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Washington
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
DECEMBER 1982
VOLUME 105, NUMBER 12
L .ftfP fcA R Y
JAN 1
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
1983
PRODUCTIVITY AT HOME AND ABROAD
Patricia Capdevielle and others
3
International trends in productivity and labor costs
Productivity in manufacturing generally rose, unit labor cost trends moderated in U.S.
and 10 other countries in 1981; relative productivity and labor cost indexes introduced
Arthur S. Herman
15
Productivity increased in 1981 in most industries measured
Although productivity growth slowed during 1976-81 for most of the industries surveyed,
a majority of significant industries showed advances in output per employee hour in 1981
Horst Brand, John Duke
19
Productivity in banking: computers spur the advance
Nevertheless, the trend in output per employee hour paralleled that of the economy
between 1967 and 1980, with the annual rate of growth decelerating after 1973
Patricia A. Wilder
28
Cosmetics industry achieves long-term productivity gains
But recent declines have beset an industry in which productivity has grown rapidly since
1958; with gains linked in part to more efficient plants, and improved technology
J. Edwin Henneberger
33
The office furniture industry: patterns in productivity
Product proliferation and short production runs limited the use of laborsaving equipment
in factories; as a result, productivity advanced only moderately between 1958 and 1980
Horst Brand, Clyde Huffstutler
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38
Productivity in the pump and compressor industry
During 1958-80, the industry experienced long-term advances, reflecting improvements
in metalworking machinery and computer aid; increases have decelerated since 1965
DEPARTMENTS
2
46
47
51
55
95
Labor month in review
Major agreements expiring next month
Developments in industrial relations
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
Index of volume 105
Labor M onth
In Review
sions, declined from 15.5 in 1980 to 14.9
in 1981. In manufacturing, the rate
declined from 11.8 to 11.1 The lowest
rate (1.9) occurred in finance, insurance,
and real estate.
The incidence rate of injuries involv
ing lost workdays declined in 5 of the 9
industry divisions. While establishments
in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing
division showed a small increase,
finance, insurance, and real estate, retail
trade, and services showed no change in
the rate.
Of the 72 major industry groups, in
cidence rates decreased in 50, increased
in 14, and remained unchanged in 8. In
cidence rates for injuries involving lost
workdays decreased in 43, increased in
16, and were unchanged in 13 of the 72
industries.
The severity of injuries is reflected in
the incidence rate of lost workdays. In
1981, there were 60.4 lost workdays per
100 full-time workers—down from 63.7
in 1980. The lost workdays incidence
rate in mining continues to be the
highest among all industry divisions and
has been more than twice the national
average since 1977. But because the
number of lost workdays associated with
each injury in mining declined, the lost
workdays rate declined, from 162.8 in
1980 to 145.7 in 1981, the largest drop in
any industry division.
The injury incidence rate fell from
1980 to 1981 in all employment-size
groups, except for establishments with
Occupational injuries. Work-related in 50 to 99 employees, which showed no
juries occurred at a rate of 8.1 per 100 change. As in previous years, rates in
full-time workers during 1981—down establishments with fewer than 50
workers or with 1,000 workers or more
from 8.5 in 1980.
Among industry divisions, increases in were lower than mid-size establishment
the injury incidence rates occurred in the rates. Rates continued to be highest in
agriculture, forestry, and fishing in the 100-to-249-employee size firms. Only
dustries and in mining. Finance, in in the manufacturing division did the in
surance, and real estate and retail trade cidence rate drop for each size category.
showed no change, and the injury rate
fell in construction, manufacturing, Occupational illnesses. Occupational ill
transportation and public utilities, nesses include any abnormal condition
wholesale trade, and services. The rate or disorder, other than one resulting
for establishments in construction, from an occupational injury, caused by
which is the highest of all industry divi exposure to environmental factors
JOB SAFETY. The Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported results of its annual
survey of job-related injuries and ill
nesses. The data, collected during 1982,
show that occupational injuries and ill
nesses declined in 1981. The all-industry
incidence rate was 8.3 injuries and ill
nesses per 100 full-time workers, com
pared with 8.7 in 1980.
The latest survey shows that the
numbers of injuries and illnesses both
with and without loss of worktime
declined in the private sector. Because
the number of employees on the job and
the hours they worked changed little be
tween 1980 and 1981, the injuries and ill
nesses rate also declined.
In 1981, there were 4,370 work-related
deaths in units employing 11 workers or
more, compared with 4,400 in 1980. The
corresponding fatality rate was essential
ly unchanged—7.6 per 100,000 workers
in 1981 versus 7.7 in 1980.
Release of the 1981 survey results
marks the 10th full year of data collec
tion under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970. Over these years,
during which employment expanded by
about 15 million, injuries declined from
about 1 in every 10 workers in 1972 to 1
in every 13 in 1981. The rate for lost
time injuries, which rose between 1972
and 1979, declined in the last 2 years;
however, the rate of injuries without loss
of worktime has fallen steadily over the
10-year period.
2
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associated with employment. The in
cidence of occupational illnesses
measured by the annual survey refers to
the number of new illness cases occur
ring during a year and does not measure
continuing conditions of illness reported
in previous surveys. Illnesses are record
ed only for the year in which they are
recognized and diagnosed as workrelated.
From both statistical and procedural
points of view, occupational illness
estimates generated from the annual
survey provide a valid measure of
recognized acute cases. However, cur
rent statistics do not adequately reflect
that portion of occupational illnesses
which are chronic or long-latent because of
problems of detection and recognition.
About 126,100 occupational illnesses
were recognized in 1981; the number
recognized in 1980 was 130,200. In both
years, illnesses accounted for only 2.3
percent of total injuries and illnesses.
Skin diseases or disorders continued to
account for the majority of all ill
nesses—about 4 of every 10 cases. This is
largely because they are easier to rec
ognize and diagnose than other diseases.
Background of survey. The Annual
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Ill
nesses is a Federal/State cooperative
program in which State agencies par
ticipate with the Bureau of Labor
Statistics of the U.S. Department of
Labor. Response to the 1981 survey was
mandatory. The sample consisted of ap
proximately 280,000 units in the private
sector. The occupational injury and ill
ness data reported through the annual
survey are based on the records which
employers maintain under the Occupa
tional Safety and Health Act of 1970.
T ables showing the survey results ap
pear in the news release, USDL 82-423,
available from the Inquiries and Cor
respondence Section, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. A
bls bulletin with full survey details is in
preparation.
□
International trends in
productivity and labor costs
Output per employee hour in manufacturing
generally improved and unit labor cost trends
moderated in the U.S. and 10 other nations
in 1981; relative productivity and
labor cost indexes are introduced
P a t r ic ia C a p d e v ie l l e , D
and
onato
A
lvarez,
B r ia n C o o pe r
Manufacturing productivity increased in 1981 in the
United States, Japan, and most European countries
studied, with gains ranging from about 2 to 4 percent in
the United States, Japan, France, Germany,1 Italy, and
the Netherlands, to almost 6 percent in the United
Kingdom and Denmark, and more than 7 percent in
Belgium. In Canada and Sweden, productivity remained
essentially unchanged.
These productivity changes occurred in what was for
most countries the second year of recession. In most
European countries, productivity rose because employ
ment and hours declined more than output. In the
United States, Canada, and Japan, productivity gains
were accompanied by modest output growth—tempo
rary recoveries from 1980 declines in the United States
and Canada.
Unit labor cost increases, which reflect changes in
both productivity and hourly compensation costs,
ranged from 2 to 5 percent in Japan, Germany, Bel
gium, Denmark, and the Netherlands, up to 15 percent
in France and 18 percent in Italy. When measured in
U.S. dollars, however, unit labor costs declined substan
tially in all the European countries— 5 to 20 percent—
because of the sharp appreciation of the dollar, while
rising 7 to 8 percent in Canada and Japan as well as in
the United States.
Patricia Capdevielle, Donato Alvarez, and Brian Cooper are econo
mists in the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics and Trade, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
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While the 1981 appreciation of the dollar partially
offset the lower long-term U.S. cost trend, unit labor
costs in the United States nevertheless declined 29 per
cent between 1970 and 1981, relative to the average
costs of our trade competitors. Unit labor costs in Can
ada, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Italy also
declined relative to those of their trade competitors
while those of Japan, France, Germany, the United
Kingdom, and Sweden increased.
This article describes developments in manufacturing
productivity (as measured by output per hour), hourly
compensation, and unit labor costs in 1981, and com
pares the 1980-81 trends with those of the 1974-75 re
cession, for the United States, Canada, Japan, France,
Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and four smaller
European countries— Belgium, Denmark, the Nether
lands, and Sweden.2Percent changes in productivity, la
bor costs, and related measures for selected periods and
for each year from 1973 are shown in tables 1 through
3;3 percent changes are also presented for the eight Eu
ropean countries and for the 10 foreign countries com
bined.4 (Annual indexes for the years 1950 to 1981 are
available from the authors.) The data for 1981 are
based on preliminary underlying statistics, while those
for other recent years reflect revised underlying statistics
for several countries.
Although the productivity measure relates output to
the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it
does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a
single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint
effects of many influences, including new technology,
3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • International Productivity Trends
Output. With the exception of a small gain in Denmark,
manufacturing output fell in each of the European
countries in 1981—by more than 6 percent in the Unit
ed Kingdom and about 1 to 4 percent in the other
countries. In the non-Scandinavian countries, productiv
ity increased because employment and hours declined
even more than output. Most of Denmark’s productivi
ty gain also resulted from decreases in employment and
hours. In Sweden, hours and output fell equally.
The 1981 drop in British output followed an even
larger 1980 decline of 9 percent. For France and Bel
gium, 1981 marked the second consecutive year of de
clining output, but the 1980 declines were under 1
percent. Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and the Nether
lands had zero or only slight 1980 output increases—
under 1 percent—while Italy had a more substantial
gain. In most countries, output turned down during the
first half of 1980, and showed little if any recovery by
late 1981 or early 1982. Only in Italy did output recov
er in late 1980 and turn down again in 1981.
In the United States and Canada, 1980 manufactur
ing output levels declined about 3 to 4 percent from
previous year levels, but 1981 annual output levels were
up 2 percent. In both countries, manufacturing produc
tion dropped in the second quarter of 1980, recovered
in the fourth quarter, then turned down again during
the second half of 1981. In Japan, manufacturing out
put increased more than 9 percent in 1980, and rose an
other 3 percent in 1981, but then turned down during
the first half of 1982.
capital investment, the level of output, capacity utiliza
tion, energy use, and managerial effectiveness, as well as
the skills and efforts of the work force.
This article also introduces new measures of relative
trends in productivity and labor costs. Table 5 presents
indexes of relative output per hour, hourly compensa
tion, and unit labor costs in national currency and in
U.S. dollars for the 11 countries. Each relative index
represents the ratio of a country’s own index to a
weighted geometric average of the corresponding index
es for the other 10 countries; the weights used to com
bine the other country indexes reflect the relative
importance of each country as a manufacturing trade
competitor (table 4).
Productivity trends
In 1981, manufacturing productivity increased by
more than 7 percent in Belgium, almost 6 percent in the
United Kingdom and Denmark, and about 2 to 4 per
cent in the United States, Japan, France, Germany, Ita
ly, and the Netherlands. In Canada and Sweden, it rose
less than 0.5 percent. (See table 1.)
For the United States, the 1981 productivity gain was
the largest annual increase since 1976. And for Belgium
and the United Kingdom, the 1981 gains were the larg
est in many years. For Japan and Italy, the 1981 in
creases represent substantial slowdowns from large 1980
gains, but for most other countries, they were improve
ments over small gains or productivity declines in the
previous year.
Table 1.
Annual percent changes in manufacturing productivity and output, 11 countries, 1960-81
Y ear
United
States
Canada
Japan
France
G erm any
Italy
U nited
Kingdom
Belgium
Denm ark
Netherlands
Sw eden
Eight
European
countries
Ten
foreign
countries
Output per hour:
7.1
5 .0
5 .3
5 .9
1 9 6 0 -8 1 ........................................
2 .7
3 .6
9 .2
5 .5
5 .2
5.8
1 9 6 0 - 7 3 ........................................
3 .0
4 .5
10 .7
6 .0
5 .5
6 .9
4 .3
7 .0
6.1
6 .4
7 .6
6 .7
5 .8
6.4
1 9 7 3 -8 1 ........................................
1.7
1.4
6 .8
4 .6
4 .5
3 .7
2 .2
6 .2
4.1
5.1
2 .2
4.1
4 .7
1974
3 .6
7 .2
- 2 .4
2 .2
2 .4
3 .5
5 .4
4 .9
.8
5 .8
3 .3
8.3
...............................................
2 .9
- 2 .6
3.1
5 .3
- 4 .4
- 2 .0
4 .4
10 .4
- 1.8
1.6
2 .0
...............................................
4 .4
5 .3
3 .9
9 .4
3 .6
-.4
4.1
1975
1976
8 .2
7.1
8 .6
4 .0
10 .4
3 .8
12.8
1.0
7 .2
7 .5
...............................................
2 .5
4 .0
1977
...............................................
7 .2
5.1
4 .9
1.1
1.6
6 .5
4.1
- 1.5
1978
...............................................
.9
1.6
7 .9
5 .7
3 .3
3 .0
3 .3
5 .0
2.4
6 .6
4 .3
4 .0
4 .9
1979
...............................................
.7
1.7
8 .9
6 .5
5 .8
4 .9
8.4
5 .3
6.1
1980
...............................................
.2
- 3 .3
6 .8
1.6
1.4
5 .8
.6
3.1
1.4
1.3
1.2
2 .8
3 .6
1 981
...............................................
2 .8
.3
3 .2
1.6
2 .7
3 .4
5 .9
7 .3
5 .6
3.1
.1
3 .8
3 .3
5 .3
4 .9
4 .9
7 .3
3 .3
2.1
3 .3
3.8
4 .3
Output :
1 9 6 0 -8 1 ........................................
3 .6
4 .8
1 0 .0
5 .2
3 .8
5.4
1.6
5 .0
4 .0
4 .7
3 .2
4 .0
1 9 6 0 - 7 3 ........................................
4 .7
6 .3
13 .0
6 .6
5 .2
6 .8
3 .0
6 .5
5 .2
6 .4
5.1
5 .4
6 .8
1 9 7 3 -8 1 ........................................
2 .3
2 .0
6 .5
2 .3
1.9
3 .3
- 1.7
1.1
1.8
1.7
- .3
1.5
2 .9
1974
...............................................
- 4 .2
3 .6
- 2 .0
3 .2
- .3
6 .4
- 1.2
4 .6
1.5
4 .4
4 .8
1.8
-.9
1975
...............................................
- 7.1
- 5 .9
- 4 .0
- 2.1
- 4 .8
- 9 .7
- 7 .0
- 7 .4
- 2.1
- 6 .7
- 1.5
- 5 .2
- 5 .0
8 .6
4 .8
...............................................
9 .6
5 .9
13 .3
7 .0
8 .0
12 .6
2 .0
-.4
7 .0
1977
...............................................
6 .9
2 .0
7 .3
3 .7
2 .4
2.1
1.9
.7
.6
.9
- 5 .6
2.1
3 .5
1978
...............................................
5 .3
5 .0
7 .3
3 .2
1.3
1.8
.6
.9
.7
2 .8
- 1.3
1.6
3 .4
1979
1980
...............................................
2 .7
4 .7
6 .5
- 4 .3
- 3.1
9 .9
9 .4
3 .7
...............................................
- .1
1981
...............................................
2 .3
1.6
3 .2
- 2 .7
1976
N ote :
2 .6
4 .8
6 .7
4
2 .7
.5
6 .3
- 9.1
- 1.4
.0
.9
- 1.4
- 1.0
- 6 .3
- 2 .5
.5
-.9
Rates of change computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers .
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.2
8 .0
6 .9
3 .8
.0
-.4
- 3 .6
- 2 .4
8 .5
5 .6
2 .4
-.4
Employment and hours. Manufacturing employment and
aggregate hours both increased only in-Canada in 1981;
in Japan, employment rose slightly but total hours were
essentially unchanged. In 1980, hours had increased
slightly in Canada and by more than 2 percent in Ja
pan. In the United States, employment and hours de
clined only slightly in 1981, after falling more than 3
percent in 1980. (See table 2.)
In Europe, employment declined 10 percent in the
United Kingdom and 2 to 6 percent in the other
countries in 1981. Those declines followed 1980 drops
of 6 percent in the United Kingdom and 1 to 2 percent
in most of the other countries. Employment had in
creased slightly in Germany in 1980 and was essentially
unchanged in Italy and Sweden. Aggregate hours fell
even more than employment in 1981—except in Den
mark— as average hours were also reduced.
Comparisons with 1974—75. Comparisons of develop
ments during the years 1980 and 1981 with the
recession of 1974-75 cannot be precise, particularly
when dealing with annual average data, because of dif
ferences among countries in the extent and timing of
the 1974-75 recession and the 1980-81 downturns.
Nevertheless, certain broad comparisons can be made.
Over the 1974—75 period, manufacturing output fell
in one or both years in all 11 countries studied. During
1980-81, neither Japan nor Denmark experienced annu
al average declines in output, although Denmark had
virtually no output growth over the period and Japa
nese output slowed sharply in 1981; most of the other
countries had smaller output declines than in 1974—75.
However, there were exceptions. The recent output de
clines in the United Kingdom were substantially greater
than during 1974—75, and those in France and Sweden
also appear to have been larger. Only in the United
States did output regain its pre-1974 average rate of
growth during the 1976-79 recovery period.
As in the case of output, manufacturing employment
and hours declined less sharply during 1980-81 than
during 1974—75 in most of the countries studied. For
example, German employment declined about 2 percent
in 1980-81, compared with 9 percent in 1974-75, and
total hours declined 5 percent versus 15 percent. Again,
major exceptions were France, where employment and
hours declined somewhat more in 1980-81, and the
United Kingdom, where the recent declines— 16 per
cent for employment and 21 percent for total hours—
were substantially greater than those in 1974-75. In
Sweden, the employment effects of the 1974-75 reces
sion were delayed; therefore, direct comparison between
the two periods is not appropriate.
Although employment losses over the 2-year period
of 1980-81 were less severe in most countries than in
1974—75, employment in most of Europe also declined
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during the intervening 1976-79 period. The rate of de
cline ranged from about 1 percent per year in France
and Germany to almost 4 percent annually in Belgium.
Only in Denmark and Italy was employment essentially
stable during the recovery period. By 1981, employment
in manufacturing was down 6, 11, and 14 percent from
1973 levels in Sweden, France, and Germany; 17 per
cent in Denmark and the Netherlands; and almost 25
percent in Belgium and the United Kingdom. In con
trast, employment in the United States and Canada was
higher in 1981 than in 1973.
All European countries have taken actions, through
collective bargaining or government programs, to short
en average hours worked to preserve manufacturing
jobs. Most countries have partial unemployment benefit
programs to provide wage replacement to employees on
short work schedules for economic reasons. In addition,
minimum annual holiday (vacation) entitlements have
been increased in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom (and are scheduled to
increase in France) as a job creation measure as well as
a fringe benefit improvement. (In Italy, on the other
hand, several national holidays were abolished in 1977
as a labor cost cutting measure, although many employ
ees receive extra annual holidays in lieu of the national
holidays.) In Belgium, the standard workweek was
shortened through collective bargaining from 40 hours
in 1977 to 38 hours for most employees in 1981; the
shorter hours are provided as either a shorter workweek
or a longer annual holiday.
Given the relative output and employee-hours changes,
manufacturing productivity increased in most countries
during both the 1974—75 recession and in 1980-81. The
following tabulation shows average annual productivity
changes over the two periods:
1974-75
1980-81
United S ta te s....................
Canada .............................
Japan ................................
France .............................
G erm any...........................
I ta ly ..................................
United Kingdom ............
Belgium ...........................
D enm ark...........................
N etherlands......................
Sw eden.............................
0.2
.2
3.2
3.3
5.4
.2
.6
5.1
6.8
3.2
1.6
1.5
-1.5
5.0
1.6
2.1
4.6
3.2
5.2
3.5
2.2
.7
In the United States, Japan, Italy, and the United King
dom, the productivity trend was higher during 1980-81,
while productivity gains were higher during 1974-75 in
France, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Swe
den. In Belgium, productivity rose equally in both peri
ods. In Canada, productivity declined in both periods.
Hourly compensation
Hourly compensation increases in 1981 varied
considerably among the 11 countries studied. The
5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • International Productivity Trends
Table 2.
Annual percent changes in manufacturing employment and hours, 11 countries, 1960-81
Year
United
S tates
Canada
Japan
France
G erm any
Italy
United
Kingdom
Belgium
D enm ark
N etherlands
S w eden
Aggregate hours :
Eight
European
countries
- 1.2
Ten
foreign
countries
- .6
1 9 6 0 -8 1 ........................................
0 .9
1.1
0 .7
- 0 .2
- 1.3
- 0 .4
- 1.9
- 2.1
- 2 .0
- 2 .3
- 1.7
1 9 6 0 - 7 3 ........................................
1.6
1.7
2.1
.6
- .2
- .1
- 1.2
- .5
- 1.1
- 1.1
- 1.5
- .4
1 9 7 3 -8 1 ........................................
.6
- 1.7
.5
- 3 .8
- .4
- .3
- 2 .2
- 2 .5
- 5 .4
1.4
- 2 .0
- 4 .8
- 2 .2
- 3 .2
- 2 .5
- 2 .4
- 1.7
- 3 .6
1.2
- 2 .2
- 2 .7
- 1 1 .3
- 5 .0
- 1.1
- 6 .7
- 6 .8
- 1.2
1974
...............................................
- 1.9
1.4
- 4 .3
- .3
1975
...............................................
- 9 .7
- 3 .4
- 7 .6
- 5 .0
- 9 .6
- 5 .5
- 5.1
- 1 1 .3
1976
...............................................
4 .9
.5
3 .6
- 1.1
.8
3 .8
- 1.9
- 1.7
1.0
- 4 .3
- 1.5
- .2
.2
- 5 .4
- 1.4
- 3 .0
- 4.1
- 1.2
- .8
- 1.5
1977
4 .2
...............................................
- 2 .0
.1
- 1.3
- 2 .4
1 .0
1978
...............................................
4 .4
3 .4
-.5
- 2 .3
- 1.9
- 1.2
- 2 .6
- 3 .9
- 1.7
- 3 .6
- 5.4
- 2 .3
1979
...............................................
2 .0
2 .9
1.0
- 2 .2
- .1
- .6
- 3 .0
- 2 .6
.7
- 2.1
- 1.3
- 1.5
- .5
1980
...............................................
- 4 .5
.2
2 .5
- 1.7
- .9
.5
- 9 .6
- 4 .3
- 1.4
- .4
- 1.2
- 3.1
- 1.1
- 3 .8
- 3 .7
- 6 .0
- 3 .7
1981
...............................................
- .5
1.3
- .1
- 4 .3
- 4 .0
- 4 .3
- 1 1 .5
- 9 .2
- 4 .8
-.4
- .7
- .7
Employment:
1 9 6 0 -8 1 ........................................
.9
1.4
1.5
.5
1.1
- 1.1
- 1.0
- .3
- .2
.3
1 9 6 0 - 7 3 ........................................
1.5
1.9
3 .0
1.2
.5
1.4
- .5
.6
.2
.0
-.2
.5
1.1
1 9 7 3 -8 1 ........................................
.7
.8
-.4
- 1.4
- 1.6
.0
- 2 .9
- 3 .6
- 1.8
- 2 .4
- 1 .0
- 1.7
- 1.2
2 .0
.2
1.3
- 2 .6
2 .5
1.9
1.1
- 3 .6
-.4
2 .4
.3
.4
- 2 .2
- 5.1
- 2 .7
- 6 .7
- .4
- 3 .8
- 6.1
- 8 .4
- 3 .2
.9
- 3 .9
- 4 .2
.4
- 1.0
- 1.0
1974
...............................................
-.4
1975
...............................................
- 8 .6
1976
...............................................
3 .7
.4
1977
...............................................
3 .6
- 2 .0
-.2
1978
...............................................
4 .2
3 .2
- 1.1
- 2 .4
.2
- 2 .2
- 4.1
- 4 .0
- .2
- 1.7
- .5
-.8
.1
-.4
- 3 .9
- .5
- 2 .7
- 3 .5
—.7
- 1.6
- .6
- 1.0
- 2 .4
- 4.1
-.5
- 2 .5
- 2 .8
- 1.5
- 1.2
.3
-.9
-.5
- 1.6
- .3
- 4 .5
- 2 .8
.6
- 1.8
.3
.5
- 2 .5
- 2 .7
.8
- 1.3
.2
- 1.9
- 6 .0
- 1.9
- 2 .0
- 1.2
- 3 .6
.6
- 2 .4
- 10.1
- 5 .5
- 4 .8
- 3 .3
- .1
- 3 .2
- .8
- .7
- .9
- 1.4
- .9
- 1.4
- 1.3
- 1.2
- 1.4
- 1.0
-.8
-.9
-.5
-.8
- 1.5
- .7
- 1.0
- 1.4
- 1.1
- 1.3
-.9
-.8
- .5
-.8
- 1.5
- .9
- .5
- .1
1979
...............................................
2 .6
3 .7
1980
1981
...............................................
- 3 .4
...............................................
- .5
.3
1.8
2 .5
.5
- .1
- .3
- .2
1 9 6 0 - 8 1 ........................................
1 9 6 0 - 7 3 ........................................
.1
1 9 7 3 -8 1 ........................................
- .2
- .3
- .6
- 1.0
Average hours :
.1
-.8
- .9
- 1.0
- .3
- 1.2
1974
...............................................
- 1.5
- .6
- 4 .5
- 1.5
- 2 .9
- 1.1
- 3 .8
- 2 .2
2 .0
- 3 .2
h
- 2 .5
- 3.1
1975
...............................................
- 1.2
- 1.1
- 2 .6
- 2 .3
- 3.1
- 5.1
- 1.3
- 5 .6
- 3 .2
- 1.8
- 2 .0
- 2 .9
- 2 .8
- .3
- 1.3
1.5
- .3
- .7
1976
...............................................
1.2
.1
3 .2
- .1
3 .2
3 .5
.3
2 .5
.4
1977
...............................................
.6
.0
.3
- .9
- 1.6
.9
.6
- 1.6
- .9
1978
...............................................
1979
...............................................
-
2 .0
- .4
- .2
- .8
- .3
.2
.3
.6
- .7
- 1.4
- .2
- .2
.3
- 1.2
- 1.1
- 2 .6
- .6
- .7
1.1
-.4
-.4
- 1.0
- .5
.1
- .1
- 1.1
- 1.6
- .6
.8
- 1.1
- 1.5
-.8
- .6
- 1.6
-.9
1980
...............................................
- 1.0
-.1
- .1
- .3
- 1.5
.3
- 3 .9
- 2 .5
.7
1 981
...............................................
.0
- .5
- .6
- .7
- 1.6
- 2 .4
- 1.6
- 3 .8
.0
N ote :
-6
.0
Rates of change computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the Index numbers .
smallest gain was 5 percent in the Netherlands and the
largest, 22 percent in Italy. In the United Kingdom and
France, the increases were also large— over 16 percent.
In Japan and Germany, the gains were relatively small—
under 8 percent— while in the United States, Canada,
Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden, they were 9 to 12 per
cent. (See table 3.)
Four countries— the United States, Germany, Den
mark, and the United Kingdom— showed some degree
of moderation in hourly compensation gains for 1981.
In the United Kingdom, there was a substantial slow
down from the 24 percent recorded in 1980. (In the
Netherlands, a significant slowdown occurred in 1980.)
In Canada, Japan, Italy, and Sweden, however, the
1981 increases were higher than those of the previous
year, and in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, the
increases in both years were virtually the same.
Compared with the hourly compensation trend dur
ing the 1974—75 recession, annual rates of increase dur
ing the 1980-81 period were considerably lower in every
country except the United States and France. In the
United States, however, the 1974-75 increases were rel
atively small. The moderation in wage gains and other
6
1.0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
labor costs occurred even though consumer price trends
were generally about as high in 1980-81 as in 1974—75
— with Japan and Belgium as principal exceptions.
However, growing concern with moderating labor costs
and containing inflation, as well as preserving manufac
turing jobs, had a significant impact on recent compen
sation trends.
Concerted action was taken in several countries to
moderate wage settlements during 1980-81. Temporary
pay freezes were imposed in Belgium and the Nether
lands and a temporary price freeze was undertaken in
Sweden. The Dutch government subsequently imposed
statutory pay controls. In several countries with wage
indexation systems, the price indexes used were adjust
ed to exclude fuel and energy prices, or the cost-of-living allowances ( c o l a ’s) normally payable were reduced
or rescinded.
In Japan and Germany, annual wage agreements in
1980 and 1981 continued the moderate pattern of recent
years. In Japan, the average manufacturing settlement
was 6.7 percent in 1980 and 7.6 percent in 1981, and in
Germany, the average settlements were 6.7 percent in
1980 and 4.6 percent in 1981. In the United States and
the United Kingdom, wage-and-salary concessions were
made in some impacted companies or industries.
In the Netherlands, a pay freeze was imposed from
January through April 1980, followed by statutory con
trols which were later extended through 1981. No basic
wage increases were allowed. Furthermore, the June
1980 cost-of-living adjustment was restricted to a flatrate amount, and the January 1981 adjustment was re
duced by 2 percent. In 1981, holiday bonuses were low
ered slightly, and extra annual holidays delayed.
The Belgian Government imposed a pay freeze in
January 1981. The national wage agreement signed in
February, under threat of statutory pay controls, pro
vided either a 1-percent wage rate increase or an extra
hour off the standard workweek by 1983. Wages are
indexed for consumer price increases in Belgium, how
ever, and the indexation system was not changed. The
emphases of recent wage settlements in Belgium have
not been basic wage increases but reductions of stan
dard hours. Standard weekly hours were reduced from
40 hours per week in 1977 to 38 hours for most work
ers by 1980, and the 1981 national agreement allowed
Table 3.
additional reductions. Because wage rates are adjusted
to compensate for the shorter workweek, the hours re
ductions are measured as hourly compensation gains.
Wage rates are also indexed for consumer price in
creases in Italy, and cost-of-living allowances are paid
under collective agreements in Denmark, Sweden, and
the United Kingdom. In Italy as in Belgium, the
indexation system continued unchanged during 198081. In Denmark and Sweden, COLA payments were re
stricted. In Denmark, the index used to compute the
c o l a ’s was changed in December 1979 to exclude fuel
and energy prices, and was also rebased. As a result,
one of the COLA’s was eliminated in 1980. In Sweden,
the 1981 pay agreements specified exclusion of energy
prices from the consumer price index used in COLA
computation. The government imposed a price freeze in
September 1981 and cut value-added taxes in Novem
ber, and thereby kept the price rise below the COLA
threshold (trigger) specified in the pay agreement.
In Denmark, early 1981 wage settlements at the in
dustry level provided moderate wage increases and re
stricted additional company-level wage negotiations. In
Annual percent changes in hourly compensation and unit labor costs in manufacturing, 11 countries, 1960-81
Y ear
United
S tates
Canada
Japan
France
G erm any
Italy
United
Kingdom
Belgium
D enm ark
N etherlands
S w eden
Eight
European
countries
Ten
foreign
countries
1 2 .0
1 1 .9
Hourly compensation :
1 9 6 0 -8 1
...........................................
6 .9
8 .7
14 .8
11 .9
10.1
16 .2
13.1
1 2 .6
13 .2
1 2 .9
1 2 .0
1 9 6 0 -7 3
...........................................
5 .0
6 .4
1 4 .6
9 .2
9 .3
1 2 .3
8 .6
10 .7
1 1 .8
12 .8
10 .4
9 .8
10.1
1 9 7 3 -8 1
............................................
9 .6
11.1
9 .7
15.1
9 .4
1 9 .8
19.1
12.1
1 2 .5
9 .7
1 3 .0
1 3 .7
1 2 .4
1 9 7 4 ......................................................
1 0 .6
15 .8
3 1 .2
19 .6
1 5 .0
2 4 .6
2 5 .0
19 .2
17 .6
14 .2
1 7 .0
1 9 .0
12 .4
2 8 .9
2 9 .9
19 .3
14 .3
2 1 .2
18 .3
18 .4
2 1 .4
11 .9
2 2 .5
2 1 .4
2 1 .0
1 9 7 5 ......................................................
1 9 7 6 ......................................................
8 .0
14 .2
6 .7
14.1
7 .8
19 .8
17 .2
13 .2
1 1 .7
12 .5
18.5
13 .0
1 1 .2
1 9 7 7 ......................................................
8 .3
11 .0
9 .7
13 .7
10 .5
18 .8
1 2 .6
1 2 .0
10 .6
8 .6
9 .2
1 2 .0
1 1 .3
1 9 7 8 ......................................................
8 .3
6 .7
5 .9
1 2 .7
8 .5
1 4 .5
1 6.5
8 .0
10 .2
8 .7
1 1 .6
9 .8
1 9 7 9 ......................................................
9 .7
10.1
6 .5
13 .8
1 7 .6
1 8.9
7 .7
1 1 .8
7 .8
1 2.4
1 0 .7
6 .5
7 .4
1 6 .6
7 .3
8 .6
11 .3
7 .8
18 .5
2 3 .6
9 .6
1 0 .9
5 .0
1 0 .9
1 4.9
1 2 .0
16 .5
7 .5
2 2 .3
1 6 .2
9 .6
9 .3
5 .3
12 .4
1 3.8
1 1 .5
5.1
6 .8
1 9 8 0 ......................................................
11 .8
9.1
1 9 8 1 ......................................................
1 0 .2
11.1
4.1
4 .8
1 8 .0
Unit labor costs :
1 9 6 0 -8 1
...........................................
1 9 6 0 -7 3
............................................
1.9
1.8
3 .5
3.1
3 .7
5.1
9 .2
4.1
3 .5
5.1
4 .8
3 .5
3 .8
3 .5
1 9 7 3 81
............................................
7 .7
9 .5
2 .7
1 0 .0
4 .7
1 5 .5
1 6 .6
5 .6
8 .0
4 .4
1 0 .6
9 .2
7 .4
5.1
6.1
4 .6
9 .8
5 .5
6 .7
6 .3
5 .8
1 0 .0
1 9 7 4 ......................................................
13 .3
1 3.3
28.1
1 5 .6
9.1
18 .7
24.1
15 .7
17.1
1 3 .5
13 .7
1 7 .0
1 9 7 5 ......................................................
8 .8
1 7.2
1 2 .6
15 .4
6 .8
3 4 .9
3 2 .5
16.3
8 .0
16.4
2 1 .7
1 6 .6
1 5 .6
1 9 7 6 ......................................................
3 .4
8 .4
- 2 .5
5 .5
.6
10 .4
1 2 .7
2 .5
7 .6
- .3
1 7.3
5 .5
3 .5
8 .4
4 .3
1 1 .0
8 .4
6 .7
1 9 7 7 ......................................................
5 .7
6 .7
2 .4
8 .2
5 .3
17 .5
10 .8
5 .2
1 9 7 8 ......................................................
7 .4
5 .0
- 1.8
6 .6
5 .0
1 1 .2
12 .8
2 .9
7 .6
1.9
6 .7
1 9 7 9 ......................................................
9 .0
8 .3
- 2 .2
8 .5
2 .4
9 .6
1 5 .0
1.1
5 .7
2 .8
- .5
6 .7
4 .3
1 9 8 0 ......................................................
1 1 .6
1 2 .8
- .2
1 4 .8
7 .0
12.1
2 2 .9
6 .4
9 .4
3 .7
9 .6
1 1 .8
8.1
1 9 8 1 ......................................................
7 .2
10 .7
4 .0
1 4 .6
4 .7
18 .3
9 .7
2.1
3 .5
2.1
1 2 .3
9 .7
7 .9
7 .2
4 .7
Unit labor costs in U. S . dollars :
1 9 6 0 -8 1
............................................
4 .4
7 .9
6 .5
9.1
7 .6
7 .9
8 .7
7 .7
7 .6
1 9 6 0 -7 3
............................................
1.9
1.9
4 .9
2 .8
6.1
5 .4
2 .6
4 .6
5 .0
6.1
4 .2
4 .2
3 .9
1 9 7 3 -8 1
...........................................
7 .7
6 .5
7 .2
9 .4
9.1
8.1
1 5 .0
8 .6
7 .7
8 .0
9 .6
9 .9
8 .8
1 9 7 4 ......................................................
4.1
7.1
7 .8
7 .2
1 3 .3
15 .8
1 5.5
1 6 .0
13 .9
11 .5
1 9 7 5 ......................................................
8 .8
12 .7
1 0 .7
2 9 .6
12 .3
3 4 .5
2 5 .8
2 3 .2
1 4.6
2 3 .8
3 0 .2
2 2 .6
1 9 .3
1 9 7 6 ......................................................
3 .4
11 .9
- 2 .4
- 5 .4
- 1.8
- 1 3 .3
- 8 .5
- 2 .5
2.1
- 4 .8
11 .5
- 5 .0
- 3 .8
1 9 7 7 ......................................................
1 9 .0
6 .7
11 .9
6 .2
18 .5
11 .4
1 3 .5
5 .7
- 1.0
5.1
1 4.2
1 0 .5
7.1
13 .3
12 .3
8 .2
1 0 .0
9 .9
1 9 7 8 ......................................................
7 .4
- 2.1
2 6 .2
1 6.5
2 1 .6
1 5 .6
2 4 .0
17 .3
17 .3
15 .8
5 .6
18 .8
1 9 .3
1 9 7 9 ......................................................
9 .0
5 .4
- 6 .5
1 4 .7
1 2 .0
1 2 .0
2 7 .3
8 .4
1 0 .6
10 .7
1 9 8 0 ......................................................
1 1 .6
1 3 .0
- 3 .5
15 .7
8.1
8 .9
3 4 .6
6 .8
2 .2
4 .8
11.1
1 3 .6
8 .6
1 9 8 1 ......................................................
7 .2
8 .0
6 .7
- 1 0 .5
- 15 .7
- 1 0 .6
- 4 .5
- 1 9 .5
- 1 8 .0
- 1 8 .5
- 5 .7
- 1 2 .0
- 7 .4
N ote :
1 3 .3
9.1
4 .8
14 .5
8 .2
Rates of change computed from the least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • International Productivity Trends
France, there were no government restrictions on wage
increases during 1980-81, and wage rate increases
followed the consumer price index although there is no
formal indexation system. Minimum-wage increases
above the price index rate raised average wages further
in some lower wage industries. In Italy, the major wage
agreements were concluded in 1979 and expired in late
1981. Their wage rate provisions and the indexation
system were not limited, although there were discus
sions of labor cost reductions and indexation changes
for 1982. In Italy and several other European countries,
actions were taken to cut employers’ social security tax
rates, although in other cases tax rates were raised to fi
nance system deficits.
Unit labor costs
Unit labor costs, which reflect the interplay between
hourly compensation and output per hour, increased
about 7 percent in the United States and 10 to 12 per
cent in Canada, Sweden, and the United Kingdom in
1981, compared with more than 14 percent in France
and 18 percent in Italy, but only 2 to 5 percent in Den
mark, Japan, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
(See table 3.)
In every country except Japan, France, Italy, and
Sweden, unit labor costs increased less in 1981 than in
the previous year. In the United Kingdom, the slow
down from the 23 percent recorded in 1980 was sub
stantial, and reflected both a smaller compensation
increase and a larger productivity gain. In most other
countries also, the moderation in unit labor costs re
flects a slowdown in hourly compensation and improve
ments in productivity. In France, the 1981 increase in
unit labor costs, as well as in productivity and hourly
compensation, was essentially the same as the previous
year’s. In Japan and Italy, the acceleration in unit labor
costs primarily reflects their productivity slowdowns.
The 1980-81 increases in unit labor costs were gener
ally much smaller than those of 1974-75 because hourly
compensation gains were relatively moderate, in con
trast to the substantial wage gains during the 1974-75
recession. The average annual unit labor cost increases
for the two periods are shown in the following tabula
tion:
United S tates....................
Canada ..............................
Japan ................................
France ..............................
Germany .........................
Ita ly ...................................
United K in g d o m ............
Belgium ...........................
Denmark .........................
Netherlands ....................
Sweden..............................
8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1974-75
1980-81
11.0
15.2
20.3
15.5
7.9
26.8
28.3
16.0
12.5
13.2
17.6
9.4
11.8
1.9
14.7
5.9
15.2
16.3
4.2
6.4
2.9
10.9
For some countries—Japan, Belgium, Denmark, and
the Netherlands— the differences are substantial. Even
for the countries with the largest unit labor cost in
creases in 1980-81— Italy and the United Kingdom—
the recent increases are down considerably from 197475 peaks. The differences are less marked for the United
States and Germany, which had the smallest 1974-75
unit labor cost increases.
In U.S. dollars. In comparing trends in unit labor costs
among countries, an important analytical element is the
shift in relative currency values through international
exchange rate adjustments. In recent years, the number
and extent of such adjustments have been so great as to
constitute a major variable in competitive assessment.
The relationship between exchange rate shifts and
unit labor cost trends is partial and indirect but none
theless important. The two are linked by the price
mechanism, a main determinant of trade directions and
competitive relationships. Because labor cost is the prin
cipal cost factor in the production of manufactured
goods, it exerts a strong influence on the price at which
goods can be offered in international markets. Relative
changes in exchange rates alter the effect of relative
changes in costs in national currency. Consequently, in
assessing relative changes in unit labor costs in competi
tive terms, changes in exchange rates need to be taken
into account.
Changes in currency exchange rates in 1981 had a
significant effect on relative changes in unit labor costs
measured in U.S. dollars. The dollar appreciated sub
stantially—from about 15 percent to more than 30 per
cent—relative to the European currencies. (By
September 1982, the dollar had further appreciated—
compared with the annual average for 1981 — 10 per
cent versus the German mark and Dutch guilder, and 8
to 30 percent versus the other European currencies.)
The dollar also appreciated somewhat relative to the
Canadian dollar, but declined slightly versus the Japa
nese yen. (By September 1982, however, the dollar had
appreciated 19 percent versus the yen, as well as anoth
er 3 percent versus the Canadian dollar.)
Therefore, when measured in U.S. dollars, unit labor
costs in the European countries fell about 5 percent in
Sweden and the United Kingdom; 11 percent in France
and Italy; 16 percent in Germany; and 18 to 20 percent
in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark. In U.S.
dollars, unit labor costs increased 8 percent in Canada
and 7 percent in Japan— about the same rate as for
U.S. costs. (See table 3.)
The largest contrast was between Japan and Germa
ny. On a national currency basis, they had increases of
4 and 5 percent, respectively. On a U.S. dollar basis,
Japanese unit labor costs rose 7 percent while German
unit labor costs fell 16 percent.
While the 5-percent decline in the United Kingdom
was not as large as in the other European countries, it
was the sharpest trend reversal among all the countries,
for British unit labor costs had increased 35 percent in
1980. Unit labor costs in Japan had posted a small de
cline in 1980; among the other countries, they had risen
2 to 16 percent.
The trend in unit labor costs in U.S. dollars for the
1980-81 period differs significantly from that for the
years 1974-75 in most countries covered. First, unit la
bor costs in national currency increased much less dur
ing 1980-1981 in most countries. Secondly, the U.S.
dollar appreciated versus all European currencies and
the Canadian dollar in 1981, while in 1974—75, the dol
lar appreciated versus the Japanese yen, Italian lira, and
British pound but depreciated versus all the other cur
rencies. Therefore, unit labor costs in U.S. dollars in
creased substantially more in most other countries than
in the United States during the 1974-75 recession, while
in the 1980-81 period, unit labor costs in U.S. dollars
declined in all European countries covered.
Relative productivity and cost trends
Indexes of manufacturing productivity and labor
costs are often used in analyses of changes in the rela
tive competitive position of countries in the internation
al trade of manufactures. Unit labor costs are an
important element in determining the underlying price
competitiveness of manufactured products, with relative
productivity and hourly compensation trends determin
ing unit labor cost performance. The International
Monetary Fund ( im f ) and Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development ( o e c d ) publish indexes
for key cost and price measures—including unit labor
costs in U.S. dollars— which show the trend of each
country’s own indicators relative to those of other in
dustrial (competitor) countries.5The BLS unit labor cost
measures are used in the computation of the IMF and
OECD indicators for most countries they cover. The fol
Table 4.
lowing section introduces indexes of trade-weighted rel
ative trends in manufacturing productivity, hourly com
pensation, and unit labor costs in national currency, as
well as unit labor costs in U.S. dollars.
Because trade involves individual products, the use of
aggregate manufacturing measures as indicators of trade
competitiveness has certain limitations. In general, labor
productivity growth rates in export sectors probably ex
ceed those for manufacturing as a whole. On the other
hand, hourly compensation tends to grow at similar
rates in all manufacturing sectors within a country.
Overall, therefore, trend measures for the total manu
facturing sector would be expected to overstate, to some
extent, the growth of unit labor costs for the export sec
tor. However, this would probably be true for every
country, and, in any case, the measures are intended to
represent relative changes only. In addition, exchange
rate changes have a significant effect on relative unit la
bor cost developments, and these affect unit labor costs
in all manufacturing industries equally.
Index calculation methods. The indexes of relative
trends in manufacturing productivity and labor costs
represent ratios of each country’s own indexes to
weighted geometric averages of the corresponding in
dexes for the other 10 “competitor” countries.
The weights used to combine the other 10 countries’
indexes into an average “competitors” index reflect the
relative importance of each country as a manufacturing
trade competitor. The weights are those developed by
the IMF for computation of their own relative cost and
price indicators—except that they have been adjusted
from the 14-country coverage of the IMF series to the
11-country coverage of the BLS series.6 The weights are
based on disaggregated trade data for manufacturers in
1975. They take into account the relative importance of
each country’s trading partners in its direct bilateral
trade with them and the relative importance of those
partners in competition in “third country” markets, ad-
Trade weights used to compute competitor indexes
[In percent]
C o m p etito r country
R efe re n c e country
United S ta te s ...................................
Canada .............................................
Japan .............................................
B e lg iu m .............................................
Denmark ..........................................
France ...............................................
G e rm a n y ..........................................
It a ly ....................................................
N e th e rla n d s .....................................
S w e d e n ............................................
United Kingdom ..............................
N ote :
United
S tates
__
76.9
36.2
5.7
12.7
16.7
17.5
16.3
11.9
18.0
25.0
Canada
Japan
Belgium
Denm ark
France
G erm any
Italy
N etherlands
S w eden
19.3
—
2.9
.5
.9
1.1
1.5
1.4
.7
3.5
2.0
17.3
5.1
—
6.2
10.3
11.9
12.1
12.2
9.1
11.6
11.6
3.3
.9
3.8
—
1.1
.2
1.4
.9
—
13.1
2.5
11.3
22.9
9.6
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
4.8
2.1
—
18.8
5.3
18.2
34.1
23.4
31.1
21.0
10.8
16.5
10.3
13.7
7.4
1.7
7.4
7.7
6.4
13.3
12.8
34.3
33.9
23.4
22.5
4.9
.9
4.4
9.5
4.7
5.0
8.1
4.9
3.2
2.0
3.7
2.4
13.2
3.0
5.3
2.8
2.7
2.9
4.0
7.8
4.5
8.7
3.3
5.4
—
__
4.2
6.5
7.8
3.8
5.3
United
Kingdom
11 6
4.5
108
10.1
15.9
12.5
12.8
11 5
107
148
4.7
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.0.
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9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • International Productivity Trends
justed for the importance of foreign trade to the manu
facturing sector as a whole in each country.7 Table 4
shows the weights used for each of the 11 countries.
The relative indexes of output per hour, hourly com
pensation, and unit labor costs in national currency and
in U.S. dollars are shown in table 5. The underlying
“own country” and “competitor countries” indexes
used to compute the relative indexes, and indexes of
trade-weighted exchange rates, not shown in table 5, are
available from the authors.
Chart 1 shows the trends from 1970 to 1981 in U.S.
manufacturing output per hour, hourly compensation,
Table 5.
1970-81
and unit labor costs compared with those for its tradeweighted competitors, as well as relative U.S. versus
competitors trends. Charts 2 and 3 show the relative
unit labor cost trends in national currency and in U.S.
dollars for four countries— the United States, Japan,
Germany, and the United Kingdom; the three foreign
countries shown are important U.S. trade partners, and
each also represents different relative cost trends.
Relative productivity trends. The countries in which
manufacturing productivity grew more rapidly than that
of trade competitors since 1970 were Japan, Belgium,
Relative indexes of output per hour, hourly compensation, and unit labor costs in manufacturing, 11 countries,
[1970=100]
Y ear
United
S tates
Canada
Japan
France
G erm any
Italy
U nited
Kingdom
Belgium
D enm ark
N eth erlands
Sw eden
Output per hour:
1970 ............................................
1971 .............................................
1972 ............................................
1973 ............................................
1974 ............................................
1975 ............................................
100.0
100.7
98.5
96.5
91.0
92.6
100.0
101.2
100.0
100.3
103.6
98.4
100.0
101.0
105.9
109.5
110.2
112.3
100.0
100.4
98.9
96.9
97.2
98.4
100.0
98.9
98.0
96.2
98.7
102.9
100.0
98.1
99.0
103.8
105.8
98.1
100.0
98.7
99.4
98.4
96.5
92.1
100.0
101.4
105.6
109.2
111.1
113.4
100.0
101.2
102.2
105.2
105.5
114.6
100.0
101.7
102.4
105.5
110.6
105.4
100.0
100.0
98.2
98.3
99.2
96.5
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
90.3
88.8
85.9
82.3
81.0
81.1
98.7
99.8
99.6
99.4
95.4
93.0
115.9
120.4
126.3
132.9
140.3
140.5
99.6
101.0
103.0
103.0
102.3
100.6
102.8
104.2
103.2
103.1
102.1
101.6
99.6
96.6
95.8
98.3
102.1
102.3
89.5
87.5
87.1
86.0
84.8
87.4
116.5
119.2
120.0
121.7
123.1
128.5
112.0
110.7
109.1
109.8
109.2
111.9
111.2
111.0
113.9
113.9
113.1
112.9
91.4
86.6
87.2
90.4
89.8
87.0
Hourly compensation:
1970 ............................................
1971 ............................................
1972 ............................................
1973 ............................................
1974 ............................................
1975 ............................................
100.0
94.2
88.7
82.4
75.4
71.4
100.0
99.8
99.9
100.7
103.0
103.5
100.0
104.8
110.5
120.8
136.3
136.5
100.0
99.3
99.2
98.4
98.7
99.7
100.0
99.8
98.7
96.3
91.8
86.1
100.0
103.0
106.1
118.3
124.4
137.9
100.0
102.9
105.1
102.5
108.7
121.7
100.0
101.8
105.6
107.4
110.5
114.2
100.0
102.2
101.3
107.8
109.3
109.9
100.0
101.8
104.6
109.4
109.7
106.7
100.0
100.2
100.7
98.8
97.4
100.3
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
68.6
66.6
65.8
65.2
65.3
64.5
108.4
110.4
108.2
108.3
105.5
106.1
130.6
129.4
124.3
119.2
112.5
108.1
102.3
104.4
107.0
110.2
114.8
120.5
82.0
80.9
79.2
75.9
72.6
69.0
149.7
161.0
168.3
180.4
192.1
213.5
128.8
130.8
139.5
151.2
168.4
176.6
115.6
115.9
113.2
109.9
107.2
105.3
109.2
108.7
108.4
109.4
107.8
105.6
108.1
105.4
104.1
101.7
95.2
90.2
106.8
105.0
106.1
103.1
101.6
102.7
Unit labor costs in national
currency:
1970 ............................................
1971 ............................................
1972 ............................................
1973 ............................................
1974 ............................................
1975 ............................................
100.0
93.6
90.0
85.4
82.9
77.1
100.0
98.6
99.9
100.4
99.4
105.2
100.0
103.7
104.4
110.3
123.6
121.5
100.0
98.9
100.3
101.6
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.0
100.7
100.1
93.0
83.6
100.0
105.0
107.2
113.9
117.7
140.6
100.0
104.3
105.8
104.2
112.7
132.1
100.0
100.4
100.0
98.4
99.5
100.7
100.0
101.0
99.1
102.5
103.6
95.9
100.0
100.1
102.1
103.7
99.1
101.3
100.0
100.2
102.4
100.5
98.2
103.9
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
76.0
75.0
76.6
79.3
80.5
79.6
109.9
110.6
108.6
108.9
110.6
114.0
112.8
107.5
98.4
89.7
80.2
76.9
102.7
103.4
103.9
107.0
112.2
119.8
79.7
77.7
76.7
73.7
71.1
68.0
150.3
166.5
175.6
183.5
188.1
208.6
143.9
149.6
160.1
175.7
198.5
202.2
99.2
97.2
94.3
90.3
87.1
82.0
97.5
98.2
99.3
99.7
98.7
94.3
97.2
94.9
91.4
89.3
84.2
79.9
116.9
121.2
121.7
114.1
113.2
118.1
Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars:
1970 ............................................
1971 ............................................
1972 ............................................
1973 ............................................
1974 ............................................
1975 ............................................
100.0
91.1
81.5
71.1
70.9
64.9
100.0
101.3
102.6
99.9
102.1
103.3
100.0
105.2
116.1
129.0
136.6
128.8
100.0
96.6
100.3
106.0
99.9
110.2
100.0
104.3
106.4
119.2
118.6
109.1
100.0
103.7
104.6
100.3
93.8
108.5
100.0
104.2
101.2
88.9
93.8
100.8
100.0
100.0
102.0
101.4
104.9
107.5
100.0
100.0
97.7
107.0
109.8
105.0
100.0
101.1
104.4
109.9
111.2
116.4
100.0
99.5
102.6
101.1
99.4
110.3
68.1
66.4
61.7
61.8
62.4
70.8
113.5
105.2
93.5
90.2
91.5
95.4
127.4
133.5
148.2
123.6
105.7
118.7
107.6
102.2
101.0
105.1
110.3
106.6
111.0
116.9
122.7
124.3
120.2
107.8
95.9
96.1
94.2
95.5
94.1
91.1
93.5
91.5
98.4
115.4
143.2
146.0
109.1
112.2
111.1
107.2
102.8
92.5
109.2
108.6
109.0
108.8
99.2
87.6
113.9
116.1
113.7
113.2
106.7
95.6
126.4
125.0
112.4
106.1
105.9
106.8
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
N ote :
10
............................................
............................................
.............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
Relative indexes are calculated from the ratio of the reference country index to a trade-weighted average index for the other 10 countries.
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Chart 1. U.S. productivity and labor costs relative to 10 competitor countries, 1970-81
[1970=100]
Output per hour
Hourly compensation
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
United States/competitors^
0
0
1970
1975
1980
Unit labor costs
1970
1975
1980
Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars
United States
100
United States/competitors?
1970
1975
1980
'W e ig h te d g eo m e tric average of the indexes for 10 co m p etito r countries.
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R e la tiv e index ca lculate d from the ratio of the U.S. index to the co m p etito rs' index.
11
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • International Productivity Trends
the Netherlands, and Denmark. Productivity had risen
11 to 12 percent more in Denmark and the Netherlands
and 16 percent more in Japan and Belgium by 1976. By
1981, their relative trends had diverged: For Japan, pro
ductivity gains were 41 percent higher and for Belgium,
29 percent, while in Denmark and the Netherlands the
gains were 12 and 13 percent higher.
In France, Germany, and Italy, productivity in
creased at about the same rate as that of trade competi
tors from 1970 to 1981. Their relative rates of change
varied during the period, however. In the early 1970’s,
productivity in France and Germany rose somewhat
less rapidly, and in Italy it rose more rapidly, but dur
ing the late 1970’s, the relative rates were reversed.
Productivity rose less rapidly than in competitor
countries for the United States, Canada, Sweden, and
the United Kingdom. From 1970 to 1981, U.S. relative
productivity had increased 19 percent less, while in
Sweden and the United Kingdom, gains were 13 per
cent lower, and in Canada, 7 percent lower. The slower
gains were quite consistent throughout the entire peri
od.
Relative compensation trends. Hourly compensation rose
less than in competitor countries in the United States,
Germany, and the Netherlands. From 1970 to 1981,
compensation increased about 35 percent less in the
United States, 30 percent less in Germany, and 10 per
cent less in the Netherlands. For the United States and
Germany, the slower relative trend was fairly consistent
over the whole period. For the Netherlands, however,
compensation rose more rapidly than competitors’ dur
ing the early 1970’s, then less rapidly after 1976, with
the greatest relative declines occurring in 1980-81, fol
lowing the imposition of wage controls.
Hourly compensation rose more rapidly than in com
petitor countries in Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan,
and France. From 1970 to 1981, compensation had in
creased about 100 percent more in Italy and about 75
percent more in the United Kingdom. Almost without
exception, both had consistently larger gains than their
competitors throughout the 1970-81 period. Hourly
compensation in Japan rose more rapidly during the
early 1970’s—by 1975, Japanese compensation had in
creased about 35 percent more than that of competitors
— but grew less rapidly after 1975. By 1981, Japanese
compensation gains were only 8 percent higher than
competitors’. In France, hourly compensation rose at
about the same rate as in competitor countries until the
mid-1970’s, then rose more rapidly to end in 1981 with
about a 20-percent larger cumulative increase.
Canada, Belgium, and Denmark also ended the 1970-
Chart 2. Relative indexes of unit labor costs in national currency, selected countries, 1970-81
[ 1970= 100 ]
1970
1971
12
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1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Chart 3. Relative indexes of unit labor costs in U.S. dollars, selected countries, 1970-81
[1970=100]
200
........
150
81 period with somewhat larger compensation increases.
But in each country, the 1981 relative gains were down
from previous peaks—in Canada, 6 percent down from
10 percent in 1977; in Belgium, 5 percent down from 16
percent in 1976-77; and in Denmark, 6 percent down
from 9 percent in 1974-79. In Sweden, hourly compen
sation generally rose at about the same rate as competi
tor countries’ over the 1970-81 period.
Relative unit labor cost trends. Unit labor costs in
national currency increased less from 1970 to 1981 in
six countries— the United States, Japan, Germany, Bel
gium, Denmark, and the Netherlands— than in their
competitor countries. The relative trend was 6 percent
lower in Denmark by 1981, and about 20 to 30 percent
lower in the other countries.
The relative change for the United States was down
because hourly compensation had fallen more than out
put per hour. In Japan, Belgium, and Denmark, relative
productivity gains more than offset relative compensa
tion increases; in Germany, the relative productivity
trend was about level, but relative compensation was
sharply down; and the Netherlands had both productiv
ity and hourly compensation advantages.
The relative trend for the United States was steadily
downward from 1970 to 1977, up moderately from
1977 to 1980, and down again slightly in 1981. Relative
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unit labor costs in Japan rose over 20 percent more
than those of competitors by 1974-75, then declined
steadily to 23 percent less than competitors’ by 1981.
Relative unit labor costs declined steadily in Germany
from 1973, in Belgium and the Netherlands from 1975,
and in Denmark from 1979. For the Netherlands, the
most significant relative cost declines occurred during
1980 and 1981.
Unit labor costs in national currency increased by at
least 100 percent more than competitors’ in Italy and
the United Kingdom and by about 15 to 20 percent
more in Canada, France, and Sweden.'The large relative
increases in Italy and the United Kingdom are attribut
able to hourly compensation gains as the relative pro
ductivity trend was down in the United Kingdom and
essentially level in Italy. In Canada and France, hourly
compensation was up slightly, and the productivity
trend was down in Canada and even in France. In Swe
den, hourly compensation trends were equal to those of
competitors, but productivity fell from 1970 relative
levels.
In U.S. dollars. After adjustment for the relative change
in the foreign exchange rate of the dollar, U.S. unit la
bor costs showed a decline of nearly 30 percent versus
those of competitors from 1970 to 1981, compared with
about 20 percent in national currency. In 1980, relative
13
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • International Productivity Trends
unit labor costs adjusted for the dollar exchange rate
were down almost 40 percent. However, the U.S. dollar
appreciated 10 percent against trade-weighted U.S.
competitor currencies from 1980 to 1981. This primarily
reflected the dollar’s appreciation relative to the Ger
man mark, French franc, and British pound, because,
on a trade-weighted basis, the 2.5-percent appreciation
of the Japanese yen was balanced by a 2.5-percent de
preciation of the Canadian dollar.
Unit labor costs adjusted for relative exchange rates
for Canada, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Den
mark were also down— 5 to 12 percent— versus com
petitors. For Canada, a 16-percent decline in the
exchange rate, primarily against the U.S. dollar, offset
higher increases in unit labor costs in Canadian dollars.
For Italy, the exchange rate posted a 55-percent decline
versus U.S. and German currencies. On the other hand,
trade-weighted exchange rates were up 13 and 20 per
cent for Belgium and the Netherlands; therefore, rela
tive unit labor costs in dollars declined less than in na
tional currency terms.
For Germany and Japan, unit labor costs in U.S. dol
lars increased 8 and 19 percent more than those of trade
competitors (principally the United States for Japan, and
France and the United States for Germany) even though
unit labor costs in national currency were down about 25
to 30 percent, because their relative exchange rates rose
55 to 60 percent over the 1970-81 period.
In the United Kingdom, relative unit labor costs in
creased 100 percent in national currency terms, but 46
percent in U.S. dollars, because the British pound de
clined 28 percent overall against competitor currencies—
primarily the dollar and the German mark. In France
and Sweden, unit labor costs in U.S. dollars posted 197081 relative increases of 7 percent, as costs in national cur
rency rose nearly 20 percent more than those of competi
tors, but trade-weighted exchange rates declined about
10 percent versus competitor currencies.
□
FOOTNOTES
1The Federal Republic plus West Berlin.
2The data relate to all employed persons, including the selfemployed, in the United States and Canada, and to all wage and sala
ry employees in the other countries. Hours refer to hours paid in the
United States, hours worked in the other countries.
Compensation includes all payments made by employers directly to
their employees (before deductions), plus employer contributions to
legally required insurance programs and to contractual and private
welfare plans for the benefit of employees. Labor costs include, in ad
dition to compensation, employer expenditures for recruitment and
training; the cost of cafeterias, medical facilities, and other plant facil
ities and services; and taxes (other than social security taxes, which
are part of compensation) levied on payrolls or employment rolls. An
nual data are not available for total labor costs. As used in this arti
cle, labor costs approximate more closely the concept of
compensation. However, compensation has been adjusted to include
all significant changes in taxes that are regarded as labor costs. For
the United States and Canada, compensation of self-employed work
ers is measured by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal
to the average for wage and salary employees.
3Percent changes for 1960—81, 1960—73, and 1973—81 shown in the
tables are computed using the least squares method— that is, from
the least squares trend of the logarithms of index numbers— in order
to remove much of the effect of cyclical changes on the average rates
of change, and thereby estimate the underlying trends.
"To compute the series for the eight European countries and 10
foreign countries, the data have been combined by aggregating the
output, compensation, and hours figures for each year, adjusting
where necessary for compatibility of coverage and concept. Average
exchange rates for 1974-81 were used to aggregate the output and
compensation data. The use of 1974-81 exchange rates, however, does
not imply that these rates reflect the comparative real value of curren
14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
cies for manufacturing output. Moreover, the use of exchange rates
for a different period would have little effect on the combined series.
’ The IMF publishes annual and quarterly indexes of relative unit
labor costs and relative normalized unit labor costs in manufacturing
— as well as relative value-added deflators, relative wholesale prices,
and relative export unit values in manufacturing— for 14 industrial
countries, in their monthly statistical publication In tern ation al Finan
c ia l Statistics. The OECD publishes quarterly indexes in chart form of
relative unit labor costs in manufacturing, relative export unit values
(prices) for manufactures, and relative consumer prices for 15 indus
trial countries in their monthly statistical publication M ain Econom ic
Indicators.
Series descriptions, data sources, and compilation methods for the
IMF measures are described in “Intercountry Cost and Price Com
parisons,” a paper by Michael C. Deppler, Research Department, In
ternational Monetary Fund (November 1979); the OECD measures
are described in The In tern ational C om petitiveness o f S elected O E C D
Countries, OECD Economic Outlook Occasional Studies, July 1978.
6The IMF weights were derived from disaggregated 5-digit Stan
dard International Trade Classification data (up to 1,400 individual
commodity classes) for each of the 14 countries covered by their se
ries. The IMF weights have been simply adjusted to the 11-country
BLS comparative series by eliminating the weights for the three un
covered countries— Austria, Norway, and Switzerland— and propor
tionately increasing the weights for the remaining 11 countries so that
they equal 100 percent. The result should be little different from a
comprehensive reweighting based on trade data for the 11 countries
alone, because the omitted countries account for no more than 8.1
percent of the total 14-country weight for any of the 11 countries, and
for a total of only 4 percent in the case of the United States.
7The weighting system is described in detail in Deppler, “Intercountry Cost and Price Comparisons.”
Productivity increased in 1981
in most industries measured
Although productivity growth slowed
during 1976—81 for most measured industries,
a majority of significant industries show
productivity gains in 1981
A r t h u r S. H e r m a n
Productivity, as measured by output per employee hour,
increased in 1981 in more than half of the industries for
which the Bureau of Labor Statistics regularly publishes
data. The growth in industry productivity was consist
ent with the gain in the nonfarm business sector of the
economy, which grew 1.4 percent. In 1980, however,
productivity declined in a majority of the measured in
dustries.
Table 1 shows productivity trends in industries mea
sured by the Bureau and includes measures for additional
industries: mill work, office furniture (including separate
measures for wood office furniture and metal office fur
niture), cosmetics, hand and edge tools, farm and gar
den machinery (including separate measures for farm
machinery and equipment, and lawn and garden equip
ment), pumps and compressors (including separate mea
sures for pumps and pumping equipment and air and
gas compressors), and commercial banking.1
Changes by industry
Manufacturing. The steel industry, one of the more eco
nomically significant industries covered, gained 9.0 per
cent in productivity after two consecutive annual
declines. This industry had a very good first half in
1981, buoyed by strong sales to the oil and gas indus
try. Despite a falloff in demand from many steel mar
kets in the second half, output was up 9.8 percent while
hours grew only 0.7 percent, leading to the significant
Arthur S. Herman is an economist in the Office of Productivity and
Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
productivity advance. Motor vehicle manufacturing, an
other key industry, had a notable gain in productivity
of 4.7 percent in 1981 after three consecutive declines.
Output was up 5.9 percent and hours grew 1.2 percent,
as compared to a very poor previous year, when output
fell 27.2 percent.
In tire manufacturing, productivity was up 13.3 per
cent. Output had a large gain of 8.6 percent, sustained
by demand from the replacement market, while hours
continued declining (—4.2 percent) in 1981. Many old
and inefficient tire plants were closed in 1980, aiding the
sharp productivity gain in 1981. Other large manufac
turing industries with productivity increases included
synthetic fibers (6.3 percent), gray iron foundries (5.9
percent), machine tools (4.6 percent), soft drinks (2.9
percent), corrugated and solid fiber boxes (2.7 percent),
and pulp and paper (2.0 percent). All of these indus
tries, except machine tools, experienced output growth
in 1981.
Productivity declines were also recorded in a number
of manufacturing industries in 1981. Many of these
were construction related, such as construction machin
ery, brick and structural clay tile, and hydraulic cement.
Output was down in these industries as overall con
struction activity continued to fall off during the year.
Among other manufacturing industries with declining
productivity, large drops were recorded by steel
foundries ( —5.5 percent ), sugar ( —5.2 percent), alumi
num rolling and drawing ( —4.0 percent), footwear
( —3.6 percent), and folding paperboard boxes (—3.3
percent).
15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Industry Productivity in 1981
Table 1.
Indexes of output per employee hour in selected industries, 1976-81, and percent changes, 1980-81 and 1976-81
[1977 = 100]
_________________________________________________________ ___________ ____________ .___________ ___________ _____________
P ercent
change,
1980-81
___________
A verag e annual
p ercen t change,
1978-81
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
19812
113.5
115.9
99.2
94.7
103.1
103.0
96.2
93.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
116.8
119.2
109.6
107.6
106.4
106.7
104.6
109.0
125.5
125.6
103.8
97.8
99.4
99.6
102.4
108.4
129.0
127.5
100.3
91.3
112.5
112.6
96.3
103.3
138.3
136.1
100.6
96.3
122.9
123.3
97.9
104.1
7.2
6.7
0.3
5.5
9.2
9.5
1.7
0.8
5.3
4.6
0.1
-0 .8
3.4
3.4
- 0 .1
1.8
99.5
100.1
102.3
91.1
85.1
100.0
88.7
110.9
83.2
90.1
93.9
95.8
92.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.1
104.4
103.7
100.4
101.5
101.7
92.7
92.5
102.0
100.8
97.2
101.0
100.8
116.2
99.3
101.4
102.2
98.5
107.6
96.3
91.0
110.8
102.0
94.1
108.6
124.8
101.2
100.6
107.5
99.8
106.5
111.8
104.8
129.2
106.2
92.3
109.1
130.7
( 3)
( 3)
4.7
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
2063
Fluid m i l k .........................................................................................
Preserved fruits and v e g e ta b le s .................................................
Canned fruits and ve ge tab le s......................................................
Grain mill products .......................................................................
Flour and other grain mill p ro d u c ts ............................................
Cereal breakfast foods ................................................................
Rice m illin g ......................................................................................
Blended and prepared f lo u r .........................................................
Wet corn milling ............................................................................
Prepared feeds for animals and fo w ls ........................................
Bakery p ro d u c ts ............................................................................
S u g a r................................................................................................
Raw and refined cane sugar ......................................................
Beet s u g a r ......................................................................................
101.7
100.0
101.2
107.3
110.9
2082
2086
2111,21,31
2111,31
2121
2251,52
2281
2421
2431
2435,36
2435
2436
Malt b e ve ra ge s...............................................................................
Bottled and canned soft d rin k s ....................................................
All tobacco p ro d u c ts .....................................................................
Cigarettes, chewing and smoking to b a c c o ................................
Cigars ..............................................................................................
Hosiery ...........................................................................................
Nonwool yarn mills ........................................................................
Sawmills and planing mills, general ..........................................
M illw o rk ...........................................................................................
Veneer and p ly w o o d .....................................................................
Flardwood veneer and plywood .................................................
Softwood veneer and p ly w o o d ....................................................
95.5
94.2
97.8
96.7
99.9
106.4
93.5
103.2
99.1
97.9
89.1
102.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
102.8
103.8
98.2
101.8
104.2
101.4
91.5
101.7
100.7
102.1
251
2511,17
2512
2514
2515
252
2521
2522
2611,21,31,61
2643
2651
2653
2823,24
Household fu rn itu re ........................................................................
Wood household furniture ...........................................................
Upholstered household fu rn itu re .................................................
Metal household furniture ...........................................................
Mattresses and bedsprings .........................................................
Office furniture ...............................................................................
Wood office fu rn itu re .....................................................................
Metal office fu rn itu re .....................................................................
Paper, paperboard, and pulp mills ............................................
Paper and plastic bags ................................................................
Folding paperboard b o x e s ...........................................................
Corrugated and solid fiberboard b o x e s .....................................
Synthetic fib e r s ...............................................................................
99.7
101.3
98.1
96.3
99.2
89.7
81.9
94.8
95.0
100.5
102.8
101.5
89.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2834
2841
2844
2851
2911
3011
314
3221
3241
325
3251,3,9
3251
Pharmaceutical preparations ......................................................
Soaps and d e te rg e n ts ...................................................................
Cosmetics and other toiletries ....................................................
Paints and allied products ...........................................................
Petroleum re fin in g ..........................................................................
Tires and inner tu b e s .....................................................................
F o o tw e a r.........................................................................................
Glass co n ta in e rs .............................................................................
Hydraulic cement ..........................................................................
Structural clay p ro du cts ................................................................
Clay construction products .........................................................
Brick and structural clay t i l e .........................................................
98.4
100.1
94.4
97.3
93.0
99.8
102.1
98.2
92.4
94.9
94.2
102.2
3253
3255
3271,72
3273
331
3321
3324,25
3331,32,33
3331
3334
3351
3353,54,55
Ceramic wall and floor t i l e ...........................................................
Clay re fra c to rie s .............................................................................
Concrete products ........................................................................
Ready-mixed c o n cre te ...................................................................
Steel ................................................................................................
Gray iron fo u n d rie s ........................................................................
Steel fo u n d rie s ...............................................................................
Primary copper, lead, and z in c ....................................................
Primary c o p p e r...............................................................................
Primary a lu m in u m ..........................................................................
Copper rolling and drawing .........................................................
Aluminum rolling and d ra w in g ......................................................
89.0
97.1
95.0
98.8
99.0
96.4
105.7
96.0
95.2
101.4
86.1
101.7
Industry
SIC c o d e 1
Mining
1011
1011
1021
1021
111,121
121
14
142
Iron mining, crude ore ...................................................................
Iron mining, usable ore ................................................................
Copper mining, crude ore ...........................................................
Copper mining, recoverable metal ............................................
Coal mining ....................................................................................
Bituminous coal and lignite mining .............................................
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels ............................................
Crushed and broken s to n e ...........................................................
M anufacturing
2026
203
2033
204
2041
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047,48
205
2061,62,63
2061,62
See footnotes at end of table.
16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103.9
4.1
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
98.0
103.4
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
6.2
-5 .2
6.2
4 0.1
4 -0 .2
4 3.6
2.8
4 2.0
4 4.3
4 - 2 .1
4 10.3
4 3.5
-0 .2
2.1
107.8
111.7
( 3)
( 3)
<3)
( 3>
4 3.8
4 3.0
107.4
105.6
102.2
102.1
103.7
106.5
103.9
104.8
93.9
95.7
101.2
93.4
112.1
109.8
102.2
101.1
110.3
105.3
99.8
102.0
93.7
98.5
100.5
98.2
117.0
113.0
101.4
99.5
114.5
113.4
100.1
99.3
4.4
2.9
-0 .8
- 1 .6
3.8
7.7
0.3
- 2 .6
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
4.2
3.5
0.7
0.5
3.0
1.5
1.0
- 0 .3
4 - 1 .7
4 - 0 .3
4 2.6
4 - 1 .5
104.6
104.9
108.8
97.4
101.5
100.1
100.7
99.9
103.2
99.9
102.8
103.5
105.2
101.3
101.6
104.9
89.9
102.7
107.3
110.7
104.8
105.4
97.6
101.4
107.1
115.0
99.7
97.1
101.9
93.1
111.9
108.9
109.2
108.6
105.4
94.0
97.1
111.3
115.7
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
107.5
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
2.0
4 0.1
4 -0 .7
4 1.2
4 -1 .7
4 2.7
4 4.7
4 7.0
4 3.2
2.3
( 3)
93.9
114.3
123.0
( 3)
- 3 .3
2.7
6.3
- 1 .6
2.7
6.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
105.2
99.3
104.7
101.3
108.8
102.5
101.4
101.3
102.6
102.6
96.5
106.4
104.0
93.1
105.7
94.9
109.5
100.2
106.7
96.0
96.1
92.1
85.8
108.2
108.4
82.5
101.8
94.2
105.6
101.2
112.0
87.0
97.6
94.6
85.6
( 3)
<3)
( 3)
102.6
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
0.8
( 3)
119.6
97.6
113.9
84.9
93.6
85.1
76.1
( 3)
13.3
- 3 .6
1.7
-2 .4
-4 .1
-1 0 .0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
115.3
102.9
98.6
103.1
108.3
102.1
98.1
96.5
99.4
99.6
99.5‘
104.6
111.8
109.1
94.6
99.9
106.9
96.8
99.4
106.5
113.4
99.7
98.8
101.5
120.3
108.0
93.2
93.1
102.9
90.8
99.1
103.5
105.0
100.0
94.3
101.3
( 3)
123.3
( 3)
14.2
( 3)
( 3)
112.2
96.2
93.6
118.3
127.4
100.9
101.1
97.2
( 3)
( 3)
9.0
5.9
-5 .5
14.1
21.0
0.9
7.2
- 4 .0
-1 1 .1
4 2.6
4 2.0
4 -3 .4
0.9
4 - 0 .3
3.1
- 0 .6
3.3
- 2 .5
- 0 .6
-2 .2
-5 .7
4 7.4
4.3
4 -0 .9
4 -1 .2
2.0
- 1 .0
-1 .8
3.6
5.1
-0 .1
1.8
- 0 .6
Table 1. Continued— Indexes of output per employee hour in selected industries, 1976-81, and percent changes, 1980-81
and 1976-81
[1977 = 100]
SIC c o d e 1
Industry
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
93.4
97.6
98.9
101.1
102.2
94.3
96.3
98.4
97.3
101.7
96.8
92.7
106.4
99.0
90.1
95.9
96.6
100.7
94.0
99.0
93.0
102.9
95.1
100.8
93.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.3
100.6
100.4
100.8
98.4
108.6
105.8
102.5
103.6
99.9
102.6
101.1
105.5
105.6
103.4
98.6
100.5
100.3
98.4
102.3
104.0
103.0
100.6
113.1
99.7
103.6
104.3
102.0
103.2
100.2
113.9
100.3
101.9
103.1
98.4
102.5
100.7
106.0
105.3
108.5
97.9
108.7
108.5
112.2
108.2
104.3
106.2
94.9
118.1
98.5
102.6
99.0
101.9
96.3
94.0
107.4
97.4
98.7
100.9
92.4
99.8
97.2
105.7
94.7
110.7
94.9
106.0
103.7
114.6
102.2
101.6
104.7
94.1
115.0
92.2
19812
P ercent
change,
1980-81
A verag e annual
p ercen t change,
1976-81
M an u factu rin g — C ontinued
3411
3423
3441
352
3523
3524
3531
3541,42
3541
3542
3561,63
3561
3562
3563
3612
3621
3631,2,3,9
3631
3632
3633
3639
3641
3645,46,47,48
3651
371
Metals cans ....................................................................................
Hand and edge tools .....................................................................
Fabricated structural m e ta l...........................................................
Farm and garden m a ch in e ry.........................................................
Farm machinery ............................................................................
Lawn and garden m a ch ine ry.........................................................
Construction machinery and e q u ip m e n t.....................................
Machine tools .................................................................................
Metal cutting machine tools .........................................................
Metal forming machine t o o ls .........................................................
Pumps and compressors ..............................................................
Pumps and pumping equipment .................................................
Ball and roller bearings ................................................................
Air and gas co m p re s s o rs ..............................................................
T ra nsform ers....................................................................................
Motors and g e n e ra to rs ..................................................................
Major household a p p lia n c e s .........................................................
Household cooking equipment ....................................................
Household refrigerators and freezers .......................................
Household laundry e q u ip m e nt......................................................
Household appliances, n .e.c .................................................................
Electric lamps .................................................................................
Lighting fix tu r e s ...............................................................................
Radio and television receiving sets ............................................
Motor vehicles and equipment ....................................................
110.9
7.2
( 3)
106.7
( 3)
( 3)
(3 )
( 3)
( 3)
92.1
103.2
106.7
92.8
( 3)
( 3)
-5 .4
4.6
5.7
0.4
( 3)
( 3)
4.7
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
92.0
-2 .9
( 3)
( 3)
96.1
108.7
116.4
113.2
97.8
100.8
107.5
1.3
2.5
12.2
-1 .2
- 4 .3
-0 .8
2.7
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
96.5
4.7
2.6
4 0.7
1.3
4 -0 .7
4 - 1 .6
4 4.0
- 1 .0
0.6
1.4
- 2 .0
4 0.9
4 1.0
- 1 .5
4 0.5
4 5.1
-0 .4
2.4
2.6
4.3
0.2
1.3
1.1
-0 .7
44.4
- 0 .3
O ther
401
401
4111,31,414 pt
4213 pt
4213 pt
4511,4521 pt
4612,13
4811
491,492,493
491,493 pt
492,493 pt
Railroad transportation — revenue traffic ...................................
Railroad transportation— car m ile s ............................................
Class I bus carriers ........................................................................
Intercity trucking5 ............................................................................
Intercity trucking— general freight6 ............................................
Air transportation5 ..........................................................................
Petroleum pipelines ........................................................................
Telephone com m unications...........................................................
Gas and electric u tilitie s ................................................................
Electric u tilitie s..................................................................................
Gas u tilitie s ......................................................................................
95.4
100.1
93.8
100.3
96.1
95.5
95.2
93.3
98.2
95.6
103.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
102.8
99.7
99.8
98.6
109.3
101.7
105.8
98.2
96.8
101.4
104.7
102.9
101.5
98.6
96.6
113.1
101.7
110.8
97.6
95.4
103.4
107.3
106.4
104.8
94.3
87.9
106.2
93.0
118.1
96.2
94.0
102.0
54
5511
5541
58
5912
602
7011
721
Retail food stores6 ..........................................................................
Franchised new-car dealers .........................................................
Gasoline service stations6 ..............................................................
Eating and drinking places6 ...........................................................
Drug and proprietary stores6 .........................................................
Commercial banking .....................................................................
Hotels, motels, and tourist courts6 ...............................................
Laundry and cleaning services6 ....................................................
102.0
98.6
94.3
101.4
97.1
95.0
95.7
97.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.4
98.6
102.8
97.7
102.1
100.7
103.1
100.6
97.3
94.6
106.8
96.0
102.7
98.5
102.4
94.0
99.7
99.5
104.1
94.6
105.3
92.7
96.1
87.7
1As defined in the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification
Management and Budget.
2 Preliminary.
3 Not available.
4 Percent change 197&-80.
5 Output per employee.
6 Output per hour of all persons.
Manual published by the Office of
Mining. All the mining industries measured experienced
productivity gains in 1981. Coal mining posted its sec
ond consecutive large gain, growing 9.2 percent. Al
though coal output was down slightly (—1.3 percent)
from the previous year, hours continued to decline
sharply, resulting in the productivity gain. Productivity
advances in the other mining industries were not as
great as for coal. Iron mining (usable ore) rose 6.7 per
cent, copper mining (recoverable metal) increased 5.5
percent, and nonmetallic minerals gained 1.7 percent.
Both copper and iron mining had large output increases
in contrast to sharp declines in 1980. The productivity
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112.9
5.2
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
98.7
92.5
105.9
85.3
124.5
94.8
93.3
98.1
4.7
5.2
- 0 .3
-8 .3
5.4
-1 .5
-0 .7
-3 .8
101.2
100.3
105.4
92.8
102.5
1.5
0.8
1.2
- 1 .9
- 2 .7
( 3)
( 3)
94.3
84.9
- 1 .9
- 3 .2
3.1
4 1.5
4 2.4
0.8
- 1 .7
2.1
- 2 .2
5.8
-0 .8
-0 .9
-0 .5
-0 .1
0.2
2.1
-1 .8
1.2
4 - 0 .6
- 0 .6
-3 .2
N ote : Although the output per employee hour measures relate output to the hours of all
employees engaged In each industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor,
capital, or any other single factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many in
fluences, including new technology, capital investment, the level of output, capacity utilization,
energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. Some of
these measures use a labor input series that is based on hours paid and some use a labor in
put series that is based on plant hours.
n .e.c . = Not elsewhere classified.
gain in nonmetallic minerals, however, was based on a
drop in output, because of poor demand from the con
struction industry, and an even larger decline in hours.
Transportation and utilities. Productivity changes varied
among transportation and utility industries. In railroads
(revenue traffic), productivity gained 5.2 percent. Out
put in the railroad industry declined for the second
straight year, dropping 0.7 percent, while hours contin
ued to fall by 5.6 percent. Although output in the
trucking industry fell 4.9 percent, employment dropped
even more, resulting in a 4.7-percent productivity gain.
17
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Industry Productivity in 1981
By contrast, productivity fell 0.3 percent in air trans
portation, as output continued to decline, by 2.8 per
cent, while employment dropped 2.5 percent.
In telephone communications, productivity was up
5.4 percent as output grew 5.6 percent. However, pro
ductivity fell in both gas ( —3.8 percent) and electric
utilities ( —0.7 percent). Output was down in gas utili
ties, as many consumers curtailed usage because of ris
ing prices, while hours increased owing to the growing
number of customers. Output was up only 0.8 percent
in electric utilities, well below the long-term rate of 6.6
percent, while hours grew 1.6 percent, resulting in the
productivity falloff. Productivity dropped sharply ( —8.3
percent) in petroleum pipelines as output fell for the
second consecutive year because of declining demand
for petroleum products, while hours increased.
Trade and services. Productivity changes also were var
ied among trade and service industries. Productivity
grew 1.5 percent in retail food stores, as output was up
1.9 percent and hours grew 0.4 percent. New-car dealer
productivity was up 1.4 percent. Gasoline service sta
tion productivity rose 1.2 percent. Output was down 2.1
percent in this industry, as demand was off because of
increased gasoline prices and higher mileage cars, while
hours fell even more, as marginal stations were closed
and self-service stations became more prevalent. Pro
ductivity declined 1.9 percent in both eating and drink
ing places and hotels and motels, as small gains in
output were compensated for by larger gains in hours.
In drug stores, productivity fell 2.7 percent as output
declined 1.9 percent and hours were up slightly. In the
laundry and cleaning industry, productivity fell 3.2 per
cent because of a continued decline in demand for the
industry’s services which resulted in a 7.2-percent de
crease in output, while hours fell 4.2 percent.
Trends, 1976-81
With the exception of the metal forming machine
tools industry, all of the measured industries recorded
gains over the long term (generally 1947-81 or 1958—
81). Over the more recent period, 1976-81, a large num
ber of the industries had declining productivity rates. In
addition, about three-quarters of the industries had low
er productivity during 1976-81 than over the preceding
long-term period (1947-76 or 1958-76). This slowdown
in productivity is consistent with the trends in the non
farm business sector of the economy, where productivi
ty increased at a rate of only 0.1 percent during 1976—
81, compared with 2.3-percent growth from 1947-76.
Gains. In recent years the wet corn milling industry had
the highest rate of productivity increase, growing 10.3
percent per year from 1976 to 1980 (1981 data are not
yet available). Output in this industry grew at the high
rate of 8.6 percent, as demand for high-fructose syrup,
one of the industry’s major products, continued to ex
pand. At the same time, the industry continued to build
new plants utilizing highly automatic equipment and
hours declined at a rate of 1.6 percent.
The second highest rate of gain was recorded by the
ceramic wall and floor tile industry, in which productiv
ity grew at a rate of 7.4 percent from 1976 to 1980.
Output increased 9.2 percent, while hours grew 1.7 per
cent. A new technique for firing tile became widespread,
which, coupled with changes in materials handling, re
sulted in significant labor savings. The wood office fur
niture industry recorded a productivity gain averaging
7.0 percent during 1976-80. Output grew at the very
high rate of 19.3 percent, as demand shifted from metal
to wood office furniture, while hours grew at a rate of
11.5 percent.
Other industries with high rates of gain included syn
thetic fibers and fluid milk, both 6.2 percent from 1976
to 1981, and telephone communications, with 5.8-per
cent growth over the same period.
Declines. Among the many industries posting declining
productivity from 1976 to 1981, the brick and structur
al clay tile industry had the largest average falloff,
down 5.7 percent. Output dropped at a rate of 7.1 per
cent, because of declining demand from the construc
tion industry, while hours fell 1.5 percent. Other
industries with significant declines over this period in
cluded cosmetics ( —3.4 percent during 1976-80), laun
dries ( —3.2 percent), hydraulic cement ( —2.5 percent),
and clay construction products and petroleum pipelines
(both —2.2 percent).
A full report, Productivity Measures for Selected In
dustries, 1954-81, BLS Bulletin 2155, is available from
the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.
□
FOOTNOTES
' For a detailed report on these industries, see the following M on th ly
L a b o r R e view articles: Jack Veigle and Horst Brand, “Millwork indus
try shows slow growth in productivity,” September 1982, pp. 21-26;
Arthur S. Herman and John W. Ferris, “Productivity growth average
in farm machinery manufacturing,” October 1982, pp. 6-10; and,
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mary K. Farris and James D. York, “Hand and edge tools industry
experiences slow rise in productivity,” October 1982, pp. 11-14. Arti
cles on the cosmetics, office furniture, pumps and compressors, and
commercial banking industries appear elsewhere in this issue.
Productivity in commercial banking:
computers spur the advance
Nevertheless, output per employee hour
paralleled the trend of the economy
during 1967-80, with the annual rate
o f growth decelerating after 1973
H o r st B r a n d a n d J o h n D u k e
The computer was among the major forces that spurred
labor productivity advance in commercial banking in
1967-80. The computer also facilitated great increases
in banking output. Labor requirements per unit of out
put, however, declined rather slowly during the period.
Output per employee hour in commercial banking
rose at an average annual rate of 1.3 percent between
1967 and 1980— nearly the same as for the nonfarm
business sector as whole (1.4 percent).1 Data for a pro
ductivity measure for years prior to 1967 are inade
quate, and none was calculated. Output over the period
examined rose at a rate of 6.0 percent per year, employ
ee hours, at a rate of 4.6 percent. The rise in banking
productivity was associated with strongly expanding
customer services and with advances in computer tech
nology and their rapid diffusion throughout the indus
try. However, the spread of branch banking, while
enhancing access to banking services, somewhat retard
ed productivity improvement, partly because scale econ
omies became less favorable.2
The labor productivity trend in banking paralleled
not only the long-term rate for nonfarm business but
also the significant differences in rates of change be
tween the 1967-73 and 1973-80 periods. Over the earli
er span, productivity in banking rose at an average
Horst Brand and John Duke are economists in the Division of
Industry Productivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
annual rate of 2.1 percent, compared with 1.9 percent
for all of nonfarm business. Subsequently, the rate de
celerated to 0.7 percent a year; for nonfarm business, to
0.9 percent.
Year-to-year swings in the productivity trend were
pronounced, ranging from a drop of 6.9 percent in 1974
to a spurt of 6.1 percent in 1976. During the 12-year
period, years of decline occurred 4 times, characterized
by employment increases in the face of slowed advances
(1969 and 1979) or declines in output (1974 and 1980).
In such years, restrictive monetary policy (as in 1969
and 1979) or recession (as in 1974 and 1980)
constrained the demand for funds. In years when pro
ductivity gains ran substantially ahead of the long-term
trend average, strong cyclical recoveries or peaks in the
demand for banking services occurred (as in 1971, 1973,
1976, and 1977).3
Measuring productivity
The labor productivity measure for commercial bank
ing has been developed in accordance with the usual
procedures of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for measur
ing changes in the relation between the output of an in
dustry and the employee hours expended in producing
that output. Commercial banking produces avvariety of
outputs, that is, services to the public. These services
have been summed on the basis of weights which reflect
— or are close substitutes for—labor requirements per
unit of service. The output index was then divided by
19
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Productivity in Banking
an index of employee hours for commercial banking, so
as to obtain an index of output per employee hour, or
labor productivity. The labor productivity measure for
banking, then, measures the change over time in the ra
tio of the weighted output of the composite of services
to the public to employee hours.
Output has been defined in terms of the three major
banking activities: (1) demand deposit transactions, in
volving the crediting and debiting of checks written by
the public, and time and savings deposits transactions,
involving deposits upon and withdrawals from accounts
held by the public; (2) lending for commercial, con
sumer, and real estate purposes; and (3) fiduciary, in
volving the administration of trusts and estates, and the
purchase and sale of securities on their account.
The output measure for constructing the indexes of
labor productivity in banking has been obtained from
data on the quantity of these various services rendered
by the banks to the public. As noted, in aggregating
these services, the labor requirement per unit of each of
the major categories of service in a base period was
used as the basis for combining the dissimilar activities.
Where labor requirement data were not available, prox
ies were employed.
The labor inputs used in constructing the productivi
ty measure for commercial banking have been derived
from BLS data for employment and employee hours, as
reported by banking establishments on the basis of their
payroll records. The labor input series, therefore, is an
hours paid, rather than an hours worked, measure. No
adjustment has been made for differences in skill, expe
rience, or other factors of labor quality, data for such
adjustments not being available.4
Output of banking services
Output of commercial banks as measured by BLS rose
at an average annual rate of 6.0 percent between 1967
and 1980—twice as fast as output of the total private
business sector. Sources of the strong growth were the
boom conditions of the early seventies and the financial
needs they generated; rapid increases in check transac
tions; relatively greater reliance by business on external
funds; and continuously heavy demand for consumer
and real estate credit. Also, commercial banks expanded
their share of major types of such credit, as well as of
time deposits. Moreover, they emphasized the retailing
aspects of their services and consequently accelerated
branching. Trust department functions also grew apace
as pension and other employee benefit funds proliferated.
Banking output rose at a higher rate during the
1967-73 period (7.8 percent a year) than during the
1973-80 span (4.6 percent annually). Output was damp
ened considerably more in the recession that bottomed
in 1975 than in 1970. Loan demand rose more rapidly
prior to the 1975 recession than after. The rate of deposit
20
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transactions, especially demand deposits, also lost some
momentum during the second half of the seventies.
Deposits. Periods of speedup and slowdown aside, de
mand and time deposits rose rapidly over the long term.
The number of demand deposit transactions more than
doubled. The velocity of transactions (measured by the
number of times a dollar of debits is charged against de
posits in a given period) nearly tripled.5Furthermore, the
importance of demand deposits, a major source of
lendable funds, declined in relation to the banks’ total li
abilities, from 43 percent in 1967 to 27 percent in 1979.6
Intensifying demand deposit activity, especially during
1967-73, contributed to pressures to introduce such la
bor-saving procedures and equipment as electronic funds
transfers ( e f t ) . 7 Thus, according to a study conducted by
the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, the number of
checks written by the public rose at an average annual
rate of 7.2 percent during the first half of the 1970’s and
declined to a rate of 5.6 percent during the second half.8
In addition to the cash-economizing efforts by the
public, evident from the tendency to hold relatively low
check balances after the mid-sixties,9 certain kinds of fi
nancial transactions have generated large amounts of
account activity. For example, the number of shares
traded on the New York Stock Exchange in the seven
ties averaged nearly 3 times the volume of the sixties.
Such trading usually involves multiple funds transfers
through the banking system. The number of commodity
futures contracts traded on commodity exchanges near
ly tripled between the first and the second half of the
1967-79 period.10 Such trading also entails numerous
funds transfers through the banks. The underwriting of
stock and bond issues, usually by syndicates, which also
rose in the mid- and late seventies, spells the pooling of
lender funds and ultimate transfer to the borrower;
“(Debits) totaling several times the amount of the fi
nancing involved may be recorded in this process.. . .” u
There were some developments that tended to retard
the growth of transactions and check volume—for ex
ample, mergers, which cause book credit and debits to
replace bank transactions; bank credit cards, which
tend to consolidate individual payments; and the long
term trend towards the output of services relative to
goods, making for fewer intermediate transactions.
These tendencies were largely offset, however, by the
upswings in manufacturing and construction, which re
sult in numerous intermediate transactions.
Time deposits generally expanded rapidly following
the progressive liberalization of permissible rates under
the Federal Reserve’s Regulation Q. Liberalization
strengthened the banks’ position in retaining and
attracting funds which would otherwise have been in
vested elsewhere. Savings and other time deposits held
at the commercial banks by individuals, partnerships,
and corporations climbed 106 percent bet\yeen 1968
and 1980, while demand deposits rose 52 percent. Time
deposits accounted for 60 percent of total commercial
banking deposits in 1980, as against 54 percent in 1968
(and 35 percent in 1960). Some observers have noted
that, in view of such technological advances as electron
ic funds transfers, the distinction between time and de
mand deposit accounts has become less significant.12
Loans. Expansion of loan output was another source of
output growth. The rate of increase of loan output had
begun to accelerate prior to 1967, and some of the un
derlying factors—for example, the emphasis on retail
banking— have, of course, a long history. Loan volume
being highly susceptible to the impact of the business
cycle and of monetary policy on the demand for funds,
year-to-year movements proved to be much more erratic
for lending than for the volume of deposit transactions.
The long-term trend was influenced by the increasing
propensity of business to contract for term loans (that
is, loans with maturities of more than 1 year); the con
tinued accent upon retail banking; and banks’ growing
share of mortgage and consumer credit.
Nonfinancial business became more dependent upon
funds raised in credit markets than it had been earlier
(when corporations had relied more heavily upon inter
nally generated funds). Between 1967 and 1980, the ra
tio of credit market borrowing by nonfinancial business
to its capital expenditures averaged 44 percent, com
pared with 29 percent for the earlier sixties. The compo
sition of commercial and industrial loans shifted toward
term loans, indicating that banks were financing a
growing proportion of the plant and equipment outlays
as well as of inventories of nonfinancial business.13
Banks also stepped up their consumer credit opera
tions. Here, too, growth, of course, originated in earlier
years. The share of disposable income devoted to in
stallment borrowing began to rise in the early sixties; at
16 percent in 1967, it continued to rise gradually to 20
percent in 1979. (In 1980, a recession year, the ratio
dropped.) Furthermore, the commercial banks expanded
their share of holdings of total consumer credit out
standing from 42 percent in 1967 to 49 percent in 1973,
remaining at about that level from then on. This gain
was linked in part to a shift away from retail store cred
it, together with growing consumer acceptance of bank
credit cards and check credit.14
Growth in banks’ real estate loans was in large part
tied to the expansion in residential and commercial con
struction of the early seventies and to the strong recov
ery of both after their slump in the mid-seventies.
Banks also captured a larger share of total mortgage
holdings, rising from 19 percent in 1967 to 25 percent
in 1979 (as the share of insurance companies, in partic
ular, declined). Growth in this area of lending was in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 1. Productivity and related indexes for commercial
banking, 1967-80
[1977 = 100]
Y ear
O utput per
e m p lo y ee hour
Output
E m ployee hours
E m ployees
1967
1968
1969
1970
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
83.8
85.3
84.0
85.5
52.2
56.3
60.0
64.5
62.3
66.0
71.4
75.4
63.0
66.7
72.0
76.6
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
..............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
88.6
90.3
95.9
89.8
90.0
69.1
74.3
83.2
82.9
84.6
78.0
82.3
86.8
92.3
94.0
79.0
82.9
87.5
92.6
94.2
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
95.0
100.0
100.7
98.5
92.7
91.8
100.0
105.4
108.1
106.1
96.6
100.0
104.7
109.7
114.5
96.8
100.0
104.9
110.5
115.7
1.3
6.0
4.6
4.5
1967-80 average
annual rate of change
(in percent) ............
recent years also strongly influenced by household bor
rowing against equity in existing homes.15
Trust services. Long-term gains in the trust department
output of commercial banks have been associated with
the growth in the number of fiduciary accounts and the
activity these accounts generate.
Between 1968 (when pertinent data first became
available) and 1980, the number of such accounts rose
54 percent.16 The increase was linked to a more than
threefold rise in employee benefit accounts, reflecting
the spread of corporate retirement and other employee
benefit plans, as well as of pension plans initiated by
self-employed persons (Keogh plans).17 The number of
personal trust accounts rose by two-thirds; they still
constitute the single most important trust department
service, representing more than three-fifths of bank-ad
ministered trust accounts. Their rise has in part been re
lated to the desire to shelter current income from
taxation, notably as inflation has tended to push in
comes into more heavily taxed brackets.18
Employment and changing skills
Employment in commercial banking, currently num
bering 1.5 million persons, rose 84 percent between
1967 and 1980, or at an average annual rate of 4.5 per
cent. Average weekly hours tended to decline some
what, from 37.1 in the first 5 years of the period to 36.5
since then— owing chiefly to the employment of more
part-time workers.19 In no year did aggregate employee
hours decline, but their most vigorous rise occurred
over the first half of the review period (5.6 percent an
nually). That high rate was not equaled even during the
cyclical recovery following the 1975 slump. From 1974
to 1980, gains averaged 3.8 percent annually.
21
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Productivity in Banking
Nonsupervisory jobs accounted for nearly four-fifths
of commercial banking employment in 1980. Of these
jobs, office and clerical positions again accounted for
four-fifths of employment in the top 100 banks, or 37
percent of total banking employment in 1980. Women
staffed 85 percent of these jobs and about one-third of
all officer positions. They accounted for two-thirds of
banking personnel in 1980, compared with 41 percent
of all payroll employment.20The prevalence of relatively
low-skilled jobs in banking is reflected by the ratio of
average hourly earnings in the industry to average hour
ly earnings in the private economy. Despite the growth
of positions in computer programming and systems
analysis, that ratio has tended to decline, from 0.87 in
the sixties to 0.73 in 1980.
Supervisory jobs in commercial banking have in
creased in both absolute and relative terms. Such jobs
accounted for 23 percent of employment in 1980, as
against 17 percent in 1967, an increase of 144 percent.
Nonsupervisory jobs rose 65 percent. The ratio of
nonsupervisory to supervisory employees thus dropped
from 5:1 in 1967 to slightly more than 3:1 in 1980. The
increase in supervisory workers was in large part linked
with the expansion of branching and the attendant
needs for managerial personnel. It was also related to a
rise in the number of loan officers, especially for install
ment loans, and of credit analysts, who are frequently
charged with supervisory responsibilities in addition to
their regular work.
Skills needed by commercial banking employees have
changed considerably, even during the relatively short
period examined here. For example, the number of
bookkeeping operators has dropped by more than one
half since 1969 (and by more than 90 percent since
1960)— owing to the spread of electronic bookkeeping
machines and computers, which require substantially
fewer operators.21 Also, tellers have tended to become
less specialized as branch banking has spread. The six
usual teller classifications— note, commercial-savings,
commercial, savings, vault, and all-round— have in
many banks been reduced to one all-round teller classi
fication. The practice of classifying tellers by commer
cial or saving transactions has been declining.22
Most bank employees perform tasks related mainly to
the banks’ depository functions and loan administra
tion. A high school education is generally considered
adequate preparation for entry level jobs. Bank officers,
on the other hand, usually supervise the various finan
cial and customer services. Loan officers, in particular,
are expected to be knowledgeable about the industries
from which the individual bank draws its customers
and to be sensitive to the often unique problems cus
tomers present— problems which frequently require
handling on a personal basis. Officers usually have a
college degree or an MBA.23
22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The labor inputs of commercial banks thus vary
widely in terms of education, training, and skill com
plexity. Also, wide differences exist between the tasks
that can be automated and tasks that cannot be, with
the work of loan officers being least susceptible to stan
dardization and automation. However, even in this area,
a growing number of supplementary tasks have been
computerized.24
Fixed investment and technology
Between 1967 and 1979, banks’ fixed capital, includ
ing structures, furniture, and equipment, rose by a fac
tor of three, while the stock of fixed nonresidential
capital in the private business economy as a whole rose
by a factor of nearly four.25 Price indexes to deflate the
banks’ physical capital stock are not available, so no
firm estimate of movements in constant-dollar value can
be offered. When the deflators for the total capital stock
of business are applied to that of the banks, a rise of
about one-third in real terms would result.
About 40 percent of the banks’ spending on fixed
capital went for equipment and furniture during the re
view period. In 1980, roughly half of the banks’ expen
ditures for fixed capital other than structures was spent
on computers and computer equipment.26 Fixed capital
per employee in commercial banking, at about $16,000
in 1979, ran at three-fifths of the comparable figure for
the business economy.27
Computer breakthrough. At the root of equipment
spending has been the transformation of technology by
electronic data processing ( e d p ). While banks progres
sively mechanized their routine operations throughout
the forties and fifties, the resulting efficiencies improved
but gradually. Some students of the field, in fact, attrib
uted these efficiencies more to the specialization of labor
and economies of scale in the industry than to mechani
zation.28 A 1960 study by the Federal Reserve Bank of
Philadelphia stated, “Since World War II, banks appar
ently have expanded operations more by hiring extra
people than by using better equipment.’’29 According to
the study, the technology used in banks had scarcely
changed during most of the first half of the 20th centu
ry. The same basic types of cash registers, punched card
tabulators, billing and duplicating machines, and check
signing equipment found in banks in 1914 were still the
mainstay of banking technology at the end of World
War II.
Although computer developments during the fifties
embodied the principle of machine readability, it was
the introduction of magnetic ink character recognition
( m ic r ) in 1958 that made the breakthrough of electron
ic data processing in banking possible. The computer
became an indispensable and major factor in improving
banking productivity. Moreover, computer technology
has rapidly spread throughout the industry. The first
bank automation survey conducted by the American
Bankers Association in 1963 showed only 7 percent of
all commercial banks to be users of on-premise or offpremise computers. By 1968, 49 percent were users, and
in 1980, when the latest available survey was conduct
ed, 97 percent were. The pressures of cost efficiencies,
organizational changes, and competition had reduced
the proportion of surveyed banks without plans to auto
mate from 84 percent in 1963, to 42 percent in 1968, to
virtually nil in 1980.30 While the larger banks—those
with $100 million-plus in deposits— generally maintain
their own computer operations, smaller banks have in
creasingly used their correspondent relations with the
larger banks to gain access to computers. As of 1980,
26 percent of all banks operated on-premise computers,
while 71 percent used ofF-premise computers, mostly at
correspondent banks.31 Thus, size of bank, as measured
by the dollar value of deposits, does not appear to have
seriously inhibited the diffusion of e d p technology in
the industry.
The computer has had its greatest impact upon the
deposit function, particularly upon check handling. Its
full potential, however, is only beginning to be realized,
inasmuch as optimally most payments transfers could
be processed electronically, that is, without checks. But
only a small proportion of payments is so processed at
present. Each check is, in effect, “a special piece of cur
rency, created for one transaction only, that has to pass
through complex and repeated identification, verifica
tion, accounting, and sorting operations before it is re
tired.” 32 Until the mid-seventies, the enormous and
steadily growing volume of checks (estimated at 32 bil
lion in 1979) was expected to become too expensive to
handle, even by computer. But evolving technology has
expanded the check-processing capacity of computers,
such that they are thought to be able to “handle any
conceivable number” of checks.33
The currently most advanced (or “third-generation”)
computer has a built-in reader-sorter processing capaci
ty of 120,000 checks per hour. Manual reading and
sorting of checks, which for many years has involved
some machine processing such as high-speed readers,
averages 1,200 to 1,400 checks, so that computer use
for this phase of the check-handling process represents
“order of magnitude” reductions in labor requirements.34
For other phases of check-handling, comparable pro
ductivity advances have not been attained, although socalled rejects or exception items, which in earlier years
required laborious interbank correspondence, have come
to be processed with great efficiency thanks to coopera
tive agreements. According to surveys by the Bank Ad
ministration Institute, the average labor requirements
for all phases of handling checks were reduced by well
over one-half between 1970 and 1979 among surveyed
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
banks, mainly because of computerized reading and
sorting of checks and more efficient handling of excep
tion items.35
In loan operations, EDP has been used for information
retrieval, as well as in the administration and bookkeep
ing operations of such loan categories as installment
loans. Credit information, mortgage servicing, bank
credit card billing, and accounting have also been
among major computer applications. The proportion of
personnel in installment loan operations has tended to
decline, but the available data do not clearly point to
improved productivity in this area of banking. Staff
employed in handling bank credit cards— also a type of
consumer credit—has expanded in recent years.36 Busi
ness loan operations, which require a comparatively
small proportion of bank personnel, have remained rela
tively labor-intensive—largely owing to their specialized
nature and the need for maintaining close customer
contact. Even here, however, the computer is playing an
increasing role. It is used to provide up-to-date credit
analyses and to serve as a bankruptcy predictor. For
the larger banks, it makes credit information on a
worldwide basis rapidly available. It also facilitates the
collection and arraying of data to meet the requirements
of regulatory authorities, a task that is otherwise highly
labor-intensive.37
Computer technology has also contributed to im
proved productivity in trust departments. It has been
primarily applied to information retrieval for purposes
of controlling individual accounts.38 But it has been in
creasingly used as well in stock trading by trust depart
ments for customer accounts. With trust departments
holding the largest share of assets in stocks (49 percent
in 1980 by value), such trading accounts for the major
part of their activity. The basis of automated stock
trading has been a numbering system first devised by
the American Bankers Association’s Committee for Se
curity Identification Procedures in 1968. The use of
committee numbers on stock certificates was mandated
by the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1971.
This and similar systems have tended to standardize
stock identification and have contributed to the transfer
of stock without the physical handling of stock certifi
cates. These certificates are “immobilized,” that is, they
remain in central depositories. Costly errors and redun
dant bookkeeping entries have been nearly eliminated
when trust departments have adopted the technology on
which the bankers’ stock transfer system is based.39Pay
ments and credits involving stock transfers likewise use
the system. Relative to output, trust department per
sonnel requirements have been evidently reduced as a
result of these and other computer applications.40
Electronic Funds Transfer. Potentially the most impor
tant use of the computer in banking remains electronic
23
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Productivity in Banking
funds transfer ( e f t ). Although the technology for EFT
has existed for nearly two decades, its acceptance by the
public has been comparatively slow. Also, a large part
of the costs of the check collection system and of de
mand deposit transactions was absorbed by the Federal
Reserve and the banks, rather than passed on to users.
Nevertheless, EFT has been increasingly adopted by the
banks since the mid-seventies. Competition among fi
nancial institutions, as well as the developing cost ad
vantages of e d p over conventional transfer activities, are
likely further to speed adoption of EFT technology.41
EFT has been increasingly applied in interbank settle
ments through automated clearinghouses and in basic
kinds of teller operations involving customer services,
such as deposits and withdrawals, direct deposit of pay
rolls or other recurring payments, direct bill payment,
and transfer of funds from savings accounts to demand
deposit accounts and vice versa. Point-of-sale terminals,
linking merchants with a network of local banks, have
also been spreading, although their acceptance and use
have remained limited.42
Automated clearinghouses have spread rather gradu
ally, although they have not replaced the conventional
clearinghouse process as they handle only paperless
credit and debit entries between banks. Originating in
San Francisco in 1972, automated clearinghouses cur
rently link an estimated 14,000 financial institutions and
their offices; they process an estimated 300 million items
annually.43 This number represents but a small fraction
of the total number of checks drawn on banks other
than the payor’s own bank, but it is expected that auto
mated clearinghouses will account for a rising propor
tion of all items in the clearing process. Among reasons
for this expectation have been the success of the direct
deposit of social security payments and of a growing
number of public and private payrolls; the associated
savings in mailing costs; less work incident to replacing
lost checks, and the cost pressures linked to the han
dling of paper items (which despite the increasing effi
ciency of the process has been more and more comple
mented or replaced by e f t ) .44
Teller machines. Automated teller machines spread rap
idly in the late seventies. Providing customer access by
means of a magnetic-stripe bank card and unique iden
tification entered upon a keyboard, the machines receive
deposits and payments and dispense cash. Twenty-four
hour access is a frequent feature, enhancing customer
convenience and reducing waiting lines. Thus, automat
ed teller machines in effect extend banking hours, al
though banks also view them as “peaking” equipment,
helping to reduce lobby traffic during peak hours of
business. The machines substitute capital for labor, but
for many medium- and smaller size banks, the relatively
high fixed costs of the equipment are not offset by sav
24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ings in labor costs at current volumes of business—a
factor that tends somewhat to retard the diffusion of
the devices.45 According to one authority, 19,000 auto
mated teller machines were in use at the end of 1980,
each averaging about 4,600 transactions per month,
more than 2.5 times the volume 4 years earlier—signi
fying rapid consumer acceptance of this technology.46
The banks have also installed much technologically
advanced equipment other than computers and teller
machines. For example, word-processing equipment is
now being operated in four-fifths of the larger and twofifths of the smaller banks. Optical character recogni
tion equipment—used, for example, in the processing of
credit card charge slips, checks, and direct bill pay
ments—has likewise been installed in most larger
banks.47
The growth of branch banking
The number of commercial banking firms barely rose
5 percent between 1967 and 1979. But the total of
banking offices increased 62 percent, mostly reflecting a
doubling in the number of bank branches, and a con
tinuing shift of offices towards the suburban population
centers of metropolitan areas. The average population
served per bank office declined from nearly 6,000 per
sons in 1970 to 4,400 in 1980.48 The decline suggests
that banking services became more widely and conven
iently available to the public. Current-dollar disposable
income per capita nearly tripled during 1967-80 (as did
personal consumption expenditures), and households
generated an expanding volume of banking business,
supporting the spread of branch banking.
Most banks are comparatively small. Those holding
total deposits of up to $50 million represent 79 percent
of all commercial banks, but in 1979 accounted for only
15 percent of total deposits. Smaller banks usually
maintain correspondent relations with the larger banks,
and this relation amounts to a “form of multi-office
banking.”49 Some of the efficiencies or customer utilities
associated with large-scale banking are likely, therefore,
to be shared throughout most of the industry.
The larger banks, however, are dominant. The share
of deposits held by the Nation’s largest banks— those
with deposits of $500 million or more— was 62 percent
in 1979. These banks constitute little more than 2 per
cent of total banks. Moreover, in metropolitan areas,
the two largest banking organizations usually hold be
tween 55 percent and 67 percent of deposits (the ratio
tends to be lower in unit banking States, higher in
statewide branching States).50 Adoption of computer
technology has been shown to be closely associated
with bank size, as well as with holding company affilia
tion.51
As might be expected, banking employment is also
concentrated in the bigger banks. Banks holding $500
million or more in deposits employed 56 percent of all
banking personnel in 1979. Banks with less than $100
million in total deposits— 89 percent of all banks—
employed 27 percent of all personnel.52
Among changes in the competitive pattern of finan
cial institutions that have affected banks has been the
spread of NOW (negotiable order of withdrawal) ac
counts at thrift institutions; their effect on the share of
time deposit accounts at commercial banks, however,
cannot be assayed yet. In some other areas, the role of
commercial banks has been eroded. More efficient cor
porate cash management, spurred by high interest rates
and advanced information technology, has diminished
the relative importance of demand deposits. Also, com
mercial banks have evidently been unable to expand
their share of credit cards (15 percent of 600 million
outstanding cards in recent years). Also, business and
consumer credit extended by very large department
store chains, automotive companies, farm equipment
makers, and EDP manufacturers grew in importance un
til the early seventies, although their share of financial
assets has apparently stabilized since.53
Outlook for the industry
The diffusion of EFT is likely to help improve labor
productivity in commercial banks in the years ahead.
During the late seventies, doubts about its widespread
acceptance were expressed in some quarters.54 Resis
tance by consumers to abandoning payment by check
and their fear of loss of control over balances were cited
as two reasons. Regulatory questions concerning the
off-premises installation of automated teller machines
were another. Also, smaller banks were believed to have
opposed EFT because of possible competition from big
money-center banks. These obstacles to the diffusion of
EFT have so far been only partly overcome. However,
cost considerations seem likely to compel its more rapid
adoption. To illustrate, in a study of the benefits of
electronic government payments done in 1977, the Fed
eral Reserve found the costs of e f t to run nearly twothirds below the costs of processing checks.55 The ratio
has lessened since then, for the scale economies of EFT
have continued to improve, and processing and mailing
costs of checks to rise.
Direct deposit of payrolls and of other recurring pay
ments, and direct bill payment will likely also expand,
partly owing to the costs of float, which banks must as
sess as an explicit cost under recent legislation, as well
as because banks must offset the cost of handling
checks against interest on demand deposits (where such
interest is offered). Thus, resistance to EFT is likely to
lessen as costs of processing paper items rise— speeding
its diffusion.
Continued technological advances and the labor sav
ings expected from them will probably also arise from
intensified competition by nonbank financial institu
tions. Thus, money market funds have come to compete
with time and saving deposits for both the small and
large investor’s dollar, and this, too, may contribute to
restricting commercial banks’ output growth.56 Also,
more than 80 percent of all household and virtually all
business firms had checking accounts in 1977, so that
the expansion of banking services from including addi
tional households is quite limited. A partially offsetting
factor may be a continued rise in cash withdrawals
from automated teller machines, which are believed to
be smaller and more frequent than withdrawals by
cashing checks.57 The convenience in the use of banking
services made possible by the machines may encourage
the banks to adopt product lines similarly appealing to
customer convenience.58
With the spread of EFT, and other computerized and
automated transactions, banks’ labor requirements per
unit of output are bound to continue to decline. More
over, new branch staffing needs should be decreasing,
partly because of the technological developments dis
cussed, partly because of the already low level of popu
lation served per branch, and the consequent abatement
in the number of new branches opened. Hence, com
mercial banks will probably become less important as a
source of added employment in the years ahead—also
indicated by BLS projections to 1990, which imply a
slower rate of banking employment growth than over
the past decade.
□
FOOTNOTES
' Commercial banks are establishments primarily engaged in accept
ing deposits from the public and making loans and investments. They
are designated as No. 602 in the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) Manual of the Office of Management and Budget. The industry
is part of SIC 60— banking, which also includes Federal Reserve
Banks, mutual savings banks, trust companies not engaged in deposit
banking, and establishments performing functions closely related to
banking. Nonbanking subsidiaries of bank holding companies are not
included; they are separately classified by primary activity. See F ederal
R eserve Bulletin, December 1972. Commercial banks account for ap
proximately 90 percent of the employment of the total SIC 60 group.
A detailed description of banking output and of the procedures
followed in measuring banking productivity, output, and employee-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
hours, as well as the weighting scheme underlying the output mea
sure, is available upon request.
2There is wide agreement among industry observers that scale econ
omies in banking have declined with the spread of branching— that
is, more resources, including labor inputs, are required per unit of
output. Among definitive studies are Costs in C om m ercial B anking, by
Frederick W. Bell and Neil B. Murphy (Federal Reserve Bank of Bos
ton Research Report No. 41, April 1968), and “Economies of Scale
and Marginal Costs in Banking Operations,” by George J. Benston
(T h e N atio n a l B an kin g R eview , June 1965), reprinted in that report.
Industry observers confirm that the tendencies analyzed in these
works have persisted.
25
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Productivity in Banking
3Professor Charles F. Haywood of the College of Business and
Economics, University of Kentucky, interprets the swings in commer
cial banks’ labor productivity as follows:
. . (At) the beginning of
an upswing, banks have some slack in manpower and can increase
output somewhat without increasing the rate of new hires. At some
point in the upswing, the rate of new hires has to be increased. By the
time these new hires are in place, the upswing in the economy is near
its end and recession soon follows. There may also be some variation
in labor turnover rates related to cyclical variation in the economy
that affects input-output relationships in banks . . . (As) turnover
rates are high in banking, cyclical variation in such rates could have
significant effects on productivity.” Communication to the BLS Office
of Productivity and Technology.
4Among authorities upon whose conception of the banks’ functions
and output the BLS definition is partially based is Professor Donald
Hodgman of the University of Illinois. Hodgman has viewed banking
activity as consisting of a bundle of services, grouped into three cate
gories: management of the national payments mechanism; intermedia
tion between borrowers and lenders; and specialized financial services
(of which trust activities are by far the most important ones). See
Donald Hodgman, C o m m ercia l B a n k L oan a n d In vestm en t P olicy (Urbana, University of Illinois, 1963), p. 165 ff; and John Gorman, C om
m ent, “Real Output and Productivity of Banks,” in Victor R. Fuchs,
ed., P roduction a n d P ro d u ctivity in the Service In du stries (New York,
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1969), p. 189 ff.
5See B an k in g a n d M o n eta ry Statistics, 1 9 4 1 -1 9 7 0 , Board of Gover
nors, Federal Reserve System, p. 321 ff., for a detailed explanation of
the turnover rate of demand deposits.
6These and other data on commercial banks’ shares in financial as
sets or liabilities were calculated from data from F low o f F unds A c
counts (Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System), various recent
issues.
7 “Earliest concern with the payment system was rooted in the fear
that growing check volumes posed a threat to the continued satisfac
tory performance of the system. Studies sponsored by the Federal Re
serve System and by several national associations of commercial
banks in the 1960’s placed virtually their entire emphasis on two
areas: measuring the national check volume, the pattern of the flows
of checks into and through the banking system, and check processing
costs; and offering technical and economic feasibility assessments of
electronic alternatives of the time to check clearing and collection sys
tem. The emphasis throughout was on the use of electronic means to
replace checks, or to reduce check handling, through systems created
and cooperatively operated by groups of commercial banks, with a
key role implied or advocated for the Federal Reserve System.” Ed
win B. Cox, “Developing an Electronic Funds Transfer System:
Incentives and Obstacles,” The E conom ics o f a N a tio n a l E lectronic
F unds Transfer S ystem , proceedings of a conference held in October
1974 (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston), p. 16.
8A Q u an titative D escription o f the C heck Collection S y ste m : Vol. 1, a
report of research findings on the check collection system,
cosponsored by the American Bankers Association, Bank Administra
tion Institute, and Federal Reserve System (Atlanta, Ga., Federal Re
serve Bank, 1981), p. 1.
9 See also Bryan Higgins, “Velocity— Money’s Second Dimension,”
M o n th ly R eview , Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, June 1978,
and George Garvy and Martin R. Blyn, The Velocity o f M o n ey (New
York, Federal Bank of New York, 1970), p. 69.
10New York Stock Exchange, F act B ook 1980, and U.S. Commodi
ty Futures Trading Commission, A n n u a l R e p o rt (1980).
11 Garvy and Blyn, The Velocity o f M oney, p. 43.
12 “Increasing Competition between Financial Institutions,” Eco
nom ic Perspectives (Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago), May/June
1977, p. 23 ff.
13Term loans rose from 40 percent of total commercial bank loans
in 1967 to 44 percent in 1973 and 48 percent in 1978.
14For some reasons why banks attempt to expand their credit card
systems, see “EFT in the United States, Policy Recommendations and
the Public Interest,” The Final Report of the National Commission
on Electronic Fund Transfers (Washington, October 1977), p. 134.
See also B a n k C red it-C a rd a n d C h eck -C red it P lans (Board of Gover
26
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
nors, Federal Reserve System, July 1968). Banks’ adoption and opera
tion of credit plans of their own has had significant implications for
their output: although credit cards result in consolidation of payments
and, therefore, reduce the number of check transactions, they generate
sales drafts which must be cleared through merchant’s deposit ac
counts. Thus, they augment “the paperwork burden to the extent that
(they replace) cash in a retail transaction” (p. 63.)
15 David F. Seiders, M ortgage B orrow ing A gainst E qu ity in E xisting
H om es: M easurem ent, Generation, a n d Im plication s f o r Econom ic A ctiv
ity (Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System, 1978), Staff Eco
nomic Studies 96.
16See T rust A ssets o f B an ks a n d Trust C om panies (Board of
Governors, Federal Reserve System; Federal Deposit Insurance Cor
poration; and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency), 1980 and
earlier years.
17 Indicative of the increase in corporate pension and welfare plans
is the rise in the number of such plans reported by the U.S. Depart
ment of Labor. As of January 1, 1970, 157,400 such plans were re
ported, the number rising to 554,000 by 1977. The bulk of the assets
in which the plan administrators invest consists of stocks and bonds.
See W elfare a n d Pension Plan Statistics, 1967, 1969, a n d 1971 (U.S.
Department of Labor, Labor-Management Services Administration),
and information from LMSA.
18Interview with a banking representative.
19Part-time workers accounted for almost one-sixth of all nonsupervisory office workers in surveyed commercial banks in 1980, up
from one-eighth in 1976, according to In d u stry W age Survey: B anking,
F ebruary 1980, Bulletin 2099 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), p. 3.
20 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Summary Statistics,
Top 100 Full Service Banks.
21 T echnological C hange a n d M an pow er T rends in S ix Industries, p.
51, and In d u stry W age Survey: B anking, p. 4.
22 In d u stry W age Survey: B anking, p. 4.
23 See B an kin g a n d Insurance O ccupations, Bulletin 2075-7 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics).
24 David M. Coit, “Automated Financial Analysis: A New Tool for
Commercial Lending,” The Jou rn al o f C om m ercial B a n k Lending,
March 1977.
25A ssets a n d L iabilities o f a ll C om m ercial B an ks in the U nited States,
A n n u a l R e p o rt f o r 1980 a n d E arlier Years (Washington, Federal De
posit Insurance Corp.).
26 Information on the average annual expenditures per bank for
computer equipment, 1980-82, is provided in table 224 of N atio n a l
O perations/A u tom ation Survey, 1981 (Washington, American Bankers
Association).
27The prices for computer hardware, as well as for calculating and
accounting machinery, widely used by the banks, rose much more
slowly than producer durables prices generally or tended to decline
over part or all of the review period. See Robert B. Archibald and
William S. Reece, “Partial Subindexes of Input Prices: The Case of
Computer Services,” Southern E conom ic Journal, October 1979, pp.
528-40. The authors show that second generation computers, manu
factured for large business uses by IBM, dropped in price by 85 per
cent between 1970 and 1975. Reasons for the drop are discussed by
them. At present, the BLS imputes movements in the value of com
puter hardware to the office and store machines and equipment group.
28 See Bell and Murphy, Costs in C o m m ercial B anking, discussion in
chapter VII, p. 105 ff.
29 “How Banking Tames its Paper Tiger,” Business R eview (Federal
Reserve Bank of Philadelphia), June 1960.
30 See N atio n a l O perations/A u tom ation S u rvey 1981 (Washington,
American Bankers Association), p. 7.
31 Ibid.
32John E. Sheehan, “Higher Productivity Demand Deposits,” in
The 1972 N atio n a l O perations a n d A u tom ation Conference Proceedings
(Washington, American Bankers Association), p. 363.
33John S. Reed, executive vice president of Citibank, quoted in
“Electronic Banking: A Retreat from the Cashless Society,” Business
W eek, Apr. 18, 1977. See also Sanford Rose, “Checkless Banking is
Bound to Come,” Fortune, June 1977, p. 118 ff.
34 Information from Bank Administration Institute and Federal Re
serve.
35 See 197 9 S u rvey o f the C heck Collection S ystem (Park Ridge, 111.,
Bank Administration Institute, 1980).
36F unctional C ost A nalysis, 1 979 A verage Banks. Based on data
furnished by 751 participating banks in 12 Federal Reserve districts.
Computer processing of bank credit card transactions has remained
similar to that of checks and therefore is technologically not as ad
vanced as computer processing of transactions under credit cards is
sued by the big oil companies, where optical character recognition has
been part of the computer operation. (Conversation with ABA repre
sentatives.)
' “Automated Financial Analysis.”
38 T hird T rust O perations a n d A u to m a tio n Workshop, 1972 P roceed
ings (Washington, American Bankers Association). See also The
B ottom Line: Proceedings, 197 6 N a tio n a l T rust O perations a n d A u to m a
tion W orkshop, N ew York, M arch 2 1 -2 4 , 1976, remarks by William
Schladebeck, p. 216 ff.
39 T hird T rust O perations — Proceedings, p. 58.
40 H. Russell Morrison, “CUSIP Report— Beyond Apr. 1, 1972,”
T hird T rust O perations & Proceedings, p. 58.
41 See N. Sue Ford, “Electronic Funds Transfer: Revolution Post
poned,” E conom ic Perspectives (Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago),
November-December 1980, p. 16 ff. Competition between different
types of financial institutions has been fostered by high interest rates
together with NOW (negotiable order of withdrawal) accounts at
thrift institutions, and of share drafts at credit unions. Such instru
ments have been authorized on a national basis by the Deregulation
and Monetary Control Act of 1980. A detailed analysis of this law
may be found in E conom ic Perspectives, September-October 1980,
p. 3 ff.
17. See also David A. Walker, A n A n alysis o f Changes in E F T S A ctivi
ty Levels, Costs a n d S tru ctu re in the U.S.: 1975 to 1 977 (Washington,
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.), Working Paper No. 77-3, especial
ly p. 7.
44 Linda Fenner Zimmer, “ATM Acceptance Grows, Builds Cus
tomer Base for Other EFT Services,” The M agazin e o f B an k
A dm in istration, May 1981, p. 31. Cited in S tatistica l Inform ation on
the F inancial Services In d u stry (Washington, American Bankers Asso
ciation, 1981), p. 107.
47 American Bankers Association, 1978 Survey, op. cit. On the pro
ductivity effects of such equipment, see also David Cockroft, “New
Office Technology and Employment,” In tern ational L a b o u r Review ,
November-December 1980, p. 689 ff.
48 S ta tistica l Inform ation on the F inancial Services In du stry, p. 89.
49 Carter H. Golembe, “Growth of Bank Holding Companies,” in
Herbert V. Prochnow, ed., The C hanging W orld o f B an kin g (New
York, Harper & Row, 1974), p. 23.
50 “Recent Changes in the Structure of Commercial Banking,” F ed
eral R eserve B ulletin, March 1970, p. 207.
51 See Charles F. Haywood, “Regulation, Technological Change and
Productivity in Commercial Banking,” in P rodu ctivity M easu rem en t in
R e g u la ted In du stries (New York, Academic Press, 1981), p. 300-01.
52 Based on unpublished data of the Federal Deposit Insurance Cor
poration.
43 Haywood, communication to the BLS. See Philip E. Coldwell,
“The ACH in Perspective” (R e m a rk s a t the 4th A n n u a l N A C H A
S u rep a y Conference, H ouston, Tex., M ar. 13, 1 979), p. 3.
44 Ford, “Electronic Funds Transfer,” p. 16. See also Carl M.
Gambs, “Automated Clearinghouses— Current Status and Pros
pects,” E conom ic R eview (Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, May
1978), p. 3 ff.
53Will R. Sparks, F inancial C om petition a n d the P ublic In terest
(New York, Citicorp., 1978), p. 23, also pp. 16, 17.
54 Reed, “Electronic Banking.” See also William Ford, The P a y
m en ts S yste m o f the 1980's, presented at the Second Annual Shared
EFT Systems Conference, Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 5, 1981 (Federal Reserve
Bank of Atlanta).
” Costs, Savings a n d B enefits o f E lectronic G overnm ent P aym en ts
(Unpublished study by the Division of Federal Reserve Bank Opera
tions, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve system, June 1977).
56 See “The Changing Environment for Banking,” an address by J.
Charles Partee, before the American Institute of Certified Public Ac
countants Annual National Conference on Banking, Capitol Hilton,
Washington, D.C., Dec. 4, 1980. Also, “America’s New Financial
Structures,” Business W eek, Nov. 17, 1980, p. 138 ff.; and Constance
Dunham, “The Growth of Money Market Funds,” N ew E n glan d E co
n om ic R eview (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston), September-October
1980, p. 20 ff.
45 ATM’s often “substitute . . . for a more costly full-service brick and-mortar branch.” Haywood, communication to BLS. Another ob
server has stated that, “The ATM also reduced the need for tellers,
lowering not only the salary cost to the bank, but also of employee
benefits and pension plans.” Ford, “Electronic Funds Transfer”, p.
57 On the factors influencing the evolution of EFT and the check
payments system, see The P a ym en ts S ystem o f the 1 9 8 0 ’s, op. cit.
58Some nonbank services built into ATM’s are noted in “Diebold’s
Shift to Automated Tellers Works,” by Margaret Yao, The W all
S tree t Journal, July 15, 1982, p. 45.
42 Ford, “Electronic Funds Transfer,” p. 18.
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27
Cosmetics industry achieves
long-term productivity gains
But recent declines have beset an industry
in which productivity has grown rapidly since 1958;
gains have been associated with more efficient plants,
improved technology, and an expanding line
of products which serve changing markets
P a t r ic ia S. W il d e r
As measured by output per employee hour, productivity
in the cosmetics and other toiletries industry rose at an
average annual rate of 4.0 percent from 1958 to 1980.
The rate of growth was substantially higher than the
2.8-percent gain for all manufacturing.1
The rise in productivity resulted from a rapid expan
sion in output, which increased at an average annual
rate of 7.3 percent, and a more moderate increase in
employee hours, 3.1 percent. Productivity gains have re
sulted primarily from a trend toward fewer and larger
plants producing a greater level of output, and contin
ued improvements in production and packaging opera
tions, such as those of lipstick and toothpaste.
The movements in output per employee hour have
not been steady. From 1958, annual increases in pro
ductivity ranged from 14.9 percent to 0.4 percent. De
clines in productivity occurred in 6 years, the most
recent and largest in 1980, when it dropped 11.4 per
cent. (See table 1.)
Productivity growth can be divided into three distinct
subperiods, 1958-65, 1965-70, and 1970-80. The first
period was marked by substantial growth in the indus
try. Larger capacity plants came on line and productivi
ty grew at a rate of 7.5 percent annually. The growth
was associated with a rapid rate of increase in output of
10.9 percent. However, employee hours increased at a
slower pace—averaging 3.1 percent.
Patricia S. Wilder is an economist in the Division of Industry Produc
tivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
28
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
From 1965 to 1970, productivity growth slowed sig
nificantly, averaging only 0.2 percent a year. Although
output continued to expand at a high rate of 7.0 per
cent per year, employee hours increased at almost the
same rate, 6.8 percent. The industry at this time was
undergoing a more pronounced period of expansion.
Data available for 1963 and 1972 show a 91-percent in
crease in employment in establishments with 500 per
sons or more. The increase in the number of these large
establishments (from 15 to 27) with the normal staffing
and startup problems no doubt retarded productivity
growth temporarily.
After 1970, productivity growth resumed at a rapid
pace, averaging 5.7 percent annually through 1977. Be
ginning in 1978, three successive declines in productivi
ty occurred. The decrease recorded in 1978 was less
than 1 percent. However, a decline of 6.2 percent in
1979, followed by a drop of 11.4 percent in 1980, re
duced the average annual gain in productivity to 2.7
percent during 1970-80. The decreases in 1979 and in
1980, a recession year, were related to similar large de
clines in output. However, employee hours did not fol
low output, but instead increased 2.3 percent in 1979
and 1.3 percent in 1980.
Output increases fourfold
Productivity growth in the cosmetics and other toilet
ries industry is closely linked to output growth, which
has increased fourfold since 1958. Factors affcting this
growth have been a larger population, the growing
number of working women, and extensive advertising
and sales promotions.2
The industry is highly competitive, and this competi
tion has spurred manufacturers’ efforts to expand the
range of their products. Many new products and lines
have been introduced to meet changing consumer needs
and preferences. For example, because of the increased
number of women entering the work force, more prod
ucts have been developed to meet their needs. Also,
greater acceptance of the industry’s products by men
has been a factor in output growth. They are purchas
ing more fragrances and skin care products such as co
lognes, after-shave lotions, and moisturizers. Output
growth has also been spurred by new products specifi
cally designed for ethnic populations and for older
consumers. Growth has also occurred in skin treatment
and sun care products because of an increased concern
about aging skin and the rise in the incidence of skin
cancer and its relationship to ultraviolet sunrays.3
Another factor that has contributed to output expan
sion has been the greater use of synthetic substances in
cosmetic and toiletry preparations. Increased use of syn
thetics, which are often less expensive, to supplement or
replace some of the scarce natural products derived
from plants and animals and to serve as the bases for
new products has enabled the industry to meet demand
and to expand its market.
Because demand for cosmetics and toiletries has been
Table 1.
high, some analysts had considered the industry to be
nearly recession-proof.4 Indeed, until 1979, only two de
creases in output were noted in this study and both
were less than 1 percent. However, in 1979, output de
clined 4.1 percent and in 1980 a further drop of 10.3
percent occurred. These two decreases in output had the
effect of reducing the long-term average annual rate of
growth in output from 8.0 percent (through 1978) to
7.3 percent.
Plant size and employment
An important factor affecting productivity growth in
the industry has been the trend toward larger, more effi
cient establishments. This is reflected in the steady in
crease in the number of establishments with 500
employees or more. During 1958-80, the number of
these establishments tripled (from 11 to 33), as did em
ployment in these plants. An insight into their efficiency
is gained from information on value added per employee.
In 1977, the most recent year for which data are avail
able, value added per employee in the large establish
ments was more than $100,000. This was about 37
percent greater than the level in plants having fewer than
500 employees. The trend toward larger plants with their
greater production volume has resulted in significant
economies of scale, which in turn has aided the in
dustry’s productivity growth.5 Large establishments
now account for about 65 percent of the industry’s
Productivity and related indexes for the cosmetics and other toiletries industry, 1958-80
[1977= 100]
O utput p e r hour
Y ear
Em ployee hours
Production
w orkers
N onproduction
w orkers
22.7
26.5
26.9
56.8
60.3
59.7
58.2
63.3
61.0
54.5
55.5
57.6
46.6
49.6
55.4
61.4
64.5
29.1
32.0
38.2
42.6
47.6
62.1
64.5
67.0
66.8
72.4
61.9
64.4
65.7
65.2
71.5
62.4
64.5
68.9
69.4
73.8
65.1
63.1
67.4
64.7
68.9
65.4
61.6
67.7
65.1
61.6
52.1
51.8
59.8
62.0
66.8
79.9
82.9
88.6
95.7
101.4
80.0
82.1
88.7
95.9
97.0
79.7
84.1
88.3
95.3
108.5
73.3
82.5
87.2
91.6
94.0
80.4
89.1
97.4
95.2
95.6
64.2
73.9
74.9
86.4
91.6
68.0
77.8
84.7
88.1
87.5
92.8
94.3
97.1
96.2
93.1
84.6
87.3
87.0
92.5
91.5
106.0
105.3
113.1
102.0
95.5
101.0
94.4
100.0
99.3
93.1
82.5
94.3
100.0
98.6
93.8
80.2
94.6
100.0
100.6
92.0
86.5
95.5
100.0
104.5
100.2
89.9
101.2
100.0
105.2
107.6
109.0
101.3
100.0
106.0
106.8
112.1
100.0
103.9
108.9
103.9
2.9
2.7
3.3
1.4
N onproduction
w orkers
1958 ..................................................................................
1959 ..................................................................................
1960 ..................................................................................
40.0
43.9
45.1
39.0
41.9
44.1
41.7
47.7
46.7
1 9 6 1 ..................................................................................
1962 .................................................................................
1963 .................................................................................
1964 .................................................................................
1965 ..................................................................................
46.9
49.6
57.0
63.8
65.7
47.0
49.7
58.1
65.3
66.6
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
65.2
62.5
67.5
64.8
65.9
1 9 7 1 ..................................................................................
1972 ..................................................................................
1973 ..................................................................................
1974 .................................................................................
1975 ..................................................................................
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
Output
All em p lo yees
All em p lo yees
Production
w orkers
A verag e annual rates o f c hange (in p ercen t)
1958 80 ..........................................................................
1976-80 ..........................................................................
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4.0
-3 .4
4.2
- 3 .8
3.8
- 2 .6
7.3
- 1 .2
3.1
2.2
29
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Cosmetics Industry Productivity Gains
value of shipments, compared with 35 percent in 1958.
Overall employment in the industry expanded by
more than 90 percent between 1958 and 1980, rising at
an average annual rate of 3.1 percent. Employment, at
29,900 in 1958, had risen to 57,200 by 1980. Total em
ployee hours grew at the same rate as employment.
The largest increase in employment occurred during
1965-70, when the industry was expanding more rapid
ly. Although employment rose 28 percent from 1958 to
1965, it grew 39 percent during 1965-70. Employment
growth from 1970-80 moderated substantially, declin
ing in 5 years. The overall increase in employment dur
ing the last period was only 7.9 percent.
Compared with all manufacturing, the number of
female employees in the industry is high. They
accounted for 57 percent of total employment in 1958,
increasing to 60 percent in 1980. By contrast, women
made up 26 percent of manufacturing employment in
1958 and 31 percent in 1980.
The proportion of nonproduction workers in the in
dustry is higher than in most other manufacturing in
dustries— 37 percent of total employment in 1980,
compared with 30 percent for all manufacturing. The
higher proportion reflects the larger number of profes
sional, technical, clerical, and sales personnel employed.
Although data on the occupational composition of
employees in the industry are not available, some in
sights can be obtained from the broader aggregation,
soaps and cosmetics.6In 1978, an estimated 5 percent of
all workers employed in the manufacture of soaps and
cosmetics were chemical and industrial engineers, chem
ists, and chemical technicians. Sales and clerical person
nel accounted for 26 percent of total employment. The
industry also employs many semiskilled workers, such
as packers, wrappers, examiners, assemblers, and mix
ers, who made up 33 percent of the work force in 1978.
Technological advances
The industry produces a vast array of products, in
cluding shaving preparations, perfumes, colognes, hair
preparations, dentifrices, mouthwashes, lipsticks, de
odorants, nail products, creams, and lotions. Standards
for the materials used in these products have been
upgraded and many are now equal to the material speci
fications for the pharmaceutical industry.7
Although the basic processes involved in the produc
tion of cosmetics and toiletries have changed little over
the period, there have been improvements in the equip
ment and methods used. Many of these changes have
occurred on an in-house basis, with individual plants
developing some of their own equipment and modifying
or integrating production lines to improve efficiency. An
improvement that is widespread throughout the indus
try is the increased speed of filling and packaging lines.
One of the major processes involved in the produc
30
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tion of cosmetics and toiletries is batch preparation of
the products prior to packaging. Some improvements
have occurred that have increased efficiency in prepar
ing the batches. As volume warrants, the more fre
quently used raw materials are stored in large tanks and
then transferred directly to the mixing tanks via a pipe
line system. Previously, the raw materials were received
in drums and were manually dumped into the mixing
tanks. Semiautomatic controls allow the operator to
easily select the necessary raw materials. The final prod
uct is moved via pipes to stainless steel storage tanks,
where air-controlled pumping systems transfer the
batches to the filling lines.
Manufacturers have developed and adopted high
speed filling and packaging equipment for use with
large-volume production runs. Small-volume runs or
products requiring complex or delicate operations are
generally less automated. Much of the equipment used
in high-speed production can automatically perform
such operations as bottle feeding, product coding, and
packing of bottles and boxes into cartons for shipment.
One recent innovation in this area is the automatic unscrambler and bottle feeder. Bottles, jars, or caps are
automatically sorted and fed directly to the filling lines.
Products in the form o f sticks. For lipsticks and other
items such as eye shadow, deodorant, and perfume, the
basic processing method first involves melting and mix
ing the base products. Next, the forms, castings, or
molds are filled and cooled. Most products are then re
moved from the forms and are placed into holders. In a
few cases, particularly deodorant sticks, filling directly
into the holders for molding is possible.8
One of the more complicated operations is the pro
duction of lipsticks. Preparation of bulk material for
lipstick production is done using batch processing. The
most complex step is molding the sticks. Their produc
tion was formerly performed as a manual operation;
however, many manufacturers have adopted automatic
or semiautomatic equipment. The equipment consists of
a storage container with an attached dosing device and
a circular molding table with interchangeable molds
that can handle different shapes and sizes of lipsticks.
The equipment also includes a feeding table for lipstick
bases, and pressurized-air equipment for pushing solidi
fied sticks into the bases. Lipstick covers and bottom
labels are automatically put onto the bases. Automatic
equipment places the completed sticks into cartons.9
Toothpaste production. In the manufacture of toothpaste,
automated equipment is now being used that makes the
batch process almost one continuous operation— reduc
ing labor requirements. The filling process is done using
high-speed equipment and an automated tube feeder.
With the high-speed equipment, a dental cream line can
now be operated with two persons; previously four or
five were needed.
There has also been a change in the material used for
toothpaste tubes. The trend has been to switch from
metal to laminated plastic tubes, which are generally
easier to handle and can be processed about 10 percent
faster. Heat sealing the laminated tubes is quicker than
crimping metal, thus increasing production speed.10
Tubes leaving the filling line are packaged using auto
matic case packers and palletizers. It now requires two
or three fewer people to strap cases, and this equipment
has increased the number of pallets that can be packed.
The entire pallet load is now automatically wrapped
with shrink film (a form of clear plastic wrap).
Fragrances. The production process for perfumes and
colognes has changed little because of the unique stor
age requirements for aging. The batch process is not a
continuous operation because, prior to filling and com
pletion, these products must be pumped into storage
tanks and left for 3 to 7 days to age. However, some
improvements have occurred in the equipment used in
filtration and in filling. After aging, perfumes and co
lognes are chilled to a temperature near freezing. To ob
tain a crystal-clear product, they are processed through
a filter press to remove sediments. The liquids are then
pumped to the filling lines through pipelines. Advanced
equipment is being more widely used to assure proper
filtration and filling. The filling and packaging equip
ment that is used for other cosmetic products is also
used for perfumes and colognes. Considerable labor re
ductions have occurred because of the availability of
more sophisticated high-speed equipment.11
Aerosol products. A technological innovation which be
came widespread in the industry in the 1960’s was the
aerosol dispenser. Substantial improvements to the aero
sol unit, which have reduced labor requirements, have
occurred during the last several years. Valves and stems
are automatically placed into the aerosol units on the
filling line. Previously, this operation was done manual
ly. The valves are then mechanically crimped to allow
pressurization. After filling, the aerosol units pass
through an explosion-proof area for pressurization and
safety checking. The units are also inspected for leakage
and are automatically scanned for liquid content.
Scientific instrumentation. For new product development
and quality control, the industry now utilizes sophisti
cated instrumentation such as gas and high-pressure liq
uid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear
magnetic resonance.12This equipment has reduced labor
requirements and increased the speed of the chemical
analytical process.
Computer technology has aided productivity growth
in several ways. Computers are increasingly being used
for jobs such as flow and measurement of raw materi
als, formula calculations, mixing operations, and are
already widely used in the batch operations for verifica
tion of the individual batches. Also, computers have
assisted in reducing the turnaround time for products
and in decreasing the amount of paperwork.13 They are
being used more often in warehouses to perform such
tasks as product location, inventory control, and ship
ping documentation. In the important area of sales,
marketing analysis is more easily accomplished with
computer-based information systems.
should continue because of im
provements in the production processes and in the
equipment used. Increased utilization of computer tech
nology may also contribute to productivity gains.
Demand for the industry’s products is expected to
rise. According to industry analysts, some of the fastest
growing categories are facial treatments, hair straighteners, manicuring products, after-shampoo products, sun
care products, and men’s fragrances. Factors which are
believed to be important for future industry growth in
clude increased use of cosmetics and fragrances by men,
growth in products promoted for the ethnic popula
tions, more products to meet the needs of older
consumers, and the growing awareness of skin care. □
PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
FOOTNOTES
1The cosmetics and other toiletries industry comprises establish
ments primarily engaged in manufacturing perfumes (natural and syn
thetic), cosmetics, and other toilet preparations. This industry also
includes establishments primarily engaged in blending and com
pounding perfume bases; and those manufacturing shampoos and
shaving products, whether from soap or synthetic detergents. The in
dustry is designated as SIC 2844 in the Office of Management and
Budget’s S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C lassification M anual, 1972. Data prior
to 1958 are not comparable. All average annual rates of change are
based on the linear least squares trends of the logarithms of the index
numbers. Extensions of the indexes will appear in the annual BLS
Bulletin, P rodu ctivity M easures f o r S elected Industries.
2 U. S. In d u stria l O utlook, various issues. See also, “Beauty Chemi
cals ’80,” C h em ica l M a rk etin g R eporter, June 23, 1980, p. 29.
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3In d u stria l O utlook, 1980, p. 155.
4 “Chemical Finance,” C h em ical Business, Aug. 24, 1981, pp. 39-45.
See also, “Beauty Chemicals ’80,” C h em ical M a rk etin g R eporter, June
23, 1980, pp. 29-47.
5Based on conversations with officials of the Noxell Corporation
and Helene Curtis Industries, Inc.
6 The N a tio n a l Industry-O ccupation E m p lo y m e n t M atrix, 1970, 1978,
and Projected 1990, Vol. 1, Bulletin 2086, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
April 1981, pp. 155-58. The data cited relate to soaps and cosmetics
(SIC 2841 and 2844). However, because cosmetics employs 63 percent
of the total work force in both industries, these data should be repre
sentative for cosmetics.
7In d u stria l O utlook, 1970, p. 184.
31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Cosmetics Industry Productivity Gains
8Peter Weckerle, “Molding Process for the Production of Lip
sticks,” C osm etics a n d Toiletries, Voi. 95, May 1980, p. 81.
9Wendel Dinkel, “Processing of Lipsticks,” C osm etics a n d Toiletries,
Voi. 92, February 1977, pp. 30-34.
versations with Heinz J. Eiermann, director, Division of Cosmetics
Technology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D. C.
10The discussion on toothpaste production is based on conversa
tions with representatives of Colgate-Palmolive Co. and Lever
Brothers Co.
13 Information contained in a statement by Kenneth R. Cerra, quali
ty control director, Noxell Corporation, before the Society of Cosmet
ic Chemists Annual Scientific Seminar, reprinted in F D C Reports,
Toiletries, F ragrances a n d S kin Care, May 25, 1981, p. 6.
" The discussion on perfumes and colognes is based on con
12 In du strial O utlook, 1977, p. 152. Also conversations with Heinz J.
Eiermann, Food and Drug Administration.
APPENDIX: Measurement techniques and limitations
Indexes of output per employee hour measure chang
es in the relation between the output of an industry and
employee hours expended on that output. An index of
output per employee hour is derived by dividing an in
dex of output by an index of industry employee hours.
The preferred output index for manufacturing indus
tries would be obtained from data on quantities of the
various goods produced by the industry, each weighted
(multiplied) by the employee hours required to produce
one unit of each good in some specified base period.
Thus, those goods which require more labor time to
produce are given more importance in the index.
In the absence of physical quantity data, the output
index for the cosmetics and other toiletries industry was
constructed using a deflated value technique. The value
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32
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of shipments of the various product classes were adjust
ed for price changes by appropriate Producer Price In
dexes to derive real output measures. These, in turn,
were combined with employee hour weights to derive
the overall output measure. These procedures result in a
final output index that is conceptually close to the pre
ferred output measure.
The indexes of output per employee hour relate total
output to one input—labor time. The indexes do not
measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or
any other single factor. Rather, they reflect the joint ef
fect of factors such as changes in technology, capital in
vestment, capacity utilization, plant design and layout,
skill and effort of the work force, managerial ability,
and labor-management relations.
The office furniture industry:
patterns in productivity
Product proliferation and short production runs
limited the use of laborsaving equipment
in office furniture establishments; as a result,
productivity grew only moderately during 1958-80
J.
Edw
in
H
enneberger
Productivity growth (as measured by output per em
ployee hour) in the office furniture industry1 has been
low, in large part because of relatively short production
runs engendered by product proliferation. Between 1958
and 1980, the industry posted an average annual pro
ductivity gain of 1.8 percent, substantially below the 2.8percent rate for all manufacturing industries. The gain
resulted from growth in output of 5.5 percent, annually,
and employee hours of 3.6 percent.
In many industries, declines or small gains in output
are associated with reduced or even negative growth in
productivity. This seems to be true of the office furni
ture industry as a whole. (See table 1.) Thus, in the 9
years in which output either declined or grew at a less
than average rate, productivity either fell or grew at a
less than average rate in 5 of these years.
The trend in productivity for the overall office furni
ture industry must be viewed in light of the underlying
trend movements of the two component industries—
wood office furniture and metal office furniture. Metal
furniture is the dominant industry in the office furniture
group, employing about two-thirds of the 53,000 work
ers and accounting for roughly the same percent of
shipments. Although both industries exhibited nearly
the same growth in productivity between 1958 and 1980
(1.7 percent for wood furniture and 1.8 percent for met
al furniture), the growth in output and employee hours
was more diverse, with both output and hours grow-
J. Edwin Henneberger is an economist in the Division of Industry
Productivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing at much higher rates in the wood component (7.2
percent and 5.5 percent) than in metal (4.6 percent and
2.8 percent).
The metal office furniture industry, which experienced
five output downturns between 1958 and 1980, was,
nevertheless, able to maintain productivity growth in all
but 2 of these years. This suggests that the industry’s
work force is flexible and can be rapidly reduced if in
dustry sales are declining. However, the wood office fur
niture industry was never able to maintain positive
productivity during the six declines in output from 1958
to 1980. The more highly skilled work force, utilizing
craftworkers, in the wood segment may be more diffi
cult to periodically layoff and rehire.
Productivity trends have varied
The industry’s long-term productivity growth can be
divided into three periods (table 1). From 1958 to 1966,
productivity grew at a rate of 3.6 percent annually.
Slowing dramatically, productivity growth advanced by
only 0.1 percent per year during the middle time span
— 1966 to 1975. However, from 1975 to 1980, the rate
of advance increased to 5.1 percent per year.
Recession-induced falloffs were particularly acute
from 1966 to 1975. During the 1970 recession, industry
output dropped 17 percent while employee hours were
reduced by 6.6 percent. Consequently, productivity in
1970 fell by more than 11 percent. During the 1974-75
recession, output declined 5.3 percent in 1974 and 17.7
percent in 1975 while productivity posted its largest
falloff in 1974 ( —8.3 percent). More recently, produc
tivity exhibited positive growth during the short reces33
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Office Furniture Industry Productivity
T a b le
1.
P r o d u c t iv it y a n d
fu r n itu r e
in d u s tr y , 1 9 5 & -8 0
r e la te d
in d e x e s f o r t h e o f f ic e
[1977 = 100]
Year
O utput p er
em p loye e
hour
O utput
All
em p loye e
hours
Em ployees
1958 ..................................
1959 ..................................
1960 ..................................
64.0
69.8
70.4
33.1
37.5
39.4
51.7
53.7
56.0
51.8
52.9
54.7
1 9 6 1 ...................................
1962 ..................................
1963 ...................................
1964 ...................................
1965 ...................................
72.5
74.4
75.9
82.1
84.2
38.4
42.1
45.6
50.8
57.5
53.0
56.6
60.1
61.9
68.3
51.8
55.8
58.7
60.0
64.9
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
...................................
...................................
..................................
...................................
...................................
86.7
86.5
85.2
88.0
78.2
67.9
69.7
70.9
81.4
67.6
78.3
80.6
83.2
92.5
86.4
74.7
78.2
78.7
88.9
82.7
1 9 7 1 ...................................
1972 ...................................
1973 ...................................
1974 ...................................
1975 ...................................
83.9
91.8
90.6
83.1
85.5
64.8
82.7
87.5
82.9
68.2
77.2
90.1
96.6
99.8
79.8
74.9
87.3
94.4
98.9
81.8
89.7
100.0
100.1
107.3
108.9
75.8
100.0
108.1
121.1
125.9
84.5
100.0
108.0
112.9
115.6
85.6
100.0
107.8
110.9
118.4
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
...................................
................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
A v erag e annual rates o f change
1958-80 ...........................
1958 66 ..................
1966-75 ...........................
1975-80 ...........................
1.8
5.5
3.6
0.1
5.1
8.4
1.4
13.9
3.6
4.6
1.4
3.8
4.1
8.3
8.0
2.0
sion in 1980. However, this gain in productivity (1.5
percent) was somewhat less than the industry’s long
term growth (1.8 percent per year).
Among the component industries, the same midterm
pattern of productivity slowdown is evident. (See table
2.) From 1958 to 1966, productivity advanced in both
industries at about 3.6 percent per year. But from 1966
to 1975, productivity fell at an annual rate of 1.1 per
cent in the wood component while advancing by only
0.5 percent per year in the metal furniture industry.
Rebounding from the recession-marked middle period,
productivity advanced sharply from 1975 to 1980 in the
wood and metal industries— 7.2 and 3.8 percent, re
spectively. Output in this recovery period was up sharp
ly in both industries, paced by the nearly 22-percent
average annual growth in wood furniture. Lagging
somewhat behind wood furniture, the output of metal
furniture increased by about 10 percent per year during
this later period, as market share was lost to the more
natural look and feel of wood.
Office furniture demand growing
Between 1958 and 1980, output of the office furniture
industry grew at an average annual rate of 5.5 percent
per year, substantially above the 3.8-percent average
rate for all manufacturing industries. A number of fac
tors have shaped the demand for office furniture and the
34
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industry’s output growth. Some of these factors have in
cluded the amount of available office space, growth of
the white-collar work force, replacement demand, and
the introduction of new products.
The most important factor influencing the long-term
growth of office furniture undoubtedly has been the
growth of the white-collar or office work force. Between
1958 and 1980, white-collar workers have grown from
about 27 to nearly 53 million. Currently, officeworkers
account for slightly more than one-half of the total
employed work force.2This translates into a 2.9-percent
average annual increase. Available office space also is a
determinant of office furniture demand. The amount of
public and private detached office space doubled be
tween 1958 and 1980.3
As the stock of existing office furniture grows, the de
mand for replacement of womout or obsolete equip
ment grows also. The data suggest that in recent years
roughly one-third of office furniture production has
been consumed by the replacement market.4
The introduction of new products also stimulates in
creased demand for office furniture. In the past, office
furniture usually consisted of desks, chairs, tables, and
storage equipment, sold as individual pieces. Now,
modular or systems furniture is sold as complete inte
grated packages that include movable partitions, storage
components, and service modules. Advantages claimed
Table 2. Productivity indexes for the office furniture
and two component, 1958-80
[1977= 100]
All office
furniture
W ood
furniture
M etal
furniture
1958 ....................................................
1959 ....................................................
1960 ....................................................
64.0
69.8
70.4
67.1
69.5
68.0
64.5
71.6
72.7
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
72.5
74.4
75.9
82.1
84.2
70.5
69.9
80.4
84.5
82.8
74.7
77.9
75.9
82.9
86.3
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
86.7
86.5
85.2
88.0
78.2
85.9
88.1
87.7
91.9
83.9
88.3
87.6
86.2
88.5
78.0
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
83.9
91.8
90.6
83.1
85.5
81.2
84.5
78.5
83.0
80.5
86.4
96.7
97.9
84.5
88.9
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
....................................................
89.7
100.0
100.1
107.3
108.9
81.9
100.0
100.7
110.7
109.2
94.8
100.0
99.9
104.8
108.6
A v erag e annual rates o f change
1958 80
1958 66
1966-75
1975 80
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
1.8
3.6
0.1
5.1
1.7
3.5
-1 .1
7.2
1.8
3.6
0.5
3.8
for systems furniture include design flexibility, more ef
ficient use of floor space, low rearrangement costs, and
built-in electrical outlets. In recent years, systems furni
ture has outpaced the growth of conventional office fur
niture. Currently, systems furniture accounts for about
20 percent of the total office furniture market. Comput
ers and word processors, which require support furnish
ings, have also resulted in increased demand for office
furniture.
Industry employment more than doubles
The number of employees in the office furniture in
dustry increased from 23,000 in 1958 to about 53,000 in
1980. Sustained expansion of the work force during the
1960’s accounted for much of this growth.
While the overall employment growth for the indus
try was 3.8 percent per year from 1958 to 1980, em
ployment trends varied among the subindustries. The
work force in the wood office furniture industry
expanded at an average of 6.0 percent per year. The
metal furniture industry grew at less than half of that—
2.8 percent per year.
Compared with other manufacturing industries, office
furniture production is relatively labor intensive. About
10 percent more production worker hours are needed to
generate $1 of added value in office furniture than in all
manufacturing. Among the component industries, wood
office furniture is the most labor intensive.
Production workers accounted for 79 percent of total
industry employment in 1980, down slightly from the 81
percent reported in 1958. About 25 percent of the indus
try’s workers in 1980 were women, slightly less than the
31 percent level for all manufacturing. Average hourly
earnings of production workers— $5.92 in 1980— were
somewhat below that of the all manufacturing rate of
$7.27. Over the long term, employee turnover has been
slightly below that of the all manufacturing rate.
Industry establishment size increasing
Although office furniture production is geographically
dispersed throughout the United States, there is a large
concentration of firms in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi
gan, and Wisconsin, with many plants clustered in and
around Grand Rapids, Mich. Until World War II, the
Grand Rapids area had been a major center for house
hold furniture. After the war, the household furniture
industry dispersed, and commercial and office furniture
manufacturers moved in to fill the void.
From 1958 to 1977, the number of establishments in
the industry has been growing. In the wood segment,
the number of establishments more than doubled, while
in metal furniture, the number increased by only 25 per
cent. For the industry as a whole, average employment
size per establishment increased by about 12 percent.
During the same period, companies primarily manufac
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turing office furniture increased from 289 in 1958 to 486
in 1977—most of this growth occurring in the wood
furniture segment. At the same time, the proportion of
industry shipments accounted for by the four largest
companies in each industry increased modestly.
Between 1975 and 1980, the average annual growth
in capital expenditures per employee was lower for the
office furniture industry than for all manufacturing. For
example, from 1958 to 1975, capital expenditures per
employee grew at an annual rate of 6.3 percent in office
furniture, while the all manufacturing rate over the
same time period was 7.5 percent. Productivity growth
over this period was also lower in the office furniture in
dustry than in all manufacturing. From 1975 to 1980,
however, capital expenditures per employee accelerated
to 29.6 percent per year, compared with a rate of 11.1
percent for all manufacturing. Productivity from 1975
to 1980 increased sharply also, growing at a rate of 5.1
percent. The level of expenditures per employee, howev
er, has been substantially less than all manufacturing.
In 1980, the office furniture industry expended roughly
$2,900 per employee for new capital equipment while
the all manufacturing average was almost $3,700.
Manufacturing innovations limited
Typically, production in the office furniture industry
takes place at mechanized work stations with workpiece
transfer accomplished by conveyor line, forklift truck,
or handcart. The wood furniture industry employs gen
eral purpose woodworking machinery such as saws,
planers, glue presses, and sanders. Basic operations in
the metal furniture industry include metal cutting,
stamping, welding, and tubeforming. With minor differ
ences, both industries have common operations such as
painting and upholstering. Obviously, many of the pro
cesses used for manufacturing wood furniture bear little
resemblance to those used for metal furniture. However,
even within the component industries, variations in
equipment and processes are evident. This is particular
ly true of wood furniture. Some of the finer grades are
produced almost entirely by hand, while the less expen
sive grades are produced in assembly line fashion.
Product proliferation is a problem within the office
furniture industry, and this has hindered the introduc
tion of special purpose and highly efficient machinery
and equipment. While the household furniture industry
finds it relatively easy to drop product lines and styles,
office furniture companies must maintain the capacity to
produce old as well as new product lines. This problem
is particularly acute in the more expensive wood office
furniture lines. Reorders of wood furniture must match
style as well as wood grain pattern and color (which
may not be the same as when the pieces were new).
Therefore, the potential number of product types,
styles, and colors, coupled with the bulkiness of fumi35
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Office Furniture Industry Productivity
ture, discourage factories from accumulating large in
ventories of finished goods. Most office furniture, per
haps as much as 90 percent, is for order rather than
inventory. Office furniture dealers do not stock large in
ventories either; rather, an accumulation of customer
orders is periodically sent to the factory. This results in
short production runs of individual items.
This diminished ability to control production runs may
be one of the reasons productivity growth in the office
furniture industry has been less than that of the house
hold furniture industry.5 The office furniture industry
must remain even more flexible in terms of production
capabilities than household furniture manufacturers,
many of whom are also troubled by short, inefficient
production runs and difficulty in incorporating highly
specialized and efficient equipment. Nevertheless, some
notable advances in the technology of manufacturing
office furniture have been introduced.
In the wood office furniture industry, one of the most
pronounced trends in innovation has been increased use
of particleboard. While the primary impetus for the
expanded usage of particleboard has been its lower cost
in relation to the cost of solid lumber, the industry has
focused considerable attention on new technologies to
handle the material. A wide variety of surface laminates
and films and application techniques have eliminated
several time-consuming production and assembly opera
tions. Groove-folding, a technique whereby V-shaped
grooves are cut in the particleboard substrate, but not
through the flexible surface material, produces seamless
furniture edges which are held in place by the continu
ous outer wrap.6
Although somewhat hampered by increased petro
chemical prices in recent years, the use of plastic
materials has simplified construction and added
strength to furniture components, and can also produce
mar-resistant surfaces. Reconstituted wood veneer, an
other advance in materials, has uniform thickness,
grain, and quality and can be evenly stained. Its use
eliminates the need for the labor intensive procedure of
manually grading, selecting, and removing defects from
natural veneers.
In addition to new materials, notable advances have
occurred in woodworking machinery. Abrasive planing,
introduced in the early 1960’s, combines heavy stock re
moval with direct dimensioning at the sanding machine.7
Machines which glue and trim veneer strips to the edges
of particleboard can eliminate the complicated set of
clamps and pressure bands which formerly had to be
locked in place until the glue dried.
In the metal office furniture industry, machines have
recently been installed that automatically position and
cut shapes into the large flat metal blanks that later will
be fashioned into desks, file cabinets, and so forth. This
equipment is more efficient because it does not require
36
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moving the workpiece to a separate machine for each
cut. Also, setup time is considerably reduced.
Savings in the time needed to produce tubular shapes
have been accomplished by new tubeforming and cut
ting equipment. Tubemaking, which starts from flat
coiled steel, has been speeded up by the use of automat
ic welders which join the ends of the coils so that the
tubeforming equipment need not be shut down while
coils are being changed.
Metallic inert gas ( m ig ) welding has largely supplant
ed most other forms of welding. Its advantage is that
the parts being joined do not have to be as thoroughly
cleaned as with brazing. Although robot welders are
not common, automatic welding is. Once travel and an
gle of the welding arm have been adjusted, a worker is
required only to load and unload workpieces onto and
from the equipment.
Although not designed specifically for the metal office
furniture industry, automated parts inventory storage
and retrieval systems are being used by several plants in
the industry. Operating under the control of a computer
which “explodes” or breaks down orders for the re
quired number of finished pieces of furniture into the
necessary parts demand, robot crawlers and unmanned
forklift trucks retrieve and deliver the parts to various
pickup stations where they are transferred to the assem
bly line in the correct sequence for manufacture.
Upholstering, an operation which is similar in both
wood and metal office furniture, is a particularly labor
intensive operation and requires a skilled work force.
Although still used in many plants, manual pattern lay
out and fabric cutting have in some cases been phased
out, superseded by diecutting of fabric. Computer-controlled cutting equipment, which combines high speed
with accuracy and eliminates manual pattern layout, is
also available.8 Steam tables, installed at upholsterers’
work stations, expand the cut fabric workpiece. Once
removed from the steam and stapled around the foam
rubber cushion, the fabric shrinks back to its normal
size and becomes taut. Airpowered plunger tables, used
to compress the fabric-covered foam shape, have made
button insertion and tiedown operations easier.
Electrostatic finishing, used widely by the metal fur
niture industry, can be used successfully on wooden fur
niture,9 resulting in increased labor productivity in the
finishing area and a substantial reduction in material
and maintenance costs. Automatic electrostatic spray
lines allow closer spacing of pieces to be painted and,
thus, greater efficiency. With these automatic lines, col
or changeover is automatic and can be done in 30 sec
onds rather than the 2 minutes previously required on
the nonautomatic electrostatic lines. Electrodeposition
lines, which are powdered coatings in a medium of ei
ther air or water, are particularly efficient with respect
to labor, materials, and solvent emissions.
Likewise, both the metal and wood office furniture in
dustries have shared the advances made in portable,
handheld power fastening tools, resulting in added
worker efficiency through more power, greater capacity,
and less weight and maintenance. Productivity has also
been enhanced by improved workflow layout, compu
terized recordkeeping, and new materials such as quick
setting glues and improved finishes.
Recent trends may continue
If continued, the industry’s capital spending surge of
the last few years may provide the plant and equipment
necessary to maintain the recent above average growth in
productivity. However, the current economic downturn
may have a negative effect on demand and productivity.
Although the full consequences of the current eco
nomic downturn cannot be foreseen, it is worth noting
that previous recessions have had only limited ef
fects on the growth of the white-collar work force, one
of the key factors in the output growth of the office fur
niture industry. In fact, even though there have been
four recessions since 1958, the total white-collar work
force has never declined. With the forecasted continued
expansion in the white-collar work force,10 demand for
the industry’s products should continue to increase and
may, therefore, present the industry with opportunities
to expand productivity. Also, the industry’s output
should be further bolstered if the growth of systems fur
niture continues.
While the “paperless office” is not as yet a reality,11
over the long term, the increasing sophistication of elec
tronic office equipment may result in officeworkers
becoming more productive. This, in turn, can influence
output of the office furniture industry by dampening
growth in the white-collar work force and affecting de
mand and productivity in the office furniture industry. □
FOO TNOTES
'The office furniture industry is classified as SIC 252 in the 1972
S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C lassification M a n u a l and its 1977 supplement, is
sued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. The subindustries
within the office furniture group include establishments that are pri
marily engaged in manufacturing furniture commonly used in offices—
wood (SIC 2521) and metal (SIC 2522).
ember 1978, pp. 23-29.
6 Darrell Ward, “Groove Folding for Contract and Contemporary,”
W oodw orking a n d Furniture D igest, June 1981, pp. 42-45.
7 ---- , “Abrasive Planing Challenges Your Knife Cutting Tech
niques,” H itc h c o c k ’s W ood W orking D igest, November 1963, pp. 2932.
1 E m p lo y m e n t a n d T raining R ep o rt o f the President, 1981 Report
(The White House, 1981), pp. 148-49; see also table 3, p. 73, of the
April 1982 issue of the M o n th ly L a b o r Review.
8 Robert Michael, “New Techniques of Computerized Fabric Cut
ting,” F urniture M e th o d s a n d M aterials, June 1971, pp. 12-15.
3See P. W. Daniels, ed., S p a tia l P attern s o f O ffice G rowth a n d L oca
tion (New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1979), pp. 67-69.
F urniture D igest, April 1982, pp. 22-25.
4 “Equipment Purchases Planned by Readers in 1980,” The Office,
January 1980, p. 26.
10E conom ic Projections to 1990, Bulletin 2121 (Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, 1982), pp. 34-47.
5See J. Edwin Henneberger, “Productivity Growth Below Average
in the Household Furniture Industry,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , Nov
11 See Paul Lieber, “Office Automation: The Job Threat that Never
Happened,” The Office, May 1980, p. 158.
9Richard D. Rea, “Electrostatic Disks Win,” W oodw orking a n d
APPENDIX: Measurement techniques and limitations
Indexes of output per employee hour measure changes
in the relation between the output of an industry and
employee hours expended on that output. An index of
output per employee hour is derived by dividing an in
dex of output by an index of industry employee hours.
The preferred output index for manufacturing indus
tries would be obtained from data on quantities of the
various goods produced by the industry, each weighted
(multiplied) by the employee hours required to produce
one unit of each good in some specified base period.
Thus, those goods which require more labor for produc
tion are given more importance in the index.
Because data on physical quantities are not reported
for the entire office furniture industry, real output was
estimated by a deflated value technique. Changes in
price levels were removed from current-dollar values of
production by means of appropriate price indexes at
various levels of subaggregation for the variety of prod
ucts in the group. To combine segments of the output
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index into a total output measure, employee hour
weights relating to the individual segments were used,
resulting in a final output index that is conceptually
close to the preferred output measure.
The indexes of output per employee hour relate total
output to one input—labor. The indexes do not mea
sure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any
other single factor. Rather, they reflect the joint effects
of factors such as changes in technology, capital invest
ment, capacity utilization, plant design and layout, skill
and efforts of the work force, managerial ability, and la
bor-management relations.
The average annual rates of change presented in the
text are based on the linear least squares trend of the
logarithms of the index numbers. Extensions of the in
dexes appear annually in the BLS bulletin, Productivity
in Selected Industries. A technical note describing the
methods used to develop the indexes is available from
the Division of Industry Productivity Studies.
37
Productivity in the
pump and compressor industry
;
During 1958-80 the industry experienced
long-term advances reflecting improvements
in metalworking machinery and computer aid;
but since 1965, productivity has decelerated,
being especially slow from 1973 forward
,
H o rst B r a n d a n d C l y d e H u f fst u t l e r
Output per employee hour in pump and compressor
manufacturing rose at an average annual rate of 2.1 per
cent between 1958 and 1980—compared with a rate of
2.6 percent for manufacturing as a whole.1 Output in
creased 4.7 percent a year, employee hours 2.6 percent.
Among the sources of the industry’s long-term produc
tivity advance were improvements in metalworking ma
chinery, which lies at the core of the production
processes for pumps and compressors, and computer
technologies, which were increasingly applied to engi
neering design.
The labor productivity trend for the industry was
marked by strong advances during the early part of the
period (from 1958 to 1965), followed by deceleration
during 1965-73, and a further slowing thereafter. As
the tabulation shows, using average annual rates of
change in percent, the trend pattern paralleled manufac
turing:
1958-80 ....................
1958-65 ...............
1965-73 ...............
1973-80 ...............
Pumps and
compressors
Manufacturing
2.1
3.4
2.1
1.0
2.6
2.7
2.4
1.8
Horst Brand and Clyde Huffstutler are economists in the Division of
Industry Productivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Digitized 38
for FRASER
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By 1980, the level of labor productivity in the industry
had risen 55 percent from 1958, as against 78 percent
for all manufacturing.
The long-term productivity trend, in addition to evi
dencing divergent medium-term movements, was punc
tuated by sharp year-to-year swings. These swings were
generally related to the business cycle, although they
show no uniform pattern. Thus, labor productivity fell
steeply in 1960 (3.2 percent), 1975 (5.6 percent), and
1980 (2.6 percent). In these years, output either grew
more slowly than employee hours (1960), or fell more
rapidly (1975), or fell while hours rose (1980). Yet, in
1961, 1967, and 1971, years when the economy slowed,
significant increases in productivity occurred (3.9 per
cent, 1.7 percent, and 1.5 percent)— which, however,
stemmed from drops in employee hours exceeding drops
in output.
Years of recovery or boom in which productivity
soared to more than twice its long-term rate, displayed
a more uniform pattern of change in output and em
ployee hours. In 1959 and 1976, gains in productivity
were linked with large output increases but slight em
ployee hour declines.
Separate data for pumps and pumping equipment,
and for air and gas compressors, are available only
from 1972 forward. Average annual rates of change in
labor productivity for the two separate industries com
pare as follows for the 1972-80 span:
Percent
Pumps and compressors ..................................
Pumps and pumping equipment .................
Air and gas compressors ..............................
1.2
1.2
1.1
All manufacturing ............................................
1.9
Reflecting contrasting trends in output and employee
hours, labor productivity movements in the pump and
pumping equipment segment were considerably less vol
atile than in compressor manufacturing. The former
attained a productivity level in 1979 that exceeded 1973
by 7 percent (both years registered cyclical peaks); the
latter failed to reattain its 1973 high.
Output increases
Pumps and compressors are used throughout manu
facturing and many nonmanufacturing industries, as
well as agriculture. Pumps are the second most com
mon machine in use after the electric motor.2 Compres
sors generate compressed air, which may be regarded as
a form of energy ranking in breadth of use only below
electricity, gas, and water, in addition to being indis
pensable in the transportation of gas.3
Between 1958 and 1980, output of pumps and com
pressors rose 175 percent, or at an average annual rate
of 4.7 percent. Manufacturing output grew at a rate of
3.8 percent over the period. Like the long-term trend in
the industry’s labor productivity, the long-term trend in
output rose less after 1965 than earlier, as the following
tabulation indicates by showing average annual rates of
change in percent:
1958-80 ............
1958-65 ___
1965-73 ___
1973-80 ___
Pumps and
compressors
Manufacturing
4.7
6.5
2.5
4.2
3.8
5.9
3.0
2.5
Output of pumps and compressors reached a peak in
dex level of 115 (1977=100) in 1979, from which it re
ceded slightly in 1980. The dip was caused by a decline
in compressor manufacturing, which had climbed 51
percent between 1973 and 1979. Pump and pumping
equipment output had risen 22 percent between those 2
years of cyclical highs.
Of the total output of pumps and compressors, the
former accounted for about two-thirds, according to the
1977 Census of Manufactures, the latter for the remain
ing one-third. Industrial pumps represented more than
half of the output of pumps and pumping equipment
(other than accessories). Hydraulic fluid power pumps,
oil well and oilfield pumps, and other pumps and equip
ment installed in appliances, fire engines, and structures,
made up the remaining output. Parts and attachments
constituted close to one-quarter of pump manufacturing
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output in 1977. Given the often difficult climatic and
environmental conditions in which pumps must operate,
and the abrasiveness of fluids often transferred by them,
speedy replacement of worn and damaged parts consti
tutes a vital function of the manufacturer, and is the
reason for the high proportion of shipments of parts
and attachments.
Air compressors accounted for well over one-quarter
of the shipments of compressor manufacturers, accord
ing to the 1977 census, gas compressors for just under
one-tenth. They consisted preponderantly of the station
ary type. Portable compressors, which are relatively
small machines, made up one-fifth of total air and gas
compressor shipments. Industrial spraying equipment
also added one-fifth to compressor manufacturers’ ship
ments. Compressors, like pumps, are frequently exposed
to rough operating and environmental conditions, hence
a comparatively high proportion of shipments (20 per
cent) represented parts and attachments in 1977.
Factors underlying output growth
In general, growth in the output of pumps and com
pressors was related to expansion in industrial and
public utility demand, particularly during the boom
years of the early and mid-1960’s; gains in residential
and associated public works construction, such as sew
age and waterworks, during the 1960’s and 1970’s; and
intensified needs of energy-related extractive and pipe
line industries, especially during the 1970’s. Foreign
trade, too, played an important role in sustaining out
put: about one-fifth of pump and compressor produc
tion was exported between 1972 and 1978.
Expansion in the productive activities of a wide array
of users lay at the base of output growth of pumps and
compressors. No precise statistical link can be
established between the former and the latter. However,
movements in the plant and equipment expenditures,
adjusted for price changes, by major pump and com
pressor users are indicative, as are put-in-place data for
construction.
Among large-scale users of pumps and compressors
was the chemical industry, which accounts for about
one-tenth of total pump and compressor output.4 Chem
icals nearly doubled plant and equipment outlays (ad
justed for price changes) in the early 1960’s, then
reduced them. After 1973, however, outlays were once
again raised, so that in 1979 they stood nearly twice
above the 1973 level. The industry has increasingly used
pumps made of fiberglas, plastics, and stainless steel to
transfer salt solutions, acid, and chlorine.5
Steel mills and blast furnaces, whose capital spending
patterns compared roughly with that of the chemical in
dustry over the review period, purchase about 7 percent
of pump and compressor output. They use a variety of
industrial and hydraulic pumps as well as compressors
39
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Productivity in the Compressor Industry
to move sources of energy such as liquid fuels, as well
as water to absorb waste energy. Installation of multi
stage pumps to achieve higher pressure has, in part,
been prompted by the shift from open-hearth to basicoxygen and electric-arc steelmaking processes. The par
tial replacement of slabbing mills by continuous casting
has required more water, hence a larger number of and
more powerful centrifugal pumps.6
More than 18 percent of pumps and compressors are
bought by energy-related extracting, processing, and
distributing industries. Thus, growth in extractive activ
ities spurred the demand for industrial as well as oil
well and oilfield pumps. Between 1960 and 1970, the
number of crude oil and gas wells drilled dropped
sharply (by nearly two-fifths), as did footage drilled (by
27 percent). After 1970, the decline was reversed; in
1978, the two indicators ran 72 percent and 68 percent
above 1971 levels. Concomitantly, output of oil well
and oilfield pumps, which had risen at an average annu
al rate of less than 4 percent between 1958 and 1973,
soared to a rate of more than 10 percent between 1973
and 1980. Oil extraction also requires reciprocal pumps
for mud circulation; submersible centrifugal units to lift
the crude oil; and centrifugal pumps for waterflooding
(to prevent subsidence and maintain pressure).7
Compressors are required in oil drilling and oilfield
maintenance operations, and particularly in secondary
recovery efforts. The continued expansion of natural gas
pipelines (whose mileage increased 9 percent between
1973 and 1978) spelled the installation of additional
large compressors for gas transmission; and increases in
new wells—more than twofold between 1973 and 1978
— required numerous smaller compressors for gas gath
ering, as did the prohibition of flaring of waste gas
(which now must be stored in tanks). Also, steep in
creases in capital expenditures of the coal mining indus
try— 162 percent between 1958 and 1972 (after
adjustment for price changes), and 169 percent between
1973 and 1977—indicate expansion in this industry’s
demand for compressors.
Expansion of petroleum pipeline capacity also raised
the demand for pumps, particularly of the high-horse
power centrifugal kind, and for stationary compressors.
While the network of petroleum pipelines operated by
petroleum pipeline companies increased 16 percent be
tween 1960 and 1970, and contracted somewhat thereaf
ter, total oil transported rose 81 percent during the
1960’s, and 48 percent in the 1970’s.8At the same time,
the average diameter of pipes was enlarged by onethird, roughly doubling capacity.9 This required signifi
cant increases in the size and capacity of pumping
equipment and compressors.
Expanding electrical generating capacity spurred the
output growth especially of centrifugal pumps. These
are used as boiler-feed pumps, as well as in many other
40
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 1. Productivity and related indexes for pump and
compressor manufacturing, 1958-80
[1977 = 100]
Year
O utput per
em p lo y ee hour
Output
E m ployee hours
Em ployees
1958 ....................
1959 ....................
1960 ....................
64.5
68.8
66.6
41.1
43.4
44.6
63.7
63.1
67.0
63.1
62.6
66.1
1 9 6 1 ....................
1962 ....................
1963 ....................
1964 ....................
1965 ....................
69.2
73.6
78.1
79.4
80.9
43.9
48.6
51.7
59.0
65.2
63.4
66.0
66.2
74.3
80.6
62.6
64.9
64.6
71.5
77.9
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
81.1
82.5
82.3
86.3
85.8
70.5
70.1
68.3
74.0
74.8
86.9
85.0
83.0
85.7
87.2
82.9
82.4
80.3
83.3
85.8
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
87.1
91.1
97.8
96.7
91.3
69.4
76.2
87.7
94.0
87.0
79.7
83.6
89.7
97.2
95.3
79.4
82.5
88.6
97.3
96.0
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
96.8
100.0
102.6
102.5
99.8
91.4
100.0
107.1
114.5
112.9
94.4
100.0
104.4
111.7
113.1
94.3
100.0
105.1
112.7
113.9
Average annual
rates of change
(in percent):
1958-80 ............
1975-80 ............
2.1
1.9
4.7
6.0
2.6
4.1
2.7
4.2
operations requiring the circulation and condensation of
steam and water. While the total number of electrical
generating stations did not advance very much over the
review period, the proportion of stations generating
500,000 kilowatts or more rose from under 3 percent in
1960 to 12 percent in 1979. Nuclear and gas-turbine
driven, power-generating plants likewise increased. The
rise in the number of larger electric generating plants
spelled a shift to larger, more powerful pumps.10
Construction accounts for another 18 percent of
pump and compressor output. Centrifugal and trash
pumps (which accommodate up to 25 percent of small
solids in the water being pumped) are used in the clear
ing and preparing of construction sites.11 Portable com
pressors are indispensable in the many pneumatical
operations at construction sites. Between 1960 and
1973, the volume of total construction put in place rose
at an average annual rate of 2.9 percent; thereafter it
declined at a rate of 1.5 percent. However, some con
struction sectors with high demand for pumps continued
to expand— for example, sewage system construction
(spurred by more stringent environmental regulations).
Employment and hours
Employment in the pump and compressor manufac
turing industry currently numbers approximately 91,000
persons. It rose 81 percent between 1958 and 1980, or
at an average annual rate of 2.7 percent (compared with
1.1 percent for all manufacturing).
The long-term trend in employee hours in the indus
try did not differ significantly from the long-term trend
in employment. They rose at a rate of 2.6 percent a
year over the period, compared with 1.1 percent for
manufacturing as a whole.
Production worker employment rose somewhat faster
over the 1958-80 period than production workers’
hours (2.7 percent a year versus 2.4 percent). Year-toyear changes ranged from an increase of 12 percent in
1974 to a decline of 10 percent for production worker
employment; the range was wider still for hours. Over
time exceeded the manufacturing durables average in 17
of the 22 years examined here.12 Comparatively high
overtime hours were probably related to hiring and sep
aration policies which, judging by the pertinent labor
turnover data, have been such as to ensure retention of
a relatively skilled work force. Labor turnover in the in
dustry ran less than three-fifths of the manufacturing
average for the period.13 High overtime and low turn
over rates were probably also related to the skill com
position of the industry’s work force.
Data on the skill composition of employees in pump
and compressor manufacturing are not directly avail
able. Such data have been compiled by the BLS only for
the general industrial machinery group (sic 356), of
which pumps and compressors represent 29 percent by
employment. Craft and related workers accounted for
30 percent of the production workers employed by es
tablishments in this group in 1980, compared with 26
percent for total manufacturing. Metalworking craftworkers represented 12 percent of all production work
ers in the group, compared with 5 percent for manufac
turing; and machinists 3 percent, compared with 1
percent. Operatives accounted for slightly more than
three-fifths of all production workers in the general in
dustrial machinery group, the same as in manufacturing
as a whole. But metalworking operatives in industrial
machinery, constituting one-third of production work
ers, had three times the share of their counterparts in
all manufacturing. Laborers, with 6 percent of produc
tion workers in the group, had little more than half
their share for all manufacturing.
Wage differentials also suggest a somewhat higher
skill composition for production workers in pump and
compressor establishments than in all manufacturing. In
1980, hourly earnings of the former ran 10 percent
above the manufacturing average, and 3 percent above
the manufacturing durables average. These ratios re
mained substantially unchanged during 1958-80. (Hour
ly earnings were about the same for production workers
in the industry and in the general industrial machinery
group of which the industry is part.)
Employment of nonproduction workers by pump and
compressor manufacturing establishments rose at a
slightly faster rate than that of production workers—
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2.9 percent a year (versus 2.7 percent). Nonproduction
workers account for a comparatively high proportion of
the industry’s employment— 41 percent in 1980, as
against 30 percent for all manufacturing. The propor
tion did not change significantly over the review period.
One of the reasons for the high proportion of
nonproduction workers resides in the larger share
accounted for by mechanical engineers in the industry
groups’ occupational makeup (the data are, again, for
the general industrial machinery group). Such engineers
represented 6 percent of all white-collar workers in the
group in 1980— three times the comparable manufac
turing ratio. Engineering and science technicians,
among them drafters, made up 11 percent of white-col
lar workers in the group, as against 8 percent for manu
facturing. The group also employed a somewhat higher
proportion of clerical and secretarial workers (42 versus
40 percent). The share of blue-collar nonproduction
workers, such as truckdrivers and service employees,
was generally lower than for manufacturing.
Technological changes
Small lot production is the rule in pump and com
pressor establishments. Pumps and compressors are
often large machines, manufactured to customer specifi
cation. While many of these machines are composed of
standard parts, the economies associated with mass pro
duction are generally not available in producing pumps
and compressors. The production process must con
stantly be adapted so as to cope with the many design,
casting, and machining requirements that arise. Such
adaptation was facilitated by the advent of numerically
controlled machine tools in the 1960’s, and the intro
duction of computer-aided design into engineering prac
tice.14 Numerical controls and computer-aided design
have been important sources of labor productivity ad
vances in the industry. The impact of these technologi
cal changes will be outlined, following a brief survey of
the kinds and age of the metalworking machinery used
in manufacturing pumps and compressors.
According to the 12th American Machinist Inventory
o f Metalworking Equipment for 1976-78 (latest avail
able), about one-third of all metal cutting and metal
forming machine tools in the pump and compressor
manufacturing industry were less than 10 years old; 70
percent were less than 20 years old. Comparable data
for earlier years are available only for the general indus
trial machinery group (sic 356). For general industrial
machinery, no distinct trend in the age composition of
metalworking machinery is observable. Thus, in 1958,
34 percent of such machinery installed in the plants of
this group was less than 10 years old, 74 percent was
less than 20 years. In 1968, as well as in 1978, the com
parable figures read 33 and 72 percent.15
Despite the absence of a trend toward a more mod41
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Productivity in the Compressor Industry
ern stock of metalworking equipment in terms of age,
output capability per machine tool unit improved con
siderably. According to the American Machinist's 10th
Inventory of Metalworking Equipment (1968), “For the
last 5 years, the number of machine tools has increased
by 4.5 percent, while the value of production, as meas
ured in constant dollars by the American Machinist pro
duction index, has gone up by 39 percent.” In the text
accompanying its 12th Inventory (1976-78), the Ameri
can Machinist again confirmed this trend. It noted that
while the total machine tool “population” had declined
by about one-tenth between 1968 and 1978, the produc
tion index had risen 40 percent.16
Table 2. Productivity and related indexes for pumps and
pumping equipment manufacturing, 1972-80
[1977 = 100]
Y ear
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
Average annual rates of
change (in percent):
1972-80 ......................
O utput per
e m p lo y ee hour
Output
Em ployee hours
90.8
94.1
93.6
89.9
92.7
100.0
101.1
100.7
97.2
81.0
91.7
91.9
90.4
92.9
100.0
106.1
111.6
112.5
89.2
97.4
98.2
100.6
100.2
100.0
104.9
110.8
115.8
88.1
94.8
98.3
101.4
99.7
100.0
106.2
113.0
117.6
1.2
3.9
2.6
3.1
E m ployees
Machining time cut
The increase in the output capacity of machine tools
has undoubtedly contributed to gains in the labor pro
ductivity of pump and compressor manufacturing. For
example, machining time for pump casings, which often
are of great weight and size, has in the leading plants
been drastically reduced by specially designed milling
machines. These milling machines also require less setup
time, and a smaller number of setups than formerly. In
one case, machining time for large centrifugal pump
casings, weighing up to 18,000 pounds, was reduced
from 48 to 17 employee hours; in other words, where
three 16-hour shifts, involving two operators, were re
quired earlier, only one operator working 17 hours is
needed now.17However, electric energy requirements are
considerably greater.18
Reductions in machining time are frequently achieved
by combining in one large metalworking operation sev
eral previously separate ones. An example is the simul
taneous milling, radial drilling, and facing (smoothing)
of different parts of the same workpiece. Sequential op
erations on a given workpiece are speeded up by means
of automatic tool changers, commanded by taped in
structions, causing different kinds of tools (or different
configurations of the same kind of tool) to be advanced,
retracted, and changed, as programmed. (Such appara
tus may be bypassed by manual controls, when neces
sary in the operator’s judgment.)19
Reductions in setup time have also been made
possible for many single-purpose machines, for example,
grinders. Pump shafts must in some cases be tapered,
and this has usually required several setups depending
upon the length and desired fit of the shaft. In some of
the industry’s plants, separate setups for this purpose
have been eliminated by grinders that adapt automati
cally and will grind several fits simultaneously.20
Advances in the foundry operations of pump and
compressor manufacturers have also contributed to la
bor productivity gains. In the technically more ad
vanced plants, molding and coremaking have been
speeded up by rapid-cycle machinery, and by discarding
42
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the time-consuming sand baking process. The no-bake
process uses a resin binder and a catalyst to produce
the sand mold, saving energy as well as unit labor re
quirements.21 Several of the same core patterns (from
which pump casings and other pump and compressor
parts are cast) can be cut simultaneously by means of
synchronous fabricating machinery, operating on the
principle of key-making apparatus.
Engineering plays a key role in pump and compressor
manufacturing. As noted, much of the industry’s output
is manufactured to customer specifications, which of ne
cessity involves engineering staff. Additionally, the ad
vent of numerically controlled machine tools, and of
computer numerical controls, has centered more pro
duction responsibilities in engineering departments,
away from the shop floor. The growth of engineering
staff has intensified concern with promoting its ef
ficiency. Engineering efficiency has been raised in the
more advanced establishments of the industry by apply
ing certain computer technologies; designing production
processes which economize on engineering time; and
standardizing common parts. Efforts have also been
made to bypass engineering where feasible.22
Computer graphics have simplified drafting by
allowing corrections to be made to the draft without
manually redrawing it. Detailed drawings can be made
within minutes, where before it took hours. Comput
erized data banks permit access to all drawings on file.
Computer graphics has permitted the elimination of 7
to 8 drafter jobs in one of the establishments visited by
BLS staff. The computer-aided design can be program
med directly upon tape, and fed to the machine tool.
This represents a considerable advance for numerical
controls, inasmuch as programs previously had to be
punched, or prepunched programs had to be purchased.
With design and production closely linked, owing to
the computer and numerical controls, engineers con
ceive of computer-aided design and computer-assisted
manufacturing as integral operations. Calculation of for
mulae, design of the product, and production are
viewed and operated as a single process. Uniformity of
product dimension and quality are ensured. Changes in
the detail of design are quickly and inexpensively incor
porated. Engineering time saved by computer-aided de
sign and computer-assisted manufacturing has been
estimated at two-thirds of conventional engineering pro
cedures.23
As noted, replacement of parts and attachments ac
counts for a sizable proportion of the output of pump
and compressor manufacturing. Computer-aided design
and computer-assisted manufacturing helps ensure that
replacement parts are dimensionally accurate, while
economizing on engineering time. Dimensional confor
mance is further ensured by certain process innovations.
Thus, cores or molds for impellers and other pump and
compressor components are now frequently ceramic in
stead of wood.
Capital expenditures
Plant and equipment outlays by pump and compres
sor manufacturers rose at an average annual rate of 8.1
percent between 1958 and 1980— compared with 4.9
percent per year for all manufacturing. (The expenditure
data underlying these rates have been adjusted for price
changes.24) The industry’s capital spending rose at a
particularly high rate during the 1960’s, nearly tripling
between 1958 and 1969. For a few years thereafter, such
spending receded from the 1969 level, but it resumed its
rise in 1972, and doubled between 1972 and 1980.
Comparable figures for all manufacturing are considera
bly more modest, as the tabulation shows (average an
nual rates in percent):
1958-80 ............
1958-69 ___
1969-80 ___
1969-72 . .
1972-80 . .
P um ps a n d
compressors
M anufacturing
8.1
12.2
6.9
-10.2
7.6
4.9
8.2
4.6
-3.0
5.4
Structure of the industry
In 1977, pumps and pumping equipment were
manufactured in 613 establishments, air and gas com
pressors in 175. The former had increased 10 percent
since 1972, the latter had more than doubled. In the
preceding 9 years, no change in the number of estab
lishments making pumps and compressors had oc
curred. The number of companies in the industry
owning these establishments barely changed during the
1970’s.25
Pumps and compressors are manufactured mostly in
larger plants. Five percent of all establishments in the
industry employed 45 percent of its workers in 1977,
and accounted for about the same proportion of the to
tal value of shipments. More generally, establishments
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Table 3. Productivity and related indexes for air and gas
compressor manufacturing, 1972-80
[1977 = 100]
O utput per
e m p lo yee hour
Output
E m ployee hours
Em ployees
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
92.1
106.8
103.0
96.7
106.4
100.0
105.5
106.0
105.7
66.7
79.8
98.2
80.5
88.4
100.0
109.1
120.3
113.7
72.4
74.7
95.3
85.0
83.1
100.0
103.4
113.5
107.6
71.6
76.6
95.3
85.3
83.8
100.0
102.8
112.2
106.6
Average annual
rates of change
(in percent):
1972-80 ............
1.1
6.5
5.4
5.2
Y ear
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
with 100 workers or more represented less than onequarter of the total number of establishments in the in
dustry but well over four-fifths of total employment and
value of shipments.
Concentration was high. The industry’s four largest
companies employed more than half of its workers in
1977, and accounted for half of its value of shipments.
For manufacturing as a whole, the comparable ratios
were 6 and 7 percent.
Even so, the establishments are mostly small,
employing fewer than 100 persons. The smaller plants
accounted for 79 percent (pumps) and 70 percent (com
pressors) of all industry establishments in 1977. At the
same time, however, they recorded only 14 and 9 per
cent of total industry employment. These relationships
had not changed much from earlier phases of the review
period.
Outlook
Continued advances in the labor productivity of
pump and compressor manufacturing are likely over the
longer term. The diffusion of numerically controlled ma
chine tools and computer-aided design within the indus
try’s establishments, as well as among them, has still
some way to go. The age distribution of metalworking
machinery should continue to favor higher-capacity,
modernized equipment. Organizational changes result
ing from a widening scope of computer applications—
for example, more centralized decisionmaking in refer
ence to machining processes— will probably also im
prove productivity.26
So far, robots appear not to have been introduced
widely. Even in the more advanced shops, they are used
chiefly for paint spraying and other marginal opera
tions. Industry observers, however, expect that robots,
as their costs decline, will handle workpieces more and
more during the noncutting portion of the work cycle.27
Such a development is also bound to raise labor pro
ductivity.
43
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Productivity in the Compressor Industry
The nearer-term outlook is somewhat clouded, how
ever. The industry’s output is likely to suffer from
weakened demand from major users of pumps and com
pressors. When output slackens, a slowed rate of pro
ductivity advance, even declines in the rate, are more
probable. A source of weakened demand is the stagna
tion in housing starts, which tends to diminish the need
for pumps and compressors used in construction, as
well as for such public works as water and sewage,
which often require pumps and related equipment on a
large scale. Another source of declining needs for (hence
output of) pumps and compressors are reductions in
projected increases in oilfield exploration and develop
ment. (These reductions have been linked to smallerthan-expected energy demand increases, and lessened
price pressures.)28
At the same time, the widespread concern with cut
ting energy costs may bolster the demand (and output)
of more energy-efficient pumps and compressors. For
example, variable displacement pumps may to some ex
tent replace fixed displacement pumps. The latter rejects
excess flows by means of a relief valve, dumping them
back into a reservoir. This wastes pump energy, which a
variable displacement pump can avert.29 Piston pumps,
furthermore, are thought by industry observers to be
also favored over fixed displacement pumps, as high-
pressure hydraulics is more widely adopted in industry
and transportation (especially in aircraft and mobile
equipment). High-pressure hydraulics permits the use of
lighter pipes, pumps, and actuators.30
Industry observers believe that pumps and equipment
of larger size will continue to be installed in such uses
as steampower generation, pipelines, and petroleum re
fining. The shift from gasoline to heavy fuel refining31
requires heavier rotary rather than lighter centrifugal
pumps. Slurry pipelines—which move water-suspended
solids such as coal and wood chips—are believed to
gain wider acceptance, because they offer important
economies in transportation.
The BLS has projected a somewhat faster rise in the
number of nonproduction workers than production
workers for the general industrial machinery group.32 In
1990, professional and technical workers will make up
12.4 percent of all of the group’s employees, according
to the projections, compared with 11.4 percent in 1980;
and the share of clerical and related workers will rise
slightly. The proportion of craftworkers will remain
unchanged, and that of operatives will edge downward.
It seems reasonable to assume that changes in occupa
tional pattern projected for the general industrial ma
chinery group will, by and large, be repeated by pump
and compressor manufacturing.
□
FOOTNOTES
' The pump and compressor manufacturing industry consists of two
segments, pumps and pumping equipment, designated as SIC 3561 of
the S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C lassification M a n u a l 1972 of the Office of
Management and Budget; and air and gas compressors, SIC 3563.
SIC 3561 consists of establishments primarily engaged in manufactur
ing pumps and pumping equipment for general industrial use. Meas
uring and dispensing pumps for gasoline stations are not included,
nor are pumps installed in automobiles. SIC 3563 consists of estab
lishments primarily engaged in manufacturing air and gas compres
sors for general industrial use. Refrigeration compressor units are not
included. Prior to 1972, pumps and compressors were classified to
gether in SIC 3561.
Average annual rates of change are based on the linear least
squares of the logarithm of the index numbers. Extensions of the in
dexes will appear in the annual BLS Bulletin, P ro d u ctivity M easures
f o r S elected Industries.
McGraw-Hill, 1973), p. 1 ff.
3John P. Rollins, ed., C om pressed A ir a n d G as H a n d b o o k (New
York, Compressed Air and Gas Institute, 1973), p. 1. The range of
compressed air uses are discussed on pp. 1-44.
4U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,
U. S. E conom y: 1972
(Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1979).
5John R. Birk and James H. Peacock, “Chemical Industry,” P um p
H an dbook, p. 10-74 ff. Also, conversation with industry observer.
6 E. R. Pritchett, “Steel Mills,” P u m p H an dbook, p. 10-159; and
telephone conversation with author.
7Elvitsky, P u m p H andbook.
8U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, P rodu ctivi
44
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9 Mary Vickery, “Petroleum Pipeline Transportation,” U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, T echnological C hange a n d
its L a b o r Im p a c t in Five E nergy Industries, BLS Bulletin 2005 (Wash
ington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1979), pp. 39 and 42.
10Telephone conversation with Krutzsch, an author of P u m p H a n d
book.
" Benjes, H.H., “Sewage,” P u m p
telephone conversation with author.
H an dbook,
p.
10-2.
Also,
12Overtime in pump and compressor manufacturing compared with
overtime for all of manufacturing durables (all manufacturing = 100)
as follows:
P um ps a n d com pressors
1 William C. Krutzsch, “Introduction and Classification of Pumps,”
in Igor J. Karassik and others, P u m p H a n d b o o k (New York,
The D e ta iled In p u t-O u tp u t S tru ctu re o f the
ty M easures f o r S elected Industries, 1 9 5 4 -8 0 (Washington, D.C., Gov
ernment Printing Office, 1982), table 179.
1958 ...........
1959 ...........
1960 ...........
1 9 6 1 ...........
1962 ...........
1963 ...........
1964 ...........
1965 ...........
1966 ...........
1967 ...........
1968 ...........
1969 ...........
1970 ...........
1 9 7 1 ...........
1972 ...........
1973 ...........
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
........
____
. . . .
____
. ...
.. ..
____
____
.. . .
63
111
104
83
96
90
103
113
123
114
103
103
110
93
103
105
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
P um ps
Com pressors
126
119
131
114
100
103
100
112
115
103
116
113
114
161
13 Labor turnover in pump and compressor manufacturing compared with manufacturing (all manufacturing = 100) as follows (data
from 1972 forward for pumps and pumping equipment only; data for
air and gas compressors are not available):
Accessions
Separations
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
. . ..
.. ..
. .. .
. .. .
. ...
.. ..
... .
____
____
. ...
____
. .. .
. ...
.. . .
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
52
69
55
54
56
56
63
60
68
57
57
68
60
54
66
56
65
58
51
56
46
58
63
59
57
65
76
56
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
____
....
....
____
....
....
....
____
....
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
60
67
71
51
59
63
51
53
54
49
55
67
68
53
55
49
54
58
14See Comptroller General of the United States, M an u factu rin g
Technology- — A Changing Challenge to Im p ro ved P roductivity, Report
to the Congress, Washington, June 3, 1976, especially p. 37 ff.
15 The E ighth A m erican M achin ist In ventory o f M etalw orkin g E quip
m e n t — 1958, New York, McGraw-Hill. Reprinted from the Am erican
M achinist, Nov. 17, 1958; The Tenth A m erican M achin ist In ventory o f
M etalw orkin g E q u ip m en t— 1968, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1968. The
data cited for pump and compressor manufacturing from the 12th In
ventory are based on unpublished printouts.
16A m erican M achinist, December 1978, p. 135. The reduction in
machining time is confirmed in Donald N. Smith and Larry Evans,
Management Standards for Computers and Numerical Controls (Uni-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
versity of Michigan, 1977). See also John Duke and Horst Brand,
“Cyclical Behavior of Productivity in the Machine Tool Industry,”
M o n th ly L a b o r Review, November 1981, pp. 27-34.
17William H. Parker, “Cutting time out of pump machining,”
A m erican M achinist, January 1979, pp. 112-13.
18“The Machine Tools that are Building America,” Iron Age, Aug.
30, 1976, p. 163. According to the report, electric horsepower require
ments for lathes rose from 150 in the 1950’s to 400 to 600 in the
1970’s. Many other examples are also cited in the article.
19Observation of industry operations. See also Iron Age, cited
above.
20Observation of industry operations.
21 Observation of industry operations. See also Richard W. Lyon,
“Foundries,” in U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, Technology a n d L a b o r in Four Industries, Bulletin 2104 (Washing
ton, D.C., Government Printing Office, January 1982), p. 12.
22Industry sources, and observation of industry operations. See also
A. Harvey Belitsky, “Major technology changes in metalworking ma
chinery,” Technology a n d L a b o r in Four Industries, pp. 20-33.
23 Industry source.
24 Adjustment for price changes was made by using the implicit de
flator for nonresidential investment in structures and producers’
durable equipment. See E conom ic R eport o f the President, February
1982, p. 236.
25 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, G eneral
R eport on In d u stria l O rganization, 1 9 7 7 E nterprise S tatistics (Washing
ton, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1981).
26 A. Harvey Belitsky, “Major technology changes,” especially pp.
24-25.
27 See A m erican M achinist, June 1980, p. 147 ff.
28 “Biggest U.S. Oil Concerns Likely to React to Glut by Cutting
1982 Capital Budgets,” The W all S treet Journal, Apr. 7, 1982, p. 7.
29 “Curbing the Energy Appetite of Hydraulic Systems,” M achine
Design, June 26, 1980, p. 95.
30 “Modern Hydraulic Systems: the Pressure Mounts,” M achine D e
sign, Jan. 24, 1980, p. 81 ff.
Rose Zeisel and Michael D. Dymmel, “Petroleum refining,” Tech
nological Change a n d Its Im p a c t in Five E n ergy Industries, p. 26.
32 See the articles on the Bureau’s projections in M o n th ly L a b o r
R eview , August 1981, pp. 9-42.
45
M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth
T h is list of co lle c tiv e bargaining agreem ents ex p irin g in January is based on con tracts on file in the
B u reau ’s O ffice of W a g es and Industrial R ela tio n s. T he list includes agreem ents coverin g 1,000
w orkers or m ore.
N u m b er o f
L ab or o r g a n iz a tio n '
In d u stry
E m p lo y er and lo c a tio n
w o rk ers
Associated Produce Dealers and Brokers of Los Angeles, Inc. (California)
Wholesale tra d e ...........................................
Teamsters (Ind.)
..................................
2,200
Bunker Ramo Corp. (Illinois)..........................................................................
Electrical products....................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) .................
1,250
Campbell Soup Co. (Napoleon, O h io ) ...........................................................
Caterpillar Tractor Co. (Joliet, 111.)................................................................................................................
Champion Spark Plug Co. (Interstate)...........................................................
Food products ...........................................
Machinery ................................
Electrical products....................
Food and Commercial W o rk e rs ..................
Machinists .............................................................................
Auto W o rk ers.......................................
1,850
5,700
4,300
Dana Corp., Spicer Axle Division (Fort Wayne, Ind.) ................................
Transportation equipment
Allied Industrial Workers ....................
2,300
Erwin Mills (North C arolina)..........................................................................
Textiles .....................................
Textile W orkers.....................................
1,700
General Mills Fun Group, Inc., Kenner Products Division
(Cincinnati, Ohio)
Greater Seattle Retail Drug Association, Inc. (Seattle, W ash.) ...................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Allied Industrial Workers
...................................
2,200
Food and Commercial W o rk e rs ..................
2,500
Industrial Relations Council of Furniture Manufacturers in Southern
California
F u rn itu re ............................................................
Carpenters
1,200
Johns-Manville Sales Corp. (Manville and Findeme, N.J.)
Stone, clay, and glass products
Paperworkers
.....................................................................
1,550
Kelsey-Hayes Co. (Detroit and Romulus, M ich.) .........................................................................
Kroehler Manufacturing Co. (Interstate) ...............................................................................................
Transportation equipment . . . .
F u rn itu re .............................................................
Auto W o rk ers .....................................................................
U pholsterers .........................................................................
1,500
1,100
Levingston Shipbuilding Co. (Orange, T e x a s) ..................................................................................
Transportation equipment
Orange Metal Trades Council
......................
1,700
Magic Chef, Inc. (Cleveland, Tenn.) ............................................................................................................
, ,
TT
,,
j j-V • •_
/ t _____ | » / ' _ _ \
Masonite v_/Orp., riarabodrci L/ivision v-Laurci» iv n ss./ .............................................................
Fabricated metal products
M o ld e rs ......................................................................................
Woodworkers .....................................................................
1,250
1,000
National Electrical Contractors Association, Inc., Western Pennsylvania
Chapter
Construction.............................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) .................
1,250
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
7,200
...........................................
Retail trade
. . . .
. .
....................................................
. . . .
. . .
.............................................................................
2,450
R. H. Macy and Co., Inc., Bamberger Division (Newark, N .J .) ............ . .
Retail trade .............................
Food and Commercial W o rk e rs..........
1,800
Union Carbide Corp., Agricultural Products Co. (Institute, W. V a.)..........
United Technologies Corp., Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Group,
Government Products Division (West Palm Beach, Fla.)
Chemicals..................................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Machinists ............................................
Machinists ............................................
1,100
1,550
1Affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent (Ind.).
46
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Developments in
Industrial Relations
General Tire contract deviates from pattern
General Tire and Rubber Co. and the United Rubber
Workers negotiated a 3-year contract for 1,200 workers
in Waco, Tex., that deviated from the “pattern” settle
ment the union had negotiated with other major tire
companies. (See Monthly Labor Review, July 1982, p.
53.) M.G. O’Neil, president and chairman of General
Tire, said the new contract has “important implications
for the whole of industry, not just the tire industry.”
One of the changes from the pattern calls for skilled
workers to receive larger quarterly cost-of-living pay ad
justments than unskilled workers. O’Neil said this was
necessary to counter a “compression” of pay rates be
tween skilled and unskilled employees that had reduced
the workers’ incentive to stay in or move up to top-rat
ed jobs, such as tire builder. The cost-of-living formula
is the same as the pattern contract (quarterly adjust
ments of 1 cent an hour for each 0.26-point movement
in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers, CPI-w), except that only 60 per
cent of the payable amount will be distributed equally
to all workers; the balance will be distributed as special
adjustments to skilled workers. Another change from
the pattern contract called for establishment of a prof
it-sharing plan that could increase the amount of money
available for distribution under the cost-of-living pay
adjustment formula.
In another move to relieve the pay compression, the
parties reduced the pay rates for unskilled workers
hired after the effective date of the contract. For exam
ple, the maximum rate for new janitors will be $8.63,
compared with the $10.50 rate that still applies for jani
tors already on the payroll. The pay spread was further
increased by providing immediate pay raises to skilled
workers.
In the benefits area, the health insurance plan now re
quires employees to pay 10 percent of hospital room
and board costs, up to a maximum of $400 for any one
confinement. O’Neil said this would induce employees
“to avoid going to the hospital or to shorten the stay.”
The accord also revised the portion of the pension
formula based on past service to $15 a month for each
of the first 15 years of service, $16.50 for each of the
next 15 years, and $17 a month for each year in excess
of 30. All service accrued after the effective date of the
agreement will be calculated at the $17 rate. The pat
tern settlement raised the benefit rate to $16.50 a month
for each year of past or future service, from the $15 rate
that prevailed at all of the tire companies, including
General Tire.
Similar terms were accepted by 1,200 employees rep
resented by the Rubber Workers at the company’s
Mayfield, Ky., plant.
Earlier in 1982, General Tire had closed a plant in
Akron, Ohio (see Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, p.
65). During the current negotiations, the company indi
cated that the Waco plant also might be closed if the
workers did not accept a moderate settlement.
Garment accord defers initial wage increase
About 70,000 workers in various locations were cov
ered by a settlement between cotton garment manufac
turers and the Clothing and Textile Workers. The
accord deferred the initial wage increase of 25 cents an
hour to January 1, 1983. The workers, who make shirts,
pajamas, pants, and other garments, will also receive
30-cent increases on January 1 of 1984 and 1985. In ad
dition, there is a provision for automatic cost-of-living
pay adjustments in January of 1984 and 1985 equal to
the percentage rise in the Consumer Price Index for Ur
ban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in excess of 5
percent during the preceding year. Each adjustment is
limited to 10 cents an hour.
There also were improvements in benefits, including a
3-step increase in sickness and accident benefits to $105
a week, from $76.
Southern textile workers get wage increases
“Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben
and other members of the staff of the Division of Developments in
Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is
largely based on information from secondary sources.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Several major textile mills in the South announced
wage increases for their employees. The size of the in
creases was not divulged, except at Guilford Mills,
which granted a 6-percent hike to 1,500 employees. The
47
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Developments in Industrial Relations
increases were generally limited to hourly employees
and were effective in October or November, a change
from the June or July effective dates in recent years.
Company officials attributed this delay to poor econom
ic conditions in the industry.
At Cannon Mills Corp., the wage increases for 20,000
employees were accompanied by improvements in insur
ance benefits and the addition of a paid holiday. Other
companies granting increases were Burlington Indus
tries, Inc. (38,000 employees affected), West Point
Pepperell (15,000), Cone Mills, Inc., and Collins and
Aikman.
Meanwhile, the Clothing and Textile Workers Union
was bargaining on wages and benefits with Fieldcrest
Mills, Inc., for approximately 7,000 workers. The union
also was bargaining for smaller numbers of workers it
represents at some operations of Cone Mills, Burling
ton, West Point Pepperell, and M. Lowenstein.
Martin Ward, president of Plumbers union, dies
Martin J. Ward, Jr., general president of the Plumb
ers and Pipefitters since 1971, died October 9 after a
heart attack. Ward, 64, also was a vice president of the
AFL-CIO, serving in a variety of assignments, but draw
ing particular praise for his efforts to further interna
tional cooperation among labor organizations.
Selected to succeed Ward was Marvin J. Boede, who
had been assistant general president of the union since
1977. For the 2 preceding years, he had served as an in
ternational representative, assigned to the State of
Michigan. Boede began his career as an official of the
union in the 1960’s after completing a plumbing ap
prenticeship.
Beef processor’s workers call off strike
A bitter 4-month strike against Iowa Beef Processor’s
Dakota City, Neb., beef operations was ended when
members of Local 222 of the United Food and Com
mercial Workers voted to return to work. An official of
the local said that the return of the 1,600 workers was
motivated by the economic hardships suffered by the
strikers and by a belief that the union could strengthen
its bargaining position by ending the walkout. The offi
cial said the union would continue to press the unfair
bargaining practices charges it had filed against Iowa
Beef, as well as its national boycott campaign against
the company. There was no immediate indication of
when talks would resume.
The walkout began in early June, after the parties
had reached a bargaining stalemate. Reportedly, the
union had been willing to accept a 2-year wage freeze,
including a suspension of cost-of-living pay adjust
ments, similar to its earlier settlements with other
48
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
meatpackers. (See Monthly Labor Review, February
1982, p. 48.) But, Iowa Beef was pressing for a 4-year
pay freeze and for a $2-an-hour cut in pay for new
workers, contending that its pay rates were higher than
some the union had negotiated with competitive firms.
According to the company, its minimum rates were
$9.27 for workers in slaughtering, and $8.97 for those
in processing.
Some picket line violence erupted when the company
began hiring replacements for the strikers, and State po
lice and the national guard were ordered to the scene by
Iowa Governor Charles Thone. As the return to work
was beginning, a union official commented, “I don’t
know what will happen to them [the replacements]. Ob
viously, there isn’t room there for all of them.”
GM, union set up occupational health panel
General Motors Corp. and the Auto Workers an
nounced formation of a panel of six occupational health
scientists to aid in improving workers’ safety and health
at the company. The new Occupational Health Adviso
ry Board, headed by David W. Wegman of the Harvard
School of Public Health, will evaluate and develop re
search projects, health programs, and related activities.
General Motors Vice President Alfred S. Warren, Jr.
and Auto Workers Vice President Owen Bieber said the
board is the first of its type established by a major in
dustrial company and a union. The panel was estab
lished under terms of the 1982 collective bargaining
settlement between the parties. (See Monthly Labor Re
view, May 1982, pp. 59-60.)
Second round of concessions at Hayes-Albion
About 470 workers at Hayes-Albion’s Malleable Iron
Division approved a second round of wage concessions
in an effort to avert a shutdown of the 93-year-old
plant, located in Albion, Mich. In addition to a $1.16
cut in their $10.38 an hour average pay, they agreed to
a freeze on cost-of-living pay adjustments and a reduc
tion in paid holidays, insurance, and other benefits. The
employees are represented by the United Auto Workers.
Despite the 3-year concession agreement, the compa
ny did not guarantee that the foundry would remain
open, noting that it was operating at only 30 percent of
capacity and had suffered losses in each of the last 3
years. The company had been forced to close two other
plants in Tiffin and Bryan, Ohio.
In a related development, the Albion city council
moved to aid the company by granting it 3 months of
free water and sewer service valued at about $31,000.
The city government also was proceeding with efforts to
have local businesses help ease the impact of the cuts at
the plant by holding down or reducing their prices.
Concession agreement at Rockwell International
Workers at Rockwell International Corp. agreed to a
concession agreement that supersedes a contract sched
uled to expire in February 1983. About 5,200 workers
at 10 heavy-vehicle parts plants were covered by the
new contract, which runs to July 19, 1985. Reportedly,
terms included no specified wage increases, an 18-month
deferral of each of the next three usual quarterly costof-living pay adjustments, and a 25-percent reduction in
the size of all subsequent adjustments. In return, the
company agreed to advance money to the weakened
Supplemental Unemployment Benefits fund and to in
crease its basic financing rate. The company also in
creased certain other benefits for workers affected by
layoffs and plant closings.
About half of the members of the Auto Workers
union affected by the settlement are on layoff. The
plants are located in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
and Kentucky.
Union initiates concessions to save jobs
In Tecumseh, Mich., workers at Tecumseh Products
Co. voted to freeze their cost-of-living pay allowance for
1 year. This precluded payment of a 20-cent-an-hour in
crease in the allowance that had been scheduled for the
beginning of October.
According to Raymond R. Jackson, president of the
independent United Products Workers Union, the move
was initiated by the union. He said the plant was cur
rently shut down for 3V2 weeks because of a lack of or
ders for the automotive air conditioning compressors it
produces. Current employment at the plant is 560
workers, compared with 1,400 in recent years and 3,400
in 1968.
Bargaining completed for city employees
Bargaining between the City of New York and its
employees was essentially completed in mid-October
when 35,000 uniformed employees agreed on 2-year
contracts. In September, the city had settled with a co
alition of 40 unions representing 180,000 nonuniformed
employees.
In the wake of these settlements, the only employees
still bargaining with the city were 7,300 sanitation
workers, and small groups of uniformed supervisory po
lice officers.
Mayor Edward Koch acknowledged that the settle
ment for the uniformed police patrol officers, fire
fighters, and correction officers was more liberal than
that for the nonuniformed employees. But, he explained,
this was proper because the uniformed employees “per
form the most dangerous work of all our city employ
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ees.” The uniformed employees contracts called for an
8-percent pay increase retroactive to the July 1 termina
tion date of the prior contracts, and for another 8 per
cent increase on July 1, 1983. In addition, current
employees who were on the payroll during the city’s
1975-76 fiscal crisis will receive a $988 payment to re
pay wages that were lost when all of the city’s unions
agreed to a 1-year suspension of part or all of a 6-percent wage increase that was effective July 1, 1975. Pay
ment was to be spread over a period of years. Other
contracts terms included improvements in health insur
ance benefits and a $200 increase in longevity pay. Prior
to the settlement, the top base pay for employees in all
three groups had been $23,519 after 3 years of service.
The unions involved in bargaining for uniformed em
ployees were the Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association,
the Uniformed Firefighters Association, the Correction
Officers Benevolent Association, the Uniformed Fire Of
ficers Association, and the Housing Patrolmen’s Benev
olent Association.
The accord for 180,000 nonuniformed workers called
for a 2-year term generally beginning July 1, 1982.
However, the initial wage increase of 8 percent was
delayed 2 months for most of the employees. The agree
ment also provided for increased city financing of
health insurance and other benefits.
Earlier in the year, 35,000 New York City bus and
subway workers were affected by a 3-year arbitration
award that ended a bargaining impasse between the
Transport Workers and Amalgamated Transit Workers
unions and the Metropolitan Transit Authority. The
award provided for a 7-percent pay increase retroactive
to the April 1, 1982, termination date of the prior con
tracts, and for increases of 6 percent on April 1, 1983, 4
percent on April 1, 1984, and 3 percent on July 1,
1984. The award also terminated the automatic cost-ofliving pay adjustment provision; added an 11th paid
holiday; and increased the transit authority’s financing
of health and welfare benefits. The transit authority is a
State agency.
Teacher settlements
The start of the new school year was accompanied by
a number of settlements for public school teachers and
related employees.
• In Detroit, 11,000 teachers represented by the Ameri
can Federation of Teachers were covered by a 1-year
contract that did not provide for a salary increase.
The settlement was preceded by a 3-week strike.
• In Philadelphia, 20,000 teachers represented by the
American Federation of Teachers were covered by a
3-year contract that called for 6 percent salary in
creases in September 1982 and March of 1984 and
49
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Developm ents in Industrial Relations
1985. The school board also agreed to finance 80 per
cent of health and welfare benefits (up from 60 percent),
and to pay the teachers for time lost during their 1981
strike— 10 days of pay immediately and 9 days at re
tirement.
• In Chicago, 30,000 members of the American Federa
tion of Teachers agreed to a 1-year contract that did
not provide for salary or benefit improvements. The
school board did agree to continue paying the full
cost of pensions; prior to the 1981 settlement, the
teachers had contributed 7 percent of their salary.
The teachers gave up 1 day of pay to help minimize
the cost of the 1982 settlement.
• In Jefferson County, Ky., 5,200 members of the Na
tional Education Association were covered by a
2- year agreement that provided for a 5.3-percent sala
ry increase effective July 1, 1982, and a 4.7-percent
increase effective July 1, 1983. The accord also called
for a .5-percent (of salary) increase in employer fi
nancing of benefits, and increment increases of $500
for teachers with 20 years of service and $1,000 for
those with 25 years of service.
• In Seattle, 2,500 members of the National Education
Association were covered by a 1-year accord that did
not provide for salary or benefit improvements.
• In Newark, N.J., 5,500 teachers represented by the
American Federation of Teachers were covered by a
3- year contract that provided for a 6-percent salary
increase retroactive to July 1 and for 8-percent in
creases on July 1 of 1983 and 1984. Teachers with 20
years of service receive $684 a year in longevity pay,
increasing to $739 on July 1, 1983, and $798 on July
1, 1984.
• In Florida, 6,400 members of the independent
Hillsborough (County) Classroom Teachers Associa
tion were covered by a 1-year contract that provided
for an 8.5-percent salary increase. Other terms includ
ed complete financing of health benefits by the school
board, as long as premiums do not increase more
than 30 percent (teachers previously paid part of the
premium), full payment for unused sick leave at re
tirement (formerly 75 percent); and up to 7 years of
credit for full-time teaching outside the county (for
merly 5 years).
Howard Johnson’s to pay overtime wages
Two years of legal proceedings against the Howard
Johnson’s motel and restaurant chain ended when the
firm agreed to pay $5 million in overtime wages to
50
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5,000 current and former employees. The U.S. Depart
ment of Labor had charged that the company violated
the Fair Labor Standards Act by not paying time-anda-half rates for work in excess of 40 hours a week by
salaried manager trainees and assistant managers earn
ing under $250 a week, and hourly paid managers and
manager trainees.
During the proceedings, Howard Johnson’s contend
ed the employees were exempt from the overtime pay
requirements because they were part of “management.”
The Department maintained this was incorrect because
the workers earned less than $250 a week, and because
its investigation showed that they spent more than 40
percent of their time in “routine, non-management”
type work.
The $5 million will be distributed to current and for
mer employees who performed in the jobs from August
1977 to March 1982. The settlement involved workers
at 900 locations. Money that the company is unable to
distribute because it cannot locate former employees
will be paid into the U.S. Treasury.
Union leadership changes
In a November election, 33-year-old challenger Rich
Trumka defeated Sam Church for the presidency of the
United Mine Workers. The vote margin was about 2 to
1. However, Church did not concede the results, con
tinuing to press his claim that Trumka had not served
the required 5 years in the mines. Trumka, who had
been a U M W staff attorney after working in the mines,
said his priorities were to speed up organizing efforts to
reverse the decline in the percentage of coal mined by
the union’s members, increase local political activity to
help win legal objectives, and improve internal fi
nances. The U M W has about 220,000 members—
120,000 actively employed, 40,000 on layoff, and 60,000
retirees.
At the Auto Workers, the union’s executive board
backed Owen Bieber to succeed Douglas Fraser when
he retires in May 1983. Fraser, who is leaving because
he is at the union’s mandatory retirement age of 65, has
guided the union for 6 difficult years during which its
members were hard hit by layoffs and contract con
cessions resulting from the domestic automobile indus
try’s difficulties. Bieber, age 52, began his career in the
industry in 1948 in Michigan, then moved through a
succession of local, regional, and national jobs in the
union. Since 1980, he has been a vice president of the
U A W and has headed its General Motors Department.
Bieber’s accession to the presidency of the U A W was
expected to be ratified at its May 1983 convention. □
Book Reviews
Help wanted— for women resuming careers
Women Returning to Work: Policies and Progress in Five
Countries. Edited by Alice M. Yohalem. Montclair,
N.J., Allanheld, Osmun & Co. Publishers, Inc.,
1980. 292 pp. $25.
In recent decades, industrialized nations have experi
enced substantial growth in labor force participation by
women. The value of this comparative international
study lies in its cumulative effect, in its delineation of
the almost universal cultural and political framework
underlying the employment aspirations and opportuni
ties of these women. The study grew out of the interest
of the German Marshall Fund in sponsoring research
on the changing role of women in advanced industrial
nations. Financed by a Federal grant, the study was
carried out with the cooperation of the Conservation of
Human Resources Project, Columbia University.
Participants in the cross-national study (West Germa
ny, France, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and the
United States) met in 1978 to discuss the key areas to
be investigated. With allowance for variances of statisti
cal data, each national study sought to provide data on
the number of women reentrants to the labor force;
their specific problems on reentry; governmental policies
regarding reentrants, especially in the context of labor
market policy (but also, in some studies, with reference
to incentives and disincentives created by taxation and
family assistance policies); finally, each author’s recom
mendations on facilitating reentry of women. Each na
tional study presents relevant legislation and available
statistical data, supplemented by quotations obtained in
interviews with reentrants.
An underlying premise of the studies is that women
in industrial economies will spend a good portion of
their lives in the paid labor force. Several factors—in
cluding smaller families, inflationary pressures, the rise
in the numbers of divorces and families headed by
women—now lead to the conclusion that the average
woman is likely to spend two decades or more in the la
bor force, and, therefore, opportunities and encourage
ment should be given to young women for greater
education and training. For each country, the studies
address two basic questions: (1) Do government labor
market policies encourage participation by women re
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
turning to the labor force by providing equal access to
needed counseling; training; child care; unemployment
or subsistence benefits; sponsored public employment
programs; options for part-time and full-time employ
ment? (And, in some studies, do tax and family-benefit
policies on balance encourage such women to reenter
the labor force?) (2) What alternative government poli
cies might better facilitate the reentry of such women?
In an excellent foreword, Eli Ginzberg, director of
the Conservation of Human Resources Project, sums up
the individual study findings relative to the first ques
tion:
Despite significant differences in attitudes and behavior
toward the return of mature women to work, France, Ger
many and the United Kingdom demonstrate several ele
ments in common. Each of these countries gives priority in
practice to programs for unemployed and unskilled youth
and adult males and to persons seeking upgrading in skills
in high demand. Such programs usually offer benefits that
include compensation for earnings loss, social insurance
coverage, travel expenses, and household maintenance. Fa
cilitating the reentry of adult women is not deemed worthy
of special assistance. Despite increases in the work activity
of adult women in these nations, they are still regarded as a
peripheral labor supply that can be adjusted to fluctuations
in demand. Together with policies aimed at opening and
closing the flow of guest workers, women remain the major
balance wheel. . . . Although the United States has
established a series of measures to promote equal employ
ment opportunity, they are not the equivalent of the nation
al commitment to equality in all social relationships that
underlies the Swedish model.
These generalizations are supported by findings of the
individual studies. Day care is insufficient for needs, es
pecially for older children, and priority is given to those
women already working, or receiving public funds, or
heading families. In France, the National Employment
Agency ( a n p e ) is “absolutely snowed under” by re
quests from “men, young people and people suddenly
out of work” and thus placement personnel and coun
selors “are a bit negligent in helping reentrants who are
reputedly difficult to place” even though, “since 1978,
training programs are rightfully open to (them).” For
West Germany, although the 1969 Labor Promotion
Act explicitly covers women reentrants as a target
group, the current policy is to measure the potential la
bor force as including the “silent reserve” during boom
51
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Book Reviews
times, but “excluding the silent reserve and registered
part-time female job-seekers, primarily returnees, during
recessions.” “No statistics have been published on the
role of participation by women returnees in the ad
vanced and retraining measures, although the act specif
ically provides for them.” Training benefits are
conditional upon extensive prior and subsequent em
ployment, often inconsistent with women’s family obli
gations; subsistence benefits are lower for women
because their labor force participation is generally clas
sified as “desirable” rather than “necessary.” With sta
tistical data lacking, the author assumes that the “labor
exchange is negatively selective in regard to women” (in
publicly funded employment) because most women re
turnees are not benefit-recipients, and their unemploy
ment represents no drain on public funds. In the United
Kingdom, the Manpower Services Commission has “un
til recently tended to resist provision for special sections
of the population,” although the 1973 Employment and
Training Act encouraged the Commission to include ar
rangements for increasing the opportunities for women
and girls for employment and training. In the United
States, measures to achieve “maximum employment”
are endorsed by the Full Employment and Balanced
Growth Act of 1978, but in the interest of controlling
inflation, structural remedies (such as the Comprehen
sive Employment and Training Act, CETA) have in re
cent years been the dominant method of dealing with
unemployment. In such programs, a study by Wharton
School faculty members (O. R. Perry and others, The
Impact of Government Manpower Programs in General
and on Minorities and Women, University of Pennsylva
nia, Wharton School, 1975) found that minority and fe
male trainees were heavily concentrated in programs
having a limited emphasis on the acquisition and devel
opment of marketable occupational skills. “Only in the
late 1970’s have certain reentrants been specifically
identified in legislation as targets for special types of as
sistance.” And “some programs which have been espe
cially designed for displaced homemakers” [often build]
“on competencies gained in housekeeping and child
rearing.”
Only Sweden appears to have made serious effort to
promote the full integration of returning women into
the labor force. An Advisory Council on Equality be
tween Men and Women was appointed in 1972, with
prime emphasis on “unemployed and untrained wom
en” — often synonymous with reentering women. Even
so, cultural patterns, as well as the growing demand of
the public sector fields (education, health, child and el
derly care), have directed women reentrants and new
comers alike to employment in traditional “women’s
fields.” In Sweden, as elsewhere, women continue to ac
cept the main responsibility for home and child care,
and occupy 91 percent of part-time jobs.
52
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With respect to taxation policies and family income
subsidies, those studies which dealt with this aspect em
phasized the disincentives to full labor market participa
tion by married women, or those with children. Some
changes have been made to improve incentives. For ex
ample, in Sweden, a system of individual taxation was
adopted in 1971 in place of the former high marginal
tax on the wife’s earnings; in the United States, the
1981 tax revisions also moderated the “marriage tax.”
The low pay for most “women’s jobs” creates a policy
dilemma: public funds can provide a higher standard of
living for the family than can an unskilled female work
er, whose net employment income may be negative after
the loss of food, housing, and medical benefits associat
ed with public assistance.
Recommendations by each author for improvement
in the treatment of reentry women differ in emphasis,
depending on each national situation. However, in gen
eral, the studies stress improved data collection and
publication. (The United States compares favorably
with other countries in this respect, but even more data
are needed here also.) The recommendations also urge
elimination of sex-stereotypes in education and voca
tional training, not only so that mature women may
have access to better-paid “men’s jobs,” but also so
that young women will not be led by social pressures to
abandon schooling too soon, or to focus only on “wom
en’s fields.” Other recommended governmental meas
ures include an even-handed policy for both sexes by
public employment agencies relative to counseling,
training, unemployment and subsistence grants, and
provision of public sector jobs; explicit governmental
encouragement of equal parental responsibility for chil
dren and improved legislation regarding leave for paren
tal duties; and public funding of high-quality child care
for those families choosing to make use of such facili
ties. Such costly measures are unlikely to be adopted by
governments facing periods of depressed economic
growth. Therefore, it was also recommended that gov
ernments foster economic growth to the extent neces
sary to provide full employment, and thus improve job
opportunities for all, including female reentrants.
This collection of studies will be highly useful to gov
ernmental policymakers as a means of measuring com
parative progress in fostering the welfare of female
citizens, as well as comparative success in fully utilizing
labor resources. The authors bring to the present vol
ume a record of significant studies of women in the la
bor market. A few minor criticisms may be noted: The
quotations from interviews add immediacy, but there is
no indication •of interview format. In a few instances,
sources of numerical data are not clearly spelled out.
Nevertheless, all interested researchers will welcome
these documented studies.
In the reviewer’s opinion, this collection of studies,
by revealing the near-universality of the constraints
faced by female reentrants, also strengthens the case for
major reform of the educational system in order to
modify societal biases. It is likely that the number of
“reentrants” will diminish in the coming decades, as
work force continuity of women becomes more like that
of men. But the persistent problems of women in the la
bor force, of holding mostly low-pay, dead end jobs,
will not be diminished until the educational system is
made responsive to the new lifetime commitment of
women to the paid labor force. In reference to the eligi
bility for skill training in the United Kingdom, the au
thor writes: . . . “females tend to miss out twice—as
girls ‘because they will soon leave and have a baby,’
and as reentrants because they are beyond the age for
trainees and have not had the experience to justify fur
ther training.” The distinctions in primary and second
ary schools in academic curricula, physical education,
and vocational training are extended and worsened in
post-secondary training and college and university selec
tion processes at undergraduate, graduate, and profes
sional levels. The 30- to 50-year-old returnee who needs
confidence-building, counseling, and job-readiness pro
grams is the predictable product of a societal system
which during the educational process considers her chief
ly in relation to her child-rearing years, but then subse
quently hands back to each woman the problems of be
latedly acquiring the education or training needed for
economic survival while juggling work schedules and
children’s needs.
— B l a n c h e F it z p a t r ic k
Professor, Department of Economics
Boston University
Managerial perfection
The Transactional Manager: How to Solve People Prob
lems with Transactional Analysis. By Abe Wagner.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall, Inc., 1981.
196 pp., bibliography. $11.95.
Abe Wagner suspects that many supervisors and man
agers attain their positions based on the “Peter Princi
ple,” whereby their technical prowess is rewarded by
putting them in charge of people, but lacking communi
cation skills they become ineffective in their dealings
with those they manage. The author’s answer to the
above problem is the gist of this book. He states that he
has simplified and recast some of the transactional anal
ysis theory developed by psychiatrist Eric Berne “to
make it more readily useful to people who are unfamiliar
with transactional analysis.” The manager absorbs this
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material, applies it to his or her own behavior, avoiding
any use of it for coercive or manipulative purposes, and
develops those communication skills, or the author’s
preference, “people skills,” to create more effective and
productive managerial qualities.
Over the past decade, there have been at least 10
books published which are aimed at the manager,
salesperson, personnel officer, and so on, all indicating
that by learning, and then applying the techniques of
transactional analysis, they can greatly improve the effi
cacy of their occupational work as they relate to and
with others. It’s very hard to disagree with the bare
bones of such a proposition—people who are highly
self-aware, in charge of their own behavior, and able to
model rational behavior before others (the elements of
transactional analysis) will generally have a more suc
cessful working and personal life than those lacking
such attributes—but that’s not the basic question in
this book. The real question is: Can a person by reading
a book actually internalize the contents to the point of
changing his or her behavior? Knowledge about some
thing, which comes from reading or attending lectures,
gives a person an intellectual storehouse of ideas, but it
is entirely different from knowledge of experience, which
comes from actually having existed in the interpersonal
situations, good or bad, which transactional analysis
theory and guidelines attempt to articulate.
This book is lucid and to the point. Wagner expli
cates without overreliance on jargon and speaks to
those who have some background in psychoanalytical
theory out of which Berne evolved the transactional
analysis formulations. To others, this book may be an
incentive to look further into their personal behavior.
But to believe that a book, even as good as this one,
can help promote a move toward managerial reforma
tion is an overoptimistic piety.
To be sure, at the end of the book, Wagner suggests
that a consultant in transactional analysis may be need
ed to incorporate the idea of improved “people skills”
within an organization, and some companies have ap
parently tried this with varying outcomes. However,
managers in either the private or the public sector may,
for the most part, be shocked by the author’s opinion
that they might benefit from personal therapy as a step
in changing their own behavior, because again, the
opinion is an intellectual construct, however valid it
may be, and not a self-realization from an actual experi
ence. This book deals a bit too lightly in the serious
matters it so adequately describes and thus raises addi
tional questions about its ultimate acceptance by the
managers it seeks to attract.
— K e n n e t h G. V a n A u k e n , J r .
Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Bureau of Labor Statistics
53
M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W December 1982 • B o o k R e v ie w s
Publications received
Agriculture and natural resources
Barnes, Douglas F., Frederick C. Fliegel, Reeve D.
Vanneman, “Rural Literacy and Agricultural Develop
ment: Cause or Effect?” R u ra l Sociology, Summer 1982,
pp. 251-71.
rope’s Job Vacancies,” by Kenneth Walsh, E m ploym en t
Gazette, August 1982, pp. 341-45.
Krause, Lawrence B., U.S. E conom ic Policy T oward the Associ
ation o f Southeast Asian Nations: M eeting the Japanese
Challenge. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1982,
98 pp. $14.95, cloth; $5.95, paper.
Ray, Subhash C., “A Translog Cost Function Analysis of
U.S. Agriculture, 1939-77,” A m erican Journal o f Agricul
tu ral Economics, August 1982, pp. 490-98.
Odagiri, Hiroyuki, “Antineoclassical Management Motivation
in a Neoclassical Economy: A Model of Economic
Growth and Japan’s Experience,” K yklos, Vol. 35, Fasc.
2, 1982, pp. 223-43.
Economic and social statistics
Labor and economic history
Bradburd, Ralph M., “Price-Cost Margins in Producer Goods
Industries and ‘The Importance of Being Unimportant,’ ”
The R eview o f Econom ics a n d Statistics, August 1982, pp.
405-12.
Davis, L. J., B a d M oney: The F inancial M anipulations a n d Big
Foot, David K., Noah M. Meltz, Farid Siddiqui, eds., M a n
Fingard, Judith, Jack in Port: Sailortowns o f Eastern Canada.
Buffalo, N.Y., University of Toronto Press, 1982, 292
pp., bibliography. $35, cloth; $12.50, paper.
pow er Forecasting in Canada: A Discussion o f the Issues.
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto, Center
for Industrial Relations, Labour Market Research Group,
Ontario Manpower Commission, Employment and Immi
gration Canada, 1980, 56 pp.
Hakim, Catherine, S econdary A nalysis in Social Research: A
G uide to D ata Sources a n d M eth ods with E xam ples. Win
chester, Mass., Allen & Unwin, Inc., 1982, 202 pp., bibli
ography. $28.50, cloth; $12.50, paper.
Powers, Mary G., ed., M easures o f Socioeconom ic Status:
C urrent Issues. Washington, American Association for
the Advancement of Science, 1982, 205 pp. $20,
Westview Press, Boulder, Colo.
Industrial relations
Canada, University of Toronto, Bibliography o f M asters a n d
D octoral Theses on Canadian In d u stria l R elations fro m
1967 to 1978. Compiled by Elizabeth Perry. Toronto, On
tario, Canada, University of Toronto, Center for Industri
al Relations, 1981, 93 pp.
Hannigan, John A., The M ass M edia a n d In du strial R elations:
N ews Source Perceptions. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Uni
versity of Toronto, Center for Industrial Relations, 1981,
25 pp.
Listokin, David with Alan Neaigus, Jessica Winslow, James
Nemeth, L a n d m a rk s Preservation a n d the Property Tax:
Assessing L a n d m a rk B uildings f o r R e a l Taxation Purposes.
New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, The Center for Urban Policy Research, and
New York Landmarks Conservancy, 1982, 229 pp. $20.
International economics
Dreyer, Jacob S., Gottfried Haberler, Thomas D. Willett, eds.,
The Intern ation al M on etary System : A T im e o f Turbulence.
Washington, American Enterprise Institute for Public
Policy Research, 1982, 523 pp. (aei Symposia 82E.)
Feige, Edgar L. and James M. Johannes, “Was the United
States Responsible for Worldwide Inflation Under the
Regime of Fixed Exchange Rates?” K yklos, Vol. 35, Fasc.
2, 1982, pp. 263-77.
Fratianni, Michele and John Pattison, “The Economics of In
ternational Organizations,” K yklos, Vol. 35, Fasc. 2,
1982, pp. 244—62.
Great Britain, Department of Employment, “Measuring Eu
54
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Business Disasters th at H ave B rought the International
C redit S ystem to the B rink o f Collapse. New York, St.
Martin’s Press, 1982, 210 pp. $12.95.
Gordon, David M., Richard Edwards, Michael Reich, Seg
m en ted Work, D ivided Workers: The H istorical Transfor
m ation o f L abor in the U nited States. New York,
Cambridge University Press, 1982, 288 pp., bibliography.
Morton, Desmond, L abou r H istory a n d W hat We Can Do
A bou t It. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toron
to, Center for Industrial Relations, 1981, pp. 9.
“The Nations of South Asia,” C urrent H istory, May 1982, pp.
193-234.
Labor force
Buttel, Frederick H. and Oscar W. Larson III, “Political Im
plications of Multiple Jobholding in U.S. Agriculture: An
Exploratory Analysis,” R u ra l Sociology, Summer 1982,
pp. 272-94.
Great Britain, Department of Employment, “Unemployment
— the Year After,” by Sue Moylan, Jane Millar, and Bob
Davies, E m ploym en t G azette, August 1982, pp. 334—40.
Kamerman, Shelia B. and Cheryl D. Hayes, eds., Fam ilies
That Work: Children in a Changing World. Washington,
National Academy Press, 1982, 341 pp. $15.95, paper.
Mines, Richard and Alain de Janvry, “Migration to the Unit
ed States and Mexican Rural Development: A Case
Study,” A m erican Journal o f A gricu ltu ral Economics, Au
gust 1982, pp. 444—54.
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Econom ic Policy
Assessm ent: The L a b o r M arket. By Mary Eccles, Richard
B. Freeman, Daniel S. Hamermesh; Econom ic D eterm i
nants o f Geographic a n d In dividu al Variation in the L abor
M a rk e t Position o f Young Persons. By Richard B.
Freeman; W hy D oes the R a te o f Youth L a b o r Force A ctivi
ty D iffer Across Surveys1 By Richard B. Freeman and
James L. Medoff. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1982, 12, 39, and 39 pp., re
spectively. ( nber Reprints, 274, 275, and 276.) $1.50,
each.
Olson, Lawrence, “ ‘Dynamic Labor Shortage,’ in the Offing,”
A ging a n d Work, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1982, pp. 15-21.
Osako, Masako M., “How Japanese Firms Cope with Effects
of An Aging Labor Force on Industrial Productivity,”
A ging a n d Work, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1982, pp. 23-30.
Current
Labor Statistics
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series
Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Employment status of noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-81
Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted ...................
Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted .....................................
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted ................................
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ...........................
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted . .
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted .............................................
Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes .
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81 ................................................................
Employment by State ..................................................................................
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81 ...........................................................................
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ................................................................
Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division .............................................................................
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ................................................................
Unemployment insurance data. Definitions
57
57
58
59
60
61
61
61
62
63
63
64
65
66
67
67
68
.............
16. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations
Price data. Definitions and notes
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
.....................................................
Consumer Price Index, 1967-81 ................................................................................
Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected items
Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size class
Consumer Price Index, selected areas ..........................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing .....................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ................................................
Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings ................................
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................................................
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries .....................
Productivity data. Definitions and notes .....................................................................................
26.
27.
28.
29.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-81 ....................
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81 .............................................
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted .....................
Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices . .
Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes .....................................................
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry grou p ........................................
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e .............
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date ...........................
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1977 to date
70
71
71
77
78
79
80
82
82
82
85
85
86
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Work stoppage data. Definition ......................................
35.
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
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55
N O TES O N CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series.
However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S.
average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are
available for this series.
This section of the R eview presents the principal statistical se
ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi
nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually
found in footnotes.
A d justm en ts for price ch an ges. Some data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing
current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate
component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given
a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of
150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is
$2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as
“real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.
Readers who need additional information are invited to
consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov
er of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to
several series are given below.
S ea so n a l adjustm ent. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted
to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry
production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying
periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short
term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data
are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated
on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are com
puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev
eral preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 2-7 were revised in
the March 1982 issue of the R eview to reflect experience through 1981.
The original estimates also were revised to 1970 to reflect 1980 census
population controls.
Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifi
cations in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data.
First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure
called X -ll/A R IM A , which was developed at Statistics Canada as an
extension of the standard X -ll method. A detailed description of the
procedure appears in The X - l l A R IM A Seasonal A d ju stm e n t M e th o d
by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, Feb
ruary 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being
calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for
the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only
at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in
tables 10, 12, and 14 were made in August 1981 using the X -ll
ARIM A seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for
productivity data in tables 28 and 29 are usually introduced
in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent
changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are
A vaila b ility of inform ation. Data that supplement the tables in this
section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of
sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information
published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published
according to the schedule given below. The B L S H an dbook o f L ab o r
Statistics, Bulletin 2070, provides more detailed data and greater his
torical coverage for most of the statistical series presented in the
M o n th ly L a b o r Review. More information from the household and es
tablishment surveys is provided in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings, a
monthly publication of the Bureau. Historically, comparable informa
tion from the establishment survey is published in two comprehensive
data books— E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings, U nited S tates and E m p lo y
m e n t a n d Earnings, S tates a n d Areas, and their annual supplements.
More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective
bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, C urrent W age D evelop
ments. More detailed price information is published each month in the
periodicals, the C P I D eta iled R eport and P roducer Prices a n d Price In
dexes.
Symbols
p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued based on representative
but incomplete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability
of later data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series
Employment situation ..........................
Producer Price Index............................
Consumer Price Index..........................
Real earnings.............. ........................
Productivity and costs:
Nonfinandal corporations ..............
Nonfarm business and manufacturing
Major collective bargaining settlements
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Release
date
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
MLR table
number
December 3
December 10
December 21
December 21
November
November
November
November
January 7
January 14
January 21
January 21
December
December
December
December
1-10
21-25
17-20
11-15
January 28
January 31
4th quarter
1982
26-29
26-29
33-34
EM PLO YM ENT DATA FROM THE H O U SE H O L D SURVEY
E mployment d a ta in this section are obtained from the
Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews
conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000
households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years
of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating
basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2
consecutive months.
those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes
persons retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not
working while attending school, those unable to work because of
long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of
personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle.
The n on institu tion al population comprises all persons 16 years of age
and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions,
sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy.
Definitions
part-tim e w orkers are those who work fewer hours. Workers on part-
F ull-tim e w orkers are those employed at least 35 hours a week;
time schedules for economic reasons (such as slack work, terminating
or starting a job during the week, material shortages, or inability to
find full-time work) are among those counted as being on full-time
status, under the assumption that they would be working full time if
conditions permitted. The survey classifies unemployed persons in
full-time or part-time status by their reported preferences for full-time
or part-time work.
E m p loyed persons are (1) those who worked for pay any time
during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who
worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise
and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs
because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A
person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at
which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.
Notes on the data
U n em p loyed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and
had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did
not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new
jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed.
The unem ploym ent rate represents the number unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
The civ ilia n labor fo rce consists of all employed or unemployed
persons in the civilian noninstitutional population; the to tal labor
force includes military personnel. Persons not in the labor force are
1.
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census,
adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to
correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These
adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in
table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the
various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m p lo ym en t
a n d Earnings.
Data in tables 2-7 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal
experience through December 1981.
Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-81
[Numbers in thousands]
Total lat>or force
Year
Total non
institutional
population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Number
Percent of
population
Total
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent of
labor
force
Not in
labor force
1950
1955
1960
...............................
......................................
....................................
106,645
112,732
119,759
63,858
68,072
72,142
59.9
60.4
60.2
62,208
65,023
69,628
58,918
62,170
65,778
55.2
55.1
54.9
7,160
6,450
5,458
51,758
55,722
60,318
3,288
2,852
3,852
5.3
4.4
5.5
42,787
44,660
47,617
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
...........................
...............................
........................................
....................................
........................................
129,236
131,180
133,319
135,562
137,841
77,178
78,893
80,793
82,272
84,240
59.7
60.1
60.6
60.7
61.1
74,455
75,770
77,347
78,737
80,734
71,088
72,895
74,372
75,920
77,902
55.0
55.6
55.8
56.0
56.5
4,361
3,979
3,844
3,817
3,606
66,726
68,915
70,527
72,103
74,296
3,366
2,875
2,975
2,817
2,832
4.5
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.5
52,058
52,288
52,527
53,291
53,602
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
....................................
....................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
140,272
143,033
146,574
149,423
152,349
85,959
87,198
89,484
91,756
94,179
61.3
61.0
61.1
61.4
61.8
82,771
84,382
87,034
89,429
91,949
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
56.1
55.5
56.0
56.9
57.0
3,463
3,394
3,484
3,470
3,515
75,215
75,972
78,669
81,594
83,279
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
....................................
........................................
......................................
....................................
........................................
155,333
158,294
161,166
164,027
166,951
95,955
98,302
101,142
104,368
107,050
61.8
62.1
62.8
63.6
64.1
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
55.3
56.1
57.1
58.6
59.2
3,408
3,331
3,283
3,387
3,347
82,438
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980
1981
...............................
........................................
169,848
172,272
109,042
110,812
64.2
64.3
106,940
108,670
99,303
100,397
58.5
58.3
3,364
3,368
95,938
97,030
7,637
8,273
7.1
7.6
60,806
61,460
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
57
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
2.
Employment status by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted
1982
1981
Annual average
Employment status
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct
64.3
100,117
57.5
3,488
96,629
10,549
9.5
61,360
174,364
2,173
172.190
110.191
64.0
99,764
57.2
3,357
96,406
10,427
9.5
61,999
174,544
2,180
172,364
110,522
64.1
99,732
57.1
3,460
96,272
10,790
9.8
61,842
174,707
2,196
172,511
110,644
64.1
99,839
57.1
3,435
96,404
10,805
9.8
61,867
174,889
2,198
172,690
110,980
64.3
99,720
57.0
3,368
96,352
11,260
61,710
175,069
2,188
172,881
110,644
64.0
99,093
56.6
3,426
95,667
11,551
10.4
62,237
73,585
58,016
78.8
52,985
2,424
50,561
5,031
8.7
73,685
58,084
78.8
52,996
2,474
50,522
5,088
8.2
73,499
58,164
79.1
53,260
2,464
50,796
4,904
8.4
73,774
58,026
78.7
52,887
2,436
50,451
5,139
8.9
73,867
58,407
79.1
52,828
2,447
50,381
5,579
9.6
73,984
58,359
78.9
52,626
2,462
50,164
5,733
9.8
82,478
43,243
52.4
39,807
636
39,172
3,435
7.9
82,591
43,301
52.4
39,715
601
39,114
3,586
8.3
82,707
43,683
52.8
40,075
634
39,441
3,608
8.3
82,811
43,904
53.0
40,350
581
39,769
3,554
83,035
44,115
53.1
40,490
589
39,901
3,626
8.1
82,926
44,076
53.2
40,392
600
39,791
3,684
8.4
8.2
83,152
44,025
52.9
40,369
585
39,784
3,656
8.3
83,271
43,833
52.6
40,046
572
39,474
3,787
8.6
54.6
6,748
359
6,389
1,938
22.3
15,902
8,549
53.8
6,679
336
6,343
1,870
21.9
15,861
8,616
54.3
6,637
326
6,311
1,979
23.0
15,820
8,819
55.7
6,782
390
6,392
2,037
23.1
15,794
8,271
52.4
6,429
353
6,076
1,842
22.3
15,753
8,362
53.1
6,344
386
5,958
2,018
24.1
15,702
8,503
54.2
6,463
411
6,052
2,040
24.0
15,671
8,548
54.5
6,523
336
6,187
2,025
23.7
15,625
8,452
54.1
6,422
393
6.029
2.030
24.0
148,842
95,120
63.9
87,955
7,165
7.5
148,855
95,333
64.0
87,990
7,344
7.7
149,132
95,508
64.0
87,956
7,552
7.9
149,249
96,015
64.3
87,988
8,026
8.4
149,250
96,641
64.8
88,450
8,191
8.5
149,429
96,223
64.4
88,173
8,050
8.4
149,569
96,493
64.5
88,137
8,356
149,536
96,414
64.5
88,133
8,281
149,652
96,762
64.7
88,020
8,742
9.0
149,838
96,421
64.3
87,434
8,987
9.3
18,392
11,226
61.0
9,279
1,947
17.3
18,423
11,188
9,314
1,874
16.8
18,450
11,205
60.7
9,265
1,939
17.3
18,480
11,217
60.7
9,197
18,542
11,335
61.1
9,216
18,570
11,253
60.6
9,174
2,079
18.5
18,600
11,322
60.9
9,223
2,098
18.5
18,626
11,412
61.3
9,262
2,150
18.8
18,659
11,482
61.5
9,166
2,316
18,692
11,395
61.0
9,096
2,299
18.0
18,511
11,170
60.3
9,111
2,058
18.4
20.2
20.2
9,519
6,095
64.0
5,426
669
11.0
9,400
6,054
64.4
5,330
724
9,341
6,065
64.9
5,298
767
12.6
9,235
5,933
64.2
5,191
743
12.5
9,297
12.0
9,297
6,024
64.8
5,260
764
12.7
9,428
5,931
62.9
5,131
800
13.5
9,521
5,966
62.7
5,135
832
13.9
9,689
6,087
62.
5,197
890
14.6
9,464
5,967
63.1
5,097
870
14.6
9,474
5,994
63.3
5,086
908
15.2
Apr.
May
174,020
2,176
171,844
109,648
63.8
99,340
57.1
3,309
96,032
10,307
9.4
62,197
174,201
2,175
172,026
63,324
173,843
2,175
171,667
109,346
63.7
99,492
57.2
3,349
96,144
9,854
9.0
63,321
73,120
57,368
78.5
53,047
2,390
50,657
4,322
7.5
73,209
57,448
78.5
53,097
2,386
50,711
4,351
7.6
73,287
57,554
78.5
53,006
2,377
50,629
4,548
7.9
73,392
57,730
78.7
52,988
2,382
50,606
4,742
82,151
42,88
52.2
39,713
572
39,141
3,175
7.4
82,260
42,868
52.1
39,764
64.9
39,115
3,104
7.2
82,367
43,031
52.2
39,744
628
39,116
3,286
7.6
16,037
8,826
55.0
6,940
355
6,585
1,886
21.4
15,995
8,631
54.0
6,778
326
6,452
1,853
21.5
15,955
8,643
54.2
6,771
373
6,398
1,872
21.7
15,913
148,562
95,365
64.2
88,734
6,631
7.0
148,631
95,535
64.3
88,498
7,037
7.4
148,755
95,329
64.1
88,010
7,319
7.7
18,219
11,086
60.8
9,355
1,731
15.6
18,333
11,188
61.0
9,313
1,875
16.8
18,362
11,207
61.0
9,321
1,886
16.8
9,310
5,972
64.1
5,348
624
10.4
9,559
6,074
63.5
5,422
652
10.7
9,556
6,151
64.4
5,446
705
11.5
Dec.
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
169,848
2,102
167,745
106,940
63.8
99,303
3,364
95,938
7,637
7.1
60,806
172,272
2,142
170,130
108,670
63.9
100,397
58.3
3,368
97,030
8,273
7.6
61,460
172,966
2,158
170,809
109,012
63.8
100,343
58.0
3,378
96,965
8,669
8.0
61,797
173,155
2,158
170,996
109,272
63.9
100,172
57.9
3,372
96,800
9,100
8.3
61,724
71,138
56,455
79.4
53,101
2,396
50,706
3,353
5.9
72,419
57,197
79.0
53,582
2,384
51,199
3,615
6.3
72,795
57,355
78.8
53,504
2,413
51,091
3,851
6.7
72,921
57,459
78.8
53,354
2,382
50,972
4,105
7.1
73,020
57,665
79.0
53,122
2,311
50,811
4,543
7.9
80,065
41,106
51.3
38,492
584
37,907
2,615
6.4
81,497
42,485
52.1
39,590
604
38,986
2,895
6.8
81,920
42,831
52.3
39,814
596
39,218
3,017
7.0
82,038
42,987
52.4
39,878
63.5
39,243
3,109
7.2
16,543
9,378
56.7
7,710
385
7,325
1,669
17.8
16,214
8,988
55.4
7,225
380
6,845
1,763
19.6
16,093
8,826
54.8
7,025
369
6,656
1,801
20.4
146,122
93,600
64.1
87,715
5,884
6.3
147,908
95,052
64.3
88,709
6,343
6.7
17,824
10,865
61.0
9,313
1,553
14.3
8,901
5,700
64.0
5,126
575
10.1
TOTAL
Total noninstitutional population1 ..........................
Armed Forces 1 ............................................
Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ..................
Civilian labor fo rce ......................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Employment-population ratio2 ........
Agriculture..........................................
Nonagricultural industries ....................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
Not in labor force........................................
58.5
173,330 1
2,159
2,164
171,166 1
109,184
63,5
63.8
99,581
99,613
57.4
57.5
3,411
3,209
96,170
96,404
9,298
9,571
8.5
8.8
61,982
62,456
173,657
2,168
171,489
109,165
63.7
99,590
57.3
3,373
96,217
9,575
8.8
10,666
10.1
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor force ....................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Agnculture..........................................
Nonagricultural industries ....................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
8.8
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor force ....................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Agriculture..........................................
Nonagricultural industries ....................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor fo rce ......................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Agriculture..........................................
Nonagricultural industries ....................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
8,686
White
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor force ....................................
Participation....................................
Employed ..............................................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
8.6
Black
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor force ....................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployment rate ........................
2,020
2,120
18.7
Hispanic origin
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ..................
Civilian labor fo rce ......................................
Participation rate ............................
Employed ..............................................
Unemployed ..........................................
Unemployement rate ......................
1The population and Armed Forces figures are not seasonally adjusted.
2 Civilian employment as a percent of the total noninstitutional population (including Armed
Forces).
58
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6,001
64.5
5,166
834
13.9
N ote : Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included
in both the white and black population groups.
3.
Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[ Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
1981
1982
Selected categories
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
99,303
57,186
42,117
39,004
23,532
4,780
100,397
57,397
43,000
38,882
23,915
4,998
100,343
57,266
43,077
38,746
23,874
5,045
51,882
15,968
11,138
6,303
18,473
31,452
12,787
10,565
3,531
4,567
13,228
2,741
52,949
16,420
11,540
6,425
18,564
31,261
12,662
10,540
3,476
4,583
13,438
2,749
1,425
1,642
297
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
O ct
100,172
57,051
43,121
38,553
23,820
5,049
99,613
56,725
42,888
38,342
23,691
5,064
99,581
56,629
42,952
38,234
23,744
5,107
99,590
56,658
42,932
38,255
23,727
5,158
99,492
56,472
43,020
38,181
23,900
5,095
99,340
56,401
42,940
38,142
23,831
5,095
100,117
56,820
43,297
38,312
24,213
4,986
99,764
56,223
43,541
38,354
24,401
5,112
99,732
56,192
43,540
38,213
24,223
5,247
99,839
56,210
43,630
38,184
24,300
5,216
99,720
56,148
43,572
38,041
24,187
5,115
99,093
55,915
43,179
37,890
24,047
5,108
53,199
16,681
11,616
6,400
18,502
30,953
12,446
10,410
3,580
4,517
13,525
2,770
53,086
16,657
11,461
6,418
18,550
30,683
12,411
10,220
3,438
4,614
13,670
2,802
53,084
16,774
11,424
6,450
18,436
30,344
12,446
10,169
3,368
4,361
13,639
2,660
52,836
16,803
11,091
6,520
18,423
30,203
12,370
9,966
3,415
4,451
13,709
2,817
52,841
16,612
11,253
6,544
18,432
30,309
12,454
9,955
3,503
4,397
13,612
2,787
52,763
16,659
11,311
6,637
18,155
30,416
12,511
9,860
3,397
4,648
13,526
2,710
53,177
16,844
11,501
6,603
18,229
29,924
12,492
9,688
3,400
4,343
13,555
2,623
53,705
16,818
11,541
6,587
18,759
29,926
12,316
9,585
3,419
4,607
13,738
2,731
53,586
17,053
11,504
6,547
18,482
29,716
12,207
9,655
3,414
4,441
13,791
2,660
53,685
17,292
11,355
6,567
18,471
29,609
12,229
9,453
3,439
4,488
13,634
2,750
53,750
17,023
11,613
6,677
18,437
29,465
12,342
9,257
3,268
4,598
13,926
2,711
53,876
16,901
11,649
6,507
18,819
29,143
12,253
8,938
3,369
4,583
14,029
2,714
53,643
17,049
11,605
6,595
18,395
29,147
12,164
8,945
3,342
4,696
13,725
2,710
1,464
1,638
266
1,502
1,631
261
1,436
1,641
321
1,352
1,602
228
1,377
1,674
380
1,426
1,596
359
1,416
1,644
277
1,423
1,664
270
1,541
1,698
236
1,431
1,676
251
1,530
1,674
250
1,568
1,613
254
1,538
1,562
255
1,608
1,616
221
88,525
15,912
72,612
1,192
71,420
7,000
413
89,543
15,689
73,853
1,208
72,645
7,097
390
89,460
15,491
73,969
1,162
72,807
7,152
451
89,238
15,397
73,841
1,204
72,637
7,141
425
88,991
15,585
73,406
1,291
72,115
7,057
410
88,759
15,578
73,181
1,248
71,932
6,971
410
88,586
15,527
73,059
1,161
71,898
7,055
408
88,526
15,492
73,034
1,225
71,809
7,126
434
88,322
15,453
72,869
1,192
71,677
7,264
413
89,051
15,422
73,629
1,202
72,427
7,269
382
88,606
15,635
72,970
1,201
71,770
7,319
397
88,541
15,443
73,098
1,200
71,898
7,268
390
88,737
15,569
73,168
1,242
71,927
7,352
409
88,650
15,691
72,959
1,229
71,730
7,478
372
87,995
15,420
72,575
1,220
71,355
7,333
415
90,209
73,590
4,064
1,714
2,350
12,555
91,377
74,339
4,499
1,738
2,761
12,539
91,384
73,886
5,009
2,006
3,003
12,489
91,323
73,915
5,026
1,945
3,081
12,382
90,922
73,360
5,288
2,121
3,167
12,274
90,125
72,803
5,071
1,783
3,287
12,251
90,892
73,028
5,563
2,193
3,370
12,300
90,548
72,649
5,717
2,237
3,480
12,183
90,596
72,335
5,834
2,223
3,611
12,427
91,282
73,036
5,763
2,211
3,552
12,483
91,020
72,662
5,444
2,064
3,380
12,914
90,501
72,430
5,492
2,001
3,491
12,579
90,508
72,112
5,648
2,054
3,594
12,748
91,054
71,700
6,600
2,571
4,029
12,754
90,220
71,215
6,574
2,514
4,060
12,431
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over ........................
Men ...................................................................
W om en...............................................................
Married men, spouse present ...........................
Married women, spouse p re se n t......................
Women who maintain fam ilies...........................
OCCUPATION
White-collar w orke rs.................................................
Professional and technical ...............................
Managers and administrators, except fa rm ___
Salesworkers......................................................
Clerical workers.................................................
Blue-collar workers...................................................
Craft and kindred workers ...............................
Operatives, except transport.............................
Transport equipment operatives ......................
Nonfarm laborers...............................................
Service workers ........................................................
Farmworkers ............................................................
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS
OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers.................................
Self-employed workers......................................
Unpaid family workers ......................................
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers.................................
Government ...............................................
Private industries........................................
Households ........................................
O th e r...................................................
Self-employed workers......................................
Unpaid family workers ......................................
PERSONS AT W ORK'
Nonagricultural industries ........................................
Full-time schedules ..........................................
Part time for economic reasons.........................
Usually work full tim e .................................
Usually work part tim e ...............................
Part time for noneconomic reasons..................
’ Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation,
illness, or industrial disputes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
4.
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
1982
1981
Annual average
Selected categories
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
O ct
Total, 16 years and o v e r..........................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ...............................
Men, 20 years and o v e r ....................................
Women, 20 years and o v e r...............................
7.1
17.8
5.9
6.4
7.6
19.6
6.3
6.8
8.0
20.4
6.7
7.0
8.3
21.4
7.1
7.2
8.8
21.5
7.9
7.4
8.5
21.7
7.5
7.2
8.8
22.3
7.6
7.6
9.0
21.9
7.9
7.9
9.4
23.0
8.2
8.3
9.5
23.1
8.4
8.3
9.5
22.3
8.7
8.1
9.8
24.1
8.8
8.4
9.8
24.0
8.9
8.2
10.1
23.7
9.6
8.3
10.4
24.0
9.8
8.6
White, total ........................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ......................
Men, 16 to 19 years ...........................
Women, 16 to 19 y e a rs ......................
Men, 20 years and o v e r.............................
Women, 20 years and over ......................
6.3
15.5
16.2
14.8
5.3
5.6
6.7
17.3
17.9
16.6
5.6
5.9
7.0
17.7
17.9
17.5
5.9
6.1
7.4
19.0
19.6
18.3
6.4
6.3
7.7
19.0
20.2
17.7
6.9
6.4
7.5
19.6
20.8
18.2
6.6
6.3
7.7
20.0
20.4
19.4
6.7
6.6
7.9
19.0
20.2
17.6
7.0
6.9
8.4
20.8
22.3
19.2
7.3
7.2
8.5
20.3
21.2
19.2
7.5
7.3
8.4
19.4
21.1
17.5
7.7
7.1
8.7
21.0
22.6
19.2
7.9
7.3
8.6
20.6
22.5
18.6
7.9
7.1
9.0
20.4
22.0
18.7
8.6
7.4
9.3
21.7
23.1
20.1
8.8
7.6
Black, total ........................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ......................
Men, 16 to 19 years ...........................
Women, 16 to 19 ye a rs ......................
Men, 20 years and o v e r.............................
Women, 20 years and over ......................
14.3
38.5
37.5
39.8
12.4
11.9
15.6
41.4
40.7
42.2
13.5
13.4
16.8
45.6
41.6
49.5
14.7
13.9
16.8
44.1
41.9
46.6
15.5
13.6
17.3
42.2
39.6
45.1
16.5
14.1
16.8
41.2
36.3
46.7
16.3
13.3
17.3
42.3
40.7
44.2
16.0
14.5
18.0
46.0
48.5
43.1
16.0
15.4
18.4
48.1
48.3
47.8
16.9
15.6
18.7
49.8
50.6
48.9
17.0
15.3
18.5
52.6
58.1
46.2
17.1
15.0
18.5
49.7
48.3
51.2
16.8
15.5
18.8
51.6
50.1
53.1
17.2
15.1
20.2
48.5
51.2
45.4
19.8
15.7
20.2
46.7
48.0
45.2
19.8
16.3
Hispanic origin, to ta l..........................................
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.5
11.0
12.0
12.6
12.7
12.5
13.9
13.5
13.9
14.6
14.6
15.2
Married men, spouse present ...........................
Married women, spouse p re se n t......................
Women who maintain fam ilies...........................
Full-time w o rke rs...............................................
Part-time workers...............................................
Unemployed 15 weeks and o v e r......................
Labor force time lo s t '........................................
4.2
5.8
9.2
6.9
8.8
1.7
7.9
4.3
6.0
10.4
7.3
9.4
2.1
8.5
4.8
6.1
10.6
7.7
9.5
2.1
9.1
5.2
6.5
10.8
8.1
10.2
2.2
9.5
5.7
6.6
10.5
8.7
9.2
2.2
10.1
5.3
6.2
10.4
8.4
9.6
2.2
10.0
5.3
7.0
10.2
8.5
10.8
2.5
9.8
5.5
7.1
10.6
8.9
10.0
2.7
10.4
6.0
7.8
11.5
9.2
10.9
2.7
10.4
6.1
7.4
11.8
9.2
10.5
3.0
11.1
6.5
7.0
12.4
9.4
9.8
3.3
10.2
6.6
7.4
12.0
9.5
11.4
3.2
10.7
6.7
7.1
11.6
9.6
10.3
3.3
10.7
7.3
7.5
12.4
10.1
10.5
3.5
11.7
7.6
7.9
11.2
10.5
10.1
3.8
12.1
3.7
2.5
2.4
4.4
5.3
10.0
6.6
12.2
8.8
14.6
7.9
4.6
4.0
2.8
2.7
4.6
5.7
10.3
7.5
12.2
8.7
14.7
8.9
5.3
4.1
2.6
2.8
4.9
6.0
10.9
8.3
12.8
8.0
15.6
9.3
6.2
4.2
2.7
3.0
5.0
6.0
11.8
8.5
14.1
10.4
16.0
9.7
6.2
4.5
3.4
3.1
4.9
6.2
12.7
9.3
15.5
10.5
16.9
9.6
6.4
4.2
2.9
2.7
4.5
6.3
12.5
9.0
15.4
10.2
16.9
9.2
6.9
4.6
3.1
3.1
4.8
6.7
12.5
8.4
15.4
10.3
17.9
9.8
4.9
4.8
3.2
3.0
5.8
6.9
12.9
9.1
15.9
10.4
17.9
10.2
5.4
4.9
3.2
3.3
5.6
7.2
13.7
9.6
16.9
10.7
19.2
11.1
5.8
4.8
3.3
3.5
5.2
6.8
13.5
9.4
16.5
11.8
18.3
11.3
8.3
5.0
3.3
3.8
5.8
6.9
13.9
10.3
16.7
13.0
17.9
9.9
7.2
4.9
3.3
3.7
5.4
6.9
14.4
10.9
17.4
11.6
18.6
10.5
6.1
4.8
3.1
3.8
5.5
6.7
14.2
10.6
17.5
12.5
17.4
10.6
6.9
4.8
3.2
3.6
5.4
6.7
15.6
11.4
20.2
11.6
19.2
10.7
5.1
5.1
3.5
3.6
6.1
7.1
15.9
10.9
21.1
12.7
19.8
10.6
6.6
7.4
14.1
8.5
8.9
7.9
4.9
7.4
5.3
4.1
11.0
7.7
15.6
8.3
8.2
8.4
5.2
8.1
5.9
4.7
12.1
8.1
17.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
4.8
8.4
6.2
4.7
13.4
8.4
17.8
9.4
9.5
9.3
5.5
8.6
6.1
5.2
14.1
9.1
18.1
11.0
11.8
9.6
6.0
8.9
6.4
5.0
14.8
8.8
18.7
10.4
11.0
9.5
6.4
8.7
5.9
4.8
16.2
9.0
18.1
10.6
11.3
9.5
5.9
9.0
6.5
5.2
12.8
9.5
17.9
10.8
10.8
10.8
5.6
10.3
6.9
4.9
14.0
9.9
19.4
11.3
11.9
10.5
7.0
10.1
7.0
5.3
14.6
9.9
18.8
11.6
12.2
10.7
6.5
10.6
6.9
5.0
18.2
10.0
19.2
12.3
13.2
11.0
6.9
9.7
6.8
4.6
16.3
10.2
20.3
12.0
12.7
11.0
6.1
10.5
7.0
4.6
13.8
10.1
20.3
12.1
12.9
10.8
7.0
9.8
7.0
4.6
14.3
10.7
22.6
13.8
14.9
12.3
6.9
9.8
6.8
4.9
12.5
11.1
23.0
14.1
16.0
11.2
8.1
10.3
7.1
4.8
12.6
CHARACTERISTIC
OCCUPATION
White-collar w orkers.................................................
Professional and technical ...............................
Managers and administrators, except farm . . . .
Salesworkers......................................................
Clerical workers.................................................
Blue-collar workers...................................................
Craft and kindred workers ...............................
Operatives, except transport.............................
Transport equipment operatives ......................
Nonfarm laborers...............................................
Service w o rke rs........................................................
Farmworkers ............................................................
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 2
Construction ......................................................
Manufacturing ....................................................
Durable goods ..........................................
Nondurable g oo d s......................................
Transportation and public utilities......................
Wholesale and retail trade ...............................
Finance and service industries...........................
Government workers ...............................................
Agricultural wage and salary workers......................
1 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a
percent of potentially available labor force hours.
60
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 lnclucles mining, not shown separately,
5.
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Sex and age
Annual average
1981
1982
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
O ct
Total, 16 years and o v e r..........................................
16 to 19 y e a rs ...................................................
16 to 17 years.............................................
18 to 19 years.............................................
20 to 24 y e a rs ...................................................
25 years and over .............................................
25 to 54 years.............................................
55 years and o v e r......................................
7.1
17.8
20.0
16.2
11.5
5.1
5.5
3.3
7.6
19.6
21.4
18.4
12.3
5.4
5.8
3.6
8.0
20.4
21.5
20.0
12.7
5.7
6.2
3.8
8.3
21.4
22.6
20.5
13.0
6.0
6.5
3.8
8.8
21.5
21.9
21.2
13.5
6.5
6.9
4.1
8.5
21.7
21.9
21.3
13.5
6.3
6.7
4.2
8.8
22.3
22.7
22.0
14.1
6.4
6.8
4.3
9.0
21.9
22.7
21.3
14.2
6.8
7.3
4.6
9.4
23.0
24.6
21.9
14.7
7.0
7.4
5.0
9.5
23.1
25.3
21.3
14.3
7.1
7.7
4.8
9.5
22.3
23.7
21.9
14.4
7.4
7.7
5.4
9.8
24.1
26.1
22.8
14.5
7.5
7.9
5.2
9.8
24.0
25.8
22.6
15.2
7.3
7.8
5.1
10.1
23.7
26.9
21.6
15.3
7.9
8.6
5.1
10.4
24.0
25.8
23.0
15.9
8.1
8.7
5.5
Men, 16 years and over ....................................
16 to 19 years.............................................
16 to 17 years ....................................
18 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years.............................................
25 years and o v e r ......................................
25 to 54 years ....................................
55 years and o ve r...............................
6.9
18.3
20.4
16.7
12.5
4.8
5.1
3.3
7.4
20.1
22.0
18.8
13.2
5.1
5.5
3.5
7.7
20.1
21.1
19.3
13.8
5.5
5.9
3.7
8.3
21.8
22.7
21.0
14.4
5.8
6.3
3.7
9.0
22.3
22.6
22.2
14.8
6.5
6.9
4.4
8.6
22.1
23.0
21.4
14.9
6.3
6.7
4.3
8.7
22.5
23.0
22.1
15.4
6.3
6.7
4.2
9.0
23.5
24.3
22.9
15.7
6.6
7.1
4.8
9.4
24.4
24.7
24.3
16.0
6.9
7.2
5.1
9.6
24.0
26.3
21.9
15.5
6.9
7.5
4.7
9.7
24.2
25.8
24.0
15.8
7.5
8.0
5.0
9.9
25.1
28.1
23.4
15.9
7.5
8.1
4.8
10.0
25.1
27.3
23.4
16.6
7.5
8.0
5.4
10.7
25.3
29.6
22.6
17.4
8.2
9.1
5.4
10.9
25.6
29.0
23.2
17.5
8.5
9.1
6.1
Women, 16 years and o v e r...............................
16 to 19 years.............................................
16 to 17 years ....................................
18 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years.............................................
25 years and o v e r......................................
25 to 54 years ....................................
55 years and o ve r...............................
7.4
17.2
19.6
15.6
10.4
5.5
6.0
3.2
7.9
19.0
20.7
17.9
11.2
5.9
6.3
3.8
8.2
20.7
21.9
20.6
11.56.1
6.5
4.0
8.4
20.9
22.5
19.9
11.3
6.4
6.8
3.8
8.5
20.5
21.1
20.0
12.0
6.4
6.9
3.7
8.4
21.2
20.6
21.1
11.9
6.3
6.7
4.1
8.9
22.1
22.5
21.9
12.7
6.5
7.0
4.3
9.0
20.1
20.8
19.6
12.6
7.0
7.6
4.3
9.4
21.3
24.5
19.4
13.3
7.2
7.7
4.8
9.5
22.1
24.1
20.6
12.9
7.4
8.0
5.0
9.1
20.2
21.4
19.7
12.9
7.2
7.4
6.0
9.6
23.1
24.1
22.2
12.9
7.4
7.7
6.0
9.5
22.8
24.2
21.7
13.7
7.0
7.5
4.6
9.5
21.9
23.9
20.6
12.9
7.4
8.0
4.7
9.8
22.3
22.3
22.9
14.0
7.5
8.1
4.7
6.
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Reason for unemployment
Annual average
1981
1982
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
S ept
Oct.
3,947
1,488
2,459
891
1,927
872
4,267
1,430
2,837
923
2,102
981
4,573
1,631
2,942
976
2,178
1,002
4,905
1,826
3,079
916
2,339
996
5,343
2,042
3,301
923
2,244
1,021
5,205
1,860
3,345
835
2,079
1,055
5,153
1,740
3,413
964
2,277
1,100
5,622
1,828
3,794
885
2,249
1,044
5,906
1,946
3,959
937
2,365
1,081
5,901
1,969
3,932
874
2,438
1,154
6,302
2,071
4,231
813
2,372
1,088
6,177
2,079
4,098
813
2,528
1,249
6,347
2,180
4,167
806
2,440
1,328
7,073
2,669
4,404
767
2,415
1,326
7,477
2,572
4,905
796
2,217
1,312
100.0
51.7
19.5
32.1
11.7
25.2
11.4
100.0
51.6
17.3
34.3
11.2
25.4
11.9
100.0
52.4
18.7
33.7
11.2
25.0
11.5
100.0
53.6
19.9
33.6
10.0
25.5
10.9
100.0
56.1
21.4
34.6
9.7
23.5
10.7
100.0
56.7
20.3
36.5
9.1
22.7
11.5
100.0
54.3
18.3
35.9
10.2
24.0
11.6
100.0
57.4
18.7
38.7
9.0
22.9
10.7
100.0
57.4
18.9
38.5
9.1
23.0
10.5
100.0
56.9
19.0
37.9
8.4
23.5
11.1
100.0
59.6
19.6
40.0
7.7
22.4
10.3
100.0
57.4
19.3
38.1
7.5
23.5
11.6
100.0
58.1
20.0
38.2
7.4
22.3
12.2
100.0
61.1
23.0
38.0
6.6
20.8
11.4
100.0
63.4
21.8
41.6
6.7
18.8
11.1
3.7
.8
1.8
.8
3.9
.8
1.9
.9
4.2
.9
2.0
.9
4.5
.8
2.1
.9
4.9
.8
2.1
.9
4.8
.8
1.9
1.0
4.7
.9
2.1
1.0
5.1
.8
2.1
1.0
5.4
.9
2.2
1.0
5.3
.8
2.2
1.0
5.7
.7
2.2
1.0
5.6
.7
2.3
1.1
5.7
.7
2.2
1.2
6.4
.7
2.2
1.2
6.8
.7
2.0
1.2
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Lost last jo b ...............................................................
On la yo ff............................................................
Other job losers.................................................
Left last job ...............................................................
Reentered labor fo rc e ...............................................
Seeking first j o b ........................................................
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed......................................................
Job losers .................................................................
On la y o ff............................................................
Other job losers.................................................
Job leavers ...............................................................
Reentrants.................................................................
New entrants ............................................................
PERCENT OF
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers .................................................................
Job leavers ..............................................................
Reentrants.................................................................
New entrants ............................................................
7.
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Weeks of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks ....................................................
5 to 14 weeks ..........................................................
15 weeks and o v e r...................................................
15 to 26 weeks .................................................
27 weeks and o ver.............................................
Mean duration, In weeks ..........................................
Median duration, in w e e ks ........................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual average
1982
1981
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
O ct
3,295
2,470
1,871
1,052
820
11.9
6.5
3,449
2,539
2,285
1,122
1,162
13.7
6.9
3,707
2,686
2,292
1,166
1,126
13.6
6.8
3,852
2,882
2,364
1,229
1,135
13.1
6.9
4,037
3,016
2,372
1,189
1,183
12.8
6.7
3,852
3,068
2,399
1,210
1,190
13.5
7.2
3,789
3,052
2,724
1,445
1,278
14.1
7.3
3,825
3,078
2,954
1,605
1,349
13.9
7.6
3,958
3,304
3,015
1,508
1,507
14.2
8.5
3,874
3,320
3,286
1,634
1,652
14.6
9.0
3,543
3,458
3,673
1,826
1,847
16.5
9.8
3,990
3,161
3,580
1,792
1,788
15.6
8.3
3,923
3,304
3,631
1,810
1,821
16.2
8.2
4,038
3,595
3,870
1,856
2,014
16.6
9.5
3,920
3,517
4,153
1,927
2,226
17.2
9.6
61
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS
E mployment , hours , a n d ea rn ing s d a ta in this section are
compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun
tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat
ing State agencies by 177,000 establishments representing all
industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling
probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab
lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant,
for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others
not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the
survey because they are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures
between the household and establishment surveys.
payments. R eal earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of
changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived
from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W). The H o u rly E arnings In d ex is calculated from av
erage hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types
of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments:
fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector
for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and
seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries.
H ou rs represent the average weekly hours of production or
nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different
from standard or scheduled hours. O vertim e hours represent the por
tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular
hours and for which overtime premiums were paid.
Definitions
E m p loyed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi
day and sick pay)
12th of the month.
cent of all persons
ment which reports
for any part of the payroll period including the
Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per
in the labor force) are counted in each establish
them.
P rod uctio n w orkers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker
supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with
production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 11-15 in
clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction
workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta
tion and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, in
surance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups
account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private
nonagricultural payrolls.
E arnin gs are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers
receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime
or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
62
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are
periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called
“benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re
lease of May 1982 data, published in the July 1982 issue of the Review.
Consequently, data published in the R eview prior to that issue are not
necessarily comparable to current data. Complete comparable histori
cal unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supple
ment to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977
through February 1982 and seasonally adjusted data from January
1974 through February 1982) and in E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings, U nit
e d States, 1909-78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household
and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green,
“Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur
veys,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review , December 1969, pp. 9-20. See also B L S
H a n dbook o f M eth ods f o r S u rveys a n d Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1976).
8.
Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
Goods-producing
Year
Total
Private
sector
Total
Mining
Service-producing
Construc Manufac
tion
turing
Transpor
tation
and
public
utilities
Total
Wholesale and retail trade
Total
Whole
sale
trade
Retail
trade
Finance,
insurance,
Services
and real
estate
Government
Total
Federal
State
and
local
1950 ..................................
1955 ..................................
I9 6 0 ' ...............................
1964 .................................
1965 ..................................
45,197
50,641
54,189
58,283
60,765
39,170
43,727
45,836
48,686
50,689
18,506
20,513
20,434
21,005
21,926
901
792
712
634
632
2,364
2,839
2,926
3,097
3,232
15,241
16,882
16,796
17274
18,062
26,691
30,128
33,755
37,278
38,839
4,034
4,141
4,004
3,951
4,036
9,386
10,535
11,391
12,160
12,716
2,635
2,926
3,143
3,337
3,466
6,751
7,610
8,248
8,823
9,250
1,888
2,298
2,629
2,911
2,977
5,357
6,240
7,378
8,660
9,036
6,026
6,914
8,353
9,596
10,074
1,928
2,187
2,270
2,348
2,378
4,098
4,727
6,083
7,248
7,696
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
..................................
..................................
..................................
.................................
..................................
63,901
65,803
67,897
70,384
70,880
53,116
54,413
56,058
58,189
58,325
23,158
23,308
23,737
24,361
23,578
627
613
606
619
623
3,317
3,248
3,350
3,575
3,588
19,214
19,447
19,781
20,167
19,367
40,743
42,495
44,160
46,023
47,302
4,158
4,268
4,318
4,442
4,515
13,245
13,606
14,099
14,705
15,040
3,597
3,689
3,779
3,907
3,993
9,648
9,917
10,320
10,798
11,047
3,058
3,185
3,337
3,512
3,645
9,498
10,045
10,567
11,169
11,548
10,784
11,391
11,839
12,195
12,554
2,564
2,719
2,737
2,758
2,731
8,220
8,672
9,102
9,437
9,823
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
..................................
..................................
..................................
.................................
..................................
71,214
73,675
76,790
78,265
76,945
58,331
60,341
63,058
64,095
62,259
22,935
23,668
24,893
24,794
22,600
609
628
642
697
752
3,704
3,889
4,097
4,020
3,525
18,623
19,151
20,154
20,077
18,323
48,278
50,007
51,897
53,471
54,345
4,476
4,541
4,656
4,725
4,542
15,352
15,949
16,607
16,987
17,060
4,001
4,113
4,277
4,433
4,415
11,351
11,836
12,329
12,554
12,645
3,772
3,908
4,046
4,148
4,165
11,797
12,276
12,857
13,441
13,892
12,881
13,334
13,732
14,170
14,686
2,696
2,684
2,663
2,724
2,748
10,185
10,649
11,068
11,446
11,937
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
79,382
82,471
86,697
89,823
90,406
64,511
67,344
71,026
73,876
74,166
23,352
24,346
25,585
26,461
25,658
779
813
851
958
1,027
3,576
3,851
4,229
4,463
4,346
18,997
19,682
20,505
21,040
20,285
56,030
58,125
61,113
63,363
64,748-
4,582
4,713
4,923
5,136
5,146
17,755
18,516
19,542
20,192
20,310
4,546
4,708
4,969
5,204
5,275
13,209
13,808
14,573
14,989
15,035
4,271
4,467
4,724
4,975
5,160
14,551
15,303
16,252
17,112
17,890
14,871
15,127
15,672
15,947
16,241
2,733
2,727
2,753
2,773
2,866
12,138
12,399
12,919
13,147
13,375
1981 ..................................
91,105
75,081
25,481
1,132
4,176
20,173
65,625
5,157
20,551
5,359
15,192
5,301
18,592
16,024
2,772
13,253
’ Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
9.
Employment by State
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
State
September 1981
August 1982
September 1982 p
Alabama ......................................................
Alaska ..........................................................
Arizona ........................................................
Arkansas ......................................................
California......................................................
1,354.1
186.5
1,039.5
748.0
10,107.2
1,318.8
202.2
1,002.8
719.0
9,901.5
1,312.1
199.1
1,025.2
731.2
9,957.1
Colorado ......................................................
Connecticut .................................................
Delaware......................................................
District of Columbia......................................
Florida..........................................................
1,290.2
1,441.3
261.2
603.4
3,697.2
1,279.9
1,395.8
258.2
624.6
3,702.2
Georgia ........................................................
H a w a ii..........................................................
Idaho............................................................
Illinois ..........................................................
Indiana..........................................................
2,183.7
396.3
335.3
4,782.4
2,141.4
Iowa ............................................................
Kansas ........................................................
Kentucky ......................................................
Louisiana......................................................
Maine ..........................................................
Maryland ......................................................
Massachusetts.............................................
Michigan ......................................................
Minnesota ...................................................
Mississippi ...................................................
Missouri........................................................
' Not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State
September 1981
August 1982
September 1982 p
Montana .....................................................
Nebraska ...................................................
Nevada ........................................................
New Hampshire..........................................
New J e rse y.................................................
290.4
631.9
423.1
401.4
3,106.5
278.4
605.1
416.7
400.2
3,100.0
285.1
608.5
418.3
398.5
3,065.3
1,280.1
1,415.7
259.4
604.8
3,744.0
New Mexico.................................................
New York ...................................................
North Carolina.............................................
North D akota...............................................
Ohio ............................................................
479.7
7,295.2
2,403.3
252.9
4,359.0
473.5
7,264.4
2,298.3
251.1
4,179.0
476.1
7,251.1
2,344.4
254.0
4,217.5
2,149.1
403.3
307.6
4,613.4
2,006.9
2,151.1
393.8
315.9
4,589.8
2,028.3
O klahom a...................................................
Oregon ........................................................
Pennsylvania...............................................
Rhode Island ...............................................
South Carolina.............................................
1,208.8
1,031.8
4,720.4
407.7
1,196.0
1,203.7
964.3
4,483.3
392.6
1,159.7
1,204.3
975.1
4,496.1
394.7
1,172.3
1,096.1
953.5
1,206.1
1,647.9
422.2
1,027.5
906.1
1,125.2
1,606.7
422.1
1,048.0
919.9
1,141.9
1,613.3
414.1
South Dakota...............................................
Tennessee ...................................................
Texas ..........................................................
Utah ............................................................
Vermont .....................................................
239.7
1,762.5
6,204.7
566.8
203.7
230.7
1,704.9
6,222.5
558.4
201.8
233.1
1,714.1
6,216.4
564.1
203.7
1,708.9
2,646.9
3,411.1
1,786.6
826.1
1,989.7
1,662.7
2,602.4
3,187.7
1,706.4
782.7
1,957.2
1,666.6
2,619.3
3,223.5
1,713.9
795.9
1,970.8
Virginia ........................................................
Washington .................................................
West V irginia...............................................
Wisconsin ...................................................
Wyoming.....................................................
2,178.9
1,606.2
636.4
1,957.9
2,179.3
222.2
2,166.4
1,546.9
603.3
1,873.0
215.0
Virgin Islands...............................................
36.4
36.0
34.8
(’ >
598.3
1,883.4
214.2
p = preliminary.
63
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
10.
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
1982
Annual average
1981
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
S ep t»
O c t»
90,406
91,105
91,224
90,996
90,642
90,460
90,459
90,304
90,083
90,166
89,839
89,535
89,312
89,188
88,925
Industry division and group
TOTAL ......................................................................
PRIVATE SECTOR ....................................
74,166
75,081
75,307
75,088
74,725
74,596
74,609
74,445
74,231
74,313
74,007
73,900
73,640
73,493
73,208
GOODS-PRODUCING...................................................
25,658
25,481
25,393
25,176
24,908
24,684
24,631
24,450
24,289
24,255
23,994
23,840
23,657
23,535
23,279
Mining .............................................................................
1,027
1,132
1,195
1,202
1,206
1,201
1,203
1,197
1,182
1,152
1,124
1,100
1,086
1,074
1,064
Construction .................................................................
4,346
4,176
4,101
4,071
4,026
3,966
3,974
3,934
3,938
3,988
3,940
3,927
3,899
3,881
3,867
Manufacturing ...............................................................
20,285
14,214
20,173
14,021
20,097
13,915
19,903
13,717
19,676
13,488
19,517
13,431
19,454
13,290
19,319
13,179
19,169
13,042
19,115
13,008
18,930
12,852
18,813
12,760
18,672
12,647
18,580
12,576
18,348
12,382
Production w orkers......................................
12,187
8,442
12,117
8,301
12,059
8,218
11,901
8,061
11,724
7,885
11,622
7,793
11,575
7,759
11,490
7,685
11,375
7,576
11,332
7,553
11,203
7,443
11,133
7,388
10,993
7,272
10,906
7,201
10,705
7,031
Lumber and wood products ...............................
Furniture and fixtures..........................................
Stone, clay, and glass products .........................
Primary metal industries......................................
Fabricated metal products .................................
690.5
465.8
662.1
1,142.2
1,613.1
668.7
467.3
638.2
1,121.1
1,592.4
643
469
629
1,104
1,577
628
462
620
1,082
1553
615
457
610
1,053
1,529
607
452
596
1,038
1,515
611
449
596
1,024
1,505
607
446
590
1,007
1,496
615
443
584
976
1,481
617
443
586
945
1,472
615
442
580
926
1,452
614
439
579
906
1,446
614
443
574
889
1,427
615
442
573
871
1,414
613
436
568
843
1,386
Machinery, except e lectrical...............................
Electric and electronic equipment......................
Transportation equipment....................................
Instruments and related products ......................
Miscellaneous manufacturing .............................
2,494.0
2,090.6
1,899.7
711.3
418.0
2,507.0
2,092.2
1,892.6
726.8
410.7
2,532
2,101
1,861
731
412
2,511
2,077
1,830
727
411
2,486
2,049
1,791
725
409
2,459
2,055
1,777
720
403
2,446
2,048
1,778
718
400
2,419
2,038
1,774
716
397
2,389
2,034
1,748
713
392
2,377
2,034
1,755
713
390
2,322
2,026
1,745
708
387
2,274
2,018
1,759
708
390
2,230
2,011
1,719
702
384
2,208
1,994
1,707
700
382
2,137
1,973
1,675
695
379
Nondurable goods ...................................................
Production w orkers......................................
8,098
5,772
8,056
5,721
8,038
5,697
8,002
5,656
7,952
5,603
7,895
5,548
7,879
5,531
7,829
5,494
7,794
5,466
7,783
5,455
7,727
5,409
7,680
5,372
7,679
5,375
7,674
5,375
7,643
5,351
Food and kindred products.................................
Tobacco manufactures ......................................
Textile mill products.............................................
Apparel and other textile products ....................
Paper and allied products .................................
1,708.0
68.9
847.7
1,263.5
692.8
1,674.3
69.8
822.5
1,244.0
687.8
1,662
69
814
1,243
685
1,664
69
804
1,235
681
1,661
68
794
1,222
677
1,657
69
780
1,201
674
1,663
68
777
1,201
670
1,658
68
760
1,186
668
1,643
67
773
1,165
664
1,652
67
759
1,165
661
1,637
67
741
1,161
658
1,643
65
741
1,126
657
1,628
65
737
1,145
653
1,631
63
735
1,144
657
1,635
63
736
1,140
648
Printing and publishing........................................
Chemicals and allied products ...........................
Petroleum and coal products .............................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . . .
Leather and leather p roducts.............................
1,252.1
1,107.4
197.9
726.8
232.9
1,265.8
1,107.3
215.6
736.1
233.0
1,276
1,107
215
734
233
1,276
1,103
215
725
230
1,276
1,100
214
716
224
1,275
1,095
210
712
222
1,276
1,093
208
708
215
1,278
1,088
207
703
213
1,274
1,082
206
706
214
1,274
1,079
207
708
211
1,269
1,073
205
704
212
1,267
1,068
205
700
208
1,269
1,070
205
699
208
1,269
1,066
209
694
206
1,265
1,060
209
684
203
SERVICE-PRODUCING ................................................
64,748
65,625
65,831
65,820
65,734
65,776
65,828
65,854
65,794
65,911
65,845
65,695
65,655
65,653
65,646
Production w orke rs......................................
Durable goods ..........................................................
Transportation and public utilities ..........................
5,146
5,157
5,162
5,150
5,128
5,125
5,115
5,100
5,094
5,101
5,078
5,044
5,025
5,032
5,022
Wholesale and retail t r a d e .........................................
20,310
20,551
20,654
20,623
20,524
20,630
20,670
20,655
20,584
20,652
20,595
20,615
20,550
20,480
20,438
Wholesale t r a d e ............................................................
5,275
5,359
5,380
5,375
5,357
5,346
5,343
5,336
5,323
5,331
5,307
5,299
5,278
5,266
5,249
Retail trade ....................................................................
15,035
15,192
15,274
15,248
15,167
15,284
15,327
15,319
15,261
15,321
15,288
15,316
15,272
15,214
15,189
Finance, insurance, and real e s t a t e ........................
5,160
5,301
5,325
5,324
5,331
5,326
5,326
5,336
5,335
5,342
5,352
5,359
5,360
5,370
5,362
S ervice s ...........................................................................
17,890
18,592
18,773
18,815
18,834
18,831
18,867
18,904
18,929
18,963
18,988
19,042
19,048
19,076
19,107
G overn m ent...................................................................
16,241
2,866
13,375
16,024
2,772
13,253
15,917
2,757
13,160
15,908
2,749
13,159
15,917
2,756
13,161
15,864
2,741
13,123
15,850
2,737
13,113
15,859
2,736
13,123
15,852
2,730
13,122
15,853
2,728
13,125
15,832
2,739
13,093
15,635
2,737
12,898
15,672
2,739
12,933
15,695
2,734
12,961
15,717
2,723
12,994
Federal.................................................................
State and local ...................................................
p=preliminary.
64
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls]
Year
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Private sector
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Mining
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Manufacturing
Construction
1950 ....................
1955 ....................
I9601 ..................
1964 ....................
1965 ....................
$53.13
67.72
80.67
91.33
95.45
39.8
39.6
38.6
38.7
38.8
$1.335
1.71
2.09
2.36
2.46
$67.16
89.54
105.04
117.74
123.52
37.9
40.7
40.4
41.9
42.3
$1.772
2.20
2.60
2.81
2.92
$69.68
90.90
112.67
132.06
138.38
37.4
37.1
36.7
37.2
37.4
$1.863
2.45
3.07
3.55
3.70
$58.32
75.30
89.72
102.97
107.53
40.5
40.7
39.7
40.7
41.2
$1.440
1.85
2.26
2.53
2.61
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
98.82
101.84
107.73
114.61
119.83
38.6
38.0
37.8
37.7
37.1
2.56
2.68
2.85
3.04
3.23
130.24
135.89
142.71
154.80
164.40
42.7
42.6
42.6
43.0
42.7
3.05
3.19
3.35
3.60
3.85
146.26
154.95
164.49
181.54
195.45
37.6
37.7
37.3
37.9
37.3
3.89
4.11
4.41
4.79
5.24
112.19
114.49
122.51
129.51
133.33
41.4
40.6
40.7
40.6
39.8
2.71
2.82
3.01
3.19
3.35
1 9 7 1 ....................
1972 ....................
1973 ....................
1974 ....................
1975 ....................
127.31
136.90
145.39
154.76
163.53
36.9
37.0
36.9
36.5
36.1
3.45
3.70
3.94
4.24
4.53
172.14
189.14
201.40
219.14
249.31
42.4
42.6
42.4
41.9
41.9
4.06
4.44
4.75
5.23
5.95
211.67
221.19
235.89
249.25
266.08
37.2
36.5
36.8
36.6
36.4
5.69
6.06
6.41
6.81
7.31
142.44
154.71
166.46
176.80
190.79
39.9
40.5
40.7
40.0
39.5
3.57
3.82
4.09
4.42
4.83
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
175.45
189.00
203.70
219.91
235.10
36.1
36.0
35.8
35.7
35.3
4.86
5.25
5.69
6.16
6.66
273.90
301.20
332.88
365.07
397.06
42.4
43.4
43.4
43.0
43.3
6.46
6.94
7.67
8.49
9.17
283.73
295.65
318.69
342.99
367.78
36.8
36.5
36.8
37.0
37.0
7.71
8.10
8.66
9.27
9.94
209.32
228.90
249.27
269.34
288.62
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.7
5.22
5.68
6.17
6.70
7.27
1981 ....................
255.20
35.2
7.25
439.19
43.7
10.05
398.52
36.9
10.80
318.00
39.8
7.99
Transportation and public
utilities
1950
1955 ................
I9 6 0 1 ..................
1964 ....................
1965 ....................
Rnance, insurance, and
real estate
Wholesale and retail trade
Services
$118.78
125.14
41.1
41.3
$2.89
3.03
$44.55
55.16
66.01
74.66
76.91
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
128.13
130.82
138.85
147.74
155.93
41.2
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.5
3.11
3.23
3.42
3.63
3.85
79.39
82.35
87.00
91.39
96.02
37.1
36.6
36.1
35.7
35.3
2.14
2.25
2.41
2.56
2.72
92.13
95.72
101.75
108.70
112.67
37.3
37.1
37.0
37.1
36.7
2.47
2.58
2.75
2.93
3.07
77.04
80.38
83.97
90.57
96.66
35.5
35.1
34.7
34.7
34.4
2.17
2.29
2.42
2.61
2.81
1 9 7 1 ....................
1972 ....................
1973 ....................
1974 ....................
1975 ....................
168.82
187.86
203.31
217.48
233.44
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.7
4.21
4.65
5.02
5.41
5.88
101.09
106.45
111.76
119.02
126.45
35.1
34.9
34.6
34.2
33.9
2.88
3.05
3.23
3.48
3.73
117.85
122.98
129.20
137.61
148.19
36.6
36.6
36.6
36.5
36.5
3.22
3.36
3.53
3.77
4.06
103.06
110.85
117.29
126.00
134.67
33.9
33.9
33.8
33.6
33.5
3.04
3.27
3.47
3.75
4.02
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
256.71
278.90
302.80
325.58
351.25
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.6
6.45
6.99
7.57
8.16
8.87
133.79
142.52
153.64
164.96
176.46
33.7
33.3
32.9
32.6
32.2
3.97
4.28
4.67
5.06
5.48
155.43
165.26
178.00
190.77
209.60
36.4
36.4
36.4
36.2
36.2
4.27
4.54
4.89
5.27
5.79
143.52
153.45
163.67
175.27
190.71
33.3
33.0
32.8
32.7
32.6
4.31
4.65
4.99
5.36
5.85
1981 ....................
382.18
39.4
9.70
190.95
32.2
5.93
229.05
36.3
6.31
208.97
32.6
6.41
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
405
39.4
38.6
37.9
37.7
$1.100
1.40
1.71
1.97
2.04
$50.52
63.92
75.14
85.79
88.91
37.7
37.6
372
37.3
37.2
$1.340
1 70
2 02
2.30
2.39
$70.03
73.60
36.1
35.9
$1.94
2.05
1 Data Include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
65
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
12.
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
1982
1981
Annual average
Industry division and group
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
S e p t"
O c tp
PRIVATE SECTOR ..............................................
35.3
35.2
35.1
35.1
35.0
34.4
35.0
34.9
34.9
35.0
34.9
34.9
34.8
34.8
34.7
MANUFACTURING .....................................................
39.7
2.8
39.8
2.8
39.5
2.7
39.3
2.5
39.1
2.4
37.6
2.3
39.4
2.4
39.0
2.3
39.0
2.4
39.1
2.3
39.2
2.4
39.2
2.4
39.0
2.4
38.7
2.3
38.7
2.2
Overtime h o u rs ..........................................
40.1
2.8
40.2
2.8
40.0
2.6
39.7
2.4
39.5
2.3
38.2
2.2
39.8
2.2
39.5
2.2
39.5
2.2
39.6
2.2
39.7
2.3
39.7
2.2
39.4
2.2
38.9
2.0
38.9
1.9
Lumber and wood products .............................
Furniture and fixtures ........................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.........................
Primary metal industries....................................
Fabricated metal products ...............................
38.5
38.1
40.8
40.1
40.4
38.7
38.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
37.8
38.0
40.1
40.0
40.0
37.7
37.6
40.1
39.6
39.7
37.7
37.9
39.7
39.2
39.5
35.0
33.6
38.6
38.3
38.1
37.9
37.7
40.1
39.4
39.7
37.6
37.3
40.0
38.8
39.5
37.6
37.4
40.0
38.5
39.4
38.5
37.5
40.2
38.5
39.5
38.7
37.8
40.4
38.9
39.4
38.6
37.6
40.6
38.9
39.5
38.2
37.9
40.3
38.8
39.2
38.3
37.5
40.1
37.9
38.8
37.9
37.7
40.2
37.6
38.8
Machinery, except electrical .............................
Electric and electronic equipment ....................
Transportation equipment.................................
Instruments and related products ....................
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...........................
41.0
39.8
40.6
40.9
39.9
40.9
40.5
40.4
38.7
38.8
40.8
39.8
40.6
40.3
38.9
40.7
39.4
40.4
40.2
39.0
40.4
39.5
39.7
39.9
38.5
39.3
38.3
39.0
39.0
37.3
40.7
39.8
40.5
39.9
38.6
40.2
39.4
40.4
39.9
38.6
40.1
39.3
41.1
39.9
38.5
39.8
39.4
41.1
40.2
38.7
39.6
39.5
41.6
40.2
38.6
39.8
39.8
41.0
40.1
38.7
39.5
39.3
40.5
40.1
38.6
38.9
38.8
39.8
39.7
38.1
39.1
38.9
39.7
39.3
38.3
Nondurable goods ................................................
Overtime h o u rs ..........................................
39.0
2.8
39.1
2.8
38.9
2.8
38.7
2.7
38.6
2.6
36.8
2.5
38.9
2.6
38.5
2.5
38.4
2.6
38.5
2.5
38.6
2.5
38.6
2.6
38.5
2.6
38.5
2.6
38.4
2.6
Food and kindred products...............................
Textile mill products..........................................
Apparel and other textile products....................
Paper and allied products.................................
39.7
40.1
35.4
42.2
39.7
39.6
35.7
42.5
39.5
39.0
35.5
42.4
39.5
38.7
35.5
42.0
39.8
37.8
35.1
41.8
39.1
32.3
31.4
41.3
40.2
38.3
35.5
42.3
39.5
37.6
35.0
41.8
39.4
37.7
34.7
42.1
39.4
37.9
34.8
41.8
39.5
37.8
35.1
42.0
39.5
37.7
35.2
41.9
39.1
38.2
35.0
41.7
39.4
38.1
35.2
41.5
39.5
38.0
34.9
41.4
Printing and publishing ......................................
Chemicals and allied products...........................
Petroleum and coal products ...........................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ..
Leather and leather products ...........................
37.1
41.5
41.8
40.0
36.7
37.3
41.6
43.2
40.3
36.8
37.1
41.5
42.2
39.9
36.7
37.1
41.2
42.5
39.6
36.5
37.1
41.3
42.7
39.4
36.1
36.9
41.0
44.3
37.9
34.1
37.4
41.2
43.5
40.0
35.6
37.1
40.7
43.5
39.6
35.8
37.1
40.7
44.0
39.8
35.6
36.8
41.0
44.1
39.9
35.6
37.1
41.0
44.1
40.1
35.7
37.0
40.9
43.3
40.2
36.1
36.8
40.9
43.9
39.7
36.0
36.9
41.2
43.4
39.6
35.7
36.9
40.8
43.5
39.1
34.8
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ........................
32.2
32.2
32.0
32.1
32.0
31.7
32.0
31.9
31.8
32.0
31.9
31.9
31.9
32.1
32.1
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.1
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.3
Overtime h o u rs ..........................................
Durable g o o d s ..........................................................
WHOLESALE T R A D E ...................................................
38.5
38.6
RETAIL T R A D E ............................................................
30.2
30.1
29.9
30.0
29.9
29.7
29.9
29.8
29.8
30.0
29.8
29.9
29.9
30.1
30.2
32.6
32.6
32.6
32.6
32.5
32.6
32.6
32.7
32.7
32.7
32.6
32.6
32.8
32.7
S ERVICES......................................................................
Note :
The
industry divisions
of mining;
32.6
construction;
tobacco
manufactures
(a
major
manufacturing group, nondurable goods); transportation and public utilities; and finance, insurance,
and real estate are no longer shown. This is because the seasonal component In these is small
66
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
relative to the trend-cycle, or irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be precisely
separated,
p=preliminary.
13.
Hourly earnings, by industi■y division and major manufacturing group
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
Annual average
1981
1982
Industry division and group
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
$6.66
$7.25
( 1)
( 1)
$7.42
7.40
$7.47
7.45
$7.45
7.46
$7.55
7.52
$7.54
7.53
$7.55
7.54
$7.58
7.59
$7.63
7.65
$7.64
7.67
$7.67
7.71
M IN IN G ...............................
9.17
10.05
10.25
10.39
10.41
10.65
10.62
10.62
10.65
10.66
10.82
CONSTRUCTION
9.94
10.80
11.65
11.18
11.26
11.59
11.32
11.33
11.32
11.46
MANUFACTURING ...........................
7.27
7.99
8.16
8.20
8.27
8.42
8.34
8.37
8.42
8.45
Durable g o o d s ..........................
Lumber and wood products .............
Furniture and fixtures........................
Stone, clay, and glass products ................
Primary metal industries.............................
Fabricated metal products ....................
7.75
6.55
5.49
7.50
9.77
7.45
8.53
7.00
5.91
8.27
10.81
8.20
8.73
7.10
6.06
8.50
10.97
8.39
8.77
7.16
6.05
8.54
11.10
8.42
8.83
7.16
6.12
8.56
11.08
8.53
8.92
7.38
6.28
8.70
11.23
8.55
8.89
7.27
6.19
8.62
11.20
8.57
8.91
7.28
6.21
8.65
11.15
8.64
8.94
7.24
6.21
8.72
11.24
8.69
Machinery, except e lectrical....................
Electric and electronic equipment...........
Transportation equipment....................
Instruments and related products ...........
Miscellaneous manufacturing ....................
8.00
6.94
9.35
6.80
5.46
8.81
7.62
10.39
7.43
5.96
9.04
7.80
10.74
7.60
6.05
9.08
7.83
10.74
7.68
6.11
9.18
7.90
10.76
7.81
6.19
9.19
7.98
10.79
7.93
6.27
9.20
7.96
10.82
7.94
6.29
9.18
8.01
10.89
8.00
6.32
6.55
6.85
7.74
5.07
4.56
7.84
7.18
7.43
8.88
5.52
4.96
8.60
7.33
7.51
8.67
5.72
5.05
8.82
7.38
7.61
9.04
5.73
5.04
8.89
7.44
7.67
8.96
5.72
5.04
8.96
7.67
7.82
9.21
5.76
5.18
9.06
7.54
7.74
9.56
5.76
5.13
8.99
7.53
8.30
10.10
6.52
4.58
8.18
9.12
11.38
7.16
4.99
8.40
9.37
11.47
7.30
5.09
8.42
9.42
11.58
7.31
5.11
8.48
9.53
11.59
7.38
5.15
8.58
9.68
11.91
7.51
5.19
PRIVATE SECTOR
Seasonally adjusted .............
Nondurable g o o d s ...................
Food and kindred products.............
Tobacco manufactures....................
Textile mill products........................
Apparel and other textile products ...........
Paper and allied products.........................
Printing and publishing...............................
Chemicals and allied products ..................
Petroleum and coal products ....................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Leather and leather products .............
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
S eptP
O c tp
$7.70
7.74
$7.76
7.72
$7.78
7.75
10.91
10.93
11.06
10.97
11.41
11.53
11.60
11.70
11.80
8.50
8.55
8.51
8.59
8.56
9.01
7.41
6.23
8.80
11.23
8.79
9.06
7.59
6.30
8.86
11.31
8.83
9.11
7.64
6.34
8.93
11.37
8.85
9.09
7.61
6.39
8 93
11 49
8.85
916
766
6 40
9 01
11 55
8.90
913
7 56
642
8 97
11 44
8.88
9.24
8.03
10.89
8.07
6.35
9.26
8.05
11.08
8.16
6.38
9.27
8.09
11.21
8.23
6.41
9.30
8.18
11.25
8.31
6.40
9.33
8.24
11.18
8 40
6.39
9 39
8 32
11 24
8 44
6.48
9 34
8 36
11 29
7.57
7.79
9.72
5.76
5.15
9.03
7.65
7.90
10.05
5.79
5.18
9.11
7.66
7.92
9.93
5.79
5.16
9.14
7.70
7.90
10.35
5.79
5.18
9.28
7.77
7.88
10.42
5.81
5.17
9.41
7.74
7.85
9.53
5 82
518
9.45
7 84
7 90
9 57
5 86
5 20
9.63
7 82
7 87
964
5 86
5 20
8.56
9.68
12.29
7.49
5.22
8.59
9.71
12.32
7.45
5.24
8.59
9.81
12.50
7.52
5.32
8.61
9.83
12.52
7.56
5.32
8.66
9.95
12.53
7.64
5.36
8.74
10.02
12.42
7.65
5.30
8 79
10.03
12 42
764
5.33
8 89
10.21
12 62
7 76
5.40
8 86
1026
12 55
10.17
10.20
10.29
10.43
10.44
10.48
6.27
6.51
9.55
7 74
5.41
.
8.87
9.70
9.94
10.05
10.06
10.10
10.13
10.07
10.14
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ......................
5.48
5.93
6.01
6.04
6.02
6.17
6.16
6.16
6.18
6.20
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.26
WHOLESALE T R A D E ..................................
6.96
7.57
7.73
7.79
7.81
7.94
7.94
7.93
7.97
8.03
8.01
8.07
8.11
8.15
8.16
RETAIL T R A D E .......................................
4.88
5.25
5.29
5.32
5.31
5.43
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.47
5.47
5.48
5.48
5.52
5.52
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE . . .
5.79
6.31
6.43
6.52
6.47
6.56
6.62
6.59
6.64
6.77
6.71
6.78
6.87
6.90
6.93
SERVICES
5.85
6.41
6.58
6.67
6.66
6.79
6.79
6.77
6.81
6.85
6.84
6.87
6.90
6.99
7.03
1 Not available.
14.
P= preliminary.
Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry
[1977=100]
Not easonally adjusted
Industry
PRIVATE SECTOR (In current dollars)
M ining.............................
Construction ......................................
Manufacturing ...........................
Transportation and public utilities.............
Wholesale and retail trade ................
Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te .........
Services ......................
PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant dollars)
O ct
1981
Aug.
1982
S ept
1982 p
O ct
1982 p
O ct
1981
June
1982
July
1982
Aug.
1982
S ept
1982 p
O ct
1982 p
Percent
change
from:
S ep t 1982
to
Oct. 1982
0.4
142.0
149.3
150.4
150.7
6.1
142.0
148.1
148.9
149.9
150.0
150.6
151.4
136.3
145.4
143.0
140.0
140.7
140.6
161.5
141.6
153.6
150.3
145.9
150.1
148.3
163.2
142.7
154.7
151.1
146.7
150.6
149.6
161.9
143.7
154.8
151.8
146.8
151.3
150.0
6.9
5.4
6.4
6.2
4.9
7.5
6.7
( ')
134.7
145.4
142.3
140.5
141.4
140.8
(' )
139.7
152.5
149.1
145.2
147.2
147.3
(1)
140.6
153.3
148.9
145.7
148.6
148.7
i 1)
140.7
154.2
150.3
146.5
150.6
149.7
140.6
154 7
149 6
146.7
151.2
149.6
142.0
154 7
151 1
147.3
152.0
150.3
92.2
92.7
93.2
( 2)
<2)
92.1
93.1
93.0
93.2
93.2
( 2)
'This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to
the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with
sufficient precision.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Seasonally adjusted
Percent
change
from:
O c t 1981
to
O c t 1982
1 Ì
10
10
4
6
.4
( 2)
2 Not available,
p = preliminary,
67
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
15.
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
1981
Annual average
1982
Industry division and group
1980
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
S ep t»
O c t"
Current d o lla rs ...............................................
Seasonally adjusted....................................
Constant (1977) dollars..................................
$235.10
$255.20
(’ )
172.74
(’ )
170.13
$261.18
259.74
169.49
$262.20
261.50
169.71
$262.24
261.10
169.30
$255.95
258.69
164.70
$262.39
263.55
168.31
$261.99
263.15
168.37
$262.27
264.89
167.80
$265.52
267.75
168.16
$267.40
267.68
167.33
$269.98
269.08
167.90
$271.04
269.35
168.24
$270.05
268.66
167.42
$270.74
268.93
MINING ...................................................................
397.06
439.19
456.13
461.32
466.37
456.89
463.03
465.16
454.76
454.12
463.10
463.68
463.43
461.20
$459.64
CONSTRUCTION ...................................................
367.78
398.52
419.62
414.78
417.75
385.95
406.39
419.21
415.44
429.75
427.88
438.14
436.16
431.73
436.60
Current d o lla rs ...............................................
Constant (1977) dollars..................................
288.62
212.06
318.00
212.00
323.95
210.22
325.54
210.71
329.97
213.02
312.38
201.02
326.93
209.70
327.27
210.33
325.85
208.48
329.55
208.71
334.05
209.04
332.60
206.84
331.89
206.40
334.15
207.16
332.13
Durable g o o d s .......................................................
Lumber and wood products...........................
Furniture and fixtures ....................................
Stone, clay, and glass products....................
Primary metal Industries ...............................
Fabricated metal products.............................
310.78
252.18
209.17
306.00
391.78
300.98
342.91
270.90
226.94
335.76
437.81
330.46
350.07
271.22
233.92
344.25
435.51
337.28
351.68
269.93
230.51
345.87
440.67
337.64
356.73
272.80
238.07
343.26
438.77
345.47
336.28
248.71
204.10
325.38
431.23
323.19
352.93
272.63
231.51
337.90
443.52
337.66
352.84
273.73
233.50
344.27
434.85
342.14
350.45
270.05
230.39
347.93
434.99
338.91
355.90
285.29
231.76
355.52
430.11
346.33
360.59
297.53
238.77
361.49
439.96
349.67
357.11
294.90
233.31
362.56
437.75
344.27
356.33
295.27
243.46
362.56
440.07
346.04
357.24
295.68
241.92
364.00
440.06
346.21
356.98
289.55
245.89
364.18
427.86
346.32
Machinery except electrical...........................
Electric and electronic equipment..................
Transportation equipment .............................
Instruments and related products..................
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........................
328.00
276.21
379.61
275.40
211.30
360.33
304.04
424.95
300.17
231.25
367.93
311.22
440.34
307.04
237.77
372.28
311.63
438.19
313.34
241.35
381.89
319.16
445.46
317.87
242.03
360.25
304.04
414.34
306.10
229.48
374.44
316.81
437.13
317.60
241.54
370.87
316.40
439.96
320.80
244.58
367.75
313.17
441.05
318.77
242.57
367.62
315.56
455.39
327.22
245.63
367.09
319.56
466.34
330.85
247.43
363.63
319.84
456.75
328.25
244.48
364.80
322.18
447.20
335.16
246.65
366.21
322.82
443.98
335.07
248.83
364.26
326.04
452.73
332.54
251.94
Nondurable g o o d s ................................................
255.45
271.95
294.89
203.31
161.42
330.85
280.74
294.97
344.54
218.59
177.07
365.50
286.60
296.65
341.60
225.37
180.79
373.97
288.56
302.88
350.75
224.62
180.43
376.05
291.65
309.87
341.38
220.79
178.92
382.59
277.65
302.63
332.48
179.71
155.40
374.18
291.04
307.28
366.15
219.46
180.58
377.58
289.93
303.81
362.56
217.15
180.77
376.55
291.47
306.52
367.83
215.39
178.19
380.80
294.14
312.05
369.40
219.44
180.08
379.31
297.99
312.05
397.44
220.60
183.89
389.76
299.15
312.05
383.46
216.13
183.02
391.46
299.54
310.86
363.09
222.91
183.37
393.12
303.41
315.21
379.93
223.85
182.52
401.57
301.85
310.87
382.71
225.61
183.04
395.37
Printing and publishing....................................
Chemicals and allied products......................
Petroleum and coal products.........................
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products........................................
Leather and leather products........................
279.36
344.45
422.18
305.11
379.39
491.62
312.48
388.86
494.36
314.07
391.87
499.10
321.39
398.35
493.73
312.31
394.94
514.51
317.58
397.85
518.64
318.69
395.20
522.37
316.11
399.27
550.00
315.99
401.06
549.63
319.55
406.96
553.83
322.51
407.81
546.48
326.11
408.22
546.48
329.82
420.65
565.38
327.82
418.61
557.22
260.80
168.09
288.55
183.63
293.46
186.80
291.67
187.03
295.94
187.46
283.88
172.83
298.85
184.27
295.77
186.54
297.04
187.26
300.13
191.52
306.36
196.71
302.94
191.33
303.31
192.95
307.30
191.70
304.96
188.81
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES . . .
351.25
382.18
388.65
393.96
395.36
388.85
397.10
392.73
393.43
394.60
399.84
403.37
409.90
406.12
406.62
199.02
202.45
202.77
200.95
201.27
PRIVATE SECTOR
<1)
MANUFACTURING
Food and kindred products ...........................
Tobacco manufactures .................................
Textile mill products ......................................
Apparel and other textile products................
Paper and allied products .............................
(’ )
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ......................
176.46
190.95
192.32
192.68
194.45
191.89
194.66
194.66
195.91
197.78
WHOLESALE TRADE ..............................................
267.96
292.20
298.38
300.69
302.25
300.13
303.31
303.72
304.45
308.35
309.19
312.31
313.05
312.96
314.16
158.03
157.64
158.54
160.89
157.47
159.35
159.64
161.02
163.01
164.65
168.24
168.24
166.70
166.15
RETAIL TRADE
........................................................
147.38
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE . . .
209.60
229.05
232.77
236.02
234.21
237.47
239.64
239.22
240.37
245.75
242.23
245.44
249.38
248.40
250.17
SERVICES....................................................................
190.71
208.97
213.85
216.78
217.12
219.32
220.68
220.03
221.33
222.63
224.35
227.40
227.70
228.57
229.18
1 Not available,
68
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p = preliminary.
U N EM PLO YM ENT INSURANCE DATA
N ational unem ployment insu ra nc e da ta are compiled
monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of
the U.S. Department of Labor from monthly reports of unem
ployment insurance activity prepared by State agencies. Rail
road unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S.
Railroad Retirement Board.
ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10
percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet
earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini
tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance
programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv
ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a
full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The
rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem
ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a
12-month period.
Definitions
Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured
unemployment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation
for Ex-Servicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal
Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act.
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be
ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap
plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num
ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods.
The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com
pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set
tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been
adjusted.
Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs
for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of
at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem
16.
Unemployment insurance and employment service operations
[All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands]
1981
1982
Item
Sept
All programs:
Insured unemployment................
State unemployment insurance program:’
Initial claims2 .............................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) .................................
Rate of insured unemployment ...........
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment....................
Total benefits paid ..................
2,680
O ct
Nov.
2,753
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
3,228
3,935
4,681
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.p
4,723
4,892
4,760
4,388
4.32E
4,495
4,398
4,283
2 350
1,681
1,996
2,286
3,272
3,328
2,272
2,418
2,347
1,989
2,399
2,655
2 358
2,488
2.9
9,565
2,592
3.0
9,424
3,061
3.5
10,052
3,778
4.3
14,592
4,470
5.1
15,962
4,376
5.0
15,631
4,282
4.9
18,144
4,067
4.6
16,158
3,729
4.3
13,679
3,707
43
14,648
3,910
46
14,655
3 831
3713
15,015
14 595
$107.39
$1,001,020
$108.92
$110.52
$112.83
$114.83
$116.95
$117.10
$997,757 $1,080,810 $1,592,546 $1,764,206 $1,781,830 $2,072,642
$117.61
$118.08
$118.64
$117.28
$121.52
$120.62
$1,849,881 $1,573,444 '$1,692,150 $1,679,378 $1,746,195 $1,714,634
State unemployment insurance program:1
(Seasonally adjusted data)
Initial claims2 ........................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) ....................
Rate of insured unemployment .............
2,099
2,187
2,233
2,106
2,304
2,354
2,521
2,442
2,379
2,528
2,317
2814
2,912
2,985
3.4
3,171
3.6
3,403
3.9
3,593
4.1
3,604
4.1
3,644
4.2
3,777
4.3
3,939
4.5
3,925
4.5
3,995
4.6
3,959
4.5
4 137
4.7
4 447
5.1
Unemployment compensation for exservicemen:3
Initial claims1 ..................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) ......................
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Total benefits paid ...........................
15
11
9
11
8
8
10
9
8
10
10
34
153
$17,144
26
116
$12,952
22
91
$10,043
19
93
$10,155
16
65
$7,098
13
49
$5,304
11
48
$5,141
10
37
$4,013
9
8
31
$3,395
29
$3,314
25
$2,821
24
$2,793
$2,927
Unemployment compensation for
Federal civilian employees:4
Initial claim s.............................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) .............................
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Total benefits paid .............
18
20
16
17
17
12
13
13
11
14
13
29
100
$10,495
32
112
$11,719
36
127
$13,491
39
174
$18,891
40
162
$18,040
40
154
$17,517
38
172
$19,677
33
146
$16,806
29
120
$13,526
28
123
$13,922
29
120
$13,445
27
118
$13,140
110
$12,230
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications.............................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) ...............................
Number of payments ........................
Average amount of benefit payment . . .
Total benefits paid ......................
15
21
13
19
22
11
9
5
5
36
68
68
34
74
$207.98
15,046
40
86
$197.26
15,994
44
83
$207.08
$16,377
54
117
$212.33
$25,292
75
153
$213.39
$30,544
67
140
$214.07
$28,011
65
154
$215.71
$33,853
57
130
$209.48
$26,262
44
95
$200.75
$19,110
44
93
$199.15
$18,574
55
100
$202.54
$17,998
55
100
$202.54
$17,998
Employment service:5
New applications and renewals.............
Nonfarm placements ......................
16,502
3,509
4,081
731
7,439
1,232
61
137
$216.14
$31,123
10 965
T902
.
1 Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican
sugarcane workers.
2 Excludes transition claims under State programs.
3 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
5 Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly.
N ote : Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands included. Dashes indicate data not available.
r=revised.
p=preliminary.
4 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
69
PRICE DATA
P rice data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price
indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100,
unless otherwise noted).
Definitions
The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the
average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser
vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. One
index, a new CPI for All Urban Consumers, covers 80 percent of the
total noninstitutional population; and the other index, a revised CPI
for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covers about half the
new index population. The All Urban Consumers index includes, in
addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, manageri
al, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the
unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctor’s and dentist’s fees, and other goods and
services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali
ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revi
sions so that only price changes will be measured. Prices are collected
from over 18,000 tenants, 24,000 retail establishments, and 18,000
housing units for property taxes in 85 urban areas across the country.
AJ1 taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are
included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the expendi
tures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately
reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with
different buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it meas
ures only price change, which is just one of several important factors
affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the
level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in
prices for each area since the base period.
Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received
in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities
in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in
dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations
per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com
modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing,
mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe
includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial
transactions in primary markets in the United States.
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or
by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products
by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or
semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure
organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition.
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In
dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit
ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data
are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire.
70
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol
untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the
Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari
ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights
representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com
modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in
dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura
bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite
groupings.
Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries,
as defined in the S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C lassification M a n u a l 1972
(Washington, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These
indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the
economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value
of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in
dustrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the May 1978 issue of the Review , regional CPI s
cross classified by population size, were introduced. These indexes will
enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a
better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropri
ate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified
indexes will be published bimonthly. (See table 19.)
For further details about the new and the revised indexes and a
comparison of various aspects of these indexes with the old unrevised
CPI, see F acts A b o u t the R evised C onsum er Price Index, a pamphlet in
the Consumer Price Index Revision 1978 series. See also The
C on su m er Price In dex: C oncepts a n d C ontent O ver the Years, Report
517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978).
For interarea comparisons of living costs at three hypothetical stand
ards of living, see the family budget data published in the H an dbook
o f L a b o r Statistics, 1977, Bulletin 1966 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1977), tables 122-133. Additional data and analysis on price changes
are provided in the C P I D e ta iled R e port and P roducer Prices a n d Price
Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau.
As of January 1976, the Wholesale Price Index (as it was then
called) incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 val
ues of shipments. From January 1967 through December 1975, 1963
values of shipments were used as weights.
For a discussion of the general method of computing consumer,
producer, and industry price indexes, see B L S H an dbook o f M ethods
f o r Surveys a n d Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1976), chapters 13-15. See also John F. Early, “Improving the meas
urement of producer price change,” M o n th ly L ab o r Review, April
1978, pp. 7-15. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “In
dustry and Sector Price Indexes,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review , August
1965, pp. 974-82.
17.
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-81
[1967 = 100]
Food and
beverages
All Items
Year
Index
Percent
change
Index
Apparel and
upkeep
Housing
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
Index
Transportation
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
Medical care
Index
Other goods
and services
Entertainment
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
1967
1968
1969
1970
....................
....................
....................
....................
100.0
104.2
109.8
116.3
4.2
5.4
5.9
100.0
103.6
108.8
114.7
3.6
5.0
5.4
100.0
104.0
110.4
118.2
4.0
6.2
7.1
100.0
105.4
111.5
116.1
5.4
5.8
4.1
100.0
103.2
107.2
112.7
3.2
3.9
5.1
100.0
106.1
113.4
120.6
6.1
6.9
6.3
100.0
105.7
111.0
116.7
5.7
5.0
5.1
100.0
105.2
110.4
116.8
5.2
4.9
5.8
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
121.3
125.3
133.1
147.7
161.2
4.3
3.3
6.2
11.0
9.1
118.3
123.2
139.5
158.7
172.1
3.1
4.1
13.2
13.8
8.4
123.4
128.1
133.7
148.8
164.5
4.4
3.8
4.4
11.3
10.6
119.8
122.3
126.8
136.2
142.3
3.2
2.1
3.7
7.4
4.5
118.6
119.9
123.8
137.7
150.6
5.2
1.1
3.3
11.2
9.4
128.4
132.5
137.7
150.5
168.6
6.5
3.2
3.9
9.3
12.0
122.9
126.5
130.0
139.8
152.2
5.3
2.9
2.8
7.5
8.9
122.4
127.5
132.5
142.0
153.9
4.8
4.2
3.9
7.2
8.4
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
170.5
181.5
195.3
217.7
247.0
5.8
6.5
7.6
11.5
13.5
177.4
188.0
206.2
228.7
248.7
3.1
6.0
9.7
10.9
8.7
174.6
186.5
202.6
227.5
263.2
6.1
6.8
8.6
12.3
15.7
147.6
154.2
159.5
166.4
177.4
3.7
4.5
3.4
4.3
6.6
165.5
177.2
185.8
212.8
250.5
9.9
7.1
4.9
14.5
17.7
184.7
202.4
219.4
240.1
267.2
9.5
9.6
8.4
9.4
11.3
159.8
167.7
176.2
187.6
203.7
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.5
8.5
162.7
172.2
183.2
196.3
213.6
5.7
5.8
6.4
7.2
8.8
1981 ....................
272.3
10.2
267.8
7.7
293.2
11.4
186.6
5.2
281.3
12.3
295.1
10.4
219.0
7.5
233.3
9.2
18. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Sept
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
Apr.
May
June
1981
July
Aug.
S ept
Sept
1982
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
S ept
All ite m s ........................................................................................................
279.3
284.3
287.1
290.6
292.2
292.8
293.3
279.1
283.7
286.5
290.1
291.8
292.4
292.8
Food and beverages ............................................................................
Housing..................................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep..............................................................................
Transportation.......................................................................................
Medical care .........................................................................................
Entertainment .......................................................................................
Other goods and services.....................................................................
270.7
303.7
190.7
285.2
301.7
224.0
243.0
276.5
309.4
191.9
282.9
321.7
233.9
253.8
278.1
313.8
191.5
285.6
323.8
234.4
255.0
280.2
317.5
190.8
292.8
326.4
235.6
255.8
280.8
319.2
189.7
296.1
330.0
236.6
257.2
279.9
320.1
191.8
296.2
333.3
237.4
258.3
280.1
319.7
194.9
295.3
336.0
238.3
266.6
271.0
303.6
190.5
286.6
300.9
221.5
239.3
276.8
309.2
191.2
284.3
320.2
230.5
250.9
278.4
313.7
190.6
287.1
322.3
231.1
252.4
280.5
317.5
189.6
294.5
324.8
232.3
253.1
281.2
319.3
188.7
297.9
328.1
233.5
254.5
280.2
320.5
190.7
298.0
331.3
233.9
255.7
280.4
320.0
194.1
296.9
333.9
234.8
262.8
Commodities .........................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ........................................
Nondurables less food and beverages......................................
Durables.....................................................................................
257.7
247.6
265.8
232.6
258.9
247.0
259.7
235.8
261.5
249.8
261.0
239.8
265.1
254.0
266.3
243.2
266.5
255.7
268.2
244.7
266.4
255.9
268.8
244.6
266.6
256.1
269.9
244.1
258.2
248.4
268.5
231.5
259.2
247.2
261.3
234.8
261.7
250.1
262.6
238.9
265.4
254.5
268.2
242.3
266.9
256.3
270.3
243.9
266.8
256.5
270.7
244.0
267.0
256.8
271.8
243.6
Services ................................................................................................
Rent, residential..........................................................................
Household services less rent ...................................................
Transportation services..............................................................
Medical care services.................................................................
Other services............................................................................
317.3
211.9
387.4
277.7
326.1
245.8
328.4
220.1
397.3
290.3
348.0
255.3
331.8
221.8
403.0
291.3
350.2
255.9
334.9
222.6
407.7
294.7
353.0
257.0
337.0
224.8
409.4
297.2
357.3
258.0
338.9
226.0
411.7
297.8
361.0
259.7
339.7
226.9
410.4
298.7
364.0
266.3
317.7
211.5
392.2
276.3
324.7
243.6
329.1
219.6
402.3
289.2
345.8
253.8
332.4
221.3
408.2
290.0
348.0
254.4
335.7
222.1
413.3
293.2
350.7
255.5
337.9
224.3
415.3
295.7
354.7
256.6
340.0
225.5
418.1
296.5
358.3
258.4
340.5
226.4
416.5
296.9
361.1
264.0
278.2
262.9
245.5
260.3
299.1
269.5
337.5
314.1
260.8
277.9
417.1
268.6
264.8
222.9
449.3
313.6
282.9
267.9
245.0
255.0
291.4
269.3
349.1
324.0
264.5
275.1
395.7
275.7
272.2
227.2
406.6
324.5
286.0
270.3
247.8
256.2
293.4
270.7
352.8
327.5
267.1
281.6
402.1
278.3
274.9
229.9
410.2
327.2
289.7
273.6
251.9
261.2
301.0
274.4
356.5
330.7
270.3
289.1
418.6
280.7
277.3
232.1
430.8
329.9
291.5
275.1
253.5
263.0
304.3
275.7
358.5
332.5
270.7
287.4
424.5
282.0
278.7
233.1
438.2
331.8
292.5
275.6
253.8
263.6
304.2
275.5
360.5
334.1
268.4
280.8
424.5
282.7
279.8
233.6
436.6
333.6
292.9
276.7
253.9
264.6
304.2
276.2
361.3
334.8
268.0
279.3
424.2
283.1
280.4
234.1
433.3
334.2
278.2
263.3
246.3
262.9
301.3
270.7
338.3
314.6
259.9
279.7
420.1
267.5
263.6
222.1
450.0
314.0
282.5
267.9
245.3
256.6
292.3
270.1
350.2
324.9
263.5
276.4
396.9
274.5
270.9
226.4
406.9
325.2
285.6
270.3
248.1
257.8
294.4
271.5
353.8
328.3
266.0
283.1
403.1
277.0
273.6
229.1
410.5
327.9
289.4
273.7
252.4
263.0
302.4
275.4
357.7
331.7
269.2
290.6
420.4
279.4
276.0
231.3
431.6
330.6
291.4
275.3
254.1
265.0
305.8
276.8
359.9
333.6
269.7
288.8
426.5
280.8
277.6
232.4
439.0
332.6
292.4
275.8
254.4
265.4
305.5
276.5
362.2
335.6
267.4
281.9
426.1
281.5
278.7
232.8
437.3
334.7
292.8
276.7
254.7
266.5
305.6
277.2
362.5
335.8
267.0
280.7
425.6
281.9
279.2
233.6
433.8
334.8
$0,358
$0,352
$0,348
$0,344
$0,342
$0,342
$0,341
$0,358
$0,352
$0,349
$0,345
$0,343
$0,342
$0,342
Special indexes;
All items less food ................................................................................
All items less mortgage interest costs .................................................
Commodities less fo o d ..........................................................................
Nondurables less food ..........................................................................
Nondurables less food and apparel......................................................
Nonourables ..........................................................................................
Services less rert .................................................................................
Services less medical c a re ...................................................................
Domestically produced farm foods ......................................................
Selected beef c u ts ................................................................................
Energy ..................................................................................................
All items less energy ............................................................................
All items less food and energy .................................................
Commodities less food and energy........................................
Energy commodities ..............................................................
Services less energy...............................................................
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 = $1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
......................
71
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[19 6 7= 10 0 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
SepL
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
Apr.
May
1981
June
July
Aug.
S ept
SepL
1982
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
FOOD AND BEVERAGES ..................................................................................
270.7
276.5
278.1
280.2
280.8
279.9
280.1
271.0
276.8
278.4
280.5
281.2
280.2
280.4
F o o d ........................................................................................................................
278.0
283.9
285.5
287.8
288.5
287.4
287.6
278.1
284.1
285.7
288.0
288.6
287.5
287.7
Food at hom e..................................................................................................
Cereals and bakery products .................................................................
Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 1 0 0 )..................................
Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................
Cereal (12/77 = 100)...............................................................
Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) .............................
Bakery products (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................................................
White bread ..............................................................................
Other breads (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................................
Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) ....................
Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).............................
Cookies (12/77 = 100)............................................................
Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) .........
Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) . . .
Frozen and refrigerated bakery products
and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 100) ...........
273.2
274.3
150.1
139.5
155.7
151.6
143.5
238.2
141.5
143.3
144.4
143.9
132.0
144.3
277.9
281.7
153.6
139.7
165.4
149.6
147.5
242.8
145.2
147.6
148.4
150.2
137.3
146.8
279.8
283.3
154.5
141.8
165.7
150.2
148.3
243.8
146.3
149.7
149.0
150.5
139.6
147.3
282.6
283.6
154.5
142.1
166.1
149.4
148.6
242.4
145.6
149.9
149.2
150.7
140.9
148.9
282.8
284.3
154.8
143.5
166.3
148.9
149.0
246.1
145.1
148.9
148.9
150.0
141.8
148.5
280.8
284.8
154.5
141.6
166.5
149.3
149.4
246.6
146.2
150.5
149.5
149.6
141.3
148.9
280.6
284.6
154.3
141.4
166.9
148.2
149.4
246.1
147.1
149.5
150.3
150.9
140.8
149.2
272.3
273.2
151.2
141.1
157.2
152.6
142.4
235.9
143.4
140.1
142.3
144.6
132.2
144.8
277.0
280.4
154.6
140.1
167.4
150.8
146.3
238.8
147.1
143.8
146.8
151.2
138.7
149.3
278.8
282.0
155.4
142.1
167.8
151.5
147.2
240.0
148.2
146.0
147.4
151.4
141.0
149.9
281.6
282.3
155.5
142.5
168.2
150.6
147.4
238.3
147.5
146.2
147.5
151.5
142.3
151.5
281.9
283.0
155.8
144.0
168.5
150.0
147.8
241.9
147.0
145.4
147.2
150.9
143.2
151.1
279.8
283.4
155.5
142.1
168.6
150.5
148.1
242.5
148.2
146.6
147.6
150.6
142.6
151.5
279.7
283.4
155.2
141.8
169.0
149.4
148.2
241.9
149.0
145.6
148.7
152.1
142.3
151.8
148.0
153.4
153.6
156.3
156.2
156.6
154.7
142.1
146.5
146.7
149.4
149.2
149.5
148.1
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .................................................................
Meats, poultry, and fish ...................................................................
Meats .......................................................................................
Beef and veal ........................................................................
Ground beef other than canned........................................
Chuck ro a s t........................................................................
Round ro a st.......................................................................
Round steax .....................................................................
Sirloin stea k.......................................................................
Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ...............................
P o rk .......................................................................................
Bacon ................................................................................
Chops ................................................................................
Flam other than canned (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...........................
Sausage ............................................................................
Canned ham .....................................................................
Other pork (12/77 = 100) ...............................................
Other meats ..........................................................................
Frankfurters.......................................................................
Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) .............
Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ....................................
Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) ...........................
P oultry.......................................................................................
Fresh whole chicken..........................................................
Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 100) .............
Other poultry (12/77 = 100) ..........................................
Fish and seafood .................................................................
Canned fish and seafood (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).........................
Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) .........
Eggs ................................................................................................
257.7
263.4
263.4
277.1
270.3
289.4
244.1
255.9
281.9
164.9
238.1
237.1
225.1
106.8
300.7
239.5
135.4
260.7
256.4
147.5
131.8
144.4
199.7
197.3
130.5
129.9
362.6
140.9
136.5
188.8
258.3
264.2
263.6
274.8
266.9
285.4
244.9
262.8
271.1
163.7
241.6
255.9
223.4
105.4
305.7
245.6
135.2
262.8
259.5
150,2
133.2
142.6
193.3
194.1
127.6
121.3
382.0
141.5
147.9
186.9
261.0
268.2
269.7
281.1
269.4
287.2
252.4
269.2
282.3
169.0
249.9
267.7
230.0
111.1
313.3
249.9
138.9
264.0
262.7
150.7
134.3
141.2
196.0
196.8
128.3
124.3
366.3
139.8
139.4
172.3
266.0
274.3
277.2
288.2
274.6
295.4
257.0
278.8
294.1
173.3
259.5
280.7
241.2
112.6
326.3
253.2
145.4
268.5
268.8
154.6
135.5
143.1
197.5
199.1
129.3
124.6
365.2
139.9
138.6
162.5
268.5
276.2
278.8
286.7
272.5
296.2
251.8
271.2
295.6
173.3
265.4
283.9
248.9
115.3
331.9
255.3
150.3
272.0
274.2
156.5
137.3
143.9
199.6
201.2
129.4
127.3
370.2
140.5
141.3
173.6
265.4
273.7
276.5
280.5
268.1
289.7
245.0
263.4
285.5
169.7
268.2
295.6
248.0
116.8
332.2
257.6
150.8
272.8
275.6
157.5
138.3
142.3
196.2
193.8
128.2
127.7
367.6
139.4
140.4
161.2
267.8
275.3
278.4
279.1
265.4
286.9
245.4
262.0
285.2
169.3
277.1
315.5
252.5
122.1
341.2
259.7
153.8
272.1
275.3
156.6
138.9
140.5
196.2
194.8
127.1
127.9
369.4
139.3
141.5
175.2
257.5
263.2
263.3
278.3
273.8
299.9
249.1
252.5
281.9
162.8
239.4
241.1
224.7
105.6
302.3
242.9
136.7
258.7
259.1
144.8
129.5
146.0
198.1
194.0
130.1
129.6
358.6
139.4
134.9
189.5
257.8
263.6
262.8
275.3
267.9
294.1
247.9
260.8
272.4
162.1
241.0
259.7
221.7
102.8
306.3
248.9
134.5
261.8
258.4
150.3
131.2
145.6
191.5
192.0
125.9
120.8
381.4
140.8
148.0
187.9
260.7
267.7
269.0
281.9
270.7
296.2
255.9
267.8
283.8
167.5
249.2
271.9
228.2
108.3
314.2
253.2
138.2
263.2
261.8
150.7
132.3
144.4
194.1
194.7
126.5
123.9
365.0
139.2
138.9
173.4
265.8
273.9
276.5
289.0
275.9
304.9
260.1
277.2
295.5
171.9
258.9
285.3
239.6
109.6
327.2
256.4
144.7
267.8
268.3
154.6
133.4
146.5
195.8
197.0
127.5
124.3
364.2
139.4
138.3
163.4
268.3
275.8
278.2
287.4
273.9
305.3
254.7
269.4
298.0
171.7
264.9
288.7
247.3
112.4
332.9
258.7
149.5
271.3
273.4
156.6
135.1
147.3
197.8
198.8
127.9
126.9
368.7
139.9
140.8
174.7
265.1
273.3
275.8
280.8
269.0
298.9
247.9
261.1
286.8
168.0
267.6
300.4
246.3
113.8
333.5
261.1
150.0
272.3
274.9
157.6
136.1
145.6
194.4
191.8
126.5
127.4
365.8
138.8
139.7
162.3
267.7
275.1
277.9
279.8
267.0
295.9
249.2
260.6
286.7
167.6
276.3
320.7
250.6
119.1
342.5
263.5
153.0
271.7
274.7
156.6
136.7
143.6
194.2
192.5
125.4
127.4
368.4
138.7
141.3
176.1
Dairy products...................................................................................
Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) ....................................
Fresh whole m ilk ...................................................................
Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................
Processed dairy products (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...............................
B u tte r.................................................
Cheese (12/77 = 100) ......................................
Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 )..................
O tlrr dairy products (12/77 = 1 0 0 )....................................
244.3
134.7
220.0
135.4
143.0
247.1
140.8
148.7
137.3
247.5
135.9
222.2
136.2
145.6
250.1
143.7
150.9
139.9
247.0
135.7
222.0
135.7
145.2
251.1
144.0
148.7
139.7
246.3
135.2
221.3
135.4
144.9
250.9
143.2
149.6
138.7
247.5
135.6
221.6
136.2
145.9
251.1
144.2
150.4
141.3
247.5
135.4
221.2
136.0
146.3
252.1
144.8
150.6
140.7
247.0
135.1
220.8
135.6
146.1
252.2
144.9
149.3
141.1
244.1
134.3
219.4
135.3
143.4
249.9
140.9
149.1
246.3
135.1
221.1
135.2
145.5
253.7
144.3
147.9
140.4
245.7
134.7
220.4
134.9
145.2
253.4
143.6
148.7
139.4
246.8
135.1
220.7
135.7
146.2
253.7
144.5
149.6
142.0
246.8
134.8
220.3
135.5
146.6
254.6
145.1
149.6
141.6
246.3
134.5
219.9
135.0
146.3
254.7
145.2
148.4
137.6
246.8
135.3
221.3
135.7
145.9
252.7
144.0
150.2
140.8
Fruits and vegetables .....................................................................
Fresh fruits and vegetables .....................................................
Fresh fruits ............................................................................
Apples................................................................................
Bananas ............................................................................
Oranges ............................................................................
Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 1 00 )......................................
Fresh vegetables...................................................................
Potatoes ............................................................................
Lettuce ..............................................................................
Tomatoes .................................................................
Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 100) ...........................
281.6
286.9
306.4
262.9
250.7
346.2
168.4
268.6
329.1
293.5
193.9
137.9
294.0
304.1
306.7
287.5
268.5
330.8
163.4
301.8
306.1
355.2
220.5
166.3
297.9
311.7
318.8
299.8
261.6
362.1
168.2
305.1
320.3
291.6
226.5
179.3
305.6
325.9
340.8
321.4
267.9
406.8
177.1
311.9
344.9
269.1
275.6
177.5
299.7
313.8
332.4
331.8
245.4
438.2
161.6
296.4
370.9
254.5
270.2
155.6
291.4
296.9
336.1
314.5
233.7
473.0
163.9
260.2
328.1
246.3
194.3
138.3
284.1
283.5
329.0
285.5
240.7
516.3
152.1
241.0
272.4
236.1
184.9
134.0
276.3
278.2
293.7
261.8
251.3
314.6
161.5
264.4
316.8
292.9
291.3
136.6
290.3
298.9
295.5
287.8
266.1
300.2
157.6
302.0
300.8
358.6
224.9
166.7
293.6
305.1
306.9
300.1
259.3
328.3
162.4
303.7
313.6
293.5
230.6
178.6
301.0
318.6
327.0
321.9
265.5
367.5
170.3
311.1
339.7
270.0
279.9
177.0
295.3
307.1
320.5
333.3
243.6
399.9
156.1
295.0
366.0
253.0
274.9
154.8
286.7
289.7
323.2
316.7
231.3
433.5
158.1
259.6
323.4
247.5
198.2
137.8
278.8
275.2
313.6
286.6
238.5
466.8
146.4
240.6
269.6
237.9
187.9
133.5
Processed fruits and vegetables .............................................
Processed fruits (12/77 = 100) ..........................................
Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 1 00 )......................
Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) ..................
Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 100) ...........................
Processed vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................
Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 1 00 )....................................
278.3
143.7
143.6
147.5
139.8
135.9
134.9
285.5
148.2
147.1
151.5
145.6
138.6
144.0
285.4
148.3
145.7
152.2
146.4
138.5
143.9
285.9
148.0
144.4
151.7
147.0
139.3
145.6
0 286.8
148.5
143.5
152.2
148.8
139.7
146.7
288.0
148.7
142.8
153.0
148.9
140.7
147.7
287.4
149.0
144.1
152.0
149.8
139.8
148.1
276.7
143.7
142.8
147.8
140.1
134.8
136.6
283.3
147.7
146.1
150.4
146.2
137.5
145.3
283.3
147.9
144.6
151.0
147.0
137.4
145.2
283.9
147.6
143.4
150.7
147.6
138.2
146.9
284.8
148.1
142.6
151.0
149.4
138.6
148.0
285.9
148.2
141.7
151.9
149.6
139.6
149.0
285.3
148.6
143.2
151.0
150.4
138.6
149.5
72
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
141.8
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1982
1981
1982
1981
July
Aug.
Sept
138.8
133.8
333.5
366.9
150.5
162.8
146.9
260.7
260.8
154.9
129.7
426.6
303.3
141.2
360.1
343.8
140.2
269.5
138.3
146.8
155.2
152.4
152.4
148.5
145.8
138.6
134.1
333.1
369.7
150.6
166.1
147.9
259.3
258.0
153.1
129.7
424.4
300.4
141.1
359.3
344.4
139.5
269.8
138.9
146.0
154.8
152.1
153.2
149.5
145.9
141.2
134.2
334.0
370.3
150.1
168.2
147.5
258.2
257.3
152.4
129.0
425.3
301.7
142.6
360.4
344.4
137.8
271.5
140.0
148.5
155.1
153.2
153.6
150.3
146.8
138.8
133.3
334.5
371.3
149.8
169.0
148.9
258.3
258.5
149.5
130.0
425.9
302.8
142.3
357.9
342.5
139.0
271.7
139.5
148.4
155.0
154.4
154.0
149.9
147.3
307.8
149.8
148.8
149.2
309.0
150.5
149.1
149.9
310.7
151.2
149.8
151.1
311.8
152.0
150.3
151.3
312.9
152.3
150.9
152.1
209.5
210.1
210.4
211.3
212.1
212.2
136.0
209.6
148.0
244.4
118.0
139.9
136.2
209.4
149.0
244.9
118.9
140.6
136.3
209.6
149.1
242.7
119.6
141.6
136.9
210.5
149.8
245.0
119.6
142.1
137.4
210.9
150.4
247.1
120.5
142.4
137.2
210.5
150.5
246.2
120.4
143.9
309.2
313.7
317.5
319.3
320.5
320.0
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Sept
Apr.
May
141.1
135.2
332.6
366.8
150.4
161.4
148.9
260.7
261.2
156.5
129.1
424.8
305.9
143.1
365.1
344.3
140.0
267.8
136.3
147.3
153.2
153.3
150.6
148.3
144.5
141.0
135.4
332.2
369.5
150.5
164.6
149.8
259.3
258.4
154.9
129.2
422.8
302.9
143.3
364.3
344.9
139.2
268.0
136.9
146.7
152.7
152.7
151.4
149.3
144.6
143.6
135.6
333.3
370.1
150.0
166.7
149.6
258.3
257.9
154.2
128.5
423.8
304.3
144.8
365.5
344.9
137.7
269.9
137.9
149.1
153.1
154.1
151.9
150.2
145.4
141.3
134.8
333.6
371.2
149.7
167.5
151.1
258.4
259.3
151.2
129.4
424.2
305.0
144.6
362.9
343.1
138.8
269.9
137.4
148.9
153.0
155.3
152.2
149.7
145.9
135.1
133.8
326.2
363.1
147.6
164.9
143.8
267.4
. 254.5
177.2
129.2
414.7
295.6
140.3
340.5
331.4
134.6
260.5
136.4
142.7
152.6
142.7
145.3
142.8
141.1
137.9
133.5
332.6
365.2
150.8
161.1
145.3
260.4
259.1
155.6
129.5
426.0
302.4
141.5
365.0
343.0
138.9
268.3
137.8
146.7
155.0
152.7
150.4
147.7
144.6
138.5
133.2
333.5
365.6
149.9
161.8
147.0
260.6
259.3
154.2
130.2
427.3
303.6
142.3
364.3
343.9
139.1
269.3
137.7
147.3
155.6
151.9
151.9
148.7
144.9
304.8
148.2
147.1
148.5
305.9
148.9
147.4
149.2
307.6
149.6
148.1
150.5
308.7
150.3
148.6
150.7
309.8
150.7
149.2
151.5
297.6
144.6
144.3
143.9
306.7
149.1
147.9
149.3
207.4
208.0
208.4
209.2
210.1
210.1
204.6
134.6
210.5
147.2
236.4
118.2
138.4
135.0
210.3
148.2
236.9
119.0
139.1
135.0
210.6
148.3
235.3
119.7
140.3
135.5
211.4
148.9
236.5
119.6
140.8
136.1
211.9
149.6
238.9
120.3
141.2
135.9
211.4
149.8
237.5
120.3
142.5
132.8
203.5
146.2
237.6
117.1
136.2
303.7
309.4
313.8
317.5
319.2
320.1
319.7
303.6
326.9
331.4
336.7
340.9
342.8
344.2
342.6
328.6
332.8
338.3
342.6
344.6
346.5
344.7
224.8
226.0
226.9
211.5
219.6
221.3
222.1
224.3
225.5
226.4
S ept
Apr.
May
Fruits and vegetables — Continued
Cut com and canned beans except lima (12/77=100) . . . .
Other canned and dried vegetables (1 2 /7 7 = 1 00 )................
Other foods at h o m e ................................................................................
Sugar and sw eets..............................................................................
Candy and chewing gum (12/77-100) ....................................
Sugar and artificial sweeteners (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )...........................
Other sweets (12/77-100) ......................................................
Fats and oils (12/77 -1 0 0) ..............................................................
Margarine ...................................................................................
Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77-100) .............
Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77-100) ..................
Nonalcoholic beverages ...................................................................
Cola drinks, excluding diet c o la .................................................
Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )................
Roasted coffee ..........................................................................
Freeze dried and Instant c o ffe e .......................................... r ..
Other noncarbonated drinks (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )...............................
Other prepared foods .......................................................................
Canned and packaged soup (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )...............................
Frozen prepared foods (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )........................................
Snacks (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 ).................................................................
Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )................
Other condiments (12/77 -1 0 0) ...............................................
Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77-100) ...........................
Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77=100) . . .
136.8
135.6
325.7
361.4
146.8
163.0
145.3
268.5
256.7
178.5
129.6
413.7
298.9
142.4
345.1
330.8
134.9
259.0
134.9
144.8
149.6
144.4
143.3
142.3
139.9
140.5
135.0
331.6
365.3
150.9
159.9
147.2
260.4
259.6
157.3
129.0
424.1
304.9
143.4
369.6
343.4
138.7
266.6
135.7
147.2
152.9
153.6
148.7
147.6
143.3
140.7
134.6
332.6
365.7
150.0
160.5
148.9
260.6
259.7
156.0
129.6
425.6
306.1
144.3
369.3
344.3
138.9
267.5
135.7
147.8
153.5
152.8
150.2
148.5
143.5
Food away from h o m e .....................................................................................
Lunch (12/77-100) ................................................................................
Dinner (12/77-100) ................................................................................
Other meals and snacks (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )...................................................
294.8
143.6
142.4
143.1
303.6
147.5
146.3
148.6
Alcoholic beverages
202.5
Alcoholic beverages at home (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )...................................................
Beer and a ie ..............................................................................................
Whiskey .....................................................................................................
W ine...........................................................................................................
Other alcoholic beverages (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 ).................................................
Alcoholic beverages away from home (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )......................................
131.4
203.6
145.4
229.7
117.5
135.4
H O U S IN G .................................................................................................................
S h e lte r......................................................................................................................
June
FOOD AND BEVERAG ES-Continued
Food — Continued
Food at home— Continued
Rent, residential................................................................................................
211.9
220.1
221.8
222.6
Other rental costs ............................................................................................
Lodging while out of tow n ..........................................................................
Tenants’ insurance (12/77 -1 0 0 ) ............................................................
308.1
326.3
135.9
323.7
346.6
144.9
323.6
346.6
144.4
327.3
352.2
145.5
330.0
356.5
145.6
333.9
362.0
147.5
343.0
363.1
147.3
308.0
325.3
136.4
322.8
343.9
144.7
322.6
344.0
143.8
326.3
349.4
144.8
329.4
354.2
144.8
333.3
359.5
146.6
341.1
360.7
146.3
Homeownership................................................................................................
Home purchase.........................................................................................
Financing, taxes, and insurance ..............................................................
Property insurance ............................................................................
Property taxes ...................................................................................
Contracted mortgage interest c o s t...................................................
Mortgage interest rates...............................................................
Maintenance and repairs ..........................................................................
Maintenance and repair services .....................................................
Maintenance and repair commodities ...............................................
Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and
equipment (12/77-100) ........................................................
Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )................
Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling
supplies (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )............................................................
Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77-100) .............
367.8
274.5
501.8
389.7
206.2
662.0
238.2
321.6
352.5
248.7
370.6
272.3
508.4
393.6
217.2
667.1
242.1
331.6
363.6
256.2
377.4
279.3
516.2
396.7
218.3
678.5
240.2
334.5
367.0
257.8
382.8
285.6
521.8
400.6
218.8
686.7
238.3
336.1
369.1
258.3
384.5
287.7
524.3
401.5
219.3
690.4
237.3
334.7
366.9
258.7
385.9
287.9
527.3
402.5
221.8
694.0
238.8
335.9
368.5
258.8
383.0
286.8
519.9
404.8
223.7
681.2
235.3
338.4
372.5
257.7
371.0
273.8
509.0
391.9
208.0
664.4
239.2
318.1
352.5
244.1
373.6
270.5
516.0
396.0
219.1
670.2
244.4
328.3
365.0
249.7
380.5
278.1
523.8
399.2
220.2
681.4
242.1
330.9
368.0
251.3
386.0
284.4
529.7
402.7
220.7
690.0
240.2
332.4
370.0
252.1
388.0
286.8
532.4
403.7
221.1
694.0
239.2
331.5
368.1
252.9
390.1
287.3
536.8
404.6
223.7
699.6
241.2
332.5
369.6
253.0
387.0
286.4
528.9
407.4
225.6
686.3
237.5
334.6
373.4
251.8
146.2
125.0
153.1
124.5
154.2
124.5
153.3
124.7
153.4
125.0
154.2
124.1
153.0
123.6
139.1
123.2
145.8
121.9
147.0
121.9
146.0
122.1
146.5
1225
147.3
121.7
145.9
121.3
131.2
131.2
133.4
135.6
135.1
136.3
136.2
138.4
137.1
138.3
136.3
138.8
136.1
139.0
131.7
134.3
133.1
137.4
134.9
138.2
136.0
140.6
136.6
140.5
135.6
140.9
135.3
141.2
Fuel and other u tilitie s .........................................................................................
331.1
339.2
345.4
352.2
354.7
356.3
359.5
332.3
340.3
346.5
353.6
356.2
357.7
361.0
Fuels ................................................................................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s ...................................................................
Fuel o il................................................................................................
Other fuels (6/78 - 100) .................................................................
Gas (piped) and electricity ........................................................................
Electricity............................................................................................
Utility (piped) gas ..............................................................................
422.4
673.4
705.7
163.8
364.5
309.8
431.7
428.2
641.3
666.2
166.4
377.8
312.8
465.3
438.0
644.6
670.6
165.7
389.0
314.9
494.6
448.4
656.6
684.8
165.6
398.9
327.5
497.2
452.0
659.9
688.6
166.0
402.1
330.5
500.2
454.0
659.9
686.8
169.2
404.4
333.7
500.6
458.5
662.8
685.9
176.8
409.2
332.5
517.6
422.2
677.0
709.0
165.3
363.6
309.9
428.5
427.8
644.0
668.4
167.9
376.8
311.8
463.6
437.4
647.7
673.3
167.1
387.8
314.4
490.8
448.3
659.7
687.5
166.9
398.2
327.7
493.8
451.9
662.9
691.1
167.4
401.5
330.8
496.9
453.8
662.7
6891
170.5
403.7
333.7
497.5
458.4
665.4
688.1
178.0
408.6
332.5
514.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1982
1981
1982
1981
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Other utilities and public services.....................................................................
Telephone services ...................................................................................
Local charges (12/77 = 100) ..........................................................
Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ...................................................
Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ...................................................
Water and sewerage maintenance ..........................................................
187.4
152.5
120.5
114.9
103.9
304.1
197.7
160.8
127.9
119.9
108.9
320.7
198.9
161.6
128.9
120.0
109.3
323.5
200.4
163.2
131.2
119.6
109.8
324.9
201.4
163.8
131.9
119.7
110.0
327.7
202.4
164.2
132.5
119.7
110.0
331.9
203.6
165.5
134.3
119.7
110.1
332.4
187.8
152.7
120.7
115.1
103.7
306.0
198.2
161.0
128.1
120.2
108.7
323.6
199.5
161.9
129.2
120.4
109.0
326.7
201.1
163.5
131.6
120.1
109.4
328.0
202.1
164.2
132.3
120.1
109.6
330.8
203.1
164.6
132.9
120.1
109.6
334.8
204.3
165.9
134.8
120.1
109.7
335.4
Household furnishings and o p eratio n s............................................................
224.5
232.6
233.4
233.7
234.1
233.4
234.2
221.2
229.1
230.0
230.4
230.9
230.0
231.0
187.9
207.7
127.7
131.4
207.7
137.6
118.6
116.8
137.3
147.7
108.7
104.6
113.4
175.7
177.5
129.7
119.7
193.8
218.7
135.8
136.9
214.7
142.3
119.3
123.2
142.3
150.6
108.7
104.2
113.7
182.1
184.8
136.4
122.9
194.7
220.9
135.4
140.1
215.1
144.5
119.1
122.8
141.6
151.4
108.8
104.3
113.9
183.6
186.2
136.6
124.3
194.7
220.2
134.6
140.1
214.4
143.0
117.5
123.2
142.3
151.4
108.6
104.4
113.5
183.8
187.7
136.7
123.9
194.7
218.6
131.9
140.8
214.2
144.8
117.7
121.9
140.9
151.6
108.7
104.0
114.0
184.2
187.4
137.3
124.4
193.3
220.4
132.9
142.2
210.3
141.4
117.0
121.1
137.1
151.3
108.3
103.9
113.3
184.1
187.4
137.3
124.3
194.3
222.1
135.4
141.6
213.3
145.5
117.2
123.1
137.8
151.5
108.2
103.7
113.2
184.7
190.2
137.6
124.0
185.7
213.0
129.7
136.3
202.7
132.9
117.4
117.2
132.3
146.7
107.8
103.6
112.4
174.4
180.6
128.8
117.1
191.7
221.4
137.0
139.1
211.0
138.9
119.6
123.3
137.9
150.3
107.7
103.0
112.8
182.3
190.6
136.6
120.7
192.5
223.9
136.8
142.8
211.3
140.7
119.4
122.9
137.0
151.1
107.9
103.0
113.0
183.8
191.8
136.8
122.3
192.6
223.3
135.9
143.0
210.9
139.7
118.2
123.3
137.7
151.2
107.7
103.1
112.7
184.2
193.2
136.9
122.3
192.7
221.1
133.3
143.2
210.5
141.2
118.1
122.0
136.3
151.5
107.8
102.7
113.2
184.8
192.9
137.5
123.0
191.3
222.9
134.1
144.7
206.9
137.3
117.5
121.4
133.3
151.2
107.5
102.7
112.6
184.6
192.9
137.5
122.7
192.4
225.0
136.4
144.8
210.3
142.1
117.7
123.4
134.1
151.4
107.4
102.6
112.5
185.1
196.1
137.9
122.0
118.8
122.3
123.7
123.1
123.3
122.7
123.4
116.0
119.7
121.4
121.6
122.2
121.4
121.5
123.9
137.5
124.2
136.0
122.5
135.6
H O U SIN G -C ontinued
Fuel and other utilities
Continued
Textile housefumishings ............................................................................
Household linens (12/77 = 100) ......................................................
Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) ,
Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 1 00 ).....................................................
Sofas (12/77 - 100)..........................................................................
Living room chairs and tables (12/77 - 100) ..................................
Other furniture (12/77 = 100) ..........................................................
Appliances including TV and sound equipment........................................
Television and sound equipment (12/77 - 100) .............................
Sound equipment (12/77 - 1 0 0 )...............................................
Household appliances .......................................................................
Refrigerators and home freezers ...............................................
Laundry equipment (12/77 = 100).............................................
Other household appliances (12/77 - 100) .............................
Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing
machines (12/77 - 100) ...................................................
Office machines, small electric appliances,
and air conditioners (12/77 - 100) ....................................
Other household equipment (12/77 - 1 0 0 ).............................................
Floor and window coverings, infants', laundry,
cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 - 100) .........................
Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...............................
Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric
kitchenware (12/77 = 100) ..........................................................
Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) .
120.8
133.1
123.5
137.8
124.9
138.3
124.8
139.0
125.6
139.6
126.0
138.2
124.6
137.8
118.3
131.6
121.8
135.6
123.3
136.0
123.0
136.9
134.8
128.2
140.3
130.2
141.4
131.4
142.3
132.2
142.7
132.3
142.9
129.8
143.3
129.7
129.6
123.8
132.9
126.5
133.9
127.4
134.9
128.2
135.4
128.3
135.4
125.1
135.9
124.9
140.4
124.5
145.0
130.8
144.4
132.1
145.6
131.9
145.9
133.2
143.8
132.3
141.6
133.4
137.8
129.2
140.6
136.0
139.8
137.4
141.4
137.1
141.9
138.5
140.0
137.2
137.6
138.8
Housekeeping supplies .....................................................................................
Soaps and detergents ..............................................................................
Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 - 100) .............................
Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) ..
Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 - 1 0 0 )..................
Miscellaneous household products (12/77 - 100) ..................................
Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 - 1 0 0 )...............................................
273.3
268.9
135.7
139.9
127.2
142.8
137.8
284.9
280.0
142.7
146.4
131.4
147.5
144.7
285.5
278.8
143.3
146.0
132.0
149.3
144.8
286.5
280.8
143.8
146.5
132.5
150.2
144.0
288.4
281.4
145.3
147.7
134.3
150.3
145.3
288.7
279.4
144.6
148.5
135.4
150.7
145.7
289.2
282.8
145.6
148.0
136.8
150.2
143.8
270.4
265.6
135.8
140.4
128.7
138.1
131.1
281.2
276.3
141.6
146.2
134.6
142.4
136.8
281.8
275.2
142.3
145.6
135.3
144.1
136.6
283.1
277.0
142.7
146.1
136.0
144.9
136.7
285.0
277.6
144.2
147.4
137.8
145.1
138.1
284.9
275.4
143.6
148.3
138.6
145.5
138.1
285.7
278.9
144.5
147.9
140.0
145.0
136.4
Housekeeping services.....................................................................................
Postage.......................................................................................................
Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and
drycleaning services (12/77 - 1 00 )......................................................
Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 - 100)..........................................
298.3
308.0
310.4
337.5
311.3
337.5
311.7
337.5
312.5
337.5
312.9
337.5
313.4
337.5
296.9
308.1
309.2
337.5
310.2
337.5
310.9
337.5
311.6
337.5
312.2
337.5
312.7
337.5
144.7
129.0
152.1
135.6
153.1
136.6
154.2
137.0
155.3
137.5
156.1
137.7
156.6
138.3
144.9
128.3
152.2
134.1
153.3
135.1
154.5
135.5
155.4
136.0
156.4
136.1
156.8
136.7
APPAREL AND U P K E E P .......................................................................................
190.7
191.9
191.5
190.8
189.7
191.8
194.9
190.5
191.2
190.6
189.6
188.7
190.7
194.1
Apparel commodities ............................................................................................
181.4
181.4
180.9
180.0
178.6
180.8
184.1
181.6
181.3
180.5
179.4
178.2
180.3
183.8
176.0
183.7
116.2
101.4
101.5
135.3
123.1
115.6
117.1
112.0
127.2
117.3
160.8
107.1
165.7
147.1
101.9
127.9
100.6
106.2
95.0
108.0
174.7
183.2
115.8
100.6
101.1
134.7
123.8
115.2
116.9
111.5
128.0
117.1
158.4
105.4
162.9
145.4
101.0
127.6
92.7
105.2
92.4
107.7
173.4
182.6
115.4
99.2
99.8
135.3
123.6
115.0
116.9
109.7
128.2
118.3
156.2
103.5
161.8
138.4
97.6
127.4
93.1
105.4
96.0
104.1
176.2
183.5
116.2
101.2
100.3
134.9
123.9
116.0
116.7
111.3
127.2
117.1
160.9
106.9
171.0
145.9
99.1
129.0
99.8
107.4
99.4
105.9
179.9
186.6
118.2
103.5
106.4
135.8
126.2
116.9
118.3
114.6
128.6
117.3
165.7
110.5
176.9
151.2
102.6
129.4
111.9
108.9
100.5
108.5
121.5
121.9
122.7
123.0
123.5
Apparel commodities less footw ear..........................................................
Men’s and boys’ .......................................................................................
Men’s (12/77 - 100) .......................................................................
Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 - 100) .........................
Coats and jackets (12/77 - 100) .............................................
Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 - 100) ......................
Shirts (12/77 - 100) .................................................................
Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 - 1 00 ).........................
Boys’ (12/77 - 1 00 )..........................................................................
Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 - 100) ................
Furnishings (12/77 - 100) ........................................................
Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 - 1 00 )...........
Women’s and g irls '.....................................................................................
Women’s (12/77 - 1 0 0 )...................................................................
Coats and jackets........................................................................
Dresses .......................................................................................
Separates and sportswear (12/77 - 100) ...............................
Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 - 100) ..................
Suits (12/77 - 1 0 0 )...................................................................
Girls’ (12/77 - 100) ..........................................................................
Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ....................
Separates and sportswear (12/77 - 100) ...............................
Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and
accessories (12/77 = 100) ...................................................
74
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
178.0
181.1
114.3
108.8
101.0
132.7
120.6
107.8
116.4
111.3
125.0
117.0
162.9
108.1
170.8
170.8
101.1
122.8
95.4
109.7
103.3
111.0
177.4
183.1
115.5
107.6
99.1
138.2
121.3
109.7
118.3
111.2
130.3
119.0
160.9
107.1
163.4
166.6
100.1
127.4
89.4
106.7
98.8
105.4
176.7
183.8
115.9
108.1
99.9
138.7
121.2
110.3
118.8
111.5
131.2
119.6
159.1
105.7
158.3
162.0
101.2
128.1
83.4
106.3
96.9
105.9
175.6
183.1
115.4
107.3
99.5
138.0
121.5
109.7
118.5
110.7
131.9
119.4
157.3
104.4
156.4
160.1
100.2
127.9
78.6
105.8
95.1
106.0
174.0
182.4
114.9
105.5
98.2
138.7
121.6
109.5
118.6
109.0
132.1
120.7
154.6
102.1
154.9
152.8
96.7
127.7
77.6
106.3
98.8
103.6
176.9
183.7
115.9
108.0
99.1
138.4
121.9
110.5
118.4
110.5
131.1
119.5
159.2
105.4
163.0
158.5
98.3
129.3
85.6
108.2
101.4
105.8
180.4
186.5
117.7
110.6
103.7
138.6
123.8
111.4
120.2
113.7
132.6
120.3
163.6
108.7
169.7
165.1
101.4
129.7
92.7
109.6
102.5
107.8
178.1
181.4
115.0
102.1
106.1
128.5
123.9
113.5
114.8
112.3
120.9
114.4
164.9
109.8
177.8
155.5
103.3
122.7
115.0
108.8
103.3
110.0
177.1
182.9
115.7
101.1
100.7
134.5
123.4
115.1
116.5
111.5
126.0
116.8
163.4
109.1
172.9
151.1
101.0
127.3
111.0
106.9
97.6
107.6
117.9
122.0
122.4
122.9
123.8
124.0
124.4
115.5
121.0
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index- U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
S ept
1981
1982
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
118.5
143.8
269.0
209.7
119.3
142.5
268.7
209.9
119.2
142.8
268.8
209.7
120.0
142.2
272.4
210.8
121.5
142.6
276.8
212.6
121.9
144.1
279.8
206.0
116.4
140.9
278.2
199.5
116.9
134.5
279.3
198.8
117.7
133.5
278.2
198.9
117.6
133.6
277.8
198.7
118.5
133.1
283.0
199.5
119.6
133.3
288.1
201.2
120.0
134.7
APPAREL AND UPKEEP - Continued
Apparel commodities— Continued
Apparel commodities less footwear—Continued
Infants’ and toddlers’ ..............................................................
Other apparel commodities ....................................................
Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) ....................
Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ................................
266.4
213.3
118.3
146.2
Footwear......................................................................................
Men's (12/77 = 100) ..............................................
Boys’ and girls’ (12/77 = 100) ..............................................
Women’s (12/77 = 100)........................................................
202.4
128.8
129.7
123.5
205.6
132.3
130.4
125.1
206.5
132.4
131.5
125.8
206.6
132.1
132.1
125.8
206.4
132.3
131.7
125.6
204.4
130.9
128.7
125.4
206.2
132.4
129.4
126.5
202.3
129.7
130.7
121.2
206.1
134.4
133.6
121.1
206.9
134.5
134.6
121.6
206.7
134.1
134.8
121.6
206.7
134.3
134.4
121.5
204.1
132.7
131.3
121.1
205.9
134.1
131.9
122.4
Apparel services ........................................................................
262.0
273.4
274.7
275.3
276.6
277.4
279.2
260.0
271.0
272.3
273.0
274.3
275.2
277.2
Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100 )...
Other apparel services (12/77 = 100) ..........................................
155.7
138.2
163.5
142.5
164.4
142.9
164.8
143.1
165.4
144.1
165.6
145.0
166.7
145.9
155.0
137.4
162.0
142.7
162.8
143.1
163.3
143.4
163.8
144.6
164.1
145.5
165.2
146.6
267.0
210.8
TRANSPORTATION ....................................................................
285.2
282.9
285.6
292.8
296.1
296.2
295.3
286.6
284.3
287.1
294.5
297.9
298.0
296.9
Private........................................................................................
281.9
278.8
281.5
288.9
292.3
292.4
291.1
284.1
281.2
284.0
291.6
295.1
295.2
293.8
191.3
272.8
411.2
298.7
147.4
196.0
285.1
366.7
311.9
155.0
197.5
291.4
370.4
313.6
155.7
198.1
298.2
392.3
316.0
156.3
198.6
302.4
400.3
318.0
157.5
198.7
304.4
398.4
319.2
158.2
197.7
304.6
394.2
320.6
159.4
191.4
272.8
412.4
299.3
146.1
195.9
285.2
367.9
312.8
153.3
197.3
291.4
371.7
314.4
154.0
197.9
298.2
393.8
316.8
154.7
198.5
302.4
401.6
318.7
156.0
198.6
304.4
399.7
320.0
156.8
197.5
304.6
395.5
321.3
158.1
143.1
138.5
142.6
244.2
150.8
145.0
150.1
255.7
216.9
149.9
138.8
192.3
138.0
268.4
271.6
186.3
133.3
174.2
127.7
126.7
151.6
146.8
150.8
258.7
217.5
150.7
139.2
192.8
138.3
272.2
274.0
192.0
133.3
174.3
127.7
126.7
151.9
147.9
151.7
260.8
216.3
151.5
138.2
191.8
136.6
275.1
275.4
193.6
137.4
183,6
132.8
128.5
151.0
152.5
148.5
152.4
260.8
214.8
153.2
136.8
189.5
135.8
275.5
275.8
193.5
138.0
183.8
132.8
128.5
151.9
153.1
148.9
153.3
260.0
213.9
152.5
136.3
188.5
135.8
274.7
276.9
189.6
138.9
183.7
132.8
128.5
154.5
145.5
139.2
141.9
246.9
215.5
145.3
138.4
194.1
133.2
257.7
261.8
176.5
119.8
148.0
109.5
129.1
145.9
153.7
144.0
148.6
258.2
217.3
149.2
139.2
193.7
136.6
271.6
270.2
186.7
133.7
173.8
123.0
130.4
156.4
154.9
144.4
149.6
258.8
219.4
148.4
140.9
196.0
138.4
271.8
271.3
185.9
133.7
173.8
127.9
128.3
156.2
155.7
146.2
150.3
261.8
220.0
149.0
141.2
196.4
138.6
275.5
273.5
191.2
133.8
173.9
127.9
128.3
156.3
156.1
147.3
151.2
264.0
218.8
150.3
140.1
195.5
136.8
278.5
274.9
192.6
138.4
183.2
133.1
129.9
158.7
156.6
147.8
151.9
263.9
217.1
151.8
138.6
193.0
136.0
278.9
275.2
192.9
138.8
183.4
133.1
129.9
159.4
157.1
148.2
152.8
263.0
216.3
151.2
138.1
192.1
135.8
277.9
276.3
188.9
140.0
183.3
133.1
129.9
163.0
New cars ......................................................................................
Used cars ..................................................................................
Gasoline ........................................................................................
Automobile maintenance and repair..................................................
Body work (12/77 = 100)........................................................
Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous
mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) ..........................................
Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 100) ................................
Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) ............................................
Other private transportation ............................................................
Other private transportation commodities ..................................
Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 = 100)
Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100)..................
T ires..........................................................................
Other parts and equipment (12/77 = 100) ..................
Other private transportation services..........................................
Automobile insurance ........................................................
Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) ........................
Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100)
State registration ........................................................
Drivers’ licenses (12/77 = 100) ..................................
Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 100) ................................
Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ....................
147.9
109.6
128.4
149.5
144.5
149.1
255.1
214.9
150.7
137.2
190.1
136.2
268.2
270.4
187.2
133.3
174.2
123.0
129.0
140.9
149.5
149.2
149.3
Public............................................................................................
329.1
339.3
342.1
345.6
347.2
348.1
353.3
324.5
333.3
335.1
337.9
339.8
341.0
345.4
Airline fare.......................................................................................
Intercity bus fare ............................................................................
Intracity mass transit ......................................................................
Taxi fare
Intercity train fare
372.5
351.4
298.6
288.6
305.0
382.7
367.0
308.1
297.6
332.1
388.9
366.0
308.3
297.6
337.9
396.0
363.7
309.2
298.0
338.2
397.4
368.3
311.0
299.3
338.4
397.5
370.5
312.8
299.7
338.6
409.5
368.9
312.6
299.8
338.4
371.8
351.7
299.2
297.1
305.2
379.8
368.7
307.2
307.3
332.1
385.2
367.5
307.1
307.2
337.9
392.4
365.4
307.9
307.6
338.2
393.2
370.6
310.3
308.7
338.4
393.5
372.3
312.3
309.3
338.6
407.0
371.0
312.1
309.3
338.4
MEDICAL CARE
301.7
321.7
212.6
147.7
136.0
189.7
132.8
255.0
262.0
178.0
120.1
Medical care commodities
Prescription drugs
Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 100)
Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100)
Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 100)
Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and
prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 100)
Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 = 100)
Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and
respiratory agents (12/77 = 100)
323.8
326.4
330.0
333.3
336.0
300.9
320.2
322.3
324.8
328.1
331.3
333.9
204.1
205.6
206.5
208.2
209.9
191.9
203.0
204.8
206.3
207.1
208.8
210.5
176.5
136.5
140.0
127.8
188.Í
140.9
152.0
136.7
190.4
142.5
153.8
137.0
191.8
143.3
154.9
138.4
193.4
144.2
156.1
139.3
195.6
146.0
157.6
140.7
197.2
147.5
158.8
141.5
178.0
139.2
139.7
129.0
189.7
142.5
151.8
136.6
191.4
144.1
153.8
136.8
192.7
145.1
154.7
138.2
194.4
146.0
155.8
139.1
196.6
147.5
157.4
140.6
198.2
149.2
158.6
141.3
160.6
141.7
173.3
153.1
175.4
153.7
177.2
154.6
179.6
155.4
181.6
157.6
182.3
159.5
161.4
143.8
174.6
154.6
176.9
155.2
178.6
156.0
181.1
157.1
183.1
159.3
183.8
161.4
145.9
146.3
147.9
149.6
150.8
134.6
144.8
146.0
146.4
148.1
149.8
150.9
136.7
126.9
217.8
131.4
143.9
130.1
231.1
138.9
145.1
130.9
233.4
139.5
146.3
131.6
235.2
141.1
146.4
131.6
234.9
142.2
147.2
131.6
236.6
142.9
148.4
131.9
239.3
143.5
137.4
126.0
218.9
132.6
144.6
128.7
232.5
139.7
145.9
129.7
235.0
140.4
147.1
130.4
236.8
142.0
147.1
130.4
236.2
143.2
147.9
130.3
237.9
144.2
149.1
130.5
240.6
144.8
350.2
353.0
357.3
361.0
364.0
324.7
345.8
348.0
350.7
354.7
358.3
361.1
Professional services
Physicians’ services
Dental services
Other professional services (12/77 = 100)
284.3
304.9
270.8
137.7
297.8
322.2
281.1
142.5
299.2
324.0
282.1
143.4
301.2
326.4
283.9
143.8
302.8
328.7
284.8
144.8
304.4
330.4
286.4
145.6
305.9
332.3
287.7
145.9
284.5
308.6
2684
134.3
297.9
325.2
279.2
139.4
299.3
327.0
280.3
140.2
301.3
329.4
282.1
140.7
302.9
331.6
282.9
141.5
304.6
333.5
284.4
142.5
306.1
335.4
285.7
142.7
Other medical care services
Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 100)
Hospital room
Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100).
376.5
156.6
494.6
155.0
408.7
169.8
542.2
166.4
411.9
170.6
543.8
167.6
415.7
171.6
546.8
168.5
423.2
174.7
557.8
171.2
429.4
177.1
565.5
173.6
434.1
178.3
570.1
174.7
374.1
154.8
488.5
153.4
405.4
168.3
535.2
165.5
408.5
169.1
536.7
166.6
412.1
170.0
539.4
167.5
419.4
172.9
549.7
170.0
425.4
175.2
557.6
172.2
429.9
176.5
562.1
173.3
Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 100)
Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100)
Internal and respiratory over-the-counter drugs
Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 = 100) ,
Medical care services
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967= 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
ENTERTAINMENT...................................................................................................
1982
1981
1982
1981
S ept
Apr.
May
June
July
224.0
233.9
234.4
235.6
236.6
Aug.
Sept
June
July
231.1
232.3
233.5
233.9
234.8
232.8
233.8
235.5
234.4
235.0
Aug.
Sept
S ept
Apr.
May
237.4
238.3
221.5
230.5
232.0
Entertainment com m odities................................................................................
227.9
238.0
238.8
239.6
241.1
240.5
240.8
224.0
Reading materials (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................................................
138.1
266.3
141.1
146.8
280.1
151.6
148.5
281.6
154.4
149.4
283.9
155.0
150.4
285.9
156.1
149.4
286.3
153.8
150.1
288.5
153.9
137.8
266.2
141.2
146.1
279.7
151.4
147.7
281.2
154.2
148.6
283.4
154.8
149.7
285.6
156.0
148.9
286.0
153.6
149.6
288.2
153.8
Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100) .............................
127.3
128.4
119.1
193.2
125.0
132.9
136.1
120.4
198.9
126.3
132.8
135.4
121.0
199.4
127.6
132.7
135.7
119.6
197.6
127.9
132.8
135.4
120.3
198.3
129.4
133.2
135.7
119.7
199.4
130.3
132.9
135.3
120.5
199.0
129.4
121.3
118.7
117.2
193.9
125.8
124.7
122.8
118.6
200.2
126.5
124.9
122.6
119.2
200.7
127.9
125.3
123.9
117.1
198.8
128.3
125.7
124.1
118.0
199.4
129.8
124.9
122.4
117.5
200.4
130.9
125.0
122.8
118.1
200.0
129.8
Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 1 00 ).................................
Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 100) .............................
Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100).............................
Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 100) .............................................
131.0
129.4
126.4
137.2
135.4
134.1
129.8
141.9
135.5
134.8
130.0
141.0
136.1
135.9
130.3
140.6
137.3
137.2
130.8
142.0
136.9
136.4
130.2
142.5
137.1
136.4
130.1
143.4
130.6
127.1
127.7
138.8
134.3
130.7
131.0
142.7
134.4
131.4
131.2
141.8
134.9
132.4
131.5
141.5
136.1
133.7
131.9
143.0
135.7
132.8
131.4
143.6
136.0
132.9
131.3
144.6
Entertainment services .......................................................................................
218.9
228.5
228.7
230.5
230.8
233.5
235.2
218.3
229.2
229.2
230.9
231.3
234.2
235.8
Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).....................................................
Other entertainment services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................
134.3
128.0
122.5
142.0
132.2
125.2
141.6
133.0
125.7
142.5
133.5
127.9
141.8
135.5
127.8
143.4
137.4
128.3
146.0
136.4
128.8
134.0
127.3
122.7
143.7
131.2
125.9
142.9
132.1
126.4
143.8
132.6
128.7
143.0
134.6
128.8
144.8
136.5
129.2
147.4
135.5
129.6
OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES........................................................................
243.0
253.8
255.0
255.8
257.2
258.3
266.6
239.3
250.9
252.4
253.1
254.5
255.7
262.8
235.1
237.4
237.8
239.2
240.1
246.8
220.9
234.0
236.6
237.0
238.3
239.3
246.1
249.8
142.8
Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 1 0 0 )..................................
Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...............................................
Sport vehicles (12/77 = 100) .................................................................
Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )....................
Tobacco products ................................................................................................
221.7
242.2
142.1
243.1
142.4
250.6
142.6
223.4
134.4
236.9
140.1
239.6
141.1
239.9
142.0
241.3
142.2
242.3
142.5
247.8
249.4
250.6
251.1
233.6
244.1
244.7
246.0
247.5
248.8
249.3
249.5
145.0
153.1
249.1
144.6
153.3
231.1
133.3
138.0
244.7
142.3
147.6
245.4
141.7
148.6
247.0
142.6
148.9
248.6
144.2
149.5
250.5
144.4
151.6
250.0
144.0
151.8
Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................
224.2
133.1
238.0
139.9
240.4
141.0
240.7
141.8
Personal care ........................................................................................................
236.3
245.9
246.5
231.2
134.1
140.0
243.8
142.9
149.0
244.5
142.1
150.1
246.3
143.2
150.5
247.7
145.0
150.9
130.7
134.2
136.5
140.3
137.6
140.5
139.6
140.8
139.9
141.8
141.3
142.5
140.7
142.4
130.4
137.4
137.5
143.5
138.5
144.0
140.1
144.4
140.5
145.4
142.0
146.2
141.4
146.2
241.5
243.0
135.3
248.7
250.7
138.8
249.2
251.3
138.9
250.1
252.3
139.4
251.8
254.4
139.8
252.5
255.0
140.2
253.8
256.3
141.1
236.3
236.1
133.9
244.0
244.3
137.6
244.4
245.0
137.7
245.4
245.9
138.2
246.9
247.9
138.5
247.6
248.7
139.0
248.9
249.8
139.9
Personal and educational expenses
281.5
291.9
292.8
293.3
294.5
295.8
316.1
281.8
293.5
294.6
295.2
296.4
297.9
317.4
Schoolbooks and supplies ..............................................................................
Personal and educational services...................................................................
Tuition and other school fees ...................................................................
College tuition (12/77 = 100) ..........................................................
Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 - 100) ........................
Personal expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 )..........................................................
252.1
288.5
147.4
146.3
151.5
150.0
263.8
298.7
151.4
151.0
152.2
160.9
264.2
299.8
151.4
151.0
152.2
163.6
264.6
300.3
151.5
151.2
152.2
164.5
264.8
301.7
152.0
151.8
152.2
166.0
265.3
303.1
152.6
151.9
154.6
167.4
280.5
324.4
165.6
164.9
168.7
169.4
255.9
288.5
147.7
146.1
152.1
148.5
268.0
300.0
152.0
151.3
152.9
160.5
268.4
301.4
152.0
151.3
152.9
163.6
268.8
302.0
152.1
151.4
152.9
164.6
269.0
303.4
152.5
152.0
152.9
166.1
269.6
305.1
153.2
152.0
155.6
167.6
284.3
325.6
166.2
165.0
169.6
169.6,a
Toilet goods and personal care appliances......................................................
Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 = 100) ....................
Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 1 0 0 )..........................................
Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure
and eye makeup implements (12/77 - 100) ......................................
Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77- = 100)
Beauty parlor services for women............................................................
Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 - 100) .........
-
Special indexes:
Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other products.............................................
Utilities and public transportation.....................................................................
Housekeeping and home maintenance services .............................................
76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
405.4
417.6
293.3
335.7
362.6
426.3
305.1
347.5
366.1
431.5
311.0
349.8
387.3
436.5
316.6
351.2
395.0
439.1
318.7
350.3
393.2
441.3
320.3
351.4
389.2
436.0
323.8
353.8
406.5
416.4
292.4
335.5
363.7
425.9
304.0
348.2
367.2
430.9
309.8
350.4
388.6
436.0
315.6
351.8
396.2
438.8
317.8
351.0
394.4
441.7
319.4
352.2
390.3
436.3
322.8
354.6
\
19. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure
category and commodity and service group
[December 1977 = 100]
Size class A
(1.25 million or more)
Category and group
1982
Apr.
June
Size class C
(75,000-385,000)
Size class B
(385,000-1.250 million)
1982
1982
Aug.
Apr.
June
Size class D
(75,000 or less)
Apr.
Aug.
1982
June
Aug.
Apr.
June
Aug.
Northeast
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items .........................................................................................................................
Food and beverages ..............................................................................................
Housing ..................................................................................................................
Apoarel ano upkeep ..............................................................................................
Transportation.........................................................................................................
Medical c a re ...........................................................................................................
Entertainment .........................................................................................................
Other goods and services .....................................................................................
143.6
143.7
144.5
119.1
153.7
146.4
135.5
139.0
147.7
145.9
151.6
118.6
157.2
147.5
136.5
139.8
149.0
144.9
153.3
119.6
159.4
150.0
139.7
141.7
150.0
142.2
155.3
122.5
160.0
148.9
136.2
141.1
155.5
144.1
165.2
122.8
164.6
150.2
137.5
142.1
155.8
143.4
164.5
122.4
166.5
156.1
137.4
143.2
158.6
147.4
173.3
127.4
158.6
150.4
135.8
145.3
163.5
148.8
182.1
128.3
162.2
152.7
136.4
146.7
161.2
148.9
174.5
128.4
164.7
157.2
136.8
148.1
151.9
140.4
160.5
125.1
158.1
151.5
139.0
142.9
156.9
142.9
169.3
123.4
161.2
155.4
141.1
144.0
155.3
142.9
163.7
124.8
163.7
156.1
143.8
144.6
140.8
139.0
147.4
144.6
143.8
151.8
145.3
145.5
153.8
146.6
148.7
155.4
151.5
155.1
161.9
151.6
155.6
162.4
149.6
150.6
173.4
153.8
156.2
179.1
152.3
153.9
175.6
146.5
149.4
160.4
150.6
154.3
166.8
149.8
153.1
163.8
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities..................................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................
Services .........................................................................................................................
North Central Region
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items .........................................................................................................................
Food and beverages ..............................................................................................
Housing ..................................................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ..............................................................................................
Transportation.........................................................................................................
Medical c a re ...........................................................................................................
Entertainment .........................................................................................................
Other goods and services .....................................................................................
155.2
141.9
168.8
114.8
158.7
150.9
137.0
140.3
159.6
144.1
175.1
114.0
165.1
153.0
137.1
141.4
162.2
143.7
179.8
117.0
166.1
155.8
138.8
142.3
155.1
141.7
167.2
122.7
156.9
152.8
130.3
146.5
155.3
142.8
163.3
123.0
163.2
155.2
129.5
152.5
157.0
142.7
165.6
124.1
165.0
161.2
131.7
153.3
151.2
143.1
157.2
125.8
158.4
153.8
138.1
139.0
155.2
145.0
162.1
124.7
165.7
155.6
139.2
141.2
158.9
144.9
169.4
126.7
166.7
157.7
139.9
142.8
153.3
146.2
160.7
123.5
157.2
157.0
130.9
146.4
156.4
148.7
164.0
120.5
163.1
158.3
131.5
148.3
160.2
149.2
171.4
120.1
164.1
161.0
131.4
150.2
145.4
147.0
169.8
149.4
151.9
174.8
150.9
154.2
179.0
146.4
148.3
169.3
148.5
150.9
166.2
148.8
151.3
170.3
144.3
144.8
162.4
148.8
150.5
165.6
150.8
153.4
172.0
143.7
142.6
168.7
147.9
147.6
169.8
149.1
149.0
177.8
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities ..................................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................
Services .........................................................................................................................
South
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items .........................................................................................................................
Food and beverages ..............................................................................................
Housing ..................................................................................................................
Apparei and upkeep ..............................................................................................
Transportation.........................................................................................................
Medical c a re ...........................................................................................................
Entertainment .........................................................................................................
Other goods and services .....................................................................................
152.9
145.0
161.1
125.6
157.5
149.5
130.1
142.8
156.3
146.7
165.2
124.9
163.4
152.8
132.0
144.1
156.9
147.2
165.0
124.0
165.3
156.2
131.7
145.6
155.7
144.9
165.2
124.3
159.7
152.3
141.2
142.4
158.4
146.9
167.2
123.6
167.0
154.5
143.1
143.3
159.1
146.5
167.9
122.6
168.6
157.3
145.0
143.6
152.3
144.0
159.1
120.2
157.1
160.1
141.1
143.7
157.6
146.0
167.0
118.6
165.1
162.5
142.7
144.5
158.6
146.0
167.8
121.0
166.4
166.2
142.1
145.2
153.5
145.9
161.5
111.1
155.8
165.1
145.7
150.2
156.5
147.7
164.6
109.4
163.3
166.6
145.2
150.4
158.8
147.5
168.4
107.9
165.6
169.3
148.1
152.3
146.3
146.9
162.1
149.1
150.1
166.5
149.7
150.8
166.9
147.6
148.8
167.8
150.9
152.6
169.8
150.9
152.8
171.5
144.3
144.5
164.5
149.2
150.6
170.6
149.6
151.2
172.4
146.0
146.0
164.8
149.7
150.5
166.8
149.6
150.5
172.6
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities ..................................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................
Services .........................................................................................................................
West
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items .........................................................................................................................
Food and beverages ..............................................................................................
Housing ..................................................................................................................
Apparei and upkeep ..............................................................................................
Transportation.........................................................................................................
Medical c a re ...........................................................................................................
Entertainment .........................................................................................................
Other goods and services .....................................................................................
158.5
144.5
168.1
120.6
162.9
160.7
137.7
147.5
160.8
146.4
170.1
120.0
167.7
164.4
138.5
147.0
160.3
147.5
167.7
119.8
169.9
167.1
135.8
149.3
157.0
147.6
164.8
126.6
161.7
156.0
136.8
148.9
158.6
148.9
165.6
125.2
165.9
159.5
139.4
149.1
159.9
148.6
166.6
124.9
169.7
163.3
141.0
149.8
151.1
143.5
156.3
119.7
158.3
157.3
133.9
139.5
149.7
145.1
150.3
122.3
163.5
159.6
134.2
139.9
153.3
144.9
155.6
122.8
167.0
167.0
135.7
141.7
157.9
148.5
163.5
140.4
160.5
162.4
148.9
149.8
159.9
149.9
165.5
140.5
162.8
166.2
150.6
153.3
158.5
150.6
160.5
138.5
166.2
168.5
153.1
154.4
145.5
145.9
175.9
147.8
148.4
178.1
148.8
149.4
175.5
148.1
148.3
169.3
149.5
149.7
171.1
151.0
152.1
172.1
146.4
147.5
157.9
147.5
148.5
152.8
149.9
152.0
158.1
148.9
149.1
171.2
151.3
152.0
172.5
149.2
148.7
172.1
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities..................................................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................
Services .........................................................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas
[1967= 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
A re a 1
1981
1981
1982
1982
Sept.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Sept
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
U.S. city average2 .....................................................................
279.3
284.3
287.1
290.6
292.2
292.8
293.3
279.1
283.7
286.5
290.1
291.8
292.4
292.8
Anchorage, Alaska (10/67-100)
250.5
263.4
245.9
.............................................
Atlanta, Ga...................................................................................
Baltimore, Md...............................................................................
Boston. Mass................................................................................
Buffalo, N.Y..................................................................................
Chicago, lll.-Northwestern Ind......................................................
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind................................................................
Cleveland, O h io ..........................................................................
Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex...................................................................
Denver-Boulder, Colo...................................................................
Detroit. Mich.................................................................................
Honolulu, Hawaii .......................................................................
Houston, Tex................................................................................
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas ..........................................................
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif...................................
286.5
297.2
298.9
284.2
279.3
Miami, Fla. (11/77-100) ..........................................................
Milwaukee, Wis............................................................................
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis...................................................
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J................................................
Northeast, Pa. (Scranton)..........................................................
150.2
286.9
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J....................................................................
Pittsburgh, Pa...............................................................................
Portland, Oreg.-Wash..................................................................
St. Louis, Mo.-lll............................................................................
San Diego, Calif...........................................................................
274.4
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif......................................................
Seattle-Everett, Wash..................................................................
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.............................................................
287.7
288.7
268.8
271.5
283.7
263.8
304.9
274.0
286.8
285.9
287.1
275.1
275.3
270.9
270.2
275.1
289.1
269.5
313.9
281.6
290.1
304.1
276.7
279.7
285.1
78
289.3
292.7
269.9
3186
285.0
289.1
277.3
275.1
281.1
313.8
278.5
281.3
291.4
...
304.2
294.9
280.2
288.2
282.9
156.1
302.4
151.0
292.1
280.7
276.0
267.8
275.0
283.0
274.5
288.2
294.1
325.6
288.8
273.0
308.0
302.2
286.5
284.3
275.7
287.0
291.2
280.3
264.7
302.1
272.1
290.5
Area Is used for New York and Chicago.
2 Average of 85 cities.
291.5
274.5
276.7
292.7
295.9
282.7
289.3
286.0
269.5
310.9
280.1
293.9
269.4
272.1
274.7
303.8
275.3
279.1
285.9
292.9
302.8
293.0
331.3
289.3
270.1
315.3
283.6
292.8
276.1
277.3
280.9
291.2
291.7
157.5
306.3
156.9
299.6
313.3
277.1
280.7
291.8
278.9
277.1
282.1
285.8
293.1
321.1
290.6
289.2
329.4
279.7
284.5
323.3
302.8
303.4
297.1
283.3
292.5
310.6
300.2
326.3
157.0
296.0
301.2
266.5
265.5
297.0
300.5
290.6
288.8
282.7
287.0
278.7
319.5
297.8
304.3
296.6
281.3
280.0
285.7
292.7
324.5
292.5
290.2
334.8
'The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
292.4
304.6
301.2
278.4
275.8
277.1
297.1
264.1
256.4
294.0
300.2
312.2
304.3
155.1
296.5
282.1
285.7
329.2
298.8
293.2
319.9
155.7
292.9
301.7
268.2
293.1
293.3
297.8
304.8
313.4
291.1
273.4
313.9
288.6
271.8
291.8
258.9
259.1
282.9
283.7
272.0
281.6
273.6
267.7
265.8
258.3
280.2
289.2
282.9
286.1
279.2
258.0
282.9
295.6
291.1
283.6
272.5
279.9
272.8
276.9
275.2
263.6
263.8
280.2
292.9
286.3
298.3
291.9
21.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1967 = 100]
Commodity grouping
Annual
average
1981
1982
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr,
May
June1
July
Aug.
S ept
O ct
FINISHED GOODS
Finished g o o o s............................................................................
269.8
274.3
274.7
275.4
277.9
277.9
277.3
277.3
277.8
279.9
281.7
282.4
281.4
284.1
Finished consumer g o o d s....................................................
Finished consumer foo d s.................................................
C rude............................................................................
Processed ...................................................................
Nondurable goods less foods ........................................
Durable goods .................................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy . . . .
Capital equipment ..............................................................
271.3
253.6
263.8
250.6
319.6
218.6
208.8
264.3
275.1
254.0
253.8
252.0
324.3
224.5
212.6
271.5
275.2
252.7
260.0
249.9
325.4
224.7
213.6
273.0
275.8
252.9
273.9
249.0
326.3
225.4
213.9
274.1
278.3
256.4
280.6
252.1
329.3
226.2
217.4
276.2
278.6
258.2
282.5
254.0
330.3
224.0
219.6
275.0
277.7
257.1
263.3
254.5
328.8
223.9
220.5
275.8
277.3
260.0
266.6
257.3
325.7
224.1
222.3
277.2
277.7
262.3
259.9
260.3
324.3
225.0
223.1
278.1
'280.1
263.4
'254.7
262.0
'328.7
'225.9
'223.5
'279.2
282.0
260.7
240.6
260.4
334.7
227.0
223.3
280.9
282.7
259.8
238.6
259.6
336.7
227.7
224.0
281.4
282.0
259.9
227.8
260.6
338.4
223.2
225.4
279.5
284.2
257.8
232.0
258.0
339.7
231.1
227.4
283.8
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components....................
306.0
309.4
309.0
309.4
311.0
311.1
310.6
309.9
309.8
'309.9
311.4
311.0
310.7
310.0
Materials and components for manufacturing....................
Materials for food manufacturing ....................................
Materials for nondurable manufacturing ........................
Materials for durable manufacturing...............................
Components for manufacturing ......................................
286.1
260.4
285.8
312.1
259.3
290.2
250.9
290.9
316.7
265.1
289.5
246.8
289.4
314.9
266.9
289.3
245.6
288.8
314.0
267.8
290.4
250.7
289.0
313.6
269.8
290.9
252.8
289.3
313.1
270.9
290.4
252.0
288.8
310.9
271.8
290.6
254.4
287.6
311.0
272.6
291.4
260.0
287.6
311.0
273.6
'289.8
'260.7
'285.4
'307.5
'273.6
289.6
260.0
283.6
308.2
274.2
289.1
258.3
282.9
307.2
274.6
290.2
257.6
282.4
310.2
276.1
289.5
254.7
280.3
310.0
276.9
Materials and components for construction ......................
287.6
290.1
290.2
291.1
292.0
293.0
293.3
294.0
293.7
'294.5
294.0
293.3
293.4
293.2
Processed fuels and lubricants ..........................................
Manufacturing industries .................................................
Nonmanufacturing industries .................... ......................
595.4
498.6
680.8
596.9
497.5
684.7
595.1
496.4
682.2
598.1
499.0
685.6
604.4
505.9
691.3
596.8
497.8
684.2
593.0
496.1
678.3
579.9
487.5
661.1
570.9
481.4
649.5
'581.1
'491.7
'659.5
601.6
508.4
683.4
603.8
511.0
685.2
593.2
497.4
677.5
590.2
496.9
672.1
Containers............................................................................
276.1
280.9
280.6
280.2
282.5
285.5
286.3
287.0
287.0
'286.5
286.4
285.6
285.5
285.1
Supplies ..............................................................................
Manufacturing industries .................................................
Nonmanufacturing industries ..........................................
Feeds ............................................................................
Other supplies...............................................................
263.8
253.1
269.6
230.4
276.4
266.6
258.2
271.2
215.9
282.3
267.2
259.2
271.6
212.0
283.7
268.3
261.0
272.4
214.6
284.1
269.8
262.6
273.8
214.8
285.7
270.4
263.3
274.4
212.0
287.3
270.6
264.5
274.1
208.1
287.9
272.1
265.3
276.0
213.1
288.9
273.4
266.7
277.2
214.2
290.1
'273.4
'266.7
'277.1
213.1
290.4
273.5
267.3
277.0
211.1
290.7
272.9
267.1
276.2
203.7
291.3
272.5
267.3
275.5
198.4
291.5
272.3
267.4
275.1
193.3
292.1
Crude materials for further processing ......................................
329.0
319.9
313.9
311.5
318.4
321.6
320.0
322.6
328.3
'325.6
323.4
320.5
316.3
312.2
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs...................................................
257.4
245.7
238.3
233.7
242.6
248.3
247.9
254.4
262.6
'259.9
255.5
250.7
242.9
236.3
Nonfood materials ..............................................................
482.3
479.2
476.3
478.6
481.5
479.3
475.2
469.9
470.2
'467.7
470.0
471.1
474.3
475.4
Nonfood materials except fuel ........................................
Manufacturing industries...............................................
Construction .................................................................
413.7
429.4
261.8
404.1
418.6
264.7
397.8
411.7
264.8
396.2
409.8
265.2
399.5
413.2
267.6
394.8
407.5
270.5
387.1
398.4
273.2
378.8
389.0
273.3
376.6
386.3
274.5
370.0
378.9
'274.2
369 1
369.6
369.6
378.4
270.4
378.9
270.7
379.1
269.1
372.2
382.4
267.1
Crude fuel .......................................................................
Manufacturing industries...............................................
Nonmanufacturing industries........................................
751.2
864.9
674.0
779.0
898.4
697.8
792.5
915.8
708.2
813.0
942.5
724.0
812.9
940.3
725.6
824.5
954.4
735.4
839.7
974.7
746.6
851.2
989.1
755.8
864.8
1006.7
766.4
'883.9
'1,032.0
'780.5
903.1
1,056.0
796.0
906.9
1,060.9
798.9
926.3
1,086.1
813.9
919.4
1,077.5
808.3
Finished goods excluding fo o d s .................................................
Finished consumer goods excluding fo o d s ........................
Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y ...............................
273.3
276.5
233.6
279.1
281.6
237.2
280.0
282.4
237.2
280.9
283.2
237.6
283.0
285.2
240.5
282.4
284.9
241.3
281.9
284.0
241.3
281.1
282.3
243.0
281.0
281.8
244.3
283.4
'284.8
'245.1
286.7
288.7
244.5
287.9
290.1
244.7
286.6
289.1
243.8
290.8
293.3
246.4
Intermediate materials less foods and fe e d s .............................
Intermediate materials less energy ....................................
310.1
285.2
314.6
288.8
314.5
288.5
314.9
288.7
316.4
289.9
316.4
290.7
316.0
290.5
315.1
291.0
314.6
291.6
'314.7
'290.8
316.4
290.6
316.3
290.0
316.0
290.6
315.5
290.1
Intermediate foods and feeds ...................................................
250.3
239.3
235.2
235.2
238.8
239.4
237.7
240.9
245.0
'245.1
244.1
240.6
238.4
234.8
Crude materials less agricultural products ...............................
Crude materials less e ne rg y...............................................
545.6
254.0
543.4
243.2
540.7
235.8
543.5
231.6
546.1
239.1
543.9
243.4
538.4
242.8
531.6
247.3
531.5
252.8
'529.1
'248.7
531.8
245.0
532.2
241.5
536.2
235.6
537.9
230.0
INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS
CRUDE MATERIALS
SPECIAL GROUPINGS
1 Data for June 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r=revised.
79
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R EV IEW December 1982 • C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : P r o d u c e r P ric e s
22.
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[19 6 7= 10 0 unless otherwise specified]
Code
1982
Annual
average
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
All commodities (1957-59 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................
293.4
311.3
296.1
314.2
295.5
313.5
295.8
313.8
298.3
316.5
298.6
316.8
298.0
316.2
298.0
316.2
298.6
316.8
Farm products and processed foods and feeds
Industrial commodities ...........................................................................
251.5
304.1
246.0
309.0
242.5
309.3
241.0
310.0
246.0
311.8
248.4
311.6
247.5
311.0
251.6
309.9
254.9
267.3
248.4
248.0
201.2
242.0
287.4
187.1
274.1
273.8
243.1
248.8
227.6
244.5
185.7
211.7
294.3
193.8
230.4
263.3
237.4
254.0
226.5
231.1
175.0
198.5
288.2
209.7
221.1
273.1
234.6
280.5
213.6
225.0
171.4
188.4
286.7
195.5
218.8
280.2
242.2
289.2
225.2
236.8
186.8
198.2
287.6
187.0
218.4
280.1
247.1
290.1
223.2
251.2
197.3
193.5
285.8
200.6
217.6
273.7
244.7
257.3
220.9
255.6
197.7
199.5
282.5
204.0
213.7
273.0
248.7
255.5
246.2
245.6
261.2
275.9
248.0
227.4
250.1
230.2
246.6
256.9
246.6
246.8
271.7
246.7
250.0
223.4
249.9
218.1
244.3
256.5
240.0
246.9
270.5
244.1
251.4
221.5
250.1
214.7
243.6
255.1
236.1
247.2
271.8
247.6
251.9
219.1
250.1
217.2
247.1
256.6
243.7
247.7
273.2
256.8
253.9
216.6
251.0
217.4
248.1
253.3
247.9
248.0
276.3
257.2
255.1
216.8
250.9
214.9
199.7
156.3
138.0
146.8
125.2
186.0
226.7
204.0
162.7
144.4
148.0
126.7
189.9
233.0
203.6
161.6
140.3
147.4
126.5
190.8
233.4
203.4
161.5
139.6
147.2
125.6
191.0
233.6
205.0
162.9
139.2
148.2
126.8
192.7
237.6
260.9
319.8
240.9
241.8
260.0
313.7
239.6
245.0
259.8
311.3
239.8
245.4
260.7
312.3
240.1
245.4
694.5
497.2
456.4
939.4
367.2
803.5
805.9
698.1
510.8
469.7
965.6
378.4
788.2
802.3
698.1
512.7
469.7
983.0
378.3
785.9
798.3
287.6
363.3
249.8
300.1
193.5
295.6
285.0
289.2
254.2
292.4
367.9
250.7
308.1
198.5
277.7
293.1
299.5
256.9
232.6
256.2
281.8
250.6
251.4
128.5
292.8
325.1
273.4
245.7
239.1
Commodity group and subgroup
1981
01-8
01-9
02
02-1
02-2
02-3
02-4
02-5
02-6
02 7
02-8
02-9
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables .............................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ..........................................................
Other farm products ........................................................................
Cereal and bakery products............................................................
Meats, poultry, and fish ...................................................................
Processed fruits and vegetables......................................................
Sugar and confectionery .................................................................
Miscellaneous processed foods ......................................................
Prepared animal fe e d s.....................................................................
O ct
Aug.
'299.3
'317.6
300.6
318.9
300.4
318.7
299.5
317.8
299.9
318.2
255.8
309.6
'255.3
'310.6
252.5
313.0
250.1
313.4
247.5
312.9
243.9
314.4
250.6
267.6
226.0
267.6
186.2
207.4
280.3
192.1
222.8
274.2
256.5
271.5
228.2
282.9
192.7
214.1
278.8
164.3
227.3
273.9
252.7
'264.5
225.7
277.5
207.2
203.1
278.9
159.3
219.3
271.8
246.5
238.4
212.8
270.3
212.5
220.8
279.0
171.7
220.0
265.5
242.0
237.7
197.2
268.4
189.3
207.5
278.8
171.7
218.1
274.4
234.4
220.3
187.3
259.0
196.5
196.8
281.9
173.3
201.8
276.8
229.1
222.3
183.2
248.5
177.1
198.1
285.0
177.9
194.3
274.0
248.1
253.3
250.0
248.0
275.9
255.0
256.4
213.7
249.5
211.4
251.1
253.5
258.2
248.4
275.2
256.0
256.6
218.1
249.6
216.3
254.4
252.8
267.6
248.5
273.8
265.3
256.5
222.3
248.0
217.4
255.8
'252.7
'271.2
248.7
'275.8
'269.1
'256.7
'221.8
248.6
216.4
254.8
253.6
266.1
248.8
275.9
276.1
256.7
221.4
248.0
214.6
253.6
253.2
262.3
249.0
274.9
286.0
257.3
216.0
245.9
207.9
253.6
254.1
265.7
249.3
273.2
279.1
256.8
211.6
246.9
¿04.5
251.0
253.2
256.9
250.0
273.7
276.7
258.4
214.9
247.7
200.1
205.6
163.2
140.7
147.3
127.1
193.2
240.8
205.0
161.3
140.5
146.6
125.6
193.4
241.4
205.4
163.0
140.4
146.3
125.4
194.1
241.8
205.4
163.4
141.0
145.9
125.2
194.5
239.5
'205.0
'162.8
139.4
'146.0
124.0
'195.0
'239.7
204.1
162.4
139.2
144.8
123.8
193.1
243.0
203.9
163.1
135.9
144.5
124.4
193.5
240.7
203.8
163.4
136.6
143.5
123.8
193.5
242.5
202.6
162.0
129.5
143.6
123.4
193.5
240.5
261.8
319.0
238.9
247.5
261.6
317.7
238.6
248.1
260.6
313.3
239.8
248.1
263.4
310.6
244.8
248.1
263.2
309.8
244.5
248.1
'261.8
'307.7
'244.2
'245.6
261.3
307.4
241.7
252.0
263.2
304.7
247.3
249.9
264.8
309.2
248.2
252.9
264.7
309.5
249.2
252.4
702.5
515.2
469.7
1,003.7
384.2
787.2
798.6
705.1
525.3
469.7
987.9
392.8
787.2
801.9
697.8
529.9
469.7
987.6
392.9
770.3
789.7
689.7
529.6
467.5
990.5
403.7
744.8
770.6
670.6
532.6
467.5
992.7
406.3
717.9
733.5
662.2 '677.3 701.8
534.0 '533.6 538.6
467.5 '462.0 463.9
1,001.2 '1,027.5 1,055.4
'405.7 416.9
407.1
717.8 '718.2 718.7
713.2 '739.4 777.1
705.7
539.1
460.0
1,073.7
415.3
718.7
781.8
701.8
541.4
460.7
1,116.6
415.4
718.8
763.1
699.6
539.7
453.0
1,133.6
409.1
735.8
754.9
292.0
363.7
254.5
308.3
198.2
282.5
295.7
293.2
259.9
291.8
362.8
256.4
305.8
198.9
280.4
294.9
294.2
260.0
292.9
362.9
258.9
306.6
202.2
272.8
296.8
286.1
263.8
293.6
362.2
258.9
306.4
204.4
274.2
298.0
287.3
264.9
294.6
361.4
258.9
306.8
205.9
290.1
297.1
285.5
268.5
294.3
357.8
258.9
306.7
208.9
282.6
295.8
286.0
270.0
295.0
357.1
264.7
306.9
209.9
288.4
294.8
283.2
272.7
' 293.3
'351.2
'264.7
'304.9
'209.7
287.5
'294.1
'282.1
'273.8
291.6
349.7
265.1
304.3
209.9
278.2
291.5
280.6
270.7
291.6
349.7
265.1
302.3
211.1
254.2
290.6
282.4
271.8
291.4
349.3
265.1
303.0
212.6
¿54.1
290.1
281.5
270.7
290.4
347.6
265.1
303.0
214.7
242.3
289.4
281.6
268.1
237.3
262.9
279.8
257.1
261.1
130.3
238.0
264.4
279.0
255.9
266.7
130.3
238.3
264.6
280.8
255.4
267.2
130.6
237.3
262.5
281.8
253.6
263.8
130.5
239.3
266.0
282.1
256.7
268.8
131.0
240.8
266.7
283.5
253.7
274.3
132.3
241.1
266.6
283.3
253.4
274.7
132.6
242.1
269.0
283.7
254.9
278.8
132.5
'242.5
'269.3
'282.5
255.3
'279.5
'132.8
243.1
271.6
280.2
255.6
286.1
132.3
243.6
272.5
278.6
257.9
286.0
132.3
243.3
271.7
276.5
255.7
287.5
132.5
243.0
271.1
272.4
255.8
287.1
132.4
284.3
311.7
271.3
234.3
239.9
282.1
306.6
271.8
233.5
239.3
285.4
309.9
273.7
239.7
239.4
285.5
310.0
277.1
237.4
238.2
285.2
308.1
278.6
235.1
238.7
285.3
308.2
276.5
236.5
238.6
286.5
312.4
276.6
234.0
237.7
284.6
310.5
276.3
230.5
237.4
' 289.C
'315.8
' 280.5
'239.2
' 236.C
288.3
319.2
281.8
232.4
236.0
284.4
312.7
280.2
229.3
235.8
283.0
311.3
279.5
228.4
235.6
279.6
306.8
278.6
224.0
235.8
FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS
AND FEEDS
01
01-1
01 2
01-3
01-4
01 5
01-6
01 7
Sept
July
June1
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
03
03-1
03-2
03-3
03-4
03-61
03-82
Textile products and apparel ..............................................................
Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 100)........................................................
Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ...............................
Gray fabrics (12/75 = 1 0 0 )............................................................
Finished fabrics (12/75 = 100) ......................................................
04
04 2
04-3
04-4
Hides, skins, leather, and related products ........................................
05
05 1
05-2
05-3
05-4
05-61
05-7
Fuels and related products and power ...............................................
06
06-1
06-21
06-22
06-3
06-4
06-5
06-6
06-7
Chemicals and allied products............................................................
Industrial chemicals5 ........................................................................
07
07-1
07 11
07 12
07-13
07-2
Rubber and plastic products ..............................................................
Rubber and rubber products............................................................
08
08-1
08-2
08-3
08-4
Lumber and wood products.................................................................
Textile housefurnishings...................................................................
Other leather and related products.................................................
Crude petroleum 3 ............................................................................
Petroleum products, refined4 ..........................................................
Drugs and pharmaceuticals ............................................................
Fats and oils, inedible .....................................................................
Agricultural chemicals and chemical products ...............................
Plastic resins and materials ............................................................
Other chemicals and allied products...............................................
Miscellaneous rubber products........................................................
Plastic products (6/78 = 100) ........................................................
Other wood products........................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
80
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Annual
Code
1981
Commodity group and subgroup
1982
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
S ept
O ct
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES - Continued
09
09-1
09-11
09-12
09-13
09-14
09-15
09-2
Pulp, paper, and allied products........................................
Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper and board . . .
Woodpulp.............................................
Wastepaper ........................................
Paper .................................................
Paperboard..........................................
Converted paper and paperboard products.............
Building paper and b o a rd .................................
273.8
270.8
397.1
175.7
279.8
258.1
258.8
231.7
279.2
275.7
402.3
165.1
287.8
261.7
263.2
233.3
280.4
275.8
413.7
144.5
287.4
261.6
263.1
232.1
281.0
275.6
413.7
143.4
287.2
260.0
263.2
230.3
285.5
276.1
410.3
135.2
289.2
259.7
263.9
233.8
286.3
276.8
410.3
128.8
289.8
261.4
264.7
231.4
287.4
276.6
411.6
129.2
289.6
261.1
264.5
239.6
288.5
275.3
389.9
128.1
289.4
261.2
264.3
236.3
289.6
274.8
393.3
121.5
288.2
258.8
264.3
240.2
'289.5
r 274.1
'388.0
115.2
'287.8
255.9
'264.5
'240.0
288.9
272.9
370.5
115.6
287.0
255.0
264.6
239.2
289.1
272.6
369.2
116.0
286.1
255.5
264.4
243.8
289.2
271.8
367.2
116.0
286.0
250.7
264.2
242.8
289.2
270.4
352.5
116.0
285.6
248.0
263.9
241.5
10
10-1
10-17
10-2
10-3
10-4
10—
5
10-6
10-7
10-8
Metals and metal products ....................
Iron and steel ....................
Steel mill products.............................................
Nonferrous m e tals......................................
Metal containers ..........................................
Hardw are...............................................
Plumbing fixtures and brass fitting s...............................................
Heating equipment............................................
Fabricated structural metal products.................................
Miscellaneous metal products...............................
300.4
333.8
337.6
285.8
315.6
263.2
267.5
224.2
295.5
270.5
305.3
341.3
348.7
285.4
318.2
269.5
272.9
229.0
302.6
276.1
304.2
340.0
348.6
281.1
318.1
271.5
273.1
228.8
303.2
278.0
303.3
339.9
348.9
277.1
316.8
272.0
274.0
229.9
303.0
278.3
304.7
343.1
350.6
274.4
324.3
274.1
274.6
233.4
303.4
281.2
304.2
342.9
350.3
273.6
326.2
274.8
276.4
233.1
304.0
278.7
302.9
342.5
350.5
267.2
327.2
278.2
279.1
235.4
304.5
279.0
303.1
342.8
352.2
266.1
330.0
278.5
280.3
236.0
305.2
279.7
302.8
341.3
352.1
263.6
330.2
278.9
281.0
237.2
304.9
284.5
'299.3
338.3
349.9
'253.4
'329.9
'280.3
'282.6
'238.5
'305.3
'283.9
300.2
337.4
349.1
256.1
329.9
278.9
283.0
239.1
303.8
288.8
300.2
337.4
348.7
256.1
328.8
280.3
274.7
238.6
304.4
288.9
301.8
336.6
348.4
263.4
328.7
280.4
277.0
239.3
304.2
289.3
302.1
337.6
349.8
263.2
328.7
280.8
277.8
238.7
303.7
289.7
11
11-1
11-2
11-3
11-4
11-6
11-7
11-9
Machinery and equipment ...............................
Agricultural machinery and equipment......................
Construction machinery and equipment........................
Metalworking machinery and equipment .............
General purpose machinery and equipment....................................
Spectal industry machinery and equipment ...........
Electrical machinery and equipment ......................
Miscellaneous machinery..........................................
263.3
288.3
320.8
301.3
288.7
307.9
220.2
252.6
269.3
295.5
328.3
306.6
295.1
314.6
225.3
259.0
270.4
300.8
329.6
307.9
296.2
315.0
226.0
259.8
272.0
302.8
332.0
312.9
297.9
316.4
227.0
260.4
274.1
303.1
337.0
315.9
300.0
320.4
228.7
261.4
275.4
304.6
337.9
317.2
301.3
320.7
229.5
264.0
276.2
306.4
339.2
317.8
302.0
321.3
230.3
264.9
277.6
306.8
341.5
319.6
303.4
322.9
231.7
266.1
278.2
308.2
343.5
320.7
303.8
323.9
231.3
267.9
'278.6
'309.7
'343.9
'321.2
'303.5
'325.0
'231.5
'268.5
279.4
310.2
346.1
321.9
304.4
327.1
232.0
268.9
279.7
311.4
346.4
322.4
304.5
326.9
232.0
270.3
280.3
313.6
347.5
322.6
304.5
327.0
232.5
271.1
280.9
317.0
346.6
322.4
305.5
327.9
233.0
270.9
12
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
12-6
Furniture and household durables ....................................
Household furniture...............................................
Commercial furniture.............................................
Floor coverings..................................
Household appliances .................................
Home electronic equipment ...........................
Other household durable goods .................................
198.5
219.7
257.5
178.7
187.3
89.2
281.0
201.3
222.8
262.1
180.9
190.8
88.1
285.8
202.1
225.1
263.3
182.3
190.9
88.0
285.3
202.9
226.6
263.9
181.4
191.3
89.6
286.2
203.5
227.5
266.7
180.3
193.4
89.3
283.4
204.6
227.4
271.2
180.6
195.3
89.6
283.7
205.5
227.6
273.6
180.6
197.3
89.1
285.0
206.0
229.7
274.2
181.1
197.8
87.9
285.9
206.5
230.0
275.2
181.3
198.9
88.0
285.4
'207.0
'230.2
'276.0
'181.9
'199.6
'88.4
'286.1
206.8
230.9
277.8
180.1
199.3
88.2
283.6
207.4
231.4
278.0
179.4
200.1
88.0
287.4
207.7
231.6
278.6
180.3
200.4
87.7
288.1
208.4
231.3
278.8
180.3
200.5
88.0
293.8
13
13-11
13-2
13-3
13-4
10—5
13-6
13-7
13-8
13-9
Nonmetallic mineral products........................
Flat glass .................................................................
Concrete ingredients ...................................................
Concrete products..........................................
Structural clay products, excluding refractories .............................
Refractories ........................................
Asphalt roofing ......................................
Gypsum products ......................................
Glass containers ...............................................
Other nonmetallic minerals.................................
309.5
212.6
296.3
291.2
249.8
302.4
407.5
256.2
328.7
463.8
313.3
218.5
298.4
293.3
256.2
307.8
402.9
252.4
335.5
473.3
313.7
218.5
298.5
293.4
256.5
308.9
410.2
251.3
335.5
473.5
313.5
216.1
298.7
293.6
257.5
311.3
405.6
249.7
335.5
474.7
315.6
216.2
306.2
295.5
257.5
316.8
401.3
250.4
335.4
474.7
319.0
216.2
308.4
295.9
257.7
335.1
400.4
255.0
352.2
478.7
319.9
216.2
309.8
296.3
257.7
337.4
394.4
260.7
356.0
479.6
320.2
216.2
309.5
297.7
258.1
338.7
386.7
263.2
358.1
479.1
321.2
226.4
312.5
298.2
258.6
339.5
385.5
259.4
358.1
471.3
'320.9
'226.4
'312.7
'298.5
'258.9
'340.4
'396.4
256.4
'358.1
465.2
320.3
226.1
310.6
298.2
258.8
340.9
392.3
255.8
357.4
466.4
320.4
226.1
311.7
298.3
258.8
341.2
392.5
253.9
357.3
466.2
320.2
221.1
311.2
298.6
259.5
341.3
400.2
253.9
357.9
466.2
321.2
221.1
311.9
298.7
259.5
341.3
405.1
255.1
358.4
470.4
14
14-1
14-4
Transportation equipment (12/68 = 1 0 0 )................
Motor vehicles and equipment ....................................
Railroad equipment ..........................................
235.4
237.6
336.1
244.5
247.8
338.7
246.3
248.9
341.3
246.8
249.5
340.1
248.6
250.8
345.8
245.2
246.8
345.8
245.2
246.8
346.3
245.8
247.2
343.5
247.5
249.2
342.8
'249.1
'251.1
'342.8
250.4
252.5
349.3
251.2
253.3
354.7
245.0
245.0
354.7
256.4
258.1
357.5
15
15-1
15-2
15—3
15-4
15-5
15—9
Miscellaneous products.............................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition...............................
Tobacco products ...................................................
Notions..........................................
Photographic equipment and supplies ....................................
Mobile homes (12/74 = 100 )........................
Other miscellaneous products ....................................
265.7
211.9
268.3
259.8
210.0
156.8
347.4
268.5
213.0
278.2
269.7
208.9
159.1
348.5
269.5
212.7
278.2
269.7
209.0
159.3
344.8
267.6
213.3
278.2
269.7
209.1
159.3
344.6
268.3
218.4
278.2
270.3
209.9
159.5
342.2
273.5
220.1
306.6
270.4
210.5
159.6
341.1
272.7
220.7
306.6
271.5
212.1
161.9
334.5
273.2
221.0
306.7
271.5
214.2
162.2
334.1
272.2
221.8
307.0
280.1
210.6
162.5
331.3
'271.5
'221.9
'307.0
'280.1
'210.4
'162.4
'328.6
273.8
222.9
311.3
280.3
210.6
162.5
333.1
272.4
224.4
311.3
280.3
210.6
162.5
326.5
280.3
224.7
328.8
280.3
211.6
162.8
344.7
285.9
223.7
366.0
280.3
210.2
161.5
344.7
’ Data for June 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
2 Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month.
3 Includes only domestic production.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
“ Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month,
6 Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month.
r=revised.
81
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R EV IEW December 1982 • C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : P r o d u c e r P ric e s
23.
Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Annual
1982
1981
Commodity grouping
All commodities— less farm products ................................
All foods ........................................................................................
P rocessed f o o d s ........................................................................
Industrial commodities less f u e ls ..........................................
Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 - 1 0 0 ) ............
H o s ie ry ......................................................................................
Underwear and n igh tw e ar......................................................
Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber
and fibers and y a r n s ...........................................................
Pharmaceutical pre pa ra tion s.................................................
Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork ...............
Steel mill products, including fabricated wire products . . .
Finished steel mill products, excluding fabricated wire
p ro d u cts .................................................................................
Finished steel mill products, including fabricated wire
p ro d u cts..................................................................................
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June'
July
Aug.
Sept.
O ct
295.7
251.8
252.1
263.7
135.8
134.3
203.4
299.5
249.1
250.0
268.7
138.2
136.5
204.7
299.4
247.4
247.6
269.0
138.4
136.5
205.7
300.0
247.6
246.5
269.4
137.9
136.7
206.3
302.0
251.6
250.5
271.1
139.3
136.9
213.9
301.9
253.2
251.9
271.5
139.7
136.9
215.6
301.4
251.6
252.1
271.7
139.0
137.5
215.9
300.9
254.7
255.1
272.3
139.0
138.0
215.9
301.2
257.9
259.0
272.8
138.7
138.5
215.9
r 302.2
259.0
r 260.8
r 272.4
r 138.2
138.5
r 217.4
304.1
356.8
259.8
272.7
137.5
138.5
218.0
304.3
255.9
258.9
272.7
137.6
138.5
218.1
303.9
255.4
259.3
272.6
137.7
138.7
219.0
304.7
252.9
256.5
274.4
137.3
138.7
219.2
278.4
283.8
283.2
283.1
284.3
285.1
285.6
285.6
286.1
r 284.5
283.0
283.4
283.2
282.3
205.7
294.6
348.7
207.2
289.2
348.4
209.3
287.9
348.1
211.5
283.4
349.4
186.9
303.0
337.6
192.8
290.1
348.7
192.5
286.4
348.6
193.3
290.7
348.9
196.8
289.9
350.6
199.3
287.9
350.3
201.1
288.5
350.5
204.5
290.5
352.2
205.8
288 1
352.1
r 205.4
r 294.5
349.9
336.2
347.4
347.2
347.5
349.3
348.9
349.2
351.0
350.9
348.6
347.7
347.3
347.0
348.6
336.2
347.4
347.2
347.5
349.3
348.9
349.2
351.0
350.9
348.6
347.4
347.0
346.7
348.2
286.6
293.9
180.1
273.3
307.7
284.2
294.1
181.4
270.8
308.3
289.9
294.1
179.2
276.3
308.9
Special metals and metal products .....................................
Fabricated metal products ....................................................
Copper and copper products ...............................................
Machinery and motive p ro d u cts............................................
Machinery and equipment, except e le c tric a l......................
279.4
280.0
203.8
256.7
288.5
286.7
286.0
201.9
264.3
295.0
286.8
287.0
198.9
265.8
296.4
286.6
287.1
195.4
266.9
298.4
287.9
289.4
194.5
268.9
300.7
286.0
289.0
194.1
268.1
302.3
285.3
289.9
190.8
268.5
303.1
285.6
290.8
191.6
269.6
304.6
286.3
292.6
193.0
270.7
305.7
'285.2
'292.8
'179.7
'271.7
'306.2
286.3
294.0
179.5
272.8
307.2
Agricultural machinery, including tra c to r s ...........................
Metalworking m a ch in e ry.........................................................
Numerically controlled machine tools (Dec. 1971 = 100)
Total tra c to rs .............................................................................
Agricultural machinery and equipment less parts ............
297.3
329.7
239.3
324.7
289.8
305.7
336.7
241.8
338.3
297.6
312.5
338.3
242.2
342.2
303.5
314.7
341.2
242.0
342.3
305.8
315.1
343.8
240.1
346.9
306.5
316.0
344.9
239.8
346.9
307.4
318.4
346.4
239.9
349.1
309.7
319.0
348.8
239.9
352.4
310.3
319.9
349.3
239.9
353.6
311.0
'321.3
'350.1
'240.0
'354.1
'312.2
320.5
352.7
239.6
354.2
311.8
321.5
353.2
239.6
354.8
312.5
324.6
353.6
239.8
358.9
315.1
329.8
354.2
239.8
360.8
319.5
Farm and garden tractors less parts ..................................
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts . . . .
Industrial v a lv e s ........................................................................
Industrial fittin g s ........................................................................
Construction materials ...........................................................
300.1
295.2
315.9
302.1
283.0
313.0
299.9
322.4
304.1
284.6
319.6
303.5
323.4
304.1
284.1
319.7
310.9
325.3
304.1
285.2
319.7
311.6
328.6
304.1
286.6
319.7
313.2
330.2
304.1
286.9
323.5
314.6
330.5
304 1
287.5
323.5
315.6
331.1
309.1
288.2
325.0
316.1
331.2
309.1
288.2
'325.8
'317.9
'330.6
309.1
'289.5
324.2
317.7
329.2
310.2
289.0
324.8
319.0
329.2
310.2
288.2
331.8
319.1
329.4
309.2
287.9
334.9
325.9
329.3
307.3
287.7
Sept
O ct
1 Data for June 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
24.
r=revised,
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product
[1967=100]
Annual
average
1981
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
Total durable goods .................................................................
Total nondurable goods............................................................
269.8
312.4
275.0
312.8
275.4
311.4
276.0
311.4
277.6
314.7
277.4
315.4
277.4
314.2
278.1
313.6
278.5
314.5
'278.3
316.0
279.1
317.7
279.1
317.3
278.7
315.9
281.4
314.3
Total manufactures...................................................................
Durable..............................................................................
Nondurable .......................................................................
286.0
269.7
303.6
289.8
275.1
305.5
289.7
275.8
304.5
289.9
276.5
304.3
291.9
278.0
306.8
292.0
277.8
307.2
291.4
277.8
305.9
291.1
278.7
304.1
291.3
279.2
304.0
292.4
'279.3
'306.3
293.9
280.1
308.6
293.9
280.1
308.6
293.1
279.7
307.3
293.9
282.4
305.9
Total raw or slightly processed goods ....................................
Durable..............................................................................
Nondurable .......................................................................
330.7
271.2
334.0
326.4
263.7
330.0
323.3
253.4
327.4
323.6
247.8
328.2
328.9
253.8
333.4
330.6
253.7
335.2
329.7
250.1
334.5
331.9
245.3
337.2
335.1
239.7
341.1
'333.4
'225.4
'340.3
333.3
225.0
340.2
331.8
225.7
338.6
330.3
227.0
336.9
328.2
225.1
334.8
Commodity grouping
1982
1981
'D ata for June 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
25.
r=revised,
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
1972
SIC
code
Industry description
1982
Annual
average
1981
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
Sept
O ct
167.6
346.0
493.7
898.6
277.4
138.7
168.1
354.1
506.2
900.8
279.7
143.4
171.3
354.1
507.8
907.5
279.8
143.4
171.3
343.7
510.3
921.7
280.7
143.4
171.3
347.9
520.9
919.7
287.4
149.6
171.3
313.7
525.8
913.9
289.9
149.6
171.3
325.0
524.9
905.4
293.1
149.6
171.3
3270
527.9
893.3
292.6
151.7
177.1
308.3
529.9
901.2
295.0
151.7
177.1
307.5
'530.0
'914.3
'295.8
151.7
177.1
306.2
533.5
925.3
295.3
151.7
177.1
287.5
534.7
926.7
296.5
151.7
177.1
2894
536.3
938,4
296.0
151.7
177.1
312.5
536.0
946.7
297.3
151.7
243.1
241.4
192.0
274.8
244.1
252.2
175.5
279.2
237.0
248.9
172.8
279.5
234.1
247.0
166.7
275.0
237.6
245.6
244.4
251.0
247.3
248.6
254.0
253.0
264.7
266.2
'265.8
'274.0
258.4
272.2
253.0
275.4
253.1
282.3
242.6
277.5
( 2)
275.0
( 2)
276.4
( 2)
276.8
( 2)
275.3
( 2)
274.9
( 2)
274.9
( 2)
275.0
( 2)
276.3
( 2)
276.8
( 2)
276.8
1981
MINING
1011
1092
1211
1311
1442
1455
Iron ores (12/75 - 1 0 0 )......................................................
Mercury ores (12/75 - 1 00 )...............................................
Bituminous coal and lignite .................................................
Crude petroleum and natural g a s ........................................
Construction sand and gravel .............................................
Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 - 100) ......................................
2011
2013
2016
2021
Meatpacking plan ts...............................................................
Sausages and other prepared meats .................................
Poultry dressing plants ........................................................
Creamery b u tte r...................................................................
MANUFACTURING
See footnotes at end of table.
82
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25.
Continued — Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1972
SIC
code
Industry description
2022
2024
2033
2034
2041
2044
2048
2061
2063
2067
Annual
1981
1982
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
S ept
O ct
Cheese, natural and processed (12/72 = 1 0 0 )................
Ice cream and frozen desserts (12/72 = 100) ................
Canned fruits and vegetables.............................................
Dehydrated food products (12/73 = 1 0 0 )........................
Flour mills (12/71 = 100) .................................................
Rice m illing..........................................................................
Prepared foods, n.e.c. (12/75 = 1 0 0 )...............................
Raw cane sugar .................................................................
Beet sugar ..........................................................................
Chewing gum .....................................................................
215.7
211.9
248.5
177.6
196.0
277.2
124.5
273.5
314.3
309.8
215.4
212.5
257.0
182.1
191.1
247.3
117.3
219.9
250.3
303.2
215.9
212.5
256.4
181.4
191.5
235.4
116.4
224.3
230.4
303.2
218.4
212.7
258.9
182.1
189.2
215.1
116.0
230.8
250.5
303.2
218.6
212.8
260.8
184.0
191.5
205.9
116.0
247.6
266.4
303.3
217.9
212.8
262.6
181.8
187.5
192.2
115.9
245.1
272.2
303.3
216.7
210.9
262.4
181.5
187.3
183.5
114.6
233.0
272.2
303.3
216.5
214.2
262.3
181.5
192.5
177.9
115.4
242.9
269.7
303.4
217.1
214.2
262.6
178.5
188.4
183.0
116.7
269.2
277.3
303.4
'218.1
214.2
'265.1
178.5
189.1
180.3
'115.6
286.7
'277.3
303.4
218.6
213.6
265.5
180.4
185.5
177.6
115.4
311.5
290.5
303.3
218.8
213.6
263.2
180.0
180.2
183.0
113.3
318.1
297.4
304.7
218.7
216.5
260.1
179.6
182.2
183.0
109.6
295.6
300.8
304.7
221.2
216.5
261.1
181.0
179.6
183.0
107.6
291.3
298.1
304.8
2074
2075
2077
2083
2085
2091
2092
2095
2098
2111
Cottonseed oil m ills ............................................................
Soybean oil m ills .................................................................
Animal and marine fats and oils ........................................
Malt .....................................................................................
Distilled liquor, except brandy (12/75 = 100) ..................
Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) ....................
Fresh or frozen packaged fish ..........................................
Roasted coffee (12/72 = 100 )..........................................
Macaroni and spaghetti .....................................................
Cigarettes............................................................................
199.0
245.8
288.0
282.5
134.7
187.8
369.1
238.1
252.0
277.7
172.0
229.7
274.0
275.4
135.5
188.2
356.9
238.2
259.5
288.4
167.2
221.2
272.3
275.4
137.9
188.3
360.8
239.2
259.5
288.4
182 4
221.9
266.6
275.4
137.9
188.5
369.5
240.4
259.5
288.4
184.9
223.1
260.4
267.1
140.1
187.2
396.8
245.1
259.5
288.4
170.5
220.4
262.6
267.1
137.9
187.0
389.2
247.7
259.5
319.7
158.1
216.6
271.8
267.1
140.2
187.7
419.1
248.8
259.5
319.7
164.7
225.8
273.3
259.1
140.2
188.2
432.2
250.6
259.5
319.8
167.9
232.0
271.5
259.8
139.8
188.0
425.9
248.0
259.5
319.9
170.2
226.4
272.3
259.8
139.8
188.4
'441.3
'247.8
259.5
'319.9
174.6
224.1
264.3
259.8
139.8
187.8
418.9
247.0
259.5
324.9
173.1
205.5
242.4
259.8
140.4
184.3
426.2
246.4
259.5
324.9
164.5
200.6
241.2
251.2
140.4
186.2
446.7
244.7
259.5
345.1
157.6
198.3
232.1
251.2
140.4
186.3
453.9
246.0
255.5
387.4
2121
2131
2211
2221
2251
2254
2257
2261
2262
Cigars ................................................................................
Chewing and smoking tobacco..........................................
Weaving mills, cotton (12/72 = 100) ...............................
Weaving mills, synthetic (12/77 = 100) ...........................
Women's hosiery, except socks (12/75 = 1 00 )................
Knit underwear mills ..........................................................
Circular knit fabric mills (6/76 = 100 )...............................
Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 = 100) ...............................
Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 = 100) ..................
170.0
320.7
232.7
136.7
113.5
210.2
110.9
144.9
126.5
174.5
326.1
233.2
139.4
115.2
210.9
112.0
144.9
129.1
174.5
326.1
229.8
139.8
115.1
212.8
112.4
143.5
129.1
174.5
326.1
227.6
139.5
115.2
213.0
111.8
141.4
128.6
174.5
326.1
227.3
139.8
115.6
225.2
112.4
140.5
129.4
178.6
349.4
227.1
139.7
115.6
225.2
113.2
140.3
129.9
178.6
349.4
226.4
140.0
116.1
225.9
110.7
140.8
128.5
179.6
349.4
226.3
139.2
116.2
226.0
110.2
141.6
128.5
179.6
353.6
226.4
138.5
116.9
226.1
109.9
141.5
128.4
'179.6
353.6
'224.4
'137.9
'116.9
'228.8
'108.3
'141.4
'127.6
176.6
358.3
222.0
137.5
117.0
230.8
108.6
140.2
126.7
176.6
358.3
221.7
137.1
117.0
231.1
108.7
139.8
128.7
176.8
358.5
218.6
136.4
117.0
231.2
108.6
138.4
128.1
176.8
375.1
215.4
136.3
116.8
231.4
108.0
136.8
127.4
2272
2281
2282
2284
2298
2311
2321
2322
2323
2327
Tufted carpets and ru g s .....................................................
Yarn mills, except wool (12/71 = 1 0 0) .............................
Throwing and winding mills (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) ........................
Thread mills (6/76 = 1 0 0 ).................................................
Cordage and twine (12/77 = 1 0 0 )....................................
Men's and boys’ suits and c o a ts ........................................
Men’s and boys’ shirts and nightwear ...............................
Men’s and boys’ underwear...............................................
Men’s and boys’ neckwear (12/75 = 100) ......................
Men’s and boys’ separate trousers....................................
154.2
221.7
139.3
151.4
134.8
224.0
209.5
230.6
114.6
186.2
155.7
222.4
154.5
157.0
139.3
227.4
212.4
230.8
113.9
186.8
157.0
219.9
145.6
157.0
139.3
228.4
212.6
233.0
113.9
186.9
156.7
217.2
146.0
156.8
140.7
230.5
213.4
233.0
113.9
187.1
155.5
216.3
145.7
156.8
141.0
233.7
173.4
246.9
115.3
188.4
155.7
215.7
150.3
156.8
141.0
233.6
215.9
246.9
117.3
188.4
155.7
215.4
150.0
156.8
141.0
233.8
216.9
247.4
117.3
188.4
156.1
214.4
151.0
156.7
141.0
234.4
217.3
247.4
117.3
194.1
156.4
214.7
152.7
156.6
141.0
234.6
217.5
247.4
117.3
195.8
'157.2
'213.8
'149.4
'156.6
141.0
'236.3
'217.8
251.2
121.3
'195.9
156.1
213.7
149.0
156.5
141.0
237.2
216.0
251.2
121.3
195.6
155.4
213.2
140.4
158.0
141.0
239.8
216.1
251.2
121.3
195.6
156.1
213.1
142.5
158.0
142.6
240.0
219.4
250.7
121.3
195.6
156.1
211.8
124.4
157.9
142.6
240.0
219.4
251.3
121.3
195.5
2328
2331
2335
2341
2342
2361
2381
2394
2396
2421
Men’s and boys’ work clothing ..........................................
Women’s and misses' blouses and waists (6/78 = 100) .
Women’s and misses’ dresses (12/77 = 100)..................
Women’s and children’s underwear (12/72 = 100) .........
Brassieres and allied garments (12/75 = 100) ................
Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................
Fabric dress and work gloves............................................
Canvas and related products (12/77 = 100 )....................
Automotive and apparel trimmings (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...........
Sawmills and planing mills (12/71 = 100 )........................
248.6
120.6
121.3
169.7
136.7
120.9
289.3
132.0
131.0
228.2
253.1
126.4
123.4
170.6
138.8
122.0
289.2
137.6
131.0
219.5
253.2
126.7
124.1
171.6
138.9
122.5
289.2
137.6
131.0
216.5
253.3
126.7
122.7
171.6
140.1
123.2
289.2
139.7
131.0
218.6
252.5
126.5
123.0
174.7
145.1
123.2
293.8
144.9
131.0
218.0
254.2
126.5
123.0
174,8
148.8
123.2
297.4
144.9
131.0
216.9
254.9
126.5
123.1
175.0
148.8
123.2
295.5
147.2
131.0
216.9
255.2
126.5
122.9
175.0
148.8
122.2
295.5
145.7
131.0
218.8
254.7
126.5
122.9
176.6
148.1
122.2
295.5
145.9
131.0
217.4
254.1
'126.6
'123.7
'178.8
'148.1
'122.2
294.5
'143.1
131.0
'220.1
252.9
123.6
123.7
179.4
148,4
119.4
294.5
143.8
131.0
221.6
253.1
123.8
123.6
179.4
148.4
120.3
288.2
143.8
131.0
217.5
252.3
123.8
122.7
178.1
150.2
118.6
288.2
145.4
131.0
216.3
252.0
123.8
122.8
178.6
149.8
118.6
287.4
148.0
131.0
213.5
2436
2439
2448
2451
2492
2511
2512
2515
2521
2611
Softwood veneer and plywood (12/75 = 100)..................
Structural wood members, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) .............
Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 1 0 0 ).............................
Mobile homes (12/74 = 100 ).............................................
Particleboard (12/75 = 100) .............................................
Wood household furniture (12/71 = 1 0 0 ) ........................
Upholstered household furniture (12/71 = 1 0 0 ) ...............
Mattresses and bedsprings.................................................
Wood office furniture ........................................................
Pulp mills (12/73 = 1 0 0 )...................................................
142.0
156.6
152.5
156.9
173.6
197.4
174.0
192.3
254.2
252.4
129.3
154.8
152.0
159.2
168.0
201.0
175.6
195.2
257.1
255.0
129.0
154.2
150.4
159.3
166.9
202.0
179.5
197.5
257.0
262.5
134.5
153.2
149.9
160.3
170.3
202.8
182.1
198.0
257.6
262.5
132.5
153.9
149.8
160.4
172.6
203.6
184.4
204.4
261.9
258.6
130.5
153.5
149.0
160.5
170.7
204.3
179.3
205.6
270.7
258.6
131.8
152.6
148.2
162.7
177.7
205.1
179.3
205.6
270.8
260.7
129.1
153.4
145.9
163.0
178.2
207.4
181.8
205.7
270.8
253.6
125.9
152.8
144.7
163.3
178.0
207.7
182.3
205.9
270.8
249.7
133.6
'154.2
144.2
'163.2
'178.1
'208.0
'182.3
'205.9
'270.8
'244.3
129.6
154.5
144.1
163.4
175.4
208.1
184.1
210.1
272.0
238.5
126.7
155.1
143.8
163.4
174.5
208.0
185.5
210.4
272.4
237.2
128.6
154.4
143.8
163.7
175.3
208.0
185.9
210.4
272.4
235.4
124.7
154.1
144.3
162.6
173.4
208.8
183.2
210.3
272.4
232.6
2621
2631
2647
2654
2655
2812
2821
2822
2824
2873
Paper mills, except building (12/74 = 1 0 0 )......................
Paperboard mills (12/74 = 100) ......................................
Sanitary paper products......................................................
Sanitary food containers ...................................................
Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) . .
Alkalies and chlorine (12/73 = 1 00 ).................................
Plastics materials and resins (6/76 = 1 0 0 )......................
Synthetic rubber .................................................................
Organic fiber, noncelluloslc.................................................
Nitrogenous fertilizers (12/75 = 100) ...............................
156.2
151.7
343.4
244.8
163.0
305.9
150.8
293.3
155.6
142.8
159.8
153.6
344.0
-253.4
167.6
317.7
156.3
301.0
164.2
142.9
159.7
153.5
344.1
253.3
167.6
317.0
153.7
301.4
162.5
144.2
159.6
152.7
344.6
253.3
170.0
324.8
154.3
302.7
161.9
142.9
162.0
152.5
344.6
254.0
176.4
329.4
150.7
303.9
161.8
142.4
162.0
153.4
344.6
256.9
176.5
335.2
152.6
306.1
162.9
142.6
162.0
153.0
344.5
260.0
176.5
335.6
151.0
306.7
161.6
142.2
161.3
152.8
344.5
259.9
176.5
322.0
152.6
306.6
162.5
141.7
160.3
151.3
343.6
259.9
176.7
341.1
150.9
307.1
161.6
140.5
'160.6
'149.8
'346.2
'259.9
176.7
'334.8
'150.3
303.8
161.3
139.5
160.7
149.1
346.4
261.4
176.7
324.4
150.2
301.8
160.5
136.1
159.9
149.4
349.2
261.4
177.5
325.8
150.8
299.9
159.5
136.0
159.8
146.5
350.0
262.2
177.5
324.3
151.1
298.8
160.1
135.6
159.8
144.8
349.5
263.2
177.8
313.4
150.7
296.6
157.6
134.6
2874
2875
2892
2911
2951
2952
3011
Phosphatic fertilizers ..........................................................
Fertilizers, mixing only ........................................................
Explosives ..........................................................................
Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) ......................................
Paving mixtures and blocks (12/75 = 1 0 0 )......................
Asphalt felts and coatings (12/75 = 1 0 0 ).........................
Tires and inner tubes (12/73 = 100) ...............................
254.1
270.7
311.9
294.4
194.3
176.9
215.8
259.4
273.8
318.7
294.6
196.3
174.9
221.0
258.5
273.7
316.5
293.3
196.4
178.1
220.1
259.0
270.5
315.6
293.1
196.0
176.1
221.2
261.0
274.3
314.9
293.0
197.0
174.2
222.0
263.5
276.8
317.6
289.1
198.0
173.8
222.4
261.6
278.4
320.5
281.7
198.1
171.2
220.3
258.2
278.7
327.2
267.4
197.1
256.2
278.6
326.1
259.2
196.3
168.4
221.3
'257.3
'279.0
'326.5
'267.9
'195.0
'173.1
221.5
256.6
278.6
318.4
281.4
194.8
171.3
221.7
248.7
277.9
324.8
283.7
194.4
245.9
275.4
337.3
280.3
194.8
174.5
221.7
247.1
274.7
335.6
278.5
196.7
176.5
221.9
MANUFACTURING - Continued
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
168.1
216.7
171.1
226.2
83
M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W December 1982 • C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : P r o d u c e r P ric e s
25.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
1982
Annual
average
1981
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June1
July
Aug.
S ept
O ct
Rubber and plastic footwear (12/71 - 1 0 0 )........................................
Reclaimed rubber (12/73 =100) ..........................................................
Miscellaneous plastic products (6/78 - 100) ......................................
Leather tanning and finishing (12/77 - 1 0 0 )........................................
Men's footwear, except athletic (12/75 - 1 0 0 )....................................
Women's footwear, except athletic........................................................
Women's handbags and purses (12/75 - 100) .................................
Flat glass (12/71 - 100) .....................................................................
Glass containers.....................................................................................
184.4
194.1
128.9
150.7
169.3
217.1
155.5
175.3
328.6
185.0
200.3
130.8
148.2
170.5
212.5
158.4
180.1
335.4
185.0
200.3
130.8
146.8
170.6
212.7
158.4
180.1
335.4
185.2
200.3
131.0
147.5
171.3
212.4
158.4
177.4
335.4
186.1
200.3
131.1
150.8
173.1
208.5
158.4
177.5
335.3
188.4
200.4
131.6
149.3
172.2
209.8
158.4
177.5
352.1
189.1
207.2
132.8
147.9
173.5
210.3
158.4
177.5
355.8
189.0
209.2
133.2
146.8
174.9
217.0
158.4
177.5
358.0
186.6
209.5
133.0
147.4
175.1
216.2
158.4
187.9
358.0
187.0
r 210.7
'133.1
'147.3
'171.6
'220.1
158.4
'187.9
'358.0
187.0
207.7
132.6
147.5
171.6
216.3
158.5
187.7
357.3
186.8
207.4
132.7
146.5
175.5
220.6
157.8
187.7
357.2
185.9
207.6
132.7
148.5
175.7
222.2
159.0
186.3
357.7
185.9
207.5
132.7
148.7
175.8
223.3
159.0
186.3
358.3
3241
3251
3253
3255
3259
3261
3262
3263
3269
3271
Cement, hydraulic...................................................................................
Brick and structural clay tile ...................................................................
Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ..........................................
Clay refractories.....................................................................................
Structural clay products, n.e.c.................................................................
Vitreous plumbing fixtures .....................................................................
Vitreous china food u tensils...................................................................
Fine earthenware food utensils...............................................................
Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 1 00 ).................................................
Concrete block and b rick........................................................................
329.6
296.5
133.4
310.2
222.6
254.9
335.0
309.1
160.1
270.4
330.3
299.9
140.4
313.9
231.7
259.0
336.8
313.8
161.8
274.3
330.3
300.5
140.4
315.2
231.7
259.3
344.7
315.0
163.7
274.2
330.3
300.5
140.4
319.9
236.6
260.1
344.7
315.0
163.7
275.1
339.6
298.9
140.4
329.6
225.6
261.1
347.7
315.1
164.3
274.9
341.5
299.4
140.4
354.4
226.0
260.6
347.7
315.1
164.3
276.4
341.5
299.4
140.4
355.6
225.9
260.8
347.3
315.0
164.2
276.4
341.1
303.4
140.6
355.2
215.9
261.8
346.5
314.9
164.0
276.5
341.9
304.5
140.6
355.5
215.8
265.4
355.5
316.2
166.3
276.7
'341.9
'305.0
'140.6
'356.2
'215.9
265.5
'360.2
'316.9
'167.4
277.0
337.8
307.2
138.0
357.2
216.4
264.2
349.8
314.8
164.7
277.1
336.0
307.2
138.0
357.7
216.5
263.9
349.8
314.8
164.7
277.4
335.1
307.5
138.0
357.9
219.5
267.1
349.8
314.8
164.8
276.8
336.2
307.5
138.0
357.9
219.5
269.1
350.3
321.3
166.9
276.9
3273
3274
3275
3291
3297
3312
3313
3316
3317
3321
Ready-mixed concrete............................................................................
Lime (12/75 - 100) ..............................................................................
Gypsum products ...................................................................................
Abrasive products (12/71 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................
Nonclay refractories (12/74 - 1 0 0 )......................................................
Blast furnaces and steel mills ..............................................................
Electrometallurgical products (12/75 = 100) ......................................
Cold finishing of steel shapes.................................................................
Steel pipes and tubes ............................................................................
Gray iron foundries (12/68 = 100)........................................................
298.7
172.5
256.9
232.9
185.3
342.8
121.8
316.2
341.5
299.7
299.5
173.7
251.5
237.6
189.7
353.1
125.4
326.4
362.0
303.3
299.4
173.5
252.5
241.0
190.2
353.0
125.4
326.4
362.3
305.2
299.6
173.8
250.6
241.0
190.3
353.3
125.3
326.7
363.0
306.1
301.9
178.8
250.9
241.3
191.2
354.7
125.3
327.0
363.7
307.9
301.9
183.7
253.9
248.3
198.3
354.4
123.4
327.0
364.1
310.0
302.5
185.7
260.5
249.8
200.4
354.4
120.3
327.0
365.8
311.5
303.9
186.3
262.5
250.2
202.3
356.1
120.3
327.1
365.9
311.9
305.5
188.0
258.8
251.7
203.2
355.9
120.3
327.3
365.9
311.1
'305.5
'188.3
256.2
252.1
'203.8
'353.7
120.4
325.6
365.7
'311.5
305.4
188.1
256.5
252.0
203.8
352.9
120.4
325.2
364.0
311.3
304.8
188.3
254.3
252.3
203.8
352.8
121.4
325.6
361.6
311.3
305.4
188.2
254.7
252.3
203.8
352.3
121.4
325.1
361.0
309.7
306.1
188.1
255.8
252.3
203.8
354.0
121.3
324.3
361.0
314.4
3333
3334
3351
3353
3354
3355
3411
3425
3431
3465
Primary z in c ............................................................................................
Primary aluminum...................................................................................
Copper rolling and drawing ...................................................................
Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil (12/75 - 100) ....................................
Aluminum extruded products (12/75 - 100 )........................................
Aluminum rolling, drawing, n.e.c. (12/75 - 100) ..................................
Metal c a n s ..............................................................................................
Hand saws and saw blades (12/72 - 100) ........................................
Metal sanitary w a re ................................................................................
Automotive stampings (12/75 - 100) .................................................
326.3
333.1
212.3
175.8
180.1
159.1
305.1
201.4
265.5
146.0
337.0
333.5
212.3
179.9
181.3
163.0
307.0
204.8
270.3
147.4
337.5
332.5
209.2
180.2
181.4
166.2
306.0
205.0
271.6
149.7
315.7
332.8
207.1
180.8
181.1
166.1
304.9
206.0
271.8
149.1
308.6
324.1
204.8
181.8
180.8
166.1
310.8
211.6
271.3
150.1
311.2
320.2
203.9
181.7
180.8
166.5
314.0
214.8
272.8
144.7
292.0
320.8
198.4
181.2
180.5
166.3
313.6
214.9
275.1
144.2
273.4
312.4
196.4
179.9
180.2
162.9
318.6
215.3
275.8
144.3
256.6
308.8
197.4
178.6
180.2
163.0
318.7
221.3
275.5
144.5
259.7
'307.9
'190.0
178.0
180.1
165.4
'318.7
'221.4
'276.1
'144.5
266.4
305.7
189.2
178.2
179.5
164.7
318.6
221.0
276.1
153.0
277.0
308.0
190.1
177.1
178.9
164.5
318.0
221.2
276.9
153.3
291.6
304.4
190.9
177.2
178.0
165.9
318.1
221.2
276.4
153.5
302.9
303.5
191.3
176.3
177.7
160.0
318.0
221.2
278.1
154.1
3482
3493
3494
3498
3519
3531
3532
3533
3534
3542
Small arms ammunition (12/75 - 100) ...............................................
Steel springs, except wire .....................................................................
Valves and pipe fittings (12/71 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................
Fabricated pipe and fittings ...................................................................
Internal combustion engines, n.e.c...........................................................
Construction machinery (12/76 - 100) ...............................................
Mining machinery (12/72 - 1 0 0 )..........................................................
Oilfield machinery and equipment..........................................................
Elevators and moving stairways............................................................
Machine tools, metal forming types (12/71 - 100) .............................
159.0
245.9
248.9
361.3
311.9
156.8
282.5
395.8
253.9
306.9
159.9
253.9
252.9
377.7
323.2
161.0
288.5
415.6
257.0
311.7
159.9
254.1
253.5
378.6
326.4
161.6
290.8
418.2
260.7
312.3
163.9
256.1
255.7
379.3
325.4
159.7
292.9
420.3
265.6
319.3
167.5
255.8
257.7
378.6
329.4
162.5
295.5
427.2
264.3
319.7
167.5
257.4
258.9
377.7
332.0
162.4
297.8
429.2
269.8
322.8
167.5
256.4
259.1
379.8
332.6
163.3
300.9
435.8
271.6
324.5
166.3
254.3
260.3
385.5
334.2
164.3
302.4
439.3
271.8
325.2
166.3
254.5
260.9
385.4
338.4
165.2
304.0
438.4
275.5
325.5
'170.3
'254.4
'260.6
385.4
'339.1
'165.4
'304.2
'438.7
'275.5
326.5
175.9
253.1
260.1
383.8
339.6
166.5
304.0
438.4
275.5
333.6
175.9
253.5
260.1
385.6
343.8
166.7
303.4
439.6
275.5
333.6
175.9
253.5
260.0
382.4
347.1
166.8
304.5
439.1
275.3
333.3
175.9
253.7
259.8
383.2
347.3
166.2
305.4
436.9
274.2
333.5
3546
3552
3553
3576
3592
3612
3623
3631
3632
3633
Power driven hand tools (12/76 = 1 0 0 )...............................................
Textile machinery (12/69 - 1 0 0 )..........................................................
Woodworking machinery (12/72 - 100)...............................................
Scales and balances, excluding laboratory ..........................................
Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves (6/76 - 1 0 0 ).................................
Transformers .................... .....................................................................
Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 - 1 0 0 )..........................................
Household cooking equipment (12/75 - 100 )......................................
Household refrigerators, freezers (6/76 - 100) .................................
Household laundry equipment (12/73 - 1 0 0 )......................................
147.3
243.5
225.0
226.2
178.0
209.9
227.5
141.2
132.8
174.3
149.5
248.0
228.9
226.2
185.4
217.3
232.5
141.6
137.8
177.0
149.5
247.9
229.1
226.3
187.2
222.0
233.2
141.9
137.9
178.4
150.0
249.9
229.1
226.5
187.3
222.0
235.8
142.6
137.9
178.8
153.3
252.3
233.7
228.3
185.3
220.5
236.8
146.0
140.1
180.1
153.2
253.5
232.9
228.8
189.6
222.2
236.9
146.8
141.1
180.5
153.9
255.0
233.4
229.8
190.4
222.4
232.3
147.2
142.3
186.2
154.7
256.2
234.7
229.6
192.8
223.3
237.6
146.2
142.5
186.9
156.3
257.3
234.7
229.5
195.4
224.7
237.6
147.1
143.2
188.6
'156.3
'259.2
'234.9
230.6
'195.9
' 225.2
'237.8
146.9
144.3
189.0
157.4
259.8
230.0
231.9
196.6
224.7
236.9
148.2
145.5
189.1
157.5
258.9
230.6
231.9
197.2
226.0
237.5
150.4
145.9
189.7
157.2
259.3
230.6
231.9
197.6
224.6
237.7
151.0
145.9
190.1
157.5
261.3
230.7
232.0
198.2
223.9
237.8
151.1
145.4
190.5
3635
3636
3641
3644
3646
3648
3671
3674
3675
3676
Household vacuum cleaners .................................................................
Sewing machines (12/75 - 1 0 0 )..........................................................
Electnc lam ps.........................................................................................
Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices (12/72 - 100) .............................
Commercial lighting fixtures (12/75 - 100) ........................................
Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) .............................................
Electron tubes receiving ty p e .................................................................
Semiconductors and related devices ...................................................
Electronic capacitors (12/75 - 100) ...................................................
Electronic resistors (12/75 = 1 00 )........................................................
159.1
146.8
277.3
249.6
154.8
155.9
309.7
r90.9
170.3
141.4
161.3
156.0
285.9
258.7
158.9
162.0
327.5
91.6
171.5
142.7
161.0
156.0
284.8
262.1
159.3
162.4
327.8
92.0
168.1
143.0
160.8
156.0
281.3
262.1
159.2
163.1
342.2
91.7
166.6
142.8
165.6
156.0
282.1
257.9
159.2
162.8
374.1
90.9
167.4
143.7
165.2
155.8
286.1
259.0
161.1
167.8
374.2
90.2
169.7
144.0
165.7
155.8
283.6
258.1
162.4
168.8
374.4
90.0
168.4
143.4
165.4
154.3
296.6
260.0
163.5
170.9
374.5
89.5
167.6
144.4
165.5
154.3
294.5
262.7
167.7
171.2
374.4
89.3
166.6
145.2
'165.6
'154.3
293.9
'260.8
'166.5
'171.1
'374.5
'89.5
166.8
144.9
158.4
153.7
291.9
260.7
166.5
171.1
376.0
90.8
166.7
144.4
159.4
153.0
291.9
260.3
165.9
171.2
376.0
90.5
166.2
144.6
159.5
153.0
296.3
261.3
165.4
171.2
380.7
90.8
165.5
144.8
159.2
153.6
302.9
261.9
165.7
171.2
380.8
88.4
164.4
145.2
3678
3692
3711
3942
3944
3955
3995
3996
Electronic connectors (12/75 = 1 0 0 )...................................................
Primary batteries, dry and w e t ...............................................................
Motor vehicles and car bodies (12/75 - 100)......................................
Dolls (12/75 - 1 0 0 )..............................................................................
Games, toys, and children's vehicles ...................................................
Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100) .................................
Burial caskets (6/76 = 100) .................................................................
Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 1 0 0 )........................................
154.9
182.2
150.3
131.3
221.3
138.5
139.5
151.8
156.8
182.7
158.6
130.9
222.2
140.2
143.4
153.7
155.8
182.7
158.7
130.9
222.6
140.2
143.4
153.7
155.8
182.7
159.1
130.9
223.9
140.3
142.7
153.7
155.9
182.0
159.8
135.5
228.4
140.3
142.7
155.1
156.2
184.3
155.0
136.6
232.5
140.3
143.8
155.2
156.7
190.5
154.9
136.6
234.1
140.3
145.3
156.1
156.4
195.5
154.9
136.8
234.1
140.3
145.3
156.1
158.3
195.8
157.0
136.8
234.3
140.5
149.3
156.3
'159.8
'196.2
'159.0
'136.8
'234.3
140.6
149.3
154.3
157.6
196.3
159.7
136.5
231.8
140.5
150.8
155.0
160.9
196.3
160.3
136.5
231.8
140.5
150.8
155.7
159.8
196.8
151.4
136.5
232.1
139.3
150.8
156.9
160.9
198.1
162.8
136.5
232.6
139.3
150.8
156.9
1972
SIC
code
Industry description
3021
3031
3079
3111
3143
3144
3171
3211
3221
1981
1 Data for June 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
84
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Not available,
r=revised.
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
P r o d u c t iv it y
d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com
pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of
Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board.
The use of the term “man hours” to identify the labor component
of productivity and costs, in tables 26 through 29, has been discontin
ued. H ou rs of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of
payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers.
O utput per all-em p loyee hour is now used to describe labor productiv
Definitions
ity in nonftnancial corporations where there are no self-employed.
O utp u t is the constant dollar grdks domestic product produced in a
given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro
ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour
of labor. C om pensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em
ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private
benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and
supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. R eal com
pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
U n it labor co st measures the labor compensation cost required to
produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation
by output. U n it nonlabor paym ents include profits, depreciation, in
terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by
subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross
domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit
nonlabor co sts contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments
except unit profits. U n it profits include corporate profits and invento
ry valuation adjustments per unit of output.
The im plicit price d eflator is derived by dividing the current dollar
estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the
deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported.
26.
Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis
for the output measure employed in the computation of output per
hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product.
Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm propri
etor hours.
Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly
manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating)
from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data
are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Beginning with the September 1982 issue of the Review , all of the
productivity and cost measures contained in these tables are based on
revised output and compensation measures released by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis in July as part of the regular revision cycle of the
National Income and Product Accounts. Measures of labor input
have been revised to reflect results of the 1980 census, and seasonal
factors have been recomputed for use in the preparation of quarterly
measures. The word “private” is no longer being used as part of the
series title of one of the two business sector measures prepared by
BLS; no change has been made in the definition or content of the
measures as a result of this change.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-81
[1977=100]
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ...........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r...............................
Unit labor c o s t......................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ...........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r...............................
Unit labor c o s t......................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Nonfinandal corporations:
Output per hour of all employees ......................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r...............................
Unit labor c o s t ......................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ...........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r...............................
Unit labor c o s t......................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
50.4
20.0
50.5
39.7
43.4
41.0
58.3
26.4
59.6
45.2
47.6
46.0
65.2
33.9
69.5
52.0
50.6
51.6
78.3
41.7
80.1
53.3
57.6
54.7
86.2
58.2
90.8
67.5
63.2
66.0
92.5
78.0
95.9
84.4
78.5
82.4
94.5
85.5
96.3
90.5
90.4
90.5
97.6
92.9
98.9
95.1
94.0
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
108.6
100.9
108.0
106.7
107.5
99.6
119.1
99.4
119.5
112.8
117.2
98.9
131.4
96.7
132.9
119.3
128.3
100.7
144.1
96.0
143.1
135.2
140.4
56.3
21.8
55.0
38.8
42.7
40.1
62.8
28.3
64.0
45.0
47.8
46.0
68.3
35.7
73.0
52.2
50.4
51.6
80.5
42.8
82.2
53.2
58.0
54.8
86.8
58.7
91.5
67.6
63.7
66.3
92.9
78.5
96.4
84.5
75.8
81.6
94.7
86.0
96.8
90.8
88.5
90.0
97.8
93.0
99.0
95.1
93.5
94.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
108.6
100.9
108.0
105.3
107.1
99.3
118.8
99.2
119.6
110.3
116.5
98.5
130.9
96.3
133.0
119.1
128.3
99.9
143.6
95.7
143.8
134.8
140.8
( 1)
(’ )
(’ )
(’ )
(’ )
(’ )
<’ )
(’ )
(’ )
( 1)
(’ )
(’ >
66.6
36.2
74.2
54.4
54.6
54.5
80.2
43.0
82.5
53.5
60.8
56.1
85.7
58.3
90.9
68.0
63.1
66.3
91.7
77.6
95.4
84.7
75.6
81.6
94.8
85.5
96.2
90.2
90.8
90.4
97.8
92.5
98.5
94.6
95.0
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
108.6
100.8
107.5
104.2
106.4
101.2
119.2
99.5
117.8
106.9
114.1
100.8
131.6
96.8
130.5
117.7
126.1
102.7
144.4
96.2
140.6
134.8
138.6
49.4
21.5
54.0
43.4
54.3
46.6
56.4
28.8
65.1
51.0
58.5
53.2
60.0
36.7
75.1
61.1
61.1
61.1
74.5
42.8
82.3
57.5
69.3
61.0
79.1
57.6
89.8
72.7
65.0
70.5
90.8
76.3
93.8
84.1
69.3
79.8
93.4
85.4
96.2
91.5
87.3
90.3
97.5
92.3
98.3
94.6
93.7
94.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
108.3
100.6
107.4
102.5
106.0
101.5
118.9
99.2
117.1
99.9
112.0
101.7
132.8
97.7
130.6
97.1
120.8
104.5
146.4
97.5
140.0
108.8
130.8
1Not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
85
M O N T H L Y LA B O R R EV IEW December 1982 • C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : P r o d u c tiv ity
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81
27.
Annua rate
of ch mge
Year
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees ........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit labor cost....................................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ............................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per hour................................
Unit nonlabor payments......................................
Implicit price deflator ..........................................
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1950-81
1960-81
3.6
6.6
2.2
2.9
7.6
4.4
3.5
6.5
3.1
2.9
4.5
3.4
c 2.6
8.0
1.6
5.3
5.9
5.5
-2 .4
9.4
-1 .4
12.1
4.4
9.5
2.2
9.6
0.5
7.3
15.1
9.8
3.3
8.6
2.6
5.1
4.0
4.7
2.4
7.7
1.2
5.1
6.4
5.6
0.6
8.6
0.9
8.0
6.7
7.5
-0 .9
9.7
-1 .4
10.7
5.7
9.0
-0 .7
10.4
-2 .8
11.2
5.8
9.4
1.8
9.6
-0 .7
7.7
13.3
9.5
r2.5
6.2
r 2.4
3.6
' 3.5
r 3.6
2.1
3.3
6.6
2.2
3.2
7.4
4.5
3.7
6.7
3.3
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.4
7.6
1.3
5.0
1.3
3.8
-2 .5
9.4
-1 .4
12.2
5.9
10.2
2.0
9.6
0.4
7.5
16.7
10.3
3.2
8.1
2.2
4.7
5.7
5.0
2.2
7.5
1.0
5.2
6.9
5.7
0.6
8.6
0.9
8.0
5.3
7.1
-1 .3
9.3
-1 .7
10.7
4.7
8.8
-0 .9
10.2
-2 .9
11.2
8.0
10.2
1.4
9.7
-0 .7
8.1
13.1
9.7
'2.2
5.9
r 2.1
3.7
13.5
3.6
4.8
6.5
2.1
1.6
7.4
3.5
3.0
5.8
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.6
7.7
1.4
4.9
1.5
3.8
-3 .4
9.7
-1.1
13.6
7.1
11.4
3.4
10.1
0.9
6.5
20.1
10.9
3.2
8.2
2.3
4.9
4.6
4.8
2.3
8.1
1.6
5.7
5.3
5.6
1.0
8.6
0.8
7.5
4.2
6.4
0.2
9.8
-1 .3
9.6
2.6
7.2
-0 .3
10.4
-2 .8
10.7
10.1
10.5
1.8
9.7
-0 .6
7.8
14.6
10.0
< >
n
<1)
(M
n
6.1
6.1
1.8
0.0
11.2
3.1
5.0
5.4
2.0
0.3
0.8
0.5
5.4
7.2
0.9
1.7
-3 .3
0.3
-2 .4
10.6
-0 .3
13.3
-1 .8
9.0
2.9
11.9
2.5
8.8
25.9
13.1
4.4
8.0
2.1
3.4
7.4
4.6
2.5
8.3
1.8
5.7
6.7
6.0
0.9
8.3
0.6
7.4
2.5
6.0
0.7
9.7
-1 .4
9.0
-2 .6
5.7
0.2
11.8
-1 .6
11.6
-2 .7
7.8
2.8
10.2
-0 .2
7.2
12.0
8.4
2.6
5.8
2.0
3.1
2.1
2.8
r
1Not available.
28.
O
5.0
r4.7
4.9
r 1.9
5.0
r 4.6
2.0
4.1
4.6
2.7
6.9
2.7
c= corrected.
revised.
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted
[1977=100]
______________________________________________________________ r_ _ ^ _
Quarterly indexes
average
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ..
Compensation per ho u r............
Real compensation per hour. . . .
Unit labor cost..........................
Unit nonlabor payments............
implicit price deflator ................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ..
Compensation per h o u r............
Real compensation per hour. . . .
Unit labor cost..........................
Unit nonlabor payments............
Implicit price deflator................
Nonfinanclal corporations:
Output per hour of all employees
Compensation per ho u r............
Real compensation per hour. . . .
Total unit costs ........................
Unit labor cost ..................
Unit nonlabor costs............
Unit profits ..............................
Implicit price deflator................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ..
Compensation per ho u r............
Real compensation per hour. . . .
Unit labor cost..........................
1Not available.
86
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1982
1981
1980
I
III
II
IV
1
II
III
1980
1981
1
II
III
IV
98.9
131.4
96.7
132.9
119.3
128.3
100.7
144.1
96.0
143.1
135.2
140.4
99.3
126.7
97.0
127.6
116.0
123.7
98.2
130.0
96.4
132.3
116.2
126.9
98.9
133.1
96.9
134.7
120.6
129.9
99.3
136.1
96.2
137.0
124.6
132.8
100.7
140.0
96.2
139.0
131.8
136.5
100.7
142.5
96.4
141.5
133.4
138.8
101.0
145.6
95.7
144.2
137.4
141.9
100.2
148.2
95.6
147.9
138.3
144.6
100.0
150.9
96.5
150.9
136.4
146.0
100.3
153.4
97.1
'152.9
'137.0
'147.5
»101.3
»155.7
»96.8
»153.7
p 140.8
»149.3
98.5
130.9
96.3
133.0
119.1
128.3
99.9
143.6
95.7
143.8
134.8
140.8
98.7
126.2
96.6
127.8
115.2
123.6
97.6
129.3
96.0
132.5
116.7
127.2
98.4
132.6
96.5
134.7
120.3
129.9
99.2
135.7
95.9
136.8
124.4
132.7
100.4
139.5
96.0
139.0
131.5
136.5
100.0
142.0
96.0
141.9
132.8
138.9
100.0
145.1
95.4
145.1
136.7
142.3
99.1
147.7
95.3
149.0
138.4
145.5
99.2
150.4
96.3
151.6
136.7
146.6
'99.4
'152.7
96.6
'153.5
'137.2
'148.1
»100.3
»155.1
»96.4
»154.6
»140.9
»150.1
100.8
131.6
96.8
131.0
130.5
132.5
87.9
126.1
102.7
144.4
96.2
143.4
140.6
151.4
101.6
138.6
100.8
126.8
97.0
125.0
125.8
122.7
91.1
121.1
99.8
130.0
96.4
130.4
130.2
131.0
81.9
124.8
101.1
133.4
97.1
132.9
131.9
135.7
87.8
127.7
101.7
136.3
96.3
135.8
134.1
140.7
90.5
130.6
102.8
140.4
96.5
138.3
136.5
143.4
104.7
134.5
102.7
142.7
96.5
141.7
138.9
149.6
98.8
136.8
102.8
145.7
95.8
144.7
141.7
153.1
105.2
140.2
102.2
148.6
95.9
149.1
145.4
159.6
97.6
143.2
102.3
151.7
97.1
151.8
148.3
161.8
86.1
144.3
'103.1
154.1
97.5
'153.8
'149.5
'166.0
'82.3
'145.6
(’ )
n
( 1)
( 1)
(’ )
f)
( ')
(’ )
101.7
132.8
97.7
130.6
104.5
146.4
97.5
140.0
102.6
127.1
97.3
123.9
100.4
130.9
97.1
130.3
100.3
135.2
98.5
134.9
103.6
138.4
97.8
133.6
105.2
142.6
98.0
135.5
105.0
144.9
97.9
138.0
105.0
147.3
96.8
140.3
102.8
150.7
97.2
146.6
102.1
154.7
99.0
151.5
'102.3
157.6
99.7
'154.0
»104.1
p 160.1
»99.5
»153.8
r= revised.
p= preliminary.
29. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted at annual rate
[1977 = 100]
Percent change from same quarter a year ago
Quarterly percent change at annual rate
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
III 1980
to
III 1981
IV 1980
to
IV 1981
11981
to
I 1982
II 1981
to
I1 1982
III 1981
to
III 1982
r 1.4
6.9
2.2
r 5.5
'1.7
'4.3
p4.0
p6.2
p —1.3
p2.1
»11.5
p5.0
2.5
9.7
-0.1
6.9
14.8
9.4
2.2
9.4
-1 .3
7.1
13.9
9.2
0.9
8.9
-0 .6
7.9
11.0
8.9
-0 .7
7.8
0.3
8.6
3.5
6.9
-0 .4
7.6
'0.8
8.1
'2.7
'6.3
»0.3
»6.9
»1.1
»6.6
»2.5
»5.2
0.6
7.7
4.3
7.1
-4 .6
3.3
'0.8
'6.1
1.4
'5.2
'1.3
'4.0
»3.6
p6.6
p -0 .9
»2.9
»11.3
»5.5
2.5
9.8
0.0
7.1
13.8
9.2
1.6
9.4
-1 .2
7.7
13.6
9.6
-0.1
8.8
-0 .6
8.9
11.2
9.6
-1.1
7.8
0.3
9.0
4.0
7.4
I
1 Not available.
I11980
to
I11981
7.5
0.6
'8.2
'3.3
'6.6
»0.3
»6.9
»1.1
»6.6
»3.1
»5.5
-2 .3
8.3
0.5
12.8
10.9
17.8
-25 .9
8.9
0.5
8.6
5.2
7.4
8.1
5.7
-39.4
3.0
'2.9
6.4
1.7
'5.4
'3.4
'0.7
' -16.7
'3.8
<’ )
n
n
n
2.9
9.8
0.1
8.7
6.7
14.2
20.7
9.6
1.7
9.2
-1 .4
8.9
7.5
12.9
19.7
9.7
0.6
9.0
-0 .5
9.8
8.4
13.4
7.9
9.6
-0 .5
8.1
0.6
9.7
8.6
12.8
-17.8
7.3
'0.3
'8.0
'1.0
'8.5
'7.6
'10.9
' —16.7
'6.4
(’ )
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
(’ )
( ')
(’ )
-8 .2
9.6
1.6
19.4
-2 .4
11.1
7.6
13.9
'0.8
7.8
3.1
'6.9
»7.1
»6.5
» -1 .1
4.5
10.7
0.9
5.9
4.7
8.9
-1 .7
4.0
-0 .8
8.9
-0 .6
9.8
-2 .9
8.5
1.0
11.7
'- 2 . 5
8.8
1.8
'11.6
IV 1981
to
I 1982
1 1982
to
II 1982
0.0
7.5
0.5
7.5
4.9
6.6
1.1
9.0
-2 .6
7.8
12.5
9.3
-2 .9
7.4
-0 .4
10.6
2.9
8.0
-1 .0
7.3
3.9
8.4
-5 .4
3.8
-1 .3
7.1
0.1
8.6
4.0
7.1
-0 .3
9.0
-2 .6
9.3
12.1
10.2
-3 .5
7.3
-0 .5
11.2
5.1
9.2
-0 .4
6.9
-0.1
10.2
7.3
18.5
-2 0 .8
7.1
0.3
8.5
-3 .0
8.6
8.2
9.8
28.4
10.2
-0 .7
6.6
-0 .4
7.3
-0.1
6.8
-4 .6
6.8
r= revised.
<1)
(’ >
( 1)
n
I
III 1981
to
IV 1981
o
Ò)
I1 1981
to
III 1981
11981
to
II 1981
to
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ......................
Compensation per hour .................................
Real compensation per h o u r...........................
Unit labor costs ...............................................
Unit nonlabor payments .................................
Implicit price deflator ......................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ......................
Compensation per hour ..................................
Real compensation per h o u r...........................
Unit labor costs ...............................................
Unit nonlabor payments .................................
Implicit price deflator ......................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees ..................
Compensation per hour .................................
Real compensation per h o u r...........................
Total unit costs ...............................................
Unit labor costs ..........................................
Unit nonlabor c o s ts ......................................
Unit profits........................................................
Implicit price deflator ......................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ......................
Compensation per hour ..................................
Real compensation per h o u r...........................
Unit labor costs ...............................................
I1 1982
to
III 1982
o
Item
» -0 .8
»8.7
»2.8
»9.6
p = preliminary.
87
WAGE AN D CO M PENSATIO N DATA
are reported to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private non
farm establishments and 750 State and local government units
selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On
average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation
information on five well-specified occupations.
data
FOR THE
em plo ym en t
COST
in d e x
Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained
from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the
parties, and secondary sources.
Definitions
The E m ploym ent C ost In d ex (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the
average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total com
pensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for
employee benefits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks.
Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all se
ries produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status,
and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are meas
ured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Cen
sus of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI.
While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in
the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the
employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord
with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is avail
able for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey
months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are
neither annualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.
W ages and sa la ries consist of earnings before payroll deductions,
excluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays,
and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, com
missions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction
bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the bene
fits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are
excluded. B enefits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and
savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits.
D a ta on n egotiated w age changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more.
Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements cover
ing 5,000 workers or more. F irst-year wage or compensation changes
refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settle
ments reached in the period and implemented within the first 12
months after the effective date of the agreement. C hanges over the life
88
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o f the agreem en t refer to all adjustments specified in the contract,
expressed as an average annual rate. These measures exclude wage
changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that
are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. W age-rate
changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings;
com pensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.
E ffectiv e w age adjustm ents reflect all negotiated changes imple
mented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They
include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes
deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-ofliving adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no
wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of
their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units
with at least 1,000 workers.
N o t e s o n t h e d a ta
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quar
ter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in
the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee bene
fits were included in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent
change in employers’ cost for employees’ total compensation. State
and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981,
providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian non
farm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker
groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service indus
try groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and in
dustry detail are provided for the wages and salaries component of
total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local
government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total
compensation and its wages and salaries component.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of chang
es presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 25, The
Employment Cost Index,” of the BLS H an dbook o f M ethods (Bulletin
1910), and the M on th ly L a b o r R eview articles: “Employment Cost In
dex: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,”’ July 1975; “How
benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” Janu
ary 1978; and “The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and ex
pansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and com
pensation changes appear in C urrent W age D evelopm ents, a monthly
periodical of the Bureau.
30.
Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group
[June 1981 = 100]
Percent change
1980
1982
1981
3 months
ended
Series
Sept
Dec.
March
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Civilian nonfarm workers'....................................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ............................................................
Blue-collar w o rke rs ..............................................................
Service workers ...................................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing.......................................................................
Nonmanufacturing.................................................................
S ervices............................................................................
Public administration2 ......................................................
Private nonfarm workers ....................................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ............................................................
Blue-collar workers ..............................................................
Service workers ...................................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing.......................................................................
Nonmanufacturing.................................................................
Sept
Dec,
March
June
100.0
102.6
104.5
106.3
107.5
110.1
2.4
7.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
102.3
102.8
104.9
104.1
104.2
106.5
105.7
107.2
107.7
107.1
108.3
110.7
109.2
110.8
2.8
2.0
2.3
7.8
6.7
7.8
102.1
102.8
104.4
104.3
104.0
104.8
107.1
106.0
106.0
106.4
108.2
108.1
107.2
107.7
109.2
109.1
109.3
110.5
113.5
112.8
2.0
2.6
3.9
3.4
7.1
7.5
8.7
8.1
Sept
September 1982
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.8
94.7
98.1
100.0
102.0
104.0
105.8
107.2
109.3
2.0
7.2
92.6
93.0
92.7
94.5
94.9
94.3
98.3
97.8
99.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.8
102.2
101.9
104.0
104.0
103.1
105.8
105.6
106.7
107.2
107.0
107.9
109.5
109.0
109.6
2.1
1.9
1.6
7.6
6.7
7.6
92.6
92.9
94.7
94.7
98.0
98.2
100.0
1000
102.1
102.0
104.0
103.9
106.0
105.7
107.2
107.1
109.3
109.3
2.0
2.1
7.1
7.2
State and local government workers ..................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ............................................................
Blue-collar workers ..............................................................
Workers, by industry division
Services................................................................................
Schools ............................................................................
Elementary and secondary..........................................
Hospitals and other services3 ..........................................
Public administration2 ..........................................................
'Excludes household and Federal workers.
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
June
12 months
ended
-
-
-
100.0
105.3
107.4
108.8
109.3
114.3
4.6
8.5
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
105.7
104.2
107.8
105.9
109.1
108.2
109.5
108.9
114.9
112.7
4.9
3.5
8.7
8.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1000
105.8
106.0
106.3
105.0
104.3
107.9
107.9
108.3
107.8
106.0
109.0
108.9
109.3
109.5
108.1
109.4
109.1
109.5
110.3
109.1
114.9
114.8
115.6
115.3
112.8
5.0
5.2
5.6
4.5
3.4
8.6
8.3
8.7
9.8
8.1
—
includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
Note: Dashes indicate data not available.
89
M O N T H L Y LA B O R R EV IEW December 1982 • C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : W a g e a n d C o m p e n sa tio n D a ta
31.
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1981 = 100]
Percent change
1982
1981
1980
3 months
ended
Series
12 months
ended
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
September 1982
-
-
-
100.0
102.5
104.4
106.3
107.3
109.7
2.2
7.0
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ............................................................
Blue-collar w o rke rs...............................................................
Service workers ...................................................................
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.6
102.4
102.5
104.7
104.0
103.6
106.7
105.5
106.8
107.6
106.7
107.9
110.4
108.6
110.1
2.6
1.8
2.0
7.6
6.1
7.4
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing........................................................................
Nonmanufacturing.................................................................
Services............................................................................
Public administration2 ......................................................
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.7
104.4
103.8
104.0
104.5
106.6
105.5
105.9
106.5
108.6
107.5
107.0
107.5
109.5
108.4
108.8
110.1
113.2
111.9
1.7
2.4
3.4
3.2
6.6
7.2
8.4
7.8
Private nonfarm workers..................................................
93.5
95.4
980
100.0
102.0
103.8
105.9
107.1
109.0
1.8
6.9
93.3
93.2
93.5
92.2
93.8
93.8
94.0
93.6
93.5
93.9
93.4
95.2
95.3
94.7
94.8
957
95.7
96.1
95.5
95.3
95.7
94.8
98.1
98.2
98.6
96.2
98.6
97.7
97.8
97.8
96.8
97.5
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.8
103.3
101.6
98.0
102 7
102.3
102.9
102.1
101.0
101.5
101.8
103.9
105.5
102.8
101.9
104.2
103.9
104.3
104.1
102.7
103.3
102.7
106.2
108.0
105.8
102.2
107.0
105.4
106.2
105.4
103.2
104.1
106.7
107.3
109.4
107.2
101.8
108.3
106.6
107.6
106.6
104.1
105.1
107.9
109.4
111.8
108.5
104.5
110.3
108.5
109.6
108.3
106.0
106.5
109.3
2.0
2.2
1.2
2.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.3
1.3
7.5
8.2
6.8
6.6
7.4
6.1
6.5
6.1
5.0
4.9
7.4
93.6
93.5
93.8
93.4
94.5
93.1
93.6
93.0
93.8
91.2
94.2
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.2
95.9
95.6
95.1
95.9
94.8
93.1
95.7
97.9
97.9
97.8
98.1
97.6
97.7
98.2
985
98.1
95.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.1
102.0
102.0
103.0
102.0
101.3
102.0
101.0
98.3
103.6
104.0
104.5
103.1
103.8
104.3
103.6
102.3
103.4
101.9
102.3
105.8
105.9
106.3
105.3
105.9
105.9
105.7
103.9
106.3
103.0
103.7
108.8
107.0
107.4
106.3
107.1
107.3
106.9
105.8
108.9
104.5
102.4
110.0
108.8
109.0
108.5
109.1
109.1
109.5
106.5
109.0
105.5
106.1
112.5
1.7
1.5
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.4
.7
.1
1.0
3.6
2.3
6.6
6.8
6.4
7.0
5.9
7.4
5.1
6.9
4.5
7.9
8.6
—
-
-
100.0
105.0
107.0
108.2
108.7
113.5
4.4
8.1
—
—
~
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
105.4
103.9
107.5
105.5
108.5
107.5
108.9
107.9
114.2
111.5
4.9
3.3
8.3
7.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.5
105.7
106.0
104.6
103.8
107.6
107.7
107.9
107.3
105.5
108.4
108.3
108.7
108.8
107.5
108.8
108.5
108.8
109.5
108.4
114.2
114.2
114.9
114.3
111.9
5.0
5.3
5.6
4.4
3.2
8.2
8.0
8.4
9.3
7.8
Civilian nonfarm workers1 ....................................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ............................................................
Professional and technical w orkers.................................
Managers and administrators..........................................
Salesworkers ...................................................................
Clerical workers ...............................................................
Blue-collar workers ..............................................................
Craft and kindred workers ...............................................
Operatives, except transport ..........................................
Transport equipment operatives ......................................
Nonfarm laborers ............................................................
Service workers ...................................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing.......................................................................
Durables............................................................................
Nondurables.....................................................................
Nonmanufacturing.................................................................
Construction .....................................................................
Transportation and public utilities ....................................
Wholesale and retail tra d e ...............................................
Wholesale trade ..........................................................
Retail tra d e ...................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate.................................
Services............................................................................
State and local government workers ..............................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ........................................................
Blue-collar workers ..........................................................
Workers, by industry division
S ervices............................................................................
Schools ........................................................................
Elementary and secondary......................................
Hospitals and other services3 ..........................................
Public administration2 ......................................................
—
’ Excludes household and Federal workers.
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
90
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
3 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
N ote: Dashes indicate data not available.
32.
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
[June 1981 = 100]
Percent change
1980
1981
1982
3 months
ended
Series
12 months
ended
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
September 1982
Union .........................................................................................
Manufacturing .......................................................................
Nonmanufacturing .................................................................
92.4
—
94.7
—
97.6
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.5
102.3
102.7
104.8
104.6
105.0
106.5
106.3
106.8
108.4
108.0
108.7
110.6
110.3
111.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
7.9
7.8
8.1
Nonunion.....................................................................................
Manufacturing ........................................................................
Nonmanufacturing .................................................................
92.8
—
94.6
—
98.4
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.7
101.8
101.7
103.5
103.5
103.5
105.3
105.7
105.2
106.5
106.6
106.4
108.5
108.4
108.6
1.9
1.7
2.1
6.7
6.5
6.8
92.8
91.9
94.7
94.2
98.1
98.1
100.0
100.0
102.1
101.8
104.1
103.2
105.7
106.2
107.2
107.0
109.4
108.6
2.1
1.5
7.1
6.7
Workers, by bargaining status'
Union ..........................................................................................
Manufacturing ........................................................................
Nonmanufacturing .................................................................
93.5
93.8
93.1
95.8
96.1
95.5
97.4
97.7
97.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
102.6
102.8
105.0
104.7
105.2
106.5
105.9
107.0
108.1
107.3
108.8
110.3
109.5
111.1
2.0
2.1
2.1
7.4
6.7
8.1
Nonunion.....................................................................................
Manufacturing ........................................................................
Nonmanufacturing .................................................................
93.4
93.4
93.4
95.1
95.4
95.0
98.2
97.9
98.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.6
101.7
101.6
103.2
103.3
103.2
105.6
105.9
105.5
106.5
106.7
106.4
108.3
108.2
108.3
1.7
1.4
1.8
6.6
6.4
6.6
Workers, by region'
Northeast ...................................................................................
South ..........................................................................................
North Central..............................................................................
W e st............................................................................................
94.2
93.2
93.3
93.5
96.0
94.9
95.3
95.3
98.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.7
101.9
101.6
103.2
104.4
102.8
103.3
105.1
106.1
105.7
104.7
107.9
106.7
107.4
106.1
108.6
109.7
108.8
107.6
110.7
2.8
1.3
1.4
1.9
7.9
6.8
5.9
7.3
Workers, by area size'
Metropolitan a re a s .....................................................................
Other a reas................................................................................
93.5
92.9
95.4
95.1
97.9
98.3
100.0
100.0
102.1
101.8
104.0
103.1
105.9
106.0
107.1
106.8
109.1
108.3
1.9
1.4
6.9
6.4
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status'
Workers, by area size1
Metropolitan a re a s .....................................................................
Other a reas................................................................................
WAGES ANO SALARIES
1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a
detailed description of the index calculation, see BIS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 1910.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
91
M O N T H L Y LA B O R R EV IEW December 1982 • C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : W a g e a n d C o m p e n sa tio n D a ta
33.
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date
[In percent]
Quarterly average
Measure
1980
1981
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
III
IV
I
9.6
6.2
8.3
6.3
9.0
6.6
10.4
7.1
10.2
8.3
11.4
7.2
8.5
6.1
First year of contract....................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
7.8
5.8
7.6
6.4
7.4
6.0
9.5
7.1
9.8
7.9
10.5
7.4
Manufacturing:
First year of contract....................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
8.4
5.5
8.3
6.6
6.9
5.4
7.4
5.4
7.2
6.1
Nonmanufacturing (excluding
construction):
First year of contract....................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
8.0
5.9
8.0
6.5
7.6
6.2
9.5
6.6
Construction:
First year of contract....................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
6.3
6.3
6.5
6.2
8.8
8.3
13.6
11.5
1982 p
II
III
IV
r
IIr
III
7.7
7.2
11.6
10.8
10.5
8.1
11.0
5.8
1.9
1.2
2.6
2.1
6.5
4.9
8.3
6.5
7.1
6.2
11.8
9.7
10.8
8.7
9.0
5.7
3.0
2.8
3.4
3.2
5.8
4.8
8.4
5.6
7.8
5.8
6.4
5.5
8.2
6.7
9.0
7.5
6.6
5.4
2.5
2.7
1.7
1.6
5.5
4.2
9.8
7.3
9.5
5.9
8.2
6.8
8.0
7.3
11.8
9.1
8.6
7.2
9.6
5.6
2.7
2.1
6.2
5.5
5.6
4.8
13.5
11.3
15.4
13.0
14.3
12.0
11.4
10.3
12.9
11.1
16.4
12.4
11.4
11.7
9.1
8.9
6.2
6.4
7.5
7.1
Total compensation changes covering
5,000 workers or more, all
industries:
First year of contract....................
Annual rate over life of contract ..
Wage rate changes covering at least
1,000 workers, all industries:
p=preliminary.
92
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r= revised.
34.
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1977 to date
Year and quarter
Year
1981
1980
Measure
1977
1978
1979
1980
1982 p
1981
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
r
II'
III
Average percent adjustment (including no change):
All industries..........................................................
Manufacturing...................................................
Nonmanufacturing.............................................
8.0
8.4
7.6
8.2
8.6
7.9
9.1
9.6
8.8
9.9
10.2
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.7
2.3
1.2
3.2
2.4
3.8
3.3
3.1
3.4
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.0
.9
1.0
2.0
.9
2.7
2.3
1.6
2.8
From settlements reached in period ....................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period
From cost-of-living clauses....................................
3.0
3.2
1.7
2.0
3.7
2.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.6
3.5
2.8
2.5
3.8
3.2
1.7
1.2
.7
.5
.3
.6
.4
.5
.7
1.1
1.4
.7
.5
1.5
1.2
.4
.4
.6
.2
.5
.3
.4
1.4
.2
.5
1.2
.6
Total number of workers receiving wage change (in
thousands)1 ..........................................................
—
—
—
8,648
—
—
3,855
4,701
4,364
3,225
2,877
3,425
3,654
579
909
540
604
203
493
588
888
2,639
2,055
2,669
3,023
2,934
882
2,179
1,006
1,913
1,627
1,550
2,378
2,126
4,937
4,092
4,428
5,568
5,628
5,080
4,851
From settlements reached
in p erioo ............................................................
Deferred from settlements
reached in earlier period .................................
From cost-of-living clauses....................................
Number of workers receiving no adjustments (in
thousands) ............................................................
2,270
—
_
—
—
—
6,267
4,593
—
145
1 The total number of workers who received adjustments does not equal the sum of workers that
received each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment
during the period.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
p=preliminary,
r= revised,
93
WORK STOPPAGE DATA
Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working
time measures only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers
or more). Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of
strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the impact of vir
tually a ll strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection of
data on strikes involving 6 workers or more was discontinued
with the December 1981 data.
s t o p p a g e s include all known strikes or lockouts involv
ing 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Data are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all
workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly in
volved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or sec
ondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle
owing to material or service shortages.
W ork
35.
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
Beginning in
month or year
Days idle
Workers involved
Number of stoppages
Month and year
In effect
during month
or year
Beginning in
month or year
(in thousands)
In effect
during month
(in thousands)
Number
(in thousands)
Percent of
estimated
working time
1947 ..................................................................................................
1948
............................................................................
1949 ..................................................................................................
1950 ..................................................................................................
270
245
262
424
1,629
1,435
2,537
1,698
25,720
26,127
43,420
30,390
.22
.38
.26
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
415
470
437
265
363
1,462
2,746
1,623
1,075
2,055
15,070
48,820
18,130
16,630
21,180
.12
.38
.14
.13
.16
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
..................................................................................................
..............................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................................
287
279
332
245
222
1,370
887
1,587
1,381
896
26,840
10,340
17,900
60,850
13,260
.20
.07
.13
.43
.09
1 9 6 1 ..................................................................................................
1962 ..................................................................................................
1963 ................
1964 ..................................................................................................
1965 ............................................
195
211
181
246
268
1,031
793
512
1,183
999
10,140
11,760
10,020
16,220
15,140
.07
.08
.07
.11
.10
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................................................
..................................................................................................
321
381
392
412
381
1 300
2,192
1,855
1,576
2 468
16,000
31,320
35,567
29,397
52,761
.10
18
.20
.16
.29
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
298
250
317
424
235
2,516
975
1 400
1,796
965
35,538
16,764
16,260
31,809
17,563
.19
.09
.08
.16
.09
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
231
298
219
235
187
1,519
1 212
1 006
1,021
795
23,962
21,258
23,774
20,409
20,844
.12
.10
.11
.09
.09
145
729
1981 ................................................................................................
1981:
January ..........................................................................
February .......................................................................
March ............................................................................
April ..............................................................................
May ..............................................................................
June ..............................................................................
J u ly ................................................................................
August............................................................................
September.....................................................................
O ctober..........................................................................
6
7
16
17
18
30
23
9
5
7
12
10
20
27
27
43
38
17
10
11
1982 p :
January..........................................................................
February........................................................................
M a rc h ............................................................................
April ..............................................................................
May ..............................................................................
June ..............................................................................
J u ly ................................................................................
August............................................................................
September.....................................................................
O ctober..........................................................................
2
2
3
9
14
17
11
15
r 14
3
4
6
8
16
21
25
22
24
r 28
14
p=preliminary.
94
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16,908
.07
12.0
10.7
201.6
48.0
85.1
200.1
80.1
36.2
26.3
13.4
29.6
20.9
207.8
223.5
259.0
415.1
125.4
86.6
65.2
48.3
257.9
118.5
861.8
4,085.2
4,454.0
2,618.3
1,575.5
1,017.9
898.8
733.9
.01
.01
04
.20
.24
.13
.08
.05
.05
.04
6.1
2.5
8.3
35.7
43.7
41.4
36.3
r 42.0
r 390.0
40.0
11.4
13.9
21.3
55.3
60.3
64.5
62.2
r 59.9
r 423.7
71.4
199.9
236.9
352.2
480.3
636.1
894.0
830.9
r 786.0
r 2,126.5
948.6
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.04
.04
.11
.05
r=revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Index of Volume 105
January 1982 through December 1982
INDEX OF VOLUME 105
JANUARY 1982 THROUGH DECEMBER 1982
AFL-CIO
Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research
Association, December 1981. Papers from. 1982 Apr. 47-51. 1982
May. 29-33. 1982 June. 45-54.
The AFL and a national BLS: labor’s role is crystallized, a centennial
view. 1982 Mar. 21-29.
CONSTRUCTION
AGRICULTURE
Labor and material requirements for hospital construction. 1982 Mar.
34-37.
ACCIDENTS (See Work injuries.)
The effects of the minimum wage on farm employment: a new model.
1982 June. 47-51.
Large supplies of meats, grains cut recent food price increases. 1982
Jan. 10-15.
Productivity growth average in farm machinery manufacturing. 1982
Oct. 6-10.
APPRENTICESHIP (See Education and training.)
ARBITRATION (See Collective bargaining.)
AUSTRALIA
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
AUTOMATION (See Technological change.)
BARGAINING (See Collective bargaining.)
BENEFITS (See Supplemental benefits.)
BUDGETS
Final report on family budgets: cost increases slowed, autumn 1981.
1982 July. 44-46.
Retired couple’s budgets, final report, autumn 1981. 1982 Nov. 3738.
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The AFL and a national BLS: labor’s role is crystallized, a centennial
view. 1982 Mar. 21-29.
CANADA
Canadian legal approaches to sex equality in the workplace. 1982 Oct.
38-42.
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
CIVIL SERVANTS (See Public employees.)
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
Easing the hardship of plant shutdowns. 1982 Mar. 43-44.
Organized labor in 1981: a shifting of priorities. 1982 Jan. 21-28.
CONFERENCES AND CONVENTIONS
Political issues dominate ILO conference; worker standards adopted.
1982 Oct. 35-38.
96
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CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the CPI.
1982 June. 9-14.
Inflation continues to abate during the first quarter. 1982 July. 3-9.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: an update. 1982 Jan. 4344.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: 4th quarter 1981. 1982
May. 34-35.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: first quarter 1982. 1982
July. 37-38.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: second quarter 1982.
1982 Oct. 28-29.
COST OF LIVING
Cost-of-living indexes for Americans living abroad. 1982 Sept. 38.
Scheduled wage increases and cost-of-living provisions in 1982. 1982
Jan. 16-20.
CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY
Labor force data from CPS to undergo revision in January 1983. 1982
Nov. 3-6.
DISABILITY
Disability benefits for employees in private pension plans. 1982 Aug.
36-40.
DISCRIMINATION (See Equal Employment Opportunity.)
EARNINGS AND WAGES
General
Does a younger male labor force mean greater earnings inequality?
1982 Nov. 42-45.
Earnings gap. 1982 Nov. 2.
Earnings of men and women: a look at specific occupations. 1982
Apr. 25-31.
The effects of the minimum wage on farm employment: a new model.
1982 June. 47-51.
The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion. 1982 May.
9-14.
Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index. 1982 May.
40-42.
New look at occupational wages within individual establishments.
1982 Nov. 22-28.
Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1982. 1982 Oct.
30-32.
Pay equity emerges as a top labor issue in the 1980’s. 1982 Apr. 4951.
Public-sector union wage effects: a time series analysis. 1982 June. 5153.
Scheduled wage increases and cost-of-living provisions in 1982. 1982
Jan. 16-20.
Tenure as a factor in the male-female earnings gap. 1982 Apr. 32-34.
The spendable earnings series: has it outlived its usefulness? 1982 Jan.
3-9.
Time rates tighten their grip on manufacturing industries. 1982 May.
15-22.
Unemployment and its effect on family income in 1980. 1982 Apr.
35-43.
Unpaid family workers: long-term decline continues. 1982 Oct. 3-5.
Usual weekly earnings: another look at intergroup differences and ba
sic trends. 1982 Apr. 15-24.
Wage increases moderate in 1981. 1982 May. 3-8.
Weekly family earnings: a quarterly perspective. 1982 Aug. 46-49.
White-collar pay levels linked to corporate work force size. 1982 May.
23-28.
Why wages should not be blamed for the inflation problem. 1982
Apr. 44-45.
Work experience. 1982 Aug. 2.
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
Canadian legal approaches to sex equality in the workplace. 1982 Oct.
38- 42.
Labor Department’s first program to assist black workers. 1982 June.
39- 44.
EUROPE
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
EXPORTS (See Foreign trade.)
FEDERAL EMPLOYEES (See Public employees.)
FOREIGN TRADE
Imports and domestic employment: identifying affected industries.
1982 Aug. 13-26.
Import price indexes for crude petroleum. 1982 Nov. 29-32.
FRANCE
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
FRINGE BENEFITS (See Supplemental benefits.)
GOVERNMENT W'ORKERS (See Public employees.)
GREAT BRITAIN (See United Kingdom.)
HEALTH AND SAFETY (See Occupational safety and health.)
HEALTH INSURANCE PLANS
Specified industries and occupations
Clerical pay differentials in metropolitan areas, 1961-80. 1982 July. 1014.
Determinants of health insurance and pension coverage. 1982 May.
30-32.
HOURS OF WORK
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
The productivity puzzle: numbers alone won’t solve it. 1982 Oct. 1521.
Tracking job growth in private industry. 1982 Sept. 3-9.
Productivity declined in 1980 in most industries measured. 1982 May.
36-39.
Workers on long schedules, single and multiple jobholders. 1982
May. 47-53.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HOUSING (See Construction.)
Educational attainment of workers, March 1981. 1982 Apr. 52-55.
Human capital and multinationals: evidence from Brazil and Mexico.
1982 June. 45-47.
IMMIGRATION
EMPLOYMENT (See also Unemployment; Labor force.)
Better measures of service employment goal of Bureau survey rede
sign. 1982 Nov. 7-16.
Blacks in the 1970’s: did they scale the job ladder? 1982 June. 29-38.
Educational attainment of workers, March 1981. 1982 Apr. 52-55.
Employment problems and poverty: examining the linkages. 1982
June. 55-59.
Evaluating the 1980 projections of occupational employment. 1982
July. 22-30.
Labor force activity of women receiving child support or alimony.
1982 Nov. 39-41.
Labor force data: the impact of the 1980 census. 1982 July. 39—43.
Labor force patterns of students, graduates, and dropouts, 1981. 1982
Sept. 39-42.
Marital and family patterns of workers: an update. 1982 May. 53-56.
Occupational winners and losers: who they were during 1972-80.
1982 June. 18-28.
Shortages of machinists: an evaluation of the information. 1982 July.
31-36.
The employment situation in 1981: new recession takes its toll. 1982
Mar. 3-14.
The future of work: does it belong to us or to the robots? 1982 Sept.
10-14.
The Nation’s employment situation worsens in the first half of 1982.
1982 Aug. 3-12.
Tracking youth joblessness: persistent or fleeting? 1982 Feb. 3-15.
Work experience. 1982 Aug. 2.
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Labor market rights of foreign-born workers. 1982 May. 32-33.
Select commission suggests changes in immigration policy— a review
essay. 1982 Feb. 31-37.
IMPORTS (See Foreign trade.)
INCENTIVE PLANS
Time rates tighten their grip on manufacturing industries. 1982 May.
15-22.
INCOME (See Earnings and wages.)
INDEXES
Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the CPI.
1982 June. 9-14.
Cost-of-living indexes for Americans living abroad. 1982 Sept. 38.
Employment Cost Index continues to decelerate in second quarter.
1982 Oct. 32-33.
Final report on family budgets: cost increases slowed, autumn 1981.
1982 July. 44-46.
Import price indexes for crude petroleum. 1982 Nov. 29-32.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: an update. 1982 Jan. 4344.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: 4th quarter 1981. 1982
May. 34—35.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: first quarter 1982. 1982
July. 37-38.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: second quarter 1982.
1982 Oct. 28-29.
The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion. 1982 May.
9-14
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (See Labor-management relations.)
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Index of Volume 105
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research
Association, December 1981. Papers from. 1982 Apr. 47-51. 1982
May. 29-33. 1982 June. 45-54.
INFLATION (See also Prices.)
Inflation continues to abate during the first quarter. 1982 July. 3-9.
Price changes in 1981: widespread slowing of inflation. 1982 Apr. 314.
The spendable earnings series: has it outlived its usefulness? 1982 Jan.
3-9.
Why wages should not be blamed for the inflation problem. 1982
Apr. 44-45.
INJURIES (See Work injuries.)
Shortages of machinists: an evaluation of the information. 1982 July.
31-36.
Sweden combats unemployment of young and older workers. 1982
Oct. 22-27.
The aging of the older population and the effect on its labor force
rates. 1982 Sept. 27-29.
The employment situation in 1981: new recession takes its toll. 1982
Mar. 3-14.
The Nation’s employment situation worsens in the first half of 1982.
1982 Aug. 3-12.
Tracking youth joblessness: persistent or fleeting? 1982 Feb. 3-15.
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
Unpaid family workers: long-term decline continues. 1982 Oct. 3-5.
Up and down. 1982 June. 2.
Work force reductions. 1982 July. 2.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION
LABOR LAW
Political issues dominate ILO conference; worker standards adopted.
1982 Oct. 35-38.
State labor legislation enacted in 1981. 1982 Jan. 29-42.
Unemployment insurance laws: changes enacted during 1981. 1982
Feb. 16-23.
ITALY
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
JAPAN
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
JOB SATISFACTION
Did job satisfaction really drop during the 1970’s? 1982 Nov. 33-36.
JOB VACANCIES
Labor turnover in manufacturing: the survey in retrospect. 1982 June.
15-17.
Shortages of machinists: an evaluation of the information. 1982 July.
31-36.
LABOR COSTS (See Unit labor cost.)
LABOR AND ECONOMIC HISTORY
Labor Department’s first program to assist black workers. 1982 June.
39-44.
The AFL and a national BLS: labor’s role is crystallized, A centenni
al view. 1982 Mar. 21-29.
LABOR FORCE
Does a younger male labor force mean greater earnings inequality?
1982 Nov. 42-45.
Educational attainment of workers, March 1981. 1982 Apr. 52-55.
Employment problems and poverty: examining the linkages. 1982
June. 55-59.
How accurate were projections of the 1980 labor force? 1982 July.
15-21.
How women’s health affects labor force attachment. 1982 Apr. 56-59.
Jobs for college grads. 1982 Sept. 2.
Labor force activity of women receiving child support or alimony.
1982 Nov. 39-41.
Labor force data from CPS to undergo revision in January 1983. 1982
Nov. 3-6.
Labor force data: the impact of the 1980 census. 1982 July. 39-43.
Labor force patterns of students, graduates, and dropouts, 1981. 1982
Sept. 39-42.
Labor market rights of foreign-born workers. 1982 May. 32-33.
Marital and family patterns of workers: an update. 1982 May. 53-56.
More than half of all children have working mothers. 1982 Feb. 4143.
Native Americans in the labor force: hunting for an accurate measure.
1982 July. 47-51.
New worklife estimates reflect changing profile of labor force. 1982
Mar. 15-20.
Occupational winners and losers: who they were during 1972—80.
1982 June. 18-28.
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LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
A model for measuring effectiveness of the grievance process. 1982
Apr. 47-49.
Can the NLRB caseload detect changes in labor relations climate?
1982 May. 29-30.
Easing the hardship of plant shutdowns. 1982 Mar. 43-44.
Helping labor and management see and solve problems. 1982 Sept.
15-20.
How European unions cope with new technology. 1982 Sept. 36-38.
Organized labor in 1981: a shifting of priorities. 1982 Jan. 21-28.
LABOR MARKET
Area labor market response to national unemployment patterns. 1982
Jan. 45-49.
GAO study focuses on problems of teenagers in labor market. 1982
Oct. 33-34.
Shortages of machinists: an evaluation of the information. 1982 July.
31-36.
Tracking job growth in private industry. 1982 Sept. 3-9.
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
Becoming a union leader: the path to local office. 1982 Feb. 44-46.
Determinants of voter participation in union certification elections.
1982 Apr. 45-47.
Organizations of working women can pave the way for unions. 1982
June. 53-54.
Public-sector union wage effects: a time series analysis. 1982 June. 5153.
LABOR REQUIREMENTS
Labor and material requirements for hospital construction. 1982 Mar.
34-37.
Labor market rights of foreign-born workers. 1982 May. 32-33.
Unemployment insurance laws: changes enacted during 1981. 1982
Feb. 16-23.
MANUFACTURING
Hand and edge tool industry experiences slow rise in productivity.
1982 Oct. 11-14.
Imports and domestic employment: identifying affected industries.
1982 Aug. 13-26.
Labor turnover in manufacturing: the survey in retrospect. 1982 June.
15-17.
Millwork industry shows slow growth in productivity. 1982 Sept. 2126.
Non wool yarn mills experience slow gains in productivity. 1982 Mar.
30-33.
Productivity growth average in farm machinery manufacturing. 1982
Oct. 6-10.
Time rates tighten their grip on manufacturing industries. 1982 May.
15-22.
MEDIATION
PRICES
Helping labor and management see and solve problems. 1982 Sept.
15-20.
Import price indexes for crude petroleum. 1982 Nov. 29-32.
Inflation continues to abate during the first quarter. 1982 July. 3-9.
Large supplies of meats, grains cut recent food price increases. 1982
Jan. 10-15.
Price changes in 1981: widespread slowing of inflation. 1982 Apr. 314.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: an update. 1982 Jan. 4344.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: 4th quarter 1981. 1982
May. 34-35.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: first quarter 1982. 1982
July. 37-38.
Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Deflator: second quarter 1982.
1982 Oct. 28-29.
MINORITY WORKERS
Blacks in the 1970’s: did they scale the job ladder? 1982 June. 29-38.
Labor Department’s first program to assist black workers. 1982 June.
39-44.
MOBILITY
Blacks in the 1970’s: did they scale the job ladder? 1982 June. 29-38.
Occupational changes and tenure, 1981. 1982 Sept. 29-33.
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Workers on long schedules, single and multiple jobholders. 1982
May. 47-53.
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
Can the NLRB caseload detect changes in labor relations climate?
1982 May. 29-30.
Determinants of voter participation in union certification elections.
1982 Apr. 45-47.
NETHERLANDS, THE
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (See also Work inju
ries.)
Another look at the link between work injuries and job experience.
1982 Feb. 38-40.
Job safety. 1982 Jan. 2; 1982 Dec. 2.
How valid are estimates of occupational illness? 1982 Aug. 27-35.
How women’s health affects labor force attachment. 1982 Apr. 56-59.
OCCUPATIONS
Blacks in the 1970’s: Did they scale the job ladder? 1982 June. 29-38.
Evaluating the 1980 projections of occupational employment. 1982
July. 22-30.
Occupational winners and losers: who they were during 1972-80.
1982 June. 18-28.
Shortages of machinists: an evaluation of the information. 1982 July.
31-36.
OLDER WORKERS
The aging of the older population and the effect on its labor force
rates. 1982 Sept. 27-29.
PENSIONS (See also Supplemental benefits.)
Determinants of health insurance and pension coverage. 1982 May.
30-32.
Disability benefits for employees in private pension plans. 1982 Aug.
36-40.
PRODUCTIVITY
Business studies views of managers and workers on productivity and
quality. 1982 Apr. 58-59.
Cosmetics industry achieves long-term productivity gains. 1982 Dec.
28-32.
Hand and edge tool industry experiences slow rise in productivity.
1982 Oct. 11-14.
Impact of new electronic technology. 1982 Mar. 37-39.
International trends in productivity and labor costs. 1982 Dec. 3-14.
Labor and material requirements for hospital construction. 1982 Mar.
34-37.
Measuring productivity in service industries. 1982 June. 3-8.
Millwork industry shows slow growth in productivity. 1982 Sept. 2126.
Nonwool yarn mills experience slow gains in productivity. 1982 Mar.
30-33.
Productivity declined in 1980 in most industries measured. 1982 May.
36-39.
Productivity growth average in farm machinery manufacturing. 1982
Oct. 0-10.
Productivity in commercial banking: computers spur the advance.
1982 Dec. 19-27.
Productivity increased in 1981 in most industries measured. 1982 Dec.
15-18.
Productivity in the pump and compressor industry. 1982 Dec. 38-45.
The office furniture industry: patterns in productivity. 1982 Dec. 3337.
The productivity puzzle: numbers alone won’t solve it. 1982 Oct. 1521 .
PROJECTIONS
Evaluating the 1980 projections of occupational employment. 1982
July. 22-30.
How accurate were projections of the 1980 labor force? 1982 July.
15-21.
PUBLIC EMPLOYEES
Easing the hardship of plant shutdowns. 1982 Mar. 43-44.
Analysis of work stoppages in the Federal sector, 1962-81. 1982 Aug.
49-53.
Public-sector union wage effects: a time series analysis. 1982 June. 5153.
POLAND
QUIT RATE
Solidarity’s proposals for reforming Poland’s economy. 1982 May.
43-46.
Labor turnover in manufacturing: the survey in retrospect. 1982 June.
15-17.
POPULATION
SAFETY (See Health and safety.)
Select commission suggests changes in immigration policy— a review
essay. 1982 Feb. 31-37.
SALARIES (See Earnings and wages.)
POVERTY
STATE GOVERNMENT
An overview of the population below the poverty level. 1982 Aug. 53.
Economic hardship. 1982 Mar. 2.
Employment problems and poverty: examining the linkages. 1982
June. 55-59.
State labor legislation enacted in 1981. 1982 Jan. 29-42.
Unemployment insurance laws: changes enacted during 1981. 1982
Feb. 16-23.
Workers’ compensation: key legislation in 1981. 1982 Feb. 24-30.
PLANT SHUTDOWNS
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Index of Volume 105
STATISTICAL PROGRAMS AND METHODS
WAGES (See Earnings and wages.)
Better measures of service employment goal of Bureau survey rede
sign. 1982 Nov. 7-16.
Forgotten unemployment: recall bias in retrospective data. 1982 Mar.
40-4-3.
How valid are estimates of occupational illness? 1982 Aug. 27-35.
Labor force data from CPS to undergo revision in January 1983. 1982
Nov. 3-6.
Native Americans in the labor force: hunting for an accurate measure.
1982 July. 47-51.
WEST GERMANY
SUPPLEMENTAL BENEFITS
Bureau of Labor Statistics takes a new look at employee benefits.
1982 Aug. 41-45.
Workers’ compensation: key legislation in 1981. 1982 Feb. 24-30.
SWEDEN
Sweden combats unemployment of young and older workers. 1982
Oct. 22-27.
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
How European unions cope with new technology. 1982 Sept. 36-38.
Impact of new electronic technology. 1982 Mar. 37-39.
New technology. 1982 May. 2.
The future of work: does it belong to us or to the robots? 1982 Sept.
10-14.
TENURE
Job tenure of workers in January 1981. 1982 Sept. 34-36.
Occupational changes and tenure, 1981. 1982 Sept. 29-33.
Tenure as a factor in the male-female earnings gap. 1982 Apr. 32-34.
TRADE UNIONS (See Labor organizations.)
TRAINING (See Education and training.)
UNEMPLOYMENT (See also Employment; Labor force.)
Area labor market response to national unemployment patterns. 1982
Jan. 45-49.
Forgotten unemployment: recall bias in retrospective data. 1982 Mar.
40-43.
GAO study focuses on problems of teenagers in labor market. 1982
Oct. 33-34.
The employment situation in 1981: new recession takes its toll. 1982
Mar. 3-14.
Sweden combats unemployment of young and older workers. 1982
Oct. 22-27.
Tracking youth joblessness: persistent or fleeting? 1982 Feb. 3-15.
Unemployment and its effect on family income in 1980. 1982 Apr.
35-43.
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
Work force reductions. 1982 July. 2.
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
Unemployment insurance laws: changes enacted during 1981. 1982
Feb. 16-23.
UNION MEMBERSHIP AND ELECTIONS
Determinants of voter participation in union certification elections.
1982 Apr. 45-47.
Becoming a union leader: the path to local office. 1982 Feb. 44-46.
UNIONS (See Labor organizations.)
UNIT LABOR COST
International trends in productivity and labor costs. 1982 Dec. 3-14.
Labor and material requirements for hospital construction. 1982 Mar.
34-37.
UNITED KINGDOM
Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
100
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Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: an up
date. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS
Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1982. 1982 Oct.
30-32.
White-collar pay levels linked to corporate work force size. 1982 May.
23-28.
WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (See Prices; Indexes.)
WOMEN
How women’s health affects labor force attachment. 1982 Apr. 56-59.
Labor force activity of women receiving child support or alimony.
1982 Nov. 39-41.
More than half of all children have working mothers. 1982 Feb. 4143.
Organizations of working women can pave the way for unions. 1982
June. 53-54.
Pay equity emerges as a top labor issue in the 1980’s. 1982 Apr. 4951.
Tenure as a factor in the male-female earnings gap. 1982 Apr. 32-34.
Up and down. 1982 June. 2.
WORK INJURIES AND ILLNESSES
Another look at the link between work injuries and job experience.
1982 Feb. 38-40.
How valid are estimates of occupational illness? 1982 Aug. 27-35.
Job safety. 1982 Jan. 2; 1982 Dec. 2.
Occupational deaths declined in 1980, BLS survey finds. 1982 Jan. 4952.
WORKLIFE
New worklife estimates reflect changing profile of labor force. 1982
Mar. 15-20.
WORK STOPPAGES
Analysis of work stoppages in the Federal sector, 1962-81. 1982 Aug.
49-53.
WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
Workers’ compensation: key legislation in 1981. 1982 Feb. 24-30.
YOUTH (See Labor force.)
DEPARTMENTS
Anatomy of Price Change. May, July, October issues.
Book Reviews. Each issue.
Communications. February, November issues.
Conference Papers. April, May, June issues.
Current Labor Statistics. Each issue.
Developments in Industrial Relations. Each issue except January.
Family Budgets. July, November issues.
Foreign Labor Developments. May, October issues.
Labor Month in Review. Each issue.
Major Agreements Expiring. Each issue.
Productivity Reports. March, May issues.
Research Summaries. Each issue except December.
Special Labor Force Reports— Summaries. February, April, Septem
ber issues.
Technical Note. May, July issues.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES (listed by author of book)
Adam, Nabil R. and Ali Dogramaci, eds., Aggregate and IndustryLevel Productivity Analysis. 1982 Oct. 15-21.
Barton, Paul. Worklife Transitions: The Adult Learning Connection.
1982 June. 66-67.
Beasley, Maurine and Richard Lowitt, eds., One Third o f a Nation:
Lorena Hickok Reports on the Great Depression. 1982 Jan. 54-55.
Bell, Daniel and Irving Kristol. The Crisis in Economic Theory. 1982
Nov. 52-54.
Berger, Suzanne and Michael J. Piore. Dualism and Discontinuity in
Industrial Societies. 1982 Mar. 51-54.
Bosworth, Barry P. and Robert Z. Lawrence. Commodity Prices and
the New Inflation. 1982 Nov. 51-52.
Buehler, Vernon M. and Y. Krishna Shetty, eds. Productivity Improve
ment: Case Studies of Proven Practice. 1982 Oct. 15-21.
Carroll, Donald C. and C. Stewart Sheppard, eds., Working in the
Twenty-First Century. 1982 Jan. 55-56.
Caton, Christopher, Lawrence Olsen, and Martin Duffy. The Elderly
and the Future Economy. 1982 July. 57-58.
Chace, James. Solvency— The Price o f Survival: An Essay on American
Foreign Policy. 1982 July. 59.
Cook, Alice H. and Hiroko Hayashi. Working Women in Japan: Dis
crimination, Resistance, and Reform. 1982 Apr. 66-67.
Dogramaci, Ali and Nabil R. Adam, eds. Aggregate and Industry-Lev
el Productivity Analysis. 1982 Oct. 15-21.
Duffy, Martin, Lawrence Olsen, and Christopher Caton. The Elderly
and the Future Economy. 1982 July. 57-58.
Easterlin, Richard A. Birth and Fortune: The Impact o f Numbers on
Personal Welfare. 1982 Jan. 56-58.
Eggert, Gerald G. Steelmasters and Labor Reform, 1886-1923. Book
note. 1982 Oct. 52.
Fearn, Robert M. Labor Economics: The Emerging Synthesis. 1982
July. 58-59.
Foner, Philip, ed. Fellow Workers and Friends: IW W Free-Speech
Fights as Told by Participants. 1982 May. 62-63.
Gray, Susan H. and Dean W. Morse. Early Retirement— Boon or
Bane? A Study o f Three Large Corporations. 1982 Feb. 53-54.
Ffartmann, Heidi I. and Donald J. Treiman, eds. Women, Work, and
Wages: Equal Pay for Jobs o f Equal Value. 1982 Oct. 48-50.
Hayashi, Hiroko and Alice H. Cook. Working Women in Japan: Dis
crimination, Resistance, and Reform. 1982 Apr. 66-67.
Herman, Edward S. Corporate Control, Corporate Power. 1982 Sept.
49-50.
Hill, Stephen. Competition and Control at Work: The New Industrial
Sociology. 1982 Oct. 15-21.
Jevons, W. Stanley. The State in Relation to Labour. 1982 Mar. 49-51.
Kessler-Harris, Alice. Out to Work: A History o f Wage Earning Wom
en in the United States. 1982 Sept. 47.
Kilgour, John G. Preventive Labor Relations. 1982 Aug. 60-61.
Kristol, Irving and Daniel Bell. The Crisis in Economic Theory. 1982
Nov. 52-54.
Lawrence, Robert Z. and Barry P. Bosworth. Commodity Prices and
the New Inflation. 1982 Nov. 51-52.
Livernash, E. Robert, ed. Comparable Worth: Issues and Alternatives.
1982 Oct. 48-50.
Lowitt, Richard and Maurine Beasley, eds., One Third of a Nation:
Lorena Hickok Reports on the Great Depression. 1982 Jan. 54-55.
Maidens, Melinda, ed. Immigration: New Americans, Old Questions.
1982 May. 63.
Miles, Robert H. Macro Organizational Behavior. 1982 Apr. 65-66.
---------, ed. Resourcebook in Macro Organizational Behavior. 1982
Apr. 65-66.
Moran, Theodore H., ed. International Political Risk Assessment: The
State o f the Art. 1982 Feb. 54.
Morrison, Malcolm H., ed. The Economics o f Aging: The Future of
Retirement. 1982 Oct. 50-51.
Morse, Dean W. and Susan H. Gray. Early Retirement— Boon or
Bane? A Study o f Three Large Corporations. 1982 Feb. 53-54.
Olsen, Lawrence, Christopher Caton, and Martin Duffy. The Elderly
and the Future Economy. 1982 July. 57-58.
Piore, Michael J. and Suzanne Berger. Dualism and Discontinuity in
Industrial Societies. 1982 Mar. 51-54.
Reich, Michael. Racial Inequality. 1982 Sept. 47-49.
Robinson, Archie. George Meany and His Times: A Bibliography. 1982
Aug. 59-60.
Rosow, Jerome, ed., Productivity: Prospects for Growth. 1982 Oct. 15-21.
Sheppard, C. Stewart and Donald C. Carroll, eds. Working in the
Twenty-First Century. 1982 Jan. 55-56.
Shergold, Peter R. Working-Class Life ‘'The American Standard” in
Comparative Perspective, 1899-1913. Book note. 1982 Oct. 52.
Shetty, Y. Krishna and Vernon M. Buehler, eds. Productivity Improve
ment: Case Studies o f Proven Practice. 1982 Oct. 15-21.
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Siegel, Irving H. Company Productivity: Measurement for Improvement.
Book note. 1982 Oct. 52.
Smith, E. Owen, ed. Trade Unions in the Developed Economies. 1982
June. 67.
Treiman, Donald J. and Heidi I. Hartmann, eds. Women, Work, and
Wages: Equal Pay for Jobs o f Equal Value. 1982 Oct. 48-50.
Wagner, Abe. The Transactional Manger: How to Solve People Prob
lems with Transactional Analysis. 1982 Dec. 52.
Williams, Shirley and others. Youth Without Work: Three Countries
Approach the Problem. Book note. 1982 Oct. 51-52.
Yohalem, Alice M., ed. Women Returning to Work: Policies and Prog
ress in Five Countries. 1982 Dec. 51-52.
AUTHORS
Adler, Paul S. The productivity puzzle: numbers alone won’t solve it.
1982 Oct. 15-21.
Alvarez, Donato, Patricia Capdevielle, and Brian Cooper. Internation
al trends in productivity and labor costs. 1982 Dec. 3-14.
Baker, Robert P., John R. Stepp, and Jerome T. Barrett. Helping la
bor and management see and solve problems. 1982 Sept. 15-20.
Barrett, Jerome T., John R. Stepp, and Robert P. Baker. Helping la
bor and management see and solve problems. 1982 Sept. 15-20.
Barsky, Carl B. and Martin E. Personick. White-collar pay levels
linked to corporate work force size. 1982 May. 23-28.
Bechill, William D. Book review. 1982 July. 57-58.
-------- Book review. 1982 Oct. 50-51.
Becker, Eugene H. Analysis of work stoppages in the Federal sector,
1962-81. 1982 Aug. 49-53.
Bednarzik, Robert W. and Richard B. Tiller. Area labor market re
sponse to national unemployment patterns. 1982 Jan. 45-49.
-------- , Marillyn A. Hewson, and Michael A. Urquhart. The em
ployment situation in 1981: new recession takes its toll. 1982 Mar.
3-14.
Bell, Donald and William Wiatrowski. Disability benefits for employ
ees in private pension plans. 1982 Aug. 36-40.
Block, Richard N. and Myron Roomkin. Determinants of voter par
ticipation in union certification elections. 1982 Apr. 45-47.
Boatman, Robin Misner. Book review. 1982 Apr. 66-67.
Bowers, Norman. Tracking youth joblessness: persistant or fleeting?
1982 Feb. 3-15.
Bradley, Mary I., Karen S. Koziara, David A. Pierson. Becoming a
union leader: the path to local office. 1982 Feb. 44-46.
Brand, Horst. Book review. 1982 Mar. 51-54.
——— . Solidarity’s proposals for reforming Poland’s economy. 1982
May. 43-46.
-------- , and Clyde Huffstutler. Productivity in the pump and com
pressor industry. 1982 Dec. 38-45.
-------- and Jack Veigle. Millwork industry shows slow growth in pro
ductivity. 1982 Sept. 21-26.
---------and John Duke. Productivity in commercial banking: comput
ers spur the advance. 1982 Dec. 19-27.
Bregger, John E. Labor force data from CPS to undergo revision in
January 1983. 1982 Nov. 3-6.
Bunn, Julie A. and Jack E. Triplett. Reconciling the CPI and the
PCE Deflator: an update. 1982 Jan. 43-44.
-------- and Jack E. Triplett. Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Defla
tor: 4th quarter 1981. 1982 May. 34-35.
-------- and Jack E. Triplett. Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Defla
tor: first quarter 1982. 1982 July. 37-38.
-------- and Jack E. Triplett. Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Defla
tor: second quarter 1982. 1982 Oct. 28-29.
Burdetsky, Ben. Book review. 1982 Aug. 60-61.
Burns, Mary, Craig Howell, and David Callahan, inflation continues
to abate during the first quarter. 1982 July. 3-9.
Callahan, David, Mary Bums, and Craig Howell. Inflation continues
to abate during the first quarter. 1982 July. 3-9.
Capdevielle, Patricia, Donato Alvarez, and Brian Cooper. Internation
al trends in productivity and labor costs. 1982 Dec. 3-14.
Carlson, Norma W. Time rates tighten their grip on manufacturing
industries. 1982 May. 15-22.
Carey, Max L. and Kevin Kasunic. Evaluating the 1980 projections
of occupational employment. 1982 July. 22-30.
101
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW December 1982 • Index of Volume 105
Chelte, Anthony F., James Wright, and Curt Tausky. Did job satis
faction really drop during the 1970’s? 1982 Nov. 33-36.
Clem, Andrew, William Thomas, and John Wetmore. Large supplies
of meats, grains cut recent food price increases. 1982 Jan. 10-15.
Cooper, Brian, Patricia Capdevielle, and Donato Alvarez. Internation
al trends in productivity and labor costs. 1982 Dec. 3-14.
Daly, Patricia A. Unpaid family workers: long-term decline continues.
1982 Oct. 3-5.
Devens, Richard M., Jr. Book review. 1982 Feb. 54.
-------- . Book review. 1982 July. 59.
Dooley, Martin and Peter Gottschalk. Does a younger male labor
force mean greater earnings inequality? 1982 Nov. 42-45.
Dougherty, Dawn E. Labor and material requirements for hospital
construction. 1982 Mar. 34-37.
Douty, H. M. Book review essay. 1982 Mar. 49-51.
Duke, John and Horst Brand. Productivity in commercial banking:
computers spur the advance. 1982 Dec. 19-27.
Early, Steve and Matt Witt. How European unions cope with new
technology. 1982 Sept. 36-38.
Farris, Mary K. and James D. York. Hand and edge tool industry ex
periences slow rise in productivity. 1982 Oct. 11-14.
Ferris, John W. and Arthur S. Herman. Productivity growth average
in farm machinery manufacturing. 1982 Oct. 6-10.
Fitzpatrick, Blanche. Book review. 1982 Dec. 51-52.
Flaim, Paul O. The spendable earnings series: has it outlived its use
fulness? 1982 Jan. 3-9.
Foltman, Felician F. Book review. 1982 June. 66-67.
Frumkin, Robert and William Wiatrowski. Bureau of Labor Statistics
takes a new look at employee benefits. 1982 Aug. 41—45.
Fullerton, Howard N. How accurate were projections of the 1980 la
bor force? 1982 July. 15-21.
Gillingham, Robert and Walter Lane. Changing the treatment of shel
ter costs for homeowners in the CPI. 1982 June. 9-14.
Gilroy, Curtis L. The effects of the minimum wage on farm employ
ment: a new model. 1982 June. 47-51.
Ginsburg, Helen. Sweden combats unemployment of young and older
workers. 1982 Oct. 22-27.
Goldberg, Joseph P. and William T. Moye. The AFL and a national
BLS: labor’s role is crystallized. 1982 Mar. 21-29.
-------- . Book review. 1982 Sept. 49-50.
Gottschalk, Peter and Martin Dooley. Does a younger male labor
force mean greater earnings inequality? 1982 Nov. 42-45.
Greene, Richard. Tracking job growth in private industry. 1982 Sept.
3-9.
Grossman, Allyson Sherman. More than half of all children have
working mothers. 1982 Feb. 41-43.
-------- and Howard Hayghe. Labor force activity of women receiving
child support or alimony. 1982 Nov. 39-41.
Gudza, Henry P. Book review. 1982 May. 62-63.
-------- . Labor Department’s first program to assist black workers.
1982 June. 39-44.
Hayghe, Howard. Marital and family patterns of workers: an update.
1982 May. 53-56.
-------- . Weekly family earnings: a quarterly perspective. 1982 Aug.
46-49.
-------- and Allyson Sherman Grossman. Labor force activity of wom
en receiving child support or alimony. 1982 Nov. 39-41.
Henneberger, J. Edwin. The office furniture industry: patterns in pro
ductivity. 1982 Dec. 33-37.
Herman, Arthur S. Productivity declined in 1980 in most industries
measured. 1982 May. 36-39.
-------- and John W. Ferris. Productivity growth average in farm ma
chinery manufacturing. 1982 Oct. 6-10.
-------- . Productivity increased in 1981 in most industries measured.
1982 Dec. 15-18.
Hewson, Marillyn A. and Michael A. Urquhart. The Nation’s em
ployment situation worsens in the first half of 1982. 1982 Aug. 312.
-------- , Robert W. Bednarzik, and Michael A. Urquhart. The em
ployment situation in 1981: new recession takes its toll. 1982 Mar.
3-14.
Hilaski, Harvey J. and Chao Ling Wang. How valid are estimates of
occupational illness? 1982 Aug. 27-35.
102
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Horvath, Francis W. Forgotten unemployment: recall bias in retro
spective data. 1982 Mar. 40—43.
-------- . Job tenure of workers in January 1981. 1982 Sept. 34-36.
Howell, Craig. Book review. 1982 Nov. 51-52.
-------- , David Callahan, and Mary Burns. Inflation continues to
abate during the first quarter. 1982 July. 3-9.
-------- and Jesse Thomas. Price changes in 1981: widespread slowing
of inflation. 1982 Apr. 3-14.
Huffstutler, Clyde and Horst Brand. Productivity in the pump and
compressor industry. 1982 Dec. 38-45.
Insley, Patrice J. and Karen S. Koziara. Organizations of working
women can pave the way for unions. 1982 June. 53-54.
Jain, Harish C. Canadian legal approaches to sex equality in the
workplace. 1982 Oct. 38-42.
Johnson, Clifford M. and Sar A. Levitan. The future of work: does it
belong to us or to the robots? 1982 Sept. 10-14.
Karper, Mark D. Can the NLRB caseload detect changes in labor re
lations climate? 1982 May. 29-30.
Kasunic, Kevin and Max L. Carey. Evaluating the 1980 projections
of occupational employment. 1982 July. 22-30.
Klein, Deborah Pisetzner. Book review. 1982 Sept. 47.
-------- . Labor force data: the impact of the 1980 census. 1982 July. 39-43.
Kleinfeld, Judith and John A. Kruse. Native Americans in the labor
force: hunting for an accurate measure. 1982 July. 47-51.
Koziara, Karen S„ Mary I. Bradley, and David A. Pierson. Becoming
a union leader: the path to local office. 1982 Feb. 44-46.
-------- and Patrice J. Insley. Organizations of working women can
pave the way for unions. 1982 June. 53-54.
Krislov, Joseph. Book review. 1982 June. 67.
Kruse, John A. and Judith Kleinfeld. Native Americans in the labor
force: hunting for an accurate measure. 1982 July. 47-51.
Lane, Walter and Robert Gillingham. Changing the treatment of shel
ter costs for homeowners in the CPI. 1982 June. 9-14.
Lecht, Leonard A. Book review. 1982 Feb. 53-54.
-------- . Book review. 1982 Nov. 52-54.
Leon, Carol Boyd. Occupational winners and losers: who they were
during 1972-80. 1982 June. 18-28.
LeRoy, Douglas R. Scheduled wage increases and cost-of-living provi
sions in 1982. 1982 Jan. 16-20.
Levin, Beth. The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expan
sion. 1982 May. 9-14.
Levitan, Sar. A. and Clifford M. Johnson. The future of work: does it
belong to us or to the robots? 1982 Sept. 10-14.
Lewin, David and Richard B. Peterson. A model for measuring effec
tiveness of the grievance process. 1982 Apr. 47—49.
Lowenstem, Henry. Book review. 1982 Aug. 59-60.
McCollum, James K. Book review. 1982 Apr. 65-66.
McEnearney, Mark and Edward E. Murphy. Import price indexes for
crude petroleum. 1982 Nov. 29-32.
McKee, William L. Book review. 1982 July. 58-59.
Maret, Elizabeth G. How women’s health affects labor force attach
ment. 1982 Apr. 56-59.
Mark, Jerome A. Measuring productivity in service industries. 1982
June. 3-8.
Martin, Philip L. Book review. 1982 Jan. 56-58.
-------- . Book review. 1982 May. 63.
-------- . Select commission suggests changes in immigration policy—
a review essay. 1982 Feb. 31-37.
Mellor, Earl F. and George D. Stamas. Usual weekly earnings: anoth
er look at intergroup differences and basic trends. 1982 Apr. 15-24.
Mellow, Wesley S. Determinants of health insurance and pension cov
erage. 1982 May. 30-32.
Miller, Richard U. and Mahmood A. Zaidi. Human capital and mul
tinationals: evidence from Brazil and Mexico. 1982 June. 45—47.
Misner, Julie. Political issues dominate ILO conference; worker stand
ards adopted. 1982 Oct. 35-38.
Moore, William J. and John Raisian. Public-sector union wage effects:
a time series analysis. 1982 June. 51-54.
Moy, Joyanna. Unemployment and labor force trends in 10 industrial
nations: an update. 1982 Nov. 17-21.
Moye, William T. Book review. 1982 Jan. 54-55.
-------- and Joseph P. Goldberg. The AFL and a national BLS: la
bor’s role is crystallized. 1982 Mar. 21-29.
Murphy, Edward E. and Mark McEnearney. Import price indexes for
crude petrolum. 1982 Nov. 29-32.
Nelson, Richard R. State labor legislation enacted in 1981. 1982 Jan.
29-42.
Newman, Winn. Pay equity emerges as a top labor issue in the
1980’s. 1982 Apr. 49-51.
North, David S. Labor market rights of foreign-born workers. 1982
May. 32-33.
Oswald, Rudolph A. Why wages should not be blamed for the infla
tion problem. 1982 Apr. 44—45.
Personick, Martin E. and Carl B. Barsky. White-collar pay levels
linked to corporate work force size. 1982 May. 23-28.
Peterson, Richard B. and David Lewin. A model for measuring effec
tiveness of the grievance process. 1982 Apr. 47-49.
Pierson, David A., Karen S. Koziara, and Mary I. Bradley. Becoming
a union leader: the path to local office. 1982 Feb. 44^46.
Plewes, Thomas J. Bureau seeks better measures of service employ
ment. 1982 Nov. 7-16.
Raisian, John and William J. Moore. Public-sector union wage effects:
a time series analysis. 1982 June. 51-54.
Riche, Richard W. Impact of new electronic technology. 1982 Mar.
37-39.
Roomkin, Myron and Richard N. Block. Determinants of voter par
ticipation in union certification elections. 1982 Apr. 45-46.
Rones, Philip L. The aging of the older population and the effect on
its labor force rates. 1982 Sept. 27-29.
Rosenblum, Marc. Book review. 1982 Sept. 47—49.
Rosenthal, Neal H. Shortages of machinists: an evaluation of the in
formation. 1982 July. 31-36.
Ruben, George. Organized labor in 1981: a shifting of priorities. 1982
Jan. 21-28.
Runner, Diana. Unemployment insurance laws: changes enacted dur
ing 1981. 1982 Feb. 16-23.
Ryscavage, Paul M. Employment problems and poverty: examining
the linkages. 1982 June. 55-59.
Rytina, Nancy F. Earnings of men and women: a look at specific oc
cupations. 1982 Apr. 25-31.
---------. Occupational changes and tenure, 1981. 1982 Sept. 29-33.
-------- . Tenure as a factor in the male-female earnings gap. 1982
Apr. 32-34.
Sackley, Arthur. Wage increases moderate in 1981. 1982 May. 3-8.
Schoepfle, Gregory K. Imports and domestic employment: identifying
affected industries. 1982 Aug. 13-26.
Sekscenski, Edward S. and Daniel E. Taylor. Workers on long sched
ules, single and multiple jobholders. 1982 May. 47-53.
Sieling, Mark S. Clerical pay differentials in metropolitan areas, 1961—
80. 1982 July. 10-14.
-------- . Occupational salary levels for white-collar workers, 1982.
1982 Oct. 30-32.
Siskind, Fred. Another look at the link between work injuries and job
experience. 1982 Feb. 38-40.
Smith, Shirley J. New worklife estimates reflect changing profile of la
bor force. 1982 Mar. 15-20.
Stamas, George D. and Earl F. Mellor. Usual weekly earnings: anoth
er look at intergroup differences and basic trends. 1982 Apr. 15-24.
Stepp, John R., Robert P. Baker, and Jerome T. Barrett. Helping la
bor and management see and solve problems. 1982 Sept. 15-20.
Tausky, Curt, Anthony F. Chelte, and James Wright. Did job satis
faction really drop during the 1970’s? 1982 Nov. 33-36.
Taylor, Daniel E. and Edward S. Sekscenski. Workers on long sched
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ules, single and multiple jobholders. 1982 May. 47-53.
Terry, Sylvia Lazos. Unemployment and its effect on family income in
1980. 1982 Apr. 35^43.
Thomas, Jesse and Craig Howell. Price changes in 1981: widespread
slowing of inflation. 1982 Apr. 3-14.
Thomas, William, John Wetmore, and Andrew Clem. Large supplies
of meats, grains cut recent food price increases. 1982 Jan. 10-15.
Tiller, Richard B. and Robert W. Bednarzik. Area labor market re
sponse to national unemployment patterns. 1982 Jan. 45^49.
Tinsley, LaVerne C. Workers’ compensation: key legislation in 1981.
1982 Feb. 24-30.
Triplett, Jack E. and Julie A. Bunn. Reconciling the CPI and the
PCE Deflator: an update. 1982 Jan. 43—44.
-------- and Julie A. Bunn. Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Defla
tor: 4th quarter 1981. 1982 May. 34-35.
-------- and Julie A. Bunn. Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Defla
tor: first quarter 1982. 1982 July. 37-38.
-------- and Julie A. Bunn. Reconciling the CPI and the PCE Defla
tor: second quarter 1982. 1982 Oct. 28-29.
Urquhart, Michael A. and Marillyn A. Hewson. The Nation’s employ
ment situation worsens in the first half of 1982. 1982 Aug. 3-12.
-------- , Robert W. Bednarzik, and Marillyn A. Hewson. The employ
ment situation in 1981: new recession takes its toll. 1982 Mar. 3-14.
Utter, Carol M. Labor turnover in manufacturing: the survey in retro
spect. 1982 June. 15-17.
Van Auken, Kenneth G., Jr. Book review. 1982 Jan. 55-56.
-------- . Book review. 1982 Dec. 54.
Van Giezen, Robert Wr. New look at occupational wages within indi
vidual establishments. 1982 Nov. 22-28.
Veigle, Jack and Horst Brand. Millwork industry shows slow growth in
productivity 1982 Sept. 21-26.
Waldman, Elizabeth. Book review. 1982 Oct. 48-50.
Wang, Chao Ling and Harvey J. Hilaski. How valid are estimates of
occupational illness? 1982 Aug. 27-35.
Westcott, Diane Nilsen. Blacks in the 1970’s: Did they scale the job
ladder? 1982 June. 29-38.
Wetmore, John, William Thomas, and Andrew Clem. Large supplies of
meats, grains cut recent food price increases. 1982 Jan. 10-15.
Wiatrowski, William and Donald Bell. Disability benefits for employees
in private pension plans. 1982 Aug. 36-40.
-------- and Robert Frumkin. Bureau of Labor Statistics takes a new
look at employee benefits. 1982 Aug. 41^45.
Wilder, Patricia A. Cosmetics industry achieves long-term productivity
gains. 1982 Dec. 28-32.
Witt, Matt and Steve Early. How European unions cope with new tech
nology. 1982 Sept. 36-38.
Wood, G. Donald, Jr. Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost
Index. 1982 May. 40-42.
Wright, James,. Anthony F. Chelte, and Curt Tausky. Did job satisfac
tion really drop during the 1970’s? 1982 Nov. 33-36.
York, James D. Nonwool yarn mills experience slow gains in produc
tivity. 1982 Mar. 30-33.
-------- and Mary K. Farris. Hand and edge tool industry experiences
slow rise in productivity. 1982 Oct. 11-14.
Young, Anne McDougall. Educational attainment of workers, March
1981. 1982 Apr. 52-55.
-------- . Labor force patterns of students, graduates, and dropouts,
1981. 1982 Sept. 39-42.
Zaidi, Mahmood A. and Richard U. Miller. Human capital and multi
nationals: evidence from Brazil and Mexico. 1982 June. 45-47.
103
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SECOND CLASS MAIL
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