available. oreliminarv 17. NOTE: See "Notes on the data’ io r a description of the most recent benchmark revision. In dexes of diffusion: industries in w hich em ploym ent increased, seasonally adjusted Time span 1-month span 3-month span Year 1982 1983 1984 1982 1983 1984 .... .... .... .... .... .... Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 27.6 54.3 71.1 47.6 46.5 73.2 35.7 60.8 67.0 31.1 68.9 63.8 41.1 69.5 64.1 33.5 64.6 63.0 34.6 74.3 62.4 32.4 68.6 57.6 37.3 69.5 P40.3 28.9 75.4 P65.4 32.4 69.7 45.7 73.8 27.6 75.7 68.4 28.6 77.8 68.9 23.5 74.1 63.5 24.1 81.6 P55.7 26.5 80.8 P54.9 25.9 78.9 _ 27.8 79.5 21.4 84.1 P61.4 18.6 82.4 — 23.2 84.6 — 27.3 85.9 29 5 86.8 35.4 83.8 21.1 83.8 21.1 88.1 25.1 86.8 31.6 87.3 34.1 85.4 40.3 87.3 25.1 46.8 82.2 27.8 57.3 80.5 27.8 64.1 76.5 27.3 75.1 71.1 6-month span 1982 1983 1984 .... .... .... 19.2 50.8 81.9 22 2 63.0 82.7 21.9 69.2 79.7 24.6 75.1 75.4 20.3 80.0 69.2 21.4 82.4 P62.7 12-month span 1982 1983 1984 .... .... .... 21.6 49.5 86.5 21.4 54.3 81.9 17.6 61.9 P78.9 18.1 71.1 P75.4 16.2 77.3 — 18.1 79.5 p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — 41.6 77.6 — are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the spans. See the “ Definitions” in this section. See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 69 UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a a r e c o m p ile d m o n th ly excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number o f in sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. b y t h e E m p l o y m e n t a n d T r a in in g A d m in is tr a tio n o f th e U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r f r o m m o n th ly r e p o r ts o f u n e m p lo y m e n t i n s u r a n c e a c tiv ity p r e p a r e d b y S ta te a g e n c ie s . R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e d a ta a re p r e p a r e d b y th e U .S . R a ilr o a d R e tir e m e n t B o a rd . Definitions Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure incorporated the X -11 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust ment program. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un employment under State programs. Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week o f unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are 18. U nem p loym ent insurance and em ploym ent service operations [All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 1 Ì83 Item All programs: Insured u n em ploym en t............................ State unemployment insurance program:1 Initiai claims2 ............................................ Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )................................ Rate of insured unem ploym ent................ Weeks of unemployment compensated . . Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment ...................... Total benefits paid ................................... Sept. Oct. 1984 Nov. Oec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept P 2,580 2,478 2,620 2,915 3,374 3,174 2,958 2,613 2,290 2,166 r1.380 1,522 1,757 r2 ,104 r2,355 r1,528 r1,424 1,429 r1,368 r1,387 1 727 1 467 2,449 2.8 9,383 2,358 2.7 8,417 2,508 2.9 9,301 2,805 3.3 10,168 3,249 3.8 12,232 3,056 3.6 11,622 2,843 3.3 11,339 2,515 2.9 9,695 2,215 2.6 9,304 2,111 25 r8,053 2 270 26 8 367 2 183 ?5 8 792 $121.32 $123.00 $122.19 $122,61 $123.60 $124.30 $124.67 $125.26 $123.69 $1,104,404 $1,002,141 $1,099,862 $1,203,605 $1,457,983 $1,400.458 $1,369,536 $1,173,601 $1,109,268 r$121.96 r$948,381 State unemployment insurance program:1 (Seasonally adjusted data)3 Initial claims2 ............................................ Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Rate of insured unem ploym ent................ Unemployment compensation for exservicemen:4 Initial claim s1 ...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Weeks of unemployment compensated . Total benefits paid ................................... Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:5 Initial c la im s ............................................ Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Weeks of unemployment compensated . . Total benefits paid ......................... 2 327 2 184 $119.85 $120.84 $972,687 $1,031,949 1,729 1,667 1,677 1.604 1,617 1,572 1,570 1,569 1,614 1,559 1,623 1 626 3,102 36 2.801 3.3 2.711 3.2 2.687 3.1 2,510 2.9 2,428 2.8 2,470 2.9 2,507 2.9 2.300 2.7 2,356 2.7 2 457 2.8 2 415 2.8 17 16 15 14 15 13 13 12 12 12 13 27 106 $13,531 28 107 $14.074 28 116 S15.121 27 113 $14.815 27 112 $14,532 24 96 $12,540 22 89 $11,813 20 78 $10,349 18 79 $10,577 18 r71.1 r$9,467 18 71 $9,578 11 15 13 13 16 10 9 13 9 11 12 22 83 $9,535 25 88 $10,144 27 110 $12,415 29 119 $13,888 32 133 $15,588 31 129 $15,003 28 122 $14,778 23 98 $11,844 20 88 $10,529 19 76 r$8,994 20 80 $9,490 19 80 $10,839 19 83 $9,826 Railroad unemployment Insurance: A p p lic a tio n s ......................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly v o lu m e )...................................... Number of p a y m e n ts ................................ Average amount of benefit payment . . . Total benefits paid ................................... 9 7 8 8 10 4 3 2 2 11 25 7 41 103 $214.77 $20,239 48 92 $211.41 $19,531 40 92 $212.36 $19,536 43 95 $213,71 $19,870 51 121 $210.73 $23,866 49 104 $209.56 $23,228 41 99 $208.96 $20,112 27 70 $196.32 $13,356 19 54 $188.45 $10,233 16 38 $187.37 $7,039 16 35 $189.06 $6,691 17 37 $197.85 $6,695 Employment service:6 New applications and renew als................ Nonfarm placements ......................... 15,595 3,012 4,297 782 11nitial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican igarcane workers. ‘ Excludes transition claims under State programs. 3 Insured unemployment data were revised for the development and application of updated seasonal factors. The factors were developed from data through June 1984. 4 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8,231 1,469 18 34 $196 15 $6,349 9,517 1,810 E xcludes data or claims and payments made jointly with State programs . . . . . . . . . . , “ Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly NOTE: Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands included. Dashes indicate data not available, p = preliminary, r = revised. PRICE DATA P r ic e d a t a a r e g a t h e r e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s f ro m r e t a i l a n d p r i m a r y m a r k e ts in th e U n ite d S ta te s . P ric e in d e x e s a re g iv e n in r e la tio n to a b a s e p e r io d ( 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e n o te d ). Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and serv ices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif ferent buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “ Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets o f the United States by producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim ilarity o f end-use or material composition. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l 1 9 7 2 (Washing ton, U .S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted by the U .S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in the May 1978 R e v i e w . These indexes enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.) For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see T h e C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x : C o n c e p t s a n d C o n t e n t O v e r th e Y e a r s , Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments. Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the C P I D e t a i l e d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P r i c e s a n d P r i c e I n d e x e s , both monthly publications of the Bureau. For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and industry price indexes, see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S t u d i e s (1976), chapter 13. See also John F. Early, “ Improving the measurement of producer price change,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , April 1978. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “ Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , August 1965. 71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 19. C onsum er Price Index for Urban W age Earners and C lerical W orkers, annual averages and changes, 1 9 6 7 -8 3 [1967 = 100] Food and beverages All items Year Index Percent change Index Apparel and upkeep Housing Percent change Index Percent change Index Transportation Percent change Index Medical care Percent change Index Percent change Other goods and services Entertainment Index Percent change Index Percent change 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................... ................... ................... ................... 100.0 104.2 109.8 116.3 4.2 5.4 5.9 100.0 103.6 108.8 114.7 3.6 5.0 5.4 100.0 104.0 110.4 118.2 4.0 6.2 7.1 100.0 105.4 111.5 116.1 5.4 5.8 4.1 100.0 103.2 107.2 112.7 3.2 3.9 5.1 100.0 106.1 113.4 120.6 6.1 6.9 6.3 100.0 105.7 111.0 116.7 5.7 5.0 5.1 100.0 105.2 110.4 115.8 5.2 4.9 5.8 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 121.3 125.3 133.1 147.7 161.2 4.3 3.3 6.2 11.0 9.1 118.3 123.2 139.5 158.7 172.1 3.1 4.1 13.2 13.8 8.4 123.4 128.1 133.7 148.8 164.5 4.4 3.8 4.4 11.3 10.6 119.8 122.3 126.8 136.2 142.3 3.3 2.1 3.7 7.4 4.5 118.6 119.9 123.8 137.7 150.6 5.2 1.1 3.3 11.2 9.4 128.4 132.5 137.7 150.5 168.6 6.5 3.2 3.9 9.3 12.0 122 9 126 5 130.0 139.8 152.2 5.3 2.9 2.8 7.5 8.9 122.4 127.5 132.5 142.0 153.9 4.8 4.2 3.9 7.2 8.4 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 170.5 181.5 195.3 217.7 247.0 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.5 13.5 177.4 188.0 206.2 228.7 248.7 3.1 8.0 9.7 10.9 8.7 174.6 186.5 202.6 227.5 263.2 6.1 6.8 8.6 12.3 15.7 147.6 154.2 159.5 166.4 177.4 3.7 4.5 3.4 4.3 6.6 165.5 177.2 185.8 212.8 250.5 9.9 7.1 4.9 14.5 17.7 184.7 202.4 219.4 240.1 287.2 9.5 9.6 8.4 9.4 11.3 159.8 167.7 176.2 187.6 203.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 6.5 8.5 162.7 172.2 183.2 196.3 213.6 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.2 8.8 1981 1982 1983 ................... ................... ................... 272.3 288.6 297.4 10.2 6.0 3.0 267.8 278.5 284.7 7.7 4.0 2.2 293.2 314.7 322.0 11.4 7.3 2.3 186.6 190.9 195.6 5.2 2.3 2.5 281.3 293.1 300.0 12.3 4.2 2.4 295.1 326.9 355.1 10.4 10.8 8.6 219.0 232.4 242.4 7.5 6.1 4.3 233.3 257.0 286.3 9.2 10.2 11.4 20. C onsum er Price Index for All Urban C onsum ers and revised CPI for U rban W age E arners and C lerical W orkers, U.S. city averag e— general sum m ary and groups, subgroups, and selected item s [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers All Urban Consumers 1984 1983 General summary 1984 1983 Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. All items 301.8 308.8 309.7 310.7 311.7 313.0 314.5 300.8 304.1 305.4 306.2 Food and beverages ............................................................................................... Housing .................................................................................................................. Apparel and u p k e e p ............................................................................................... T ransportation........................................................................................................ Medical care Entertainment ........................................................................................................ Other goods and se rvic e s..................................................................................... 285.3 326.4 200.4 303.7 361.2 247.5 294.4 294.5 333.2 199.2 309.6 375.7 253 8 302.8 293.6 334.6 198.9 312.2 376.8 253.5 303.2 294.3 336.2 197.4 313.1 378.0 254.5 304.4 295 3 338.1 196.6 312.9 380.3 255.3 306.5 296.9 339.5 200.1 312.9 381.9 256.4 307.2 296.4 341.4 204.2 313.7 383.1 257.3 314.6 285.6 325.3 199.3 305.5 359.2 244.1 292.0 294.7 322.7 198.2 311.9 373.9 249.8 300.4 293.7 325.2 197.7 314.6 375.0 249.6 300.8 294.3 326.2 196.1 315.5 376.3 250 7 302.1 307.5 310.3 312.1 295.3 328.7 195.3 315.2 378.5 251.4 304.5 296.9 334.2 199.0 315.2 380.1 252.5 305.3 296.3 336.8 203.3 316.0 381.2 253.4 310.9 Com m odities........................................................................................................... Commodities less food and b eve rages...................................................... Nondurables less food and b eve rages.................................................. D u ra b le s ..................................................................................................... 274.5 265.1 275.8 256.4 280.1 268.7 275.7 265 2 280.4 269.7 276.1 267.0 280.6 269.6 275.4 267.8 280.6 269.0 274.3 267.8 281.4 269.3 274.8 267.8 282.3 271.0 277.2 268 7 275.9 267.2 277.9 257.0 279.2 267.8 277.5 258.5 279.5 268.7 277.9 259.8 279.7 268.7 277.2 260.3 280.1 268 8 276.2 261.3 281.4 270 0 276.6 263.0 282.5 271.8 279.0 264.4 Services .................................................................................................................. Rent, residential ............................................................................................ Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Transportation services ............................................................................... Medical care services .................................................................................. Other services ............................................................................................... 349.0 239.5 105.1 305.4 391.0 282.5 358.1 246.4 106.2 315.8 406.3 291.3 359.9 247.2 107.4 317.7 407.1 292.3 361.9 248.4 108.5 319.6 408.4 293.6 364.5 249.7 109.7 321.4 410.9 294.2 366.5 251.1 110.5 323.8 412.7 295.5 368 9 252.4 111.0 324.6 413.9 302.5 346.9 238.9 350.1 245.7 353.4 246.5 355.2 247.7 358.2 249.0 363.9 250.3 366.8 251.7 301.4 388.3 279.6 312.1 403.9 288.3 313.9 404.7 289.4 315.7 406.1 290.9 317.4 408.6 291.5 319.6 410.4 292.8 320.7 411.5 299.0 302.3 103.2 308.6 105.5 310.0 105.9 311.0 106.2 312.0 106.5 313.2 106.9 315.2 107.4 301.5 303.3 305.2 306.0 307.3 310.4 312.7 262.9 270.6 311.0 281.8 104.2 342.2 269.2 267.5 429.3 422.1 292.1 290.2 246.2 341.6 266.5 270.7 312.1 286.3 106.3 350.6 279.4 280.6 421.3 414.2 300.5 298.3 251.8 352.2 267.4 271.1 313.0 286.1 107.5 352.5 277.4 278.1 426.1 416.3 301.1 299.3 252.5 353.3 267.4 270.5 312.9 286.0 108.3 354.5 278.0 273.7 428.5 414.4 301.9 300.2 252.8 354.7 266.8 269.5 311.9 286.0 109.0 357.1 279.0 271.9 428.3 408.9 303.1 301.3 253.0 356.8 267.1 270.0 311.0 287.1 109.7 359.2 281.4 274.2 427.3 404.2 304.6 302.8 254.2 358.6 268.8 272.3 312.3 288.0 110.5 361.7 280.0 271.5 429.0 405.4 306.1 304.9 256.0 361.0 287.5 264.9 272 8 312.8 282.8 292.4 265.7 272.6 313.5 287.2 293.2 266.6 273.0 314.3 286.9 294.0 266.6 272.4 314.3 286.9 294.9 266.7 271.4 313.3 286.8 296.4 267.8 271.8 312.2 287.8 297.9 269.6 274.1 313.5 288.8 340.2 268.1 268.9 430.2 423.4 290.3 288.3 246.4 339.0 342 2 278.1 282.3 421.5 414.8 294.6 291.3 248.4 343.3 345.8 276.0 279.3 426.0 416.9 295.7 293.0 249.1 346.1 347.6 276.4 274.9 428.2 415.0 296.3 293.6 249.3 347.2 350 5 277.4 272.8 427.8 409.5 297.8 295.1 250.1 349.7 356.6 279.8 275.5 426.5 404.9 301.0 298.7 252.0 355.5 359.6 278.3 273.2 428.3 406.3 302.7 301.0 253.8 358.4 SO.331 $0.324 $0.323 $0.322 $0.321 $0.319 $0.318 $0.332 $0.329 $0.327 $0.327 $0.325 $0.322 $0.320 Special indexes: All items less fo o d .................................................................................................. All items less mortgage interest c o s t s ............................................................... Commodities less food ........................................................................................ Nondurables less food ........................................................................................ Nondurables less food and a ppa rel..................................................................... N ond urables........................................................................................................... Services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Services less medical care .................................................................................. Domestically produced farm fo o d s ..................................................................... Selected beef c u t s .................................................................................................. Energy ..................................................................................................................... Energy commodities ........................................................................................ All items less energy ........................................................................................... All items less food and e n e rg y......................................................................... Commodities less food and e n e r g y ............................................................ Services less e n ergy............................................................................................... Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 = $1 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ................................... 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General su mmary Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 1984 1983 1983 1984 Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. FOOD AND BEVERAGES 285.3 294.5 293.6 294.3 295.3 296.9 296.4 285.6 294.7 293.7 294.3 295.3 296.9 296.3 Food ................................................................................................................ 292.6 302.3 301.4 302.0 303.2 304.8 304.2 292.6 302.3 301.2 301.8 302.8 304.5 303.8 Food at home ......................................................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ...................................................................... Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) ................................... Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Cereal (12/77 = 100) ............................................................... Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) ............................ Bakery products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... White b r e a d .................................................................................. Other breads (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) ................ Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100) ............................. Cookies (12/77 = 100) ............................................................ Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) . . . Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts 912/77 = 100) Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 282.5 293.7 158.5 142.9 177.5 146.0 154.4 252.9 149.8 152.6 155.2 157.6 148.3 155.9 292.8 302.8 162.5 143.8 183.9 149.2 159.4 258.2 154.7 159.2 161.2 163.8 156.6 160.1 290.7 303.5 163.4 144.6 185.1 150.0 159.6 260.4 154.3 158.5 160.6 163.9 155.4 161.5 291.4 304.9 164.2 146.2 185.7 150.1 160.4 260.2 154.8 158.7 161.3 165.8 157.9 162.1 292.5 306.6 164.5 147.2 185.7 150.3 161.5 260.9 155.7 158.7 163.9 166.1 160.7 163.0 294.4 307.8 165.0 148.3 185.9 150.5 162.2 262.6 154 9 159.3 164.9 167.9 162.0 163.4 293.4 307.9 164.5 146.3 186.1 150.4 162.4 263.2 155.8 159.7 165.9 167.3 161.7 162.9 281.5 292.3 159.3 143.4 179.7 147.1 153.1 248.5 151.9 148.7 153.5 158.6 149.5 158.6 291.6 301.3 163.1 144.1 186.1 150.4 158.2 254.0 156.8 155.1 159.2 164.8 158.1 163.1 289.4 301.9 164.1 144.8 187.3 151.1 158.4 256.1 156.6 154.3 158.7 164.7 156.6 164.2 290.0 303.4 164.8 146.5 188.0 151.2 159.1 256.0 157.0 154.5 159.3 166.7 159.2 164.9 291.0 304.9 165.2 147.5 188.0 151.4 160.1 256.6 157.8 154.6 161.8 167.1 162.0 165.6 292.9 306.3 165.7 148.6 188.2 151.7 160.9 258.5 157.3 155.1 162.7 168.9 163.4 166.3 291.9 306.3 165.1 146.6 188.3 151.5 161.1 258.8 158.0 155.6 163.6 168.3 163.0 165.9 161.3 166.0 164.9 166.6 169.0 168.9 169.3 154.3 159.1 158.1 159.8 162.1 161.8 162.0 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................... Meats, poultry, and f i s h ...................................................................... Meats ............................................................................................ Beef and veal 1 Ground beef other than ca nn ed......................................... Chuck roast ......................................................................... Round r o a s t ......................................................................... Round s te a k ......................................................................... Sirloin s te a k ......................................................................... Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ................................ P o r k ............................................................................................ Bacon .................................................................................. Chops ................................................................................... Ham other than canned (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Sausage ............................................................................... Canned h a m ......................................................................... Other pork (12/77 = 100) ............................................... Other meats ............................................................................ Frankfurters ......................................................................... Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) . . . . Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ................................... Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) ......................... P o u ltry ............................................................................................ Fresh whole c h ick e n ............................................................ Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............. Other poultry (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Fish and seafood ......................................................................... Canned fish and seafood ................................................... Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) . . . E g g s ........................................................................................................ 258.7 264.2 262.6 268.0 254.3 269.5 230.3 247.4 277.3 164.8 250.2 269.5 229.6 111.0 311.3 252.8 139.0 262.6 259.8 153.0 136.1 133.9 204.4 209.6 135.9 122.9 372.6 133.9 146.7 193.3 270.5 272.7 268.9 280.8 262.7 286.8 250.9 262.4 284.3 172.1 247.7 258.8 232.9 109 2 314.8 246.9 137.3 264.6 262.5 152.9 135.3 138.9 222.3 231.2 150.1 128.0 387.3 132.7 156.3 249.6 266.7 270.9 267.9 278.3 259.7 281.0 246.5 261.3 280.0 172.0 248.0 262.5 227.3 110.2 318.7 249.7 137.1 265.7 264.8 153.6 135.9 138.5 218.0 223.2 145.9 130.3 380.8 132.3 152.6 218.9 263.9 270.3 266.8 274.2 255.1 272.1 238.3 254.2 284.6 170.9 250.5 262.8 234.4 110.7 319.3 248.3 139.1 267.5 265.8 155.0 138.2 137.1 219.6 223.7 147.6 131.6 382.3 133.0 153.1 185.8 264.6 271.4 267.3 272.1 253.0 269.1 231.4 250.6 286.5 170.5 255.5 272.4 242.4 111.4 322.0 246.5 142.0 268.0 265.3 154.8 138.2 139.0 221.3 228.1 146.6 132.7 387.0 134.4 155.1 182.7 265.7 272.7 269.9 274.3 254.8 272.7 235.7 254.7 287.7 171.2 259.9 272.3 250.7 113.5 322.9 248.1 146.1 268.4 267.8 154.8 138.2 138.6 216.5 218.6 144.1 133.3 387.0 134.4 155.1 179.3 264.5 271.6 268.0 271.9 252.9 271.8 234.3 252.4 286.1 169.0 257.5 270.3 242.3 116.8 321.2 251.4 142.5 268.7 267.6 155.6 138.8 137.3 217.2 220.2 144.7 132.7 390.6 133.7 157.7 178.6 258.4 263.8 262.2 268.7 255.9 277.4 232.8 245.7 280.1 163.7 249.7 273.6 227.9 108.1 312.2 258.8 138.2 262.4 258.6 152.9 134.2 136.9 202.6 207.2 134.2 122.7 370.7 133.4 146.0 194.3 270.0 272.1 268.4 281.7 264.0 295.8 254.7 261.4 286.4 171.0 247.2 262.6 231.1 106.3 315.3 252.1 136.8 263.9 261.1 152.6 133.4 142.1 220.4 228.7 148.3 127.3 385.9 132.2 156.1 251.0 266.1 270.1 267.2 278.8 260.6 289.5 250.2 258.7 281.7 170.7 247.4 266.3 225.2 107.4 319.2 254.8 136.4 265.1 263.4 153.4 134.0 141.7 216.0 221.0 143.9 129.6 380.0 131.9 152.7 220.0 263.3 269.6 266.1 274.6 256.3 280.9 242.6 251.3 285.9 169.3 249.9 266.7 232.4 107.6 319.8 253.3 138.3 267.1 264.4 154.7 136.4 140.3 217.7 221.5 145.7 131.0 380.9 132.5 152.9 186.7 263.9 270.4 266.6 272.4 253.7 277.3 235.1 247.7 288.4 169.1 254.8 276.3 240.1 108.3 322.9 252.0 141.1 267.5 263.8 154.8 136.4 142.0 218.8 225.4 144.4 131.5 385.5 133.9 154.8 183.7 265.2 272.1 269.4 274.9 256.0 280.4 239.9 254.4 288.9 169.8 259.2 276.3 248.3 110.4 323.6 253.4 145.3 268.0 266.3 154.7 136.4 141.7 214.0 216.1 141.8 132.3 385.7 133.9 155.0 180.4 264.1 271.0 267.7 272.8 254.4 280.6 237.8 251.4 288.7 167.8 257.0 274.2 240.6 113.6 322.7 256.0 141.7 268.2 266.1 155.4 137.0 140.1 214.7 217.5 142.4 131.8 389.1 133.2 157.5 179.7 Dairy p ro d u c ts ............................................................................................... Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Fresh whole milk ......................................................................... Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................ Processed dairy products ................................................................... Butter ............................................................................................ Cheese (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Other dairy products (12/77 = 100) ...................................... 250.2 136.1 222.6 136.4 149.0 253.9 146.8 154.4 146.0 251.5 136.8 223.7 137.3 149.6 252.4 146.6 156.4 148.2 251.0 136.5 223.0 137.3 149.4 254.2 146.2 156.6 146.8 251.7 136.6 223.2 137.3 150.2 254.1 147.4 156.6 148.5 252.2 136.7 223.3 137.5 150.8 261.2 147.9 155.8 148.3 252.7 136.7 223.2 137.7 151.5 264.4 148.2 157.4 148.1 254.9 137.7 224.7 138.7 153.1 266.0 149.1 160.9 149.9 249.4 135.5 221.7 135.8 149.3 256.4 147.1 153.5 146.5 250.5 136.2 222.6 136.6 149.8 254.9 146.9 155.3 148.7 250.1 135.9 222.0 136.6 149.7 256.8 146.5 155.5 147.3 250.6 135.9 222.1 136.6 150.5 256.7 147.8 155.5 148.8 251.1 136.0 222.2 136.8 151.0 263.8 148.2 154.8 148.6 251.7 136.0 222.0 137.0 151.8 266.7 148.6 156.5 148.6 253.8 136.9 223.5 138.0 153.4 268.6 149.4 159.9 150.4 Fruits and vegetables .................................................................................. Fresh fruits and vegetables ............................................................... Fresh fruits .................................................................................. Apples .................................................................................. Bananas ............................................................................... Oranges ............................................................................... Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................... Fresh vegetables ......................................................................... Potatoes ............................................................................... L e ttu c e .................................................................................. Tomatoes ............................................................................ Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 297.6 306.6 316.7 320.2 278.6 337.0 164.1 297.2 336.1 337.0 212.2 158.0 315.3 326.5 304.2 299.3 275.2 309.5 161.5 347.4 367.3 244.4 280.4 218.9 310.2 316.0 315.2 298.8 251.1 344.8 169.9 316.8 372.1 234.1 252.8 187.4 318.1 329.7 343.3 315.5 277.9 452.5 169.6 317.1 391.4 262.6 262.3 174.6 320.0 332.4 346.9 329.9 271.8 486.5 163.6 318.8 455.6 246.0 237.3 167.1 327.7 345.7 353.3 341.8 257.0 530.8 160.4 338.7 478.1 316.6 310.4 157.1 319.7 332.5 364.8 337.9 249.9 553.6 170.4 302.3 354.1 337.8 252.9 152.1 293.3 300.3 305.9 321.3 276.5 307.1 157.7 295.4 330.9 338.2 216.2 156.3 311.2 321.0 294.0 300.4 273.1 283.4 155.1 345.4 360.1 247.1 286.6 217.2 305.6 309.5 303.2 299.5 248.8 313.9 163.2 315.4 366.0 236.4 257.6 186.3 313.1 322.5 328.8 315.2 275.5 413.0 162.6 316.8 387.6 264.6 267.4 174.1 315.1 325.2 333.5 330.6 269.5 448.5 157.0 317.8 451.1 246.2 242.1 166.1 322.4 337.6 338.8 342.8 254.7 487.7 153.6 336.7 470.0 319.1 314.3 155.3 313.6 323.0 349.6 339.6 248.4 507.1 163.6 299.2 344.5 338.0 256.2 150.2 Processed fruits and vegetables......................................................... Processed fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................... Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) ................ Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... 290.2 151.0 142.2 155.2 153.8 305.7 161.7 163.2 163.2 158.8 306.5 162.1 163.8 164.1 158.6 308.0 163.2 164.8 165.2 159.6 309.2 163.6 163.9 165.7 161.2 310.7 164.3 166.2 165.3 161.5 308.4 163.1 165.2 165.1 159.3 288.0 150.6 141.4 154.2 154.3 302.9 161.2 162.4 162.2 159.0 303.8 161.6 163.1 163.1 158.7 305.3 162.7 164.1 164.3 159.9 306.5 163.1 163.1 164.8 161.4 308.0 163.7 165.5 164.1 161.8 305.6 162.6 164.5 163.9 159.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In d ex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary 1983 Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 1984 1983 1984 Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Fruits and vegetables— Continued Processed vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100) ................................... Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77 = 100) Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77 = 100) . . . . 140.6 152.4 141.8 134.0 145.6 156.0 148.5 138.9 146.0 155.4 149.3 139.6 146.5 155.6 150.7 139.8 147.2 155.1 152.3 140.6 148.1 157.0 153.1 c141.2 146.9 156.2 150.9 140.2 139.4 153.9 139.3 132.6 144.3 157.7 145.8 137.2 144.8 157.1 146.6 138.0 145.3 157.2 148.0 138.1 146.0 156.7 149.7 138.9 145.7 157.7 148.3 138.6 Other foods at h o m e ................................................... Sugar and sweets ............................................................................... Candy and chewing gum (12/77 = 100) ................................ Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Other sweets (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Fats and oils (12/77 = 100) ............................................................ M a rg a rin e ..................................................................................... Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77 = 100) . . . Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............. Nonalcoholic beverages ...................................................................... Cola drinks, excluding diet cola ................................................ Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77 = 100) . . . . Roasted coffee ............................................................................ Freeze dried and instant c o ffe e ................................................... Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77 = 100) ......................... Other prepared foods ............................................................................ Canned and packaged soup (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Frozen prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ................................... Snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77 = 100) . . . Other condiments (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ...................... Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77 = 100) . . 340.7 376.4 151.9 170.3 152.7 264.8 259.3 148.9 136.9 431.2 312.7 147.6 353.7 348.3 141.0 277.8 141.4 155.7 159.9 158.9 156.3 152.2 147.2 351.0 387.7 158.6 171.8 156.9 282.4 280.5 154.3 146.7 443.6 320.8 151.3 368.6 362.2 144.7 283.8 144.6 159.3 163.0 163.5 157.5 155.8 151.7 350.8 390.0 159.4 172.4 158.5 282.9 282.7 153.3 146.9 441.7 316.2 150.9 368.9 362.8 146.0 283.9 144.6 158.3 164.7 162.7 157.8 156.0 151.3 352.1 391.2 160.5 172.4 158.3 285.4 285.6 152.3 149.1 442.3 317.1 150.1 372.8 363.5 146.2 285.3 144.6 160.4 165.1 163.8 158.4 156.0 152.1 353.1 391.8 161.3 171.0 159.4 291.4 293.2 153.2 152.7 442.7 315.1 150.5 374.8 366.9 147.4 285.4 145.6 159.1 166.0 163.8 160.0 154.9 151.6 354.0 392.6 161.6 171.0 160.1 295.4 296.0 154.9 155.2 441.5 313.3 149.2 375.9 369 6 147.6 286.9 146.4 162.0 166.5 164.4 159.9 155.5 152.1 355.1 393.7 162.1 172.3 159.7 295.1 296.6 156.3 154.2 444.0 316.8 149.4 376.3 369.2 148.3 287.3 146.4 161.6 166.9 165.6 159.5 155.9 152.8 341.5 376.2 151.8 171.6 150.5 264.7 257.3 147.2 137.5 433.1 310.2 145.3 348.4 347.5 141.3 279.4 143.3 154.9 162.0 158.1 158.2 152.5 148.4 351.6 387.3 158.4 173.0 154.7 281.9 278.5 152.2 147.1 445.2 318.0 149.0 363.0 361.6 144,9 285.4 246.5 258.4 165.2 162.4 159.4 156.0 153.0 351.3 389.4 159.2 173.6 156.2 282.4 280.3 151.5 147.3 443.1 313.5 148.5 363.4 362.1 146.4 285.4 146.5 157.3 166.9 161.7 159.6 156.0 152.4 352.5 390.5 160.3 173.6 155.8 284.9 283.2 150.5 149.4 443.7 314.5 147.6 367.1 362.9 146.4 286.9 146.4 159.6 167.4 163.0 160.2 156.2 153.2 353.5 391.1 161.0 172.2 157.0 291.0 291.1 151.3 153.2 444.0 312.4 148.1 369.0 366.3 147.7 287.0 147.6 158.3 168.3 162.9 161.9 154.9 152.8 146.9 158.6 150.5 139.5 354.3 391.9 161.3 172.3 157.6 295.0 293.6 153.1 155.7 442.8 310.7 147.0 369 9 368.9 147.9 288.5 148.4 161.2 168.8 163.5 161.7 155.6 153.2 355.4 393.1 161.8 173 5 157.2 294.6 294.3 154.2 154.7 445.2 314.1 147.1 370.2 368.2 148.7 288.7 148.2 160.4 169.2 164.7 161.4 155.9 153.9 Food away from home ......................................................................................... Lunch (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................. Dinner (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................. Other meals and snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 322.2 155.9 154.9 159.4 330 9 159.6 159.6 163.7 332.6 160.5 160.2 164.8 333.1 160.7 160.3 165.3 334.4 161.5 161.0 165.5 335.5 161.9 161.7 166.0 335.8 162.4 161.8 165.7 325.4 157.5 156.6 159.9 334.1 161.2 161.3 164.2 335.9 162.0 162.0 165.3 336.3 162.3 162.0 165.8 337.7 163.0 162.8 166.0 338.8 163.5 163.5 166.5 339.0 163.9 163 6 166.3 Alcoholic beverages 218.4 221.3 221.5 222.4 222.5 222.9 223.1 221.3 224.6 224.8 225.6 225.8 226.2 226.4 Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77 = 100) ................................................... Beer and ale .................................................................................................. W hiskey............................................................................................................ Wine ............................................................................................................... Other alcoholic beverages (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77 = 100) ................................... 141.2 225.4 153.7 235.7 122.5 148.4 142.3 229.9 153.1 233.4 122.8 153.6 142.3 230.6 153.3 231.4 122.3 154.2 142.8 231.2 153.8 234.0 122.5 154.8 142.8 231.5 153.5 232.5 122.7 155.5 142.9 231.1 154.0 234.2 122.6 156.4 142.8 231.5 153.8 231.8 123.4 157.2 143.2 224.8 154.2 243.7 122.3 149.6 144.5 228.9 153.7 241.7 122.7 154.8 144.6 229.7 153.7 239.3 122.3 155.3 145.0 230.2 154.1 241.8 122.4 155.9 145.0 230.6 153.9 240.1 122.4 156.6 145.1 230.3 154.3 241.6 122.4 157.8 145.1 230.5 154.1 239.5 123.2 158 6 325.3 322.7 325.2 326.2 328.7 334.2 336.8 344.6 347.9 356.1 359.3 380.2 407.6 162.6 393.4 299.8 519.0 441.8 248.9 658.4 217.4 357.4 405.4 256.9 383 6 404.8 163.4 397.2 302.5 524.9 442.4 251.4 666.4 218.6 359.4 407.9 258.1 HOUSING 326.4 333.2 334.6 336.2 338.1 339.5 341.4 Shelter (C P I-U ).............................................................................................. 348.5 357.8 358.9 360.2 362.7 364.6 366.5 Renters' c o s t s ......................................................................................................... Rent, residential ............................................................................................ Other renters’ c o s t s ...................................................................................... Homeowners’ c o s t s ............................................................................................... Owners' equivalent r e n t ............................................................................... Household insurance ..................................................................................... Maintenance and repairs ...................................................................................... Maintenance and repair services ............................................................... Maintenance and repair co m m odities......................................................... 104.4 239.5 361.3 103.5 103.5 104.0 346.6 387.6 259.9 107.4 246.4 371.2 106.2 106.2 106.1 356.3 408.1 259.2 107.8 247.2 371.3 106.5 106.3 160.6 357.3 409.6 259.7 108.2 248.4 371.5 106.8 106.8 106.6 358.9 409.8 262.2 108.9 249.7 375.7 107.6 107.7 106.7 360.3 411.6 263.1 109.6 251.1 380.7 108.1 108.1 108.0 360.1 412.3 262.2 110.2 252.4 384.3 108.7 108.7 108.6 362.7 414.3 264.8 Shelter (CPI-W) Other renters' costs ............................................................................................... Lodging while out of to w n ............................................................................ Tenants’ insurance (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ H om e ow nership..................................................................................................... Home purchase ............................................................................................ Financing, taxes, and insurance.................................................................. Property in s u ra n c e ............................................................................... Property taxes ..................................................................................... Contracted mortgage interest c o s t s .................................................. Mortgage interest r a te s ............................................................... Maintenance and re p a irs............................................................................... Maintenance and repair services......................................................... Maintenance and repair com m odities......................................................... Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling supplies (12/77 = 100) ............................................................ Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............ 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 347.5 341.3 344.2 238 9 245 7 ?4fi 5 358.6 374.8 156.2 386.1 303.4 500.0 434.9 238.5 634.2 207.2 343.7 385.5 255.2 370.7 393.8 159.8 374.9 291.7 480.8 440.3 244.8 601.6 203.9 354.2 401.0 255.9 370.5 393.5 159.8 378.5 291.9 490.1 441.0 245.6 615.5 208.4 355.0 402.6 255.6 370.8 393.9 160.1 378.8 291.7 490.6 441.5 245.9 616.0 209.3 356.0 403.1 257.2 375.1 400.6 160.4 382.7 294.9 496.5 441.6 246.4 624.9 210.1 357.3 405.2 257.1 145 8 125.3 147 3 124.5 124.2 124.1 123.1 123.3 123.5 140.7 142.2 140.2 141.7 141.9 142.4 142.5 143.0 142.1 146.3 142.8 144.2 142.7 146.7 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In d ex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 1984 1983 1983 1984 Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Fuel and other utilities.................................................................................. 376.4 380.9 385.5 390.0 393.9 395.5 397.0 378.1 382.0 386.6 391 4 395.4 396 9 398.4 F u e ls ......................................................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s ...................................................................... Fuel oil ................................................................................................... Other fuels (6/78 = 100) .................................................................. Gas (piped) and electricity............................................................................ E le c tric ity ............................................................................................... Utility (piped) gas ............................................................................... 478.3 623.2 631.2 190.2 440.5 342.3 590.5 476.0 650.7 660.9 195.6 432.3 338.9 573.2 483.5 649.2 659.9 194.4 441.4 343.0 591.7 490.7 646.0 656.2 194.1 450.6 358.6 585.9 496.5 637.4 646.2 193.7 459.1 368.7 589.7 498.6 625.5 632.4 193.3 463.9 374.3 592.2 500.1 622.1 628.4 193.1 466.4 374.9 598.4 478.3 625.6 633.7 191.0 440.0 342.6 586.4 475.4 652.9 663.1 196.3 431.1 338.0 569.8 482.6 651.5 662.1 195.1 439.9 342.2 587.2 490.4 648.4 658.6 194.8 449.7 358.7 581.6 496.1 640.0 648.8 194.4 458 2 369.0 585.1 498.2 628.1 635.1 193.9 463.0 374.8 587.1 499.8 624.5 630.8 193.6 465.5 375.5 593.2 Other utilities and public services ...................................................................... Telephone se rvic e s......................................................................................... Local charges (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ................................................... Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ................................................... Water and sewerage maintenance............................................................... 215.4 174.4 142.6 121.9 118.6 356.8 228.2 186.4 157.8 122.3 123.7 371.4 228.8 186.7 158.3 122.6 123.1 373.9 229.4 187.1 160.1 118.5 124.8 374.6 230.6 188.1 162.3 116.2 125.9 376.6 231.3 188.4 163.3 116.1 124.9 378.9 232.7 189.8 165.3 116.1 124.8 380.2 216.4 175.0 143.1 122.3 118.7 361.0 229.2 187.0 158.4 122.7 123.6 375.7 229.9 187.4 159.0 123.0 122.9 378.2 230.4 187.6 160.8 118.9 124.6 378.9 231.7 188.7 163.1 116.6 125.7 381.0 232.4 189.1 164.0 116.5 124.8 383.2 233.7 190.4 166.0 116.5 124.6 384.5 Household furnishings and operations ....................................................... 238.9 242.3 242.4 242.3 241.9 242.2 244.1 235.8 238.9 239.1 238.9 238.3 238.6 240.6 Housefurnishings ................................................................................................... Textile housefurnishings............................................................................... Household linens (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) ............................................................... 197.6 231.2 138.1 199.9 235.2 139.0 199.8 236.6 140.8 199.1 234.7 138.2 197.9 232.9 136.6 198.1 238.6 143.1 200.6 245.6 146.8 195.6 234.6 139.0 197.7 238.6 139.9 197.7 239.9 141.6 196.9 238.4 139.4 195.6 236.4 137.7 195.9 242.0 144.1 198.3 249.9 148.1 150.5 154.7 154.6 154.9 154.2 154.7 159.8 154.8 159.2 158.9 159.5 158.6 158.8 164.8 Furniture and b e d d in g ............................................................................................ Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 100) ................................................... Sofas (12/77 = 100) ......................................................................... Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ Other furniture (12/77 = 100) ......................................................... Appliances including TV and sound equipment ...................................... Television and sound equipment ...................................................... Television ................... ’ ................................................................ Sound equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Household appliances ......................................................................... Refrigerators and home fre e z e rs ................................................ Laundry e q u ip m e n t....................................................................... Other household appliances (12/77 = 100) ......................... Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing machines (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... Office machines, small electric appliances, and air conditioners (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Other household equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Floor and window coverings, Infants’ , laundry, cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) ............................................................... 217.9 152.5 117.6 124.2 139.4 151.0 105.1 99.6 111.1 189.2 192.4 142.7 126.2 222.8 154.2 121.2 125.5 144.6 150.1 103.4 96.7 110.3 190.4 195.8 146.7 126.1 223.8 154.3 121.1 128.2 144.7 149.8 102.9 96.5 109.5 190.6 196.2 146.7 126.2 223.3 154.1 121.3 126.8 144.8 148.8 102.0 95.9 108.4 189.7 196.8 145.0 125.4 222.1 151.5 121.9 126.3 144.7 147.2 101.3 94.5 108.2 187.1 194.2 145.5 123.2 220.8 151.7 120.6 127.1 142.2 147.2 101.0 94.1 108.1 187.5 194.6 145.4 123.6 225.5 156.6 121.7 126.8 146.9 147.7 100.8 93.5 108.3 189.4 196.8 146.9 124.8 215.1 148.9 118.1 125.2 135.8 151.2 104.2 98.3 110.2 189.1 198.0 143.6 124.2 218.9 149.6 121.3 126.3 140.2 151.4 102.4 95.3 109.3 192.0 202.2 147.6 124.9 220.1 150.2 121.1 129.0 140.4 151.3 101.9 95.1 108.5 192.3 202.5 147.6 125.2 219.5 149.6 121.6 127.6 140.4 150.1 101.0 94.5 107.4 191.0 202.5 145.8 124.2 218.7 148.1 122.1 127.2 140.2 148.4 100.2 93.0 107.2 188.4 199.8 146.0 121.4 217.9 148.4 120.7 128.1 ■138.4 148.5 100.0 92.7 107.1 188.9 200.6 146.3 121.7 222.2 153.5 121.6 127.8 142.1 149.4 99.8 92.2 107.2 190.9 202.6 147.6 123.2 Housekeeping supplies ......................................................................................... Soaps and d e te rg e n ts................................................................................... Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100) ............................ Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100) ............. Miscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100) ................................ Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................ 125.4 126.3 126.9 127.0 121.7 123.6 127.5 123.6 125.4 126.2 125.8 120.0 121.6 125.5 127.3 141.0 126.2 143.2 125.7 142.1 124.4 142.2 124.9 142.1 123.9 141.7 122.8 141.9 124.9 138 8 124.2 140.7 124.1 139.4 122.4 139.6 122.9 139.5 121.8 138.9 120.6 139.1 144.2 132.9 147.6 137.4 147.5 136.1 147.8 134.3 147.0 135.5 147.7 134.3 146.7 137.1 136.0 128.4 139.0 132.9 138.8 131.5 138.8 129.7 137.8 130.7 137.3 129.8 136.2 132.8 147.7 149.2 147.2 147.9 147.2 147.0 145.5 143.6 145.1 143.0 143.9 143.3 143.1 141.5 134.7 134.9 134.1 134.6 135.2 134.4 135.5 140.2 140.5 139.5 140.0 140.7 139.8 141.4 295.7 296.1 152.0 148.0 139.5 154.9 140.8 301.8 297.1 153.8 151.6 142.0 159.2 147.5 301.5 298.2 153.4 151.7 142.5 159.8 144.8 303.0 299.3 155.1 152.9 143.5 160.1 144.7 303.8 299.8 154.9 153.7 143.7 161.2 144.9 304.2 298.8 154.9 153.6 144.2 162.0 145.7 304.9 299.1 155.8 155.2 144.2 162.2 144.8 293.1 292.0 150.9 148.2 142.6 149.5 134.9 298.5 292.8 152.5 151.6 145.1 153.7 140.5 298.5 293.7 152.0 151.7 145.7 154.4 138.7 300.1 294.8 153.8 152.9 146.7 154.7 138.7 301.0 295.3 153.6 153.7 147.1 155.9 138.7 301.1 294.2 153.4 153.4 147.7 156.6 139.1 302.0 294.8 154.3 155.2 147.9 156.7 138.3 Housekeeping services ......................................................................................... P o stage............................................................................................................ Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... 320.9 337.5 325.7 337.5 326.5 337.5 327.0 337.5 327.6 337.5 328.2 337.5 329.4 337.5 320.8 337.5 326.0 337.5 326.9 337.5 327.5 337.5 328.2 337.5 328.8 337.5 330.0 337.5 165.9 145.4 171.8 149.4 172.9 150.1 173.7 150.2 174.5 150.9 174.6 152.2 175.9 153.4 166.0 143.6 172.1 147.5 173.2 148.1 174.1 148.2 174.9 148.9 175.1 150.0 176.4 151.0 APPAREL AND UPKEEP.................................................................................. 200.4 199.2 198.9 197.4 196.6 200.1 204.2 199.3 198.2 197.7 196.1 195.3 199.0 203.3 Apparel commodities..................................................................................... 188.5 186.3 185.8 184.0 183.0 186.6 191.2 188.0 185.9 185.1 183.3 182.4 186.1 190.9 Apparel commodities less fo o tw e a r............................................................ 185.3 182.6 181.7 179.8 178.9 ' 183.1 187.8 184.6 181.9 180.7 178.7 177.9 182.2 187.3 Men's and b o y s '............................................................................................ Men's (12/77 = 100) ......................................................................... Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................... Coats and ja c k e ts ......................................................................... Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................... Shirts (12/77 = 100) ............................................................... Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100) ................... Boys’ (12/77 = 100) ......................................................................... Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............. Furnishings (12/77 = 100) ...................................................... Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) . . 190.8 120.1 112.3 104.4 145.4 125.6 112.4 124.1 119.0 135.1 123.7 190.6 120.2 112.0 99.0 146.0 127.3 113.6 123.2 119.7 137.2 120.3 190.7 120.4 111.9 98.2 147.6 127.6 113.5 122.5 119.4 136.6 119.3 190.3 120.0 113.0 96.2 148.0 126.9 111.4 123.0 118.2 137.1 121.2 189.8 119.3 113.2 96.1 145.6 125.6 111.3 124.1 120.8 136.5 121.8 192.6 121.2 113.5 100.9 147.6 127.3 113.7 125.5 125.5 134.7 121.8 195.6 123.2 115.6 105.7 150.9 128.2 114.5 126.9 127.0 135.8 123.3 191.1 120.7 105.5 107.5 141.6 128.6 118.2 122.4 120.5 130.7 120.8 191.2 121.0 105.4 102.4 142.1 130.1 119.9 121.8 122.0 132.7 117.6 191.1 121.1 105.2 101.2 143.5 130.1 119.9 121.1 121.8 132.2 116.6 190.3 120.3 105.8 99.4 143.8 129.2 117.5 121.6 120.4 132.7 118.4 189.9 119.6 106.2 99.6 141.8 127.7 117.2 122.7 123.1 132.2 119.0 193.0 121.7 106.8 104.0 143.3 130.0 120.0 124.3 128.0 130.5 119.1 196.2 123.9 108.9 109.0 146.6 131.0 120.9 125.7 129.8 131.8 120.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary 1983 Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 1984 1983 1984 Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Women’s and girls' ......................................... Women's (12/77 = 100) ............................................... Coats and ja c k e ts .................................................................. Dresses ..................................................................................... Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ............................ Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100) ............ Suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. Girls' (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................ Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ............................ Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... Infants' and toddlers' .................................................................................. Other apparel commodities ......................................................................... Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) ................................ Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ............................................... 168.8 112.8 176.6 176.7 102.5 135.1 94.3 109.5 101.6 106.3 163.2 108.6 164.9 175.0 92.8 136.9 85.1 108.2 100.6 104.3 161.8 107.7 159.7 176.1 93.4 137.5 77.3 107.2 98.3 102.7 157.9 105.2 154.6 172.1 91.1 137.0 71.3 104.3 95.0 99.0 156.2 103.7 156.8 163.7 88.2 136.7 74.4 104.6 99.7 96.9 163.1 108.6 167.7 172.0 92.9 138.0 85.1 107.7 101.0 103.1 170.5 114.4 181.1 178.3 102.5 139.4 93.5 108.6 98.6 106.7 170.2 114.3 181.6 162.6 102.8 134.8 115.0 108.3 98.5 106.8 164.5 109.9 170.1 160.6 93.5 136.6 104.2 107.6 98.1 105.2 162.7 108.6 164.7 162.9 93.9 137.1 92.7 106.4 96.0 103.7 159.2 106.2 159.1 160.5 91.4 136.6 85.8 104.3 93.7 100.7 157.4 104.8 162.4 153.1 88.6 136.2 97.1 104.0 98.4 96.7 164.1 109.5 176.1 159.9 93.1 137.5 96.5 107.5 100.4 103.5 172.1 115.8 185.2 165.5 102.9 138.9 112.1 108.6 98.3 107.5 128.4 287.4 217.4 121.9 148.5 128.1 289.2 217.6 122.6 148.3 129.7 283.9 216.8 123.1 147.4 129.3 278.3 217.7 122.4 148.5 127.1 281.2 218.0 122.5 148.8 127.4 288.7 216.3 123.8 146.7 128.3 291.3 216.5 122.8 147.3 127.0 297 9 205.9 120.2 139.0 126.9 299.7 205.5 120.8 138.4 128.2 293.0 205.0 121.5 137.6 127.8 289.2 205.7 120.9 138.5 125.7 292.0 206.0 120.7 138.9 126.0 298.9 204.9 122.3 137.1 127.0 303.2 205.0 121.5 137.6 F o o tw e a r............................................................ Men's (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................. Boys' and girls’ (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. Women's (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ 208.0 134.8 130.4 126.8 208.9 135.8 131.4 126.7 210.2 137.1 132.4 127.1 209.6 136.7 132.1 126.7 208.0 137.5 131.0 124.2 207.7 137.4 131.9 123.4 211.1 138.0 133.5 127.0 207.6 136.7 132.9 122.3 209.4 137.9 133.9 123.4 210.7 139.2 134.7 123.7 210.0 138.7 134.5 123.2 208.7 139.6 133.7 120.8 208.5 139.4 134.8 119.9 211.6 139.8 136.3 123.3 Apparel services .................................................................................. 293 4 301.5 303.7 304.4 305.1 307.5 307.6 291.5 299.4 301.6 302.4 303.0 305.5 305.6 Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100) ............ Other apparel services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... 174.9 153.7 181.0 155.7 182.6 156.5 182.9 157.0 183.4 157.2 184.1 159.9 184.3 159.7 173.3 154.8 179.4 156.9 180.9 157.7 181.2 158.3 181.7 158.5 182.3 161.3 182.6 161.0 TRANSPORTATION 303.7 309.6 312.2 313.1 312.9 312.9 313.7 305.5 311.9 314.6 315.5 315.2 315.2 316.0 Private 299 2 304.8 307.4 308.1 307.5 307.5 308.4 302.2 308.3 311.0 311.7 311.2 311.1 312.1 New c a r s .................................................................................................................. Used cars ............................................................................................................... Gasoline .................................................................................................................. Automobile maintenance and repair .................................................................. Body work (12/77 = 100) ......................................................................... Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) ......................................................... Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) ............................................................ Other private transportation.................................................................................. Other private transportation commodities ................................................ Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 = 100) ................ Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100) ......................... T ir e s ............................................................................................... Other parts and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................. Other private transportation s e rv ic e s ......................................................... Automobile insurance ......................................................................... Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) ................................... Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . . State registration ......................................................................... Drivers' licenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................ Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ 202.7 343.9 387.1 332.3 167.7 207.4 370.0 374.0 338.9 171.4 207.6 378.0 376.7 340.2 172.3 207.7 382.0 374.9 340.7 172.6 208.1 383.2 369.8 341.6 172.6 208.1 383.8 365.9 342.7 173.5 208 2 384.2 367.8 344.2 174.7 202.3 343.9 388.8 333.0 166.5 206.9 370.0 375.7 339.6 170.1 207.1 378.0 378.2 340.8 170.9 207.1 382.0 376.4 341.5 171.3 207.6 383.2 376.4 342.3 171.6 207.6 383.8 367.4 343.4 172.1 207.6 384.2 369.4 344.9 173.1 160.7 152.6 158.4 260.8 208.3 154.2 131.9 181.7 132.9 277.3 303.8 156.4 146.9 195.3 153.0 139.8 160.5 165.1 154.2 162.4 269.0 202.4 152.7 127.7 172.9 134.0 289.3 321.8 160.9 149.5 195.7 158.0 139.8 164.3 165.8 154.8 162.6 270.4 201.7 152.7 127.2 172.2 133.5 291.2 323.7 162.4 150.3 197.1 158.0 139.9 165.2 166.2 154.6 163.4 271.5 202.0 154.1 127.3 172.0 134.1 292.5 324.2 164.1 151.1 199.4 157.8 139.9 165.1 166.5 155.3 163.5 272.4 200.6 154.3 126.2 169.6 134.7 294.1 324.8 166.2 152.0 199.8 161.0 139.9 166.5 167.2 155.9 163.9 274.9 200.8 153.6 126.4 170.4 133.9 297.2 325.2 168.7 156.8 209.7 161.3 139.9 170.0 168.1 156.3 164.7 275.9 201.2 155.1 126.5 170.9 133.3 298.4 326.9 169.9 156.4 212.2 163.7 139.9 166.4 164.5 151.9 157.8 261.8 210.9 153.2 133.8 185.4 132.8 277.8 303.4 155.8 147.9 195.2 153.4 140.5 167.8 169.2 153.4 161.9 269.9 204.8 151.9 129.4 176.5 133.6 289.7 321.0 160.4 150.4 195.6 158.3 140.3 171.5 169.8 154.0 162.2 271.3 204 2 152.5 128.9 175.7 133.3 291.6 322.7 161.9 151.3 197.1 158.3 140.4 172.7 170.2 153.8 163.1 272 4 204.5 153.5 129.0 175.5 133.9 293.0 323.1 163.5 152.4 199.6 158.1 140.4 172.6 170.6 154.5 163.2 273.4 202.9 153.8 127.8 173.0 134.1 294.6 323.9 165.7 153.1 200.0 161.2 140.4 173.8 171.3 155.0 163.5 275.8 203.2 153.2 128.1 174.0 133.3 297.5 324.2 168.2 157.4 208 8 161.5 140.5 176.4 172.2 155.5 164.3 277.0 203.4 154.5 128.0 174.2 132.7 299.1 325.9 169.5 157.7 211.7 164.1 140.5 173.8 Public 366.6 377.1 379.8 385.2 389.3 390.8 389.5 357.2 370.0 372.2 377.4 380.7 381.6 380.4 Airline f a r e ............................................................................................................... Intercity bus fare .................................................................................................. Intracity mass transit ............................................................................................ Taxi fare .................................................................................................................. Intercity train f a r e .................................................................................................. 423.3 415.1 324.6 303.5 364.8 427.7 428.7 342.3 308.8 373.4 433.8 429.9 342.3 309.2 373.5 442.0 426.2 346.5 309.7 381.5 450.1 438.9 346.6 310.4 381.9 454.1 441.1 345.7 310.4 381.9 450.1 442.2 346.5 310.8 381.9 419.5 415.3 322.5 312.7 365.4 423.5-, 427.6 342.1 317.9 373.7 430.0 429.3 347.1 318.3 373.8 438.2 425.8 346.5 319.0 381 9 446.6 438.7 346.6 319.7 382.1 450.5 441.3 345.8 319.7 382.2 445.4 442.6 346.5 319.8 382.2 380.3 381.9 383 1 359.2 373.9 375.0 376.3 378.5 380.1 381.2 MEDICAL CARE 361.2 375.7 376.8 378.0 Medical care commodities 226.3 236.9 238 7 239.4 240.7 241.6 242.4 226.7 237.1 238.7 239.5 240.7 241.5 242.3 Prescription d ru g s .................................................................................................. Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100) ............................................ Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................... Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and respiratory agents (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... 216.7 158.1 179.9 155.8 230.7 164.8 198.4 166.1 233.1 165.8 202.8 167.4 233.5 164.9 204.0 169.0 234.9 166.1 205.1 170.4 236.6 167.7 207.6 171.3 238.0 168.4 208.7 171.7 218.0 160.3 179.7 155.7 232 2 167.3 198.3 165.5 234.5 168.3 202.7 167.3 234.9 167.3 204.0 168.3 236.3 168.3 205 1 169 5 237.9 170.0 207.5 170.4 239.4 171.0 208.6 170.9 200.0 177.5 212.5 187.7 214.1 188.7 214.7 188.3 216 2 189.7 218.1 191.0 220.7 192.0 201.9 179.4 214.7 190.0 216.3 191.0 217.0 190.3 218.4 191.7 220.4 192.8 223.2 193.8 163.8 173.2 174.6 174.5 175.9 175.5 176.1 164.1 173.9 175.3 176.1 176.5 176.2 176.9 157.9 137.7 255.6 151.2 162.1 138.9 264.9 156.5 162.8 139.3 266.6 156.5 163.5 140.0 268.2 156.4 164.3 140.6 269.5 157.0 164.4 140.5 269.4 157.9 164.5 141.4 269.5 157.1 158.1 136.7 256.8 152.3 163.0 137.8 266.1 158.0 163.7 138.2 267.7 158 0 164.4 138.8 269.3 157.9 165.1 139.5 270.6 158.4 165.2 139.3 270.4 159.4 165.3 140.4 270.5 158.6 Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100) ......................................................................... Internal and respiratory over-the-counter d r u g s ...................................... Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 = 100) . . . 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers 1984 1983 1983 1984 Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Medical care services .................................................................................. 391.0 406.3 407.1 408.4 410.9 412.7 413.9 388.3 403.9 404.7 406.1 408.6 410.4 411.5 Professional services ............................................................................................ Physicians' s e rv ic e s ...................................................................................... Dental s e rv ic e s ............................................................................................... Other professional services (12/77 = 100) ............................................ 327.6 356.5 308.3 155.4 342.5 373.5 322.5 159.5 343.8 375.2 323.6 159.7 345.8 377.1 326.2 159.9 347.0 378.1 327.9 160.1 348.2 379.5 329.1 160.3 349.8 380.8 331.9 160.0 328.0 360.5 306.1 150.8 343.0 377.5 320.5 155.8 344.2 379.0 321.6 156.0 346.2 381.1 324.0 156.1 347.4 382.1 325.7 156.4 348.6 383.6 326.8 156.6 350.1 384.8 329.5 156.2 Other medical care services.................................................................................. Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ Hospital r o o m ............................................................................................ Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100) ................ 467.8 197.8 633.8 193.3 483.4 207.5 660.3 204.2 483.6 207.9 660.7 204.8 484.1 208.4 662.0 205.2 488.3 210.9 672.9 207.0 490.7 212.5 678.1 208.5 491.5 213.0 679.5 209.1 463.9 195.7 626.1 191.4 480.0 205.6 652.9 202.4 480.3 205.9 653.3 203.0 480.9 206.3 654.4 203.4 485.2 208.9 664.6 205.4 487.7 210.4 669.5 206.8 488.4 210.9 670.8 207.4 ENTERTAINMENT........................................................................................... 247.5 253.8 253.5 254.5 255.3 256.4 257.3 244.1 249.8 249.6 250.7 251.4 252.5 253.4 Entertainment commodities ......................................................................... 248.0 253.4 252.2 252.4 253.3 254.5 254.8 242.6 247.7 246.8 246.9 247.8 248.8 249.2 Reading materials (12/77 = 100) ...................................................................... Newspapers .................................................................................................. Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 100)................................... 161.2 304.0 168.6 164.5 312.6 170.7 163.1 313.0 167.5 163.7 313.3 168.7 164.5 315.0 169.4 166.0 315.2 172.5 166.3 315.4 173.0 160.5 303.9 168.8 164.0 312.9 170.8 162.6 313.1 167.3 163.3 313.4 168.7 164.0 315.1 169.3 165.4 315.3 172.4 165.6 315.6 172.8 Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Sport vehicles (12/77 = 100) ................................................................... Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................... B icyc le s............................................................................................................ Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 134.6 137.4 118.6 200.1 134.6 139.1 144.6 117.5 201.1 135.6 138.0 143.0 117.3 200.8 134.6 137.5 142.2 117.7 201.1 134.2 137.8 142.9 117.7 200.2 134.3 138.3 143.9 117.9 198.3 134.8 138.7 144.4 117.3 198.9 135.5 128.9 128.5 116.3 200.9 134.5 132.6 134.1 115.6 202.2 135.3 131.7 133.0 115.5 201.7 134.3 131.2 132.2 116.0 202.0 134.0 131.4 132.6 115.9 201.2 134.2 131.9 133.7 115.9 199.4 134.0 132.3 134.0 115.5 200.3 135.0 Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 100) ................................ Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100) ......................... Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... 138.8 136.7 131.0 148.5 141.0 139.3 132.9 149.9 141.0 139.2 133.2 149.8 141.1 138.8 133.7 150.5 141.7 139.3 134.2 151.4 141.9 138.6 135.0 153.1 142.0 138.3 135.2 153.7 137.7 133.0 132.1 149.6 140.0 135.8 134.2 151.0 140.0 135.8 134.4 150.9 140.1 135.5 135.0 151.6 140.7 135.9 135.6 152.7 141.0 135.2 136.3 154.2 141.1 135.1 136.4 154.8 Entertainment services.................................................................................. 247.2 254.9 255.4 258.1 258.5 259.7 261.3 247.8 254.7 255.8 258.5 258.8 260.1 262.0 Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................................................... Admissions (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... Other entertainment services (12/77 = 100) ................................................... 154.4 145.2 131.0 159.5 149.4 134.8 159.6 151.3 134.9 159.7 155.3 135.1 159.7 156.0 135.3 160.1 157.3 136.1 162.3 156.9 136.2 155.5 144.2 132.3 160.1 148.3 135.7 160.3 150.2 132.5 160.7 154.3 135.7 160.4 155.0 136.0 161.0 156.1 136.8 163.7 155.7 137.1 OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES ................................................................... 294.4 302.8 303.2 304.4 306.5 307.2 314.6 292.0 300.4 300.8 302.1 304.5 305.3 310.9 Tobacco products ........................................................................................... 290.8 305.9 305.9 308.1 313.2 313.9 314.1 297.8 305.6 305.6 307.8 312.9 313.5 313.7 Cigarettes ............................................................................................................... Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 306.4 151.2 314.1 157.6 314.0 157.9 316.3 158.9 322.0 159.3 322.6 159.7 322.8 159.9 305.5 151.2 313.1 157.6 313.1 157.9 315.3 159.0 320.9 159.4 321.5 159.8 321.7 159.9 Personal c a r e ................................................................................................. 263.0 268.9 269.5 270.6 271.8 272.6 273.6 260.9 266.9 267.5 268.5 269.7 270.5 271.6 Toilet goods and personal care appliances......................................................... Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 = 100) ................ Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100) ......................................... Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and eye makeup implements (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................... Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) . . . 262.4 153.0 160.8 267.3 154.9 165.1 267.4 154.1 166.8 268.5 154.8 166.5 270.2 156.1 167.2 270.6 156.2 167.6 271.6 156.1 167.9 263.0 152.0 159.1 268.1 154.1 163.3 268.3 153.4 164.9 269.3 154.1 164.7 270.9 155.1 165.2 271.4 155.3 165.6 272.5 155.3 165.8 148.3 149.9 151.8 151.6 151.5 151.7 153.0 151.7 154.0 152.7 153.2 154.2 154.5 155.0 148.9 153.4 152.7 155.2 152.7 155.3 154.0 155.5 155.1 156.4 154.5 158.0 155.9 158.7 Personal care services ......................................................................................... Beauty parlor services for women ............................................................ Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 = 100) . . . 264.6 268.1 146.0 271.4 274.4 150.4 272.3 275.0 151.4 273.4 276.4 151.7 274.3 277.3 152.1 275.4 278.4 152.8 276.4 279.2 153.6 259.3 261.1 144.8 266.1 267.5 149.2 267.1 268.0 150.2 268.2 269.3 150.5 269.0 270.2 150.9 270.0 271.2 151.6 271.1 272.0 152.4 Personal and educational expenses.............................................................. 344.6 356.9 357.4 357.9 358.6 359.3 381.9 345.6 359.7 360.3 360.7 361.3 362.1 384.1 Schoolbooks and supplies .................................................................................. Personal and educational s e r v ic e s ...................................................................... Tuition and other school f e e s ...................................................................... College tuition (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 100) ...................... Personal expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ 306.6 353.5 178.6 180.7 170.9 192.6 317.6 366.1 184.4 184.7 183.9 202.0 317.8 366.7 184.4 184.7 183.9 188.0 318.5 367.1 184.5 184.8 183.9 204.2 318.8 367.9 184.8 185.2 183.9 205.0 319.2 368.7 185.0 185.3 184.3 206.4 331.5 393.1 200.2 200.1 201.1 207.3 310.8 354.3 178.4 180.5 172.2 190.3 322.2 369.0 185.3 185.5 184.9 202.8 322.4 369.7 185.3 185.5 185.6 204.3 323.1 370.1 185.4 185.7 185.0 204.8 323.4 370.8 185.6 186.0 185.0 205.6 323.8 371.6 185.8 186.1 185.4 207.0 336.4 395.6 201.4 201.1 202.6 207.9 383.9 418.2 343.8 365.2 371.4 410.3 347.0 376.6 373.8 416.9 351.6 377.8 372.2 417.7 357.1 378.4 367.3 422.0 362.0 379.9 363.8 437.3 364.6 380.3 365.7 441.6 366.1 382.3 Special indexes: Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other p ro d u c ts ............................................ Insurance and fin a n c e ............................................................................................ Utilities and public transportation......................................................................... Housekeeping and home maintenance s e rv ic e s ............................................... 382.3 369.8 372.4 370.7 365.9 362.4 364.3 344.7 361.6 348.0 368.6 352.8 369.5 358.0 370.0 362.9 370.9 365.6 371.6 367.0 373.0 c = corrected. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 21. C o nsum er Price Index for All Urban C onsum ers: C ross classification of region and popu lation size c lass by exp en d itu re category and com m o dity and service group [December 1977 = 100] Size class A (1.25 million or more) Category and group Size class 8 (385,000-1,250 million) 1984 Apr. June 1984 Aug. Apr. June Size class D (75,000 or less) Size class C (75,000-385,000) 1984 Aug. Apr. 1984 June Aug. Apr. June Aug. Nort least EXPENDITURE CATEGORY All items ................................... Food and beverages ...................................... H o u s in g ................................... Apparel and upkeep ............................................ Transportation ............................................ Medical care ...................................... Entertainm ent............................ Other goods and services ............................... 160.7 152.7 165.3 123.8 170.1 173.2 148.1 170.6 161.2 153.0 165.9 122.2 171.4 174.0 146.6 171.1 162.6 154.2 167.4 125.7 172.0 176.8 149.7 172.3 166.3 151.5 175.7 128.5 174.1 177.6 143.8 169.1 167.2 151.0 177.3 125.5 176.2 179.2 143.8 170.0 168.9 152.0 180.6 125.6 175.6 181.0 148.2 172.0 170.9 155.2 183.0 131.8 174.3 176.9 152.8 174.5 171.7 156.0 184.0 131.1 175.5 177.7 152.3 172.5 173.7 157.5 187.7 131.1 176.2 178.9 153.9 176.6 166.3 152.4 172.9 133.6 173.4 182.5 152.3 173.9 167.2 152.6 173.4 136.4 175.1 183.0 153.6 174.6 167.2 152.7 172.3 138.5 175.7 184.9 153.6 175.6 154.1 154,7 168.8 154.2 154.6 169.8 154.9 154.6 172.0 159.9 163.5 176.1 159.8 163.7 178.2 159.8 163.1 182.3 159.2 160.8 189.6 159.8 161.5 190.4 160.2 161.0 195.0 158.2 160.4 178.4 159.1 160.8 179.1 158.7 161.0 179.1 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C o m m o d itie s...................................................... Commodities less food and beverages ................... Services................................................... North Central Region EXPENDITURE CATEGORY All items ......................................... Food and beverages ............................................ H o u s in g ...................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................. Transportation ......................................................... Medical care ............................................................................................................... Entertainm ent.................................................................................................. Other goods and services ......................................................................................... 169.9 149.4 187.7 118.2 170.5 177.4 145.1 165.9 171.3 149.0 190.7 117.8 172.3 178.5 145.7 166.8 172.3 150.2 192.0 120.2 171.9 180.0 146.4 168.7 166.8 148.6 175.2 132.8 172.9 177.2 140.6 178.6 167.7 148.5 176.7 130.8 174.1 179.4 140.7 180.5 168.1 149.4 177.3 131.7 173.4 182.0 139.6 180.6 163.4 148.8 169.1 132.6 173.8 172.7 151.0 163.6 164.7 149.1 171.6 128.3 176.2 172.7 152.9 164.3 166.6 150.7 175.3 130.2 175.1 175.2 153.9 167.1 164.5 156.9 167.3 126.1 172.2 182.9 141.3 176.1 164.8 156.9 166.4 124.6 174.7 184.0 140.5 177.4 166.6 158.4 170.0 124.9 174.9 185.1 142.5 178.4 158.1 162.1 187.2 158.0 162.2 190.7 158.6 162.4 192.3 157.3 160.9 182,1 157.5 161.1 184.1 157.2 160.2 185.3 155.1 157.9 176.8 155.4 158.3 179.6 155.8 157.9 183.6 154.8 153.8 179.8 155.6 155.0 179.2 156.3 155.3 182.8 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C om m odities..................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................. Services..................................................................................................... South EXPENDITURE CATEGORY All items ..................................................................................................................... Food and beverages ............................................................................................................... H o u s in g ..................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ........................................................................................................ Transportation ........................................................................................................................ Medical care ........................................................................................................................... Entertainm ent........................................................................................................................... Other goods and services ..................................................................................................... 166.3 156.3 172.3 131.3 172.6 177.1 145.2 170.0 167.6 152.6 174.5 132.2 173.9 179.1 144.7 170.8 168.7 157.3 175.4 131.5 175.6 180.6 147.7 172.5 168.2 155.6 173.7 128.1 176.2 178.5 159.6 172.4 169.1 155.3 174.7 128.3 178.0 180.4 160.0 173.0 170.6 157.2 176.5 127.8 179.0 183.5 161.9 174.8 166.9 153.0 173.2 127.5 174.0 187.5 153.2 170.2 167.1 152.5 172.6 126.4 176.0 188.0 152.8 172.1 168.6 154.0 174.1 127.4 177.5 188.6 153.4 174.5 168.1 156.6 176.4 114.7 172.3 193.7 150.5 169.2 168.4 156.1 176.4 113.6 174.3 193.4 150.7 169.9 168.7 157.8 177.0 110.8 173.8 193.4 151.7 171.3 158.6 159.4 176.8 159.1 160.2 179.1 159.4 160.0 181.3 160.2 161.8 180.1 160.6 162.7 181.6 161.3 162.7 184.2 157.7 159.7 181.2 158.0 160.5 181.2 159.2 161.6 182.9 152.9 158.1 183.4 158.2 159.0 183.5 158.5 158.4 184.1 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C o m m o d itie s............................................................................................................................ Commodities less food and beverages ............................................................................... Services............................................................................................................................................... West EXPENDITURE CATEGORY All items ........................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages ............................................................................................................... H o u s in g ............................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ............................................................................................................... Transportation .................................................................................................. Medical care ............................................................................................................... Entertainm ent........................................................................................ Other goods and services ............................................................................................... 167.2 155.3 173.7 124.3 176.4 182.6 144.1 171.5 168.6 154.6 176.3 121.4 179.5 183.3 194.9 171.5 170.3 156.5 179.3 126.5 177.6 185.7 144.8 173.7 166.8 158.6 170.4 126.9 177.5 179.8 148.9 171.3 169.1 158.8 174.3 127.2 180.5 181.5 148.9 173.0 169.5 159.8 174.7 130.5 178.6 182.7 148.8 174.7 159.1 155.0 155.8 123.9 173.5 185.9 154.4 166.5 160.9 154.5 158.7 122.7 176.3 187.5 154.8 169.4 161.4 155.4 159.9 122.5 174.5 189.5 157 9 170.1 166.5 160.3 168.0 142.9 171.1 184.6 160.6 175.1 167.2 161.6 167.3 142.9 173.5 186.6 162.0 175.3 167.8 163.0 167.8 145.1 172.6 188.2 163.2 176.0 155.9 156.1 181.9 155.7 156.3 185.0 155.8 155.3 188.4 158.7 158.4 178.0 159.7 159.9 181.8 159.5 159.0 182.7 157.1 157.4 161.7 157.6 158.8 164.6 157.1 157.2 166.5 155.6 153.2 182.3 157.0 154.6 182.2 157.6 154.7 182.8 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C om m o d itie s............................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages ............................................................................... Services.............................................................................................................................................. 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 22. C o n su m er P rice In dex— U.S. city average, and selected areas [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers All Urban Consumers Area1 1984 1983 1984 1983 Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Sept. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. U.S. city average2 .................................................................................................. 301.8 308.8 309.7 310.7 311.7 313.0 314.5 300.8 304.1 305.4 306.2 307.5 310.3 312.1 Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... Atlanta, Ga................................................................................................................. Baltimore, M d............................................................................................................ Boston, Mass............................................................................................................ Buffalo, N.Y............................................................................................................... 267.9 277.9 260.8 307 2 298.2 286.6 309 4 300.6 296.3 296.3 312.3 314.0 302.9 291.3 Chicago, III.-Northwestern Ind.............................................................................. Cincinnati, Ohio—K y .-ln d ........................................................................................ Cleveland, Ohio ...................................................................................................... Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex............................................................................................... Denver-Boulder, Colo............................................................................................... 303.0 314.6 Detroit, M ich.............................................................................................................. Honolulu, Hawaii .................................................................................................. Houston. Tex............................................................................................................. Kansas City, M o .-K a n s a s ..................................................................................... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif............................................................. 299.2 Miami, Fla. (11/77 - 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................. Milwaukee, W is......................................................................................................... Mlnneapolis-St. Paul, M lnn .-W ls.......................................................................... New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J........................................................................ Northeast, Pa. (S cran ton)...................................................................................... 162.9 313.9 Philadelphia, P a.-N .J............................................................................................... Pittsburgh, Pa............................................................................................................ Portland, Oreg.-W ash............................................................................................. St. Louis, Mo —III.............................................................................................. San Diego, Calif........................................................................................................ 291.4 293.3 302.0 340.4 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif................................................................................... Seattle-Everett, Wash............................................................................................... Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a ..................................................................................... 306.5 297.3 310.4 302.0 293.0 311.3 303.1 306.7 306.9 321.9 296.4 292.1 287.2 305.7 305.4 306.3 284.7 330.5 310.8 305.6 166.4 320.5 322.0 300.9 298.2 318.6 310.8 323.3 300.8 294.7 298.7 300.0 319.7 307.7 305.9 302.9 297.3 301.4 308.0 286.0 332.0 311.2 308.6 324 8 305.0 302.9 319.1 300.9 308.7 351.3 299.1 311.2 351.3 337.3 311.6 304.6 310.2 296.7 167.9 324.0 164.3 329.1 306.9 298.2 288.1 290 0 303.9 294.2 302.5 311.4 357.1 288.2 299.1 323 9 314.3 308.3 316.5 313.0 295.7 301.2 298.3 298.3 299.0 301.5 299.0 314.4 303.1 291.6 295.5 300.5 302.7 301.4 298.3 300.3 294.7 295.9 304.3 346.1 298.9 293.6 333.6 304.5 305.1 301.3 304.2 169.7 347.9 332.5 297.1 306.1 303.3 299.9 297.7 308.5 293.7 308.0 330.7 294.6 301.4 324.6 322.7 315.1 302.7 308.9 304.3 320.9 328.1 324.8 168.0 341.6 328 9 293.0 297.5 297.3 328.2 310.8 301.2 347.1 297.0 290.9 329.5 299.9 303.4 167.2 338.2 321.1 291.2 288.6 321.9 318.7 340.8 298.6 289.0 324.9 299.7 298.9 316.4 305.3 311.6 300.8 287.3 320.7 316.5 323.4 318.7 313.0 305.7 315.1 325.2 337.3 329.8 167.0 321.3 324.1 301.6 301.9 305.4 353.5 315.9 313.4 349.9 346.1 305.6 283.2 325.7 309.1 302.8 299.5 289.3 294.5 336.7 325.7 332.8 323.9 339.4 310.0 315.0 310.9 316.4 307.4 313.0 304.9 270.9 266.8 265.7 315.9 292.5 1The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated Area https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 275.5 275.3 303 2 310.8 305.3 317.9 is used for New York and Chicago. 2Average of 85 cities. 79 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 23. P roducer P rice indexes, by stage of processing [1967 = 100] Annual average 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Finished g o o d s .................................................................................. 285.2 287.6 286.8 287.2 289.5 290.6 291.4 291.2 291.1 r290.9 292.6 291.8 289.8 291.6 Finished consumer goods ...................................................... Finished consumer foods ................................................... Crude .................................................................................. Processed ......................................................................... Nondurable goods less f o o d s ............................................ Durable goods ...................................................................... Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy . . . Capital e q u ip m e n t...................................................................... 284.6 261.8 258.7 260.0 335.3 233.1 231.5 287.2 287.0 263.7 287.3 259.5 338.1 235.3 233.6 289.9 285.9 261.9 270.4 259.0 336.8 235.4 234.1 290.0 286.3 264.3 266.0 262.0 335.2 235.9 234.0 290.4 288.9 272.2 306.9 266.9 335.0 235.9 236.0 291.6 290.1 274.7 313.6 269.0 336.1 236.1 236.5 292.3 291.1 276.6 323.7 270.2 336.7 236.6 237.1 292.3 290.3 274.3 299.0 269.9 336.4 236.7 237.9 294.5 290.3 271.7 270.7 269.6 338.9 236.6 238.7 293.9 r290.1 270.8 258.9 r269.7 r339.2 r236.4 r238.7 r293.9 292.0 275.6 275.1 273.4 339.8 236.6 240.2 294.8 290.8 274.2 278.9 271.6 337.6 237.1 240.2 295.1 288.9 273.4 274.7 271.0 336.9 232.5 240.9 292.9 290.3 271.8 277.2 269.1 337.7 237.9 240.4 296.0 Intermediate materials, supplies, and com ponents...................... 312.3 315.6 315.5 315.7 316.3 317.6 319.7 320.3 320.9 & 1 -6 321.7 321.1 320.3 319.9 Materials and components for m anufacturing...................... 293.4 296.4 296.5 297.6 298.9 299.8 301.8 302.9 303.3 r303.4 303.0 302.3 301.7 301.2 food m a n u fa ctu rin g ...................................... nondurable manufacturing ......................... durable manufacturing ................................ for m a n u fa ctu rin g ......................................... 258.4 280.0 319.4 280.4 263.5 283.3 322.3 282.6 260.0 284.6 321.6 283.0 262.9 285.7 322.8 283.5 268.6 286.6 323.4 284.5 268.3 287.0 325.6 285.2 269.6 290.3 328.2 285.6 271.4 291.8 329.1 286.2 276.0 292.8 327.2 287.0 r275.2 r292.8 r326.9 r287.5 276.6 293.0 325.3 287.2 272.7 291.7 324.7 287.8 269.9 291.1 323.2 288.5 267.2 290.3 321.9 289.2 Commodity grouping 1983 1984 FINISHED GOODS INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS Materials for Materials for Materials for Components Materials and components for co n s tru ctio n ......................... 301.8 303.6 303.9 304.9 305.5 307.8 309.6 310.5 309.8 r310.3 310.7 311.8 311.3 311.6 Processed fuels and lu b ric a n ts............................................... Manufacturing indu stries...................................................... Nonmanufacturing industries ............................................ 564.8 479.0 640.0 574.2 490.5 647.2 568.1 484.9 640.6 561.7 478.8 634.0 556.4 474.2 628.0 561.3 477.9 634.1 567.8 483.4 641.4 562.9 480.6 634.5 567.2 485.5 638.2 r575.2 r490.4 r649.1 578.9 494.5 652.3 572.5 489.3 645.0 567.6 485.0 639.6 564.2 483.6 634.1 C ontainers................................................................................... 286.6 288.1 289.3 289.9 292.3 294.8 297.3 299.4 300.9 r301.8 303.0 304.1 304.7 307.9 S u p p lie s ...................................................................................... Manufacturing ind u strie s...................................................... Nonmanufacturing industries ............................................ Feeds ................................................................................... Other s u p p lie s ................................................................... 277.1 269.9 281.1 225.9 292.8 280.6 271.8 285.3 246.7 294.0 281.6 272.2 286.7 251.0 294.8 281.6 273.3 286.1 243.9 295.5 282.6 274.5 287.0 243.7 296.6 282.2 276.0 285.7 227.7 298.0 283.0 276.4 286.7 232.2 298.4 284.2 277.8 287.8 233.5 299.5 284.3 278.4 287.6 229.2 300.0 r283.9 r279.0 286.7 r221.6 r300.5 283.0 279.1 285.4 211.3 300.8 283.3 279.7 285.4 208.3 301.4 283.3 280.3 285.1 202.9 302.1 283.1 281.0 284.5 195.4 302.8 334.5 329.3 326.7 320.0 CRUDE MATERIALS Crude materials for further processing ......................................... 323.6 324.8 324.0 327.5 333.5 332.6 338.8 339.4 338.0 r333.0 Foodstuffs and fe e d s tu ffs ......................................................... 252.2 253.7 251.8 256.0 264.0 260.5 269.9 269.7 266.4 r260.3 264.0 256.9 253.1 245.5 Nonfood m aterials...................................................................... 477.4 478.2 479.4 481.6 483.4 488.1 487.5 490.1 492.3 r489.6 486.6 485.5 485.1 480.2 Nonfood materials except f u e l ............................................ Manufacturing industries ............................................... C o n s tru ctio n ...................................................................... 372.2 381.9 270.6 377.1 387.4 270.5 377.7 387.9 272.1 379.1 389.4 272.7 380.1 390.4 273.7 385.5 395.5 280.3 387.8 398.8 276.5 388.8 399.5 279.2 389.9 400.2 282.7 r386.1 395.7 r283.5 381.1 390.3 281.9 377.2 386.6 277.5 379.8 389.1 280.2 374.8 384.0 276.4 Crude f u e l............................................................................... Manufacturing industries ............................................... Nonmanufacturing in d u s trie s ......................................... 931.5 1,094.5 816.3 910.9 1,067.1 801.1 915.3 1,071.8 805.3 921.1 1,079.0 810.1 926.1 1,086.5 813.2 926.6 1,086.3 814.2 910.6 1,064.8 802.6 920.8 1,079.6 809.1 928.4 r932.6 1,088.1 r1,094.5 816.1 r818.4 940.6 1,104.4 825.0 954.4 1,121.7 836.3 938.8 1,101.4 824.3 935.0 1,097.6 820.4 Finished goods excluding f o o d s ...................................................... Finished consumer goods excluding foods ......................... Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y ................................... 290.8 291.4 249.9 293.4 293.9 252.1 293.0 293.2 251.7 292.6 292.5 252.6 292.9 292.5 256.1 293.6 293.1 257.2 294.0 293.6 258.2 294.6 293.5 257.8 295.3 294.9 257.1 r295.4 r294.9 256.7 296.0 295.4 259.0 295.3 294.4 258.7 292.9 291.9 257.2 295.9 294.8 258.2 Intermediate materials less foods and feeds ................................ Intermediate materials less e n e rg y ......................................... 317.1 295.2 320.0 298.2 319.9 298.5 320.2 299.4 320.6 300.5 322.3 301.5 324.4 303.3 325.0 304.4 325.4 304.6 r326.4 r304.7 326.7 304.5 326.3 304.3 325.7 304.0 325.6 303.8 Intermediate foods and feeds ......................................................... 247.9 258.2 257.4 256.9 260.7 255.1 257.5 259.1 260.8 r257.8 255.3 251.7 248.0 243.8 Crude materials less agricultural products ................................... Crude materials less energy ................................................... 538.6 246.5 538.8 249.6 540.3 248.3 543.2 252.0 546.3 258.3 552.0 257.3 550.0 265.1 553.0 265.4 554.0 263.3 r552.5 r257.6 550.0 258.7 549.4 252.2 547.3 250.1 542.3 243.0 SPECIAL GROUPINGS 1Data lo r June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 24. P roducer P rice indexes, by com m o dity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Code Commodity nroup and subgroup All commodities All commodities ............................................................................ (1 9 5 7 -5 9 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... Farm products and processed foods and feeds Industrial commodities 1984 1983 Annual average 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June1 July Aug. Sept. 303.1 321.5 306.0 324.7 305.5 324.1 306.1 324.8 308.0 326 8 308.9 327.7 311.0 330.0 311.3 330.3 311.5 330.5 r311.3 r330.3 312.0 331.0 310.9 329.9 309.5 328.4 309.4 328.3 253 9 315.7 257.5 318.5 256.0 318.3 257.9 318.4 264.4 319.1 263.4 320.6 267 9 321.9 267.3 322.6 265.8 323.2 r262.8 r323.8 265.2 324.0 261.6 323.5 259,6 322.3 255.8 323.2 261.6 312 2 235.3 251.9 251.3 232.7 275.7 280.7 265.4 278.9 267.4 308.0 250.9 260.8 258.4 250.3 274.2 <2) 281.4 277.7 265.4 263.8 262 1 260.8 240.8 252.3 272.7 264.4 282.1 279.7 260.8 251.9 256.2 254.8 240.6 259.1 271.7 201.0 297.0 288.2 257.1 r273.7 257.8 250.0 227.7 252.7 271.8 177.9 272.4 r279.1 258.6 281.2 248.9 260.1 259.2 235.8 273.9 184.9 245.8 277.4 253.2 293.3 236.9 253.7 218.6 211.3 276.8 181.2 242.6 284.1 249.7 289.7 231.4 244.9 239.7 210.3 282.1 177.6 228.4 296.1 240.1 266.8 219.0 233.9 219.2 202.8 286.7 179.9 219.1 293.8 O c t. FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS AMD FEEDS 01 01-1 01-2 01-3 01-4 01-5 01-6 01-7 01-8 01-9 Farm p ro d u cts......................................................................................... Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables............................................ G ra in s .................................................................................................. Livestock ............................................................................................ Live p o u ltry ......................................................................................... Plant and animal fibers .................................................................. Fluid m i l k ............................................................................................ E g g s ..................................................................................................... Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ......................................................... Other farm p ro d u c ts ......................................................................... 248.2 262.1 240.4 243.1 206.5 227.0 282.0 (2) 246.8 282.1 255.2 308.1 253.7 229.4 208.5 234.5 284.1 <2) 288.8 283.7 251.0 275.2 257.5 220.5 238.5 243.6 283.2 (2) 287.6 283.5 254.0 276.1 243.6 238 2 241.2 244.1 281.4 (2) 282.2 276.9 263.4 291.2 245.5 250.7 252.6 229.3 279.1 282.4 287.3 280.2 02 02-1 02-2 02-3 02-4 02-5 02-6 02-7 02-8 02-9 Processed foods and feeds .................................................................. Cereal and bakery p r o d u c ts ............................................................ Meats, poultry, and f i s h .................................................................. Dairy products .................................................................................. Processed fruits and vegetables...................................................... Sugar and confectionery.................................................................. Beverages and beverage materials ............................................... Fats and oils ...................................................................................... Miscellaneous processed f o o d s ...................................................... Prepared animal fe e d s ...................................................................... 255.9 261.0 249.0 250.6 277.4 292.8 263.6 238.8 254.8 228.8 257.8 264.6 237.0 251.3 281.1 298.0 265.2 281.7 262.1 248.6 257.6 265 2 234.7 251.4 280.9 297.7 266.3 274.5 264.8 252.1 259.0 265.1 242.3 248.9 282.9 297.5 266.5 271.7 266.2 245.6 263.8 266.6 255.8 248.4 287.7 299.9 268.7 278.3 266.8 245.2 263.4 267.1 254.6 248.4 292.8 300.5 270.2 273.3 275.4 231.1 267.1 267.4 264.4 248.8 295.4 301.1 269.9 286.2 275.2 235.3 267.2 268.3 261.7 248.9 295.1 301.9 271.4 293.4 276.3 236 3 267.5 268.7 257.1 248.9 297 7 303 8 273.5 328.5 276.2 232.3 264.8 r271.4 r247.4 r249.6 r298.2 r304.1 r272.8 r328.1 r279.9 225.5 267.7 272.2 260.6 251.4 296.5 305.3 273.8 312.7 280.4 216.3 265.2 271.8 253.8 251.0 296.4 304.1 274.2 306.8 279.6 214.0 264.0 272.0 251.0 255.2 292.0 302.7 274.7 297.2 280.8 209.0 263.3 272.7 247.2 256.7 295.5 300.2 276.8 302.2 282.2 202.4 INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES 03 03-1 03-2 03-3 03-4 03-81 03-82 Textile products and a p p a re l............................................................... Synthetic fibers (12/75 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ............................ Gray fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ Finished fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Apparel ............................................................................................... Textile housefurnishings.................................................................. 205.1 156.7 138.5 147.0 123.1 197.4 235.1 207.0 160.5 141.3 149.4 123.8 198.8 234.5 207.7 159.3 141.7 151.4 124.4 199.4 234.4 207.8 158.1 142.9 152.0 124.8 199.0 235.3 208.2 159.2 142.3 151.1 124.8 200.1 236.0 209.6 161.4 144.0 152.8 126.3 200.5 236.6 209.9 160.7 144.0 153.2 127.0 200.7 237.6 209.9 160.7 143.6 153.0 126.9 200.7 238.1 210.5 160.6 144.3 153.7 127.3 201.3 238.8 r210.2 160.5 143.8 154.3 r127.1 r200.8 r239.0 210.8 160.1 143.7 154.1 127.7 201.9 239 2 210.5 159.9 142.1 154.4 127.3 201.8 239.7 210.6 159.2 142.2 154.5 127.0 202.3 240.5 209.6 158.2 141.3 154.7 126.2 200.5 242.4 04 04-2 04-3 04-4 Hides, skins, leather, and related p ro d u c ts ...................................... Leather ............................................................................................... Footwear ............................................................................................ Other leather and related products ............................................... 271.1 330.7 250.1 252.7 273.7 336.6 251.3 253.5 277.0 340.5 257.3 255.8 277.3 344.1 250.3 255 6 279.1 346.2 250.9 257.2 283.3 362.0 252.5 257.3 286.7 378.0 253.5 257.3 286.8 386.7 251.6 258.1 288.5 390.7 251.5 259.8 r290.1 r387.8 r250.5 r267.9 290 2 384.7 250.1 271.2 290.2 379.7 250.9 271.5 290.3 372.6 252.1 271.7 288.9 368.9 252.2 272.4 05 05-1 05-2 05-3 05-4 05-61 05-7 Fuels and related products and p o w e r............................................... C o a l...................................................................................................... C o ke ...................................................................................................... Gas fuels3 .......................................................................................... Electric power ................................................................................... Crude petroleum'* ............................................................................ Petroleum products, refined5 ......................................................... 664.7 537.4 444.6 1,146.9 417.9 681.4 684.3 06 06-1 06-21 06-22 06-3 06-4 06-5 06-6 06-7 Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts ............................................................ Industrial chemicals6 ......................................................................... Prepared paint Paint m a te ria ls ................................................................................... Drugs and pharmaceuticals ............................................................ Fats and oils, in e d ib le ...................................................................... Agricultural chemicals and chemical p r o d u c ts ............................. Plastic resins and m a te ria ls ............................................................ Other chemicals and allied products ............................................ 293.0 342.9 264.7 305.8 226.1 285.6 280.5 291.5 273.6 295 5 344.9 264.2 316.9 229.3 318.6 276.4 299.1 274.4 296.4 346.2 264.5 316.5 231.0 321.6 280 4 297.9 273.8 297.7 349.2 264.9 315.5 230.9 318.8 281.9 301.5 273.6 298.1 347.4 265.6 316.6 232.9 334.2 278.5 305.2 274.9 296.5 337.6 267.3 314.2 234.4 349.0 285.9 305.0 273.3 300.1 344.7 267.3 317.9 237.6 366.7 288.1 306.2 275.2 302 0 345.4 268.7 328.7 239.8 383.2 288.4 307.8 277.0 302.7 345.3 270.0 337.6 240.1 399.2 286.8 310.6 277.2 r302.2 r345.4 r270.9 r337.4 r237.3 r414.3 r286.5 r311 1 r275.9 302.6 345.7 274.1 335.4 240.0 378.4 285.5 309.9 277.5 301.4 341.7 276.4 335.1 241.7 350.5 282.9 309.4 278.4 301.4 338.1 277.4 333.5 242.8 359.4 285.1 311.3 278.7 301.0 336.4 278.1 332.3 245.2 365.4 284.7 308.9 278.4 07 07-1 07-11 07-12 07-13 07-2 Rubber plastic products ...................................................................... Rubber and rubber p rod ucts............................................................ Crude rubber ...................................................................................... Tires and tu b e s .................................................................................. Miscellaneous rubber products ...................................................... Plastic products (6/78 = 100) ...................................................... 243.2 266.0 280 8 245.3 284.8 135.3 244.4 264.8 284 3 242.6 283 8 137.4 243.6 264.3 282 7 242.4 283.5 136.7 243.8 264.6 282.2 242.3 284.6 136.8 244.8 266.6 282.9 244.1 287.1 136.9 246.2 266.8 282.8 243.7 288.4 138.4 246.4 265.5 283.0 241.7 287.4 139.4 247.3 267.2 282 3 243.5 289.8 139.4 247.5 266.3 277.7 243,2 289.3 140.2 r247.6 r266.5 r277.2 r243.0 r290 5 r140.2 247.5 266.9 275 9 244.1 290.3 139 9 247.6 267.7 273.2 244 1 293.4 139.5 247.9 268.1 273.5 244.7 293.5 139.7 248.1 267.6 271.5 245.8 291.3 140.2 08 08-1 08-2 08-3 08-4 Lumber and wood products ............................................................... L u m b e r............................................................................................... M illw o rk ............................................................................................... P lyw o od............................................................................................... Other wood p ro d u cts......................................................................... 307.1 352.6 302.3 244.1 230.6 305.6 344.7 307.4 246.6 229.6 304.9 342.8 307.9 244 6 229.8 308.7 351.3 308.5 247.2 230.6 309.1 352.6 308.6 248 2 230.0 315.7 364.9 308.8 249.5 230.8 316.8 370.5 309.9 248.6 231.8 315.1 369.4 307.2 243.6 233.3 308 5 355.6 304.2 235.4 234.7 r307.1 r350 5 r305.3 236.3 r235.0 304.3 343.3 305.7 237.1 235 2 304.5 342.3 306.1 246.9 236.5 303.4 338.4 307.0 243.4 235.9 300.2 334.4 306.6 240.1 236 5 663 7 669.5 538.2 542.3 453.8 453.1 1,128.4 1,122.0 418.7 423.6 675.7 675.8 688.2 695.3 660.7 654.8 654.5 658.7 654 7 660.6 r665.9 667.2 652.1 656.0 658.0 547.4 543.7 541.4 546.8 550.7 549.6 544.7 546.2 542.0 r544.3 543.9 435.4 432.4 441.9 438.9 442.8 441.6 r442.9 437.3 415.4 418.3 437.9 1,120.4 1,123.0 1,107.8 1,091.0 1,102.1 1,104.1 r1,109.1 1,123.5 1,128.9 1,119.1 1,113.1 445.8 r446.7 457.1 456.8 424.4 426.7 431.5 433.1 453.9 417.3 420.5 670 8 672.0 675.6 673.9 673.9 r673.3 673.1 672.3 674.4 675.6 675.6 655.7 674.6 657.3 647.5 680.2 667.0 677.6 r679.7 663.2 669.8 678.3 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. C o n tin u ed — P roducer Price Indexes, by com m o dity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Code Commodity group and subgroup Annual average 1983 1983 1984 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES— Continued 09 09-1 09-11 09-12 09-13 09-14 09-15 09-2 Pulp, paper, and allied products................................................. Pulp, paper,and products,excluding building paper and board Woodpulp............................................................................... Wastepaper............................................................................. Paper ..................................................................................... Paperboard ............................................................................. Converted paper and paperboard products.............................. Building paper and board ....................................................... 298.1 271.4 346.9 (2) 282.0 250.9 265.3 250.0 302.2 275.2 347.4 216.2 287.2 257.3 266.5 254.7 303.6 277.4 356.7 215.0 288.5 259.4 267.9 254.7 304.0 277.4 355.5 211.5 289.3 260.9 268.0 250.4 309.1 280.8 366.2 211.5 294.2 262.2 270.6 251.9 312.0 285.0 374.2 229.3 296.6 271.8 273.7 255.1 314.0 288.3 378.6 242.9 299.8 275.6 276.5 258.6 316.3 291.5 401.1 258.8 300.4 277.1 279.1 263.8 317.7 292.7 407.9 259.3 301.3 277.8 280.1 265.2 r318.4 293.3 r410.3 257.3 r301.6 r279.1 r280.6 265.1 319.2 295.6 410.6 254.7 307.9 279.1 281.9 262.9 320.0 296.3 410.0 254.5 306.9 285.4 282.4 258.4 321.2 297.2 409.5 249.6 306.7 288.2 283.8 258.1 322.6 298.3 399.5 235.6 308.0 291.8 285.8 257.3 10 10-1 10-17 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Metals and metal products......................................................... Iron and steel.......................................................................... Steel mill products.................................................................. Nonferrous m etals.................................................................. Metal containers .................................................................... Hardware............................................................................... Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings ...................................... Heating equipment.................................................................. Fabricated structural metal products ...................................... Miscellaneous metal products................................................. 307.2 343.4 352.8 276.1 335.4 290.7 289.3 243.6 303.5 283.6 310.9 348.5 358.7 279.3 338.3 292.7 292.7 245.3 304.2 289.0 310.9 349.5 359.5 276.6 338.2 293.1 294.1 245.5 305.3 289.5 311.9 350.9 360.0 278.2 340.3 293.5 294.0 245.7 306.0 289.6 312.9 353.8 362.5 276.8 344.1 293.3 293.9 247.3 306.5 290.3 314.8 356.2 363.6 280.2 344.8 294.0 296.4 248.1 307.0 291.1 316.8 356.5 363.6 286.1 345.4 294.4 299.9 248.5 308.3 292.1 317.9 356.5 364.2 289.1 345.3 294.6 301.5 250.3 309.3 293.1 317.4 357.3 364.7 284.1 348.0 295.3 301.6 252.4 310.6 293.4 r317.3 r357.0 365.4 r282.8 r348.0 r296.2 r302.4 r252.7 r311.2 r294.3 315.9 357.2 367.8 276.8 348.4 295.8 302.5 254.7 311.6 294.1 315.8 357.1 368.0 274.6 352.4 296.7 303.3 255.5 312.3 295.0 315.3 357.6 367.9 271.3 352.6 297.3 299.0 257.5 312.1 295.6 315.4 358.9 368.9 266.1 358.0 299.0 300.6 258.2 314.0 297.7 11 11-1 11-2 11-3 11 4 11-6 11-7 11-9 Machinery and equipment ......................................................... Agricultural machinery and equipment ................................... Construction machinery and equipment.................................... Metalworking machinery and equipment................................. General purpose machinery and equipment ........................... Special industry machinery and equipment.............................. Electrical machinery and equipment......................................... Miscellaneous machinery ....................................................... 286.4 326.3 351.9 326.5 308.2 337.1 240.1 274.1 287.6 328.0 353.6 327.0 307.8 340.6 242.6 273.3 288.0 328.6 353.9 327.3 308.6 341.0 242.8 273.7 288.8 330.1 353.6 328.7 309.8 342.0 243.8 273.9 289.7 331.0 354.2 329.2 310.7 342.0 244.7 275.5 290.2 331.4 355.9 330.2 310.9 343.2 245.7 274.3 291.0 332.9 355.3 330.6 311.7 344.6 246.7 274.5 292.2 335.5 357.5 332.6 313.1 346.8 247.7 274.6 292.6 338.2 357.8 333.5 313.2 348.2 248.1 273.7 293.1 r337.8 358.1 r333.4 r314.0 r348.6 r249.1 r273.9 293.7 337.2 358.2 334.1 314.9 351.0 248.5 275.6 294.2 337.6 358.6 334.6 315.4 352.3 248 7 276.1 294.5 337.9 359.0 335.5 315.8 350.3 249.3 276.6 295.0 338.0 359.1 336.2 316.1 350.5 250.4 276.3 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 Furniture and household durables.............................................. Household furniture ............................................................... Commercial furniture............................................................... Floor coverings....................................................................... Household appliances ............................................................ Home electronic equipment.................................................... Other household durable goods.............................................. 214.0 234.7 286.3 185.4 206.9 86.1 313.1 215.3 236.9 287.4 189.5 207.6 85.8 314.0 215.7 237.4 289.9 189.3 208.0 85.1 315.1 215.7 237.2 289.5 189.4 208.5 84.5 315.2 216.8 237.9 293.4 188.2 209.8 84.4 318.0 217.2 239.1 294.7 188.4 210.7 84.1 316.8 217.4 240.0 294.7 188.3 210.9 84.0 316.7 218.2 240.8 296.1 188.2 210.9 84.9 319.1 219.1 241.5 297.4 191.7 210.8 84.5 321.6 r219.1 242.3 297.0 r192.7 211.1 r83.9 319.9 218.7 241.8 297.9 191.4 211.4 82.4 320.4 218.9 242.2 298.4 191.3 211.7 84.2 316.3 218.9 243.0 298.5 191.4 211.8 83.5 315.9 219.0 243.9 298.0 192.7 211.9 81.8 317.0 13 13-11 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 Nonmetallic mineral products .................................................... Flat g la s s ............................................................................... Concrete ingredients............................................................... Concrete products .................................................................. Structural clay products, excluding refractories ...................... Refractories............................................................................ Asphalt roofing....................................................................... Gypsum products .................................................................. Glass containers .................................................................... Other nonmetallic minerals .................................................... 325.2 229.7 313.3 302.0 277.8 341.3 384.0 286.0 352.4 480.2 328.0 229.6 316.7 303.3 283.5 344.7 387.9 312.8 350.2 483.2 328.9 230.1 314.8 304.1 284.1 353.3 387.8 315.1 350.4 487.4 328.9 229.9 314.6 304.2 284.2 353.3 384.2 322.6 350.4 486.8 330.1 229.5 315.6 304.9 284.3 353.9 385.0 328.6 350.6 486.4 332.2 229.9 319.9 305.9 283.7 356.0 392.3 339.4 350.6 488.1 333.4 229.1 324.2 306.3 284.3 361.1 385.6 339.6 351.6 490 8 335.8 230.2 324.3 308.8 285.0 361.8 396.2 353.0 358.0 491.3 337.6 226.1 328.0 309.4 285.6 361.8 398.7 360.9 361.9 494.9 r338.3 r226.3 r326.7 310.0 r286.2 r361.8 r394.2 360.3 r365.0 M99.2 339.3 227.4 327.2 310.6 285.7 362.9 392.6 360.6 367.1 507.1 340.0 217.8 329.0 311.3 287.5 362.7 405.6 352.9 366.0 512.0 340.4 217.9 328.8 311.4 288.7 362.7 406.7 356.1 364.6 510.1 339.6 218.0 328.0 311.5 288.8 362.7 410.3 339.4 364.8 507.4 14 14-1 14-4 Transportation equipment (12/68 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Motor vehicles and equipment................................................. Railroad equipment.................................................................. 256.7 256.8 350.2 260.6 260.6 348.6 260.5 260.5 348.6 260.7 260.6 350.5 261.5 261.1 351.5 262.2 261.2 351.5 262.4 261.5 352.0 263.4 261.9 380.8 262.5 261.5 354.4 r262.2 r261.1 r354.4 262.8 261.5 363.4 263.1 261.8 364.6 257.4 254.6 364.6 264.8 263.3 364.6 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-9 Miscellaneous products............................................................... Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition...................... Tobacco products .................................................................. N otions.................................................................................. Photographic equipment and supplies .................................... Mobile homes (12/74 = 1 0 0 )......................................................... Other miscellaneous products................................................. 289.6 225.2 365.4 280.1 215.7 163.4 351.8 291.7 225.9 376.8 279.7 216.8 164.8 349.2 291.7 225.2 377.0 279.6 216.8 165.0 349.3 292.8 225.3 377.1 280.1 216.8 165.1 353.2 294.5 227.4 389.4 281.4 (2) 162.2 350.8 294.9 227.8 390.3 282.2 217.9 162.4 350.5 294.9 227.6 390.4 282.2 212.7 162.5 354.2 294.6 226.5 390.4 283.0 213.6 163.8 351.9 294.3 226.8 390.6 283.9 213.6 163.7 350.4 r295.7 r226.5 400.2 283.9 r213.6 r162.7 r350.0 297.1 226.4 407.9 283.9 213.7 164.1 349.8 297.9 226.9 407.6 283.9 214.1 163.1 352.8 296.4 226.9 406.7 283.9 215.5 163.3 346.6 297.0 227.2 406.8 283.5 215.5 163.2 348.2 1Data tor June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 2Not available. 3Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month. 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4Includes only domestic production, 5Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month. 6Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month. r = revised. 25. P roducer Price Indexes, fo r special com m o dity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Commodity grouping All commodities— less farm products Processed foods ......................................................................... Industrial commodities less f u e l s ................................................... Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Underwear and nightwear ............................................................... Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber and fibers and y a rn s ...................................................................... Pharmaceutical prep arations............................................................ Lumber and wood products, excluding m illw o rk ......................... Steel mill products, including fabricated wire products ............. Finished steel mill products, excluding fabricated wire products ......................................................................................... Finished steel mill products, including fabricated wire products ......................................................................................... 1984 1983 Annual average 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. 306.6 257.5 258.7 309.2 260.5 258.6 309.1 258.0 258 0 309.4 260.2 260.4 310.7 268.3 266.2 311.9 270.2 267.0 313.6 272.9 271.2 314.2 270.6 270.9 314.7 268.9 271.4 r314 8 r267.5 r269.0 315.4 272.1 273.4 314.7 270.1 270.5 313.4 268.9 269.5 314.1 267.2 269.1 279.3 138.2 144.7 223.8 281.8 139.4 145.6 224.7 282.2 139.8 145.6 224.6 282.9 140.1 145.6 225.4 284.3 140.0 145.8 228.6 285.5 141.3 147.3 229.8 286.7 141.7 147.4 r230.9 287.8 141.7 147.4 229.8 287.8 142.7 147.4 230.9 '288.0 r142.7 147.4 r228.8 288.1 142.9 147.8 229.5 288.2 142.7 147.8 230.2 287.5 142.7 147.9 230.2 288.5 142.6 148.1 230.3 283.5 285.6 286.3 287.4 287.6 286.2 289.1 290.6 291.1 r290 5 291.2 290.4 290.2 289.7 r240.6 r317.2 363.1 244.0 312.6 365.3 244.2 315.3 365.7 245.7 311.4 365.6 249.0 307.6 366.7 367.2 368.4 224.8 321.2 351.2 229.4 316.7 356.4 231.3 314.7 357.4 231.8 321.4 357.8 233.9 322.6 360.1 235.9 331.4 361.1 238.8 334.9 361.2 241.5 332.5 361.8 241.9 320.4 362.4 351.5 357.8 358.6 359.2 361.7 363.2 363.1 363.6 364.1 364.8 367.0 367.4 349.9 355.4 356.4 356.9 359.2 360.5 360.5 361.0 361.6 r362.4 364.4 364.9 364.8 366.0 300.0 303 8 183.5 286.7 320.3 300.0 304.9 181.8 287.1 321.0 296.7 305.0 182.1 284.7 321.1 300.4 307.3 176.6 288.3 321.3 Special metals and metal products ............................................... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ............................................................... Copper and copper pro d u cts............................................................ Machinery and motive p ro d u c ts ...................................................... Machinery and equipment, except electrical ............................... 292.6 294.3 196.6 279.8 313.6 296.4 297.2 190.7 282.2 314.1 296.3 297.9 182.6 282.4 314.6 297.0 298.4 185.0 283.0 315.3 297.8 299.3 182.1 283.9 316.3 299 0 300.0 185.1 284.5 316.5 300.3 301.1 192.9 285.0 317.1 301.2 301.9 199.4 286.2 318.5 300.8 302.9 191.8 285.9 318.8 300.6 r303.6 r189.5 '286 1 r319.2 Agricultural machinery, including tractors ................................... Metalworking m a ch in e ry................................................................... Agricultural machinery and equipment less p a rts ......................... 341.5 357.1 r369.7 330.0 343.6 357.1 372.6 331.8 344.0 357.6 373.1 332.2 346.4 358.2 373.8 334.2 347.1 359.3 374.0 335.2 347.5 362.1 374.5 335.7 349.3 361.6 376.1 337.4 352.9 363.0 384.1 340.4 357.0 363.2 386.8 343.6 '356.5 r363.3 r386.7 r343.0 355.4 364.7 384.9 342.3 355.9 365,2 386.5 342.7 356.0 366.5 386.4 343.0 355.5 368.6 386.2 342.7 Farm and garden tractors less parts Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts ................ Construction m a te ria ls ...................................................................... 347.2 337.1 297.7 350.7 338.2 300.4 350.9 338.7 300.4 352.0 342.2 301.3 352.2 343.3 302.3 352.9 343.4 305.0 355.1 344.9 306.6 362.1 345.7 307.1 365.8 350.1 306.2 r365.7 r349.2 306.3 362.9 349.6 306.6 364.9 348.8 307.3 364.8 349.2 306.7 364 6 348.5 307.1 1Data tor June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 26. r = revised. P roducer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1967 = 100] _______________________________________________ _____________ 1984 1983 Commodity grouping Annual average 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Total durable goods ......................................................................... Total nondurable goods ................................................................... 286.7 315.7 289.2 319.1 289.3 318.1 290.1 318.4 291.0 321.2 292.2 321.9 293.2 324.8 294.2 324.7 293.8 325.3 293.8 r324.9 293.7 326.3 293.9 324.0 292.5 322.6 294.2 321.0 Durabe ...................................................................................... Nondurable ............................................................................... 295.7 287.3 304.4 298.5 289.6 307.7 298.4 289.8 307.4 298.8 290.5 307.5 300.0 291.3 309.1 301.2 292.4 310.4 302.8 293.3 312.7 303.2 294.3 312.5 303.8 293.9 314.1 '303.9 r294.0 r314.2 304.2 294.1 314.9 303.4 294.5 312.7 302.1 293.0 311.7 303.0 294.8 311.5 Durable ...................................................................................... Nondurable ............................................................................... 339.8 249.3 345.4 343.6 259.8 348.6 340.6 258.5 345.6 341.8 263.3 346.5 348.4 267.4 353.3 347.6 275.2 351.8 352.4 278.7 356.7 352.4 280.6 356.5 350.1 277.9 354.3 '348.0 '273.3 '352.3 350.8 264.8 356.0 348.1 259.6 353.5 345.8 260.6 351.0 339.9 255.9 345.0 1Data for June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 27. P roducer Price Indexes fo r th e output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 industry description code Annual average 1983 1984 1983 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. 177.1 269.7 921.4 177.1 283.3 907.2 177.1 287.5 909.4 177.1 277.0 909.4 177.1 275.8 914.3 177.1 245.4 913.0 177.1 250.0 902.7 177.1 267.9 909.2 177.1 273.7 914.1 177.1 271.6 r918.4 177.1 264.6 922.2 177.1 249.1 929.4 177.1 257.1 919.4 177.1 271.6 917.1 MINING 1011 1092 1311 Iron ores (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Mercury ores (12/75 = 100) ...................................... Crude petroleum and natural gas ................................ MANUFACTURING 2067 2074 2083 2091 2098 Chewing g u m ................................................................... Cottonseed oil m ills ......................................................... Malt .................................................................................. Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) ............. Macaroni and sp a g h e tti................................................... 326.8 204.1 234.1 174.1 256.8 327.3 253.5 232.6 170.2 258.6 327.5 233.1 241.6 169.2 261.9 327.5 223.3 241.6 169.7 261.9 328.0 229.2 241.6 169.0 261.9 328.1 201.7 241.6 168.8 261.9 328.7 212.7 241.6 168.6 261.9 328.8 222.6 241.6 167.0 261.9 328.9 245.3 241.6 169.3 261.9 r328.9 r243.1 241.6 r169.0 261.9 329.1 223.2 241.6 167.8 261.9 329.2 210.3 241.6 167.9 261.9 329.2 205.0 241.6 167.1 261.9 329.2 172.9 241.6 167.0 261.9 2298 2361 2381 2394 2448 Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100) ............................ Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100) . . . . Fabric dress and work gloves ...................................... Canvas and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............. Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... 139.3 116.6 293.3 147.0 149.2 139.0 117.0 296.3 147.8 151.5 138.9 117.0 296.3 147.8 151.9 139.0 117.0 297.6 147.8 153.6 139.0 118.2 295.2 150.6 154.0 139.2 117.8 299.1 150.6 156.0 139.2 117.8 302.3 150.6 157.9 139.3 118.6 304.8 150.6 161.6 139.4 118.6 315.6 150.6 165.1 139.4 r118.6 315.6 r150.6 165.4 137.4 118.6 315.6 151.3 166.3 137.4 118.6 315.6 151.3 166.3 137.4 117.8 315.6 152.9 166.4 137.4 116.7 315.6 152.9 166.0 2521 2654 2655 2911 3251 Wood office fu rn itu re ...................................................... Sanitary food containers ............................................... Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) ................................ Brick and structural clay t i l e ......................................... 281.3 266.1 186.5 253.8 332.3 283.6 269.0 187.8 257.1 338.4 283.6 269.0 189.5 253.5 339.7 283.6 269.0 189.6 249.7 339.9 285.1 269.1 189.6 244.4 340.2 289.1 273.4 189.7 246.7 339.9 289.1 278.4 191.4 249.8 341.1 289.2 280.6 193.1 244.9 342.6 289.2 280.6 193.1 248.1 343.8 r289.2 r280.7 193.1 r248.8 r345.0 290.3 282.3 194.7 247.2 346.5 290.3 282.3 194.7 241.0 346.5 292.2 282.9 194.7 238.3 348.7 292.3 283.0 194.7 241.0 348.9 3253 3255 3259 3261 3263 Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ................ Clay refractories............................................................... Structural clay products, n.e.c........................................ Vitreous plumbing fix tu r e s ............................................ Fine earthenware food u te n s ils ...................................... 146.0 355.6 230.2 278.1 366.5 149.6 364.3 235.1 283.7 366.5 149.6 366.6 235.0 284.5 368.5 149.6 366.5 235.0 285.4 368.5 149.6 367.2 235.0 285.6 383.6 149.6 367.7 232.1 287.0 384.0 149.6 369.3 232.4 290.1 375.9 149.6 371.5 232.4 290.4 382.6 149.6 371.5 232.4 290.8 376.5 r149.6 r371.7 r232.4 292.5 r372.1 146.8 373.7 233.0 293.1 372.1 150.5 373.4 232.9 293.9 373.0 150.5 373.4 232.9 295.5 372.8 150.5 373.4 233.0 297.6 373.1 3269 3274 3297 3482 3623 Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ................... Lime (12/75 = 100) ...................................................... Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 1 0 0 ) ............................. Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 1 0 0 )...................... Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 187.1 185.7 205.2 180.5 243.6 186.6 185.9 203.9 181.6 243.9 189.9 182.4 212.8 181.6 243.9 189.9 182.5 212.8 181.6 244.7 191.9 182.8 213.1 190.3 246.0 192.2 184.4 215.4 190.3 246.7 191.9 183.9 220.6 190.3 247.2 192.2 184.1 220.1 190.3 248.7 192.2 184.2 220.1 190.3 248.8 r186.3 r183.3 220.1 r190.3 r250.4 192.1 180.4 220.0 196.6 245.3 192.1 179.8 219.9 196.6 245.4 189.0 187.3 220.3 196.6 245.9 195.1 180.7 220.0 196.6 247.3 3648 3671 3942 3944 3955 Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ................ Electron tubes, receiving type ...................................... Dolls (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Games, toys, and children’s v e h ic le s ......................... Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100) . . . 172.8 435.4 137.5 238.7 139.2 173.7 432.9 137.7 236.4 139.3 173.9 432.9 137.7 236.2 139.3 172.6 469.8 137.7 236.2 139.3 173.5 490.6 137.6 239.3 144.3 173.5 490.8 137.8 240.6 149.0 184.9 490.8 137.7 240.1 149.0 185.0 490.9 131.6 239.7 149.1 185.6 490.9 133.4 239.1 149.1 185.7 r491.3 r133.6 r239.2 149.1 186.4 491.1 133.3 234.7 146.7 188.2 491.3 133.3 234.7 146.7 188.3 491.6 133.3 234.8 146.7 194.3 492.0 133.3 235.0 139.7 3995 3996 Burial caskets (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............. 153.5 161.5 156.0 165.5 156.0 163.5 156.0 163.5 156.0 165.2 157.2 165.2 157.3 165.2 158.8 166.3 158.8 166.4 158.8 166.4 158.8 168.7 158.8 168.7 158.5 168.8 158.5 169.7 1Data for June 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. PRODUCTIVITY DATA P r o d u c t iv it y d a t a a r e c o m p ile d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s f r o m e s t a b l is h m e n t d a ta a n d f r o m m e a s u r e s o f c o m p e n s a tio n a n d o u tp u t s u p p lie d b y th e U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e a n d th e F e d e ra l R e se rv e B o a rd . Definitions Output is the constant dollar gross product produced by the particular sector. Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) measures the value o f goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) measures the value o f goods and services in constant dollars per unit of capital services hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed. The capital services input index used in the mul tifactor productivity computation is developed by b l s from measures of the net stock of physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inven tories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital input are computed by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages o f the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). input. Multifactor productivity measures the output per unit of combined labor and capital input. The traditional measure of output per hour reflects changes in capital per hour and a combination of other factors— such as, changes in technology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, management, and so forth. The multifactor productivity meas ure differs from the familiar b l s measure of output per hour of all persons in that it excludes the effects of the substitution of capital for labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation costs required to produce a unit o f output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in direct taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting com pensation o f all persons from current dollar gross product and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is the price index for the gross product of the sector reported. It is derived by dividing the current dollar gross product by the constant dollar figures. Hours of all persons measures the labor input of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the output meas ure employed in the computation of output per hour is constructed from Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Multifactor productivity measures (table 28) for the p r i v a t e business and p r i v a t e non farm business sectors differ from the business and nonfarm business sector measures used in the traditional labor productivity indexes (tables 29—32) in that they exclude the activities of government enterprises. There is no difference in the sector definition for manufacturing. Output measures for the business sectors are derived from data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U .S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Com pensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in the tables describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment: level of output: uti lization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production: managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. For a more complete description of the methodology underlying the multifactor productivity measures, see Bulletin 2178. "Trends in Multitactor Produc tivity, 194 8 -8 1 ” (September 1983). 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 28. A nnual indexes of m ultifactor productivity and related m easures, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3 [1977 = 100] Item 1950 1960 1970 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 49.7 98.6 63.6 39.5 64.8 98.5 75.4 53.3 86.1 98.5 90.2 78.3 94.8 103.0 97.5 91.8 92.5 96.5 93.8 89.9 94.5 92.0 93.6 88.0 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.7 100.5 101.8 101.0 105.5 99.3 100.3 99.7 107.9 98.7 95.6 97.6 106.4 100.6 94.1 98.3 109.2 100.8 89.6 96.8 106.3 103.7 92.3 99.6 111.1 79.4 40.1 62.1 50.4 82.2 54.1 70.7 65.8 90.8 79.4 86.7 87.4 96.8 89.1 94.1 92.0 97.2 93.1 95.8 95.9 93.1 95.7 94.0 102.8 95.9 97.5 96.5 101.6 105.0 103.6 104.5 98.7 108.6 107.5 108.2 98.9 107.8 111.4 109.0 103 3 108.5 116.0 111.0 106.9 105.4 118.7 109.8 112.6 107.2 120.3 111.5 112.3 55.6 98.2 68.1 38.3 68.0 98.4 77.6 52.3 86.8 98.6 90.7 77.8 95.3 103.2 97.9 91.7 92.9 96.5 94.1 89.7 94.8 91.7 93.6 87.6 97.8 96.1 97.2 93.6 100.6 101.9 101.0 105.7 99.0 100.1 99.4 108.0 98.2 95.2 97.2 106.4 99.6 93.2 97.4 108.7 99.9 88.7 95.9 105.9 103.5 91.9 99.3 111.3 69.0 39.0 56.2 56.6 77.0 53.2 67.4 69.1 89.7 78.9 85.9 88.0 96.2 88.8 93.6 92.4 96.5 93.0 95.3 96.3 92.4 95.6 93.5 103.4 95.7 97.4 96.3 101.8 105.1 103.7 104.6 98.7 109.1 107.9 108.7 98.9 108.4 111.7 109.5 103.1 109.1 116.6 111.6 106.8 106.0 119.4 110.4 112.6 107.6 121.2 112.0 112.6 49.4 94.5 59.9 38.6 60.0 88.0 67.0 50.7 79.2 91.8 82.3 77.0 93.0 108.2 96.8 95.9 90.8 99.6 93.1 91.9 93.4 89.4 92.2 85.4 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.6 100.9 101.5 101.1 105.3 101.6 99.5 101.0 108.2 101.7 90.7 98.8 103.5 104.9 89.9 100.8 106.1 107.1 82.9 100.3 99.3 111.6 87.6 104.9 104.4 78.2 40.9 64.5 52.3 84.4 57.5 75.6 68.2 97.3 83.9 93.5 86.2 103.1 88.6 99.0 85.9 101.2 92.2 98.7 91.1 91.4 95.5 92.6 104.5 95.9 97.4 96.3 101.6 104.4 103.8 104.2 99.4 106.5 108.8 107.1 102.1 101.7 114.1 104.8 112.2 101.1 118.0 105.2 116.7 92.7 119.8 99.0 129.2 93.5 119.2 99.5 127.5 PRIVATE BUSINESS SECTOR Productivity: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................ Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ...................... Multifactor p ro d u c tiv ity ......................................... O u tp u t............................................................................ Inputs: Hours of all perso ns................................................ Capital services ...................................................... Combined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ................................ PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS SECTOR Productivity: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................ Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ...................... Multifactor p ro d u c tiv ity ......................................... O u tp u t............................................................................ Inputs: Hours of all p erso ns............................................... Capital services ...................................................... Combined units of labor and capital Input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ................................ MANUFACTURING Productivity: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................ Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ...................... Multifactor p ro d u c tiv ity ......................................... O u tp u t............................................................................ Inputs: Hours of all p erso ns............................................... Capital services ...................................................... Combined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ................................ 29. A nnual indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3 [1977 = 100] Item Business sector: Output per hour of all persons........................ Compensation per h o u r................................... Real compensation per h o u r........................... Unit labor c o s ts .............................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons........................ Compensation per h o u r................................... Real compensation per hour ........................... Unit labor c o s ts .............................................. Unit nonlabor payments.................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all persons........................ Compensation per h o u r................................... Real compensation per hour ........................... Unit labor c o s ts .............................................. Unit non labor payments.................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons........................ Compensation per h o u r.................................... Real compensation per h o u r........................... Unit labor c o s ts .............................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... 1Not available. 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 50.4 20.0 50.5 39.8 43.4 41.0 58.3 26.4 59.7 45.2 47.6 46.0 65.2 33.9 69.5 52.1 50.6 51.6 78.3 41.7 80.1 53.3 57.6 54.7 86.2 58.2 90.8 67.5 63.2 66.0 94.6 85.6 96.4 90.5 90.4 90.4 97.6 92.9 98.9 95.1 94.0 94.7 100.5 108.5 100.8 108.0 106.7 107.5 99.3 118.7 99.1 119.5 112.8 117.2 98.8 131.1 96.4 132.6 119.3 128.1 100.7 143.4 95.5 142.4 136.7 140.4 100.9 155.0 97.3 153.6 136.8 147.9 103.7 161.7 98.4 156.0 145.5 152.4 56.3 21.9 55.1 38.8 42.7 40.1 62.8 28.3 64.0 45.1 47.8 46.0 68.3 35.7 73.1 52.3 50.4 51.6 80.5 42.8 82.3 53.2 58.0 54.8 86.8 58.7 91.5 67.6 63.8 66.3 94.8 86.1 96.9 90.8 88.5 90.0 97.8 93.0 99.0 95.1 93.5 94.6 100.6 108.6 100.8 108.0 105.3 107.1 99.0 118.4 98.8 119.5 110.4 116.5 98.3 130.6 96.0 132.8 118.6 128.1 99.8 143.1 95.3 143.5 135.0 140.6 100.0 154.5 97.0 154.5 136.9 148.6 103.4 162.0 98.6 156.6 147.0 153.4 <1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 68.0 37.0 75.8 54.4 54.6 54.5 82.0 43.9 84.3 53.5 60.8 56.1 87.4 59.4 92.7 68.0 63.1 66.3 95.5 86.1 97.0 90.2 90.8 90.4 98.2 92.9 98.9 94.6 95.0 94.7 100.8 108.4 100.7 107.5 104.2 106.4 100.6 118.6 99.0 117.8 106.9 114.1 99.7 130.8 96.2 131.2 117.4 126.4 101.6 143.1 95.3 140.9 135.1 138.9 102.6 154.6 97.0 150.6 138.1 146.3 106.1 161.0 97.9 151.8 149.1 150.9 49.4 21.5 54.0 43.4 54.3 46.6 56.4 28.8 65.1 51.0 58.6 53.2 60.0 36.7 75.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 74.6 42.8 82.3 57.5 69.4 61.0 79.2 57.6 89.8 72.7 65.1 70.5 93.4 85.5 96.2 91.5 87.3 90.3 97.6 92.3 98.3 94.6 93.9 94.4 100.9 108.3 100.6 107.3 102.7 106.0 101.6 118.8 99.2 117.0 99.9 112.0 101.7 132.7 97.6 130.5 97.9 120.9 104.9 145.2 96.8 138.4 111.6 130.6 107.1 158.0 99.2 147.6 110.5 136.7 111.6 163.4 99.4 146.4 128.8 141.2 30. A nnual changes in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, 1 9 7 3 -8 3 Annual rate of change Year Item 1973-83 1950-83 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 2.6 8.0 1.6 5.3 5.9 5.5 - 2 .4 9.4 - 1 .4 12.1 4.4 9.5 2.2 9.6 0.5 7.3 15.1 9.8 3.3 8.5 2.6 5.1 4.0 4.7 2.4 7.7 1.2 5.1 6.4 5.6 0.5 8.5 0.8 8.0 6.7 7.5 -1 .2 9.4 -1 .7 10.7 5.8 9.0 -0 .5 10.4 -2 .7 11.0 5.7 9.3 1.9 9.4 -0 .9 7.3 14.6 9.6 0.2 8.1 1.9 7.9 0.1 5.3 2.7 4.3 1.1 1.6 6.3 3.0 2.2 6.5 2.0 4.2 3.7 4.1 0.9 8.5 0.1 7.6 7.1 7.1 2.4 7.6 1.3 5.0 1.3 3.8 -2 .5 9.4 -1 .4 12.2 5.9 10.2 2.0 9.6 0.4 7.5 16.7 10.3 3.2 8.1 2.2 4.7 5.7 5.1 2.2 7.5 1.0 5.2 6.9 5.7 0.6 8.6 0.8 8.0 5.3 7.1 - 1 .5 9.0 - 2 .0 10.7 4.8 8.8 - 0 .7 10.3 - 2 .8 11.1 7.4 10.0 1.5 9.6 -0 .7 8.0 13.8 9.8 0.2 8.0 1.7 7.7 1.4 5.7 3.5 4.9 1.6 1.4 7.4 3.2 1.9 6.3 1.8 4.3 3.8 4.1 1.2 8.5 0.1 7.6 7.5 7.6 2.4 7.5 1.2 4.9 1.5 3.8 - 3 .7 9.4 - 1 .5 13.6 7.1 11.4 2.9 9.6 0.4 6.5 20.1 10.9 2.9 7.9 2.0 4.9 4.6 4.8 1.8 7.6 1.1 5.7 5.3 5.6 0.8 8.4 0.7 7.5 4.2 6.4 -0 .2 9.4 -1 .7 9.6 2.6 7.2 -0 .9 10.3 -2 .8 11.3 9.8 10.8 1.9 9.4 -0 .9 7.4 15.1 9.8 1.0 8.0 1.8 6.9 2.3 5.3 3.3 4.2 0.9 0.8 7.9 3.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1.1 8.5 0.1 7.4 7.1 7.3 5.4 7.2 0.9 1.7 - 3 .3 0.3 - 2 .4 10.6 - 0 .3 13.3 - 1 .8 9.0 2.9 11.9 2.5 8.8 25.9 13.1 4.5 8.0 2.1 3.4 7.5 4.6 2.5 8.3 1.8 5.7 6.5 6.0 0.9 8.3 0.6 7.3 2.7 6.0 0.7 9.7 - 1 .4 9.0 - 2 .6 5.7 0.2 11.7 -1 .6 11.5 - 2 .1 7.9 3.1 9.4 -0 .9 6.1 14.1 8.0 2.1 8.8 2.5 6.6 -1 .0 4.7 4.3 3.4 0.2 -0 .8 16.5 3.3 2.5 6.3 1.9 3.8 2.6 3.4 1.8 9.0 0.5 7.0 6.2 6.8 Business sector: Output per hour of all persons ................ Compensation per h o u r ............................ Real compensation per hour ................... Unit labor costs ......................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................ Implicit price deflator ................................ Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ................ Compensation per h o u r ............................ Real compensation per hour ................... Unit labor costs ......................................... Unit noniabor p a y m e n ts ............................ Im plicit price deflator ................................ Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all em ployees............. Compensation per h o u r ............................ Real compensation per hour ................... Unit labor costs ......................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................ Im plicit price deflator ................................ Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ................ Compensation per h o u r ............................. Real compensation per hour ................... Unit labor costs ......................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................ Im plicit price deflator ................................ 1 Not available. 31. Q uarterly indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, seaso n ally adjusted [1977 = 100] Item Business sector: Output per hour of all persons ......................... Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per h o u r ................................ Unit labor c o s ts ...................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ...................................... Im plicit price d e fla to r............................................ Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ......................... Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per h o u r ................................ Unit labor c o s ts ...................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ...................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all e m p lo y e e s ...................... Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per h o u r ................................ Total unit c o s ts ...................................................... Unit labor c o s ts ............................................ Unit nonlabor c o s ts ...................................... Implicit price d e fla to r............................................ Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ......................... Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per h o u r ................................ Unit labor c o s ts ...................................................... 1 Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Quarterly indexes Annual average I II 1984 1983 1982 III IV I II 104.7 164.2 98.4 156.8 149.1 154.2 105.7 166.7 98.6 157.7 151.6 155.6 '107.0 167.5 98.2 r156.5 r157.2 156.7 107.5 169.3 98.4 157.6 158.7 157.9 104.1 162.4 98.3 155.9 149.4 153.8 104.4 164.0 98 2 157.1 151.4 155.2 105 2 166.5 98.5 158.3 152.2 156.3 '106.6 168.0 98.5 '157.6 '156.8 '157.3 106.6 169 5 98.5 159.1 158.1 158.7 105.8 160.6 98.2 155.2 151.7 165.1 111.8 150.2 107.2 161.8 98.0 154.4 150.9 164.4 126.6 151.2 107.2 162.6 97.4 154.7 151.7 163.3 135.9 152.6 108.1 164.8 97.5 155.0 152.5 162.0 143.2 153.6 '108.9 165.8 97.2 '155.0 '152.3 162.8 '151.1 '154.6 (1) (1) i 1) (1) <1) (1) 110.8 163.0 99.7 147.0 113,4 163.5 99 0 144.1 113.1 164.6 98.6 145.5 114.2 167.1 98.9 146.4 '115.3 168.3 98 7 '146.0 III 1983 100.9 155.0 97.3 153.6 136.8 147.9 103.7 161.7 98.4 156.0 145.5 152.4 100.9 151.4 96.9 150.0 138.0 145.9 100.3 153.9 97.2 153.4 137.0 147.9 100.9 156.7 97.3 155.3 135.8 148.7 101.6 158.4 98.0 155.9 136.5 149.3 102.2 160.2 99.0 156.8 139.8 151.0 103.6 161.0 98.5 155.4 144.6 151.7 104.3 161.8 98.0 155.1 147.9 152.7 100.0 154.5 97.0 154.5 136.9 148.6 103.4 162.0 98.6 156.6 147.0 153.4 99.8 151.0 96.7 151.4 136.9 146.5 99.4 153.2 96.8 154.2 137.5 148.6 100.3 156.0 96.9 155.6 136.8 149.3 100.5 157.9 97.7 157.1 136.4 150.2 101.6 160.1 99.0 157.6 140.6 151.9 103.6 161.5 98.8 155.9 146.4 152.7 102.6 154.6 97.0 154.3 150.6 164.8 84.6 146.3 106.1 161.0 97.9 155.2 151.8 164.9 117.2 150.9 102.2 151.1 96.7 151.5 147.9 161.6 89.4 144.3 102.1 153.5 97.0 154.0 150.3 164.3 86.8 146.3 103.3 156.2 97.0 154.7 151.3 164.4 86.6 146.9 103.2 157.7 97.5 157.0 152 9 168.8 75.6 147.7 104.0 159.2 98.4 156.7 153.1 167.0 92.5 149.4 107.8 161.0 99.6 149.3 109.1 162.7 100.6 149.1 107.1 158.0 99.2 147.6 111.6 163.4 99.4 146.4 105.5 154.3 98.8 146.2 106.3 157.2 99.4 148.0 108.8 159.8 99.2 146.9 III" 1 II 1982 IV O (1) 117.6 169.9 98.7 144.5 P - preliminary. r = revised. 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 32. P ercen t ch an g e from preceding q uarter and year in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, seaso n ally adjusted at annual rate Quarterly percent change at annual rate Item Business sector: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............. Compensation per h o u r ......................... Real compensation per h o u r ................ Unit labor c o s ts ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments ...................... Implicit price d e fla to r............................. Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............. Compensation per h o u r ......................... Real compensation per h o u r ................ Unit labor c o s ts ...................................... Unit nonlabor payments ...................... Im plicit price d e fla to r............................. Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees . . . Compensation per h o u r ......................... Real compensation per h o u r ................ Total units costs ................................... Unit labor costs ................................ Unit nonlabor costs ......................... Unit profits ............................................. Implicit price d e fla to r............................. Manufacturing: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............. Compensation per h o u r ......................... Real compensation per h o u r ................ Unit labor c o s ts ...................................... 1Not available. 11983 to II 1983 I11983 to III 1983 5.9 2.2 - 2 .1 -3 .5 14.5 1.9 2.8 2.0 - 2 .1 -0 .8 9.5 2.5 1.4 6.1 1.6 4.6 3.1 4.1 8.1 3.5 -0 .8 - 4 .2 17.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 -1 .9 0.1 8.4 2.7 7.5 3.5 -0 .8 -3 .9 -3 .7 -4 .5 112.8 2.3 6.4 0.6 - 3 .5 - 5 .5 III 1982 to IV 1983 IV 1983 to 11984 Percent change from same quarter a year ago 11984 to I11984 I11984 to II 1984 4.0 6.2 1.2 2.1 7.0 3.7 r4.9 1.9 r -1 .8 r -2 .9 r15.4 r2.9 P1.7 P4.5 P0.9 P2.7 P3.9 P3.1 3.3 4.6 1.3 1.3 5.5 2.6 3.4 3.3 0.7 - 0 .1 8.9 2.7 1.0 4.1 - 0 .3 3.0 5.3 3.7 2.9 6.1 1.0 3.1 2.3 2.8 r5.5 3.7 0.0 r -1 .7 r12.5 r2.8 POO P3.7 P0.1 P3.7 P3.3 P3.6 4.3 5.4 2.0 1.1 6.5 2.8 5.3 3.1 -1 .0 -2 .0 - 2 .1 -1 .7 64.8 2.8 -0 .2 2.0 -2 .4 0.8 2.1 -2 .6 32.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 0.7 0.6 2.0 -3 .2 23.4 2.7 1.7 2.3 -1 .3 1.0 0.6 2.1 13.6 2.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 0 (1) (1) 9.7 1.3 -2 .8 -7 .7 -1 .0 2.9 -1 .5 3.9 3.7 6.2 1.1 2.3 3.6 2.9 - 0 .8 - 0 .7 P8.0 P3.7 P0.1 P - 4 .0 r = revised. p = preliminary. 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I11982 to I11983 III 1982 to III 1983 IV 1982 to IV 1983 11983 to 11984 II 1983 to I11984 III 1983 to III 1984 3.1 3.7 0.3 0.6 9.2 3.3 3.5 4.1 -0 .4 0.6 8.4 3.0 r3.3 4.0 - 0 .3 r0.7 r8.7 3.3 P3.0 P4.7 P0.5 P1.6 P7.3 P3.5 3.9 4.1 1.5 0.2 9.2 3.0 3.9 3.9 0.6 0.0 10.9 3.3 3.5 4.0 -0 .5 0.4 8.3 2.9 r2.9 4.0 -0 .3 r1.1 7 .1 r3.0 P2.3 P4.4 PO.2 P2.0 P5.8 P3.2 3.7 4.6 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.5 28.7 2.7 3.8 3.6 1.0 -0 .2 -0 .2 0.0 46.3 3.0 3.9 3.1 -0 .2 -1 .5 -0 .8 -3 .2 79.8 3.3 4.0 3.6 -0 .9 - 1 .1 -0 .4 -3 .0 54.8 2.8 r2.9 r3.3 -1 .0 0.1 r0.4 -1 .4 r35.2 r2.9 (1) (1) 4.3 3.6 0.3 -0 .6 4.3 2.3 -0 .3 -1 .9 4.9 2.2 -1 .0 -2 .6 4.7 2.7 -1 .7 -1 .9 r4.1 3.3 -1 .0 r -0 .7 P3.7 P3.9 P -0 .3 P0.2 1 1 1 1 1 1 WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA D a t a fo r t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t in d e x a re r e p o r te d to th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s b y a s a m p le o f 2 , 0 0 0 p r iv a te n o n f a r m e s t a b l i s h m e n ts a n d 7 5 0 S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t u n its s e le c te d to r e p r e s e n t to ta l e m p l o y m e n t in th o s e s e c to r s . O n a v e r a g e , e a c h r e p o r tin g u n it p r o v id e s w a g e a n d c o m p e n s a tio n in f o r m a tio n o n f iv e w e ll - s p e c i f i e d o c c u p a tio n s . Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes a r e o b ta in e d f r o m c o n t r a c t s o n f ile a t th e B u r e a u , d ir e c t c o n ta c t w ith th e p a r tie s , a n d se co n d ary so u rces. Definitions The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total compensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. B e n e f i ts include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits. Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. F i r s t - y e a r wage or compensation changes refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date o f the agreement. C h a n g e s o v e r th e lif e o f th e a g r e e m e n t refer to all adjustments specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. W a g e - r a t e c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn ings; c o m p e n s a t i o n c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of total wages and benefits. Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’ cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy. Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and salaries component. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes presented in the ECI are also available. For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em ployment Cost Index,’’ of the BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s (Bulletin 2134— 1), and the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w articles; “ Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,’ ’’ July 1975; “ How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and “ The Employment Cost Index; recent trends and expansion,” May 1982. Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen sation changes appear in C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e l o p m e n t s , a monthly publi cation of the Bureau. 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 33. E m ploym ent C ost Index, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] Percent change 1! 82 Series Sept. Civilian workers1 ........................ Workers, by o c c u p a t io n a l group White-collar workers........... Blue-collar workers ........... Service workers ................ Workers, by industry division Manufacturing ................... Nonmanufacturing.............. Services ......................... Public administration2 . . Private industry workers............... 1983 Dec. 1984 3 months ended March June Sept. Dec. March June Sept. 12 months ended Septem ter 1984 110.1 111.4 113.2 114.5 116.5 117.8 119.8 120.8 122.4 1.3 5.1 110.7 109.2 110.8 111.9 110.5 112.4 113.7 112.3 114.3 114.9 113.6 115.1 117.6 114.8 116.7 118.9 115.8 119.1 120.9 117.7 122.0 122.1 118.6 122.1 124.0 119.6 124.6 1.6 .8 2.0 5.4 42 6.8 109.3 110.5 113.5 112.8 110.4 111.8 115.0 113.6 112.5 113.5 116.6 116.2 113.5 114.9 117.1 117.0 115.0 117.2 121.1 119.8 116.0 118.6 122.6 121.4 117.9 120.7 125.0 122.9 119.1 121.6 125.5 123.7 120.4 123.3 128.8 126.9 1.1 1.4 2.6 2.6 4.7 52 6.4 5.9 109.3 110.7 112.6 113.9 115.6 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ........... Blue-collar w orkers.............. Service workers................... Workers, by industry division Manufacturing...................... Nonmanufacturing................. 117.0 119.0 120.1 121.1 .8 4.8 109.5 109.0 109.6 110.8 110.3 111.8 112.8 112.1 113.8 114.2 113.5 114.6 116.5 114.6 115.1 117.9 115.7 117.9 119.9 117.5 121.5 121.4 118.4 121.2 122.4 119.3 123.2 .8 .8 1.7 51 41 7.0 109.3 109.3 110.4 110.8 112.5 112.6 113.5 114.2 115.0 116.0 116.0 117.5 117.9 119.6 119.1 120.7 120.4 121.6 1.1 .7 47 4.8 State and local government workers 114.3 115.1 116.5 117.1 120.8 122.0 123.9 124.4 128.8 3.5 6.6 114.9 112.7 115.8 113.0 117.0 114.9 117.5 115.8 121.5 118.0 122.6 119.2 124.5 121.9 125.0 122.3 129.7 125.0 3.8 2.2 6.7 5.9 114.9 114.8 115.6 115.3 112.8 115.9 115.8 116.6 116.0 113.6 116.8 116.6 117.2 117.5 116.2 117.4 116.9 117.4 118.8 117.0 121.7 121.9 123.3 121.1 119.8 122.6 122.6 123.9 122.6 121.4 124.5 124.5 125.4 124.4 122.9 125.0 124.7 125.7 125.7 123.7 129.9 130.6 132.1 127.9 126.9 3.9 4.7 5.1 1.8 2.6 6.7 7.1 7.1 56 5.9 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers .............. Blue-collar w orkers................ Workers, by industry division Services ................................. Schools.............................. Elementary and secondary Hospitals and other services3 Public administration2 ........... Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers. 2Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 34. E m ploym ent C ost Index, w ages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] Percent change Series 3 months ended 1984 1983 1982 12 months ended Septemb er 1984 Sept. Dec. March June Sept. Dec. March June Sept. 109.7 110.9 112.2 113.4 115.3 116.5 117.9 118.8 120.3 1.3 4.3 4.7 3.4 6.3 Civilian workers1 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers........................... Blue-collar workers ........................... Service workers ................................. 110.4 108.6 110.1 111.4 109.8 111.8 113.0 110.8 113.2 114.2 112.0 113.9 116.7 113.1 115.1 117.9 114.0 117.4 119.3 115.3 120.0 120.4 116.1 119.8 122.2 117.0 122.3 1.5 0.8 2.1 Workers, by Industry division Manufacturing .................................... Nonmanufacturing.............................. Services ......................................... Public administration2 ................... 108.8 110.1 113.2 111.9 109.8 111.3 114.4 112.6 111.0 112.7 115.8 114.6 112.0 114.0 116.3 115.4 113.3 116.1 120.1 118.2 114.5 117.4 121.3 119.4 115.7 118.9 123.3 120.4 116.8 119.7 123.8 121.3 118.0 121.3 127.2 124.4 1.0 1.3 2.7 2.6 4.1 4.5 5.9 5.2 Private industry workers Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ...................... Professional and technical workers Managers and administrators . . . Salesworkers.............................. Clerical workers........................... Blue-collar workers ........................ Craft and kindred w orkers........... Operatives, except transport . . . . Transport equipment operatives . . Nonfarm laborers........................ Service workers.............................. Workers, by industry division Manufacturing................................. Durables...................................... Nondurables .............................. Nonmanufacturing........................... Construction .............................. Transportation and public utilities . Wholesale and retail tra d e ........... Wholesale trade ...................... Retail trade.............................. Finance, Insurance, and real estate Services...................................... 109.0 110.3 111.6 112.9 114.5 115.8 117.2 118.2 119.2 .8 4.1 109.4 111.8 108.5 104.5 110.3 108.5 109.6 108.3 106.0 106.5 109.3 110.6 112.9 109.3 106.2 111.6 109.7 111.2 109.3 106.9 107.8 111.4 112.2 114.8 112.0 105.7 113.4 110.7 112.2 110.0 108.0 109.0 112.9 113.6 115.9 114.0 107.1 114.6 111.9 113.4 111.1 110.3 109.8 113.5 115.9 119.9 114.8 108.4 116.7 112.9 114.3 112.3 110.7 110.8 113.7 117.2 120.4 115.7 111.2 118.3 113.9 115.4 113.6 110.2 112.1 116.5 118.5 122.2 118.0 110.2 119.8 115.1 116.5 114.9 111.7 112.9 119.8 119.9 123.8 119.2 111.9 120.7 115.9 117.3 115.8 112.7 114.1 119.3 120.9 125.2 121.0 110.5 122.0 116.7 118.0 116.6 113.4 114.7 121.2 .8 1.1 1.5 -1 .3 1.1 .7 .6 .7 .6 .5 1.6 4.3 4.4 5.4 1.9 4.5 3.4 3.2 3.8 2.4 3.5 6.6 108.8 109.0 108,5 109.1 109.1 109.5 106.5 109.0 105.5 106.1 112.5 109.8 110.3 109.1 110.5 109.7 111.1 107.2 109.8 106.1 109.0 114.3 111.0 111.1 110.9 112.0 110.4 112.9 108.5 111.8 107.2 110.6 116.0 112.0 111.8 112.3 113.4 112.1 114.7 110.8 114.1 109.4 111.1 116.6 113.3 112.9 113.9 115.2 112.2 115.7 111.5 115.7 109.9 113.5 120.4 114.5 114.4 114.6 116.5 112.9 116.8 112.3 116.5 110.6 116.9 121.9 115.7 115.7 115.8 118.0 113.3 118.5 114.3 118.2 112.8 116.1 124.2 116.8 116.6 117.1 119.0 114.0 119.3 116.0 120.0 114.4 116.9 124.7 118.0 117.7 118.6 119.9 114.3 119.9 116.5 120.7 114.9 115.3 127.1 1.0 .9 1.3 .8 .3 .5 .4 .6 .4 - 1 .4 1.9 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 1.9 3.6 4.5 4.3 4.5 1.6 5.6 State and local government workers Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ...................... Blue-collar workers ...................... Workers, by Industry division Services ...................................... Schools................................... Elementary and secondary . . Hospitals and other services3 . . Public administration2 ................ 113.5 114.0 115.1 115.7 119.2 120.0 121.6 122.0 126.1 3.4 5.8 120.6 116.9 122.2 119.1 122.5 119.6 127.1 121.9 3.8 1.9 6.1 4.7 120.6 120.6 121.7 120.6 119.4 122.2 122.2 122.9 121.9 120.4 122.5 122.3 123.0 123.1 121.3 127.2 127.8 129.3 125.1 124.4 3.8 4.5 5.1 1.6 2.6 6.2 6.6 6.8 4.5 5.2 114.2 111.5 114.6 112.0 115.6 113.3 116.1 114.3 119.8 116.4 114.2 114.2 114.6 114.5 115.1 114.9 112.6 115.5 115.2 115.6 116.5 114.6 115.9 115.4 115.8 117.7 115.4 119.8 119.9 121.1 119.7 118.2 1 1 4 .9 114.3 111.9 'Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers. C onsists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in clu d e s, for example, library, social, and health services. 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 35. E m ploym ent C ost Index, private industry w orkers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1981 = 100] Percent change 1Í 82 Series 1983 1984 3 months ended 12 months ended Sept. Dec. March June Sept. Dec. March June Sept. Workers, by bargaining status1 Union ......................................... Manufacturing ................................................... N onm anufacturing............................................ 110.6 110.3 111.0 112.3 111.8 112.8 114.5 114.0 114.9 116.0 114.8 117.1 117.8 116.3 119.2 118.8 117.2 120.4 120.6 119.3 121.9 121.7 120.5 122.8 122.6 121 6 123.6 07 9 .7 41 46 3.7 Nonunion ............................................................ Manufacturing ......................................... N onm anufacturing......................................... 108.5 108.4 108.6 109.7 109.2 109.9 111.5 111.2 111.6 112.8 112.3 113.0 114.4 113.8 114.7 115.9 114.9 116.4 118.0 116.6 118.6 119.2 117.9 119.8 120.3 119.3 120.7 9 12 .8 52 48 5.2 111.7 110.6 108.6 112.9 112.6 112.5 110.9 115.4 114.3 113.5 112.5 116.6 116.0 115.6 113.9 118.0 117.5 117.1 114.7 120.0 118.9 119.7 117.2 121.0 120.7 120.7 117.9 122.2 122.4 120.7 119.7 122.5 1.4 0 1.5 .2 5.5 44 5.1 3.8 109.4 108.6 110.9 109.1 112.9 110.8 114.2 112.3 116.0 113.4 117.4 114.5 119.4 116.7 120.6 117.4 121.5 119.0 7 1.4 47 4.9 110.3 109.5 111.1 111.8 110.8 112.7 112.9 111.4 114.3 114.2 112.3 116.0 116.0 113.7 118.3 116.9 114.8 118.9 118.1 116.1 120.1 119.0 117.1 120.7 119 8 118 1 121.3 7 9 .5 33 39 108.3 108.2 108.3 109.5 109.1 109.6 110.9 110.7 111.0 112.2 111.8 112.4 113.7 113.0 114.0 115.2 114.2 115.6 116.7 115.4 117.2 117.8 116.5 118.3 118.8 117 9 119.2 8 12 .8 45 43 4.6 109.7 108.8 107.6 110.7 111.5 109.8 108.6 112.0 112.0 111.4 110.1 114.1 113.6 112.5 111.5 114.9 115.3 114.3 112.8 116.5 116.6 115.7 113.6 118.5 117.4 117.9 115.5 118.8 118.9 119.0 116.0 119.6 120.5 119.0 117.8 120.0 1.3 o 1.6 .3 45 41 44 3.0 109.1 108.3 110.5 108.8 111.9 110.1 113.2 111.4 114.9 112.3 116.2 113.4 117.6 115.1 118.6 116.0 119.5 117.5 08 1.3 40 4.6 Septem ber 1984 COMPENSATION Workers, by region1 N o rth e a s t............................................................ South ...................................................... North Central ................................................ W e s t................................................................ Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas ......................................... Other areas ...................................................... WAGES ANO SALARIES Workers, by bargaining status1 Union ...................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................... N onm anufacturing............................ Nonunion ......................................................... Manufacturing ................................... N onm anufacturing................................... Workers, by region1 Northeast ...................................................... South ................................................ North Central ...................................... W e s t................................................... Workers by area size1 Metropolitan areas ............................................. Other areas ............................................. ' ’ 1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Bulletin 1910. 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.5 36. W age and com pensation change, m ajor collective bargaining settlem ents, 1979 to date [In percent] 37. Effective w age adjustm ents in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1979 to date Year and quarter Year Measure 1982 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Average percent adjustment (including no change): All in d u strie s............................................................................ Manufacturing ................................................................... Nonmanufacturing ............................................................ 9.1 9.6 8.8 9.9 10.2 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.5 6.8 5.2 7.9 From settlements reached in period ................................... Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period . . . . From cost-of-living c la u s e s ................................................... 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.5 3.8 3.2 Total number of workers receiving wage change (in thousands)1 ................................................................... — — 8,648 From settlements reached in period ............................................................................ Deferred from settlements reached in earlier p e rio d ................................................... From cost-of-living c la u s e s ................................................... Number of workers receiving no adjustments (in thousands) ................................................................... IV 4.0 2.7 4.8 2.4 1.7 2.9 1.3 1.5 1.2 1,7 3.6 1.4 .8 2.5 .6 .5 1.3 .6 7,852 6,530 3,760 I 1984P II III IV 1 II III 0.3 -.5 .9 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 .9 1.2 0.9 1.2 .7 1.0 1.0 .9 1.1 .9 1.3 .6 .4 .3 -.2 .4 .1 .3 1.0 .1 .2 .8 .2 .6 .3 .2 .1 .4 .4 .1 .7 .2 .2 .7 .3 3,441 2,875 3,061 3,025 2,887 2,855 2,656 2,326 — — 2,270 1,907 2,327 620 825 448 561 599 996 293 343 383 — — — — 6,267 4,593 4,846 3,830 3,260 2,327 2,400 2,251 860 1,970 812 1,938 1,405 1,299 1,317 1,218 669 1,290 990 1,616 1,175 1,301 1,578 1,172 — — 145 483 1,187 4,575 4,895 4,842 4,656 4,693 4,830 4,668 4,867 5,198 1The total number of workers who received adjustments does not equal the sum of workers that received each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment during the period. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1983 III p = preliminary. 93 WORK STOPPAGE DATA W o r k 1 ,0 0 0 s t o p p a g e s in c lu d e a ll k n o w n s tr ik e s o r lo c k o u ts in v o lv in g w o r k e r s o r m o r e a n d la s tin g a fu ll s h if t o r lo n g e r . D a ta a re E s tim a te s o f d a y s id le a s a p e r c e n t o f e s tim a te d w o r k in g tim e m e a s u r e o n ly th e im p a c t o f la r g e r s tr ik e s ( 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ). b a s e d l a r g e l y o n n e w s p a p e r a c c o u n ts a n d c o v e r a ll w o r k e r s id le F o r m e r l y , th e s e e s tim a te s m e a s u r e d th e im p a c t o f s tr ik e s in v o lv in g o n e s h if t o r m o r e in e s t a b l is h m e n t s d ir e c tly in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . 6 w o rk e rs T h e y d o n o t m e a s u r e th e in d ir e c t o r s e c o n d a r y e f fe c t o n o th e r to b u d g e t s t r i n g e n c i e s , c o lle c tio n o f d a ta o n s tr ik e s in v o lv in g f e w e r e s t a b l is h m e n t s w h o s e e m p l o y e e s a r e id le o w in g to m a te r ia l o r th a n se rv ic e sh o rta g e s . d a ta . 38. o r m o r e ; th a t is , th e im p a c t o f v ir tu a lly all s tr ik e s . D u e 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s w a s d i s c o n tin u e d w ith th e D e c e m b e r 1981 W o rk sto p p ag es in volving 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1947 to date Number o stoppages Month and year Beginning in month or year In effect during month Workers involved Beginning in month or year (in thousands) In effect during month (in thousands) Days idle Number (in thousands) Percent of estimated working time 1947 1948 1949 1950 270 245 262 424 1,629 1,435 2,537 1,698 25,720 26,127 43,420 30,390 .22 .38 .26 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 415 470 437 265 363 1,462 2,746 1,623 1,075 2,055 15,070 48.820 18,130 16,630 21,180 12 .38 .14 .13 .16 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 287 279 332 245 222 1,370 887 1,587 1,381 896 26,840 10,340 17,900 60,850 13.260 .20 .07 .13 .43 .09 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 195 211 181 246 268 1,031 793 512 1,183 999 10.140 11.760 10,020 16,220 15.140 .07 .08 .07 .11 .10 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 . . . . . 321 381 392 412 381 1,300 2,192 1,855 1,576 2,468 16,000 31,320 35,567 29,397 52.761 .10 .18 .20 .16 .29 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 . . . . . 298 250 317 424 235 2,516 975 1,400 1,796 965 35,538 16,764 16.260 31,809 17,563 .19 .09 .08 .16 .09 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 . . . . . 231 298 219 235 187 1,519 1,212 1,006 1,021 795 23,962 21,258 23,774 20,409 20,844 .12 .10 .11 .09 .09 1981 . 1982 . 1983 . 145 96 81 729 656 909 16,908 9,061 17,461 .07 .04 .08 1983 1984P January February . March . . April . . , May . . June . . . July . . . August September October . 1 5 5 2 12 16 10 7 7 12 3 7 10 9 17 25 23 19 19 19 1.6 14.0 10.5 2.8 24.9 63.3 64.5 615.8 20.8 68.4 38.0 50.4 54.9 52.4 34.2 81.2 99.8 669.7 49.5 84.7 794.8 844.4 1,131.5 789.5 488.5 689.1 1.270.1 8.673.2 567.1 1.143.3 .04 .05 .05 .04 .03 .03 .07 .41 .03 .06 January . February . March . . April . May . . June . . . July . . . August . . September October . 6 2 2 7 5 5 8 '4 r9 4 12 12 9 13 15 14 20 r 18 17 15 28 9 8.7 3.0 28.5 8.1 23.7 68.4 r 21.5 M03.6 15.8 43.0 37.2 14.6 38.1 39 2 45.7 104.1 r100.9 M17.9 33.7 507.3 365.5 284.2 651.0 581.2 754.8 1,221.7 r1.623.3 r716.4 498.7 .03 .02 .01 03 .03 .04 .06 .07 .04 .02 p = preliminary. 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Index of Volume 107 January 1984 through December 1984 95 INDEX OF VOLUME 107 JANUARY 1984 THROUGH DECEMBER 1984 ACCIDENTS (See Work injuries.) Response variation in the Mar. 37-43. AGRICULTURE cps: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984 A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers. 1984 June. 49-53. DENMARK APPRENTICESHIP (See Education and training.) Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. ARMED FORCES Changing composition of the military and the effect on labor force data, The. 1984 July. 10-13. Working for Uncle Sam— a look at members of the Armed Forces. 1984 July. 3-9. AUSTRALIA A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States. 1984 Oct. 30-36. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. AUTOMATION (See Technological change.) BARGAINING (See Collective bargaining.) BELGIUM Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS BLS and the economy: a centennial timetable. 1984 Nov. 29-37. Centennial. 1984 Jan. 2-3. BENEFITS (See Supplemental benefits.) CANADA Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING Collective bargaining calendar crowded again in 1984. 1984 Jan. 19-32. Economy improves; bargaining problems persist in 1983. 1984 Jan. 3343. Future of collective bargaining probed in ilo report. 1984 Sept. 41-43. What do unions get in return for concessions? 1984 May. 40-41. CONFERENCES AND CONVENTIONS Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Asso ciation. Papers from. 1984 May. 34-41; 1984 June. 34-44. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Average retail food prices: a brief history of methods. 1984 Nov. 52-53. bls to improve urban sample in 1987 revision of the cpi. 1984 May. 51. COST OF LIVING Average retail food prices: a brief history of methods. 1984 Nov. 52-53. Social cost-of-living indexes estimated. 1984 May. 48-49. EARNINGS AND WAGES General A century of wage statistics: the bls contribution. 1984 Nov. 16-28. Earnings differences between men and women: an introductory note. 1984 June 15-16. Earnings in electric and gas utilities. 1984 Dec. 37-38. Investigating the differences in weekly earnings of women and men. 1984 June. 17-28. Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 3 941. ‘Lifetime earnings’ in Japan for the class of 1955. 1984 Apr. 32-36. Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1984. Oct. 43-45. Pay differentials: the case of Japan. 1984 Oct. 24-29. Proposed spendable earnings series retains basic faults of earlier one. 1984 Nov. 43-44. Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap. 1984 June. 2 933. Trends in employment and earnings in the philanthropic sector. 1984 Sept. 16-20. Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families. 1984 Feb. 30-37. Use of hourly earnings proposed to revive spendable earnings series. 1984 Nov. 38-43. White-collar pay determination under range-of-rates systems. 1984 Dec. 25-29. Wives as primary earners. 1984 Feb. 2. Workers’ purchasing power rises despite slowdown in wage and salary gains. 1984 May. 10-14. Specified Area occupational pay in auto dealer repair shops. 1984 Aug. 30-32. Pay gains tempered in basic steel mills. 1984 Aug. 28-30. Pay in data processing services by occupation and urban area. 1984 Sept. 40-41. Pay in Mountain region coal mines outstrips national average. 1984 Mar. 49-52. Wages in the paper industries among highest in manufacturing. 1984 Mar. 52-54. Wet com mills yield top pay among grain industries. 1984 Nov. 49-50. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY Current Population Survey: a historical perspective and 1984 June. 8-14. 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bls’ role, The. Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3 7. Recovery report. 1984 Mar. 2. Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983 import and export prices. 1984 Apr. 3-14. Small firms’ employment growth twice that of large firms in 1983. 1984 Dec. 39. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. FRINGE BENEFITS (See Supplemental benefits.) GERMANY EDUCATION AND TRAINING More U.S. workers are college graduates. 1984 Mar. 46-49. EMPLOYMENT (See also Labor force.) An evaluation of bls’ projections of 1980 industry employment. 1984 Aug. 12-22. Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983. 1984 Feb. 3-14. Employment attachment: Japan vs. U.S. 1984 May. 50. Employment in durable goods anything but durable in 1979-82. 1984 Feb. 15-24. Employment in the first half: robust recovery continues. 1984 Aug. 3-7. Employment shift to services: where did it come from, The? 1984 Apr. 15-22. Examining work. 1984 May. 2. Female-male unemployment differential: effects of changes in industry em ployment. The. 1984 Nov. 8-15. Fewer students in work force as school age population declines. 1984 July. 34-37. Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 3941. Lifetime employment in Japan: three models of the concept. 1984 Aug. 34-35. Modeling the retirement process for policy evaluation and research. 1984 July. 26-33. New Jersey trends in high tech employment. 1984 Aug. 33. New occupational separation data improve estimates of job replacement needs. 1984 Mar. 3-10. Occupational reclassification and changes in distribution by gender. 1984 Mar. 11-17. Preferences of temporary workers: time, variety, and flexibility. 1984 Aug. 26-28. Regional variations in employment and unemployment during 1970-82. 1984 Feb. 38-45. Self-employed workers: an update to 1983. 1984 July. 14-18. Small firms’ employment growth twice that of large firms in 1983. 1984 Dec. 39. State and regional employment and unemployment in 1983. 1984 Sept. 9-15. Trends in employment and earnings in the philanthrophic sector. 1984 Sept. 16-20. Use of employment data to estimate office space demand. 1984 Dec. 4 044. Work experience in 1983 reflects the effects of the recovery. 1984 Dec. 18-24. Working for Uncle Sam— a look at members of the Armed Forces. 1984 July 3-9. Working mothers reach record number in 1984. 1984 Dec. 31-34. Work-sharing approaches: past and present. 1984 Sept. 34-39. FOREIGN TRADE Caribbean Basin Initiative: setting labor standards. 1984 Nov. 54-56. Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery apparent in first-half import and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3-17. Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 3941. Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983 import and export prices. 1984 Apr. 3-14. FRANCE Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. GREAT BRITAIN Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. HOURS OF WORK A new bls survey measures the ratio of hours worked to hours paid. 1984 June. 3-7. Preferences of temporary workers: time, variety, and flexibility. 1984 Aug. 26-28. Work-sharing approaches: past and present. 1984 Sept. 34-39. IMPORTS (See Foreign trade.) INCOME (See Earnings and wages.) INCENTIVE PLANS (See also Work motivation.) Incentives in manufacturing: the carrot and the stick. 1984 July. 40-43. INDEXES Comparing rates and proportions: they can be misleading. 1984 June. 4546. Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery apparent in first-half import and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3-17. Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3 9. Producer Price trends continue moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan. 76-79. Social cost-of-living indexes estimated. 1984 May. 48-49. “ Underground economy’’ and bls statistical data, The. 1984 Jan. 4-18. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (See Labor-management relations.) INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Asso ciation. Papers from. 1984 May. 34-41; 1984 June. 34-44. INFLATION (See also Prices.) Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3 7. Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3 9. Proposed spendable earnings series retains basic faults of earlier one. 1984 Nov. 43-44. Use of hourly earnings proposed to revive spendable earnings series. 1984 Nov. 38-43. INJURIES (See Work injuries.) INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. ITALY Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. 97 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Index o f Volume 107 JAPAN Employment attachment: Japan vs. U.S. 1984 May. 50. Japan’s low unemployment: an in-depth analysis. 1984 Mar. 18-27. 'Lifetime earnings’ in Japan for the class of 1955. 1984 Apr. 32-36. Lifetime employment in Japan: three models of the concept. 1984 Aug. 34-35. Pay differentials: the case of Japan. 1984 Oct. 24-29. Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. Robots are a big success at auto plant in Japan. 1984 Aug. 35-36. JOB TENURE Occupational mobility and job tenure in 1983. 1984 Oct. 18-23. JOB SECURITY Auto industry experiments with the Guaranteed Income Stream. 1984 July. 3 7 - 39. Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment. 1984 May. 3 8 - 40. Most U.S. workers still may be fired under the employment-at-will doc trine. 1984 May. 34-38. What do unions get in return for concessions? 1984 May. 40-41. JOB VACANCIES Job vacancies versus unemployment. 1984 May. 49—50. New occupational separation data improve estimates of job replacement needs. 1984 Mar. 3-10. LABOR AND ECONOMIC HISTORY A century of wage statistics: the bls contribution. 1984 Nov. 16-28. bls and the economy: a centennial timetable. 1984 Nov. 29-37. Centennial. 1984 Jan. 2-3. Current Population Survey: a historical perspective and bls’ role, The. 1984 June. 8-14. Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. 1984 May. 26-33. LABOR FORCE A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States. 1984 Oct. 30-36. A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers. 1984 June. 49-53. Changing composition of the military and the effect on labor force data, The. 1984 July. 10-13. Discouraged workers: how strong are their links to the job market? 1984 Aug. 8-11. Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983. 1984 Feb. 3-14. Employment in the first half: robust recovery continues. 1984 Aug. 3-7. Employment shift to services: where did it come from. The? 1984 Apr. 15-22. Fewer students in work force as school age population declines. 1984 July. 34-37. Modeling the retirement process for policy evaluation and research. 1984 July. 26-33. More U.S. workers are college graduates. 1984 Mar. 46-49. Pension plans as a spur to labor force withdrawal. 1984 Dec. 39. Preferences of temporary workers: time, variety, and flexibility. 1984 Aug. 26-28. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term unemployed. 1984 Feb. 25-29. Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and women. 1984 May. 21-25. Regional variations in employment and unemployment during 1970-82. 1984 Feb. 38-45. Self-employed workers: an update to 1983. 1984 July. 14-18. 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sources of secular increases in the unemployment rate, 1969-82. 1984 July. 19-25. Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families. 1984 Feb. 30-37. Work experience in 1983 reflects the effects of the recovery. 1984 Dec. 18-24. Working mothers reach record number in 1984. 1984 Dec. 31-34. Young discouraged workers: racial differences explored. 1984 June. 3 6 39. LABOR LAW Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1983. 1984 Feb. 46-61. Most U.S. workers still may be fired under the employment-at-will doc trine. 1984 May. 34-38. State labor legislation enacted in 1983. 1984 Jan. 59-75. Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983. 1984 Feb. 5 5 61. LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Economy improves; bargaining problems persist in 1983. 1984 Jan. 3 343. Helping labor and management set up a quality-of-worklife program. 1984 Mar. 28-32. Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. 1984 May. 26-33. Industrial relations research: its postwar contributions. 1984 June. 34-36. Worker participation and productivity change. 1984 Sept. 28-33. LABOR MARKET A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States. 1984 Oct. 30-36. Employment shift to services: where did it come from. The? 1984 Apr. 15-22. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. LABOR ORGANIZATIONS Are unions facing a crisis? labor officials are divided. 1984 Aug. 23-25. Caribbean Basin Initiative: setting labor standards. 1984 Nov. 54-56. Does it pay to organize? estimating the cost to unions. 1984 June. 43-44. Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. 1984 May. 26-33. Labor organization mergers 1979-84: adapting to change. 1984 Sept. 2127. What do unions get in return for concessions? 1984 May. 40-41. MANUFACTURING Employment in durable goods anything but durable in 1979-82. 1984 Feb. 15-24. Incentives in manufacturing: the carrot and the stick. 1984 July. 40-43. Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. MOBILITY Occupational mobility and job tenure in 1983. 1984 Oct. 18-23. NETHERLANDS, THE Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. NORWAY Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. OCCUPATIONS Occupational reclassification and changes in distribution by gender. 1984 Mar. 11-17. Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap. 1984 June. 29 33. PENSIONS (See also Supplemental benefits.) SAFETY AND HEALTH A comparison of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79. 1984 May. 42-47. How social security payments affect private pensions. 1984 May. 15-20. Pension plans as a spur to labor force withdrawal. 1984 Dec. 39. Postretirement increases under private pension plans. 1984 Sept. 3-8. Surviving spouse’s benefits in private pension plans. 1984 Apr. 23-31. bls ’ 1982 survey of work-related deaths. 1984 Mar. 43-45. SALARIES (See Earnings and wages.) SERVICE SECTOR Employment shift to services: where did it come from, The? 1984 Apr. 15-22. PLANT SHUTDOWN SOCIAL SECURITY Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment. 1984 May. 38-40. Plant closures: efforts to cushion the blow. 1984 June. 41-43. STATE GOVERNMENT How social security payments affect private pensions. 1984 May. 15-20. Poverty estimates lowered by inclusion of noncash benefits. 1984 May. 46-47. Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1983. 1984 Feb. 46-61. State and regional employment and unemployment in 1983. 1984 Sept. 9-15. State labor legislation enacted in 1983. 1984 Jan. 59-75. Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983. 1984 Feb. 5 5 61. PRICES STATISTICAL PROGRAMS AND METHODS Average retail food prices: a brief history of methods. 1984 Nov. 52-53. Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery apparent in first-half import and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3-17. Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3 7. Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3 9. Producer Price trends continue to moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan. 76-79. Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983 import and export prices. 1984 Apr. 3-14. Workers’ purchasing power rises despite slowdown in wage and salary gains. 1984 May. 10-14. A century of wage statistics: the BLS contribution. 1984 Nov. 16-28. A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers. 1984 June. 49-53. bls to improve urban sample in 1987 revision of the cpi. 1984 May. 51. Comparing rates and proportions: they can be misleading. 1984 June. 4 5 46. Occupational reclassification and changes in distribution by gender. 1984 Mar. 11-17. Response variation in the cps: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984 Mar. 37-43. “ Underground economy” and bls statistical data, The. 1984 Jan. 4-18. Use of employment data to estimate office space demand. 1984 Dec. 4 0 44. PRODUCTIVITY A comparison of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79. 1984 May. 42-47. Postretirement increases under private pension plans. 1984 Sept. 3-8. POPULATION World population. 1984 Aug. 2. POVERTY A new BLS survey measures the ratio of hours worked to hours paid. 1984 June. 3-7. Apparel stores display above-average productivity. 1984 Oct. 37-42. Measuring productivity in State and local government. 1984 June. 47-48. Meatpacking and prepared meats industry: above-average productivity gains. 1984 Apr. 37-42. Productivity declined in 1982 in a majority of industries measured. 1984 Jan. 80-83. Productivity growth in the switchgear industry slows after 1973. 1984 Mar. 33-36. Productivity in making heating and cooling equipment. 1984 Dec. 11-17. Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Strong post-recession productivity gain helps curb labor cost growth. 1984 Dec. 3-10. Worker participation and productivity change. 1984 Sept. 28-33. PROJECTIONS An evaluation of Aug. 12-22. bls’ projections of 1980 industry employment. 1984 PUBLIC EMPLOYEES Measuring productivity in State and local government. 1984 June. 47-48. QUALITY OF WORKLIFE Helping labor and management set up a quality-of-worklife program. 1984 Mar. 28-32. QUIT RATE New occupational separation data improve estimates of job replacement needs. 1984 Mar. 3-10. RETIREMENT (See also Pensions.) Modeling the retirement process for policy evaluation and research. 1984 July. 26-33. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SUPPLEMENTAL BENEFITS SURVEY METHODS bls to improve urban sample in 1987 revision of the cpi. 1984 May. 51. Current Population Survey: a historical perspective and bls’ role, The. 1984 June. 8-14. Response variation in the cps: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984 Mar. 37-43. SWEDEN Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE New Jersey trends in high tech employment. 1984 Aug. 33. Robots are a big success at auto plant in Japan. 1984 Aug. 35-36. TENURE (See Job tenure.) TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 3941. TRADE UNIONS (See Labor organizations.) TRAINING (See Education and training.) UNDERGROUND ECONOMY “ Underground economy” and bls statistical data, The. 1984 Jan. 4—18. UNEMPLOYMENT (See also Employment; Labor force.) A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States. 1984 Oct. 30-36. Auto industry experiments with the Guaranteed Income Stream. 1984 July. 37-39. 99 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Index of Volume 107 Discouraged workers: how strong are their links to the job market? 1984 Aug. 8-11. Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment. 1984 May. 38-40. Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983. 1984 Feb. 3-14. Employment in the first half: robust recovery continues. 1984 Aug. 3-7. Female-male unemployment differential: effects of changes in industry employment, The. 1984 Nov. 8-15. Fewer students in work force as school age population declines. 1984 July. 34-37. Japan’s low unemployment: an in-depth analysis. 1984 Mar. 18-27. Job vacancies versus unemployment. 1984 May. 49-50. Plant closures: efforts cushion the blow. 1984 June. 41-43. Regional variations in employment and unemployment during 1970-82. 1984 Feb. 38-45. Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term unemployed. 1984 Feb. 25-29. Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and women. 1984 May. 21-25. Sources of secular increases in the unemployment rate, 1969-82. 1984 July. 19-25. State and regional employment and unemployment in 1983. 1984 Sept. 9-15. Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families. 1984 Feb. 30-37. Unemployment in the West. 1984 June. 2. Young discouraged workers: racial differences explored. 1984 June. 3639. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE Auto industry experiments with the Guaranteed Income Stream. 1984 July. 37-39. Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1983. 1984 Feb. 46-61. Federal Supplemental Compensation and Unemployment Insurance Re cipients. 1984 Apr. 43-45. Incomplete experience rating in State unemployment insurance. 1984 Nov. 4 5 - 49. Unemployment insurance: identifying payment errors. 1984 Dec. 34-37. UNION MEMBERSHIP Labor organization mergers 1979-84: adapting to change. 1984 Sept. 2 127. WAGES (See Earnings and wages.) WELFARE REFORM Poverty estimates lowered by inclusion of noncash benefits. 1984 May. 4 6 - 47. WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1984. 1984 Oct. 4345. White-collar pay determination under range-of-rate systems. 1984 Dec. 25-30. WOMEN Earnings differences between men and women: an introductory note. 1984 June. 15-16. Female-male unemployment differential: effects of changes in industry employment, The. 1984 Nov. 8-15. Investigating the differences in weekly earnings of women and men. 1984 June. 17-28. Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap. 1984 June. 2 933. Working mothers reach record number in 1984. 1984 Dec. 31-34. Working women. 1984 July. 2. WORK INJURIES AND ILLNESSES bls ’ 1982 survey of work-related deaths. 1984 Mar. 43-45. 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WORKLIFE Helping labor and management set up a quality-of-worklife program. 1984 Mar. 28-32. WORK MOTIVATION Incentives in manufacturing: the carrot and the stick. 1984 July. 40-43. Worker participation and productivity change. 1984 Sept. 28-33. WORKERS’ COMPENSATION Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983. 1984 Feb. 5561. YOUTH (See Labor force.) DEPARTMENTS Anatomy of Price Change. January issue. Book Notes. June issue. Book Reviews. Each issue except January. Communications. June and November issues. Conference Papers. May and June issues. Current Labor Statistics. Each issue. Developments in Industrial Relations. Each issue except January. Foreign Labor Developments. August and November issues. Labor Month in Review. Each issue. Major Agreements Expiring Next Month. Each issue. Productivity Reports. January and June issues. Research Notes. May issue. Research Summaries. Each issue except January and February. Technical Notes. May, November, and December issues. BOOK REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTES (Listed by author of book.) Aaron, Henry J. Economic Effects o f Social Security. 1984 Feb. 68. Barnard, John, ed. Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. 1984 Mar. 60-61. Berg, Ivar, ed. Sociological Perspectives on Labor Markets. 1984 Mar. 61-62. Cottle, Rex L., Hugh Macaulay, and Bruce Yandle. Labor and Property Rights in California Agriculture: An Economic Anaylsis of the calra. 1984 Aug. 44-45. Davidson, Sue and Joan M. Jensen, eds. A Needle, A Bobbin, A Strike: Women Needleworkers in America. 1984 Dec. 52-56. Derber, Charles, ed. Professionals as Workers: Mental Labor in Advanced Capitalism. 1984 Mar. 61-62. Dyson, Kenneth and Stephen Wilks, eds. Industrial Crisis. 1984 Apr. 52. Fabozzi, Frank J. and Harry 1. Greenfield, eds. The Handbook o f Economic Measures. 1984 Nov. 62. Goldfarb, Ronald L. Migrant Farm Workers: A Caste of Despair. 1984 Aug. 44-45. Greenfield, Harry I. and Frank J. Fabozzi, eds. The Handbook o f Economic Measures. 1984 Nov. 62. Homer, Monica and Sharon Zarozny. The Federal Data Base Finder. 1984 Nov. 62. Jensen, Joan M. and Sue Davidson, eds. A Needle, A Bobbin, A Strike: Women Needleworkers in America. 1984 Dec. 52-56. Jones, Ethel B. Determinants o f Female Reentrant Unemployment. 1984 June. 61. Katzan, Harry, Jr. Management Support Systems: A Pragmatic Approach. 1984 May. 57. Kaufman, H.G. Professionals in Search of Work: Coping with the Stress o f Job Loss and Underemployment. 1984 Mar. 61-62. Leab, Daniel J., Dorothy Swanson, and Maurice F. Neufeld. American Working Class History: A Representative Bibliography. 1984 Feb. 69. Lehrer, Robert N., ed. White Collar Productivity. 1984 Sept. 48-50. Leventman, Paula G. Professionals Out o f Work. 1984 Mar. 61-62. McColloch, Mark. White Collar Workers in Transition: The Boom Years, 1940-70. 1984 June. 61. Macaulay, Hugh, Bruce Yandle, and Rex L. Cottle. Labor and Property Rights in California Agriculture: An Economic Analysis o f the calra. 1984 Aug. 44-45. Majka, Linda C. and Theo Majka. Farmworkers, Agribusiness, and the State. 1984 Nov. 61-62. Majka, Theo and Linda C. Majka. Farmworkers, Agribusiness, and the State. 1984 Nov. 61-62. National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, France. Donnees Sociales. (Social Data.) 1984 June. 60-61. Neikirk, William and Gail Garfield Schwartz. The Work Revolution. 1984 July. 48-49. Neufeld, Maurice F., Daniel J. Leab, and Dorothy Swanson. American Working Class History: A Representative Bibliography. 1984 Feb. 69. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris. Labor Force Statistics, ¡970-81. 1984 June. 61. Pascarella, Perry. The New Achievers. 1984 Oct. 50-51. Rock, Milton L., ed. Handbook o f Wage and Salary Administration. 1984 June. 60. Rothberg, Diane, ed. Part-time Employment in America. 1984 June. 61. Schieber, Sylvester J., Social Security: Perspectives on Preserving the System. 1984 Apr. 53. Schwartz, Gail Garfield and William Neikirk. The Work Revolution. 1984 July. 48-49. Swanson, Dorothy, Maurice F. Neufeld, and Daniel J. Leab. American Working Class History: A Representative Bibliography. 1984 Feb. 69. Tax Foundation, Inc. Facts and Figures on Government Finance. 1984 June. 61-62. Triplett, Jack E. The Measurement o f Labor Cost. 1984 Feb. 68-69. Wilks, Stephen and Kenneth Dyson, eds. Industrial Crisis. 1984 Apr. 52. Yandle, Bruce, Rex L. Cottle, and Hugh Macaulay. Labor and Property Rights in California Agriculture: An Economic Analysis of the CALRA. 1984 Aug. 44-45. Zarozny, Sharon and Monica Homer. The Federal Data Base Finder. 1984 Nov. 62. AUTHORS Adams, Larry T. Labor organization mergers 1979-84: adapting to change. 1984 Sept. 21-27. Allen, Steven G., Robert L. Clark, and Daniel A. Sumner. A comparison of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79. 1984 May. 42-47. Alvarez, Donato and Brian Cooper. Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. Becker, Eugene H. Self-employed workers: an update to 1983. 1984 July. 14-18. --------- and Norman Bowers. Employment and unemployment improve ments widespread in 1983. 1984 Feb. 3-14. Bell, Donald and Avy Graham. Surviving spouse’s benefits in private pension plans. 1984 Apr. 23-31. Bednarzik, Robert W. Book review. 1984 July. 48-49. Bell, Donald and Diane Hill. How social security payments affect private pensions. 1984 May. 15-20. Bianchi, Suzanne M. and Nancy F. Rytina. Occupational reclassification and changes in distribution by gender. 1984 Mar. 11-17. Borowski, Allan. A comparison of youth unemployment in Australia and the United States. 1984 Oct. 30-36. Bowers, Norman and Eugene H. Becker. Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983. 1984 Feb. 3-14. Brand, Horst. Book review. 1984 Sept. 48-50. --------- . Productivity in making heating and cooling equipment. 1984 Dec. 11-17. Bregger, John E. The Current Population Survey: a historical perspective and bls’ role. 1984 June. 8-14. Burdetsky, Ben. Book review. 1984 Oct. 50-51. Burgess, Paul L., Jerry Kingston, and Robert D. St. Louis. Unemployment insurance: identifying payment errors. 1984 Dec. 34-37. Bums, Roger, Craig Howell, and Andrew Clem. Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3-9. --------- , Craig Howell, and Andrew Clem. Producer Price trends continue to moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan. 76-79. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cappelli, Peter. Auto industry experiments with the Guaranteed Income System. 1984 July. 37-39. --------- . What do unions get in return for concessions? 1984 May. 4 041. Carlson, Norma W. Pay gains tempered in basic steel mills. 1984 Aug. 28-30. --------- . Pay in Mountain region coal mines outstrips national average. 1984 Mar. 49-52. Carnes, Richard B. Meatpacking and prepared meats industry: aboveaverage productivity gains. 1984 Apr. 37-42. Chamovitz, Steve. Caribbean Basin Initiative: setting labor standards. 1984 Nov. 54-56. Clark, Robert L., Daniel A. Sumner, and Steven G. Allen. A comparison of pension increases and inflation, 1973-79. 1984 May. 42-47. Clem, Andrew, Roger Bums, and Craig Howell. Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3-9. --------- , Roger Bums and Craig Howell. Producer price trends continue to moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan. 76-79. Conley, James R. and John J. Lacombe II. Collective bargaining calendar crowded again in 1984. 1984 Jan. 19-32. Cole, Cheryl and Hal Sider. The changing composition of the military and the effect on labor force data. 1984 July. 10-13. Cooper, Brian and Donato Alvarez. Productivity trends in manufacturing in the U.S. and 11 other countries. 1984 Jan. 52-58. DeBoer, Larry and Michael Seeborg. The female-male unemployment differential. 1984 Nov. 8-15. Devens, Richard M., Jr. Book review. 1984 Apr. 52. --------- . Employment in the first half: robust recovery continues. 1984 Aug. 3-7. Douty, H.M. A century of wage statistics: the bls contribution. 1984 Nov. 16-28. Dreijmanis, John. Book review. 1984 Mar. 61-62. Early, John F., Mary Lynn Schmidt, and Thomas J. Mosimann. Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3-7. Eck, Alan. New occupational separation data improve estimates of job replacement needs. 1984 Mar. 3-10. Evans, Robert, Jr. ‘Lifetime earnings’ in Japan for the class of 1955. 1984 Apr. 32-36. --------- . Pay differentials: the case of Japan. 1984 Oct. 24-29. Fedrau, Ruth H. Easing the worker's transition from job loss to employ ment. 1984 May. 38-40. Fisk, Donald M. Measuring productivity in State and local government. 1984 June. 47-48. Fitzpatrick, Blanche. Book review. 1984 Dec. 51-52. Flaim, Paul O. Discouraged workers: how strong are their links to the job market? 1984 Aug. 8-11. --------- . Proposed spendable earnings series retains basic faults of earlier one. 1984 Nov. 43-44. --------- . Unemployment in 1982: the cost to workers and their families. 1984 Feb. 30-37. Friedman, Brian. Apparel stores display above-average productivity. 1984 Oct. 37-42. Fulco, Lawrence J. Strong post-recession gain in productivity contributes to slow growth in labor costs. 1984 Dec. 3-10. Gannon, Martin J. Preferences of temporary workers: time, variety, and flexibility. 1984 Aug. 26-28. Graham, Avy and Donald Bell. Surviving spouse’s benefits in private pension plans. 1984 Apr. 23-31. Graham, Harry and Brian Heshizer. Are unions facing a crisis? labor officials are divided. 1984 Aug. 23-25. Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier. Modeling the retirement process for policy evaluation and research. 1984 July. 26-33. Guzda, Henry P. Book review. 1984 Mar. 60-61. --------- . Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. 1984 May. 26-33. Harrison, Bennett. Plant closures: efforts to cushion the blow. 1984 June. 41-43. 101 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1984 • Index o f Volume 107 Hayghe, Howard, Working mothers reach record number in 1984. 1984 Dec. 31-34. and Anne McDougall Young. More U.S. workers are college graduates. 1984 Mar. 46-49. Herman, Arthur S. Productivity declined in 1982 in a majority of industries measured. 1984 Jan. 80-83. and Phyllis F . Otto. Productivity growth in the switchgear industry slows after 1973. 1984 Mar. 33-36. Heshizer, Brian and Harry Graham. Are unions facing a crisis? labor officials are divided. 1984 Aug. 23-25. Hill. Diane and Donald Bell. How social security payments affect private pensions. 1984 May. 15-20. Holen. Arlene. Federal Supplemental Compensation and Unemployment Insurance Recipients. 1984 Apr. 43-45. Howell, Craig, Andrew Clem, and Roger Bums. Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery. 1984 May. 3-9. . Andrew Clem, and Roger Bums. Producer Price trends continue to moderate in the third quarter. 1984 Jan. 76-79. Huffstutler, Clyde and Horst Brand. Productivity in making heating and cooling equipment. 1984 Dec. 11-17. Johnson. Mark J. Robust growth and the strong dollar set pattern for 1983 import and export prices. 1984 Apr. 3-14. and Patricia Szarek. Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery apparent in first-half import and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3-17. Kerr, Clark. Industrial relations research: its postwar contributions. 1984 June. 34-36. Kingston, Jerry L., Paul L. Burgess, and Robert D. St. Louis. Unem ployment insurance: identifying payment errors. 1984 Dec. 34-37. Koshiro, Kazutoshi. Lifetime employment in Japan: three models of the concept. 1984 Aug. 34-35. ----------. Robots are a big success at auto plant in Japan. 1984 Aug. 3536. Kunze, Kent. A new bls survey measures the ratio of hours worked to hours paid. 1984 June. 3-7. Lacombe, John J ., II, and James R. Conley. Collective bargaining calendar crowded again in 1984. 1984 Jan. 19-32. Larson, David. Wages in the paper industries among highest in manufac turing. 1984 Mar. 52-54. Leon, Carol Boyd. Working for Uncle Sam— a look at members of the Armed Forces. 1984 July. 3-9. Levitan, Sar A. and Diane Wemeke. Worker participation and productivity change. 1984 Sept. 28-33. Martin, Philip L. Book review. 1984 Nov. 61-62. McDonald, Richard J. The “ underground economy” and bls statistical data. 1984 Jan. 4-18. Maccoby, Michael. Helping labor and management set up a quality-ofworklife program. 1984 Mar. 28-32. Macon, Janet, bls’ 1982 survey of worker-related deaths. 1984 Mar. 43 45. Marks, Denton. Incomplete rating in State unemployment insurance. 1984 Nov. 45-49. Martin, Philip L. Book review. 1984 Aug. 44-45. Mellor, Earl F. Investigating the differences in weekly earnings of women and men. 1984 June. 17-28. Mosimann, Thomas J.. John F. Early, and Mary Lynn Schmidt. Inflation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3-7. Moy, Joyanna. Recent labor market developments in the U.S. and nine other countries. 1984 Jan. 44-51. Nash, Charles E. Book review. 1984 May. 57. Nilson, Richard R , State labor legislation enacted in 1983. 1984 Jan. 5975. Nemirow, Martin. Work-sharing approaches: past and present. 1984 Sept. 34-39. Nilsen, Diane M. Employment in durable goods anything but durable in 1979-82. 1984 Feb. 15-24. 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Nilsen, Sigurd R. Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and women. 1984 May. 21-25. Norwood, Janet L. Centennial. 1984 Jan. 2-4. O ’Neill, Dave M. Comparing rates and proportions: they can be mislead ing. 1984 June. 45-46. Orr, Ann C. and James A. Orr. Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 39-41. Orr, James A. and Ann C. Orr. Job cuts are only one means firms use to counter imports. 1984 June. 39-41. Otto, Phyllis F. and Arthur S. Herman. Productivity growth in the switchgear industry slows after 1973. 1984 Mar. 33-36. Personick. Martin E. W hite-collar pay determination under range-of-rate systems. 1984 Dec. 25-30. Podgursky, Michael. Sources of secular increases in the unemployment rate. 1969-82. 1984 July. 19-25. Poterba. James M. and Lawrence H. Summers. Response variation in the CPS: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984 Mar. 37-43. Prieser, Carl. Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1984. 1984 Oct. 43-45. Pryor, Frederic L. Incentives in manufacturing: the carrot and the stick. 1984 July. 40-43. Rabil, Floyd A. Average retail food prices: a brief history of methods. 1984 Nov. 52-53. Rohrlich, George F. Book review. 1984 Apr. 53. Rones, Philip L. Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term unem ployed. 1984 Feb. 25-29. Rosen, Richard J. Regional variations in employment and unemployment during 1970-82. 1984 Feb. 38-45. Ruben, George. Economy improves; bargaining problems persist in 1983. 1984 Jan. 33-43. Rudney, Gabriel and Murray Weitzman. Trends in employment and earn ings in the philanthropic sector. 1984 Sept. 16-20. Runner, Diana. Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1983. 1984 Feb. 46-54. Rytina, Nancy F. and Suzanne M. Bianchi. Occupational reclassification changes in distribution by gender. 1984 Mar. 11-17. Schloss, Nathan. Use of employment data to estimate office space demand. 1984 Dec. 40-44. Schmidt, Mary Lynn, John F. Early, and Thom as J. M osim ann. In flation and the business cycle during the postwar period. 1984 Nov. 3-7. Schmitt, Donald G. Postretirement increases under private pension plans. 1984 Sept. 3-8. Schumann, Richard. Workers’ purchasing power rises despite slowdown in wage and salary gains. 1984 May. 10-14. Seeborg, Michael and Larry DeBoer. The female-male unemployment differential. 1984 Nov. 8-15. Sehgal, Ellen. Occupational mobility and job tenure in 1983. 1984 Oct. 18-23. --------- . Work experience in 1983 reflects the effects of the recovery. 1984 Dec. 18-24. Shack-Marquez, Janice. Earnings differences between men and women: an introductory note. 1984 June. 15-16. Sheifer, Victor J. Book review. 1984 June. 60. Sider, Hal and Cheryl Cole. The changing composition of the military and the effect on labor force data. 1984 July. 10-13. Sieling, Mark S. Staffing patterns prominent in female-male earnings gap. 1984 June. 29-33. Sorrentino, Constance. Japan’s low unemployment: an indepth analysis. 1984 Mar. 18-27. Stamas, George D. State and regional employment and unemployment in 1983. 1984 Sept. 9-15. Steiber, Jack. Most U.S. workers still may be fired under the employmentat-will doctrine. 1984 May. 34-38. Stein, Bruno. Book review. 1984 Feb. 68. Steinmeier, Thomas L. and Alan L. Gustman. Modeling the retirement process for policy evaluation and research. 1984 July. 26-33. St. Louis. Robert D., Paul L. Burgess, and Jerry L. Kingston, Unem ployment insurance: identifying payment errors. 1984 Dec. 34-37. Summers, Lawrence H. and James M. Poterba. Response variation in the cps: caveats for the unemployment analyst. 1984 Mar. 37-43. Sumner, Daniel A., Steven G. Allen, and Robert L. Clark. A comparison, of pension increases and inflation. 1973-79. 1984 May. 42-47. Szarek, Patricia and Mark Johnson. Effects of strong dollar, economic recovery apparent in first-half import and export prices. 1984 Oct. 3 17. Tinsley, LaVeme C. Workers’ compensation: significant enactments in 1983. 1984 Feb. 55-61. Tschetter, John H. An evaluation of bls’ projections of 1980 industry employment. 1984 Aug. 12-22. Urquhart, Michael. The employment shift to services: where did it come from? 1984 Apr. 15-22. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Voos, Paula B. Does it pay to organize? estimating the cost to unions. 1984 June. 43-44. Weinberg, Edgar, bls and the economy: a centennial timetable. 1984 Nov. 29-37. Weisskopf, Thomas E. Use of hourly earnings proposed to revive spendable earnings series. 1984 Nov. 38-43. Weitzman, Murray and Gabriel Rudney. Trends in employment and earn ings in the philanthropic sector. 1984 Sept. 16-20. Wemeke, Diane and Sar A. Levitan. Worker participation and productivity change. 1984 Sept. 28-33. Whitener, Leslie A. A statistical portrait of hired farmworkers. 1984 June. 49-53. Williams, Donald R. Young discouraged workers: racial differences ex plored. 1984 June. 36-39. Young, Anne McDougall. Fewer students in work force as school age population declines. 1984 July. 34-37. --------- and Howard Hayghe. More U.S. workers are college graduates. 1984 Mar. 46-49. A note on communications The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not po lemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. 103 P u b lish ed by bls in O ctober S A L E S P U B L IC A T IO N S In d u s try W a g e S u rv e y s BLS B u lle tin s These studies include results from the latest BLS survey o f wages and supplemental benefits, with detailed occupational data for the N ation, regions, and selected areas (where available). D ata are useful for wage and salary adm inistration, union contract negotiation, arbitration, and Governm ent policy considerations. The following was published in September: G e o g ra p h ic P r o f ile o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d U n e m p lo y ment, 1983. Bulletin 2216, 155 pp., $5.50. (C.PO Stock No. 029-001-02827-0). Latest report in an annual series presenting geographic labor force data from the Current Population Survey. Provides 1983 annual averages for the employed and the u n e m p lo y e d by selected d e m o g ra p h ic and econom ic characteristics based on population counts projected from the 1980 Census. Includes estimates for the four regions and nine divisions o f the Nation; data by industry and reason for parttime work for States; plus estimates for States, m etropolitan areas, and cities. Injuries Resulting From Falls on Stairs. Bulletin 2214, 19 pp., $1.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02825-3). Results o f a survey of workers who were injured by slips or falls on stairs. National Survey o f Professional, Adm inistrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, March 1984. Bulletin 2208, 91 pp., $4.00 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02826-1). Summarizes results o f the Bureau’s annual survey o f selected white-collar occupations in private industry. Results are used for a num ber o f purposes, including general econom ic analysis and wage and salary a d m inistration by private and public employers. One im portant use is to provide the basis for setting Federal white-collar salaries under the Federal Pay Com parability Act o f 1970. A re a W a g e S u rve y B u lle tin s T h ese b u lle tin s co v er o ffic e , p ro fe s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l, m a in te n a n c e , c u sto d ia l, and m a te ria l m ovem ent o c cupations in m ajor m etropolitan areas. The annual series of 70 is available by subscription for $88 per year. Individual area bulletins are also available separately. The following were published in October: Baltimore, M aryland, M etropolitan Area, August 1984. Bulletin 3025-39, 53 pp., $2.25 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90306-5). Billings, M ontana, M etropolitan Area, July 1984. Bulletin 3025-33, 26 pp., $1.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90300-6). Green Bay, W isconsin, M etropolitan A rea, August 1984. B u lle tin 3025-29, 39 p p ., $2.25 (GPO S to c k N o . 029-001-90296-4). G reensboro—W inston-Salem —High Point, N orth Carolina, M etropolitan Area, August 1984. Bulletin 3025-34, 30 pp., $1.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-90301-4). Grain Mill Products, September 1982. Bulletin 2207. 64 pp., $3 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02823-7). P e rio d ic a ls CPI Detailed Report. August issue provides a comprehensive report on price movements for the m onth, plus statistical tables, charts, and technical notes. 105 pp., $4 ($25 per year). Current Wage Developments. September issue includes selected wage and benefit changes; work stoppages in August; m ajor agreements expiring in August; the Employment Cost Index for June 1984; State and local government collective bargaining settlements for the first 6 m onths o f 1984; and statistics on compensation changes. 53 pp., $4.50 each ($21 per year). Employment and Earnings. October issue covers employment and unemploym ent developments in September, plus regular statistical tables on national, State, and area employment, unemploym ent, hours, and earnings. 171 pp., $4.50 ($31 per year). Producer Prices and Price Indexes. August issue includes a com prehensive report on price movements for the m onth and for the first half of 1984, plus regular tables and technical notes. 163 pp., $4.25 ($29 per year). Supplement to Producer Prices and Price Indexes for 1983. Presents m onthly indexes and annual averages for 1983. 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