Full text of Monthly Labor Review : December 1967, Vol. 90, No. 12

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Monthly
Labor
Review
DECEM BER

1967

VOL.

90

«f n I

NO.

Jobs Attributable to Exports
Labor in 1967
Changes in State Labor Laws
Men’s and Women’s Pay

UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
WILLARD WIRTZ,

Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
A r t h u r M . R o ss,

Commissioner of Labor Statistics

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR •
Editor-in-Chief

L a w r e n c e R . K l e in ,
J ack

F.

S tr ic k la n d ,

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Executive Editor

CONTENTS
Articles
1
12
21
21
29
33
40

Labor in the Economy of 1967
Domestic Jobs Attributable to U.S. Exports
1967 Changes in State Labor Laws
An Overview of State Labor Legislation
Workmen’s Compensation: Administration and Provision
Unemployment Insurance and Employment Security
Differences in Pay Between Men and Women Workers

Departments
ii
hi

44
46
49
51
52
53
60
68
112


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This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Foreign Labor Briefs
Summaries of Recent Studies
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Major Agreements Expiring in January
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
Index to Volume 90

December 1967 • Voi. 90 • No. 12

This Issue in Brief. . .
econom y experienced a slowdown early in
1967 as slow consumer spending, declining fixed
investments, and high inventory levels allowed no
appreciable increase in the first-quarter GNP and
only a slight increase in the second quarter. Col­
lective bargaining activity, however, was vigorous
throughout the year. In Labor in the Economy of
1967 (p. 1), Robert W. Fisher suggests that labor’s
drive to recoup lost real wages resulted in the in­
creased number of work stoppages in 1967 com­
pared to 1966. A number of agreements also re­
stored wage differentials between skilled and un­
skilled workers.

The

3 m il l io n jobs were due to the exports of
merchandise and services in 1965. This represented
a slight increase over 1960. In Domestic Jobs A t­
tributable to U.S. Exports (p. 12), Daniel Roxon
discusses the interaction of factors that influence
changes in the number of jobs. One of these fac­
tors, gains in productivity, limits the increases to
a fraction of the advances in export volume. An­
other is the change in demands of one industry
upon others for materials and services.

A lm ost

in occupational pay between men and
women are considerably larger when the compari­
sons are based on averages relating to a large num­
ber of establishments than when the comparisons
are made within individual establishments. In
Differences in Pay Between Men and Women
Workers (p. 40), Donald J. McNulty writes that
users of BLS wage data often fail to take into
account that the reported data may in many cases
relate to substantially different groups of estab­
lishments within widely different pay levels.
V a r ia tio ns

trio of articles — 1967 Changes in State Labor
Laws (pp. 21-39) presents this year’s summary of
State legislation enacted in labor standards, work­
men’s compensation, and unemployment insurance.

A

n


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Of the 700 laws enacted, more than 70 dealt with
wages and wage standards, revealing the States’
continuing concern with the question of adequate
remuneration for work. Another concern, as in­
dicated by Deborah T. Bond’s annual roundup for
1967, A n Overview of State Labor Legislation (p.
21), is women’s hours. Also noteworthy are Ver­
mont’s new State labor relations act, only the 15th
in the country, and new laws in Texas and Mich­
igan which require employers to furnish a safe
place to work. The year also saw more than 200
amendments to workmen’s compensation laws en­
acted. Of special significance were amendments
providing substantial increases in coverage, full
coverage rather than schedule, and liberalized time
limits for filing claims growing out of radiationinduced disabilities. These and other amendments
are discussed by Florence C. Johnson in Work­
men’s Compensation: Administration and Pro­
vision (p. 29). Joseph A. Hickey rounds out the
State labor legislation trilogy with his discussion
of Unemployment Insurance and Employment
Security (p. 33). The pattern of the 1967 legisla­
tion generally followed that of other recent years:
there were increases in the maximum weekly bene­
fit amount, more restrictive qualifying require­
ments, and increases in the taxable wage base. A
major development, however, was the extension
of coverage in Connecticut, New Jersey, and
Puerto Rico to employees of small firms.
D iffer en c es in clothing expenditures for the ur­
ban American will be discussed by Ann Erickson
in the January issue of the Review. Generally,
these expenditures increase from infancy to the
late teens and early twenties and then decline. At
all ages, however, a woman’s clothing bills are
larger than a man’s. The greatest expenditure dif­
ferences occur in the 16- and 17-year-old group
with women spending almost twice as much as men.

to appear in the January issue is a Technical
Note by Helen M. Miller on the revision of the
CPI food outlet sample. Recognizing the signifiant changes in food retailing over the past few
years, an adjustment was made in the sample to
take into account the food market structure pre­
vailing in 1967.
A lso

The Labor Month
in Review
The Trade Union Response
to M ultinational Enterprise
h en ev er their problems coincided with those of
fellow workers abroad, American unions have con­
ferred and cooperated with foreign labor unions in
an effort to find a solution. Now the development of
the multinational company is opening a new ave­
nue for international labor coordination: Unionists
from different countries are organizing on a corpo­
ration basis to deal jointly in matters pertaining to
wages, fringe benefits, and collective bargaining.
Their principal objective is to remove differences in
labor costs, thereby simultaneously improving con­
ditions in the poorer countries and protecting those
in the richer.
A recent example of this kind of international
cooperation was the inter-American conference of
airline workers’ unions, held in Mexico City under
the auspices of the International Transportworkers’ Federation October 16-20, 1967. With their
common employers in mind—Pan American,
Braniff, Aeronaves de Mexico, and a few others—
the delegates from four U.S. and several Latin
American unions prepared plans for mutual aid
in case of strikes, as a step toward unified action.

W

Coordinated Councils. The Mexican meeting is
only the latest in a series of union efforts to form
a common front to deal with multinational corpo­
rations. Unions affiliated with the International
Metalworkers Federation (IM F), particularly
with its automotive section, have made the most
progress in this direction.
In 1966, IMF unions representing workers at the
world’s four largest automobile manufacturers—
three American and one German—met to create
worldwide councils for each corporation. In con­
vening the three American councils in Detroit,
Walter Reuther, president of the IMF automotive
department, was undoubtedly influenced by the
increasing concentration of the automotive indus­

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try. According to the UAW, 12 major companies
employ 2 million workers directly or indirectly
through control of parts suppliers.
The delegates representing IMF unions at
General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler-Simca-FiatRootes plants in 14- countries exchanged informa­
tion on representation rights, collective bargain­
ing, wages, fringe benefits, and other basic articles
of union concern. But even though the union lead­
ers met with top management of General Motors
and Ford, there was no international bargaining,
nor is there any likelihood of it for years to come.
The conference reports also revealed national
differences in social policies, and in trade union
customs and development, that could prevent in­
tensive unified action, except among unions in
countries where differences are slight, such as the
current attempt to get equal pay for U.S. and
Canadian workers. Instead of trying for coordi­
nated bargaining, the unionists agreed to coordi­
nate goals and work separately toward them. The
most important goals agreed upon were upward
equalization of wages, fringes, and social benefits;
worldwide adoption of the vacation bonus prin­
ciple (common in several of the countries repre­
sented) ; guaranteed income against effects of
technological change and of production fluctua­
tions ; adequate paid relief time and rest periods;
and universal recognition of the right to organize
and bargain collectively. Each of these goals is
more relevant to unionists in some countries than
in others, and the councils initiated programs to
give help wherever it is needed.
World Organizing. In its September special issue
on wTorld business, Fortune editorialized that
“what is taking shape, slowly and tentatively but
nevertheless unmistakably, is ‘one world’ of busi­
ness, a world in which business will truly know
no frontiers, in which the paramount rule gov­
erning the movement of goods and money will be
the rule of the market.” But only a few unions
in some industries are trying to create “one world”
of labor. Unions in apparel, maritime, or mo­
tion pictures, for instance, deal with such frag­
mented industries that it is easier to protect them­
selves from the increasing internationalization of
production by lobbying to keep American pro­
duction at home, and foreign products out.
Unions in heavily concentrated, closely inte­
grated industries have a large enough community
nr

IV

of interest to try to match the spread of business
across national boundaries. The agricultural im­
plements industry is as concentrated as the auto
industry, if not more so. Delegates from eight
countries representing 300,000 workers of major
international companies held their first formal
meeting in Geneva early in March 1967, to prevent
destructive competition between the same com­
pany’s workers in different countries if the excess
capacity in the industry should result in layoffs.
They have not yet formed any worldwide corpora­
tion councils, nor have unions in the aluminum in­
dustry, where six companies dominate interna­
tional production. Only one other world corpora­
tion council has been started outside of auto manu­
facturing—that in the electrical equipment in­
dustry, where General Electric Co. holds a com­
manding international position.
General Electric has over 300,000 workers in
21 countries. Representatives of workers from 11
of these countries met in May 1966 to compare
notes on working conditions and collective bar­
gaining experiences. Although the delegates ex­
plored areas of mutual cooperation, they did not
get as far as the auto workers did. The reasons for
their slower progress demonstrate some of the
problems of international collective bargaining.
First, whereas the UAW represents almost all
U.S. auto workers, several unions represent U.S.
workers at GE—eight of which tried combined
bargaining with the company in their last negotia­
tions, with mixed results. Unionists in many of
the countries where international coordination is
being contemplated are split either on ideological
or craft lines, and what is needed first is coopera­
tion among them. Second, just as GE held that the
heterogeneous makeup of the unions’ joint collec­
tive bargaining team in the United States justified
its refusal to bargain with the group (the case is
still in the courts), differences in labor laws of
various countries make such a refusal all the more
possible in international bargaining. Third, a
multiemployer organization can create problems,
too. In Germany, for example, the metalworkers’
union bargains with an association of electrical
equipment manufacturers, and it would be hard
to separate a single company from the rest for
negotiation on an international scale.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

Councils at Work. To help the auto corporation
councils, the IM F has established a full-time co­
ordinator in Geneva to disseminate information
that the member unions can use to facilitate their
collective bargaining. Most frequently, these lines
of communication are used to get the UAW, say,
to act as a foreign union’s agent in ascertaining
whether negotiators for an American company’s
foreign affiliate have authority to grant conces­
sions that they claim to lack.
The IMF staff has also given considerable as­
sistance on the spot, The most publicized example
is the appearance of a UAW official as an expert
witness on General Motors’ productivity before
the Australian Arbitration Commission in 1965.
Another phase of the IM F’s efforts toward in­
ternational cooperation is the development of na­
tional auto union councils in the many countries
where several unions represent auto workers. So
far, the IMF has organized three such councils—
in Japan, Mexico, and Venezuela. In this way, auto
workers in each country can operate as an entity
in the more ambitious international programs.
Foreign Efforts. Most multinational corpora­
tions are American-owned; hence U.S. unions
provide most of the initiative toward corporation­
wide international solidarity. But there are other
instances of international union coordination
which involve neither U.S. companies nor U.S.
unions. For example, the fourth IM F automotive
corporation council brought together employees of
Volkswagen and Daimler-Benz, German com­
panies with extensive production in Latin
America, Australia, and other countries.
Metalworkers’ unions within the European Eco­
nomic Community have met to try to negotiate
common contract provisions with common em­
ployers. One of their first serious efforts came in
April 1967, when the leader of the Dutch metal­
workers represented workers in the six countries
in talks with Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, one
of the world’s largest electrical equipment manu­
facturers. These talks were brought on by Philips’
program of reorganizing its production and em­
ployment to take advantage of the wider scope
offered by the Common Market.

Labor in the Economy of 1967
A Year of High Employment,
Rising Prices, and Labor’s
Efforts To Safeguard Gains
R obert W . F is h e r *

in the expansion of the 1960’s,
generally high economic activity and relatively
low unemployment enabled labor in 1967 to empha­
size increases in compensation without neglecting
job security. During the year, negotiations dead­
locked in the trucking, rubber, copper, and auto­
mobile industries, and between six shopcraft un­
ions and the railroads.
Slower consumer spending, declining fixed in­
vestment, and a sudden drop in accumulation of
inventories caused by the sharp accumulation in
1966 outweighed rising Government outlays, pre­
venting any real increase in gross national product
in the first quarter of 1967. The comeback in activ­
ity, which began in the second quarter, was not
strong enough to reduce average unemployment
below the 3.8-percent level reached in 1966. Con­
sumer prices rose almost as much during the year
as in 1966.
D espite

a slowdown

Sustained Growth

The civilian labor force grew by about 1.6 mil­
lion during 1967. Nearly two-thirds of the net
additions were adult women, and the remainder
adult men, with little change in the number of
16- to 19-year-old youths. In the summer, the usual
large number of temporary teenage jobseekers—
about 214 million this year—entered the labor
force.1
Employment topped 76 million in both July
and August, the highest total yet achieved for these


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peak months. Seasonally adjusted, the number of
employed civilians averaged 74.2 million over the
first 10 months of the year, an increase of about
1.5 million from the first 10 months of 1966. About
3 out of 5 employed persons were men, 1 out of
3 women, and the remainder, 16- to 19-year-olds.
During the first half of the year, unemploy­
ment remained at the low levels reached in 1966,
averaging just under 3.8 percent. In the second
half, unemployment rose somewhat, reaching 4.3
percent in October. This reflected an unusually
large influx of jobseekers into the labor force, par­
ticularly women, rather than a drop in employ­
ment. Despite the recent rise, about the same pro­
portion of workers was unemployed during the
first 10 months of 1967 as had been unemployed
in 1966.
About 19 out of every 20 employees were en­
gaged in nonfarm activity. Proportionately, about
twice as many non whites (mainly Negroes) were
out of work as whites; twice as many blue-collar
workers as white-collar workers; almost twice as
many women as men; and over six times as many
16- to 19-year-olds as men.
The principal growth areas of the economy—
services, trade, and government—accounted for
most of the 1.5 million increase in employment.
Almost half of the new jobs were in government, a
*Of the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
Beginning in 1967, 14- and 15-year-old youths were excluded
from the labor force by definition. The exclusion resulted in
practically no change in unemployment rates.

1

2

little less than a third in services, and one-sixth in
trade. Most of the remainder was found in finance
and related activities and in manufacturing. Em­
ployment in construction rebounded from the ef­
fects of tight money and continuing high interest
rates but not enough to surpass 1966’s average.
Mining maintained the slow but steady loss of
employment that has been taking place during the
1960’s, and agriculture continued its secular loss
of employment to nonfarm activities.
The rise in consumer prices that was sharp in
1966 continued in 1967, eroding the earnings of
workers. Food prices fluctuated while the cost of
services rose steadily. Labor pushed for wage in­
creases large enough to offset the loss in real in­
come caused by the 1966 price rise and to provide
a share of productivity improvements. The 1967
median increase in the cost of wages and fringe
benefits under major collective bargaining settle­
ments was about 5 percent; it was 4.5 percent in
1966.2
Time lost because of work stoppages in 1967 was
the highest since 1959. In the first 9 months an esti­
mated 3,765 stoppages were in effect involving 2.5
million workers and causing 28.3 million man-days
to be lost. By contrast, in 1966, an estimated 3,685
stoppages were in effect in the first 9 months, in­
volving 1.6 million workers and costing 19.4 mil­
lion man-days. About .27 percent of work time in
the first 9 months was lost in 1967 compared with
.19 percent in 1966.
The largest major stoppages occurred in inter­
state trucking and automobile manufacturing, and
the longest were in rubber and copper industries.
The increased willingness of teachers to strike for
better pay and working conditions delayed the
start of the 1967-68 school year in New York City,
Detroit, some communities in Florida, and other
areas.
Worker incomes were reduced by shorter work­
weeks. The average workweek in private nonfarm
activity dropped about a half hour from the 1966
level, and the factory workweek about an hour. All
of the major sectors except mining suffered drops
in the average workweek during the first half, and
betterments in the second half were insufficient to
restore the workweek to the 1966 and 1965 levels.
During the slower activity of the first half of 1967,
2
Median percents apply to the first 9 months of 1967 and all of
1966, and result from calculations based on the actual timing
of increases in the agreements.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

lessened need for wmrkers’ services was coped with
by the reduction of overtime and shortened work­
weeks rather than by general unemployment.
Bedrock of Policy

In his 1967 Manpower Report, the President ex­
pressed belief that a “vigorous economy and an ef­
fective educational system [were] the bedrock of
an effective manpower policy.” Federal policy re­
mained pointed at those two objectives. During
the first-half slowdown, Federal agencies took ac­
tions to provide more mortgage funds, stepped up
transfer payments, and unfroze funds (such as
highway construction) which had been held up
during 1966. The Federal Reserve Board eased the
tight money situation by lowering the rediscount
rate and purchasing Government obligations.
With unemployed young people in the laboi
force in unusually large numbers, training was
stressed as forcefully as it had been in previous
years. The role of private industry in training
youth was stressed, and employers were encour­
aged to expand employment opportunities for the
youthful unemployed. The adult unemployed were
not overlooked in the training programs. Larger
appropriations were requested for programs under
the Manpower Development and Training and the
Economic Opportunity Acts.
One reason for the enlargement of manpower
training programs was the increasingly clear evi­
dence of the difficult employment problems facing
the Negroes and other disadvantaged groups. In
some big city slums unemployment was as high as
that during the Great Depression. Other informa­
tion showed that the unemployment rates for nonwhites outside poverty areas were higher than un­
employment rates for whites in poverty areas. The
higher labor force participation rate of nonwhite
compared with white women reflected greater need
to raise family income to minimum levels and
higher incidence of families headed by nonwhite
women. Over one-fourth of nonwhite 16- to 19year-old youths were unemployed during 1967, the
highest unemployment rate of any group in the
economy.
A significant proportion of government train­
ing funds was directed toward improvement of
nonwhite persons’ skills, and the law, fiat, and sua­
sion were used to open more and better job op­
portunities to nonwhites.

LABOR IN 1967

In liis Economic lie port to the Congress, Presi­
dent Johnson appealed to business and labor to
show “utmost restraint” in collective bargaining
decisions, cautioning that attempts to fully recoup
lost real wages and automatic shifts of increased
costs to the public would lead to an inflationary
spiral damaging to both and to the Nation. Few
negotiations required the active assertion of the
public interest by the Government.
Some labor economists expressed the opinion
that the Council of Economic Advisers should
issue temporary guidelines reflecting settlement
expectations in 1967. The typical guideline sug­
gested was 5 percent, which closely approximated
the 1967 median settlement. The Council did not
set a temporary guideline, arguing that produc­
tivity was the “only valid and noninflationary
standard for wage advances,” and that nothing
would be gained by sanctioning higher settlements
with a temporary guideline.
To Recoup the Loss

Against a backdrop of rising consumer prices
and decreased real earnings, more major contracts
involving more workers (about 4 million) expired
in 1967 than in either 1966 or 1965. Significant col­
lective bargaining occurred in the large automo­
biles, trucking, rubber, meatpacking, copper, rail­
roads, apparel, and communications industries.
At the beginning of the year, it was anticipated
that collective bargaining would not run smoothly
because, in addition to the consumer price rise,
profits advanced faster than aggregate labor in­
come during the economic expansion of the 1960’s.
Facing these developments, labor tried not only to
restore real wages but to regain the workers’ pre­
vious share of money income.
Labor also had to continue reestablishing wage
differentials between skilled and unskilled work­
ers. The former have been restive at the narrow­
ing of wage differences caused by cumulative
cents-per-hour rather than percentage wage in­
creases, and some skilled workers feel their pay
3
Composing the special arbitration board were Senator Wayne
Morse, chairman; former Senator Leverett Saltonstall; George
Meany, president of A F m C IO ; Frederick Kappel, former presi­
dent of AT&T; and Theodore Kheel, labor arbitrator. See also
the report of the board, M onthly Labor Review, November 1967,
pp. 43-46.


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3
has fallen too far behind that of comparable work­
ers in other industries. (A comparison of this type
caused the machinists to vote down a settlement
recommended by their negotiators in the 1966 air­
lines dispute.) All of these factors figured in
greater or lesser degree in the railroad shopcraft
dispute and in the rubber, copper, and automobile
strikes.
Ending the Rail Impasse. Unlike the 1963-64 im­
passe over elimination of firemen’s jobs, the dis­
pute between six shopcraft unions, representing
137,000 members, and the railroads was primarily
about money. The unions wanted wage parity be­
tween skilled workers in their industry and those
in others, a reestablishment of intraindustry
spreads between skilled and semiskilled pay, and
a general increase sufficient to offset real income
declines. Specifics of the union position were a 2year contract, a 12-percent general increase, an
additional amount for skilled workers, an escala­
tor clause, and improved fringe benefits. Arguing
that the shopcraft settlement should be in line
with other railroad settlements, the carriers offered,
roughly, 5-percent increases in wages.
A presidential emergency board, appointed in
January under the Railway Labor Act, recom­
mended an 18-month contract, a general wage in­
crease of 6 percent, an additional 5 cents for skilled
workers, and a job study aimed at further adjust­
ment of skilled worker rates. Neither unions nor
carriers accepted the proposal.
Strikes were delayed by congressional resolu­
tions in April and May, and later by voluntary
action of the unions while Congress considered a
presidential proposal of “mediation to finality.”
When the mediation proposal was not enacted, a
combination of shopcraft walkouts and carrier
lockouts changed the confrontation into a nation­
wide stoppage in July. Legislation was immedi­
ately enacted—Public Law 90-54—requiring ar­
bitration by a 5-man board in the absence of a
settlement by the parties themselves.3
Unions and carriers were given 60 days to reach
an agreement under the act. When they failed to
agree, the board proposed a settlement “within
the framework of previous bargaining.” The set­
tlement, which became effective October 16, pro­
vided a 2-year contract, a 6-percent general in­
crease retroactive to the first of the year, a 5-per-

4
cent increase July 2, 1968, and an additional 20
cents an hour to “journeymen and mechanics” to
be awarded in 5-cent increments at 6-month inter­
vals. To aid future negotiations, the board also
requested the Department of Labor to study rail­
road wage structure.
Trucking Breakdown. Unlike the railroad shopcraft dispute, in which pay comparisons were
made with other industries, Teamsters’ negotia­
tions for a new national agreement were pro­
longed by comparisons within the industry.
March negotiations between the Teamsters
(representing 450,000 members) and Trucking
Employers, Inc. (representing 1,500 trucking com­
panies) resulted in the first nationwide lockout in
the history of negotiations in the industry before
a new master agreement was reached. The parties
were unable to reach agreement by expiration of
the contract at the end of March, and while ne­
gotiations continued some locals walked out. On
April 8, the companies instituted a “defensive”
lockout that stalled the interstate trucking system.
A tentative 3-year agreement calling for an esti­
mated 60 cents in increased wages and improved
fringe benefits was reached April 12 and submitted
to locals for approval on April 27. Before the re­
sults of balloting on the pact were announced, it
was renegotiated in early May to incorporate bet­
ter terms won by the Chicago Teamsters’ local and
an independent trucking local.4
The new contract boosted the raise to 70 cents
an hour including 55 cents in wage increases—25
cents the first year and 15 cents in each of the re­
maining years.
Dissenting from the national agreement, about
1,500 steel-hauling truckdrivers, most of the Team­
sters, went on wildcat strike that began in Indiana,
eventually spread to eight other States, and lasted
9 weeks before a settlement was reached.
Test by Attrition. In 1967, the Rubber Workers
engaged in the longest strike—over 3 months—
in the history of the rubber industry. In March and
April negotiations with the Big 5 rubber com­
panies (Goodyear, Firestone, Uniroyal, Goodrich,
and General), the union sought a general increase,
an additional amount for skilled workers, cessation
of pay distinctions between tire and other rubber


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workers, a full employment earnings program
(which would maintain full income during lay­
offs), and improvements in other fringe benefits.
To justify these demands, the union pointed to
good profits in the industry; to prepare for a pos­
sible strike, it arranged for a loan from the United
Automobile Workers.
On April 22, 1 day after contracts expired, the
Rubber Workers struck Firestone, Goodrich, and
Uniroyal, and some weeks later struck General and
Goodyear. First settlements were reached at Good­
rich and General in July, followed by parallel
agreements with the other three companies. Over
75,000 rubber workers received a 15-cent increase
in each of the first 2 years of the contract, and a
13-cent increase in the last year. Skilled workers
gained an additional 10 cents in the first year. The
full employment earnings program emerged as a
boost in the supplementary unemployment bene­
fits plan from 65 to 80 percent of earnings. Pen­
sions, vacations, life insurance, hospitalization, and
medical and other benefits were improved though
the agreements varied somewhat by company. The
overall package was valued by some of the com­
panies at 80 cents an hour per worker.
In the first real test of coordinated bargaining
in nonferrous metals, about 42,000 workers walked
off jobs at 8 major copper-producing companies in
mid-July in a dispute over wages, pensions, and
escalator clauses. The strike dragged on as the
unions accused the companies of waiting for Fed­
eral intervention to force a settlement, and the
companies argued that the attempt at coordinated
bargaining was hampering negotiations.
Led by the Steelworkers, which accounted for
the majority of workers on strike, the unions were
demanding parity in wages with wmrkers who
earned more in other industries, improved pen­
sions, and a cost-of-living adjustment clause.5
4 To win better terms than the first national agreement pro­
vided, the Chicago locals had remained on strike and were sub­
sequently locked out. International union negotiators indicated
that the first agreement contained an implicit “most favored
local” clause, which necessitated renegotiation to include the
more favorable terms won by the Chicago teamsters.
5 The other unions were : Automobile Workers, Boilermakers,
Bricklayers, Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Carpenters, In­
ternational Union of Electrical Workers, Iron Workers, Locomo­
tive Firemen and Enginemen, Machinists, Molders, Office and
Professional Employees, Operating Engineers, Painters, Plumbers
and Pipefitters, Railroad Trainmen, Railway Carmen, Sheet
Metal Workers, and Teamsters.

LABOR IN 1967

In mid-August and early September, there was
Federal intervention to facilitate a settlement. A
3-man Federal mediation team entered the dispute
but was unable to get negotiations resumed. At the
President’s request, Labor Secretary Wirtz and
Commerce Secretary Trowbridge summoned key
disputants to a conference in Washington in Sep­
tember. The Secretaries expressed the Administra­
tion’s concern that the then 7-week-old strike would
seriously reduce the Nation’s copper supply. The
meetings, which were attended by leaders of the
Steelworkers and representatives of four of the
struck companies, ended without results.
Stopping the Assembly Line. Subcontracting, a
key noneconomic issue in later negotiations between
the United Automobile Workers and the Big 3
automakers (General Motors, Ford, Chrysler),
caused a 9-day wildcat walkout in February at a
parts plant in Mansfield, Ohio. Only 2,700 workers
were directly involved but the strike eventually
idled about 174,000 General Motors employees in
other plants. The strikers returned to work after
the international union intervened and an agree­
ment was reached to submit the cases of suspended
workers and the issue of subcontracting to normal
grievence procedures. Following a second walkout
in March, caused by internal union dissension and
rumors that leaders of the first walkout had been
fired rather than suspended, the international
appointed an administrator for the Mansfield
local. Subsequently, the rebel local leader resigned,
new officers were elected, and relative peace was
restored in the automobile industry—until the as­
sembly lines were stopped at the Ford Motor Co.
in September.
Almost 160,000 auto workers walked off the job
at Ford plants just after Labor Day in the opening
of what proved to be a 7-week deadlock. The
workers and the companies were caught in closing
scissors of falling sales on one side, and rising con­
sumer prices and skilled worker’s demands on the
other. The UAW’s strategy was to strike the Ford
Motor Co. while General Motors and Chrysler con­
tinued to operate, putting pressure on Ford to
settle.
The Auto Workers sought a share of productiv­
ity and repair of real income—a recurring issue in
1967 negotiations—with a large across-the-board
boost. Skilled workers were to receive an addi­


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5
tional increase, to continue restoration of former
wage differentials and to achieve parity with
skilled workers employed by automobile company
contractors. In addition, the subcontracting of
skilled work, such as that which triggered the
Mansfield walkout, was to be better controlled. The
union also wanted to achieve parity between U.S.
and Canadian workers’ wages (to prevent produc­
tion shifts), guaranteed annual income, a con­
tinued cost-of-living escalator clause, and improve­
ments in pensions, insurance, and other fringe
benefits.
The union had added incentives to bargain rug­
gedly. As a result of a 1966 constitutional change,
skilled workers (and other blocs within the UAW)
were given veto power over any settlement. The
concession was promoted by the recurring dis­
content of skilled workers over what they take to
be a relative slide in their pay caused by the centsper-hour, across-the-board approach to wage in­
creases. (During the summer, the International
Society of Skilled Tradesmen petitioned the
NLRB for a separate bargaining unit of skilled
auto workers. The petition was denied.)
In late October, the UAW and the Ford Motor
Co. reached tentative agreement on a new 3-year
contract, providing for an increase in total com­
pensation reported at 90 cents over the 3 years,
increased pensions, and an improved supplemental
unemployment benefits plan that can give the
worker up to 95 percent rather than the current
62 percent of normal income for up to a year,
depending on his seniority. Under the escalator
clause, no wage increase would be provided in the
first year, and increases would be limited to 8 cents
in each of the last 2 years. The UAW ratified the
agreement in November, and a similar settlement
reached with the Chrysler Corp. also included pro­
visions for equalization of U.S. and Canadian
Auto Workers’ pay.
Empty Classrooms. Displaying their increased
willingness to strike for better pay and improved
working conditions, teachers delayed the start of
school in New York, Detroit, East St. Louis, com­
munities in Florida, and several other areas by
mass resignations and other work stoppages.
The biggest teacher strike occurred in New York
City. The strike began September 11 and was set­
tled about 3 weeks later when teachers, after re-

6

jecting a $125 million improvement offer from the
school board, finally accepted a $135 million offer,
permitting 1.1 million school children to start reg­
ular classes. Racial issues marred this dispute as
Negro parents charged that teachers wanted a rule
change (permitting the ousting of unmanageable
children) solely to expel unruly Negro and Puerto
Rican children.
In Detroit, teachers caused a 2-week delay in
the start of school for about 300,000 children by
mass resignations in support of demands for a
$1,200 increase in annual pay and a 5-percent re­
duction in the 40-week school year. On September
18, the stoppage ended with a salary compromise
and a 39-week school year.
Responding to a request from the Florida Edu­
cation Association, the National Education As­
sociation invoked nationwide sanctions against the
State of Florida because of a cut in the school
budget. Teachers were urged not to accept Florida
employment until school appropriations were sub­
stantially increased. An agreement between Flor­
ida Governor Claude Kirk and the FEA warded
off possible mass resignations by Florida teachers,
although schools were closed for a short time in
Broward and Pinellas Counties.
In Detroit and New York, city policemen threat­
ened to use noncooperation short of strikes. There
was a loss of some policemen’s services in Detroit
caused by what city officials called “an epidemic of
blue flu.” New York officials agreed with the Po­
licemen’s Benevolent Association on a 27-month
contract, terms retroactive to July 1, 1966. Detroit
officials reached an agreement with the Detroit
Police Officers’ Association on noneconomic issues
and provided for binding arbitration on griev­
ances.
Several large groups of workers and their em­
ployers—in apparel, communications, and food
(principally meatpacking)—did not reach agree­
ment in 1967 until after tough bargaining, but few
engaged in work stoppages. Some settlements were
achieved prior to expiration.
In contrast to the deadlocks in trucking, rail­
road shopcrafts, automobiles, rubber, and copper,
agreements were reached peacefully for almost
300,000 workers in the apparel industry.
The apparel contracts provided a 15-percent in­
crease spread over 3 years. The first big agree­
ment came January 30, providing the pattern in­
crease for 80,000 ladies’ garment workers (half

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

of them located in New York City). Craft mini­
mum wages under the contract were boosted, and
the lowest rate raised to assure the negotiated
spread from the Federal minimum wage. Pen­
sions, severance pay, and other fringe benefits were
improved.
The 15-percent hike over the 3 years of the con­
tract was applied in a variety of ways. In May, the
42.000 New York City area workers who make
women’s coats and suits got 10 percent the first year
and 5 percent the second. In the same month,
27.000 workers making women’s, infants’ and chil­
dren’s clothing received a 7-percent increase the
first year, 5 percent the second, and 3 percent in
the last year.
The meatpacking unions and the Armour and
Wilson Companies agreed on new contracts in
March—6 months before expiration—covering
18.000 workers, and setting a pattern for settle­
ments later in the year. General wage boosts of 34
cents an hour (12 cents immediately) were granted
and the semiannual cost-of-living review was con­
tinued from the previous contract. On the job-loss
issue, a recurring problem in meatpacking,
workers would get a 6- instead of 3-month notice of
plant closings, and if too young for pensioning,
they could collect separation pay while maintain­
ing vested interests in pensions. Between April and
September, similar pacts were signed with the
Oscar Mayer, Cudahy, Rath, Morrell, and Swift
Companies. Terms were retroactive to March 13,
effective date of the Armour and Wilson
agreements.
Negotiations covering over 168,000 workers in
communications were orderly, pacts being pat­
terned after a series of agreements reached for
Bell System employees in 1966. Weekly increases
of from $3.50 to $8, plus other classification adjust­
ments were granted, and improvements in va­
cations, pensions, and health and welfare benefits
were achieved.
A 4-year strike against Kingsport Press of
Tennessee ended with the April decertification of
the Stereotypers and Electrotypers, Printing
Pressmen, and Bookbinders as bargaining agents
of the company’s employees. These were the last
of the five unions that began the strike in 1963.
The Machinists and Typographers had lost their
representation rights earlier as the company con­
tinued to operate with replacements.

LABOR IN 1967

Trials and Troubles

For much of the year, the court difficulties of
Teamsters’ President James R. Hoff a and the res­
ignation of Walter Reuther and other TJAW offi­
cials from most of their AFL-CIO posts received
substantial public attention. Some fundamental
developments in the character of trade unionism—
coordinated bargaining and organizing drives
among white-collar and farm workers—also ad­
vanced further during the year. Bargaining and
drives shared the spotlight after conclusion of
the Teamsters negotiations, and after the UAW,
deadlocked with the big automakers, gave no sign
of severing relations with the federation.
The continuing court fight between Mr. Hoffa
and the U.S. Department of Justice climaxed with
the March imprisonment of the Teamster leader on
a 1964 jury-tampering conviction. After the Su­
preme Court rejected a final appeal, he began serv­
ing an 8-year sentence. Leadership of the union
passed to Frank E. Fitzsimmons, who had been
elected to a new union post—general vice presi­
dent—at a July 1966 convention.
As he resigned all AFL-CIO posts except his
leadership of the Industrial Union Department,
UAW President Walter Reuther disclaimed any
feud between himself and George Meany. In a
letter mailed to UAW locals, Reuther and other
UAW officials blamed the complacency of the
AFL-CIO for the resignations, arguing that the
federation should mount more vigorous organizing
campaigns, especially among white-collar and
technical workers and the working poor. At a spe­
cial April convention, UAW delegates authorized
the leadership to take whatever steps would serve
the “best interests” of the auto workers and the
labor movement.
At its quarterly meeting in February at the
AFL—CIO Executive Council expressed willing­
ness to discuss issues but declined a public debate.
The council seat vacated by Mr. Reuther was filled
by William Pollock, president of the Textile
Workers’ Union. The UAW continued to pay its
assessments to the federation. In September, the
Council pledged full support of the UAW in its
strike against Ford and its bargaining struggle
with the other automobile makers.
There were few changes in union leadership in
1967. In addition to William Pollock’s replacing


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7
Walter Reuther on the executive council, Harry C.
Bates, the 85-year-old president emeritus of the
Bricklayers, oldest member of the council, re­
signed in September, and was replaced by John
H. Lyons, the 47-year-old president of the Iron
Workers. Max Greenberg, head of the Retail
Wholesale and Department Store Union, was
elected to a vice presidency of the federation and
to a seat on the executive council.
Progress Report

In 1967 the AFL-CIO reached its highest mem­
bership total since the 1962-63 trough—a monthly
average of 14.3 million, up about 900,000 from
the 1966 level. Bureau of Labor Statistics tabula­
tions released during 1967 showed that overall
union membership, including unaffiliated unions
such as the Teamsters, reached 19.1 million in 1966.
Big gains were scored by the United Automobile
Workers and Steelworkers. Excluding Canadian
membership, the U.S. total was 17.9 million, up 6
percent since 1964.
The independent Mine, Mill and Smelter Work­
ers was absorbed by the giant Steelworkers after
the proposed merger was ratified by the smaller
union’s convention in January. The merger was
completed by midyear, and the absorbed union’s
president, Albert C. Skinner, and two top officers
became international representatives of the Steel­
workers, while its other staff members joined the
Steelworkers’ staff.
The Pressmen and the Typographers, with over
240,000 members between them, inched closer to
merger. They agreed on seven principles for the
voluntary settlement of jurisdictional disputes.
The unions also agreed to work on a final merger.
Despite a 4-month strike by the IBEW against
Pacific Coast Shipyards, the Pacific Coast Metal
Trades Council reaffirmed in March its com­
mitment to coordinated bargaining in future
negotiations.
The need for industrywide bargaining for At­
lantic and Gulf Coast ports and the threat of con­
tainerization to longshoremen’s jobs were stressed
at the diamond anniversary convention of the
Longshoremen’s Association. Elected to a second
4-year term as president, Thomas W. Gleason
vowed necessary action to eliminate low-wage com-

s
petition among the ports. The level of royalty pay­
ments for containerization was considered too low
to afford the job protection needed.
Culminating a year-and-a-half dispute, the
AFL-CIO ’s United Farm Workers Organizing
Committee signed a 3-year agreement with the Di
Giorgio Corporation, covering 3,000 workers. It
was the biggest farm labor representation won by
the committee in the California grape fields since
the federation’s organizing drive commenced in
the late summer of 1965. Hourly and piece-rate
workers received substantial boosts in pay, includ­
ing premium pay for work on six designated
holidays. The company contracted to put $25,000
into a jointly administered health, welfare, and
pension fund, and agreed to pay an additional 5
cents an hour per employee into the fund, retro­
active to the beginning of 1967. In addition, senior­
ity, grievance procedure, and union security had
come to the farm.
In the Supreme Court

In 1967, the Supreme Court upheld union posi­
tions regarding fair representation, job preserva­
tion, and internal discipline, and clarified its ruling
on employer discrimination.6
In a sort of prelude to the more significant deci­
sions to follow, the first two labor cases decided by
the Court in 1967 dealt with the perennial issue of
the Labor Management Relations Act: Duty to
bargain.7In G. & G. Plywood Corp., the Court held
that the Board had not exceeded its authority when
it found a refusal to bargain in the employer’s
unilateral institution of a premium pay plan un­
der a provision in the bargaining agreement. The
Board was not divested of jurisdiction, the Court
continued, merely because the question of institu­
tion of the plan was subject to a provision in the
contract and could conceivably have been decided
adversely for the union under the “waiver of duty
to bargain” clause. The Court found that the
Board was not interpreting the contract, a func­
tion reserved for arbitrators, where provided for,
and for the courts, but was only doing what was
necessary to determine whether an unfair labor
practice had occurred.
This decision was strengthened by the Court’s
ruling in Acme Industrial Co. There the finding
was that the presence of an arbitration clause in

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

the contract did not stop the Board from taking
prearbitration actions to aid agreement. In revers­
ing the appeals court, which held that the Board
had to defer to the arbitration clause, the Court
reasoned that the union could not intelligently
exercise its right to arbitration if it lacked neces­
sary information. In this case, the information
consisted of the reasons behind worker layoffs and
removal of plant equipment, both of which the
employer had refused to explain. The Board had
ordered the employer to supply the information.
An employee may sue his union in court for un­
fair representation. However, the Court found in
Vaca v. Sipes s that a breach of the duty of fair
representation is not established merely by proof
that the grievance was meritorious, as the State
court had held. Rather it must be shown that the
union was “arbitrary, discriminatory,” or acting
in “bad faith” in declining to process the complain­
ant’s grievance to arbitration. The lone dissenter,
Justice Black, held the maj ority placed too heavy
a burden upon the individual employee in requir­
ing him to prove union culpability.
In a 5-4 decision, the Court upheld “will not
handle” clauses in contracts where the union in­
tent is to preserve jobs traditionally performed by
its members rather than to disrupt relations be­
tween a primary employer and his suppliers.9 The
dispute in this case arose when carpenters, citing a
provision in the contract, refused to handle pre­
fitted doors. The employer returned the doors and
secured unfitted doors, which the carpenters fitted
at the site. Subsequently, the NLRB dismissed the
woodwork association’s charge that the union had
violated the hot-cargo ban, among other violations.
The Court ruled that Allen Bradley 10 was not
applicable because there the union reached out to
8
Another important issue moved toward Supreme Court adjudication during 1967. A divided 3-judge panel ( The S tate of Mary­
land v. W. W illard W irtz, June 13, 1967) ruled that the 1966 Fair
Labor Standards amendments were constitutional as applied to
State hospital, public school, and busline employees. Anticipating
appeal to the Supreme Court, the panel deferred enforcement of
its decision. (See M onthly Labor Review, September 1967, pp.
63-64.)
7N LRB v. C. & O. Plywood Gory. (U.S. Sup. Ct., Jan. 9, 1967)
and NLRB v. Acme Industrial Go. (U.S. Sup. Ct., Jan. 9, 1967) ;
see M onthly Labor Review, March 1967, pp. 53-54.
s Manuel Vaca v. Niles Sipes (U.S. Sup. Ct., Feb. 27, 1967) ;
M onthly Labor Review, May 1967, p. 54.
8
National Woodwork M anufacturers Association v. N LRB
(U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 17, 1967) ; see M onthly Labor Review, June
1967, pp. 65-66. See also Houston Insulation Contractors Associa­
tion v. NLRB (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 17, 1967).
10 Allen Bradley v. Local 3, Electrical Workers, 325 U.S1. 797.

LABOR IN 1967

“monopolize all manufacturing job tasks.” I t cited
the 1965 decision in Fibreboard11 in support. In
that case, it had ruled that subcontracting of
maintenance work was a mandatory subject of
bargaining.
In Allis-Chalmers,12 the Supreme Court de­
termined that unions can fine members who cross
picket lines and otherwise refuse to observe a law­
ful strike. The Justices argued that a contrary
ruling would leave unions with the right of expul­
sion only. The decision was 5-4, the dissenters
holding that the majority was conferring rights on
unions, in contradiction of sections 7 and 8(b) (1)
(A). The majority pointed to the legislative his­
tory of the act and to the 1959 Landrum-Grifiin
amendments as proof that Congress recognized the
right to fine, suspend, or expel members for
violation of legal union procedures.
Chief Justice Warren, speaking for the majority,
distilled recent court doctrines on employer dis­
crimination under LMRA in Great Dane:13 (1)
If an employer’s conduct is inherently destructive
of important employee rights, an unfair labor
practice can be found even if a legitimate business
purpose underlies that conduct; (2) if the em­
ployer’s conduct is only slightly destructive of
employee rights, and rests on a legitimate business
purpose, antiunion bias must be proved. On the
matters before it, the Court held the employer had
failed to establish a legitimate business purpose to
justify his payment of vacation pay to strikers
who returned to work but not to those who
remained on strike.
NLRB Rulings

The NLRB decision in Mallinckrodt Chemical
Works 14 was rendered on the next to last day of
11 Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. v. Labor Board, 379 U.S.
203.
12N LR B v. Allis-Chalmers M anufacturing Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct.,
June 12, 1967) ; see M onthly Labor Review, August 1967, pp.
58-59.
13N LR B v. Great Dane Trailers, Inc. (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 12,
1967) ; see M onthly Labor Review, August 1967, pp. 59-60.
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, Uranium Division, and In ter­
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 1, 162 NLRB
48 (Dec. 30, 1966) ; see M onthly Labor Review, March 1967, pp.
52-53.
15 American Potash & Chemical Corp., 107 NLRB 1418.
18
The Baltimore Luggage Co. and International Leather Goods
Workers’ Union, 162 NLRB No. 113 (Jan. 27, 1967) ; see M onthly
Labor Review, April 1967, p. 62.
17 Sewell M anufacturing Go., 138 NLRB 66.
18 J. P. Stevens & Co. and Industrial Union Department, A FL—
CIO, 163 NLRB No. 24 (March 6, 1967) ; see M onthly Labor Re­
view, May 1967, p. 55.


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9
1966, but it is mentioned here because of its rele­
vance during 1967 when many skilled workers
were concerned that industrial unions were not
maintaining traditional spreads between the
wages of skilled and other workers. Abandoning
restrictions self-imposed by its 1954 American
Potash15 decision, the Board returned to a policy
of case-by-case determination in deciding whether
craftworkers could elect to sever themselves from
an industrial union by choosing representation by
a craft union. An appeals court decision had
nudged the Board toward its earlier position. The
court had found that the Board’s adoption of the
rigid tests in Potash almost abrogated its duty
under the LMRA on the issue of craft severance.
Broadening its inquiry to cover all angles of
craft severance, the Board gave the following
partial list of issues it would consider : (1) Is the
unit a distinct group of skilled craftsmen? (2)
Would the severance upset collective bargaining,
disrupting stable relations? (3) How separate was
the unit while included in the conglomerate union ?
(4) What was the general history of collective
bargaining in the industry? (5) How integrated
were the employer’s productive processes? (6)
How experienced is the petitioning union in repre­
senting similar craftworkers ? The Board indicated
that these issues would be considered uniformly
in each case.
Adding to its growing yield of decisions on racial
appeals in representation elections, the Board
held in Baltimore Luggage Co,16 that appeals
directed toward economic betterment were valid
in contrast to appeals which were “inflammatory
. . . setting race against race . .
It upheld the
validity of the union’s appeal to Negro workers
to alleviate economic privation resulting from
their race by choosing the union. The Board cited
Sewell Manufacturing Co., in which it distin­
guished between lawful and unlawful appeals.17
In the most unusual of a series of decisions in­
tended to stop the alleged unfair labor practices of
the large textile manufacturer, J. P. Stevens Co.,
the Board ordered a company to supply an orga­
nizing union with the names and addresses of all
its employees because the union had no effective
means of personal contact.1’8
On remand from the U.S. Supreme Court, the
Board reaffirmed its 1962 order that the Darling­
ton Manufacturing Co. of Darlington, S. C., had
been illegally closed to prevent possible unioniza-

10

tion of other plants.19 The 11-year dispute over
the plant closure began in 1956 when the newly
unionized Darlington plant was closed and 500
workers discharged. After four hearings by trial
examiners, the 1962 order by the Board, and
appeals to the Supreme Court, the case was
remanded for further consideration by the Board.
The High Court ruled that while an employer may
close his entire business for any reason, he may not
close part of his business if his purpose, reason­
ably foreseeable, is to “chill” unionism in the
remainder of the business.
On June 28, the Board issued its new finding
that Deering Milliken & Co., Inc., parent organi­
zation, had shut down the Darlington Manufac­
turing Co. to warn employees at other Deering
Milliken plants that unionization would be met
by closure.
A divided Board ruled that in regulating inter­
nal union affairs, unions may expel a member who
refuses to pay his union dues because a portion
of dues was refunded to members who attended
union meetings the balking member did not at­
tend.20 Reversing its Leece-Neville Co. decision,21
the Board’s majority held that refunds were essen­
tially the same as door prizes or refreshments pro­
vided to encourage attendance. The threat to expel
the member was ruled not in violation of section
8 (b) (2) of the LMRA, which forbids unions caus­
ing an employer to discriminate against an
employee.
Dissenters McCullough and Jenkins argued that
while the union could regulate internal affairs in
getting and keeping members, it could not inter­
fere with a member’s right under section 7 of the
act to refrain from all union activity except pay­
ment of normal dues and initiation fees.
On Capitol Hill

Except for the law settling the railroad shopcraft dispute, 1967 was a lean year in terms of
significant new Federal labor legislation.22 How­
ever, two landmark pieces—the Fair Labor Stand­
ards Act, and Title V II of the Civil Rights Act of
1964—underwent changes that had been enacted
earlier.
Hearings were held on some legislation favored
by organized labor pertaining to situs picketing,
Federal unemployment compensation standards,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

and other problems. In contrast to its hard fight
in the 89th Congress, organized labor in 1967 did
not mount a concerted drive for repeal of section
14(b) of the Taft-Hartley Act, a longtime legis­
lative goal.
Both the Fair Labor Standards Act and Title
V II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act affect labormanagement relations in areas largely outside the
scope of the Labor Management Relations Act.
The FLSA sets a wage floor for covered employees,
estimated to be over 41 million, of whom almost
2.5 million were employed by government. Title
V II forbids employment discrimination based
upon race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.
Most of the more than 9 million workers brought
under the FLSA as a result of the 1966 amend­
ments 23 were covered in 1967, and the remaining
workers will be covered in 1969. Most workers cov­
ered this year had to be paid at least $1 an hour
on February 1. Most of them were already earn­
ing that amount or more since estimates were that
the pay of only a little over one-tenth of the total
had to be raised to $1 an hour. Workers covered
by the act before the 1966 amendments were en­
acted had to be paid at least $1.40 an hour (up
from $1.25) beginning February 1. Because of this
part of the amendments, about 3.7 million workers
who were receiving less than $1.40 got raises total­
ing $800 million.
More important in some respects than the pecu­
niary rewards were the types of workers covered
for the first time by the FLSA. Over a quarter of
them toiled in some of the lowest paying enter­
prises in America: Hospitals, nursing homes,
laundry and drycleaning establishments, and large
farms. As a result of the recent changes, only two
large groups of working poor are outside FLSA
coverage: Private household workers and agricul­
tural workers on small farms.
Title V II of the CRA was fashioned with a
stairstep approach to complaints of employment
19 Darlington M anufacturing Go. and Textile Workers Union,
167 NLRB No. 100 (June 28, 1967). For the Supreme Court de­
cision, see M onthly Lahor Review, May 1965, p. 566.
20 Local No. 171, Association of W estern Pulp and Paper
Workers and Donald R. Pagerness, 165 NLRB No. 97 (June 29,
1967) ; see M onthly Lahor Review, September 1967, p. 65.
21 Leece-Nevüle Go. and IB E W , Local 1377, 140 NLRB 56 (De­
cember 11, 1962).
22 For a roundup of State legislation, see pp. 21-28, this issue,
23 See M onthly Lahor Review, March 1967, pp. 1-4 ; April 1967,
pp. 21—24 ; and June 1967, pp. 21-25.

11

LABOR IN 1967

discrimination based upon race, color, sex, religion,
or national origin. In its first year, the law covered
practically all unions, businesses with 100 employ­
ees or more and employment agencies dealing with

such businesses. On July 2, coverage under the title
expanded to include businesses with at least 50
employees and employment agencies that deal with
them.

Jobs in our 1984 economy would seem to call for over 60 percent of the total
labor force in the services sectors, less than 30 percent in manufacturing, and
the balance in mining, agriculture, and unemployed. Currently, about 55 per­
cent are in the services sector with about 35 percent in manufacturing. This
is a major shift with tremendous implications for education, life-styles, and
basic values.


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—Herbert E. Striner.

Domestic Jobs
Attributable
to U.S. Exports
D a n ie l R o x o n *

E m p l o y m en t i n t h e U n it e d S tates related to
exports of goods increased by nearly 4 percent, or
by 91,000, between 1960 and 1965. In 1965, an esti­
mated 2.4 million jobs were attributable to exports
of merchandise and another half million to ex­
ports of services. These employment estimates
are based on different definitions and concepts
than those used in an earlier study for 1960 by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. The 1960 data have
been revised to make them comparable with the
1965 data. (See discussion at the end of the article
for the major differences between the revised and
earlier estimates.)

Effects of Productivity

Changes in employment attributable to exports
result from the interaction of several influences. As
the volume of exports expands, export employment
may be expected to increase. Productivity gains
(output per man-hour) in export industries may,
however, limit the increase in export-related em­
ployment to a fraction of the advance in the export
volume. Over the years, as U.S. productivity and
efficiency have improved, the American producer
has used less and less labor per unit of product.
Continuous gains in productivity are, of course,
a major element in maintaining or reducing costs
and permitting an improvement in our competitive
position in foreign markets. Reflecting this im­
provement in productivity, unit labor costs in man­
ufacturing in the United States from 1960 to 1965
declined by 2 percent, a performance matched only
by Canada among our major foreign competitors.
12

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Between 1960 and 1965 the value of merchandise
exports in constant dollars rose by 31 percent while
related employment rose by 4 percent, implying
an annual average productivity change in export
industries of 4.7 percent. The average productivity
change for the private economy during the same
period was 3.5 percent. Part of the higher pro­
ductivity rate in the export industries arises from
the greater importance of agricultural industries
in merchandise exports than in total national out­
put. Productivity in agricultural industries in­
creased at an annual average rate of over 6 percent
from 1960 to 1965. Even if the comparisons were
limited to nonagricultural industries, the produc­
tivity rate is still higher—4.0 percent compared
with the national average for all nonfarm indus­
tries of 3.2 percent.
The effect of productivity increases on the level
of employment attributable to exports in 1960 and
1965 can be expressed in another way. In 1965,
about 91,000 workers were required for each bil­
lion dollars of goods exported; in 1960, about
115,000 were required.
Another factor affecting export-employment
estimates is the change in demands of one industry
upon other industries for materials and services.
If, for example, the automobile industry substitutes
the use of plastics for steel, indirect steel employ­
ment generated by automobile exports may be de­
creased while that for plastics may be increased.
The export-related employment effect can be
measured in several ways. The number of workers,
total and by industry, required to produce the
goods and services exported are estimated; the
ratio of these estimates to total employment in a
particular industry is then determined. The
amount of export employment in each industry
may subsequently be divided into its primary and
indirect components.1 Another method of measur♦Formerly of the Division of Economic Growth, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1
Primary employment is defined as the employment of a specific
industry required to produce the product in the form in which it
is exported. Indirect employment relates to that part of an in­
dustry’s output which is incorporated in other exports.
For example, primary export employment in the steel industry
represents the number of workers required to produce the
quantity of steel exported; indirect employment in the industry
relates to the number of workers required to produce the steel
incorporated in exports of machinery, automobiles, etc. These
estimates of primary and indirect employment attributable to
exports were based on input-output relationships. For a descrip­
tion of input-output tables, see Survey of Current Business, Sep­
tember 1965, pp. 33-49 and November 1964, pp. 10-30. See also
Projections 1970: Interindustry Relationships, P otential Demand,
Employm ent (BLS Bulletin 1536, 1966), pp. 13-21.

JOBS ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXPORTS

ing export-related employment is to compute the
sum of the employment effects on all industries
which can be traced to the exports of a particular
industry. Each of these methods of measuring ex­
port employment will be described in this article.

IB
Chart 1. Export Employment as Percent of Total
Private Employment in M a jo r Sectors, 1965

Effect on Major Sectors

In 1965, the manufacturing industries employed
about 1.1 million workers in production of goods
for export. About 600,000 workers in the service
industries,2 over 500,000 in the agricultural, for­
estry, and fishery industries, and nearly 65,000 in
mining were similarly employed. (See chart 1.)
Jobs related to merchandise exports represented
3.8 percent of total domestic private employment
in 1965, roughly the same proportion as in 1960.
In agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, export em­
ployment in 1965 accounted for 11 percent of total
employment and in mining 9.5 percent.
Over 6 percent of total manufacturing employ­
ment in 1965 was related to exports of goods, about
the same as in 1960. Within the manufacturing
sector, about 10 percent of employment in the ma­
chinery industries is export-related; for the engine
and turbine segment the figure is 20 percent.
Of all employment attributable to merchandise
exports in 1965, 54 percent was considered primary
and 46 percent indirect. The estimate of indirect
employment does not include “multiplier” effects,
i.e., neither the employment required to produce
the food, clothing, and housing purchased by work­
ers whose jobs are attributable to exports nor the
employment required to produce the capital equip­
ment purchased by export industries.

2
The 600,000 workers in the service industries are the indirect
export labor requirements in those industries. They should not
be confused with the 500,000 workers in all industries who con­
tribute either directly or indirectly to the export of services.
8 Private employment includes wage and salary workers on
establishment payrolls and self-employed and unpaid family
workers. The count of wage and salary workers is a count of jobs
which includes multi jobholders more than once while the count
of self-employed and unpaid family workers is a count of persons.
Federal and State and local government employment and private
household employment are excluded. Employment in government
enterprises is included. The terms employment and jobs are used
interchangeably in this article.
4
The ratios of export employment to total employment by
industries discussed in this section relate to exports of goods
alone. The ratios for exports of goods and services generally move
in the same direction but are of a slightly greater magnitude.
Export employment covers both primary and indirect employment
as defined earlier. Table 1 provides data by industry for both
export series.
280-277 0 - 6 7 - 2


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Export-Related Jobs

The 2.4 million jobs attributable to exports of
merchandise in 1965 accounted for about 3.8 per­
cent of total private employment, about the same
proportion as in I960.3 Employment related to ex­
ports of goods and services was also unchanged at
4.T percent of total private employment.
Export employment in the manufacturing in­
dustries showed the greatest increase of all sectors
in the 1960-65 period and kept pace with the
extraordinarily large rate of expansion in total
manufacturing employment.4 (See chart 2.)
About half the total increase in export employ­
ment in the manufacturing sector in 1965 was
concentrated in the machinery industries. The ap­
proximately 335,000 jobs related to exports of
machinery then represented 9.7 percent of total
employment in these industries, about the same as
in 1960. Maintenance of this proportion is particu­
larly impressive when it is noted that domestic
investment expenditures in 1965 were at new highs,
placing considerable strain on the industries to
meet both foreign and domestic demands.
For the individual machinery industries, change
in export employment levels from 1960 to 1965 were

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

14
T able

1.

1960

E m p l o y m e n t A t t r ib u t a b l e to E x p o r t s a n d T o t a l P r iv a t e E m p l o y m e n t , b y I n d u s t r y ,

Sector and ind u stry
Goods and
services
I960

1965

T otal
private
e m p lo y m e n t2

1960

1965

T o ta l_____________________ __________ 2,798 2,941 2,283 2,374

Goods

Goods and
services

1965

I960

1965

1960

59,307

63,047

4.7

4.7

3.8

11.5
5.0
16.8
9.0
11.8
11.1
19.4
12.7
17.3
7.5
9.8
.9
6.8
5.3
4.1
8.0

9.3
3.8
14.2
6.5
10.4
9.2
18.4
10.2
15.4
4.9
7.5
.6
6.1
3.6
3.1
8.5

10.9
4.3
16.2
9.0
10.9
9.5
19.4
12.7
16.0
4.9
9.0
.6
6.1
4.0
3.3
8.0

21.5
4.3
16.1
.3
.8
2.8
.3
.2
1.1
.8
.4
1.2
40.9
.3
2.5
.3

mixed. (See table 1.) Export employment in the
engine and turbine industry increased sharply,
raising its share of employment to 20 percent in
1965 from 16 percent in 1960. The pronounced rise
in the level of export employment for office, com­
puting, and accounting machines, and in its
greater contribution to total employment, to 12
from 9 percent of total employment, was of special
interest. This change occurred while total employ­
ment in the industry was expanding rapidly. The
strong growth in export employment in this in­
dustry reflected a doubling in the volume of
export output and a more modest advance in
productivity.
Increases in export employment were fairly
widespread in the rest of the manufacturing sec­

1965

E x p o rt e m p lo y m e n t1

1960

6,032
560
508
538
A gricultural, forestry, and fisheries------ --------- 602
2,690
84
121
97
101
Livestock and livestock products________
3,033
432
390
405
O ther agricultural p ro d u cts............................. 451
108
7
10
8
10
Forestry and fishery p ro d u cts____________
201
24
22
26
20
A gricultural, forestry, and fishery services..
750
68
63
77
74
M ining__________ . ______
.
___ _
7
6
38
6
7
Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g ____ .
59
6
7
6
7
Nonferrous m etal ores m ining--------- --------29
24
195
31
26
C o alm in in g ___ _____________________ . . .
324
16
15
23
23
C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas-------------134
12
10
11
10
N onm etallic m ining and quarrying------- .
22
24
3, 641
33
35
C onstruction_______________ ___________ . . .
1, 143 1, 244 1, 040 1,128 17,192
M anufacturing_____________________ _____
220
9
8
12
9
O rdnance and accessories... ______
___
1, 834
56
60
73
71
Food and k indred products________ ______
94
8
7
7
8
Tobacco m anufactures_______ ____ . -----Broad and narrow fabrics, y a rn and thread
603
27
20
26
33
m ills_______
___________ ______
Miscellaneous textile goods and floor cover109
7
6
7
8
ings
____________________________
12
1,338
27
15
29
A p p a re l._______ . _
. . .
...
141
4
6
5
7
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products—
719
33
38
34
41
L um ber and wood p ro d u cts. ------- -285
3
3
3
3
H ousehold furniture ----------------- ----------1
1
119
2
2
Paper and allied products, except con38
425
42
34
37
tainers . . . . . . . . . ___
_____ _
177
10
9
11
11
Paperboard containers and boxes-------------40
986
52
33
43
P rintin g and publishing____ ____ . . . .
414
62
62
66
65
Chemicals and selected chemical p ro d u cts..
155
24
25
27
25
Plastics and synthetic m aterials. -----------12
201
13
14
13
Drugs, cleaning, and toilet preparations----63
3
3
3
3
Paints and allied p roducts__ .
--------212
9
14
16
11
Petroleum refining and related in d u s trie s ..
382
34
29
25
28
R ubber and miscellaneous plastics products.
L eather tanning and in d u strial leather
2
38
2
2
2
p ro d u c ts .. . . . .
............. ............... .
2
328
3
5
3
Footw ear and other leather p r o d u c t s . . ----13
158
14
10
11
Glass and glass p ro d u cts___________ _____
462
18
17
20
16
Stone and clay products---- ---------------------83
911
87
84
88
P rim ary iron and steel m anufacturing . . . _.
323
42
38
40
40
P rim ary nonferrous m etals m anufacturing ..
4
3
71
4
4
M etal containers______
. -------------- - H eating, plum bing, and stru c tu ra l m etal
17
426
12
18
14
p ro d u c ts ___________ ________ ________
Stampings, screw m achine products, and
287
28
21
30
20
b o lts __ _____________ ____ ___________
32
371
34
29
31
O ther fabricated m etal p ro d u c ts__________


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R atio of export em ploy­
m ent to total private
em ploym ent
Goods and
services

Goods

1965

Goods

1960

1965

1960

1965
100.0

18.3
3.3
13.8
.3
.9
2. 5
.2
.2
.9
.8
.4
1.2
42.3
.4
2. 5
.2

24.5
4.4
18.9
.3
.9
3.0
.3
.3
1.3
.7
.4
1.0
45.6
.4
2.5
.4

21.4
3.5
16.4
.4
1.0
2. 7
.3
.3
1. 0
.6
.5
1. 0
47.5
.4
2. 5
.3

1.2

.9

1.2

.8

1.0

.9

.3
1.0
.2
1.2
.1
.1

.2
.9
.2
1.4
.1

.3
.7
.2
1.4
.1
.1

.3
.5
.3
1.6
.1

.2
2.3
.2
1. 2
.5
.2

.2
2.3
.3
1.2
.5
.2

8.6
5.0
3.8
14. 6
12.8
5.4
4.5
4.9
6.1

1.3
.4
1. 5
2.3
.9
.5
.1
.6
1.0

1.4
.4
1.8
2.2
.9
.4
.1
.5
1.2

1.5
.4
1. 4
2. 7
1.1
.6
.1
.5
1 .1

1. 6
.4
1.7
2. 6
1.1
.5
.1
.4
1.2

.7
.3
1. 7
.7
.3
.3
.1
.4
.6

.7
.3
1.7
.7
.3
.4
.1
.3
.8

5.3
.9
6.3
3.5
9.2
12.1
5.6

5.7
.6
7.6
3.8
8. 8
11.3
4.3

.1
.2
.4
.6
3.1
1.4
.1

.1
.1
.5
.7
3.0
1.4
.1

.1
.1
.4
.7
3.7
1.7
.2

.1
.1
.5
.8
3. 5
1. 7
.1

.1
.6
.3
.8
1.5
.5
.1

.1
.5
.3
.7
1. 5
.6
.1

3.9

2.8

3.7

.5

.6

.5

.7

.7

.7

9.3
7.9

7.0
7.8

8.7
7.4

.8
1.1

1.0
1.2

.9
1.3

1. 2
1.3

.5
.6

.5
.7

10.0
4.5
14.9
7.4
10.9
10.7
18.4
11.9
15.9
7.4
7.5
.9
6.7
4.1
3.9
8.5

581

5.5

4.5

4.5

3.4

114
1,449
162
701
324
127

7.3
2.2
3.5
4.7
1.1
1.7

6. 1
1.9
4.3
5.8
.9
.8

6.4
1.1
2.8
4. 6
l.i
1.7

5.3
.8
3.7
5.4
.9
.8

441
200
1, 060
424
195
224
66
182
474

8.7
6.2
4.4
15.7
16.8
7.0
4.8
7.5
7.3

9.5
5.5
4.9
15.6
13.8
5.8
4.5
7.7
7.2

8.0
5.1
3.3
15.0
15.5
7.0
4.8
5.2
6. 5

35
318
172
472
943
354
69

5.3
1.5
7.0
3.7
9.7
12.4
5.6

5.7
.9
8.1
4. 2
9.2
11.9
5.8

465

3.3
7.3
8.4

I960

T otal
p rivate
employ­
m ent 2

3.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4,672
1, 940
2,401
111
220
666
31
55
150
308
122
3,981
18,425
226
1,793
87

323
430

1965

Percent distribution

In thousands

E xport e m p lo y m e n t1

and

10.2
7.4
4. 5
3.1
3.8
5.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
1.3
1 .1
.1 ..........
.1
.1
.2
.3
.5
.5
.2
.2
6.1
6.3
29.2
29.0
.4
.4
3.1
2.8
.2
.1

tor. Moderate gains were registered in the lumber
and paper industries. World demand for U.S.
paper products has shown a strong upward trend
in the past decade, and an increasing proportion of
domestic output is being sold in foreign markets.
Technically advanced products such as scientific
and measuring instruments and optical and photo­
graphic equipment have also found wider accept­
ance by foreign customers. Employment related to
such exports advanced sharply from 1960 to 1965.
Export employment accounted for about 10.9
percent of total employment in agriculture, for­
estry, and fisheries in 1965 compared with 9.3 per­
cent in 1960. However, total export employment in
this sector declined by 10 percent. This drop can
be attributed to the sharp rise in productivity,

JOBS ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXPORTS
T able

1.

15

E m p l o y m e n t A t t r ib u t a b l e to E x p o r t s a n d T o t a l P r iv a t e

E m ploym ent, by I nd u stry ,

1965—Continued
I n thousands

E x p o rt em p lo y m en t1
Sector and ind u stry
Goods and
services

M achinery _______________________ . . . . .
Engines and tu rb in es____________________
F a rm m achinery and eq u ip m en t_________
Construction, m ining, and oil field machinery_____ ________________________
M aterials handling m achinery and equipm e n t_________________ ____ _
M etalworking m achinery and e q u ip m e n t.. .
Special in d u stry m achinery and eq u ip m en t.
G eneral in d u strial m achinery and equip....
m e n t. __ ___
Machine shop products_________________ .
Office, computing, and accounting m achines.
Service in d u stry m achines_________
Electric industrial equipm ent and app a ra tu s___ ____________________
H ousehold appliances__________________
Electric lighting and w iring e q u ip m e n t___
Radio, television, and com m unication
e q u ip m e n t_______________ .
Electronic com ponents and accessories____
Miscellaneous electrical m achinery and
su p p lie s.. .......................... ...............
Motor vehicles and equipm ent____ _______
A ircraft and p a rts _______ ________
O ther tran sp o rtatio n equ ip m en t__
Scientific and controlling in stru m en ts_____
O ptical, ophthalm ic, and photographic
eq u ip m e n t______ _ ___
Miscellaneous m anufacturing___________ .
S e rv ic e s ________ _______ ______
T ran sp o rtatio n and w arehousing________
Com m unications; except broadcasting_____
R adio and television broadcasting__
E lectric, gas, w ater, and sanitary services._
Wholesale and re ta il tra d e ___ .
F inance and insurance___________________
______
R eal estate and re n ta l..
Hotels; personal and repair services, except
a u to ______ _ ________ _______
Business services and research and developm e n t____________________
A utom obile repair and services_______ .
A m usem ents___ _____ ______________
Medical, educational, and nonprofit organiz a tio n s ... . . _____ _______ _
Miscellaneous G overnm ent enterprises________

Goods

and

Percent distribution
R atio of export em ploy­
m ent to total p rivate
em ploym ent
Goods and
services

Goods

E xport e m p lo y m e n t1

Goods and
services

Goods

T o tal
private
em ploy­
m ent 2

I960

1965

1960

1965

1960

1965

I960

1965

1960

1965

I960

1965

1960

1965

1960

304
14
16

348
18
17

292
13
16

335
18
17

2,997
86
115

3,439
90
138

10.1
16.3
13.9

10.1
20.0
12.3

9.7
15.1
13.9

9.7
20.0
12.3

10.9
.5
.6

11.8
.6
.6

12.8
.6
.7

14.1
.8
.7

5.1
.1
.2

46

44

45

43

157

177

29.3

24.9

28.7

24.3

1.6

1.5

2.0

1.8

.3

.3

5
36
29

6
36
33

5
35
29

6
34
33

64
275
171

78
320
195

7.8
13.1
17.0

7.7
11.3
16.9

7.8
12.7
17.0

7.7
10.6
16.9

.2
1.3
1.0

.2
1.2
1.1

.2
1.5
1.3

.3
1.4
1.4

.1
.5
.3

.1
.5
.3

29
12
13
8

31
17
23
9

28
11
13
8

31
15
23
8

233
179
146
100

265
211
190
113

12.4
6.7
8.9
8.0

11.7
8.1
12.1
8.0

12.0
6.1
8.9
8.0

11.7
7.1
12.1
7.1

1.0
.4
.5
.3

1.1
.6
.8
.3

1.2
.5
.6
.4

1.3
.6
1.0
.3

.4
.3
.2
.2

.4
.3
.3
.2

32
10
7

35
9
11

31
7
7

34
6
11

344
155
142

363
167
175

9.3
6.5
4.9

9.6
5.4
6.3

9.0
4.5
4.9

9.4
3.6
6.3

1.1
.4
.3

1.2
.3
.4

1.4
.3
.3

1.4
.3
.5

.6
.3
.2

.6
.3
.3

21
16

26
23

19
15

24
22

489
234

552
305

4.3
6.8

4.7
7.5

3.9
6.4

4.3
7.2

.8
.6

.9
.8

.8
.7

1.0
.9

.8
.4

.9
.5

10
38
62
15
18

10
41
63
15
21

10
37
60
14
17

10
39
60
13
21

107
725
629
219
247

100
844
626
271
260

9.3
5.2
9.9
6.8
7.3

10.0
4.9
10.1
5.5
8.1

9.3
5.1
9.5
6.4
6.9

10.0
4.6
9.6
4.8
8.1

.4
1.4
2.2
.5
.6

.3
1.4
2.1
.5
.7

.4
1.6
2.6
.6
.7

.4
1.6
2.5
.5
.9

.2
1.2
1.1
.4
.4

.2
1.3
1.0
.4
.4

10
19
892
307
22
6
18
257
53
16

14
22
991
306
21
7
21
280
65
17

8
17
563
161
14
3
15
229
39
10

12
20
617
158
14
3
17
249
46
10

110
413
30, 650
2,743
749
94
628
14, 222
2,271
710

130
444
34, 084
2,720
775
110
638
15,308
2,596
767

9.1
4.6
2.9
11.2
2.9
6.4
2.9
1.8
2.3
2.3

10.8
5.0
2.9
11.3
2.7
6.4
3.3
1.8
2.5
2. 2

7.3
4.1
1.8
5.9
1.9
3.2
2.4
1.6
1.7
1.4

9.2
4.5
1.8
5.8
1.8
2.7
2.7
1.6
1.8
1.3

.4
.7
31.9
11.0
.8
.2
.6
9.2
1.9
.6

.5
.7
33.7
10.4
.7
.2
.7
9.5
2.2
.6

.4
.7
24.7
7.1
.6
.1
.7
10.0
1.7
.4

.5
.8
26.0
6.7
.6
.1
.7
10.5
1.9
.4

.2
.7
51.7
4.6
1.3
.2
1.1
24.0
3.8
1.2

.2
.7
54.1
4.3
1.2
.2
1.0
24.3
4.1
1.2

1965
5.5
.1
.2

63

68

18

21

2,577

2,785

2.4

2.4

.7

.8

2.3

2.3

.8

.9

4.3

4.4

84
9
47

114
12
64

57
6
4

76
8
4

1,777
434
661

2,319
509
711

4.7
2.1
7.1

4.9
2.4
9.0

3.2
1.4
.6

3.3
1.6
.6

3.0
.3
1.7

3.9
.4
2.2

2.5
.3
.2

3.2
.3
.2

3.0
.7
1.1

3.7
.8
1.1

10
51

16
59

7
30

11
34

3,784
1,042

4,846
1,219

.3
4.9

.3
4.8

.2
2.9

.2
2.8

.4
1.8

.5
2.0

.3
1.3

.5
1.4

6.4
1.8

7.7
1.9

1 Includes b o th prim ary and indirect em ploym ent. P rim ary em ploym ent
is em ploym ent in a specific in d u stry required to produce th e com m odity or
s ervice in th e form in w hich it is exported. In d irect em ploym ent is employ­
m ent related t o th a t p a rt of an in d u stry ’s o u tp u t incorporated in all other
ty p e s of exports.
2 E m p lo y m en t covers wage and salary employees, self-employed, and un-

which more than offset the more moderate increase
in exports of these commodities.
Employment patterns in the mining sector were
similar to those in agriculture. Export employ­
ment was 9.5 percent of total employment in 1965,
a slight increase over 1960. Total export employ­
ment slipped moderately but at a lower rate than
for total employment. Here again, the improve­
ment in productivity outweighed the growth in
the volume of exports. In the service sector, export
employment was about 2 percent of total employ­
ment in 1960 and 1965. The level of employment
in this sector was substantial (over 600,000 in

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T otal
p rivate
e m p lo y m e n t2

1960

paid family workers; general Federal, State and local governm ent employ­
m ent and private household em ploym ent are excluded.
N o t e : In d u stry detail is sim ilar to th a t used in th e 1 9 5 8 In p u t-O u tp u t
t able. T h e SIC content of these industries is given in th e Survey o f C urrent
B u sin e ss, Septem ber 1965. p. 33.

1965) and represented an increase of nearly 10
percent over 1960. In one of the service sectors, the
transportation industry, about 6 percent of the
workers produced for export in 1960 and 1965, a
figure considerably higher than the average for the
service sector as a whole.5
The distinction between primary and indirect
export employment provides additional informa­
tion regarding the effect of changes in the mag5
The number of U.S. jobs related to the transportation of mer­
chandise from U.S. border points to foreign countries is estimated
at about 60,000. This employment is included only in the export
employment series for goods and services, and is not part of the
2.4 million jobs attributable to exports of goods alone.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

16
Chart 2. Export Employment as Percent of Employ­
ment in M ajor Manufacturing Industries, 1960 and
1965

PERCENT OF
IN D USTRY
EMPLOYMENT

EXPORT
EM PLOYM ENT
(Tens of thousands)
25 20 15 10 5 O

0

5

10

15

CHEMICALS

METALS

NONELECTRICAL
MACHINERY
ELECTRICAL
MACHINERY

TRANSPORTATION
EQUIPMENT

Primary export employment predominated in
the farm sector, where the heavy volume of sales
to foreign customers of raw cotton, grains, soy­
beans, and other basic agricultural products ex­
ceeded the requirement for these products in other
exporting industries.
Primary export employment in services repre­
sented the transportation costs and trade margins
for delivery of goods from the plant to U.S. ports.
These costs were considered primary to the trans­
portation and trade industries, in accordance with
the standard input-output techniques currently in
use. However, output and employment in these
industries are closely dependent on the activity of
the goods-producing industries and therefore had
many of the same characteristics as indirect em­
ployment. When export employment is considered
to be indirect rather than primary, it comprises
virtually all employment in the service industries
related to exports of goods.
Supporting Employment

■ 1965

□

1960

nitude and composition of exports of goods and
services from 1960 to 1965 on employment in a
particular industry. In both years, about 55 per­
cent of all export employment was considered
primary, and the rest was indirect (table 2).
The principal industry sectors also showed lit­
tle change in the ratio of primary to indirect ex­
port employment from 1960 to 1965, although
there were fairly wide variations in this ratio be­
tween individual industries. Primary and indirect
proportions for a particular industry depend on
the degree of fabrication of the item produced.
Industries whose output consists mainly of raw or
semifinished commodities generally incorporated
into other products are likely to have a larger
proportion of indirect than primary export em­
ployment. Conversely, industries producing
highly processed items will probably have a
greater share of their export employment desig­
nated as primary. (See chart 3.)
In manufacturing, primary export employment
was 60 percent of total export employment in 1960
and 1965. In mining, the major proportion of ex­
port employment was indirect rather than pri­
mary, coal mining being an exception.

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The indirect export employment estimates dis­
cussed in the preceding section relate to the num­
ber of jobs in one industry resulting from exports
of all other industries. Another view of indirect
employment provides an estimate of the effect that
exports of an individual industry have on employ­
ment in every other industry, i. e., those industries
which provide materials and services required by
the individual industry to produce its export
product. Such employment is termed “supporting”
to distinguish it from the previous type of in­
direct employment. Primary employment, or the
number of jobs in an industry related to the ex­
ports of its own products, remains, of course, the
same. Thus, the total employment effect of exports
of an individual industry is the sum of both the
primary and supporting components. For ex­
ample, exports of motor vehicles in 1965 resulted
in a total of 110,000 jobs in all industries. Of these,
about 35,000 were located in the motor vehicle in­
dustry and were primary employment jobs. The
remaining 75,000 jobs were in the steel, rubber,
metal fabricating, business service, and other in­
dustries and were supporting employment. E x­
pressed somewhat differently, this means that for
every job in the motor vehicle industry attribut­
able to exports, there were two jobs in other in­
dustries.

IT

JOBS ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXPORTS

Chart 3. The Interlocking Nature of U.S. Export Employment

The distribution of employment related to ex­
ports of a particular industry between the pri­
mary and supporting components varies with the
pattern of production of the exporting industry.
In agriculture, mining, and the service sectors,
the major portion is primary, with ratios to sup­
porting employment of about 2 or 3 to 1. (See
table 3.)
A greater proportion of employment accounted
for by exports of manufacturing industries in
1960 and 1965 was supporting rather than primary
employment. For every job in a manufacturing in­
dustry producing for export, there was, on the
average, another 114 jobs in other industries. In
the machinery industries, there was about a 1-to-l
relationship between primary and supporting em­
ployment, although considerable variation pre­
vailed among producers of different types of ma­
chinery.
6 For a description of an interindustry employment table see
Projections 1970, op. cit., pp. 100—102. See also M onthly Labor
Review, July 1965, pp. 841-850.
7 See Survey of Current Business, September 1965, pp. 33-49.


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Data and Methods

Estimates of employment attributable to ex­
ports were developed within an input-output
framework. These input-output relationships were
translated into interindustry employment tables
by the Division of Economic Growth, Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Such employment tables indicate
the primary and indirect employment required in
each industry per billion dollars of final demand,
or as in this case, exports.6 In preparing the 1960
interindustry employment table, the 1958 inputoutput matrix developed by the Office of Business
Economics (OBE) of the U.S. Department of
Commerce7 was used, together with output per
person factors (productivity) for 1960 prepared
by the Division of Economic Growth. The 1965
interindustry employment table used a 1962 inputoutput matrix, a very rough modification of
OBE’s 1958 input-output matrix, also prepared
by the division, and 1965 productivity factors.
Export employment estimates were prepared for
the 82 industries shown in the OBE matrix, and

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

18
T a b l e 2.

P rim ary

and

I n dir ect E m ploym ent A t tr ib u t a b l e to E x po r ts
by I n d u st r y , 1960 and 1965 1

as a

P ercent

of

T otal E m ploym ent ,

Goods and services

InPriInPriPriInPriInm ary 2 d ire c t3 m ary 2 d ire c t3 m ary 2 d ire c t3 m ary 2 d ire c t3

Sector and in d u stry

I960
T o tal_________________ ____ ____________ ____
A gricultural, forestry, and fisheries--------------------------Livestock and livestock p ro d u cts________________
O ther agricultural p roducts_____________________
F orestry and fishery p roducts---------------------------A gricultural, forestry, and fishery services ................
M in in g ----------------- ------ ----- ------ -------------------- ------ Iro n and ferroalloy ores m ining ------------- ------ -----N onferrous m etal ores m in in g___________________
Coal m in in g ___________________________________
C rude petroleum and n a tu ra l gas________________
N onm etallic m ining and q u arry in g--------------------C onstruction----------------- ---------------------------------------M anufacturing-------- ------------ ---------------------------------O rdnance and accessories_______________________
Food and k in d red p roducts_____________________
Tobacco m an u factu res_________________________
B road and narrow fabrics, y arn and th read m ills...
Miscellaneous textile goods and floor coverings___
A pparel_____________________ _____ ___________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile p roducts-------------L um b er and wood products, except containers----Household fu rn itu re ___________ _____ _______ ___
O ther fu rn itu re ________________________________
P a p e r and allied products, except containers_____
Paperb o ard containers and boxes________________
P rintin g and p u b lis h in g ___________ _______ _____
Chemicals and selected chemical p ro d u c ts _______
Plastics and sy n th etic m aterials________________
D rugs, cleaning, and toilet p rep aratio n s_________
P a in ts and allied p ro d u cts______________________
P etroleu m refining and related in d u stries...............
R u b b er and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u cts______
L e a th e r tan n in g and in d u strial leather p ro d u cts.
Footw ear and other leather p roducts_____________
Glass and glass p roducts_______________________
Stone and clay p ro d u c ts ._____ __________________
P rim a ry iron and steel m anufacturing___________
P rim a ry nonferrous m etals m anufacturing_______
M etal containers_______________________________
H eating, plum bing, and stru ctu ral m etal products.
S tam pings, screw m achine products and b o lts____
O th e r fabricated m etal p roducts_________________
M a ch in ery ___________________________________
E ngines and tu rb in e s ..________________________
Farm m achinery and eq u ip m en t________________
C onstruction, m ining, and oil field m achinery.........
M aterials handling m achinery and e q u ip m en t____
M etalw orking m achinery and e q u ip m e n t.............
Special in d u stry m achinery and e q u ip m e n t............
G eneral industrial m achinery and eq u ip m en t____
M achine-shop p ro d u c ts_________________________
Office, com puting, and accounting m achines_____
Service in d u stry m achines______________________
Electric in d u strial equipm ent and ap p aratu s_____
H ousehold appliances__________ _____ ___________
E lectric lighting and wiring eq u ip m en t__________
R adio, television, and com m unication e q u ip m en t.
Electronic components and accessories___________
Miscellaneous electrical m achinery and supplies___
M otor vehicles and equipm ent__________________
A ircraft and p a rts ______________________________
O ther tran sp o rtatio n eq u ip m en t...... ..........................
Scientific and controlling in stru m en ts....... .............
O ptical, ophthalm ic and photographic eq u ip m en t.
Miscellaneous m anufacturing____________________
Services___________________________________________
T ran sp o rtatio n and w arehousing________________
Com m unications, except b ro a d c astin g ......................
R adio and television broadcasting_______________
E lectric, gas, w ater, and sanitary services________
Wholesale and retail tra d e ______________________
Finance and insurance_________________________
R eal estate and re n ta l__________________________
H otels; personal and repair services, except a u to ...
Business services and research and d ev elo p m en t...
A utom obile repair and services_________________
A m usem ents__________________________________
M edical, educational, and nonprofit organizations..
G overnm ent enterprises_____________________ ______
1 T he absolute levels of prim ary and indirect em ploym ent by in d u stry
can be obtained b y applying th e percentage s in th is table to t he to ta 1em ploy­
m ent d ata in table 1.
2 P rim a ry em ploym ent is em ploym ent in a specific in d u stry required
to produce th e com m odity or service in th e form in which it is exported.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Goods

1965

1960

1965

56.4

43.6

56.1

43.9

55.0

45.0

54.1

45.9

61.2
3.7
79.7
44.9
3.2
37.4
46.4
7.7
66.2
3.0
41.1
.3
60.4
46.5
88.3
97.5
50. 6
48.7
90.0
40.8
44.3
48.1
64.7
50.4
7.6
21.4
54.0
64.8
82.5
23.5
52.2
42.4
57.9
78.7
42.5
38.7
35.3
51.1
20.5
56.3
10.5
40.5
69.4
68.6
75.3
91.7
72.9
66.9
88.7
55.9
7.4
84.2
84.0
58.9
86.6
45.9
70.5
48.7
56.3
87.7
91.4
72.7
73.4
80.0
64.2
53.7
71.4
21.4
14. 5
6.3
56.2
4.9
24. 7
66. 7
20.2

38.8
96.3
20.3
55.1
96.8
62.6
53.6
92.3
33.8
97.0
58.9
99.7
39.6
53.5
11.7
2.5
49.4
51.3
10.0
59.2
55.7
51.9
35.3
49.6
92.4
78.6
46.0
35.2
17.5
76.5
47.8
57.6
42.1
21.3
57.5
61.3
64.7
48.9
79.5
43.7
89.5
59.5
30.6
31.4
24.7
8.3
27.1
33.1
11.3
44.1
92.6
15.8
16.0
41.1
13.4
54.1
29.5
51.3
43.7
12.3
8.6
27.3
26.6
20.0
35.8
46.3
28.6
78. 6
85. 5
93.7
43.8
95.1
75.3
33.3
79. 8
100. 0
11.2
85.9
77.8

62.7
3.8
80.8
48.6
5.8
38.9
49.2
19.7
71.0
2.2
45.8
.3
60.4
82.9
87.3
98.6
44.4
43.5
89.1
54.5
51.6
45.2
58.3
52.0
4.5
27.9
52.9
61.7
77.8
21.2
47.5
39.0
71.4
67.7
46.4
41.9
28.7
43.6
12.5
65.0
29.7
42.0
69.3
80.4
81.5
91.8
75.0
62.4
89.5
55.2
7.6
89.4
83.3
58.2
78.9
54.5
73.3
48.5
56.7
86.5
90.1
78.1
75.5
86.0
65.8
52.4
72.1
16. 8
22.1
3.9
55.5
7.4
24.1
64. 2
22.4

37.3
96.2
19.2
51.4
94.2
61.1
50.8
80.3
29.0
97.8
54.2
99.7
39.6
17.1
12.7
1.4
55.6
56.5
10.9
45.5
48.4
54.8
41.7
48.0
95.5
72.1
47.1
38.3
22.2
78.8
52.5
61.0
28.6
32.3
53.6
58.1
71.3
56.4
87.5
35.0
70.3
58.0
30.7
19.6
18.5
8.2
25.0
37.6
10.5
44.8
92.4
10.6
16.7
41.8
21.1
45.5
26.7
51.5
43.3
13.5
9.9
21.9
24.5
14.0
34.2
47.6
27.9
83. 2
77.9
96.1
44.5
92.6
75.9
35.8
77.6
100.0
10. 5
85.9
77.9

65.5
4.4
83.1
47.9
3.4
40.5
46.3
4.9
67.8
1.3
40.4

34.5
95.6
16.9
52.1
96.6
59.5
53.7
95.1
32.2
98.7
59.6
100.0
38.2
53.7
12.9
1.3
43.1
47.1
16.4
53.5
52.9
52.0
35.3
46.0
91.6
73.1
44.3
32.4
15.6
71.4
57.0
56.7
35.3
25.8
55.7
58.4
63.7
47.3
76.3
41.1
88.8
58.0
29.6
29.1
23.9
7.8
25.5
32.7
10.8
42.8
94.6
12.5
15.4
39.9
16.7
51.4
29.5
48.3
40.8
11.0
7.6
21.5
25.0
17. 1
28.9
61.2
48.1
100.0
100.0
97.3
41.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0

66.3
4.3
83.8
51.5
6.6
42.3
48.3
16.7
72.5
.7
44.9

33.7
95.7
16.2
48.5
93.4
57.7
51.7
83.3
27.5
99.3
55.1
100.0
38.4
22.1

8 8 .8

14.1
22.2

89.5
14.1
22. 1

61.8
46.3
87.1
98.7
56.9
52.9
83.6
46.5
47.1
48.0
64.7
54.0
8.4
26.9
55.7
67.6
84.4
28.6
43.0
43.3
64.7
74.2
44.3
41.6
36.3
52.7
23.7
58.9
11.2
42.0
70.4
70.9
76.1
92.2
74.5
67.3
89.2
57.2
5.4
87.5
84.6
60.1
83.3
48.6
70.5
51.7
59.2
89.0
92.4
78.5
75.0
82.9
71.1
38.8
51.9
2.7
58.2

1. 7

61.6
77.9
86.7
98.6
49.0
46.8
79.2
60.0
54.4
46.4
63.6
55.5
5.1
34.8
54.7
64.7
78.4
21.4
35.9
36.1
75.0
68.0
48.0
43.7
29.7
45.6
11.8
66.9
31.3
43.4
70. 5
82. 1
82. 9
92.1
75.9
62.5
90.2
56.4
5.3
91.7
85.9
59.8
73.4
56.2
74.2
50.7
58.6
87.8
91.8
81.7
77.6
8 8 .2

73.0
36.5
52.3
1.7
57.4

13. a

1.4
51. C
53.2
20.8
40.0
45.6
53.6
36.4
44.5
94. i
65.2
45. a
35. a
21.6
78.6
64.1
63.!
25. (
32. (
52. C
56.;
70.;
54. '
88.
33.;
68.7
56.
29.
17.
17.
7.
24. :
37.
9.
43.
94.
8. a

14.
40.
26. e
43.
25.
49. a

41. '
12.
8.7
is .a
22. ‘
11.
27.
63.5
47.7
100.
100.
98.
42.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.

3
Indirect em ploym ent is em ploym ent related to th a t p art of an in d u stry ’s
o utput incorporated in all other types of exports.
N

o t e

:

See note, table 1.

JOBS ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXPORTS
T a ble 3.

P rim ary

and

19

S u ppo r tin g E m ploym ent A t t r ib u t a b l e to E x po r ts
B y I n d u st r y , 1960 and 1965

P ercent

as a

op

T otal E m ploym ent

Goods and s ervices
P ri­
m ary 1

Sector and in d u stry

Sup­
p o rt­
ing 2

1960
T o tal_____________________ _____
A gricultural, forestry, and fisheries..........
...........................
Livestock and livestock p ro d u cts_____________ _____
O ther agricultural p ro d u c ts ___________________________
Forestry and fishery p ro d u cts______ ______ _____________
A gricultural, forestry, and fishery services__________________
M ining_________
Iron and ferroalloy ores m in in g . _________
Nonferrous m etal ores m in in g __________ .
Coal m in in g __________________
C rude petroleum and n a tu ra l gas_________ ___________________
N onm etallic m ining and q u arrying..............................
C o n stru ctio n .. ____________
M an u fa c tu rin g ________________
O rdnance and accessories_______________
Food and kindred products_________________
Tobacco m a n u fa c tu re s___ __________
B road and narrow fabrics, yarn and th read m ills _______________
M iscellaneous textile goods and floor c o v e rin g s_____________
A pparel _____________
M iscellaneous fabricated textile products___ ______________
L u m b er and wood products, except containers___________________
H ousehold fu rn itu re ____________________
O ther f u r n itu r e _______________ .
P ap er and allied products, except c o n ta in e rs____________ . .
Pap erb o ard containers and boxes____________
P rin tin g and publishing__________________
C hem icals and selected chemical products __________
P lastics and synthetic m aterials. . . . .
D rugs, cleaning, and toilet preparations________________ ____
P a in ts and allied p ro d u c ts ______
P etro leu m refining and related in d u stries________________
R u b b er and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u c ts ...............
L eather tanning and in d u strial leather p r o d u c ts ...... .........
Footw ear and other leather p roducts____ _____
Glass and glass p ro d u c ts... _______
_____
Stone and clay products_____
P rim ary iron and steel m anufacturing. . .
_
____
P rim ary nonferrous m etals m anufacturing________
_______
M etal containers___ _____
H eating, plum bing, and stru ctu ral m etal products_____ _ _ ____
Stam pings, screw m achine products, and b o lts ...
___
O ther fabricated m etal p r o d u c ts _______
M achinery . . . .
...
Engines and tu r b i n e s .. ____
F arm m achinery and equipm ent . _
Construction, m ining, and oil held m achinery_______
Materials handling m achinery and equipm ent
M etalworking m achinery and equipm ent ______
Special in d u stry m ach in ery and equipm ent___
_ ...
General industrial m achinery and equ ip m en t___
Machine-shop products___ _
____
Office, com puting, and accounting m achines_____
_____
Service in d u stry m achines.
Electric industrial equipm ent and apparatus .
......
Household appliances____
_____
Electric lighting and w iring equipm ent
R adio, television, and com m unication equipm ent
________
Electronic components and accessories.. .
Miscellaneous electrical m achinery and supplies___ __ _ _
M otor vehicles and e q u ip m e n t.___
A ircraft and pa r t s . . . .
O ther tran sp o rtatio n equipm ent ...
Scientific and controlling in stru m en ts__
Optical, ophthalm ic, and photographic e q u ip m e n t... ________
_ _ _____
Miscellaneous m anufacturing ._
____
Services .
___
T ransportation and w arehousing __
C om m unications, except broadcasting.
...
R adio and television broadcasting___
. . .
Electric, gas, w ater, and sanitary s e r v ic e s .._______
Wholesale and retail tra d e __ _____
Finance and in su ran ce...
. .
Real estate and rental . .
Hotels; personal and repair services, except a u to . ______
Business services and research and develbpm ent
A utom obile repair and services..
_________
A m u sem e n ts.. . . .
Medical, educational, and nonprofit organizations..
___ _
G overnm ent enterprises
___

1
2

P rim ary em ploym ent is em ploym ent in a specific in d u stry required to
produce th e com m odity or service in th e form in w hich it is exported.
Supporting em ploym ent relates to em ploym ent in all other in d ustries


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

P ri­
m ary 1

Goods
Sup­
p o rt­
ing 2

P ri­
m ary 1

1965

Supporti ng 2

P ri­
m ary 1

1960

Sup­
p o rt­
ing 2

1965

56.4

43.6

56.1

43.9

55.0

45.0

54.1

45.9

73.3
60.0
73.8
54.7
58.3
66. 4
47.8
62.5
74.8
53.8
55.0
50.0
43.6
41.7
24.0
22.3
52.0
37.8
59.0
35.7
64.9
54.2
55.0
48.5
42.1
64.5
46.0
36.6
32.8
33.3
20.0
48.8
61.1
69.8
60.0
58.8
54.7
50.4
32.1
46.1
56.4
49.2
49.9
44.4
46.9
47.9
43.8
59.3
50.3
51.0
75.0
56.9
36.4
55.6
35.7
51.5
52.0
57.5
51.3
33.3
58.9
48.7
51.2
59.3
55.9
73 4
73.8
82.8
47.1
42.3
74.9
78.8
25.0
84.9
51.8

26.7
40.0
26.2
45.3
41.7
33. 6
52.2
37.5
25.2
46. 2
45.0
50.0
56.4
58.3
76.0
77.7
48.0
62.2
41.0
64.3
35.1
45.8
45.0
51.5
57.9
35.5
54.0
63.4
67.2
66.7
80.0
51.2
38.9
30.2
40.0
41.2
45.3
49.6
67.9
53.9
43.6
50.8
50.1
55.6
53.1
52.1
56.2
40.7
49.7
49.0
25.0
43.1
63.6
44.4
64.3
48.5
48.0
42.5
48.7
66.7
41.1
51.3
48.8
40.7
44.1
2fi fi
26.2
17.2
52.9
57.7
25.1
21. 2
75.0
15.1
48. 2
100.0
16. 4
12.5
27.4

70.9
56.9
71.4
59.3
60.0

29.1
43.1
28.6
40.7
40.0

73.3
60.8
73.8
54.7
58.3

26.7
39.2
26.2
45.3
41.7

70. 9
57.1
71.4
59.3
64.0

29 1
42. 9
28. 6
40.7
36.0

42.9
60.9
72.2
55. 6
54.0
33.3
44.4
47.5
26.5
25.4
49.1
36.1
61.3
39.6
63.9
56.0
53.8
47.7
45.5
66.4
43.0
35.1
30.8
31.8
18.2
48.5
68.2
70.0
63.1
59.3
54.6
50.6
35.7
47.4
58.7
49.7
48.6
40.0
44.6
46.8
43.7
59.0
51.6
49.3
76.5
57.5
32.8
53.2
33.5
53.6
48.2
57.5
46.8
31.8
61.2
46.8
50.0
56.8
54.5
73 0
7¿3
81.8
48. 4
40.0
74.4
81. 4
25.8
85.3
57.1

57.1
39.1
27.8
44.4
46.0
66.7
55.6
52.5
73.5
74.6
50.9
63.9
38.7
60.4
36.1
44.0
46.2
52.3
54.5
33.6
57.0
64.9
69.2
68.2
81.8
51.5
31.8
30.0
36.9
40.7
45.4
49.4
64.3
52.6
41.3
50.3
51.4
60.0
55.4
53.2
56.3
41.0
48.4
50.7
23.5
42.5
67.2
46.8
66.5
46.4
51.8
42.5
53.2
68.2
38.8
53.2
50.0
43.2
45.5

47.7
60.0
74.9
50 0
54.1

52.3
40.0
25.1
fin 0
45.9

41.8
61.1
71.9

58.2
38.9
28.1

53! 3

46. 7

44.4
41.8
24.0
22.4
52.2
38.1
58.9
36.4
64.9
52.2
55.0
48.3
42.1
64.7
46.0
36.7
32.8
34.8
19.9
48.9
61.1
67.6
59.7
60.4
54.6
50.2
33.3
46.2
56.4
49.2
50.1
44.4
46.6
48.0
44.3
59.3
50.3
51.1
66.7
56.9
36.3
55.6
35.7
51.5
51.7
57.9
51.8
33.3
58.9
49.1
51.0
59.6
55.7

55.6
58.2
76.0
77.6
47.8
61.9
41.1
63.6
35.1
47.8
45.0
51.7
57.9
35.3
54.0
63.3
67.2
65.2
80.1
51.1
38.9
32.4
40.3
39.6
45.4
49.8
66.7
53.8
43.6
50.8
49.9
55.6
53.4
52.0
55.7
40.7
49.7
48.9
33.3
43.1
63.7
44.4
64.3
48.5
48.3
42.1
48.2
66.7
41.1
50.9
49.0
40.4
44.3

44.9
47. 5
26.5
25.1
49. 5
35.4
61.1
40.0
63.8
56.5
53.8
47.9
45.5
66.3
43.0
35.0
30.6
31.6
18.5
48.8
68.2
70.8
62.9
58.8
54.7
50.7
30.8
47. 7
58.7
49.6
48.8
40.2
44.8
46.8
43.6
59.1
51.8
49.3
66.7
57.4
33.0
53.3
33.8
53.2
48.2
57.6
46.4
31.7
61.2
46.7
50.0
57.1
54.6

55.1
52. 5
73.5

46.2
52.1
54.5
33.7
57.0
65.0
69.4
68.4
81.5
51.2
31.8
29.2
37.1
41. 2
45.3
49.3
69. 2
52.3
41.3
50.4
51.2
59.8
55. 2
53.2
56. 4
40.9
48.2
50.7
33.3
42.6
67.0
46.7
66.2
46.8
51.8
42.4
53.6
68.3
38.8
53.3
50.0
42.9
45.4

73] 8

26! 2

72.2

27.8

40.0
74.9

60.0
25.1

42.9
74.4

57.1
25.6

52. 6

47. 4

83. 6
87.5
72.6

84. 7
88.0
73.3

27.7
18. 2
51.6
60.0
25.6
18. 6
74. 2
14.7
42. 9
100. 0
15.3
12.0
26. 7

7 4 .9

ñí) 5
64! 6
38 Q
60.0
36.2
4 3 .5

100. 0
100.0

providing m aterials and services required b y th e exporting in d u stry speci­
fied in t he first column.
N

o t e

:

See note, t able 1.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

20

were based on average productivity, employment,
and material requirements. Marginal relation­
ships would be more appropriate, but such in­
formation is not available.
Two estimates of employment attributable to
exports were made. The first, related to the value
of goods alone, was based on the value of mer­
chandise exports (including the costs of trans­
portation and other services to deliver the com­
modity from domestic plants to U.S. ports), essen­
tially as reported in the official foreign trade data
of the Bureau of Census. The second estimate was
based on the value of exports of all goods and serv­
ices as shown in the gross export figures of the
GNP and the current account sector of balance of
payments data. In addition to merchandise, these
exports include sales of transportation and other
services to foreigners, receipts from foreign
travel in the United States as well as royalties and
other income returns from foreign investments.
However, in the standard input-output system
used, income from foreign investments does not
generate any domestic employment; hence the
addition of this factor does not affect the estimate.
The 1960 and 1965 export employment estimates
presented here are not comparable in conceptual
coverage to previous estimates published by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.8 Earlier 1960 export
employment estimates were based on values of ex­
ports including shipments to Puerto Rico, military
grant-aid shipments, and government export sub­
sidies on farm products. The current estimates ex­
clude these items in conformity with the definition
of exports used in GNP and the official foreign
trade accounts. Subsidy payments and purchases
of military equipment for transfer to other coun8
Domestic Employm ent Attributable to Exports, 1960. Bureau
of Labor Statistics, January 1962. Mimeographed.

tries are included in the government sector rather
than with exports. Previous estimates for 1960 re­
lated to goods and transportation and insurance
services.
The definition of agricultural workers in the re­
vised estimates was based on Department of Labor
definitions rather than on those of the Department
of Agriculture which had been used in the earlier
estimates. The current nonfarm employment esti­
mates included wage and salary workers on estab­
lishment payrolls, unpaid family workers, and
self-employed; the earlier estimates covered only
wage and salary workers.
The revised estimates for 1960 were based on a
1958 input-output matrix with 1960 productivity
levels. The previous estimates for 1960 utilized a
1947 input-output matrix and 1959 productivity
levels. The following tabulation provides an ap­
proximate quantification of the magnitude of dif­
ferences between the revised 1960 employment
estimates for goods alone and the original 1960
estimates.
N um ber o f
jobs

T otal em ploym ent difference (revised less original)____________ —799,000
R eplacem ent of capital depreciated in producing exports____ —210,000l
P uerto Rico shipm ents............................
—60,000
G overnm ent export subsidies on farm products____________ —150,000
M ilitary grant-aid shipm ents________ ____ __________ ____ —105,000
Ocean transportation (including bunker fuel)______________ —85,000
Change in definition of agricultural em ploym ent.......................—185,000
A ddition of self-employed and unpaid family w orkers to non­
+150,000
farm em ploym ent_____________
R esidual and balancing item —includes use of different inputo u tp u t matrices, etc______________________
—154,000
1 Rough estim ates of the num ber of jobs related to the capital depreciated
in producing 1960 and 1965 exports on th e current bases are 235,000 for 1960 and
280,000 for 1965.

The more recent figures did not include an esti­
mate for employment attributable to the plant
and equipment required to replace the capital de­
preciated in producing exported goods, although
the earlier data did include such an estimate.

Everything that gets done within a society is done by individuals.


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—Aldous Huxley.

1967 Changes in State Labor Laws
E ditor ’s N ote .—Almost

all State legislatures this year revised laws affecting
workers. The following three articles summarize these developments in
most of their significant aspects.

An Overview of State
Labor Legislation
regular legis­
lative sessions in 1967, with the exception of Ken­
tucky, Mississippi, and Virginia. As in recent
years, great interest was shown in almost all labor
standards areas, as evidenced by the introduction
of over 2,600 bills, of which over 500 were enacted
into law.

A ll S tates and P uerto R ico held

Wage Standards

Over 70 laws dealt with minimum wages, wage
payment and wage collection, or prevailing wages.
Wage and Hour. Seventeen States enacted mini­
mum wage laws this year, among them Nebraska,
which adopted a statutory rate of $1 an hour for
men, women, and minors, with certain exceptions,
including employers with fewer than four em­
ployees. The Nebraska act, which came nearly 50
years after its original minimum wage law was
repealed, raises the number of States with such
laws to 41 (three are wage board laws with no rates
in effect) 7
Oregon enacted a law setting $1.25 an hour
minimum for men and women, replacing its former
wage board law for women and minors only, but
retaining overtime provisions in existing wage
orders for women only, and authorizing rules on
wages and hours for minors under 18.
Eleven States increased their statutory minimum
rates. Five of these (Idaho, Indiana, Maryland,
New Mexico, and Wyoming) raised rates from $1
an hour or less, providing one- or two-step in­
creases effective over the next year or two. In New
Mexico the new minimum for most employments


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will begin at $1.25 an hour and eventually reach
$1.60; in Maryland and Wyoming the final rate
will be $1.30; and in Idaho and Indiana, $1.25. The
other six States (Connecticut, Maine, New Hamp­
shire, Rhode Island, Vermont and ’Washington)
increased their basic $1.25 rate to $1.40; in five of
them, further increases will follow—to $1.50 in
October 1968 in Maine; and to $1.60 during 1968 in
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Washington, and
during 1969 in New Hampshire.2
Two States that set rates solely by wage board
procedure revised wage orders setting a single
rate for all occupations and industries. Effective
February 1, 1968, the California rate will be $1.65
an hour for women and $1.35 for minors and stu­
dents, including those in agriculture. Wisconsin
set a rate of $1.25 an hour for women and $1.10 for
minors, including those in agriculture and domes­
tic service.
Connecticut enacted a separate overtime law re­
quiring payment of time and one-half the em­
ployee's regular rate after 44 hours of work a week
through 1968 and after 40 hours thereafter. Ver­
mont added an overtime requirement to its mini­
mum wage law for time and a half after 48 hours
a week. On the other hand, Maine added an exemp­
tion from its weekly overtime provision for em­
ployees in hotels and restaurants.
Seven States widened coverage by new legisla­
tion or by the removal of exemptions. Oregon’s
1 Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut,
Delaware, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Ken­
tucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico,
New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ore­
gon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Dakota,
Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and
Wyoming. Illinois, Kansas, and Louisiana have no rates in effect.
2 In Alaska, a 1962 amendment provided that the minimum rate
be set at not less than 50 cents greater than that provided by the
FLSA. Thus, the present rate increased to $1.90 on February 1,
1967, and will increase to $2.10 on February 1, 1968.

21

22

new enactment extended coverage to men. New
Hampshire made its wage board provisions appli­
cable to men, thus providing minimum rates in
some industries, such as hotels and restaurants.
Maryland no longer exempts employers of fewer
than seven employees nor certain industries, among
them restaurants, hotels, and hospitals. New Mex­
ico and Massachusetts dropped their exemption
for agricultural employees. Maine now includes
certain tipped workers, and Connecticut and Ver­
mont no longer exempt employers subject to the
Fair Labor Standards Act.
On the other hand, exemptions were added in
New Jersey for employees working from June
through September in certain children’s summer
camps, and in Indiana for employers subject to
FLSA. New York approved a requirement that
employers found in willful violation of its law
pay an additional 25 percent of wages due.
Wage Payment and Wage Collection. Idaho en­
acted a comprehensive wage payment and wage
collection law to supplement its present limited
requirements. The new law prohibits deductions
without employee authorization, entitles an em­
ployee to recover up to three times the unpaid
wages as liquidated damages, and gives the labor
commissioner authority to take assignment of
wage claims up to $250. Montana amended its law
to authorize its commissioner to take wage assign­
ments, North Dakota and Wisconsin raised to $500
the amount of wage claims that its commissioner
may accept, and twenty-seven States now grant an
administrative agency wage assignment authority
for collection purposes.3
Colorado made its law applicable to all domestic
workers, instead of only to those who are boarded
and lodged, and made any employer who refuses to
pay liable for wages due and for an additional 50
percent in separation cases. Connecticut strength­
ened its law by specifying lawful money for wage
payments, requiring payment on the next regular
payday when an employee is discharged for any
reason, and prohibiting deductions without em­
ployee authorization.
Alaska, Oklahoma, and Utah clarified their laws
to insure that payments are made in lawful money
and can be redeemed at face value. Maryland au­
thorized the labor commissioner to enter into
interstate agreements to collect wages from out-of-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

State employers. Three States strengthened pro­
visions for security of wages: Oregon authorized
the labor commissioner to take liens or other in­
struments of security; Wyoming raised the bond
required of nonresident employers from $1,000 to
$3,000; and Tennessee made it unlawful for a per­
son to knowingly issue checks, particularly in pay­
ment of wages, when funds are insufficient. Hawaii
and Washington increased the amount of a de­
ceased employee’s wages payable to survivors
without letters of administration.
Prevailing Wages. Wyoming for the first time
enacted a prevailing wage law, applicable to pub­
lic works construction costing $5,000 or more. The
public body awarding the contract is responsible
for determining the prevailing wages; objections
to such determinations may be filed with the labor
commissioner. There are now 37 prevailing wage
laws.4
Washington became the first State to extend its
prevailing wage law to public building service
maintenance contracts, comparable to the coverage
of the Federal Service Contract Act.
Connecticut made employment preference pro­
visions on public works more explicit by prohibit­
ing the employment of nonresidents, unless it can
be shown residents are not available, and also by
establishing priorities; for instance, residents at
least 3 months in the labor market area have first
preference for work on public buildings, and those
at least 6 months in the State on other public
works. Beginning January 1, 1968, a Maine law
will apply to contracts of $10,000 or more instead
of $5,000, and wage determinations will be based
on wages paid the median number of workers in
mid-September of the previous year by employers
of five construction workers or more.
Kequirements for payments of prevailing fringe
benefits were enacted in Illinois, affecting workers
on all public works, and in Wisconsin such a re­
quirement included employees on highway work
3 Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Mich­
igan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexi­
co, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico,
Rhode Island, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.
4 In Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Dela­
ware, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky,
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana,
Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico,
New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin,
and Wyoming.

23

CHANGES IN STATE LABOR LAWS

(other public works are already covered).5 Wyo­
ming permitted nonemergency overtime on public
works if workers are paid time and one-lialf the
regular rate. Oregon deleted a requirement for
overtime pay on Veterans’ Day, unless necessitated
by a labor agreement.
New York added a requirement for 6-percent interest on unpaid wages due an employee of a mu­
nicipal corporation. It also required contractors to
maintain no higher a ratio of registered appren­
tices to journeymen on public works than on other
jobs, and clarified the provision that journeymen’s
pay is required for unregistered apprentices. Mas­
sachusetts extended the provisions of its law to
apprentices.
Wage Garnishment. Seven States amended the
wage exemption provisions in their wage garnish­
ment laws. Tennessee changed from a flat amount
to a percentage exemption of 50 percent of weekly
wages for resident family heads and 40 percent for
others. Ohio’s amended provision exempts a vari­
able percentage based on the method of wage pay­
ment : for family heads and widows, 30 percent of
wages for workers paid by the week, 65 percent for
those paid biweekly or semimonthly, and 82% per­
cent for those paid monthly; for other residents,
$200 of the previous 30 days’ earnings. Arkansas
added a minimum exemption of $25 a week.
Four other States increased the amount of the
exemption: Connecticut from $50 (plus taxes) to
$65 (plus taxes) a week; Illinois from $45 a week
for all persons to $65 for a family head and $50 for
all others, or 85 percent of gross wages, whichever
is greater, but not exceeding $200 a week; Maine
from $30 to $40 a week; and New Hampshire from
$20 to $40 a week.
In addition, Oregon exempted from garnishment
all benefits payable under its occupational diseases
law, in conformity with the existing exemption for
workmen’s compensation benefits. South Carolina
prohibited an employer from withholding wages
of a resident employee under an out-of-State gar­
nishment, unless based on a judgment obtained in­
state.
5 Seventeen States provide fringe benefits in prevailing wage
la w s: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Massachu­
setts, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
Mexico, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washing­
ton, and Wisconsin.
6 See M onthly Labor Review, December 1966, p. 1379.


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Hawaii amended its law to prohibit discharge or
suspension of an employee solely because of gar­
nishment or because the employee has filed for a
wage-earner plan under the Federal bankruptcy
law. Connecticut enacted a similar prohibition
applicable whenever the number of garnishments
is seven or less in a calendar year. The only other
prohibition of this type was approved last year in
New York, applicable to one garnishment in a 12month period.6
Women’s Hours

In the last 2 years, since passage of Title V II of
the Federal Civil Rights Act banning sex dis­
crimination, States have been reviewing their labor
laws, primarily to examine the effect of maximum
hours laws on job opportunities for women. So
far this year 14 jurisdictions have made various
kinds of adjustments in such laws.
Michigan and Oregon repealed their maximum
hours provisions; however, in each instance the
labor department was given authority to adopt
rules on special working conditions for women.
Two States relaxed the maximum limitation on
hours for females subject to FLSA and instead
required overtime pay for excess hours. California
permitted such females (except those specifically
exempt from FLSA’s overtime provisions) to work
for one employer up to 10 hours daily or 58 hours
weekly (from 8 and 48 respectively), provided
they receive overtime pay of time and one-half
the regular rate for work beyond 8 or 40 hours.
This provision is specifically applicable to females
employed by airlines, but inapplicable to those in
the clothing manufacturing industry and launder­
ing, cleaning, and repairing clothing. North Caro­
lina exempted from its law (9 and 48 hours) wom­
en 18 years of age and over whose employment is
covered by or in compliance with FLSA; this is
similar to the existing exemption for men.
Other legislation relaxed the limitation on hours
worked or added exemptions for certain female
employees. California permitted any female to
work for more than one employer up to 10 hours
a day and 58 hours a week, instead of 8 and 48.
It also permitted licensed cosmetologists to work
beyond 8 hours to complete a customer service, pro­
vided compensatory time-off is given in the same
week. Illinois allowed females to be employed 9
hours a day instead of 8 without the need to reduce

24
hours in the same workweek, unless the worker
requests the time off or has worked in excess of
48 hours a week. The exemptions enacted include
employees in floral establishments on certain holi­
days in Missouri, those in certain professional, ex­
ecutive, or administrative categories in Colorado
and Illinois, and those under collective bargaining
agreements in Maryland. Colorado also exempted
certain clerical workers, and Illinois exempted the
assistants of professional, executive, or adminis­
trative personnel. Puerto Rico made certain ex­
emptions from nightwork limitations for hospital
employees. South Carolina deleted a provision that
prohibited employment of women after 10 p.m. in
mercantile establishments.
Changes were made in laws requiring special
permits from the labor commissioner for nightwork or wTork in excess of the maximum hours in
four jurisdictions. New York doubled the time
during a calendar year (to 16 weeks) that a per­
mit may be issued for women 21 and over to work
in excess of 8 hours a day and 48 a week in a fac­
tory. It also allowed barmaids 21 years and over
to do nightwork without permits. New Hampshire
allowed nightwork, with permission, when there
is a mutual employee-employer agreement. Ne­
braska allowed emergency work, with permission
from the commissioner, if the employee consents,
but not in excess of 12 hours a day and 60 a week.
Puerto Rico now will grant permits for females
over 18 years of age to work after 10 p.m. in indus­
tries where such work was previously banned.
Laws were extended to new groups of employ­
ees : In Massachusetts to nonprofessional personnel
in nursing and other medical-care homes, and in
New York to females and minors in telephone-an­
swering services.
Industrial Relations

A number of States enacted important improve­
ments or new legislation affecting the rights of
employees in both public and private employment.
Private Employment. The 15th State labor rela­
tions act was passed in Vermont, the first such
enactment since the North Dakota law of 1961.7
The Vermont law, of the Taft-Hartley type, ap­
plies to employers of five workers or more, with
certain exceptions. Within the labor department, it
creates a labor relations board and outlines the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

board’s procedures in settling representation and
bargaining unit questions, and in the investiga­
tion and prevention of unfair labor practices. The
mediation and arbitration act, as amended by this
law, made it mandatory that either party intend­
ing to take an action in a labor dispute first notify
the labor commissioner to give him the opportunity
to attempt settlement; and gave the parties the
option of each recommending a member of the
arbitration panel for the Governor’s approval.
Amendments were made to similar acts in three
other States. Connecticut extended its law to cer­
tain employees in charitable or educational agen­
cies, but prohibited strikes or lockouts involving
these employees. Wisconsin permitted certain mo­
tor freight transportation employers and unions
representing multi-State bargaining units to ex­
ecute an “all-union agreement” without an election
showing approval by two-thirds of the employees,
as otherwise required to make such agreements
valid. Two North Dakota laws strengthened the
authority of the labor commissioner: one reac­
tivated a law, repealed in 1965, authorizing him
to mediate labor disputes, and the other made his
cease-and-desist orders enforceable by mandamus
proceedings (in addition to the existing injunction
proceedings).
Two anti-injunction laws were amended. Con­
necticut added a requirement that complainants
in temporary injunction suits show that public
officers cannot adequately protect their property,
and Illinois outlined specific procedures and con­
ditions for suits involving temporary restraining
orders.
Connecticut also enacted a law prohibiting the
use of lie-detector tests as a condition of employ­
ment (making a total of 11 States with such laws) .8
Arkansas, Florida, and Nevada required the licens­
ing of lie-detector machine operators.
In other enactments, Alaska required an affili­
ated union with State membership of 100 or more
to have a chartered local organization within the
State, Hawaii amended its antistrikebreaker provi­
sions by requiring that any person recruiting or
advertising for employees during a labor dispute
7 The States with labor relations acts are Colorado, Connecti­
cut, Hawaii, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New
York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island,
Utah, Vermont, and Wisconsin.
8 Alaska, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Wash­
ington.

CHANGES IN STATE LABOR LAWS

identify the employer and state explicitly that a
dispute exists, and New Mexico invalidated agree­
ments by any employee or other person not to affili­
ate with a labor or an employer organization, or
to terminate employment because of membership.
Texas made it unlawful to interfere with “peace­
ful and lawful picketing.” It also reduced from
a felony to a misdemeanor the penalty for violation
of the existing ban on interference with an em­
ployee in his pursuit of a lawful vocation. Con­
necticut repealed its health and welfare fund
financial reporting law.
Public Employment. Seventeen States passed
laws of major significance affecting labor-manage­
ment problems in the public sector. Washington
for the first time enacted a law giving labor repre­
sentatives exclusive bargaining rights to negotiate
on wages, hours, and conditions of work and per­
mitting dues check-off. The State Personnel Board
will implement collective bargaining for State em­
ployees, the Department of Labor and Industries
for all others. The new Vermont labor relations act
of general application, while excluding employ­
ment by the State and its subdivisions, made most
provisions of the law specifically applicable to
municipalities with five employees or more.
New York replaced its Condon-Wadlin Act with
the Taylor law, which is administered through
a public employment relations board. The new law
grants all public employees the right to organize
and bargain collectively, reinforces the obligation
of the employer to negotiate, and shifts strike
penalty emphasis from the individual employee to
the employee organization. Two special New York
laws granted immunity from penalties under the
former law to certain public employees who struck
in early 1967.
Missouri strengthened its 1965 law by permitting
exclusive recognition of employee organizations,
requiring employers to discuss salary and other
proposals, and requiring referral of bargaining
unit and representation questions to the State
Board of Mediation.
Other new laws or amendments gave the right to
organize and bargain collectively to municipal em­
ployees in Rhode Island, to firefighters in Alabama
and Florida, to teachers in Minnesota and Ne­
braska, to registered or licensed practical nurses in
Montana, and to port district employees in Wash­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

25
ington. Alabama, Florida, and Rhode Island spe­
cifically prohibit strikes by these particular public
employees. Dues check-off is now permitted in
California, Nebraska, New York, Texas, and
Washington. In addition, Iowa made it lawful for
civil service employees, individually or collec­
tively, to express “honest” comments concerning
wages or other conditions of employment, and New
Jersey continued a commission created last year to
study the need to establish a grievance procedure
for public employees.
Connecticut designated as an unfair practice
a municipal employer’s failure to request legisla­
tive approval of agreements in conflict with exist­
ing statutes; Massachusetts limited the municipal
employee-employer contracts to 3 years; and Wis­
consin permitted parties in municipal labor dis­
putes to select a mediator by mutual consent.
Child Labor and School Attendance

Four States enacted laws dealing with the mini­
mum age for the employment of children. Nebraska
deleted the requirement setting a 14-year minimum
and specifically permitted minors under 14 to be
employed in school-work programs under certain
conditions. Florida reduced from 18 to 17 the age
for employment in a retail or food service estab­
lishment where alcoholic beverages are sold, but
retained the 21-year minimum for handling such
beverages. Illinois exempted from all provisions
of the law minors 13 years of age employed out­
side school hours as golf caddies. Massachusetts
permitted in-school youth 14 and 15 to do volunteer
work in nonprofit hospitals, but not after 6 p.m.
A number of States amended hours of work and
nightwork provisions. Indiana passed several
amendments which, for example, set a maximum
workweek of 40 hours for both boys and girls
under 18; and a maximum of 3 hours a day and 23
a week for children under 16 employed during
school weeks. For 16- and 17-year-old students, it
prohibited employment after 10 p.m. before school­
days. North Carolina allowed work until midnight
instead of until 9 p.m. for girls 16 and 17, and
New York no longer applies its nightwork prohibi­
tion to 14- and 15-year-olds employed as summer
counselors in children’s camps. Ohio relaxed night­
work hours; for example, 16- and 17-year-olds may
work an hour later on nights preceding nonschool­
days—girls until 10 p.m. and boys until 11 p.m.

26

Massachusetts modified, its ban on nightwork for
girls between 16 and 21 to permit those 18 and over
to be employed in hospitals between 11 p.m. and
6 a.m. on shifts which do not begin or end between
these hours.
Amendments relating to hazardous employment
were approved in four States. Indiana incorpo­
rated all the Federal hazardous-occupations orders
for minors under 18. South Dakota no longer per­
mits children 14-16 to operate motor vehicles in
employment. Minors under 18 enrolled in voca­
tional training programs may work in otherwise
prohibited employment in Oregon if they have
completed training for such employment, and in
Ohio if the employment is incidental to training.
Significant among other amendments is one in
South Carolina to restore its compulsory school
attendance law, repealed in 1955 ; local school
boards may determine the effective date for com­
pliance, not later than July 1, 1974.
Occupational Safety and Health

Texas and Michigan enacted comprehensive
laws expressly requiring that employers furnish
a safe place to work, and providing the adminis­
trative agency with general rulemaking authority.
The Michigan law, repealing former limited pro­
visions, created in the labor department a ninemember commission (and advisory committees to
assist the commission) with authority to adopt
reasonable safety standards, subject to legislative
approval. A board of safety compliance and ap­
peals will conduct hearings and determine com­
pliance. The Texas law established a three-mem­
ber occupational safety board composed of a public
member and the labor and health commissioners
to administer the law through a new safety divi­
sion in the health agency.
Much of the news about safety has concerned
legislative acts to regulate radiation hazards. Com­
prehensive radiation control laws were enacted in
Idaho, Montana, South Carolina, Utah, and Ver­
mont. In addition, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland,
Puerto Rico, and South Dakota strengthened their
existing laws : In Colorado by giving the health
agency power to acquire property for storage or
disposal of radioactive materials; in Illinois by
requiring registration of laser systems with the
health agency and by giving the agency rulemak­
ing and enforcement authority; in Maryland by

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

authorizing the health agency to require licensing
and registration of sources of ionizing radiation;
in Puerto Rico by authorizing the labor commis­
sioner to inspect premises in the regulation of
radiation sources; and in South Dakota by adding
a requirement for licensing, personnel monitoring,
and improved recordkeeping. Six States (Connec­
ticut, Hawaii, Montana, South Dakota, Utah, and
Vermont) authorized Federal-State agreements
for transfer to the State of certain Federal radia­
tion control responsibilities.
A new compact was activated in New England
when four of six States eligible for membership
(Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Ver­
mont) joined to promote radiological health pro­
tection and to share the use of personnel and
equipment in radiation protection programs. (The
other States eligible are Connecticut and Massa­
chusetts.)
Illinois became the first of 13 eligible midwest
States 9 to approve entry into that region’s newly
conceived nuclear compact which, in organization
and functions, will be patterned after the South­
ern Interstate Nuclear Compact.10 Six States are
needed to activate the Midwest Nuclear Board.
Kansas, Minnesota, and Tennessee passed laws
requiring students and teachers to wear eyeprotective devices during school courses that
involve certain hazardous operations. Connecticut
specifically directed the Board of Education to
adopt regulations on the use of devices for eye
protection. Eye protection in schools is now
required in 24 States.11
Among other actions were amendments to the
general safety laws in eight States (California,
Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada,
Ohio, and Washington). For example, Hawaii
prohibited the discharge of any worker for refusal
to engage in any employment with unsafe equip­
ment or in violation of safety requirements, and
Ohio removed its prohibition on employment of
females on certain types of wheels and belts, but
specifically applied safety standards.
9 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minne­
sota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin.
10 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1962, p. 1253.
11 Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware,
Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachu­
setts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Penn­
sylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah,
and Virginia.

CHANGES IN STATE LABOR LAWS

Private Employment Agencies

Colorado and Minnesota strengthened their pri­
vate employment agencies law: for instance, in
Colorado, a statewide licensing fee of $50 was set
to replace a range of fees based on the size of
the population in cities. Minnesota required man­
agers and counselors to be licensed, set a uniform
licensing fee of $150 for any agency instead of
separate fees based on the sex of the applicant
served, and raised the agency bond to $10,000.
California transferred the administration of its
law (except provisions for farm labor contrac­
tors) from the labor department to the Depart­
ment of Professional and Vocational Standards,
and also changed the licensing fee from a range
based on population to a fixed statewide fee of
$200, plus $100 for each branch office. In New
York employers are to pay the entire placement
fee for domestic dayworkers who are transported
to and from jobs by an agency, and the agency is
required to furnish the transportation, without
cost, in accordance with applicable State safety
and insurance laws.
Other enactments included an Illinois law to
exempt agencies engaged in executive or profes­
sional recruitment, a Florida law to require agen­
cies to be under the supervision of licensed agents,
and an amendment in Oklahoma to increase the
annual licensing fee to $100 from $50 and to in­
crease the amount of the bond to $1,000 from $500.
Agriculture

Among laws affecting agricultural labor in gen­
eral or the special problems of migratory workers,
the most significant enactments thus far are the
extension of the New Mexico and Massachusetts12
minimum wage laws to certain farm labor and the
increase in rates for these workers in California
and Wisconsin. The New Mexico law provides a
minimum wage of $1 an hour, to rise in two steps
to $1.30 on February 1,1969.
Two States set minimum ages for children em­
ployed in agriculture: Indiana a 10-year minimum
for nonresidents during school hours, and Iowa a
10-year minimum outside school hours and II dur­
ing school hours for work as interstate migratory
agricultural laborers. Massachusetts amended its
12 Information on rates not available at press time.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

27

hazardous-occupations provision to make it possi­
ble for minors 16 and 17 to be employed in agri­
cultural occupations as part of a vocational
training program, and for those 14 and over to
operate small home-gardening power equipment.
New Jersey abolished the quasi-public migrant
board and transferred duties and functions relat­
ing to migratory labor to a new bureau in the labor
department. Wisconsin transferred from the
health agency to the labor department regulating
responsibility for migrant housing; Oregon re­
quired operators of such facilities to notify the
health department prior to their use (the State
does not require licensing of these facilities) ;
California extended indefinitely the enabling act
authorizing the State to accept funds under the
Federal Economic Opportunity Act for certain
migratory farm worker programs.
Discrimination in Employment

West Virginia approved a civil rights act pro­
hibiting discrimination in employment and public
accommodations because of race, religion, color,
national origin, or ancestry. Minnesota broadened
the scope of its law and created a Department of
Human Rights which was given authority not
available to its predecessor agency. Connecticut
and Illinois extended coverage by reducing nu­
merical exemptions, and Indiana authorized the
enactment of local ordinances. Among the other
amendments is one in Ohio to invalidate hiring
hall agreements obligating public works contrac­
tors to use union labor, unless the union has in
effect antidiscrimination procedures for referring
qualified employees.
Connecticut, Idaho, and Nevada added sex as
a prohibited basis of employment discrimination.
Nebraska and Indiana enacted equal pay provi­
sions banning discrimination based on sex. An
amendment to New York’s law made it unlawful
for an employment agency to discriminate in its
service to a person because of sex. Illinois enacted
a comprehensive law banning discrimination
because of age.
State Departments of Labor

Minnesota abolished the three-member Indus­
trial Commission formerly responsible for admin­
istering most labor laws, including workmen’s

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

28

compensation, and transferred the functions to a
new Department of Labor and Industry, to be
headed by an appointed commissioner. I t created
within the new Department a Division of Work­
men’s Compensation under the supervision of a
three-member commission.
In an act that reorganized the executive branch,
Wisconsin’s Industrial Commission was assigned
departmental status and is now the Department
of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations. It was
given the added responsibility of regulating mi­
grant housing and of administering all phases of
civil rights. The 3-member commission was re­
tained to administer all programs.
Arkansas authorized the labor commissioner to
enter into agreements with Federal and State
Governments for cooperation and reimbursement
in enforcing and implementing State and Federal
laws and programs. Oklahoma authorized any
agency of the State to participate in intrastate,
interstate, and Federal programs of interchange of
personnel for cooperation in solving problems
affecting the State.
Puerto Rico created and appropriated funds
(available on a matching basis) for a Program of
Technical and Economic Assistance within the
labor department for labor unions to develop
worker education programs that will eventually
make collective bargaining more effective and
13
The States having prohibitory laws are Arkansas, Delaware,
Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Mis­
souri, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas,
Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
The States having regulatory laws are California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska,
Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin.

meaningful. Labor unions are required to submit
project plans for the approval of the labor
commissioner.
Other Laws

California created a temporary council to co­
ordinate all existing job training and placement
programs. Hawaii and New Jersey permitted the
acceptance of Federal funds for training programs
to augment State funds. Illinois broadened the
participation in training programs among public
aid recipients to include the aged, the blind, and
the disabled. Colorado authorized the labor de­
partment to set up on-the-job training programs
for journeymen in apprenticeable occupations and
and for workers entering new occupations in nonapprenticeable occupations.
Apprenticeship laws were amended in Arizona
to authorize the apprenticeship council to con­
tract with Federal agencies to receive and disburse
Federal funds. Oregon broadened the scope of its
law to include training programs in nonapprenticeable trades or crafts. South Carolina enacted
a voluntary apprenticeship law, creating a division
within the labor department to administer the law.
Arkansas and Hawaii prohibited the commercial
practice of debt adjusting (also called debt pool­
ing) , and Connecticut, Iowa, Nebraska, and Wash­
ington regulated this business. (The Nebraska law
is not effective until 1969.) There are now 22 States
with prohibitory laws and 13 with regulatory
laws.13
— D eborah T. B ond
Bureau of Labor Standards

An enactment relating to child labor fixes 10 years as the minimum age for
street trades. . . . The compensation law of Colorado provides for benefits
on a basis of 50 percent of the wages, $8 weekly maximum, for not more than
6 years, the total benefits not to exceed $2,500 . . . and the hours of labor of
employees in grocery stores are limited to 70 per week for persons above the
age of 16 years.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—“Labor Legislation of 1915,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , July 1915.

29

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

Workmen’s Compensation:
Administration and Provisions
t h a n 2 0 0 a m e n d m e n t s were made in 1967
to workmen’s compensation laws, in 42 States and
Puerto Kico. Of particular significance were those
providing substantial coverage increases in Con­
necticut, New Hampshire, Missouri, and Vermont;
full, rather than scheduled, coverage of occupa­
tional diseases in Maine and New Hampshire;
liberalization of time limits for filing claims in
cases of radiation-induced disability in Idaho,
Maryland, and Nevada; and a change from stat­
utory benefit maximum amounts to a flexible
figure for disability and death in Vermont. In
all, 28 States raised cash benefits, 5 strengthened
medical provisions, 3 improved rehabilitation pro­
visions, and 5 liberalized time limits for filing oc­
cupational disease claims, and numerous States
extended coverage to additional occupations or
groups of workers.

M ore

Administration

Minnesota abolished its three-member Indus­
trial Commission and created instead a Depart­
ment of Labor and Industry, to administer most
labor laws. The new unit is headed by a commis­
sioner appointed by the Governor. A Division of
Workmen’s Compensation was created within the
Department, which will be under the supervision
of a three-member commission, made up of the
present members of the Industrial Commission
until the expiration of their terms.
Oregon strengthened the administration of its
workmen’s compensation law by ( 1) requiring the
Workmen’s Compensation Board to establish rules
for the submission of medical reports to insure
prompt reporting and payment of compensation;
(2) directing the circuit court—upon commence­
ment of a Board suit against an uninsured subject
employer to require insurance—to enjoin such em­
ployer from further employing workmen until he
has complied with the act; and (3), clarifying and
making more specific the authority of the State
Compensation Department to provide insurance to
an employer as fully as any private carrier.
Nebraska placed the judges of the Workmen’s
Compensation Court under the Nebraska merit
plan for judicial selection (formerly they were ap­
2 8 0 -2 7 7 0 - 6 7 - 3


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pointed by the Governor), and clarified the pro­
cedure for appeals to the district court.
North Dakota provided that lump sum settle­
ments granted by the Workmen’s Compensation
Bureau may be appealed to the district court.
Connecticut required an employer to pay at­
torney’s fees in contested cases decided in the em­
ployee’s favor, and Utah required that an injured
employee be furnished a copy of the employer’s
accident report and the physician’s first report.
Maximum Benefits

Twenty-two States have increased maximum
benefits for temporary total disability, as shown
in the accompanying table. Twenty-four States,
the District of Columbia, and two Federal pro­
grams now pay maximum benefits of $60 or more;
another four States pay maximums of $55 or more.
In some of these States, maximum benefits were
also raised for permanent total disability, for par­
tial disability, and for death. In addition, Hawaii
raised aggregate maximum benefits for temporary
total and nonscheduled permanent partial disabil­
ity ; Nevada raised benefits for permanent partial
disability and for death; South Dakota increased
total maximum benefits for total disability and
death; Maryland and South Carolina raised death
benefits; and Oregon provided for weekly, instead
of monthly, compensation benefits for permanent
partial disability, at the same maximum rate as for
temporary total disability, and with a specified
minimum payment.
Connecticut increased maximum benefits for all
types of disability and death by providing benefits
up to 66%, instead of 60 percent of the worker’s
average weekly wage and up to 60, instead of 55
percent of the State’s average production wage.
For each child under 18 or incapacitated it added
dependency allowances to injured workers of $5
a week up to 50 percent of the weekly benefit (ex­
clusive of allowance), but with an overall maxi­
mum of not more than 75 percent of the worker’s
average wage. Present beneficiaries’ benefits were
increased by an amount equal to the percentage
gain in the average wage of covered workers, and
provision was made for adjusting benefits to keep
pace with changes in the cost of living. Loss of the
use of the back was added to the list of schedule
injuries, and changes were made in the number
of weeks that payments may be made for certain

30

schedule injuries; i.e., loss of an arm was extended
from 296 to 312 weeks and loss of a hand from
242 to 252 weeks. The Commissioner was author­
ized to extend the benefits of workers who have
exhausted their benefits for schedule injuries.
Vermont changed its system of computing bene­
fits from statutory benefit amounts to a flexible
figure, established annually as a percentage of the
State’s average weekly wage, which is also used
to determine unemployment insurance benefits.
The maximum for total disability and death will
now be 50 percent of the State’s average weekly
wage, the minimum 25 percent. Death benefits for
certain dependents were increased by 10 percent,
the 330-week limitation on benefits for widows was
removed, and benefits were made payable until
social security benefits are received, remarriage,
or death. By amending its waiting period, Vermont
provided for additional benefits to workers in some
cases. Benefits are now payable from the first day
of incapacity if the disability continues for 14
days, rather than 21 days.
Maine added a provision that authorized com­
pensation, not to exceed $1,500, for facial or head
disfigurement if it is determined that such disfig­
urement interferes with present, or may interfere
with future, earning capacity. Tennessee extended
to 200 from 175 weeks the benefit period for which
payments may be made for the loss of a leg.
Burial allowances were increased in nine States.
Indiana increased the amount to $1,000 from $750,
Connecticut to $1,000 from $500, Missouri to $800
from $650, Kansas to $750 from $600, Ohio to $750
from $500, Nebraska to $750 from $400, North Car­
olina to $500 from $400, and North Dakota and
West Virginia to $500 from $300.
Medical Benefits

The following States increased their maximum
medical benefits: Alabama, to $6,000 from $2,400,
Colorado to $5,000 from $3,500, and Kansas to
$7,500 from $6,000. Tennessee increased its initial
limitation to $3,500 from $1,800, the additional
amount that may be authorized for unusual medi­
cal expenses was increased to $1,500 from $700, and
the time limit was extended to 2 years from 1.
Texas deleted the maximum limitation of $200
for furnishing artificial appliances to an injured
employee, but retained the provision that the cost
be in keeping with the employee’s salary or wages.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
M a x im u m

W eekly
T em po ra ry
T otal
B e n e f i t s I n c r e a s e d i n 1967
State

A labam a . ________________________
Colorado
- __________________
Connecticut . _ _ _______________ F lorida
___ ____ ________
Idaho
____
_____-_________ ___ _______
In d ian a
K ansas - __________________________
____
M assachusetts. _____________
M innesota . ______________________
Missouri
_______________
_______ _______ ___
M ontana
N ebraska
______ _______
N ew H a m p sh ire. _ ___
_________
N ew Mexico
_____ _______ ___
N o rth C arolina_____________________
N orth D a k o ta. _ ___________ _______
Ohio
___________________
Tennessee
. ........
. . -U tah
____________________ ___
V erm ont
_ _________ _________
West V irginia
_________ _______
Wyoming
- ____________

Form er
m axim um
$38.00
49.00
65.00
42.00
32.00-52. 00
45.00
42.00
58.00
45.00
52.00
35.00-56.00
42.00
50.00
40.00
37.50
50.00-65. 00
56.00
38.00
42.00-60.00
« 41. 00
42.00
40.38-60.00

3

D is a b il it y

P resent
m axim um
$44. 00
54.25
1 74.00-111. 00
49.00
37. 00-63.00
51.00
49.00
62.00
60.00
57.00
37.00-60.00
45.00
58.0Ò
45.00
42.00
50.00-75.00
* 63.00
42. 00
44.00-62. 00
52. 00
47. 00
43.85-63.46

2

3

1 C onnecticut: Effective October 1, 1976, m axim um w eekly benefits w ill
not exceed 60 percent of th e State’s “ average production wage,” plus $5 for
each dependent child under 18, u p to 50 percent of th e basic w eekly b e n e fit.
2 M assachusetts: Effective N ovem ber 12, 1967. T h e m axim um benefit ra te
w ill increase to $65 on O ctober 13, 1968.
3 Ohio: Eor th e first 12 weeks; thereafter, reduced to $49.
i Ohio: F or th e first 12 weeks; thereafter, reduced to $56.
3 V erm ont: Plus $2.50 for each dependent under 21.
6 V erm ont: M axim um weekly compensation shall not exceed 50 percent of
the State’s average w eekly w age reported under th e State unem ploym ent
insurance act; from Ju ly 1,1967 to Ju ly 1,1968, it w ill be at least $52 and after
Ju ly 1, 1968, at least $54. A n additional am ount of $3.50 is allowed for each
dependent child u n d e r 21.

Connecticut provided for the employee to select
his physician or surgeon from an approved list
prepared by the Commission.
Rehabilitation

Connecticut created a rehabilitation division
within the Workmen’s Compensation Commission
to establish Statewide rehabilitation programs for
workers with compensable injuries. The program
is to be financed by payments from insurers, and
the rehabilitation director is authorized to enter
into agreements with other State and Federal
agencies and to develop matching programs to
secure Federal funds for this purpose. Weekly re­
habilitation benefits (to be paid in addition to
compensation) were increased to $40 from $15 a
week.
Minnesota increased to $60 from $45 the maxi­
mum weekly amount payable to an injured em­
ployee undergoing a period of vocational retrain­
ing, and increased to 104 from 52 the maximum
number of weeks such amount should be paid. A
new provision requires the Commission to refer
promptly to the division of vocational rehabilita­
tion, or other training agency, any employee whose
injury will produce disability in excess of 26 weeks.

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

Utah increased to $44 from $42 the maximum
weekly benefits payable to injured employees who
have demonstrated cooperation but cannot be
rehabilitated.
Alaska provided that the State, rather than
the employer, is liable under the Workmen’s Com­
pensation law when, at the request of the Office of
Vocational Rehabilitation, a person is placed with
an employer for on-the-job training or other work
experience without pay.
Subsequent Injury Funds

Connecticut provided death benefits for a second
injury, payable the first 104 weeks by the employer,
thereafter by the second-injury fund; and in­
creased the required minimum balance of the fund
to $100,000 from $50,000.
Nebraska increased to $1,000 from $500 the re­
quired contribution into the second-injury fund in
no-dependency death cases. Oklahoma increased
to $300,000 from $200,000 the reserve level in the
special indemnity fund at which further payments
into the fund are suspended, and authorized speci­
fied types of investment of 80 percent of sums held
to the fund’s credit.
Coverage

Connecticut and New Hampshire amended their
laws to eliminate their numerical exemptions. The
Missouri law, which formerly covered employers
of 11 persons or more, now covers employers of 8
or more. The Vermont law covers employers of
three employees or more, rather than six.
The Michigan law was amended to restrict com­
pulsory coverage of certain agricultural workers to
those who are employed by the same employer for
13 consecutive weeks, instead of 13 weeks or more,
as before. I t also made it a misdemeanor to con­
sistently discharge employees within a 13-week
period and replace them in the absence of a work
stoppage.
A number of States added coverage for specified
public officials. Iowa, Maine, Nebraska, and Texas
extended coverage to elected or appointed execu­
tive corporate officers. Texas also required the State
Highway Department to provide workmen’s com­
pensation insurance for certain employees and au­
thorized certain drainage districts and indepen­
dent school districts to provide coverage for their
employees. Nevada included officers of quasi
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31
public or private corporations in the definition
of employee under the workmen’s compensation
and occupational disease acts, but set mini­
mum and maximum salary limitations ($3,600
to $15,600 a year) for computing benefits. Mis­
souri extended coverage to executive officers
of corporations and covered members of the
organized militia when ordered to active duty by
the Government, but provided for reduction of
State benefits by the amount of any Federal bene­
fits received by the injured workers or his depend­
ents. Other States extending coverage to specified
public employees or volunteer workers include
California, Maryland, Minnesota, New York,
Oklahoma, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
Arizona exempted from its workmen’s compen­
sation law motion picture employers and their
employees if temporarily in the State (up to 8
months) and if insurance is otherwise provided at
least equal to the requirements of their home State.
Arizona residents employed by such employer are
required to reject the Arizona law and accept the
alternate insurance coverage.
Occupational Diseases

A number of States made changes in their laws
applying specifically to occupational diseases.
Wyoming made exposure to ionizing radiation the
first compensable occupational disease under its
workmen’s compensation law, Alabama added oc­
cupational exposure to radiation as a compensable
disease, and Ohio made cardiovascular and pul­
monary diseases incurred by fire fighters compen­
sable occupational diseases.
Maine and New Hampshire changed from sched­
ule coverage of occupational diseases to the fullcoverage method. The Maine law provided partial
disability benefits and dropped the $1,000 limit on
medical benefits for silicosis, and reduced the ex­
posure period for compensability to 2 from 5 years.
Asbestosis claims were made noncompensable un
less the employee was exposed to inhalation of
abestos dust over a period of not less than 2 years
during the 15 years preceding disablement. Other
occupational disease claims were made com­
pensable if incapacity resulted within 2 years f
(formerly 1 year) after last exposure; for death
benefit payments, the requirements of continuous
prior disability and death within 7 years of last
exposure were removed. Compensation for occupa­
tional hearing loss was newly added.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

Maryland provided that benefits for permanent
partial disability dne to silicosis, asbestosis, or
other dust diseases be payable in the same manner
as for other cases of disability. Previously, $1,000
was payable for permanent partial disability, and
such payment was considered as full release for the
claim. Radiation claims were exempted from the
time limit of 1 year from last exposure applying
to other occupational diseases. Deafness caused by
industrial noises was added to the schedule of com­
pensable occupational diseases.
Idaho reenacted, with some modification, the
silicosis provisions of the occupational disease law
as they existed prior to the 1965 amendments by
reactivating a disallowance for partial disability
compensation and a provision making the last em­
ployer liable. The employer is not liable for com­
pensation unless disability or death results within
4 years. The maximum amount payable as “sup­
port, money” to employees who have quit or been
discharged because of nondisabling silicosis was
increased to $5,000 from $750, pending change of
employment. Another amendment set the time
limit for filing radiation claims at 3 years from
the date the employee knew or should have known
of the injury, but in no event more than 30 years
from the date of the last occurrence to which the
injury is attributed.
Nevada extended from July 1, 1967, to July 1,
1969, the supplemental compensation payable to
claimants or dependents who have received the
maximum benefits payable for disability or death
from silicosis, and increased the maximum amount
payable during this period to $5,768, from $3,000.
Deleted from the law was a provision that per­
mitted an employee affected by silicosis to waive
all compensation for an aggravation of his con­
dition due to continued exposure, as was the time
limit for filing claims for radiation poisoning.
West Virginia extended its time limit for filing
occupational disease claims from 2 years after the
last exposure to 3 years. In death cases, the 1-year
filing limit after the worker’s death was retained.
Colorado and Utah increased compensation
benefits for death or disability resulting from an
occupational disease. For example, the maximum
for partial disability was increased in Colorado
to $3,526.25 from $3,185 and in Utah to $5,725


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from $5,105. In cases where an occupational dis­
ease results in two disabilities or more, the maxi­
mum was increased to $11,284 from $10,192 in
Colorado and to $19,344 from $18,720 in Utah.
Vermont increased to $7,000 from $6,000 the
maximum compensation for disability and death
from silicosis or asbestosis. Montana raised to $125
from $90 a month payments under the public wel­
fare law to persons totally disabled because of
silicosis.
Other Amendments

Maryland created an uninsured employers’
fund to cover payment of benefits to employees
when an uninsured employer has failed to make
payments within 30 days after an award. The
fund is to be maintained from fines and assess­
ments paid by uninsured employers and will not
be liable for doubled compensation for illegally
employed minors.
Minnesota provided benefits from a special
compensation fund to employees injured while
employed by an uninsured employer. The fund
custodian was authorized to sue the employer for
reimbursement to the fund of benefits and for ad­
ditional damages against the employer, in the
court’s discretion, of up to 50 percent of bene­
fits paid or due.
New Mexico and Puerto Rico provided ad­
ditional benefits for safety violations. New Mexico
required payment to surviving parents (in the
absence of other dependents) of $5,000, in addi­
tion to other allowable payments, in case of the
death of an employee due to the employer’s negli­
gence or failure to provide safety devices required
by law. Puerto Rico required double compensa­
tion be paid for injury, illness, or death resulting
from an employer’s violation of safety or health
laws or regulations.
Georgia and Massachusetts created committees
to make comprehensive studies of their work­
men’s compensation laws, and New Jersey recon­
stituted and continued its Commission to Study
Workmen’s Compensation, which was created in
1966.
— F lorence C. J ohnson
Bureau of Labor Standards

33

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE

Unemployment Insurance
and Employment Security
r o p o s a l s t o a m e n d employment security laws
were made in the legislatures of Puerto Eico and
45 of the 47 States which met in 1967. California
and New York, had the most legislative activity
concerning unemployment insurance while Del­
aware, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Nevada, and North
Carolina each had only one proposal to amend
their laws. The legislatures of Georgia, Iowa,
Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Utah,
and Washington adjourned without changing their
laws. The Federal Congress made no change this
year in the unemployment insurance law of the
District of Columbia.
In general, the patterns of the legislation fol­
lowed that of other recent years—increases in the
maximum weekly benefit amount, higher or more
restrictive qualifying requirements, and increases
in the taxable wage base. One significant develop­
ment was extension of coverage in three States to
employees of small firms.

P

Coverage

Unlike recent legislative sessions, substantial
improvements were made in extending the protec­
tion of the program to employees previously ex­
cluded. Beginning in 1968, Connecticut will cover
employers of one worker or more in 13 weeks. New
Jersey is scheduled in 1969 to change from cover­
age of employers of four or more in 20 weeks in a
calendar year to coverage of employers regardless
of their size whose payroll for at least one quarter
in the year is $1000 or more. Puerto Eico extended
coverage to employers of three or more in 1968,
two or more in 1969, and one or more in 1970.
While the above three States extended coverage,
it should be noted that this figure almost equaled
the total number of States which passed such leg­
islation during the past 22 years. Thus, 24 States
now provide unemployment insurance protection
to workers regardless of the size of the establish­
ment in which they work, and more than half the
States cover smaller firms than are covered under
the Federal Unemployment Tax Act.
Unlike those who liberalized their size-of-firm
coverage, Idaho narrowed its provision by increas­
ing from $150 to $300 the quarterly payroll an em­

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ployer must have before becoming subject to the
law. Three States modified existing provisions for
the coverage of State and local government em­
ployees. Nebraska amended its provision to permit
any State administrative department, commission,
or board to elect coverage. North Dakota, which
already permitted State and local government
units to do so, changed its method of financing
benefits by allowing such units to reimburse the
North Dakota fund instead of being required to
pay contributions on the same basis as other cov­
ered employees for any benefits paid to their em­
ployees. Ehode Island designated Transit Author­
ity employees as State employees solely for the
purpose of covering them under the unemployment
insurance program.
Connecticut enacted standby legislation that
would extend coverage to any nonprofit organiza­
tion that pays wages of at least $1000 in any cal­
endar quarter. Benefits payable under this provi­
sion would be financed by requiring employers to
reimburse the fund only for benefits actually paid
to their workers and otherwise exempting them
from State unemployment insurance taxes. The
provision becomes operative only upon certifica­
tion by the Secretary of Labor that it conforms to
the requirements of the Federal Unemployment
Tax Act. The Secretary has not yet certified simi­
lar standby provisions in the California and New
York laws.
Three States restricted coverage somewhat by
excluding services performed on a commission
basis by real estate agents (Maine and Wyoming)
and by securities salesmen (Arizona). Part-time
services of marketing research interviewers were
excluded in Maryland.
Benefits

As was the case in 1965,1 the last “heavy” legis­
lative year, 21 States increased their maximum
weekly benefit amounts. Four of these States also
increased their minimum weekly benefit amounts.
The increase in maximum and minimum weekly
benefit amounts enacted in 1967 are shown in
table 1.
Viewed as a ratio to the average weekly wage,
maximum weekly benefits were improved by this
year’s amendments. Twenty States, with 28.6 per­
cent of all covered workers, now have maximums
1 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1965, p. 1325.

34

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

T a b l e 1.

1967 I n c r e a s e s

in W e e k l y
B e n e f it s

Change in
m inim um weekly
b e n e fit1
State

From
A labam a __________
C onnecticut________ $10-$15
F lorida_____________
Indiana_____________
M assachusetts___ . . .
10-16
M ichigan___________
M innesota__________

To

$15-$22
2 11-17

Old and new
m axim um s
Change in
as percent
m axim um weekly
of State’s
b e n e f it1
1966 av erage
w eekly
covered
w age 1
From

To

$38
$50-75
33
40-43
50
43-72
47

2$42
360

M issouri____________
N ebraska___________
N evada___ _________
N ew H am pshire_____
N ew J e rse y ...
. _.
N ew Mexico____ ____
Ohio___ _______ . . .

45
40
41-61
49
50
36
42-53

O klahom a______ _
Oregon________ _____
P uerto R ico_______
South D ak o ta_______
Tennessee__________
Texas____________ .
West Virginia_______

32
44
20
36
38
37
35

12
10

14
15

U nem plo ym ent

40
$40-52
54
46-76
50

2

253

44
43-63
54
50
40
47-66

3

38
49

350

39
42
45
40

3

O ld

N ew

39
41-62
33
34-36
46
32-53
43

43
60
40
34-44
49
34-56
45

40
41
33-50
50
40
36
34-42

47
45
35-51
56
50
40
38-53

31
39
33
41
40
36
31

37
44
50
44
45
43
40

1 When 2 am ounts are given, higher includes dependents’ allowances.
2 A m ounts shown do no t include th e second step of a 2-stage increase. In
1968 m inim u m weekly benefit w ill be increased to $12 and m axim um weekly
benefit w ill be increased to $57 in M assachusetts, and m axim um w eekly
benefit w ill be increased to $44 in A labam a. M axim um benefit w ill be
increased to $57 in Missouri in 1970.
3 Percent of average w eekly wage in covered em ploym ent in th e preceding
calendar y ear (New Jersey, P u erto Rico, and West Virginia). Percent of
average w eekly wage of production and related workers in 12 m onths ending
June 30, b u t no t more t han $60 p rio r to October 5,1968 and $70 p rio r t o O ctober
5, 1969; a n y subsequent annual increases in m axim um w eekly benefit no t to
exceed $16 (C onnecticut).

amounting to 50 percent or more of the State’s
1966 average weekly wage in covered employment.
In 20 other States, with 46.2 percent of all covered
workers, the maximums range from 40 to 49 per­
cent of the State’s average weekly wage, and in 12
States, with 25.2 percent of covered workers, the
maximums amount to less than 40 percent of the
State’s average w e e k l y wage in covered
employment.
Increases in the maximum weekly benefit
amount were effected in Connecticut, New Jersey,
Puerto Rico, and West Virginia as a result of the
adoption by those States of “flexible maximum”
benefit provisions, which require that the maxi­
mum weekly benefit be a percent of the State’s av­
erage weekly wage, or, in Connecticut, a percent­
age of the State’s average weekly wage for
production and related workers. The use of flexible
maximums, adopted in previous years, resulted in
increasing the maximum weekly benefit amount by
$4 in Hawaii; $3 in Iowa, Rhode Island, Vermont,
and Wisconsin; $2 in Arkansas, the District of Co­
lumbia, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, and South

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Carolina ; and $1 in Colorado, Idaho, North Da­
kota, Utah, and Wyoming.
Twenty States 2 now have provisions for auto­
matically adjusting the maximum weekly benefit
in accordance with changes in Statewide average
wages. Every heavy legislative session since 1955
has seen additional States adopting this principle.
This trend is encouraging in that it insures that
fewer workers will receive an inadequate propor­
tion of their lost wages, particularly during pe­
riods of generally rising wage levels.
Base Period and Benefit Year, Four States
changed the period used in determining an indi­
vidual’s rights to benefits. Idaho changed its base
period from a uniform calendar year to the first
four of the last five completed calendar quarters
immediately preceding the beginning of a benefit
year. Only New Hampshire and Washington now
have base periods that are the same for all work­
ers. Minnesota, which had defined the base period
as the first four of the last five completed calendar
quarters, and Ohio, which used the last four com­
pleted calendar quarters, adopted base periods
consisting of the 52 weeks immediately preceding
the individual’s benefit year. Wyoming changed
its base period from the first four of the last
five completed calendar quarters to the last four
calendar quarters. In all four States the effect of
the amendments was to shorten the lag between
the end of the base period and the beginning of
the benefit year.
Amendments to the definition of benefit year
were made in Idaho and Minnesota—in the former
by changing from a uniform benefit year to an in­
dividual 52-week period beginning the first day of
the week in which a valid claim is filed and in
the latter by changing from a 1-year period to 52
calendar weeks.
Waiting Period. Connecticut became the fourth
State (joining Delaware, Maryland, and Nevada)
to abolish the waiting period. The Governor of
Michigan, who last year vetoed a bill that would
have eliminated the waiting week, approved this
year a bill providing an additional weekly benefit
amount for the last compensable week of unem­
ployment if the claimant has been laid off for at
least 3 weeks and becomes reemployed within 13
weeks after the layoff week. In making this change,
2
This excludes Mississippi which set a ceiling of $30 on its
provision. As a result of this restriction, there has been no increase
in the maximum benefit since 1952.

35

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE

Michigan deleted its provision for making the
waiting week compensable if the individual was
laid olf indefinitely or for more than 4 weeks and,
within 13 weeks, became reemployed with another
employer.
Partial Earnings Allowance. The partial earn­
ings allowance, which is the amount of earnings
disregarded in computing the benefit for a week
of partial unemployment, was changed in three
States. Connecticut, which formerly disregarded
the first $3 in earnings in computing weekly ben­
efits for partial unemployment, now disregards
one-third of the claimant’s earnings. Indiana
changed from $3 to the larger of $3 or 20 percent
of the claimant’s weekly benefit the amount ex­
cluded from an individual’s earnings in computing
his partial benefit. New Hampshire now reduces
the weekly benefit amount by all earnings in excess
of 20 percent of the claimant’s weekly benefit
amount, instead of $3.
Allowances for Dependents. Indiana and Ohio
established variable maximum benefit schedules
under which the higher benefit rates are payable
only to claimants with sufficient dependents and
higher average weekly wages than those required
for the basic maximum. The provisions adopted
are similar to those in existence for some time in
Illinois and Michigan. Under the Indiana and
Ohio laws a claimant with sufficient earnings could
qualify for the following maximum benefit:
N u m b er o f dependents

0
1
2
3
4

_____ _______ _________________ _____________ . . . .
...............
..............................
...................
............................................................

Indiana

$40
43
46
49
52

Ohio

$47
53
57
61
66

In expanding the scope of its provision, Indiana
now includes as dependents not only a claimant’s
spouse but also his children under 18. Connecticut
increased from 17 to 18 the age beyond which
it will not consider a child a dependent, and pro­
vided for the payment of an allowance for a claim­
ant’s nonworking spouse living in the same
household.
Qualifying Requirements. Five States now re­
quire higher earnings, or earnings over a longer
period, before claimants may be eligible for any
benefits. In Massachusetts the change resulted from
an increase to $800 from $700 in the flat minimum


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base-period qualifying amount. Minnesota added
an additional week of work, now 18, to qualify for
any benefits. The amount of wages necessary to
qualify for the minimum benefit was increased to
$500 from $300 in Oklahoma and to $500 from
$375 in Texas. Texas also added a requirement of
base-period wages equal to 1% times the high-quar­
ter wage and deleted two alternative methods of
qualifying for benefits. An increase to $504 from
$432 in Tennessee’s base-period wage requirement
resulted automatically from an increase in the
minimum weekly benefit amount.
Connecticut changed its qualifying requirement
from $750 and wages in two quarters to 30 times
the individual’s weekly benefit amount. As a result,
claimants may now qualify for the minimum bene­
fit with earnings of $450, instead of $750. Idaho
reduced its minimum base-period qualifying re­
quirement by $24.50 by providing that individuals
could qualify for benefits with earnings of at least
1y2 times their high-quarter wages, but less than
the base-period wages required for their wage
class. Wyoming decreased the number of weeks of
work needed to qualify from 26 to 20 and the
number of hours of work needed in each week from
24 to 20. Wyoming also deleted the requirement
that an individual must earn $18 in each week of
work. However, the minimum qualifying wage
requirement was increased from $468 to $800. New
Jersey, while retaining its basic qualifying require­
ment, added a flat alternative of $1,350 in the base
period.
Two States added provisions to prevent entitle­
ment to benefits in 2 successive benefit years fol­
lowing a single separation from work and one State
amended a similar existing provision. In Texas, a
claimant is now required to earn $250 subsequent
to the beginning of the prior benefit year in order
to establish a new benefit year. West Virginia speci­
fies that a claimant must earn at least eight times
his weekly benefit amount in covered work to be
eligible for a second round of benefits. Connecticut,
which has had a requalifying requirement in its
law since 1953, provided that this additional re­
quirement will be suspended during periods of
substantial unemployment, as defined by the Con­
necticut law.
Duration. With almost all States providing maxi­
mum potential benefits of 26 weeks or more, at least
for some claimants, there has been little interest in

36
the past few years in amending duration provi­
sions. Only South Dakota increased maximum ben­
efit entitlement for claimants at all benefit levels. A
South Dakota claimant may now receive as much
as 26 weeks of benefits, instead of 24, if he has
earned $3,700 in his base period or a lesser amount
that is equal to four times his high-quarter wages.
Only Puerto Rico and South Carolina, with less
than 2 percent of the workers covered by unem­
ployment insurance laws, now provide a maximum
potential duration of less than 26 weeks.
Maine increased maximum duration for claim­
ants in the two lowest wage brackets by enacting a
provision giving all eligible claimants minimum
potential benefits of $300. New Jersey amended its
law by providing for maximum duration of 26
times the claimant’s weekly benefit amount. Previ­
ously, a New Jersey claimant exhausted his benefit
rights upon receipt of 26 payments, even though
some were only for partial unemployment.
Connecticut increased from one-third to threefourths the percentage of total earnings, up to 26
times his weekly benefit, that will be payable to an
individual in his benefit year. Unlike the prior
provision, the new fraction includes dependents’
allowances. New Jersey modified its duration pro­
vision for claimants not qualifying for the maxi­
mum entitlement by making potential benefits the
higher of (1) three-fourths of the weeks of em­
ployment or (2) one-third of the base-period
wages. Formerly, only the first condition was
applicable.
Although no State enacted a permanent provi­
sion for temporary extension of duration during
periods of high unemployment, Alaska added a
temporary provision to be effective for weeks of
unemployment occurring between October 1, 1967
and August 17, 1968. Under the Alaska program,
a claimant’s maximum duration will be increased
by one-half of his normal benefit entitlement if he
exhausted his benefits after July 1, 1967 and files
a claim for extended benefits within the State.
Idaho’s program now commences when the insured
unemployment rate for the preceding 13-week
period equals or exceeds 120 percent of the aver­
age rate for the same periods in each of the 2
preceding years. Formerly, the program would
begin when the insured unemployment rate in
Idaho was over 6 percent and the monthly ratio
of exhaustions to first payments was more than 10
percent above the average exhaustion rate of a com­
parable period for each of the 7 preceding years.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

Under the new provision the payment of benefits
begins 3 weeks after the “trigger point” is reached
and ends 3 weeks after the percentage falls below
120 percent.
Other Benefit Amendments. Ohio repealed its
restriction on benefit payments to interstate claim­
ants enacted in 1963 and established uniform cri­
teria by classifying an industry seasonal if it op­
erates less than 40 weeks in a year. Formerly, the
40-week provision applied to vessels on the Great
Lakes, but all other industries were considered sea­
sonal only if their annual operating period was
less than 36 weeks. New Jersey, which previously
used a weighted schedule in computing benefits,
now uses a uniform two-thirds fraction at all levels
below the maximum. Puerto Rico, which has a
separate benefit schedule for agricultural workers,
increased the maximum benefit paid to such work­
ers from $15 to $20 and the minimum from $6 to
$7.
Availability for Work

Maine and New Hampshire amended their availability-for-work provisions to permit the payment
of benefits to claimants enrolled in approved voca­
tional training or retraining courses. Maine per­
mits an individual to refuse suitable work if ac­
ceptance of such work would have prevented him
from successfully completing the training course.
The New Hampshire provision permits payment
of benefits to individuals attending a vocational
training program under the auspices of the State
department of education, provided they are in good
standing in the program, have attended all sched­
uled sessions, and are not receiving payments sup­
plemental to unemployment benefits. Twenty-six
States now have such statutory requirements.
Oregon amended its availability provision by
specifying that individuals participating in com­
munity work and training programs shall not be
deemed unavailable for work solely because of their
participation in the program.
Disqualification from Benefits

Although bills providing more restrictive dis­
qualifications were introduced in many of the
State legislatures, comparatively few were en­
acted. Only eight States made changes in periods
of disqualification for at least 1 of the 3 major

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE

causes—voluntary leaving, discharge for miscon­
duct, and refusal of suitable work. The disquali­
fication for voluntary leaving in Arkansas was
changed from 8 weeks of unemployment to the
duration of unemployment. California changed
its disqualification for voluntary leaving and dis­
charge for misconduct by holding the claimant in­
eligible to receive benefits for the week in which
the disqualifying act occurs and until he has, sub­
sequent to the disqualification and registration for
work, received remuneration in excess of five times
his weekly benefit amount. (Under the old law,
the earnings needed to terminate the disqualifica­
tion were determined by multiplying the number
of disqualifications imposed by five times the
weekly benefit amount.) Connecticut exempted
from disqualification a claimant who quit his parttime work to accept full-time employment, but
added a provision denying benefits to an individual
who voluntarily retires from his work until he
is again employed and has been paid sufficient
wages since his retirement to meet the qualifying
requirement. Although an involuntary retiree will
not be subject to this provision, his weekly bene­
fit amount will continue to be reduced by the
amount of retirement pay as under the, prior law.
Disqualifications for voluntary leaving and dis­
charge for misconduct were changed in Indiana
by providing for cancellation of benefit wage
credits except to establish eligibility for benefits.
Indiana also restricted good cause for voluntary
leaving to that attributable to the employment,
but provided exceptions for separations resulting
from the claimant’s illness or for the purpose of
accepting a better job. New Hampshire amended
its disqualification for refusal of suitable work
(1) by spelling out how far available work might
be from the claimant’s residence and still be con­
sidered suitable, and (2) by changing the period
of disqualification from the duration of the un­
employment and until the claimant again secures
work for a specified period to a fixed 3 weeks im­
mediately following the week in which the re­
fusal occurred. The New Jersey law was amended
by providing that a disqualification will not ap­
ply if a discharge for misconduct is rescinded by
the employer. If the individual is returned to his
job with back pay, however, he must return any
benefits he received. Ohio changed the period of
disqualification for all three of the major causes
by denying benefits to a claimant until he has
worked 6 weeks and earned wages equal to three

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

37
times his average weekly wage or $360, which­
ever is less. Previously, the disqualification was
lifted only after the individual had worked 6
weeks and earned six times his weekly benefit
amount. Wyoming modified its disqualifications
for voluntary leaving and discharge for miscon­
duct by applying these disqualifications to all sep­
arations in the base period and not just the most
recent one.
Minnesota deleted its provision for canceling
wage credits of a woman employee who, in ac­
cordance with a company rule, was separated from
employment as a result of her marriage. Ohio
changed its disqualification for individuals leav­
ing work because of marital obligations from 1
week of work and earnings equal to the weekly
benefit amount to 6 weeks of work and wages
equal to one-half the claimant’s average weekly
wage or $60, whichever is less.
Maternity Leave. Disqualification provisions re­
lating to pregnancy were amended in six States.
Connecticut provided that a woman will be ineligi­
ble for benefits during the remaining period of her
pregnancy if she leaves work because of pregnancy
or is separated from her employment in accordance
with a reasonable company rule. However, if her
separation was involuntary, she will continue to be
eligible for benefits until 2 months before child­
birth. Connecticut also specified that a woman will
be ineligible for benefits after childbirth until she
has applied for reemployment in the same job or
other suitable work with her former employer. In ­
diana expanded the scope of its voluntary leaving
provision by specifically including work separa­
tions due to pregnancy. New Hampshire decreased
its period of disqualification from 3 weeks to 1
week of employment with earnings of at least more
than the claimant’s weekly benefit amount, and de­
leted the alternative condition for terminating a
disqualification 8 weeks after childbirth if the
claimant had not worked at least 3 weeks following
childbirth. Ohio provided that the disqualification
of a woman, who made a bona fide change in resi­
dence during an absence caused by pregnancy,
which makes a return to her former work unreason­
able because of distance be lifted after she has ob­
tained employment and been paid wages equal to
the lesser of one-half of her average weekly wage or
$60. Oregon amended its law so that no woman
will be disqualified unless her separation from
work results from pregnancy. The Tennessee law

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
T a b l e 2.

1967 C h a n g e s in U I T a x R a tes
B a se
Tax rates (percent)

State

M inim um

Maximum

and

Tax bas e

Standard
Old

Old
C onnecticut_____
In d ia n a ____ _____
N ew Jersey _____
N orth D a k o ta ___
Ohio____________
Oregon__________
V erm ont _______
West V irginia. . . .
Wyoming _______

New

Old

New

3.0

3.2

T ax

Old

N ew

New
$3, 000 C$3,600

4.0
1.2

3,000
3,000

3,600
2 3,300

3,000

3,600

3.0

0.8
4.5
2.7

4.4
3.3

1 May be increased to $3,900 i f ratio of fund balance to 3-year payroll is 3.5
percent or more.
2 To be increased to $3,400 in 1969, and thereafter to 70 percent of th e S tate
average annual wage.

was amended making a woman who is forced to
leave work because of pregnancy ineligible for
benefits for 21 days after she returns to her former
employer and gives evidence that she has returned
as soon as she is able to perform her usual work.
Three States amended their labor dispute provi­
sion by either limiting the scope of the disqualifi­
cation or by allowing its termination earlier.
Connecticut limited its disqualification to disputes
taking place at the establishment where the claim­
ant is or was last employed, instead of any estab­
lishment operated in the State. Connecticut also
expanded its definition of lockout by deleting the
requirement that a dispute would not be considered
a lockout if it resulted from the employees’ de­
mands. New Jersey amended its law so that, like
those of New York and Khode Island, it calls for
a specific period of disqualification for unemploy­
ment caused by a labor dispute. Disqualifications
terminate after 42 days plus the waiting period.
Benefits paid after the termination of the disquali­
fication are to be financed from the workers’ unem­
ployment insurance contributions and are payable
only if the workers or their representatives have
not refused to arbitrate, have not refused services
of a mediation agency, and are bargaining or pre­
pared to bargain in good faith. New Jersey also
exempted lockouts from the labor dispute disqual­
ification. West Virginia amended its law by mak­
ing the presumption that a stoppage of work which
continues longer than 4 weeks after the termina­
tion of a labor dispute is not caused by the dispute
unless the employer or other interested party can
show the contrary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Deductible Income. Only seven States amended
their provisions for reducing the weekly benefit
amount for receipt of pension payments, and no
State added such a provision. Connecticut, which
added a new disqualification for voluntary re­
tirees, limited to involuntary retirees its existing
provision for reducing benefits by the amount of
retirement pay received. Maine excluded pension
payments from disqualifying income when the
claimant’s qualifying wages are earned in employ­
ment other than that from which he retired. Mary­
land limited its provision to pension payments
provided by a base-period employer. Deductible in­
come provisions were amended in Idaho, Missouri,
Nebraska, and South Dakota to exempt retirement
payments based on service in the Armed Forces,
and in Maryland, which already had such a provi­
sion, to include an ex-serviceman’s surviving
spouse if she remains unmarried.
Other Disqualifications. Indiana amended its
provision for fraudulent misrepresentation by
specifying a fine of not less than $20 or more than
$500 or by imprisonment for not more than 6
months. Prior to this change, the maximum penalty
was $100 and 60 days. Colorado provided for the
repayment of all benefits erroneously received or,
if not collected, for deduction of the sum from
future benefits. Formerly, benefits received erro­
neously could be recouped only through deductions
from future benefits; those received through fraud
could be either repaid or offset against future bene­
fits. New Jersey repealed its 2-week disqualifica­
tion following termination of any maritime service
performed under shipping articles.
Financing

Approximately one-fourth of the States altered
their financing provisions. Table 2 shows the prin­
cipal changes in maximum and minimum tax rates,
the standard rate, and taxable wage base. The
changes in the wage base this year bring to 22 the
number of States with a base higher than the
$3,000 provided in the Federal Unemployment Tax
Act.
In addition to the tax rate changes listed in the
table, Wyoming decreased its maximum rate from
3.2 to 2.7 percent; however, adjustment to the max­
imum rate for noncharged or ineffectively charged
benefits or for an inadequate fund balance could

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE

result in an increase that equals or exceeds the old
rate.
The experience-rating formula in Texas was
changed from benefit wage ratio to benefit ratio.
Under the new system rates will be assigned in
accordance with the employer’s benefit ratio and a
State replenishment ratio.
Changes in the number of tax rate schedules or
in the structure of the schedules were made in six
States. California and Ohio now make it possible
for an employer to qualify for a given rate with a
less favorable account balance than under the old
law. Under these new provisions, an employer can
qualify for the minimum rate with a reserve bal­
ance of IT percent, instead of 19 percent, in Califor­
nia and 12.5 percent, instead of 15 percent, in Ohio.
Oregon doubled the number of tax schedules to
eight; Vermont added a seventh schedule of re­
duced rates; and Wyoming reduced the number of
schedules from four to one, but provided for a
positive adjustment factor when the fund balance
falls below 4 percent of total payrolls and a nega­
tive adjustment factor when the fund balance is
over 5 percent. Indiana and West Virginia pro­
vided additional tax rates to employers whose
account reflects a negative balance. These rates can
go as high as 3.2 percent in Indiana and 3.3 percent
in West Virginia.
West Virginia also raised the fund balance re­
quirement which automatically suspends reduced
rates when the balance falls to $50 million, and
continues this suspension until the fund balance
reaches $55 million. Formerly, reduced rates were
suspended when the fund balance reached $40 mil­
lion and remained so until the fund balance again
reached $45 million.
Missouri now permits an employer to qualify
for a reduced rate after 1 year, instead of 3 years,
of experience. Ohio changed the basis for com­
puting the fund’s “minimum safe level.” Previ­
ously, the fund was compared with benefit pay­
ments in the 7 years preceding the computation
date. Under the amended law, the period used is


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39
the highest 12-month cost rate since the beginning
of the program.
Other amendments include a change in the com­
putation date in Idaho and revision of the non­
charging provisions in Minnesota, New Hamp­
shire, Ohio, and Oregon. Minnesota increased the
fund balance requirement and North Dakota and
Vermont lowered their requirements for signaling
lower rate schedules.
Other Amendments

New positions of claims representative and as­
sistant claims representatives were established in
New Hampshire to advise claimants in presenting
their cases for redetermination or before the ap­
peal tribunal. California increased the size of its
appeals board from three to five, becoming only
the second State (New York is the other) to go
beyond a membership of three for a full-time un­
employment insurance appeals review board.
Maine, Minnesota, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Vermont,
and Wyoming either added or amended existing
penalties on employers who fail to file wage or
contribution reports. California, Hawaii, and Ver­
mont enacted provisions to enforce liabilities for
contributions, penalties, and interest on behalf of
other States which extend like comity to them.
Ohio changed the name of the agency administer­
ing the unemployment insurance program to the
Bureau of Employment Services; duties and re­
sponsibilities, however, remain unchanged. Ver­
mont increased the interest rate on delinquent
contributions. Wyoming repealed its provision
that all first notices of claims to employers be made
either by personal service or by registered or cer­
tified mail. Funds for legislative studies on un­
employment insurance were appropriated by
California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New
York.
— J o seph

A.

H

ic k e y

Bureau of Employment Security

Differences in Pay
Between Men and
Women Workers
D o n a ld J. M c N u l t y *

girls. (See table 1.) There was no consistency be­
tween the level of earnings for an occupation and
the difference in the averages between men and
women. F o r example, earnings of class A account­
ing clerks and class A tabulating machine opera­
tors averaged about the same, but the amounts
by which men’s earnings exceeded those for women
were 19 and 8 percent respectively.
Although the level of earnings in specific oc­
cupations varied considerably by region,2 regional
differences in the averages for men and women
were frequently as large as those reported for the
entire country. As indicated below, the W est was
the only region in which the differences were
usually smaller than those recorded for the N atio n :
Percent by which m e n ’s earnings in selected occu­
p a tions exceeded the average for w om en in the
same job and region

O ccupational earnings surveys conducted by the

Bureau of Labor Statistics almost invariably re­
port substantially higher average rates of pay for
men than for women perform ing the same general
type of work. Users of B LS surveys often assume
th a t these relationships are largely the result of
pay differences w ithin individual establishments.
They fail to take into account th a t the reported
averages for the two groups of workers may in
m any instances relate to substantially different
groups of establishments w ith widely different pay
levels. As this article shows, variations in occupa­
tional pay for the sexes are considerably larger
when the comparisons are based on published
averages relating to a large num ber of establish­
ments than when the comparisons are made within
individual establishments.
The study is based on inform ation obtained
from surveys of occupational earnings and related
practices conducted in 84 m etropolitan areas by
BLS from J u ly 1965 to June 1966.1 E ig h t office
and three plant occupations, w ith substantial num ­
bers of both men and women, were selected for
comparison purposes. Differences in the averages
for men and women were examined by region and
m ajor industry division, by establishments
grouped according to whether they employed both
or only one sex in the occupation, and, finally, by
individual establishments.

Differences Among Establishments
A t the all-establishment level, men’s earnings
averaged more than women’s in each of the 11
occupations by amounts ranging from 35 percent
for order clerks to 5 percent for office boys and
40


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Occupation

N ortheast

i\ u n n
Central

South

West

Office

Clerks, accounting:
Class A __________
Class B __________
Clerks, order
Clerks, p a y ro ll.. _ . . _ __
Office boys and girls.
T abulating m achine opera­
tors:
Class A ___
... _
Class B __________
Class C ________

20
22
35
29
3

23
26
29
30
6

21
26
43
26
7

14
18
27
18
6

7
10
2

13
12
6

6
8
9

5
12
17

26
12
26

3
20
14

53
25
21

6
14
24

P la n t

Elevator operators_______
Jan ito rs__
Packers, shipping. __

The largest difference recorded was for elevator
operators in the N orth Central region, where the
average for men exceeded the average for women
by 53 percent. This large difference was due partly
to the disproportionate distribution of the sexes
among industries w ith widely varying pay levels.
Nearly two-fifths of the women elevator operators
in the region were employed in retail establish­
ments and nearly one-third in hotels, both of which

*Of the Division of Occupational Pay, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1
The 84 areas were selected as a sample designed to provide
detailed data for each of the individual areas and to permit pro­
jection of these data to all 221 Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas in the United States as established by the Bureau of the
Budget through March 1965. Area survey data were obtained from
representative establishments within six broad industry divisions :
(1) Manufacturing; (2) transportation, communication, and
other public utilities ; (3) wholesale trade ; (4) retail trade; (5)
finance, insurance, and real estate; and (6) selected services.
Within each industry division, the surveys covered establishments
employing 50 workers or more, except in 12 of the largest areas
where the minimum establishment size was 100 employees in
manufacturing, public utilities, and retail trade.
3 For definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 2.

41

MEN’S AND WOMEN’S PAY

reported relatively low wages for this occupa­
tion. One-half of the men, on the other hand, were
employed in office buildings; fewer than 5 per­
cent were employed in retail establislunents and
less than 20 percent in hotels. In the N orth Central
region’s largest city, Chicago, labor-management
agreements covering elevator operators had rate
ranges of $2.52 to $2.66 an hour for operators
in office buildings, and $1.32 to $2.16 an hour for
operators in retail establishments.
The difference in the earnings of men and wom­
en elevator operators in the South, on the other
hand, amounted to only 3 percent. Men averaged
$1.04 an hour and women, $1.01. In the southern
region, the employment pattern of women elevator
operators was almost the same as in the N orth
Central region. However, only about a fourth of
the men were employed in office buildings with
more than 18 percent employed in retail establish­
ments and more than 35 percent in hotels.
Differences in the occupational averages for
men and women were often as great in the indi­
vidual industry groups as for all industries com­
bined. The percents by which men’s earnings
exceeded those of women in four occupational clas­
sifications are provided below for each of the sis
m ajor industry divisions covered by the study:
T a b le 1.

A verage E a r n in g s 1
po lita n A r ea s 2

Average weekly or
hourly earnings
Men

O

In d u stry division

All industries___ _ _ _.
M anufacturing—
- - .
T ransportation, com m unica­
tion, and other public
utilities____ _
Wholesale tra d e ..
___
R etail tr a d e ... .
_____ .
Finance, insurance, and real
estate___ ___ _
.
------- .
Services--- -N

o t e

:

Clerks,
Class A

Office boys
and girls

19
19

5

-1

17
12

11
27
37

16
16
18

8
4
3

18
20
17

23
35

16
14

6
1

16
2

Minus sign indicates m en’s average lower th a n wom en’s.

The six industry divisions are each comprised
of many diverse industries which have widely d if­
ferent pay levels. The unequal m anner in which
these industries contribute to the employment of
men and women in the selected occupations does,
of course, affect the averages for men and women
in the m ajor industry division.
The occupational wage advantages for men were
usually much smaller among establishments em­
ploying both sexes in the same job than among all
establishments, including those employing men or
women only in an occupation (see table 1). F o r
example, in establishments employing both sexes
in an occupation, men class A accounting clerks
earned 12 percent more than women, compared

Women

Average weekly or
hourly earnings
Men

Women

A ll M e t r o ­

E stablishm ents em ploying only m en
or women

E stablishm ents employing both men
and women

Percent by
which m en’s
earnings
exceeded
women’s

Janitors

36
39

Percent by
which m en’s
earnings
exceeded
w omen’s

Average weekly or
hourly earnings
Men

W omen

Percent by
w hich m en’s
earnings
exceeded
w omen’s

f f ic e

Clerks, accounting class A _____
Clerks, accounting class B _______
Clerks, o r d e r ________________
Clerks, payroll________________
Office boys or girls____________
T abulatin g machine operators:
Class A . . ___________ ____
Class B .......................................................
Class C .......... ..........................
P

A ccounting
Order
Clerks

of M e n and W omen in E l e v e n O c cupational C la ssific a t io n s in
and S ix M ajor I n d u stry D iv is io n s C o m b in e d , 3 F e b r u a r y 1966 4

All establishm ents

Occupation

Percent by which m en ’s earnings exceeded
w o m en ’s in fo u r occupations

4

$120. 00
97. 50
108. 00
111. 00
68.00

$97. 50
77. 00
78.00
88.00
64. 00

23
27
33
26
6

6
4
4

121. 50
103.00
83.00

110.00
91.00
76.50

10
13
8

14
18
18

2.00
2.03
2. 36

1.30
1.48
1.89

54
37
25

$120.00
97.00
108.50
113.00
68. 50

$100. 50
79. 00
80.00
89. 50
65. 50

19
23
36
26
5

$120. 50
97. 00
110. 50
116. 00
70.50

$107.50
85.00
88. 00
107.50
67.50

12
14
26
8

121. 50
103. 00
83.00

112.50
93. 50
78.00

8
10
6

121. 00
103. 00
84. 50

114. 50
99. 00
81. 50

1.93
2.04
2.36

1.34
1. 74
1.94

44
17
22

1.66
2.06
2. 38

1.46
1. 75
2.01

la nt

E levator operators, passenger__
Janitors, porters, and cleaners...
Packers, shipping_____________

1 Earnings of office w orkers relate to regular straight-tim e salaries th a t are
paid for stan d ard workweeks. E arnings of p lan t workers relate to hourly
earnings, excluding prem ium pay for overtime and work on weekends,
holidays, and late shifts.
2 221 S ta n d a rd M etropolitan S tatistical Areas in the U nited States as
established by the B ureau of the B udget through March 1965.
3 T h e 1957 revised edition of the Standard Industrial Classification M a n u a l
and the 1963 Supplem ent were used in classifying establishm en t sby industry
divisions. T he industry divisions combined are m anufacturing; tran sporta­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

tion, com m unication, and o th e r public utilities; wholesale tra d e ; re ta i
trade; finance, insurance and real e s ta te ; and selected services. T he scop
of the study includes all establishm ents w ith total em ploym ent at or abpv_
the m inim um lim itation (50 employees). I n 12 of the largest areas the mini"
m um size was 10 0 employees or more in m anufacturing, public utilities»
4
Average m onth of reference. D a ta were collected during the period Ju ly
1965 through June 1966.

42

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

with 19 percent in all establishments. The corre­
sponding figures for elevator operators were 14
percent in establishments employing both sexes in
an occupation and 44 percent in all establishments.
These relationships usually prevailed in each re­
gion and industry division.
In nearly all instances, occupational earnings
for men were about the same among establishments
employing both sexes as among those employing
men only. In contrast, occupational averages for
women were consistently higher among establish­
ments employing both men and women in the same
job than in establishments employing women only.
Establishm ents employing women only in an oc­
cupation were frequently found to be in the lower
paying industry segments of nonm anufacturing.
Thus, wage differences were also affected by varia­
tion in the proportions of workers in an occupa­
tion who were in establishments employing both
T a b l e 2. M e d ia n
A v e ra g e E a r n in g s

a n d M id d le
of M e n and

sexes or only one sex in the job. The tabulation be­
low shows the percent of all men (or women) in
given occupations who were working in estab­
lishments employing both sexes in th at occupation.
Percent o f all m en {or w om en)
in given occupations w orking
in establishments em ploying
both sexes in that occupation
Occupation

M en

W om en

Office

Clerks, accounting:
Class A ________________
Class B ________________
Clerks, order_______________
Clerks, payroll_____ ________
Offl.ee boys and girls________
Tabulating m achine operators
Class A ________________
Class B ________________
Class C________________

53
70
29
43
26

31
24
22
9
44

25
26
24

59
34
33

21
48
20

25
96
42

P la n t

E levator operators
Janitors_________
Packers, shipping.

R a n g e s of I n d iv id u a l E st a b l ish m e n t P e r c e n t D if f e r e n c e s 1 B
tw
w ee ee n
n the
Be
et
THE
W om en , A ll M etr o po l it a n A r e a s B y R e g io n 2 and I n d u st r y G r o u p , F e b r u a r y

1966
U n ited States

N ortheast

South

N o rth C entral

West

Occupation
Me­
dian
O

Me­
dian

Middle
range

Me­
dian

Middle
range

Me­
d ian

Middle
range

3
3
15
3
-2
-4

-2
-3
-3
-1
-4
-3
-7
—8

to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to

10
11
26
11
6
3
3
2

4
0 to 11
3 - 3 to 10
16
6 to 26
3
3 to 13
5 to 6
1
4 to 3
9 to 3
-7
11 to 0

3 —3 to 10
3 - 3 to 14
13
1 to 25
1 - 1 to 17
—2 to 3
3
—2 —11 to 4

4 —1 to 11
3 - 1 to 12
5 to 32
15
5
0 to 11
1
4 to 7
—1
- 2 - 7 to 3
- 3 - 7 to 3

-1
9

2 to 7
—5 to 5
0 to 19

-2

1 to 6
9, fn 1
- 3 to 0

1

0 to 8

1

5
1

0 to 0
0 to 15
0 to 8

12
4

0 to 0
2 to 12
0 to 11

3
1

0 to 8
0 to 3

M anufacturing

P u b lic U tilities

Wholesale trade

Medi an

Median

Median

Middle
range

Middle
range

Middle
range

0 to 5
0 to 16
0 to 8

7

R etail trade
Median

Middle
range

Finance
Median

Middle
range

Services
Median

M iddle
range

f f ic e

Clerks, accounting class A
______________
Clerks, accounting class B
_
______
Clerks, order____________
Clerks, payroll_________ ______
Office boys __________________ _
T abu latin g m achine operators, class A . _
T abu latin g machine operators, class B . . .
T abulating machine operators, class C .
P

Middle
range

la n t

Elevator operators_____ __ _________
Janitors, porters, cleaners_________
Packers, sh ip p in g .. _________

O

Me­
dian

f f ic e

Clerks, accounting class A ___________
Clerks, accounting class B
____.
Clerks, order___ ____ _________
Clerks, payroll______________ ______
Office boys____ _______ ______
T abulating m achine operators, class A . . .
T abulating m achine operators^ class B _.
T abulating m achine operators, class C .
P

M iddle
range

3 - 2 to 8
4 - 1 to 11
19
6 to 26
4
0 to 12
- 6 to 3
- 1 - 3 to 1
- 2 - 7 to 2
- 3 - 8 to 1

2 —1 to 8
1 - 2 to 9
1 - 2 to 10
1 - 1 to 3

6 - 2 to 12
2 - 4 to 14
1 to 21
15

11
3 to 18
6 - 1 to 10

7 - 1 to 12
2 - 5 to 11
3
2 fn Q
2 —4 to 7
- 3 —9 to 3
—6 —7 to 3

- 3 to 0

1
-1

—4 to 2
—7 to 7

4 - 2 0 to 1

la nt

E levator operators ________
Janitors, porters, cleaners__________
Packers, s h ip p in g ______________

2

0 to 8
0 to 6

11

4 to 17

1 Figures shown a re th e percent b y w hich m en’s earnings exceed w om en’s.
A m inus sign indicates th a t m en’s earnings w ere lower th a n wom en’s.
2 T he regions are defined as follows: N ortheast —C onnecticut, Maine,
M assachusetts, N ew H am pshire, N ew Jersey, N ew Y ork, Pennsylvania,
R hode Island, and V erm ont; South —A labam a, A rkansas, D elaw are, D istrict
of Colum bia, Florida, Georgia, K entucky, Louisiana, M aryland, Mississippi,
N o rth Carolina, O klahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,


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6
6

0 to 18
2 to 14

9
4

1 to 17
1 to 11

19

4 to 29

6

0 to 0
1 to 15

and West Virginia; N orth C entral —Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, M ichigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, N ebraska, N orth D akota, Ohio, South D akota, and
Wisconsin; West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, M ontana, N evada,
N ew Mexico, Oregon, U ta h , Washington, and Wyoming.
N o t e : D a sh e s in d ic a te
p u b lic a tio n .

no

d a te re p o rte d

o r d a ta in s u ffic ie n t t o

w a rra n t

MEN’S AND WOMEN’S PAY

F o r example, 9 percent of all women who were
employed as payroll clerks worked in establish­
ments which hired both sexes in the same occupa­
tion. The rest of the female payroll clerks worked
in establishments th at employed women only.

Individual Establishment Differences
The differences in average earnings of men and
women perform ing sim ilar tasks were much
smaller w ithin individual establishments than the
differences recorded for groups of establishments.
As indicated in table 2, the median establishment
difference in the average earnings of men and
women was 5 percent or less for all but 1 of the 11
occupations studied. The median establishments
for 3 of the occupations reported identical aver­
ages for men and women. F o r the two lower classes
(B and C) of tabulating machine operators,
women averaged slightly more than men in the
median establishment. The largest difference was
recorded for order clerks. In this job men averaged
15 percent more than women; in the middle onehalf of the comparisons the wage advantage of
men ranged from 3 to 26 percent. A lthough there
were some variations, these relationships were gen­
erally sim ilar in each region and in the different
industry divisions covered by the study. As in­
dicated by the middle range of differences, women
3 Briefly stated, the act requires that employers must pay
employees of one sex the same rates as those paid the employees
of the opposite sex for equal work on jobs requiring equal skill,
effort, and responsibility. Exception from paying identical wages
is provided, when it can be shown that wage differentials are the
result of rate policies reflecting seniority, merit, or quality and
quantity of work performed. See Equal Pay for Equal Work Under
the Fair Labor Standards A ct: Interpretative Bulletin of the Code
of Federal Regulations, Title 29, P art 800 (U.S. Department of
Labor, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions, 1966),
WHPC Publication 1157.
4 “Job Tenure of Workers, January 1966,” M onthly Labor Re­
view, January 1967, pp. 31—37.


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43
frequently averaged more than men perform ing
similar tasks in the same establishments.
The question arises as to why in individual es­
tablishments there are differences in the average
earnings of men and women perform ing sim ilar
tasks, particularly, since the enactment of the
Equal Pay A ct of 1963.3 Differences in average
earnings of men and women perform ing similar
tasks in the same establishment may be due to
factors other than discrim inatory pay practices of
the employer. One such factor is the practice of
paying office workers according to established rate
ranges determined by the employee’s length of
service in the job. In such situations, longer aver­
age service results in higher average earnings.
Most frequently, the average length of service
for men is greater than for women. A recent study 4
points out th at average job tenure of men clerical
workers was nearly twice as long as for women.
This, however, varies somewhat by occupation.
Another factor influencing the differences in aver­
age earnings is the descriptions used to classify
workers in the B LS occupational classifications.
These classifications are usually more general than
those used in individual establishments because
their definitions must be broad enough to allow for
minor differences among establishments in spe­
cific duties performed. Consequently, the occupa­
tional classifications may include workers with
different duties. In janitorial work, for example,
individual establishments may have men perform ­
ing the heavier tasks and working in unpleasant
surroundings, at one rate of pay, and women doing
the lighter, less difficult work, at a lower rate.
Although the study did not develop inform ation
specifically relating to discrim inatory practices in
the payment of wages to the sexes, the available
evidence suggests th at this is not a m ajor factor
contributing to the wage differences noted.

Foreign Labor Briefs*

n e m p l o y m e n t i s a r o u s i n g c o n c e r n in some
foreign countries. Recently France took action to
promote employment in depressed areas. In ad­
dition, French business firms are now required not
only to inform the plant committee about employ­
ment prospects but also to consult w ith them on
any anticipated dismissals. In Greece, for the first
time in several years, more workers returned home
from Germany in the Ja n u ary -Ju n e period than
left the country. In Indonesia, the dismissal of
7,000 workers in State-owned enterprises was at­
tacked in a strong statement by the Indonesian
W orkers’ Jo in t Action F ront. In Seville, Spain,
some 500 workers who had lost their jobs in a
m erger staged a sit-in demonstration.

U

Latin America—T ea ch ers’ U nions
In several L atin American countries, teachers’
unions have become more active. In Bolivia, the
National U rban Teachers’ Federation promoted a
num ber of work stoppages of 2 or 3 days’ dura­
tion in September and m aintained a call for a
nationwide teachers’ strike while carrying on nego­
tiations with the Government. Grievances included
pay reduction, delays in meeting experienced
teachers’ payrolls, and a failure to pay nearly 400
new teachers for 4 months. Salary demands in­
cluded a 90-percent raise in the beginning pay, in­
creases in pay increments for seniority, and an
extra m onth’s pay (the so-called 14th m onth
bonus) in addition to the traditional year-end
bonus equal to a m onth’s salary.
In E l Salvador, the teachers’ union voted for a
3-day work stoppage beginning October 2, and the
Government announced a 2-day suspension of
classes for October 2 and 3. Subsequently, the Gov­
ernment announced the term ination of the prim ary
school year, which norm ally would have ended
several weeks later. (The school year in L atin
America varies from country to country, but it
usually begins in Jan u ary or February and ends
in October or November.) The teachers’ union de­
manded continuance of the present retirem ent
pension plan (100 percent of the highest salary
44

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received, after 30 years’ service, without age re­
striction) . The Government proposed pensions of
80 percent of the highest salary received, after 40
years’ service, at the minimum age of 60; health,
life, and accident insurance; construction of an
oceanside recreation center for teachers; and crea­
tion of a D epartm ent of Teachers’ W elfare in the
M inistry of Education.
In U ruguay, secondary school teachers held
three work stoppages of 1 or 2 days’ duration be­
cause of a m onth’s delay in meeting their payroll
beyond the usual 30-day lag. Students demon­
strated to emphasize their demand for a larger ap­
propriation for the national university.

Argentina —S o cia l W e lfa re
The Government, while continuing the wage
freeze which has been in effect since M arch, re­
cently announced an increase in benefits under two
social welfare laws. F irst, the maximum severance
allowances for all workers under the 1934 law on
dismissals was increased from 5,000 to 20,000 pesos
($14.30 to $57.20) for each year of service; and the
scope of the law was expanded to include all com­
mercial employees in private banks, insurance com­
panies, and savings and loan associations. Second,
monthly fam ily allowances to workers (except
those in industrial and state enterprises) were in­
creased from 2,250 to 2,700 pesos ($6.44 to $7.82)
for each dependent. Em ployers of workers bene­
fiting from this increase will have their rate of
m andatory m onthly contributions to the fam ily
allowance fund reduced from 12 to 11 percent of
the worker’s pay.

Brazil— W orkm en ’s C om pen sation
Industrial accident insurance, which has been
m andatory since 1944, for all workers, including
domestic and farm workers, was made a monopoly
of the social security system by a bill passed by the
Congress on A ugust 21. Heretofore, this type of
insurance for all except transportation, cargo, and
merchant m arine workers could be underw ritten
in any of three ways—through social security, by
cooperatives, or by private companies. The bill also
increased perm anent disability pensions by 20 per-

*Prepared in the Office of Foreign Labor and Trade, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of material available in early
October.

FOREIGN LABOR BRIEFS

cent and substituted monthly for lump-sum pay­
ments in cases of tem porary disability.

South Vietnam —M in im u m W ages
An estimated 20,000 workers—mostly women—
in the textile, handicrafts, and other industries
are to receive increases, retroactively to July 1, in
minimum wage rates am ounting to 25 percent in
Saigon, 85 percent or more in other areas, and 150
percent in m ajor northern cities such as Hue, DaNang, and Cam-Ranh. The new rates are designed
to provide adjustm ent for the rising cost of living,
particularly in the northern cities, and to raise the
wages of the workers involved to the levels of those
in other occupations.
The highest new minimum rate for men is 130
piasters ($1.10) a day for Da-Nang, Cam-Rahn,
and the province of K hanh Hoa, which adjoins
Cam -Ranh; women in the same areas will receive
114.40 piasters ($0.96) a day. In Sai gon, the new
minimum is 100 piasters ($0.84) for men and 88
piasters ($0.74) for women. The lowest m ini­
mum—92 piasters ($0.78) a day for men and 80.90
piasters ($0.68) for women—apply to outlying
provinces.

U.S.S.R .—L iv in g C on dition s
In an attem pt to improve living and working
conditions, the Government and the Communist
P a rty adopted two significant decisions in midSeptember. One provides for the expansion of
services to the public by the establishment of more
laundries, repair shops, public baths, and other
consumer service facilities, and for the training
of the required personnel for these services. The
other directs members of Government, party, trade
union, and other public bodies to carry on a regular
check on whether workers’ complaints addressed
(by letter or in person) to managements of enter­
prises and establishments receive prom pt and
careful consideration.

United Kingdom —D ock L a b o r
Decasualization—regular employment instead
of daily hiring—was established at B ritain ’s docks

2 8 0 - 2 7 7 0 - 67 - 4


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45

effective September 18. This reform , agreed upon
by Government, employer, and trade union repre­
sentatives, allows employers flexibility in assign­
ing tasks to stevedores and dockers and closer
control over their worktime. I t term inates casual
hiring, restrictive practices, and jurisdictional
rivalries. W orkers will get not only employment
security but also higher wages, sick pay, and pen­
sions. E arnings under the new system will average
about $70 per week, w ith guaranteed minimums of
$47.60 for the London area and $42 for the prov­
inces. C ertain problems will result—for the em­
ployers from the pledge of regular employment,
for the workers from modernization.

France —D e v e lo p m e n t A re a s
In September, the Government issued a set of

ordonnances increasing the cash incentives offered
earlier in the year to industrial employers willing
to move their plants to, or set up new facilities in,
regions with heavy unemployment or otherwise
economically underdeveloped. The incentives were
increased by 25 percent, and the maximum amounts
a single firm may receive were raised. In addition,
to encourage decentralization, the Government
offered incentives to service industries to move out­
side the Paris zone. The areas which will benefit
most are the N orth, Lorraine, the Loire region, and
the west coast from B ritanny to the Vendee area.

Italy —L a b o r F orce
The labor force in m id-1967 was composed of
only 38 percent of the population as compared with
43.8 percent in 1959. Italian officials ascribe this
downward trend to several factors. F irst, young
people are rem aining in school longer, as seems to
have been the case in the year ending in June 1967,
when the number of persons seeking their first job
decreased from the previous year by 15 percent.
The second factor is continuing technological
change, which affects older workers causing them
to retire early (in many cases w ith the encourage­
ment of their em ployers), women who returned to
the role of homemaker, emigrants, and those who
cease looking for work.

Summaries of Recent Studies

F ollowing are highlights o f some recently com­

pleted studies. Dates of publication are given
where available.

Work Experience in 1966
D ata from the annual survey of work experience
of the population indicates th at the number of
individuals who worked at some time during the
year rose to 86.3 million in 1966 from 83.9 million
in 1965. The number of persons working all year
at full-tim e jobs increased by 1.7 million to 50 m il­
lion. As in other years, a much smaller proportion
of nonwhite than white workers were employed at
full-tim e jobs all year in 1966. The number of per­
sons working at part-tim e jobs increased by
600,000 to 16 million, one-third of whom were
employed year round.
Unemployment of at least 1 week’s duration
dropped by 750,000, to 11.4 million in 1966. The
proportion of nonwhites reporting unemployment
(22 percent) was about twice the proportion of
whites (12 percent). O f the workers under age 25,
about 21 percent reported they had been un­
employed at some time during 1966 compared with
about 11 percent of those over 25. Among young
workers (under 25), nearly one-third of the nonwhites and one-fifth of the whites were out of work
for 1 week or more. A lthough the number of
women reporting unemployment remained close to
the 1965 m ark, the number of men dropped by 11
percent. The decline among men is due largely to
a growing demand for full-time, year-round
workers. These greater manpower requirements,
however, did not sim ilarly reduce the total number
of women who were jobless, but rather drew
significant numbers of women into the labor force.
A full report will appear in the January

Monthly Labor Review.
Training Low-Skill Workers
As p a rt of a Manpower A dm inistration experi­
m ental and demonstration program , a project con­
ducted by Skill Advancement, Inc., upgraded
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about 1,800 low-skill, low-wage workers of 65 New
York City employers (m ainly hospitals and plas­
tics and electric components industries). Trainees
were guaranteed an 8- to 10-percent wage increase
and promotions upon completion of a 40-hour
course over a 5-week period. Company training
personnel were also trained so th a t upgrading ac­
tivities could continue. The project has been ex­
tended for another year and an attem pt will be
made to expand to other areas including shoe
m anufacturing, investment houses, and insurance
firms.
Reports on the first year’s experience are avail­
able from the M anpower A dm inistration’s Office
of Special Manpower Program s.

Wages of Communications Workers
The latest annual BUS report on wages of em­
ployees of the N ation’s principal communications
carriers, expected to be available in January, in­
dicates th at the basic wage rates of the 724,000 em­
ployees (excluding officials and m anagerial as­
sistants) covered by the study averaged $3.13 an
hour in late 1966—an increase of 3.3 percent from
the previous year. The study was based on annual
reports submitted to the Federal Communications
Commission and included 53 telephone carriers
w ith annual operating revenues exceeding $1 m il­
lion and engaged in interstate or foreign com­
munication service, the W estern Union Telegraph
Co., and six international telegraph carriers en­
gaged in nonvocal communications and having
annual operating revenues exceeding $50,000.
Ninety-six percent of the workers covered by
the study were employees of telephone carriers,
who averaged $3.14 an hour in December 1966, or
3.3 percent higher than in December 1965. Em ploy­
ment during the 1-year period increased nearly 7
percent.
Regionally, average wages in 1966 ranged from
$2.73 an hour in the Southeast to $3.37 in the M id­
dle A tlantic. Averages in the other regions were
South Central $2.78, N orth Central $2.94, Moun­
tain $3.02, Chesapeake $3.08, New E ngland $3.15,
Great Lakes $3.20, and Pacific $3.31.
Women constituted nearly three-fifths of the
telephone-carrier work force and were employed
largely as telephone operators and in clerical jobs.

SUMMARY STUDIES

Experienced switchboard operators, virtually all
women, averaged $2.27 an hour, and nonsupervisory clerical employees (129,519 women and
9,417 men) $2.44. Averages for some of the nu­
merically im portant jobs predom inantly staffed
by men were: Exchange repairmen, $3.66; cable
splicers, $3.45; P B X and station installers, $3.36;
and central office repairmen, $3.34.
Employees of the W estern Union Telegraph Co.
accounted for nearly all of the rem aining workers
covered by the study. Straight-tim e rates of pay of
the company’s nonmessenger employees averaged
$3.06 an hour in October 1966, an increase of 5.9
percent since October 1965. D uring the year, the
average rates of pay for m otor messengers in­
creased from $2.12 to $2.22 an hour, whereas the
average for foot and bicycle messengers, many of
whom were part-tim e employees, remained un­
changed at $1.30. Em ployment was up 4 percent
between October 1965 and October 1966.
Men made up nearly three-fifths of the work
force and tended to be concentrated in different
jobs than women. Among the job categories in
which men predominated, average rates in 1966
were $3.47 an hour for traffic testing and regulat­
ing employees, $3.38 for subscribers’ equipment
m aintainers, and $3.09 for linemen and cablemen.
Nonsupervisory clerical employees and expe­
rienced telegraph operators (except Morse opera­
tors) , two numerically im portant categories large­
ly staffed by women, averaged $2.71 and $2.40.

Flour Milling and Cigar Manufacturing
Separate surveys of wages and supplementary
benefits in the flour-milling and cigar-m anufactur­
ing industries were conducted by BLS in early
1967.1 A lthough the products differ greatly, the
two industries have some common characteristics.
They are both highly mechanized; each has a rel­
atively small work force; and both have had an
1 Reports for selected areas of industry concentration have been
issued and are available upon request. (Buffalo and Kansas City
for flour milling; Scranton and Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton, Pa., York
County, Pa., and Tampa-St. Petersburg, Fla., for cigar manu­
facturing.) Final reports, providing national and regional tabu­
lations, are expected to be available by early 1968.
2 The survey included establishments with 8 workers or more.
See M onthly Labor Review, September 1962, pp. 1024-25.
3 The survey included establishments employing 20 workers or
more and primarily engaged in milling flour or meal from gain,
except rice, i.e., industry 2041 as defined in the Standard In­
dustrial Classification Manual, U.S. Bureau of the Budget (1957).


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47

almost uninterrupted employment decline for a
number of years, while output has increased largely
as the result of new and improved m anufacturing
methods.
The industries differ, however, in a number of
respects. Flour mills are located in nearly all sec­
tions of the country, being most heavily concen­
trated in the G reat Lakes and M iddle W est region,
while cigar plants are located almost entirely in
the Middle A tlantic and Southeast regions, with
heavy concentrations in Florida and Pennsylvania.
Men constitute nearly all of the work force in
flour m ills: three-fourths of the workers in cigar
plants are women. Almost all flour-milling workers
were paid time rates, whereas about three-fifths of
the cigar workers were paid according to the num ­
ber of units produced. Four-fifths of the workers
in flour mills were in establishments having agree­
ments with labor organizations, compared with
slightly one-half of those in cigar plants. Finally,
the average hourly wage of flour-milling workers
was substantially higher than the average wage of
cigar workers.
N u m b er o f produc tion workers

Average hourly
earnings 1

F lour mills, F ebruary 1967_______
G reat Lakes_____________________
M iddle W est_____________________
Buffalo, N .Y ________________
K ansas C ity, K ans.-M o.......... .

12, 565
4,047
2,514
1,023
500

C ig a r p la n ts, M arch 1967_________

16, 552

1. 72

7, 595
6, 645

1.74
1. 67

3,657
928
3,137

1.79
1.64

M iddle A tlan tic_____________
Southeast___________________
Scranton and W ilkes-BarreH azleton, P a __________________
Y ork C ounty, P a _______
T am pa-S t. Petersburg, F la ___

$2. 56
2.77
2. 60
3.16
2.79

1.68

1
Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holiday,
and late shifts.

Flour Mills. The February 1967 average for pro­
duction workers in flour mills ($2.56) was 15 per­
cent above the average recorded in November 1961
($2.22), when a sim ilar survey was conducted.2
Individual earnings of all but about 2 percent of
the 12,565 workers covered by the 1967 survey 3
were w ithin a range of $1.40 to $3.50 an hour;
earnings of the middle h alf of the workers ranged
from $2.28 to $2.95. Average earnings for produc­
tion workers were higher in m etropolitan areas
than in smaller communities ($2.68 compared with
$2.32) and higher in mills w ith 100 employees or
more than in smaller mills ($2.77 compared with
$2.28). F o r jobs studied separately, hourly earn­
ings averages ranged from $3.39 for m illw rights

48

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

to $2.33 for feed packers. M aterial handling labor­
ers and janitors—two numerically im portant
jobs—averaged $2.39 and $2.53 an hour, respec­
tively. V irtually all production workers were in
mills providing paid holidays, usually 8 or 9 an­
nually, and paid vacations, most, commonly 1
week’s pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks’ after 2
years, 3 weeks’ after 10 years, and 4 or 5 weeks’
after 20 years. Life, sickness and accident, hospi­
talization, surgical, and medical insurance, and
retirem ent pension benefits (other than social
security) were provided by mills employing threefourths or more of the industry’s production
workers.

jobs studied separately ranged from $2.60 for
maintenance machinists to $1.52 for janitors.
Cigarmaking-machine operators on one-position
machines, numerically the largest of the jobs
studied separately, averaged $1.68 an hour. A large
m ajority of the workers were in plants providing
paid holidays, usually 6 or 7 a year, and paid
vacations, typically 1 week’s pay after 1 year of
service, 2 weeks’ after 5 years, and 3 weeks’ after
15 years or more. Life, hospitalization, and
surgical insurance was provided to at least seventenths of the workers, but slightly less than half of
the workers were in plants providing private pen­
sion benefits.

Cigar Plants. Average hourly earnings for pro­

Early Retirement

duction workers in cigar plants in M arch 1967
($1.72) were 12 percent higher than in A pril-M ay
1964 ($1.54), the date of a sim ilar study.4 All but
4 percent of the 16,552 production workers cov­
ered by the M arch 1967 survey 5 earned between
$1.40 and $2.50 an hour, with the middle half of the
workers earning from $1.51 to $1.84. At the lowTer
end of the array, nearly a fourth of the workers
earned less than $1.50 and two-fifths earned less
than $1.60.6 W orkers in m etropolitan areas aver­
aged slightly more than those in other areas—$1.72
and $1.69, respectively. The average for workers in
plants w ith collective bargaining agreements was
$1.76, compared with $1.68 for workers in plants
without such agreements. Averages also varied by
plant size: $1.55 for plants with 8-99 workers,
$1.72 for plants with 100-499 workers, and $1.74
for plants with 500 workers or more. Averages for
i
For an account of the earlier survey, see M onthly Labor R e ­
view, March 1965, pp. 312-14.
5 The survey included establishments with 8 workers or more
and primarily engaged in manufacturing cigars, industry 2121 as
defined in the 1957 S I C Manual.
6 The Federal minimum wage for manufacturing establishments
engaged in interstate commerce was raised from $1.25 to $1.40 an
hour, effective February 1, 1967, and will go to $1.60 an hour,
effective February 1, 1968.


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Beginning with the December 1967 issue, the
Social Security Bulletin will publish an expanded
series of data on m onthly cash benefit awards
under the old age, survivors, disability and health
insurance (O A S D H I) program . This data will
perm it more significant comparisons between
awards reduced for early retirem ent and those not
reduced.
The purpose of the new series is to reflect more
realistically the extent of early retirement. U p to
this time, the data on retirem ent benefit awards
have shown reduced benefits as a proportion of the
total. W ith the substantial rise in the total number
of retirem ent benefit awards as a result of the
health insurance program and the growing num ­
ber of conversions and transitional (age 72) bene­
fits, the relationship to total awards is no longer
meaningful. The new series will relate the number
of early retirements only to those benefit awards
th at are currently payable and presumably
awarded for actual retirement. The adjusted fig­
ures will therefore exclude conversions, tran si­
tional awards, and conditional and deferred
awards.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Strikes by Public Employees

A N e w Y o r k S t a t e c o u r t ruled1 that mass resig­
nations by teachers constituted a strike in violation
of a State law prohibiting strikes by public em­
ployees. Holding the teachers’ local union and its
president in criminal contempt for violation of an
injunction, the court fined the local $150,000, and
sentenced the president to serve 15 days in jail
and pay a $250 fine.
Pursuant to New York’s Taylor Act which
prohibits strikes by State employees and directs
the head of the agency involved to seek judicial
relief, the New York City Board of Education
sought and obtained an order to enjoin the United
Federation of Teachers from striking, after a
“purported 40,000” of the city’s teachers had
“resigned.”
In answer to the union’s contention that its mem­
bers were not striking, the court stated that the
“resignations” had been neither individually ex­
ecuted nor delivered to the Board of Education
but to the union. It found that the “defendants
in contending that a strike is not the same as the
so-called resignations, are urging a distinction
without a difference.”
Regarding the issue of antigovernment strike,
the court said: “From time immemorial, it has been
a fundamental principle that a government em­
ployee may not strike. In this sensitive area,
neither labor—the public employee—nor manage­
ment—the government agency—in their mutual
interdependence can afford the indulgence of ar­
bitrary self-interest at the expense of the public.”
Labor Relations

Conflict of Interest. In a case remanded by an
appeals court, the National Labor Relations Board
held 2 that loans by an international union’s trust
fund to a company in competition with one whose
employees were represented by a local affiliate of
the international did not create a conflict of in­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

terest. The local was not disqualified as the repre­
sentative of the second company’s employees. The
Board, however, refused to establish “general
standards” of propriety in union actions of this
nature.
The employer refused to bargain with a certi­
fied local, alleging that a conflict of interest had
arisen when the pension fund of the international
union with which the local was affiliated made
sizable loans to the employer’s competitor. The
employer claimed that the union’s interest in pro­
tecting its loan conflicted with its duty to his
employees.
The Board ruled that there was no disqualifying
connection between the local and the granting of
the loans by the pension fund.3 A U.S. court of
appeals, however, held4 that the mere absence
of a connection between the local and the granting
of the loans did not necessarily preclude the pos­
sibility of a conflict of interest. Returning the
case to the NLRB for further consideration, the
court held that the Board should examine the
facts to determine whether there existed an “in­
nate” or “proximate” danger that the international
might, through its constitutional powers, subject
the local to control that would affect the conduct
of its bargaining activities.
Upon reconsideration, the Board found that the
international union’s constitution granted it some
powers which could conceivably be used to influ­
ence the bargaining activity of the local, but that
these powers were generally of a limited nature.
The local, it said, constitutes the “initiating and
pervasive force” in dealings with employers. I t
further found no evidence that the international
had ever attempted to use its limited constitutional
powers over the local. The Board concluded that
the possibility of the international intervening
and submerging the interests of the local to those
♦Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the
Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection
of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attempt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and adminis­
trative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the
existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
1 Board of Education of City of New York v. Shanker and
United Federation of Teachers, Local 2 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., October 4,
1967).

2 David B uttrick Co. and Local 880, International Brotherhood
of Teamsters (167 NLRB No. 58, September 19, 1967).
3 154 NLRB 1468.
4 NLRB v. David B uttrick Co., 361 F. 2d 300 (1966).

49

50

of the fund was too remote to disqualify the local
as a bargaining representative.
The Board shared the appeals court’s concern
over the possibility that the conflict between pro­
tection of union fund investments and employee
representation may in the future arise with in­
creasing frequency, particularly in the area of
pension funds. But it held that at present no gen­
eral standards can be set to govern such situations
since “data necessary to devise broad guidelines
are not yet available.”
Supreme Court

Labor Cases Accepted for Review. Beginning its
new term, the U.S. Supreme Court recently ac­
cepted two labor relations cases for review, while
rejecting 27 others. The cases to be reviewed are
briefly summarized below.
In United States Insurance Co. of America v.
N L R B f the company categorized certain agents
as “independent contractors” and refused to bar­
gain with their union. However, the Board found
the agents to be employees, and said the company
was in violation of section 8(a) (5) of the Labor
Management Relations Act because it had refused
to bargain. The court of appeals set aside the
Board’s order as not supported by substantial
evidence. Whether or not the court exceeded the
bounds of judicial review, and whether the agents
are “employees” or “independent contractors,” are
the issues before the Supreme Court.
In Avco Corp. v. Aero Lodge 735, I A M f a State
court issued a temporary injunction against a union
on strike in violation of a no-strike clause. The
union obtained removal of the suit to a Federal
district court, where the injunction was dissolved
as being barred by the Norris-LaGuardia Act. The
company sought remand to the State court on the
basis that its claim for relief did not arise under
Federal law within the meaning of the Removal
Act, but rather was founded on breach of contract
5 371 F. 2d 316 (C.A. 7, 1966).
6 376 F. 2d 337 (C.A. 6, 1967) ; see M onthly Labor Review,
August 1967, p. 60.
7 338 F. 2d 837 (C.A. 3, 1964), cert. den. 380 U.S. 935 (1965).
8 Moody v. Albemarle Payer Go. (D.C.— E.D.N.C., July 6, 1967).
9 Michel v. South Carolina S tate Employm ent Service (C A 4
May 3, 1967).


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

under State law. An identical question had been
presented to the court of appeals (C.A. 3) in
American Dredging Co. v. Local £5, Marine Divi­
sion,, I UOEf and the case was remanded to the
State court on the same grounds urged here by the
Avco Corp. In the present case, the appeals court
(C.A. 6 ) declined to follow the American Dredg­
ing holding that the dispute was preempted by
Federal law (LMRA) and that the Norris-LaGuardia Act did not deny the Federal courts’
jurisdiction; but it did deny both State or Federal
courts the authority to issue an injunction in this
situation. In short, the issues presented are wheth­
er a suit in a State court for an injunction to
prohibit violation of a no-strike clause may be
removed to a Federal court as a case arising under
the laws of the United States, and whether a Fed­
eral court may void a prior injunction by a State
court enforcing a no-strike clause.
Civil Rights Action

Parties Defendant. In a recent case, a Federal
district court held8 that only an employer, em­
ployment agency, or labor organization which had
been named a respondent in charges filed with the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC) could be made a party defendant in a
class action under the equal employment opportu­
nity provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The plaintiffs, four Negro job applicants,
charged discrimination by an employer and a local
union; they further contended that the local acted
as the agent of the international union with which
it was affiliated. They had previously filed charges
with the EEOC against the local and the employer,
but not against the international.
The court dismissed the complaint against the
international union, but not against the employer
or the local union, on the basis of section 706(e) of
the act. It noted the holding9 of a U.S. court of
appeals (C.A. 4) that, in a case in which the evi­
dence showed one party to be the agent of another,
charging the agent before the EEOC might be
sufficient to allow the principal to be named as a
party defendant. However, the court held, the evi­
dence produced in the present case indicated that
the local was not an agent of the international
union.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
October 2, 1967
A v o l u n t a r y a r b it r a t i o n a w a r d between a majority of
the Nation’s railroads and five unions representing about
60,000 nonoperating railroad workers provided a maximum
of $7 a day for meals and lodging expenses. (See p. 56,
tbis issue.)

October 7
I n the first such affiliation involving privately employed
physicians, ship’s surgeons on the Grace Lines voted 6 to 3
to designate the National Maritime Union as their col­
lective bargaining agent.

October 8

was ratified by 17,000 company agents. The 2-year con­
tract specified a $6-a-week pay increase and improved
fringe benefits. ( See p. 58, this issue.)

October 19
P im a M in in g Co. and local unions reached agreement on
a 3-year contract retroactive to August 31 and covering
about 650 workers. The settlement provides a 13.7-cent-anhour wage increase for each of the 3 years. Unlike the
major copper producers—still on strike—Pima had con­
tinued operations beyond the August 31 contract expira­
tion date, while negotiations were carried on with a
group of unions led by the Steelworkers. (See p. 58, this
issue.)

October 22
N ew Y ork T ypographical U n io n 6 and the Printers Sec­
tion of the Printing Industries of Metropolitan New York,
representing about 380 commercial printing concerns,
agreed on a 3-year contract covering 6,700 workers. Pro­
vided are wage increases of 8 y2 percent the first year and
6% percent during each of the second and third years. The
settlement went into effect immediately upon ratification,
thus superseding the previous agreement which was to
expire November 14. ( See p. 56, this issue.)

T h e U nited A uto W orkers voted to raise strike dues in

support of strikes then in being at Ford Motor Co., Cater­
pillar Tractor Co., and other companies. A special conven­
tion voted an immediate increase to $25 from $5 a month
for workers in plants where the average hourly straighttime rate is $3 or more and to $15 a month where the
average is less than $3, with certain exceptions for some
low-wage workers. The convention also voted to institute
a new permanent formula after the emergency is declared
over by UAW board members.

October 9
N early 2,000 nonacademic employees voted to accept a
contract negotiated earlier by AFSGME Local 138 and
Ohio State University. The contract provides for a revi­
sion of the grievance procedure and improved benefits.
While no improvement in pay was specified, the union
and the University agreed to conduct a joint wage and
salary study for future adjustments. The agreement
ended a 5-day strike actively supported by some students
and faculty. ( See p. 58, this issue.)

October 11
F u nc tio n s of the Missile Sites Labor Commission, created
in 1961 by E.O. 10946, were transferred to the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service.

October 13
A n a g r e e m e n t reached earlier by the Prudential Insur­
ance Co. and the Insurance Workers, ending a 5-day strike,


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October 23
I ndependent steel h aulers voted to accept a settlement
recommended by an interstate mediation panel, affecting
about 20,000 owner-operator Teamsters in seven States.
The accord, to which a group of about 150 trucking com­
panies also agreed, calls for a payment of $13.70 for each
hour after four of waiting time, of which $10 would go
to the haulers and $3.70 to the trucking companies. The
settlement ended a wildcat strike, often marked by vio­
lence, which began September 12. (See p. 55, this issue.)

October 25
T h e U nited A uto W orkers and the Ford Motor Co.

reached agreement on a 3-year contract affecting about
160,000 skilled and production workers. Skilled workers
will receive a wage increase of 50 cents an hour and pro­
duction workers 20 cents an hour, plus a 3-percent annual
wage increase in the second and third years. The settle­
ment ended a strike beginning September 6. (See p. 53,
this issue.)

October 26
A 3-year contract providing a 6-percent wage increase
this year and 3 percent during each of the next 2 years
was negotiated between the Caterpillar Tractor Co. and
the United Auto Workers covering about 25,000 workers
at 7 of 8 plants. The agreement ended a strike which began
October 1. (See p. 54, this issue.)
51

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

52

Major Agreements Expiring in January
T his is a listing o f collective bargaining agreements ending during the m onth and includes almost
all agreements 1 covering 1,000 workers or more.

Company and location

Industry

Chemicals..................
Fabricated m etal
products.
A m erican M achine & F o u n d ry Co. (Brooklyn, N .Y .)__________________ M achinery____ ____
Aro Inc., A rnold Engineering D evelopm ent C enter (Tullahom a, Tenn.)__ Miscellaneous
services.
Associated G eneral C ontractors of America, Inc., Seattle N orthw est. C onstruction_____
Tacom a and M ountain Pacific C hapters (W ashington).
A uto Specialities M anufacturing Co. (Michigan)________________________ P rim ary m etals____
Allied Chem ical Corp., N itrogen Division (Hopewell, V a .)------- ------------A m erican C an Co. (In terstate)........... .......................................- .............. ............

Number
of
workers

Union 2

14, 850

A uto W orkers_____ ________________________
M etal Trades C ouncil______________________ _

1 ,100
1,750

C arpenters..................... ..............................................

15,000

A uto W orkers_______________ ___________ ____

1,200

Communication

Electrical Workers (IBEW )

M achinists____________ _______ _____________
M olders.
. ...
A utoW orkers.
. _ ._ ___
..
. _ ... _
T ypographical U nion__ . . .
_______
____

C ontinental Motors Corp. (Muskegon, M ich.)__________________________

M achinery . .
P rim ary m etals
Electrical p roducts..
Printing and p u b ­
lishing.
Fabricated m etal
products.
M achinery______ .

Federal D e p artm en t Stores (D etroit, M ich.)____ ______________________
Food In d u stry , Inc. (W ashington)____ ____ ____ ________ ______________

R etail tra d e ____
Food products___

General Aniline and Film Corp., D yestuff and Chemical D ivision (Lin­
den, N .J.).
Glass C ontainer M anufacturers In stitu te , Inc., production and m ainte­
nance workers (Interstate).
H arbor D istrict T av ern and R estau ran t Assn. (San Pedro, C alif.)_______
I-A 3 B akeries (New Y ork a re a )______________________________ _____ _
I-A 3 H otel and restau ran t in d u stry (California)_______________________
I-A 3 Pineapple companies (H onolulu, H aw aii, area)___________________
I-A 3 R etail and wholesale bakeries, production and office employees
(G reater N ew Y ork a re a ).
Internation al N ickel Co. (H untington, W. V a .)________________________

California Water and Telephone Co., p la n t and traffic departm ents (Cali­
fornia).
C aterpillar T ractor Co. (Joliet, 111.)___________________________________
C entral F o u n d ry Co. (Holt, A la.)_________________ . __________________
C ham pion Spark Plug Co. (In terstate)___ ____ _______________________
Chicago N ew spaper Publishers Assn. (Chicago, 111.)____________ _______
C ontinental C an Co. (In terstate)_____________________________________

1,000

Mine Workers, D istrict 50 (In d .)..............................
Steelworkers____________________ ____ _______

1, 600
4, 200
1, 700
3, 350

1,200

. . __________ _____________

13, 500

A uto W orkers. _____________ __________ ____

3, 800

Clothing W orkers______
M eat C u tte rs ... . . .

_____________
_________ ____ _

2, 500
1,800

Chemicals____

D istillery Workers___

___ _____ _______

1, 250

Stony, clay, and
glass products.

Glass B ottle Blowers____ ____________________

26, 000

R estaurants........... .

H otel and R estau ran t E m p lo y ee s... _________

1, 200

Food p r o d u c ts ____
R estaurants_____ .
Food products_____
Food products___ _

B akery and Confectionery Workers (Ind.)_____
H otel and R estaurant E m ployees.. . _________
Longshoremen and Warehousemen (In d .)___ ._
.. ...
Am erican B akery W orkers___________

5, 000
3, 000
6, 000
2,000

P rim ary m e t a l s . __

T ransportation
equipm ent.
K elsey-H ayes Co., Steel Products Engineering Co. D ivision (Ohio)______ M achinery
K orvette, E . J., Inc. (New Y ork)________________________________ . . . . . R etail trade__
K aiser Jeep Corp. (Toledo, O hio)_____________________________________

Los Angeles M arkets A rb itratio n Association (Los Angeles, C alif.)_______ Wholesale trade
Lear Siegler, Inc. In stru m e n t D iv . (Wyoming)_________________________ Controlling in stru ­
m ents.
Long Beach and Orange C ounty R estau ran t Assn. (California)_________ R estaurants_____

Steelworkers__

............ ......................

Steelworkers_________________________________

1,900

A uto W orkers_____ _________________ _______

6.500

A uto W orkers_________ ____ _____ ___ _ . . .
R etail C lerks. ___
_____

1, 250
3,850

Team sters (In d .).. _ _ ________
A utoW orkers.

1.500
1.500

_ _ ________

H otel and R estaurant Em ployees. . . . ____ _

4.000

Retail, Wholesale and D epartm ent Store U nion.
A uto W orkers.
_
______ _______ ___

8.500

Mine Workers, D istrict 50 (Ind.)
____________
____________________
A uto W orkers. .
..

1,000
1,000

Team sters (In d .)..

____

3.500

N ational Lock Co. (Rockford, 111.)_______________________________ F abricated m etal
products.
U tilities. ________

A utoW orkers. . . . _____________ ____________

2,900

Electrical Workers (IB E W ).

________________

1,550

O utboard M arine Corp., Gale Products D iv. (Galesburg, 111.)___________

M ach in ery .. __

M achinists___

__ _ _ _____

Philip Morris, Inc. (Louisville, K y .)__________________________________

Tobacco m anu­
factures.
Tobacco m anu­
factures.
Printing and
publishing.

Tobacco W orkers.. _

. __ __________________

1.950

Bookbinders___________________ _____________

1.250

O rdnance and
accessories.
Chemicals.

Em ployes’ M utual Assn., Ilion, N .Y . (In d .)___

1,200

Revlon, Inc. (New Jersey)___________________________________________

Retail, Wholesale and D epartm ent Store U nion.

1,600

Shulton, Inc. (Clifton, N .J .) _________________________________ _____ _
Specialty B akery Owners of America, Inc. (New Y ork, N .Y .)__________
Specialty B akery Owners of America, Inc. (New Y ork, N .Y .)__________
S tandard B rands, Inc., P lanters P eanuts D iv. (Suffolk, V a .)___________
Sunstrand Corporation (Rockford & Belvidere, 111.)____________________

Chem icals___
R etail t r a d e . . . ___
R etail trade .
Food products . _ .
M achinery _

Team sters (In d .)________________________ ____
R etail Clerks
_ _______________ _____
R etail Clerks
____ ____
__
R etail, Wholesale and D epartm ent Store U nion.
A utoW orkers
.
_______ ._ __

U tah Pow er and Light Co. (In terstate)_______________________________

U tilities. .

Electrical Workers (IBEW ) __________________

1,500

Wisconsin Motor Corp. (West Allis, W is.)______________________________

Machinery

A uto Workers __________________

1,050

Macy, R . H . and Com pany, 5 Stores (New Y ork)______________________
M clnerney Spring and Wire (G rand R apids, M ich.)____________________
Mead Corporation (K ingsport, T e n n .)________________________________
M etropolitan Body Co. (Bridgeport, C o n n .)___________________________
M etropolitan Garage B oard of T rade, Inc. (Boroughs of M anhattan and
T he Bronx, N .Y .).

R etail tra d e .. . . .
F abricated m etal
products.
P aper.
Transportation
equipm ent.
A utom obile services.

N orthern Illinois Gas Co., production and m aintenance (Illinois)________

Philip Morris, Inc., year-round employees (Richm ond, V a .)__________. . .
Printing Industries of Philadelphia, Inc., Allied P rin tin g Em ployers Assn.
(Philadelphia, Pa.).
R em ington A rm s Co. (Ilion, N .Y .)___________________________________

1 Excludes governm ent, airlines, and railroads.
2 U nions affiliated w ith A F L -C IO except w here noted as independent
(Ind.).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3

_ _

Tobacco W orkers..

_

. . . .

__

__

_ ____ ___ ______ _

_______

In d u stry area (group of companies signing same contract).

1.000

1.250
1.250

1,000

1,000
1,200
1,200

1.950

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
ate in
O c t o b e r the Ford Motor Co. agreed
with the Auto Workers on a 3-year contract end­
ing a T-week strike by 160,000 employees. The
agreement increased wages, modified cost-of-living
wage escalator provisions, and liberalized the sup­
plemental unemployment benefits (SUB) plan in
the direction of the Auto Workers’ goal of a
guaranteed annual wage. Following the Ford lead,
Caterpillar Tractor Co. opened the 1967 round of
agricultural implement bargaining with a 3-year
settlement which ended a strike by 25,000 Auto
Workers that began October 1. Transportation
agreements also highlighted developments in the
late September-October period. In trucking, near­
ly 44,000 Teamsters in the Eastern Conference
were covered by agreements similar to the National
Master Freight agreement reached earlier in the
year. An arbitration awarded benefited some 60,000 nonoperating railroad employees represented
by five unions. In the maritime industry, the
American Radio Association rejected a $1.67-aday arbitration award granted under the “me too”
clause of its contracts, with the union stating that
continued use of the clause “will not serve the
industry.”
The strike against Ford Motor Co., walkouts by
teachers in various parts of the Nation, and the
continued strike against major copper producers
were among the major factors contributing to the
sharp increase in September strike activity over
September 1966 and 1965 levels. Strike idleness
amounted to 6,320,000 1 man-days, compared with
1,780,000 the previous September and 2,110,000 in
September 1965. Idleness was 0.57 percent of the
estimated total working time, compared with 0.16
percent in September 1966 and 0.20 percent in
September 1965.

L

creases for skilled workers and liberalized sup­
plementary unemployment provisions, in such a
way that, according to the union, “a guaranteed
annual income” was achieved. Resumption of fullscale production was delayed by bargaining on
local issues.
Wages were increased 20 cents an hour effective
immediately, with a 3-percent increase (9.5 to 17
cents) in November 1968, and another 3 percent
(10 to 17.5 cents) effective in November 1969.
Skilled workers, who at the union’s 1966 conven­
tion won the right to veto a proposed contract, re­
ceived an additional 30 cents an hour in the first
year. The spread between the minimum and the
maximum rates for skilled trades jobs was set at
a uniform 20 cents with the maximum attainable
in 5-cent steps. The cost-of-living escalator clause
was substantially modified, by providing annual,
instead of quarterly reviews, and by instituting
minimum and maximum limits on the size of the
adjustments. Reviews will be made in September
of both 1968 and 1969, and adjustment will be based
on a comparison of the Consumer Price Index
average for May, June, and July with the average
for the same months of the prior year. Each will
be for a minimum of 3 cents and a maximum of 8
cents.2 In return for the conversion to annual re­
views and for the maximum limits, the company
agreed that any additional amounts that would
have resulted from a continued use of the previous
clause will be reflected in the contract to be ne­
gotiated in 1970. Eighteen cents of the previous
23-cent allowance was incorporated into base rates
and it was agreed that cost-of-living payments will
now be paid by separate quarterly checks begin­
ning in December 1968.
The liberalized SUB plan raised benefits to 95
percent of an employee’s weekly take-home pay,
minus a $7.50 deduction for job-related expenses
that would not be incurred by laid-off employees.
The plan previously provided weekly benefits,
which, when combined with State unemployment
payments, equaled 62 percent of earnings, with
a maximum subbenefit of $50 plus $1.50 for each
of up to four dependents, for not more than 52
weeks. Under the revised plan, the duration of

Automobiles

A 7-week strike by 160,000 automobile workers
against the Ford Motor Co. ended on October 25
with ratification of a 3-year contract that provided
substantial wage increases, including extra in­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, on the basis of published material available in late
October.,
1 1967 figures are preliminary.
2
Ford employees received a total of 18 cents under the pre­
vious agreements, compared with 16 cents possible under the
new contract.

53

54
SUB payments would range up to 52 weeks, with
the number of weeks to be determined by combin­
ing the individual employee’s credit units available
under existing provisions with those available
under the new Guaranteed Annual Income Credit
Plan, which provides for credit units based on
length of service.3 GAIC determinations will be
made in December 1968 and annually thereafter.
The plan would continue to be financed by com­
pany contributions of 5 cents an hour, with pay­
ments ceasing after the SUB fund reaches its speci­
fied maximum level. If the fund shrinks below
the maximum level, company payments would re­
sume at 6 or 7 cents an hour, depending on the
fund’s level. Previously, the 5-cent contribution
continued after the fund reached its maximum,
with the “spillover” used to finance Christmas
bonuses ranging from $25 to $100 (the last such
bonus will be paid in 1967). Scheduled and un­
scheduled short-week benefits (payable for hours
short of 40 a week) were increased to 80 percent
of hourly pay, including cost-of-living (instead
of 50 percent for unscheduled short workweeks
and 75 percent when scheduled).
Featuring an improved pension plan was the
introduction of a provision relating pension scales
to hourly rates of pay. A $1 increase in benefit pay­
ments to $5.25 a month for each year of service
was effective the first year, and, on January 1,1969,
pensions were to be increased to $5.50, $5.75, and $6
a month, depending on pay rates. In 1968 pensions
for those already retired were to increase by $1 a
month for each year of service, and retirees were
given the option of using the $1 to provide sur­
vivor benefits. Future retirees will have their pen­
sion reduced by 5 percent, instead of 10 percent,
if they choose to provide a survivor benefit. An­
other pension improvement provided service credit
for periods of illness or layoff. Disability provi­
sions were also liberalized with a new extended
disability plan added.
Other terms included the addition of a 10th paid
holiday beginning in 1968, to provide a long week­
end during the Christmas season. An 11th paid
holiday will become effective in 1970, if the union
agrees to waive 1 cent of any increase in the cost-ofliving adjustment if the allowance has increased
in excess of 6 cents. Three new brackets were added
to the life insurance plan reflecting the higher rates
for top-rated jobs, resulting in $13,000 instead
of $11,500 maximum life insurance coverage;

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

the hospital-medical-surgical plan was improved
and made uniform across the country by the adop­
tion of a “National Account Plan” providing the
same coverage as the Michigan Blue Cross-Blue
Shield plan; and a prescription drug plan was
established. “Transition benefits” for survivors of
employees dying while covered by life insurance
were increased to $150 a month (from $100) for
24 months. If the widow is 50 years of age or older
at the time of her husband’s death, “bridge bene­
fits” will provide $150 (instead of $100) until she
is eligible for social security, for a maximum of
10 years. Ford also agreed to assume the $3-amonth cost of part B of medicare, and the cost of
hospital-surgical-medical for the surviving spouse
of a retiree or an employee who was eligible for
retirement. Daily relief time for employees on
certain operations in the car, truck, and tractor
assembly plants was increased to 48 minutes (from
36).
Employees with less than 1 year’s service became
eligible for paid vacations for the first time—
receiving 20 to 40 hours of pay depending on length
of service. “Seniority” employees entering the
Armed Forces would receive a prorated share of
their following year’s vacation and short-term
“make-up” military duty pay was provided. Belocation allowances were increased and funeral
leave pay (3 days) was extended to include the em­
ployee’s stepparent, stepparent of current spouse,
stepchild, and stepbrother or stepsister.
Farm Implements

The Caterpillar Tractor Co. followed the Ford
breakthrough in the automobile industry by be­
coming the first farm implement company to reach
agreement in the 1967 round of bargaining. A
3-year agreement covering 25,000 Automobile
Workers was ratified on October 25, ending a strike
that began October 1. Wage increases were similar
to those at Ford, with a 17- to 51-cent-an-hour in­
crease effective the first year and 3-percent in­
creases effective the second and third years. A
feature of the new contract was a new “income
security” provision guaranteeing workers their
3
Regular credit units, each of which is worth 1 weekly SUB
payment, are accrued at the rate of % unit for each week in
which an employee receives work pay from Ford. The maximum
accrual is 52 units. The GAIC entitlement is determined by ap­
plying the appropriate percentage (ranging from 25 percent for
employees with 1 to 2 years of service to 100 percent for those
with 7 years or more) to the difference between the employee’s
regular units and 52 GAIC units.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

previous rate of pay in the event of a downgrade
in job classification.
Following the Ford-UAW move toward a
“guaranteed annual wage,” workers laid off after
being scheduled to work the first Monday of a
month were guaranteed full pay for the rest of the
month. In the event of a prolonged layoff, workers
were guaranteed SUB benefits equal to their full
take-home pay for from 3 to 7 weeks following the
monthly guarantee. Afterwards, they would be en­
titled to SUB benefits providing 85 percent of takehome pay (instead of the previous 62 percent).
Pensions were increased to $7 a month for each
year of credited service (instead of $6), with the
rate to be increased by a further amount up to $1,
depending on the employee’s hourly rate, effective
October 1, 1968. Present retirees received a $l-amonth increase in their pensions for each year of
credited service. The agreement was the company’s
first master contract with the Automobile Work­
ers—covering six Caterpillar plants and the Ohio
Gear Works Division of Towmotor Corp., a sub­
sidiary of the company.
Other Metalworking

Annual 4.25-percent wage increases were pro­
vided in a 3-year agreement negotiated in Septem­
ber by Bucyrus-Erie, Inc., and the Steelworkers.
The settlement, which affected 2,300 workers in
Erie, Pa,., Evansville, Ind., and South Milwaukee,
Wis., also improved holiday, vacation, pension,
and insurance provisions. Bucyrus-Erie manu­
factures earthmoving equipment.
A 100-day strike by 3,500 employees of 200 steel
fabricating shops in New York City ended on
October 8 when members of Iron Workers Local
455 ratified a contract with the Allied Building
Metal Industries. The 3-year agreement provided
hourly wage increases of 26 cents effective im­
mediately, 24 cents in 1968, and 25 cents in 1969,
and increased the employer contributions to health
and welfare and pension funds. The previous hour­
ly wage scale was $3.60.
A 36-day strike against the Magnavox Co. of
Fort Wayne, Ind., ended in early October when
members of the Allied Industrial Workers ratified
a 33-month contract (2,000 salaried employees
continued work during the walkout). The settle­
ment, which affected 1,400 workers, provided two
4 See M onthly Labqr Review, May 1967, pp. 66-67.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

55

10-cent-an-hour wage increases, one effective im­
mediately and the other effective June 1, 1968, an
8-cent increase effective June 1,1969, an additional
paid half holiday (bringing the total to 8), a
fourth week of vacation after 20 years of service,
improved pension and insurance plans, and 3 days
of paid funeral leave, instead of 1 day.

Food

In late August, after 3 weeks of negotiations,
the American Bakery and Confectionery Workers
(AFL-CIO) reached agreement with National
Biscuit Co. on a, 2-year contract covering 9,000 em­
ployees in 13 plants in nine States. The contract
provided a 15-cent-an-hour wage increase on Sep­
tember 1 and a 12-cent increase effective Septem­
ber 1, 1968. Employees in some plants also
received classification or geographic wage adjust­
ments. The settlement also specified a fifth week
of vacation after 25 years of service effective in
1969; a 19-cent-an-hour, instead of 16, employer
contribution to the pension fund effective Sep­
tember 1,1968 to finance an increase in the normal
pension to $175 a month from $150; a $3.15-amonth increase in the employer’s welfare fund
contribution; and improved insurance benefits.
In the meatpacking industry, the SchluderbergKurdle Co., Inc. (Esskay products) of Baltimore,
Md., agreed in September, after a 12-day strike, on
similar agreements with two unions, the Meat
Cutters, representing 1,200 workers, and the Team­
sters, representing 200. Departing from the indus­
try pattern set at Armour and Co. last March,4 the
agreements provided wage increases totaling 30
cents an hour, in 5-cent semiannual increments.
The cost-of-living escalator clause was continued
with employees guaranteed at least 15 cents an
hour by September 30, 1970. Other terms included
a fifth week of vacation after 25 years, with the
service requirement reduced to 24 years in 1969,
and to 23 years in 1970; an additional 4 hours of
holiday pay beginning in 1968; and improved
pension and insurance benefits. The Meat Cutters
local also gained joint administration of welfare
and pension funds, one of the chief points of
dispute.
Two thousand employees of meatpacking com­
panies in southern California were affected by an
October settlement between the Meat Cutters and
the Food Employers’ Council. The 3-year agree­
ment provided hourly wage increases of 17 cents

56
effective October 1, 1967, 2 cents on April 1, 1968,
10 cents October 1,1968, 2 cents April 1,1969, and
10 cents October 1, 1969. Increments between job
grades were increased by y2 cent effective Octo­
ber 1, 1968. The cost-of-living escalator clause was
continued, subject to a maximum increase of 5
cents over the contract term. Improvements were
made in pension, health and welfare, funeral leave,
holiday, and vacation provisions.
Printing

About 6,700 employees of 380 commercial print­
ing shops were affected by an October 13 settle­
ment between the Printers League Section of the
Printing Industries of Metropolitan Hew York
and Local 6 of the Typographical Union. The
3-year agreement, negotiated a month before the
expiration date of the previous contract, raised
wages by 8y2) 6y2, and 6y2 percent in the respective
years. For day shift employees, this amounted to
$37.75 a week over the term.
The settlement also increased second- and thirdshift differentials to 7 and 9 percent, respectively,
from 5 percent; reduced the workweek for firstand second-shift employees to 34y2 hours, from
35; established a displacement and relocation
benefits plan in the second year, financed by an
employer contribution of y2 of 1 percent of em­
ployee earnings; and established a research fund
to finance a study of automation, to provide for
training and retraining workers, and to promote
the interests of the industry and its employees.
Employer contributions were set at $1 a week for
each worker whenever the fund drops below
$100,000, continuing until a $200,000 ceiling is
reached.
Transportation

In late September, Teamsters in two areas
agreed to contracts that were similar to the “Na­
tional” agreement the union negotiated in May.5
Affected were 40,000 drivers and related employees
in New York City-northern New Jersey, and 3,500
in Maine-New Hampshire-Vermont. In addition
to the annual increases provided by the national
settlement the latter agreement provided a 1-centwage increase an hour effective September 8,1969,
and 2 cents effective January 4, 1970, to reduce
wage differentials in Southern New England.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

With these two settlements the union’s goal of
national bargaining was brought close to realiza­
tion, since both contracts expire March 31, 1970,
the same date as the “National” contract. Chicago
and Seattle are the major areas left where Team­
ster locals bargain more or less independently.
About 60,000 railroad nonoperating employees
gained increased expense payments for work away
from home as a result of an arbitration award an­
nounced in early October. Most of the major rail­
roads and five unions6 had resorted to arbitration
in 1966, when they were unable to agree on changes
in the expense payments. Provisions of the award
included meal and lodging allowances of up to $7
for each day that employees were unable to return
to their home base, payment for the time and cost
of traveling between work points, and standards of
cleanliness and comfort for camp cars used for
lodging workers.
The unions estimated that the award would
raise costs by $60 million a year; a carrier member
of the panel disputed the figure, noting that the
cost increase would vary from one railroad to an­
other because previous practices differed.
Negotiating under a wage reopening provision,
the Seafarers and 130 Atlantic and gulf coast
shipping companies on September 26 agreed to ex­
tend their contract by 1 year to June 15, 1969, and
to provide for wage bargaining in 1968. Terms of
the pact, which was effective October 1, included
a $40-a-month increase for rated unlicensed sea­
men in oceangoing vessels, a 25-cent-an-hour in­
crease in the base overtime rate for all seamen
above the entry rating level, and a $250, instead of
$175, normal monthly pension.
The American Radio Association in early Octo­
ber renounced the so-called “me too” clause 7 in its
contracts with shipping associations and individ­
ual companies and offered to delete the clauses.
William Steinberg, president of the union, said
that a deletion proposal was being prepared for
consideration by management because continued
use of the clauses “will not serve the industry.”
The union’s decision was based on the recent in­
isSee M onthly Labor Review, July 1967, pp. 59-60.
«The Railway Clerks, Signalmen, Maintenance of Way Em­
ployees, Hotel and Restaurant Employees, and TransportationC o m m u n ic a tio n Employees.
7
See M onthly Labor Review, October 1967, pp. 60 and 61, Sep­
tember 1967, p. 60, and August 1967, p. 69, for earlier develop­
ments under “me too” clauses, which obligate employers to grant
increases equal to any amount in excess of 3.2 percent a year
gained by other seagoing unions.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

creases in maritime labor costs resulting from the
seemingly endless round of arbitration awards un­
der the clauses.
In line with its decision, the union also an­
nounced that it would not accept the $1.67-a-day
increase awarded earlier to some of its members.
The award, by arbitrator Herman A. Gray, applied
to radio operators employed by nine steamship
lines.
In August, arbitrator Israel Ben Scheiber had
denied a “me too” increase sought for 800
radio operators employed by members of three
associations.8
A 9-week violence-ridden wildcat strike by
15,000 owner-operators of steel hauling trucks
ended in late October, when the workers ratified a
settlement with the trucking firms for which they
drive under contract. The stoppage reportedly
grew out of dissatisfaction with provisions of the
Teamsters National Master Freight agreement
negotiated in May.9 (About 60 percent of the steel
haulers are Teamsters members.)
Under the settlement, the trucking firms were
required to seek the 5-percent rate boost that the
Interstate Commerce Commission had already ap­
proved for some firms, and all firms were to seek
another 5-percent boost early in 1968. This would
increase driver earnings, since the men received 73
percent of the hauling fees paid to the trucking
firms by steel companies.
In addition, the trucking companies agreed to
charge steel companies $13.70 an hour for time in
excess of 4 hours spent by drivers waiting at mills
for loading or unloading. Of this amount, $10 (73
percent) would go to the owner-operators. Previ­
ously, there were no payments for waiting time,
which was a key issue in the walkout. Drivers
blamed the mills for the long waits, and the mills,
in turn, blamed the drivers for not adhering to
loading schedules.
Another important gain for the drivers was a
formal assurance from the Teamsters that griev­
ance procedures would be established.
In late September, the Air Line Pilots Associa­
tion reached agreement with United Air Lines,
Inc., on a 2-year contract for 3,900 stewardesses.
Effective October 1, base pay10 was increased $10
8 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1967, p. 59.
9 See M onthly Labor Review, July 1967, p. 59.
10 Base pay is the rate for stewardesses who fly 70 hours a
month or are available for duty during the entire month.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

57

to $50 a month for domestic stewardesses, and
$6.60 to $41.40 for stewardesses working Hawaiian
routes and effective October 1, 1968, $10 to $30 a
month for all stewardesses. The stewardesses also
received lump-sum payments equal to 5 percent of
gross earnings for the period from January 31,
1967 to October 31, 1967.
Incentive pay rates, which apply to flying hours
in excess of 70 a month, were also increased as
follows :
Previous
H o u rly rate effective
hourly r a t e s -----------------------------------------October 1,1967 October 1,1968

D om estic operations:
P iston planes...............
T u rb in e planes..............
H aw aiian operations:
P isto n planes,................
T urbine planes..............

$5.75
7.75

$7.00
9.00

$8.00
10.00

6.45
8. 75

8.00
10.00

9.00
11.00

In addition, first stewardess pay, international
stewardess pay, and stewards’ station allowances
were increased ; vacations were improved by reduc­
ing the eligibility requirement for 23 days’ vaca­
tion to 8 years, from 10, effective January 1, 1968,
and by reducing the requirement for 30 days’ time
off to 15 years, from 20, effective January 1, 1967 ;
and the company assumed the full cost of the
sickness and accident insurance plan.
Trade

The San Francisco Retailers Council, represent­
ing 16 stores, and the Retail Clerks agreed during
September on a 5-year contract covering 4,000
employees. The agreement provided a 10-cent-anhour wage increase retroactive to June 1, and wage
increases of 7% to 10 cents in January of both 1968
and 1969. Night and holiday pay were raised, vaca­
tions, pensions, and health and welfare were
improved, and a reopening provision was included.
A 5-year agreement covering 2,000 workers con­
cluded in mid-September between White Front
Stores and the Retail Clerks ended a 49-day strike
in southern California. The contract provided a
22^ - cents-an-hour wage increase retroactive to
July 1, and additional increases of 10 cents an hour
in each of the next 4 years. The annual limit on
cost-of-living escalator increases was lowered from
5 to 3 cents. Other terms included improvements in
vacation, pension, and health and welfare benefits
and, for 5-year employees, adoption of a provision
for cash payments for unused portions of the
existing 6 days’ annual paid sick leave.

58
About 2,800 Retail Clerks in southeastern Mich­
igan were affected by an early October settlement
with the Kroger Co. The settlement was preceded
by 11- or 12-day strikes at 72 of the 104 company
stores in the area. Terms of the 3-year contract in­
cluded a 12- to 20-cent hourly wage increase, retro­
active to April 15, and additional 10- to 14-cent
increases in both 1968 and 1969, a seventh paid
holiday, increased company contributions to the
pension and health and welfare funds, establish­
ment of a dental care plan, effective in 1968, and
a sick benefits program, and improvements in the
funeral leave provisions. The settlement was re­
ported to be identical, except in sick leave pro­
visions, to the one the union negotiated with the
Independent Supermarket Association of Michi­
gan in June.11
In the San Francisco Bay area, three Meat Cut­
ters’ locals representing 2,000 workers signed a
3-year agreement with the Pacific Coast Meat
Jobbers Association. Wages were increased by 17
cents an hour effective October 1, with additional
12-cent increases in 1968 and 1969. The wage es­
calator clause was continued and fringe benefits
were improved. The settlement was expected to
set the pattern for a new contract involving 8,000
meatcutters in San Francisco Bay area retail
stores.
Insurance

A 2-day strike by 17,000 agents of the Pruden­
tial Insurance Co. ended in late September when
the company reached tentative agreement with the
Insurance Workers International Union. The
2 -year pact which was ratified October 13, pro­
vided a $6 weekly wage increase and improvements
in fringe benefits. Prior to the settlement, weekly
earnings averaged $166.
Mining

The first settlement in the 1967 round of copper
bargaining was reached on October 13, but indus­
try spokesmen disagreed on whether it would in­
fluence negotiations by major producers, where
42,000 workers represented by 20 unions have been
on strike since mid-July. The disagreement re­
sulted from the fact that the labor costs of the firm
involved in the settlement, the Pima Mining Co.
of Tucson, Ariz., are said to be not typical of the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

industry. Pima open-pit mines copper, concen­
trates the ore, and sells it to refiners, unlike the
major firms, which handle all the mining and
processing steps.
The 3-year settlement with the Steelworkers
and four other unions, which was valued at 75
cents an hour by the company, included 12- to 16cent annual wage increases and improvements in
pension and insurance benefits for 650 workers.
Pima was not struck when its contract expired
on August 31 because the parties had agreed on
full retroactivity of all the terms of the eventual
settlement. In their talks with the major pro­
ducers, the Steelworkers and about 19 other unions
were reportedly seeking a 98-cent, 3-year package
and the companies were offering 50 cents.
Government

In Columbus, Ohio, a 5-day strike by 1,900 Ohio
State University blue-collar workers ended on Oc­
tober 9 when members of Local 138 of the State,
County and Municipal Employees ratified a settle­
ment. Although the agreement did not provide for
an immediate wage increase, it did provide for an
evaluation of wage scales and required the Uni­
versity to recommend approval by the State legis­
lature of any wage increase found to be neces­
sary. Other terms included group life and major
medical insurance for all of the University’s nonacademic employees, and basic hospital-medical
coverage at no cost to employees earning less than
$5,000 a year. A grievance procedure including
binding arbitration was established, as was a duescheckoff provision.
On September 12, the Wayne County (Michi­
gan) Labor Relations Board and Local 23 of the
State, County and Municipal Employees signed an
agreement covering 1,400 Road Commission em­
ployees. The contract was expected to set the pat­
tern for settlements affecting more than 6,000 other
county employees. The agreement provided a 7percent increase with a minimum increase of $420
a year. Other provisions included an 11th paid
holiday, increased longevity pay, and changes in
overtime provisions. The contract also contained a
no-strike clause, reportedly the first in a municipal
contract in the State. Michigan law prohibits
strikes by public employees.
11 See Monthly Labor Review, September 1967, p. 75.

59

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

In California, the State Industrial Welfare
Commission voted to increase the State minimum
wage for women and minors to $1.65 from $1.30,
and to reduce the maximum workweek for which
employees can be paid at straight-time rates to 40,
from 48 hours, effective February 1, 1968. The new
minimum wage applied to nearly all industries, in­
cluding farms employing five workers or more, al­
though the workweek reduction did not apply to
farming. Domestic workers were not covered by
the new standard, but the Commission voted to set
up machinery to establish a minimum wage for
them. The special rate for working students was
raised from $1.05 and $1.10 to $1.35 an hour.
Construction

A September settlement between the Bricklay­
ers and Cement Masons and the Michigan Road
Builders Association provided a 3-year package
worth about $1.90.
A late September settlement between the Pipe­
fitters in Houston, Tex., and the Mechanical Con­
tractors Association, the Construction Employers
Association, and the Gulf Coast Construction Con­
tractors provided a 3-year, $1.50 package for about
4,500 workers.
Also in the Houston area, the Bricklayers settled
with the Associated General Contractors of Amer­
ica, Inc., the Contractor Employers Association,
and the Masonry Contractors Association. The 3year contract affecting 1,000 workers provided a
$1.45 package.
Recent construction settlements included 5-year
agreements between the General Contractors Labor
Association and the Carpenters and Laborers
unions in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Carpenters’ set­
tlement, which was preceded by a 2-week strike,
provided a $2.25 package for 1,100 workers. The
Laborers’ settlement, coming after a 10-day strike,
provided a $2.08 package for 1,000 workers.
Other Developments

The Ford Motor Co. also created news in an­
other area. The company announced plans to hire

up to 6,500 of Detroit’s “hard-core” unemployed
in riot-torn areas of the inner city. The new hirings
were slated to fill openings created by the loss of
newly hired or low-seniority workers who took
other permanent jobs during the strike. Other
openings were expected as a result of increased
production following the strike and also from nor­
mal attrition. A principal feature of the new hiring
program would be the elimination of written and
oral examinations for prospective employees.
Under the new procedure, employees would be
hired on the spot at neighborhood centers, with
interviews and physical examinations conducted
at the center. Previously, candidates at similar
centers received referral slips to Ford plants where
they could be hired. This procedure often led the
men involved to believe they were getting a “run­
around,” and they sometimes lacked the carfare or
transportation to follow through on the referrals.
Ford President Arjay Miller said that the com­
pany had added 10 special employment inter­
viewers to conduct the program, and would offer
those hired under the program special orientation
to adjust to plant life.
In a related development, the Michigan Bell
Telephone Co. adopted a high school near De­
troit’s July riot area. The company stated it would
make its manpower resources, training facilities,
and technical skills available to Northern High
School. A $1,500 annual contribution was desig­
nated to a college fund for students at the high
school. A 12-week course to acquaint students with
job application forms, employment tests, and other
job-seeking skills was already in effect.
Some 46,000 retired members of the Ladies’
Garment Workers are to receive a $5 increase in
monthly pensions, effective in January 1968, as a
result of a decision by the National Retirement
Fund’s board of trustees announced September 27.
The increase also applied to future retirees. The
resulting monthly benefits were $70 for New York
cloakmakers and $65 for other classifications.
In January 1966, monthly pensions were raised
$5 for New York cloakmakers and $10 for other
classifications.

Erratum

A $1.10 minimum wage became effective May 19, 1967, in Wyoming rather
than in North Carolina, as was indicated in the Monthly Labor Review for
August 1967, p. 71.


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Book Reviews
and Notes
Job Control

The Negro and Apprenticeship. By F. Ray Mar­
shall and Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. Baltimore,
John Hopkins Press, 1967. 283 pp. $8.
Until the results of the study upon which this
volume is based appeared, there was little reliable
information on the extent of Negro participation
in skilled trades, primarily in construction, but
also in manufacturing and service. Using tabular
material and narrative accounts, the authors estab­
lish that relatively few Negroes are in skilled crafts
outside the venerable trowel trades, carpentry, or
painting; and that comparatively large numbers
are employed as laborers.
The main thrust of the book, however, is to shed
light on an area clouded by the clash of civil rights
forces on one side, and craft unions on the other.
This, the authors have succeeded in doing, enliven­
ing the discussion with narratives of running con­
flicts in the 11 cities which form the core of the
findings: Atlanta, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit,
Houston, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,
San Francisco-Oakland, Washington, D.C.
There is censure, and rightly, for both parties.
The authors found that civil rights groups some­
times behaved as if the only bar to Negroes enter­
ing the skilled trades was discrimination. Contrarily, they found that unions emphasized the
lack of application by qualified Negroes, and
higher dropout rates and lack of interest as the
primary reason for low Negro participation in ap­
prenticeships, and consequently in apprenticeable
or skilled trades.
The authors found the truth to be somewhere
between these positions. Past and continuing dis­
crimination and failures to apprise Negroes of op­
portunities for high-paying craft jobs have made
it difficult for them to get into these jobs without
special recruiting and tutorial efforts. Several re­
cruiting failures are cited, demonstrating that few
qualified Negroes apply for or are interested in
60

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apprenticeships, either because they were un­
counseled, or when counseled they were encouraged
to go to college or accept lower paying whitecollar jobs. Moreover, much of what is facilely
called racial discrimination represents attempts to
protect and control rather scarce job opportunities.
The authors estimate there are 50,000 appren­
ticeships available annually. Even if Negroes
shared proportionately, they would have only a
little over 5,000 jobs. However, despite the fact
that Negroes cannot improve their general eco­
nomic position significantly by more apprentice­
ships alone, the authors argue that apprenticeships,
being a symbol of skill and standing in the com­
munity, are too important to be reserved for whites
only.
According to the authors, efforts should be made
to improve the education received by disadvan­
taged youth, particularly Negroes. Also needed is
a policy that would keep the economy humming at
high levels since apprenticeships, like many other
jobs, dry up in the slack season, while tight labor
markets ease the way for Negroes and others into
apprenticeships. Unions, civil rights organizations,
employers and city governments are considered to
be most important in improving Negro apprentice­
ship participation. The authors do not denigrate
Federal and State efforts—indeed they argue that
formal sanctions are needed—but recognize that
too much pressure from above results in excessive
defensiveness, formalization of admission proce­
dures, and, worst of all, tokenism from below.
— R obert W. F ish e r
Office of Publications
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Endless Search

The Negro in Federal Employment: The Quest
for Equal Opportunity. By Samuel Krislov.
Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press,
1967. 157 pp. $5.
Congress is considering manpower training with
antipoverty programs to provide greater oppor­
tunities for Negroes in the Federal civil service.
Professor Krislov’s study, therefore, is quite
timely. It is divided into seven chapters with the
first two providing the reader with a historical
synopsis of the Negro in the Federal service.
Chapters 3 and 4 deal with representative bureauc-

61

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

racy and merit and the remaining three chapters
provide a description of the equal employment pro­
gram and its achievements.
Since the establishment of the Nation it was
taken for granted that Federal service was limited
to whites. In the bureaucracy which was estab­
lished under the Articles of Confederation and the
slightly more efficient one which took form under
the Constitution there seems to have been an as­
sumption that no appointments of Negroes would
be made except as messengers and laborers. As
Professor Krislov points out, the Post Office, which
today is the largest Federal employer of Negroes,
was closed to nonwhite employment. In fact, Ne­
gro public service except as messenger or laborer
was nonexistent before the Civil War.
I t wasn’t until President Hayes chose to end
reconstruction that significant Negro appoint­
ments were made in the Federal service. During
reconstruction, Negroes occupied local offices in
Southern States in reasonable numbers, although
by no means with strong control.
The President’s Committee on Equal Employ­
ment Opportunity created by President Kennedy
had as a major area of activity the contract com­
pliance program, which provides for a new era for
the Negro. Government agencies have made great
strides in the development of effective equal oppor­
tunity programs. The Internal Revenue Service
reportedly has one of the most effective programs.
— C laude U ry
Coordinator Manpower Training
Oakland Schools
Oakland, California

Getting the Business

Presidential Seizures in Labor Disputes. By John
L. Blackman, Jr. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard
University Press, 1967. 351 pp. $10.
In public and scholarly discussions of so-called
“emergency” labor-management disputes the prob­
lem that has always to be resolved, either as a
matter of theory or as a matter of practical
necessity, is how we may insure that a necessary
flow of goods and services to the public be main­
tained and simultaneously maintain our national
commitment to voluntarism in setting the terms
of labor-management contracts ? One of the tech­
2 8 0 -2 7 7 0 - 6 7 - 5


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niques that almost inevitably is suggested in such
discussions is seizure, thought by some to be a
possible solution to the basic dilemma.
Dr. Blackman presents the first detailed and
factual study of Presidential seizure in major dis­
putes in the 71 cases when it has been used over
the last 100 years. His study proves many of the
conventional assumptions regarding seizure to be
inaccurate or misleading. Seizure is commonly as­
sumed to be a war-time weapon, but almost onethird of the Presidential seizures have occurred
in peacetime. Seizure is normally assumed to be a
device that assures continued production, but in
at least two-thirds of the seizures, either labor or
management rejected the President’s authority for
at least part of the dispute, in fact interrupting
production. Seizure, therefore, commonly assumed
to be a kind token or symbolic taking over by the
Government, has often had to be considerably
more. In practice, the Government has in many
situations been forced physically to occupy and
operate seized facilities.
Seizure is commonly assumed to do little or
nothing to settle the underlying dispute, but Dr.
Blackman shows that in nearly half of the seizure
examples a mediated settlement proved possible
during the period of Government ownership.
Moreover, Government has often had to make wage
changes in the seized facilities, and has had to
institute settlements of grievances and undertake
other fundamental managerial decisions, which
has resulted in the development of a kind of com­
mon body of administrative practices.
Dr. Blackman’s final conclusion is significant.
Seizure, as a means for effective control, must
include: (1) The ability of the President to change
or forbid change in terms of employment; (2) the
ability of the President unilaterally to determine
when the property should be returned to private
operation; and (3) the right of the President to
obtain injunctive relief against any resistance to
his directives on the operation of seized property.
If any one or more of these requirements are de­
nied by Congress or the courts, the author believes
that seizure will not be an instrument of unbiased
public control and will result in a situation where
it is impossible to settle labor disputes in seized
plants on terms consistent with the public interest.
This volume is a thorough and authoritative
source of information on Presidential seizures in

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

62
the industrial disputes where it has been used thus
far in our history. As such, it will be of significance
and value to those in labor organizations, manage­
ments, Government or the academic community
who are concerned with protecting the interests
of the public and the parties in critical labormanagement disputes.
— C harles M. R ehmtjs
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations
University of Michigan-Wayne State University

Chance and History

Railroad Labor Disputes. By Gerald G. Eggert.
Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press,
1967.313 pp. $6.95.
This study of the origins of Federal strike policy
provides a historical reminder and well-docu­
mented microanalysis of the role of the Federal
Government in crushing strikes on the Nation’s
railroads in the 20-year period beginning in 1877.
The book is a refreshing example of exhaustive
scholarship (there are 40 pages of footnotes, most
of which are from original sources) and micro­
inquiry that results in an undisputed contribution
to the literature. Unlike too much of the contem­
porary dialogue and study committee reports of
current railroad crises, the author does not hesi­
tate to analyze the motivations, backgrounds, and
personalities of the key figures responsible for
Federal action or inaction in meeting actual or
threatened rail strikes. Nor is the author at all
hesitant in assessing blame and responsibility for
regressive, punitive, or egoistic actions by any of
the parties; only occasionally does he attempt to
soften his castigations—and not too successfully,
even then.
Beginning with the July 16, 1877 strike against
the Baltimore & Ohio in Martinsburg, W. Va. and
concluding with the Pullman debacle in 1894, Eggert’s study reemphasizes three points that are as
profound and in some respects as characteristic
of contemporary Federal railway strike policy as
in the period studied:
The first was that chance and accident played as
large a part in the Government’s handling of railway
labor disputes as did careful deliberation, planning,
or forethought. Policy often was made during crisis,
at times axiomatically unsuited for handing down
decisions of far-reaching consequence. [Secondly],
. . . although policymakers spoke and acted through


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such institutions as courts, laws and legislation, in
the end it was the men themselves, not the institu­
tions, that decided what would be done and how . . .
Finally, public officials, when making decisions, were
influenced to a significant degree by their own pasts,
their positions in private life, their continuing ties
with the past, and their personal ambitions and eco­
nomic interests.

Obviously, these three points are not startling
even to the casual observer much less to the social
scientist active in the study of political processes
and judicial decisionmaking. The importance of
Eggert’s work, however, is that these three points
are the central theme of his analysis rather than
peripheral observations.
Although the author does a creditable job in
reproducing a historical chronology, the major
contribution of the book is its documentation and
interrelated analysis of the personalities, back­
grounds, motivations, vested interests, and social
and economic orientations of the principal actors
in the drama that shaped early Federal policy to­
ward strikes on the railroads. The men included
State and Federal judges, Presidents and advis­
ors, Congressmen and railroad executives, Gov­
ernors and generals, and an Attorney General of
the United States (Olney) who, without question,
is characterized as the “Master Villain” among a
band of “knaves.”
My only criticism is with regard to Dr. Eggert’s
rather brief conclusions. He attempts to place
his analysis of early policy toward railroad strikes
into the broader scope of general Federal policy
toward all strikes. This transition would not have
been disturbing (although the brevity is far from
satisfactory) if he had limited the analogy to the
same period of time. However, he chose to expand
the analogy and suggest that governmental labor
policy as applied to the railroads portends policy
that has and will later be applied to the entire
private sector. His justification for this conclusion
is completely inadequate and is certainly inferior
to the high standards that he maintains through­
out the previous 225 pages of the volume.
F ortunately, the conclusion can be easily omitted
without destroying the significant value of this
work.
— C harles

T. S chmidt , Jr.

School of Labor and Industrial Relations
Michigan State University

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Summaries of Recent Books
The Politics of Personnel Research. By Dean F.
Berry. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,
Bureau of Industrial Relations, 1967. 283 pp.,
bibliography. $6.
“The hope for a fruitful interlocking of work
and theories about work is emerging.” Here, the
author analyzes questionnaires and interviews
from 50 corporate personnel units to arrive at some
optimistic judgments about the future of be­
havioral research within the firm.

63
Personnel Practice Bulletin, Commonwealth of Aus­
tralia, Department of Labor and National Service,
Melbourne, June 1967, pp. 115-120. 50 cents.)
A n E v a lu a tio n o f A p p re n tic e sh ip : G ro w th or S ta g n a tio n f
By Lawrence F. Doyle. (I n Training and Develop­

ment Journal, American Society for Training and
Development, Madison, Wis., October 1967, pp. 2-12.
$1.75.)
D o lla rs a n d S en se A b o u t R e h a b ilita tio n . By Miles C. Stan­
ley. (I n Labor Today, Detroit, Mich., August-Septem-

ber 1967, pp. 6-9. 50 cents.)
V o ca tio n a l R e h a b ilita tio n A m e n d m e n ts o f 1967. Hearing

before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee
on Labor and Public Welfare, U.S. Senate, 90th Con­
gress, 1st session, on S. 1618. Washington 1967. 69 pp.

Research in Tabor Problems in the United States.
By Milton Derber. New York, Random
House, Inc., 1967. 184 pp. $2.45.
University scholars, to almost as great an extent
as corporate research workers, have addressed
themselves to practical issues, and like them have
been influenced by the availability of funds. Ac­
cording to this review of the status of academic
research, fashions in research questions in the
field have shifted numerous times. The author
strongly endorses and expounds the view that
“facts have outrun ideas” in tracing the history,
foundations, concepts, and future of the field. The
book contains an outline for an introductory course
in research methods.

W o rk I n ju r ie s an d W o rk I n ju r y R a te s in th e H e a v y
C o n stru ctio n In d u s tr y . By William E. Tarrants.

Other Recent Publications

S tr a te g y fo r a L iv a b le E n viro n m en t. Report by the Task

G uidance S e rv ic e s. By J. Anthony Humphreys, Arthur E.

Traxler, Robert D. North. Chicago, Science Research
Associates, Inc., 1967. xiv, 434 pp. 3d ed. $8.
C ounseling S e rv ic e s fo r U n em p lo yed Y ou th . By William C.

Bingham. New York, New York University, Graduate
School of Social Work, Center for the Study of Unem­
ployed Youth, 1967. 66 pp. (Manpower Monographs.)
$ 1.

Health and Safety

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1967. 68 pp. (BLS Report 318.)

I n d u s tr y a n d V o c a tio n a l-T e c h n ic a l E d u ca tio n . By Samuel

Force on Environmental Health and Related Prob­
lems. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Edu­
cation, and Welfare, 1967. xxi, 90 pp. 60 cents, Su­
perintendent of Documents, Washington.

M. Burt. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967. xx,
520 pp. $12.50.

O ccu pation al S a fe ty A id : A c c id e n t C auses. Washington,

Education and Training

T ren d s in E n g in eerin g T ech n ician E n ro llm e n ts and
G ra d u a tes. New York, Engineering Manpower Com­

mission of Engineers Joint Council, 1967. 66 pp., bib­
liography. $2.
E d u c a tio n fo r th e D isa d v a n ta g e d — C u rre n t Is su e s an d R e ­
search . By Harry I. Miller. New York, Free Press,

1967. 290 pp. $3.
T h e N eg ro a n d H ig h e r E d u ca tio n in th e S ou th . Statement

by Commission on Higher Educational Opportunity in
the South. Atlanta, Ga., Southern Regional Education
Board, 1967. 48 pp.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand­
ards, 1967. 6 pp. 10 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington. This series also includes: Con­
ducting a Job Hazard Analysis ; Elements of a Safety
Program ; Good Housekeeping for a Successful Safety
Program; How to Investigate Accidents; Inspecting
for S afety; Recording Employee Injuries; Safety
Committee A ctivities; Safety Training Techniques in
the Classroom ; Supervisory Responsibility for sa fety ;
The Development of the Safety Movement. (OSA-LS
Series.) Various pages.

Industrial Relations
E conom ics o f C o lle c tiv e B a rg a in in g b y N u rses. By Karen

S u r v e y o f A ttitu d e s o f M ale S ch ool L e a v e rs T o w a rd s A p ­
p re n tic e sh ip [i/n A u s tr a lia ]. By D. J. Fraser. (I n


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Sue Hawley. Ames, Iowa State University, Industrial
Relations Center, 1967.180 pp.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

64
E x te n sio n o f N a tio n a l Lal>or R e la tio n s A c t to A g ric u ltu r a l
E m p lo y e e s. Hearings before the Special Subcommittee

on Labor of the Committee on Education and Labor,
House of Representatives, 90th Congress, 1st session,
on H.R. 4769. Washington, 1967. 294 pp.

Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Em­
ployment Security, Washington, August-September
1967, pp. 16-25. 40 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)
R u ra l Y o u th -W o rk P r o g r a m s : P ro b lem s o f S iz e and Scope.

W o rk e rs N eed B a rg a in in g R ig h ts. By Gilbert
Padilla. {In Labor Today, Detroit, Mich., August-

F a rm

September 1967, pp. 2-5. 50 cents.)
F a rm

Lahor

O rgan izin g, 1905-1967— A

By Michael Munk. New York, New York University,
Graduate School of Social Work, Center for the Study
of Unemployed Youth, 1967. 57 pp. (Manpower Mono­
graphs.) $1.

B r ie f H isto ry .

New York, National Advisory Committee on Farm
Labor, 1967. 68 pp.

Im p le m e n tin g N o n p ro fessio n a l P ro g ra m s in H um an
S ervices. By Aaron Schmais. New York, New York

University, Graduate School of Social Work, Center
for the Study of Unemployed Youth, 1967. 83 pp., bib­
liography. (Manpower Monographs.) $1.

T h e C o llective A g re e m e n t in C an ada: T he S tu d y o f I t s
C on ten ts an d of I t s R o le in a C hanging I n d u s tr ia l
E n viro n m en t. By Felix Quinet. Ottawa, Canada De­

partment of Labor, Economics and Research Branch,
1967.116 pp.
T h e L ia b ility o f S tr ik e r s in th e L a w o f T o r t: A Com­
p a r a tiv e S tu d y o f th e L a w in E n g la n d an d C anada.

By L M. Christie. Kingston, Ontario, Queen’s Univer­
sity, Industrial Relations Center, 1967. 198 pp., bib­
liography. $8, cloth ; $6, paperbound.
A S tr ik e o f S e lf-E m p lo y e d P ro fe ssio n a ls: B e lg ia n D o cto rs
in 196If. By John V. Craven. {In Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1967, pp. 1830. $1.75.)
V alu e J u d g m e n ts in th e D ecisio n s o f L ah or A rb itra to rs.
By James A. Gross. {In Industrial and Labor Rela­

tions Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1967, pp. 55-72.
$175.)

Labor Force
P o lic y C onference on H ig h ly Q ualified M an pow er, P a ris,
S e p te m b e r 26-28, 1966. Paris, Organization for Eco­

nomic Cooperation and Development, 1967. 361 pp.
$4.50. Distributed in United States by OECD Publi­
cations Center, Washington.

Jo b s

fo r th e D is a d v a n ta g e d —H o w ? By Donald R.
McPherron. {In Public Personnel Review, Chicago,
July 1967, pp. 165-168. $2.)

S o cia l and L e g a l B a ck g ro u n d o f th e E q u a l E m p lo y m e n t
O p p o rtu n ity L e g isla tio n . By Julius Rezler. Chicago,

Loyola University, Institute of Industrial Relations,
39 pp. (Research Series, 3.)
C u id elin es fo r th e D esig n o f N e w C areers. By Sidney A.

Fine. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute for
Employment Research, 1967. 21 pp. Single copy free.
Can N e w C areers B e C rea ted fo r th e P oor? By Glenn M.
Parker. {In Training and Development Journal,

American Society for Training and Development,
Madison, Wis., October 1967, pp. 47-52. $1.75.)
L e g is la tiv e D im en sio n s o f th e N e w C areers P ro g ra m . By

R. A. Nixon. New York, New York University, Grad­
uate School of Social Work, Center for the Study of
Unemployed Youth, 1967. 31 pp. (Legislative Series.)
$ 1.

On th e C auses o f T ea ch er D isc o n te n t. {In Saturday Re­

view, New York, October 21,1967, pp. 61-62. 35 cents.)
H ou seh old C h a ra c te r istic s o f th e U n em ployed. {In Em­

M a n p o w er P ro b le m s in th e S e rv ic e S ecto r. Final report.

By Solomon Barkin and G. Bowen Thomas. Paris,
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop­
ment, 1967. 124 pp. (International Seminars, 1966-2.)
$2.30. Distributed in United States by OECD Publi­
cations Center, Washington.
O ccu pation al F o re c a stin g : A B rid g e B e tw e e n E d u ca tio n
an d W ork. By Harold Goldstein. {I n Occupational

Outlook Quarterly, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, Washington, September 1967, pp.
15-17.)
T h e M a n p o w er P ro p h e ts : Im p ro v in g E m p lo y m e n t P ro ­
je c tio n s. By Dael Wolfle. {In Employment Service


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ployment and Earnings and Monthly Report on the
Labor Force, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, Washington, September 1967, pp. 2026. 65 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washing­
ton.)
T h e E con om ic C osts an d B en efits a n d H u m a n C ain s and
D isa d v a n ta g e s of In te rn a tio n a l M igration . By Solo­
mon Barkin. {In Journal of Human Resources: Edu­

cation, Manpower, and Welfare Policies, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Fall 1967, pp., 495-516. $2.)
T he G eograph ic M o b ility of P ro fe s sio n a l a n d T ech n ical
M an pow er. By Jack Ladinsky. {In Journal of Human

Resources: Education, Manpower, and Welfare Poli-

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

65

cies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Fall 1967,
pp., 475-494. $2.)
Im p ro v e m e n t o f C on dition s of L ife a n d W o rk o f T en an ts,
S h a re-C ro p p ers a n d S im ila r C a teg o ries o f A g ric u l­
tu r a l W o rk ers. Geneva, International Labor Office,

1967. 43 pp. (Report IV (1) prepared for International
Labor Conference, 52d session, 1968.) 75 cents. Dis­
tributed in United States by Washington Branch of
ILO.
M eth o d s o f S e le c tin g I n d u s tr ie s fo r D e p re sse d A re a s:
A n In tro d u c tio n to F e a s ib ility S tu d ie s. By Leo H.

Klaassen. Paris, Organization for Economic Coopera­
tion and Development, 1967. 152 pp. $4.50. Distributed
in United States by OECD Publications Center, Wash­
ington.

C onsum er P ric e In d e x fo r W age E a rn ers' F a m ilie s in
P u e rto R ico. Average indexes for fiscal years 1966

and 1967. Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 9 pp.
W h at's A h ea d fo r C on su m er D u r a b le s ? By Fabian Linden.
(I n Conference Board Record, National Industrial

Conference Board, Inc., New York, October 1967, pp.
29-32.)
D isc r e tio n a r y S p en d in g in 1967. By Morton Ehrlich. (I n

Conference Board Record, National Industrial Con­
ference Board Inc., New York, October 1967, pp.
33-37.)
C ross-S ection S tu d ie s o f th e C on su m ption of A u to m o b iles
in th e U n ited S ta te s . By William B. Bennett. (I n

American Economic Review, Menasha, Wis., Septem­
ber 1967, pp. 841-849. $2.)

Labor Organizations
T h e A m e ric a n L a b o r H e rita g e . By William L. Abbott.

Honolulu, University of Hawaii, Industrial Relations
Center, 1967.114 pp. $1.50.
U nion O rgan izin g o f H e w U n its, 1955-1966. By Joseph
Krislov. (I n Industrial and Labor Relations Review,

Ithaca, N.Y., October 1967, pp. 31-39. $1.75.)
D isc r im in a tio n a n d th e Unions. By William B. Gould.
(I n Dissent, New York, September-October 1967, pp.

564-575, 95 cents.)

Productivity and Technological Change
I t s M a n agem en t Im p lic a tio n s. By T. B.
Personnel Practice Bulletin, Common­
wealth of Australia, Department of Labor and Na­
tional Service, Melbourne, June 1967, pp. 90-98. 50
cents.)

T h e C o m p u ter:
Ward. (I n

T he F a c ts A b o u t th e \T e c h n o lo g ic a l ] Gap. By Alexander
B. Trowbridge. (I n Atlantic Community Quarterly,

Washington, Fall 1967, pp. 392-401. $1.50.)
A m e ric a n F e d e ra tio n o f T ea ch ers: T h e U nion R espon se
to A ca d e m ic M ass P ro d u ctio n . By Peter Janssen. (In

Saturday Review, New York, October 21, 1967, pp. 64—
66, 86-88. 35 cents.)

Personnel Management
A ttitu d e S u r v e y s an d Job P erfo rm a n ce. By Edward E.
Lawler III. (I n Personnel Administration, Washing­

ton, September-October 1967, pp. 3-5, 22-24. $1.25.)
D isc o u n t P riv ile g e s fo r E m p lo yees. By Geneva Seybold.

New York, National Industrial Conference Board,
Inc., 1967.160 pp. (Personnel Policy Study 207.)
W o rk M ea su re m e n t: A G u ide f o r L o ca l U nion B a rg a in ­
in g C o m m itte e s a n d S te w a rd s . Milwaukee, Wis., In­

ternational Union Allied Industrial
America, AFL-CIO, 1967. 90 pp.

Workers of

P ro te c tin g Y o u r R ig h ts in C iv il S erv ic e , By Samuel Res-

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Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.
69
69
70
70
71
71

A -l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.
A-5.
A-6.
A-7.
A-8.
A-9.
A-10.
A - l l.
A-12.
A-13.

72
76
80
81
82

B.
83

B - l.

—Labor Force and Employment
Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted 1
Total employment and unemployment rates, by occupation, seasonally adjusted1
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

—Labor Turnover
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

C.—Earnings and Hours
86

C -l.
C-2.

99
99

C-3.
C-4.

100
101

C-5.
C-6.

103

D.
104

D - l.

105

D -2.

106
107
109

D -3.
D -4.
D -5.
D -6.

110

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagri­
cultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry
group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities

—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
Consumer Price Index'—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, all items,
groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups,
subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted
Consumer Price Index-—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E. —Work Stoppages
111

E—1.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

1 Tables A-7 and A-8 appear quarterly in the February, May, August, and N ovem ber issues of the Review.
N ote: W ith the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from th e Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in B L S H andbook o f M ethods for Surveys
and Stu d ies (BLS B ulletin 1458,1966).

68

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A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

69

A.—Labor Force and Employment
T able A -l. Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

E m ploym ent status, age, and sex
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

81, 460
77,997
74, 630
3, 707
70,923
3,367

81,259
77,803
74, 625
3,676
70,949
3,178

81,160
77, 701
74, 718
3,992
70,726
2,983

80,954
77,505
74,489
3,856
70,633
3,016

80,681
77,237
74,147
3,727
70,420
3,090

79,645
76,189
73,289
3,652
69,637
2,900

80,189
76,740
73,910
3,890
70, 020
2,830

79,959
76,523
73,747
3,855
69,892
2,776

80,443
77,025
74,137
3,890
70, 247
2,888

80,473
77,087
74,255
4,015
70,240
2,832

80,154
76,764
73,893
4,011
69,882
2,871

79,934
76,612
73,897
3,892
70,005
2,715

79,360
76,081
73,199
3,779
69,420
2,882

78,893
75,770
72,895
3,979
68,915
2,875

77,178
74,455
71,088
4,361
66,726
3,366

T otal labor force. _ _______ ___________ 48,280
45, 513
C ivilian labor force__ _________________
E m p lo y ed .. _____ - ____ __________ 44, 375
2, 791
A griculture___ - ---------- -------------N onagricultural industries. _ _____ 41, 584
U nem ployed .
_ . . __________ _ 1,138

48, 238
45, 476
44, 435
2,806
41, 629
1,041

48, 365
45, 559
44,479
2,835
41,644
1,080

48, 273
45,433
44,338
2,791
41,547
1,095

48,196
45,314
44,156
2,726
41,430
1,158

47,920
45,021
43,922
2,753
431,169
1,099

48,033
45,140
44,092
2,870
41,222
1,048

47,921
45,047
44,010
2,795
41, 215
1,037

48,081
45,222
44,236
2,875
41,361
986

48,591
45, 239
44,227
2,861
41,366
1,012

47,842
44,987
43,898
2,884
41,014
1,089

47,604
44,797
43,711
2,807
40,904
1,086

47,493
44,723
43,654
2,800
40,854
1,069

47,437
44, 787
43,667
2,894
40,773
1,119

47,115
44,857
43,422
3,174
40,246
1,435

C ivilian labor force___________
---26, 092 26,051 25, 557 25,516 25,177 24,730 25,023 24,862 25,071 25,221 25,139 25,145 24,884 24,427
E m ployed____________________________ 24,827 24, 781 24, 558 24,421 24,094 23,773 24,002 23,834 24,057 24,128 24,167 24,278 23,891 23, 507
624
567
705
581
537
625
636
A griculture__ ______ ____________
512
628
702
729
663
593
675
N onagricultural industries. _ _______ 24,260 24,269 23,853 23,797 23,513 23,236 23,377 23', 206 23,421 23,426 23,438 23,615 23, 298 22,832
999 1,095 1,083
972
867
993
919
U nem ployed
. . . . __________ 1,265 1,270
957 1,021 1,028 1,014 1,093

23,687
22, 630
748
21,882
1,056

T otal
T otal labor force___________ ____________
Civilian labor force_____________________
E m p lo y ed ____________________________
A griculture________________ _________
N onagricultural industries____ ___
U nem ployed- - - ________________
M e n , 20 Y ears and O ver

Wom en , 20 Y ears and O ver

B oth Se x e s , 16-19 Y ears
C ivilian labor force__
. ___ -- --- - - - - ___ ___________ . . ..
E m ployed___
A griculture. _______________________
N onagricultural industries___________
____ _ ___________
U n e m p lo y e d ..

6,392
5,428
349
5, 079
964

T able A-2.

6,276
5,409
358
5,051
867

6,585
5, 681
452
5, 229
904

6,556
5,730
441
5,289
826

6,746
5,897
420
5,477
849

6,438
5,594
362
5,232
844

6,577
5,816
395
5,421
761

6,614
5,903
432
5,471
711

6,732
5,844
379
5,465
888

6,627
5,900
452
5,448
727

6,638
5,828
398
5,430
810

6,670
5,908
422
5,486
762

6,474
5,654
386
5,268
820

6,557
5,721
410
5,310
836

5,910
5,036
439
4,598
874

Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
A nnual
average

1966

1967
Selected unem ploym ent rates

T otal (all civilian workers) __________ _.
Men, 20 years and over________________
Women, 20 years and ov er_____________
B oth sexes, 16-19 years________________
W hite w orkers - _ . _ . ________________
N onw hite w orkers.
M arried m en. __ _ ______________________
Full-tim e w orkers. ______ _____________
Blue-collar w orkers___ _ ______ _ _____
Experienced wage and salary w orkers____
L abor force tim e lost 1_________ ________

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

4.3
2.5
4.8
15.1
3.8
8.8
1.9
3.9
4.9
4.1
4.7

4.1
2.3
4.9
13.8
3.6
7.9
1.8
3.8
4.6
4.0
4.6

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.7
3. 5
6.9
2.0
3.6
4.4
3.6
4.3

3.9
2.4
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.2
1.8
3.6
4.7
3.7
4.3

4.0
2.6
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.8
2.0
3.9
4.7
3.8
4.5

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.1
3.3
7.8
1.9
3.5
4.6
3.6
3.8

3.7
2.3
4.1
11.6
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.3
4.6
3.4
4.0

3.6
2.3
4.1
10.7
3.1
7.4
1.7
3.1
4.2
3.4
4.1

3.7
2.2
4.0
13.2
3.3
7.1
1.6
3.0
4.1
3.4
4.0

Jan.
3.7
2.2
4.3
11.0
3.3
6.6
1.7
3.1
4.2
3.5
4.1

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

3.7
2.4
3.9
12.2
3.3
7.6
1.7
3.3
4.3
3.5
4.1

3.5
2.4
3.4
11.4
3.1
6.9
1.7
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.8

3.8
2.4
4.0
12.7
3.4
7.4
1.9
3.4
4.1
3.5
4.1

3.8
2.5
3.8
12.7
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.4
4.3
3.5
4.2

1 Man-hours lost b y th e unem ployed and persons on p art tim e for economic reasons as a percent of p otentially available labor force m an-hours.

Beginning in the March issue, the 1965 and 1966 statistics on the labor force were revised to
take account of the lower age limit change from 14 to 16 years of age. The 1967 data reflect all
the definitional changes which became effective in January 1967. (See the February 1967 E m ­
p l o y m e n t a n d Earnings an d M o n th ly R eport on the Labor Force, Vol. 13, No. 8.) Although
these data are not strictly comparable with those published prior to January 1967, they may be
treated by most users as continuing the previous series.


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1965
4.5
3.2
4.5
14.8
4.1
8.1
2.4
3.5
5.3
4.3
5.0

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

70
T able A-3.

Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
1967

1966

A nnual
average

Age and sex
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

T otal
-----

4.3

4.1

3.8

3.9

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.5

3.8

3.8

4.5

16 to 19 years------- ---------- - 16 and 17 years _ ---------------------------18 and 19 years------------------------ — --20 to 24 years________________________
25 years and over--------------------------------25 to 54 years_______ _____
_____
55 years and over______ ___________

15.1
16.5
13.9
6.5
2.9
3.0
2.5

13.8
15.6
12.6
6.6
2.7
2.8
2.3

13.7
15.3
12.7
5.5
2.5
2.6
2.5

12.6
14.4
11.4
6.2
2.6
2.7
2.3

12.6
14.0
13.1
5.8
2.8
2.9
2.3

13.1
13.7
12.8
5.2
2.6
2.7
2.7

11.6
14.8
10.9
5.1
2.6
2.7
2.5

10.7
12.0
9.8
5.4
2.6
2.6
2.5

13.2
16.4
11.0
5.2
2.5
2.6
2.2

11.0
13.1
9.5
5.6
2.6
2.6
2.9

12.2
13.8
10.8
5.6
2.6
2.5
2.5

11.4
12.9
10.6
5.0
2.5
2.5
2.4

12.7
14.7
11.4
5.4
2.6
2.7
2.5

12.7
14.8
11.3
5.3
2.6
2.6
2.6

14.8
16.5
13.5
6.7
3.2
3.2
3.2

3.4
15.0
17.3
12.9
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.5

3.0
12.4
13.2
11.4
4.9
1.9
1.9
2.0

3.1
12.4
15.3
10.2
5.0
2.0
2.0
2.4

3.1
11.6
14.5
9.2
5.0
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.3
12.3
14.2
10.3
5.1
2.2
2.1
2.5

3.2
12.9
14.5
11.8
4.9
2.1
2.0
2.8

3.0
11.8
16.8
10.8
4.0
2.1
2.0
2.6

2.9
10.1
11.3
9.0
4.2
2.1
2.0
2.4

3.0
12.6
14.8
10.3
3.6
2.0
1.9
2.2

2.9
11.1
13.9
8.8
4.2
2.0
1.8
2.8

3.2
12.2
13.8
10.8
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.0
10.5
11.5
9.7
4.9
2.2
2.1
2.4

3.1
11.7
14.1
9.9
4.3
2.1
2.1
2.1

3.2
11.7
13.7
10.2
4.6
2.2
2.1
2.7

4.0
14.1
16.1
12.4
6.3
2.8
2.7
3.3

5.8
15.1
15.3
15. 1
8.0
4.3
5.0
2.6

5.9
15.6
19.3
13.8
8.8
4.1
4.5
2.9

5.1
15.4
15.4
15.4
6.1
3.5
3.7
2.7

5.3
13.8
14.3
13.8
7.6
3.7
4.1
2.2

5.2
13.0
13.8
12.4
6.8
3.9
4.5
1.7

4.8
13.4
12.4
13.8
5.5
3.4
4.0
2.6

4.9
11.3
12.0
11.0
6.6
3.6
3.9
2.4

4.9
11.6
13.1
10.7
6.9
3.6
3.9
2.8

5.1
13.9
18.7
11.7
7.3
3.5
3.7
2.1

5.0
10.8
11.9
10.2
7.4
3.8
4.0
3.3

4.7
12.2
13.7
10.7
6.1
3.5
3.6
3.0

4.4
12.6
14.9
11.5
5.2
3.1
3.4
2.3

5.0
13.9
15.7
13.0
6.9
3.5
3.8
3.1

4.8
14.1
16.6
12.6
6.3
3.3
3.6
2.4

5.5
15.7
17.2
14.8
7.3
4.0
4.3
2.8

16 years and over-----

-------------

Male
16 years and over_______________________
16 to 19 years________________________.
16 a nd 17 years___________ -- - 18 a nd 19 years______________________
20 to 24 years_____________ ____ _____
25 years and over_______________
- - 25 to 54 years---------------55 years an d over_____ ____________
F emale
16 years and over--------------- . . . ..
16 to 19 years___________ ____ - ____
16 and 17 years— . . . ----------- -------18 and 19 y e a rs... _________________ 20 to 24 years______________________ . .
25 years and over_______ ____ ___________
25 to 54 years___ ___________________
55 years and over __ __________ ______

T able A-4.

Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1966

1967

A nnual
average

Age and sex
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

74, 630
5,428
2, 288
3,106
8,514
60, 718
46,876
13, 712

74, 625
5,409
2,246
3,148
8, 522
60,724
46, 768
13,698

74, 718
5, 681
2, 341
3, 331
8, 612
60, 393
46, 709
13, 632

74, 489
5, 730
2,322
3,402
8, 604
60,128
46, 471
13,563

74,147
5,897
2,363
3,491
8, 571
59, 678
46,062
13, 627

73,289
5,594
2, 201
3,358
8, 420
59, 300
46, 044
13,244

73,910
4,816
2,346
3, 470
8,418
59,650
46,295
13,360

73,747
5,903
2,478
3,465
8,348
59,516
46, 391
13, 224

74,137
5,844
2,399
3,465
8,355
60, 000
46, 616
13, 450

74,255
5,900
2,389
3,516
8,228
60,125
46, 742
13, 468

73,893
5,828
2,427
3, 487
8,126
59,886
46, 541
13,405

73,987
5,908
2,362
3,537
8, 062
59, 925
46,399
13, 544

73,199
5, 654
2,233
3,386
7, 977
59, 593
46,146
13,332

72,895
5, 721
2,269
3,452
7,963
59,212
45, 944
13,268

71,088
5,036
2,074
2,962
7, 702
58,351
45,318
13,033

47, 425 47, 479 47, 712 47, 555 47,448 47,050 47,273 47,358 47,475 47, 533 47,116 47, Oil 46,824 46,919
3, 050 3,044 3,233 3,217 3,292 3,128 3,176 3,348 3, 239 3,306 3,218 3,300 3,170 3,252
1,400 1,409 1,436 1,399 1,403 1,324 1,351 1,512 1,444 1,453 1,463 1,451 1,369 1,380
1,639 1,653 1,786 1,810 1,856 1,766 1,825 1,854 1,852 1,867 1,802 1,858 1,790 1,862
4,806 4, 849 4,891 4,856 4,881 4, 750 4, 771 4, 762 4,812 4, 721 4, 588 4,594 4, 586 4, 599
39, 588 39, 589 39, 566 39, 468 29,266 39,177 39,306 39, 276 39, 474 39,493 39, 259 39,098 39, 085 39,069
30, 637 30, 648 30, 638 30, 584 30,425 30,402 30,558 30, 645 30, 697 30, 776 30, 519 30,331 30,313 30,378
8,915 8,898 8,889 8, 860 8,870 8,738 8, 717 8, 670 8, 777 8, 758 8, 767 8,805 8,741 8, 691

46,340
2,918
1,284
1,634
4,583
38,839
30, 240
8, 599

16 years and over___ _______ ____________ 27, 205 27,146 27,006 26,934 26, 699 26,239 26, 637 26,389 26, 662 26, 722 26, 777 26,887 26,375 25,976
16 to 19 years___
_________________ 2,378 2,365 2,448 2,513 2, 605 2,466 2,640 2, 555 2,605 2, 594 2, 610 2,608 2,484 2,469
864
879
955
964
911
960
877
995
966
936
16 and 17 y e a r s _____________________
888
837
905
923
18 and 19 years. . . .
1,467 1,495 1,545 1,592 1,635 1,592 1,645 1,611 1,643 1,649 1,685 1,679 1,596 1,590
20 to 24 years______
. . .
3, 708 3,673 3, 721 3, 748 3,690 3, 670 3,647 3,586 3,543 3, 507 3,538 3,68 8 3,391 3,364
25 years and over______ __________ . . . _ 21,130 21,135 20,827 20, 660 20, 412 20,123 20,344 20,240 20,526 20, 632 20, 627 20,827 20, 508 20,143
________ . . .
25 to 54 years____
16,239 16,120 16,071 15,887 15, 638 15, 642 15, 737 15, 746 15,919 159, 66 16,022 16,068 15,833 15, 566
55 years and over____________________ 4, 797 4, 800 4, 743 4, 703 4, 757 4,506 4,643 4, 554 4, 673 4, 710 4, 638 4,739 4, 591 4, 577

24,748
2,118
790
1,328
3,119
19, 512
15,078
4, 434

T otal
16 years and over___ ____________________
16 to 19 years. .
16 a nd 17 years______________
_____
18 a nd 19 y e ars.— __________________
20 to 24 years.......
............
..........
25 years and over______________________
25 to 54 years________________ _______
55 years and over_____ ______________
Male
16 years and over___ _______ ___________
16 to 19 y e a r s _____ —
_________
16 and 17 years— .
___
____
18 and 19 y e a rs... _ ___ ________
20 to 24 years__
_________________
25 years and over____ _
_________ ____
25 to 54 years___ ________ ____ ____
55 years and o v e r... ______ _______
F emale


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A —LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-5.

71

Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

D uration of unem ploym ent
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Less th a n 5 w eeks____________ ______ _ 1,847
5 to 14 w eeks_________________ ____ . _ 1,153
15 weeks and o v er. . . . . . . ________ ____
489
15 to 26 weeks
_____ ______________
313
27 weeks and over _____________ . . . .
176
15 weeks and over as a percent of civilian
labor force................
.6

1,889
945
437
278
159

1,660
945
441
231
210

1,805
876
435
265
170

1,649
919
444
298
146

1,371
877
414
271
143

1,468
900
436
251
185

1,408
986
560
354
206

1,678
771
439
249
190

1,542
787
485
282
203

1,562
760
496
269
227

1,397
789
484
287
197

1,493
900
517
293
224

1,535
804
536
245
241

1,628
983
755
404
351

.6

.6

.6

.6

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

.7

1.0

T able A-6.

Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1966

1967
Full- and part-tim e em ploym ent
status
October

September

A ugust

67,309

67,950

71,134

A nnual
average
1966

1965

Ju ly

June

May

A pril

March

February

December

71,058

70,195

65,538

65, 640

65,425

65,445

66,205

66,943

66,145

60,916
2,209

60,793
2,283

62, 285
1,875

62,734
1,894

61,144
2,209

F ull T ime
C ivilian labor force_________________
Em ployed:
Full-tim e schedules 1____________
P a rt tim e for economic reasons___
U nem ployed, looking for full-time
w o rk _____ _ _ ________________
U nem ploym ent r a t e . ____ . . ___

63, 267
1,934

63,747
2,117

66, 264
2,486

65,909
2,499

64,688
2,507

61,978
1,573

61,447
2,079

2,108
3.1

2,086
3.1

2,384
3.4

2,650
3.7

3,000
4.3

1,987
3.0

2,114
3. 2

2,300
3.5

2,369
3.6

2,045
3.1

2,315
3.5

2,792
4. 2

10,823
9,980
843

9, 576
8,767
809

7,978
7,421

8,413
7,813

8,825
8,197

10,557
10,086

10,471
9,920

10,088
9,433

10,246
9,432

10,047
9,439

8,830
8,279

8,310
7,735

7.8

8.4

557
7.0

600
7.1

628
7.1

471
4.5

551
5.3

655
6.5

814
7.9

608
6.1

560
6.2

575
6.9

P art T ime
C ivilian labor force. ______ ______
Em ployed (voluntary p art tim e )__
U nem ployed, looking for part-tim e
w o rk ___ _
. . _______
U nem ploym ent r a t e . . _ ________ . . .

1 Em ployed persons w ith a job b u t not at work are d istributed proportionately among the full- and part-tim e employed categories.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

72

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

Table A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct.2
T otal employees . . _ ____ ____ ________
M ining__ _________ ________
M etal m ining
Iron, ores
Copper ores
Coal m ining
B itum inous coal and lignite mining
Oil and gas extraction
C rude petroleum and na tu ra l gas fields.
Oil and gas field services
Non m etallic m inerals, except fuels
Crushed and broken stone
Sand and gravel __________________________________
Contract construction
. ___ _
___
General building contractors.
H eavy construction contractors .
H ighw ay and street construction
H eavy construction, nec
Special trade contractors.
Plum bing, heating, air conditioning
P ainting, paperhanging, decorating
Electrical work
M asonry, stonew ork, and plastering
Roofing and sheet m etal work
Manufacturing ____ _________
D urable goods______________________
N ondurable goods . ______________

Sept .2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

66,831 66,665 66, 408 66,129 66, 514 65,594 65, 215 64,843 64,491 64, 531 66, 087 65,559 65,351 63,982 60,832
599

607
27.9
10.4
143.6
136.8
270.6
151.5
119.1
127.5
44.3
42.6

3,450

3,510
1, 091.8
770.3
401.5
368.8
1, 647.4
384.8
148.8
273.3
231.2
122.2

620
70.2
28.4
13.8
142.7
135.8
278.2
154.4
123.8
128.5
44.6
43.2

636
90.4
28. 5
33.0
140.0
133.2
277.5
154.5
123.0
127.6
44.1
42.7

633
90. 6
28. 8
33. 0
142. 4
135 4
273 6
152.4
121 2
12fi 0
43. 2
42.2

618
88 3
27. 9
32 2
140 2
133 2
267 9
148.6
119 3
121 8
43 0
39.1

614
87. 4
27 1
82 2
189 0
181 8
269 1
148.8
120 8
118 4
41 3
37.3

607
87 7
97 9
32 3
140 2
139 9
966 1
148.7
117 4
119 5
38 4
34.5

606
86 9
96 9
89 1
141 4
133 8
967 -8
148! 5
118 8
110 1
37 2
33.5

611
85 9
96 1
31 9
141 5
134 1

622
86 3
96 6
31 6
149 0

624
86 4

627

625

148! 6
193 5

148.7

149.4

150.0

152.4
127.4

37 7
34.2

632
83.8

131.8

40 9
37!o

156. 6
119.6

39.7
39.1
40.0
41« 2
3,594 3,548 3,407 3,227 3,106 2,922 2,863 2,947 0 ,146 3,328 3,466 3,292 3,186
1,119.4 1,095. 9 1, 057.1 1 005.9 979.1 942 4 931 3 962 9 1 028 0 1 066 6 1 095 7 1 047 3
' 793.5 782.8 744. 9 677. 5 614. 9 538 2 518.9 530 9 ’ 593 3 ’ 696 2 ’ 70 2 R ’ 673 Q
414.3 405.3 380.2 335. 6 286. 4 224 8 211 7 216 2 262 4 339 4 390 4 396 3 394 4
379.2 377.5 364. 7 341.9 328. 5 313. 4 307 2 314 7 330 9 356 8 379 4 347 1 324 1
1, 681. 5 1,668.8 1 605 0 1 543 7 1 511 8 1 441 0 1 413 1
' 387. 7 383.2 372.0 ’ 358. 4 ' 358. 0 ’ 357. 7 ' 360. 6 ' 366! 7 ’ 3 7 1 ! 3 376.6 3 7 9 .7 3 7 3 .1 366.2
155.5 152. 0 144. 5 136.5 127. 3 115 6 109 7 111 6 128 5 138 8
275.0 273.3 265. 3 254. 9 252 9 248 5 248 5 251 9 255 Q 957 1
241.9 241.6 233. 4 227.1 218 5 207 9 196 2 200 0 913 1
125.8 122.4 118 0 112 6 110 8 109 9
98 8 106 9 113 5

19,382 19,455 19,435 19,156 19,382 19,133 19,181 19,263 19,297 19,333 19,534 19,625 19,640 19,186 18,062
11, 228 11, 262 11, 266 11,213 11,383 11,282 11,298 11,359 11,389 11,413 11,516 11,549 11,538 11,256 10,406
8,154 8,193 8,169 7,943 7,999 7,851 7,883 7,904 7,908 7,920 8, 018 8,076 8,102 7,930 7,656

Durable goods

O rdnance and accessories. __ . . . ___ 302.0 298.9 296.1 291.0 288.7 285.1 285.8 285.3 283.2 279.2 272.7 271.6 267.2 256.0 225.8
A m m unition, except for sm all arm s___
228.4 225.4 222.9 219.4 215.9 213.1 214.1 213.2 211.5 207.9 201.9 202.5 199.5 192.6 173.0
16.0
Sighting and fire control eq u ip m en t.
16.5
15.7
15.5
14. 6
16.4
15.3
15. 0
14.2
12 2
14.3
14 0
14 0
13 4
55.6
O ther ordnance a n d accessories.. .
56.8
57.0
56.5
56.8
57.1
56.4
57.1
57.1
57.0
56.6
55.1
5 3 .7
50.0
40.7
Lum ber and wood p roducts_______ ____
596.8 603.8 611.8 610.1 613.5 584.8 579.6 577.6 576.8 577.1 584.3 598.4 607.8 612.6 606.9
91.4
Logging cam ps & logging contractors. _
85.9
88.7
89.0
91.9
78.0
74.0
74.0
76.4
77.0
78.0
83.4
84.8
81.3
84.2
230.9 234.1 236.8 237.5 239.1 233.4 231.6 231.4 230.8 230.4 232.1 236.7 240.4 244.9 249.4
Sawmills and planing m ills. .
M illw ork, plywood, & related products. 166.0 166.9 170.4 166.9 166.9 160.4 159.7 157.3 154.9 155.2 159.2 162.7 167.3 171.3 164.7
36.5
Wooden c o n ta in e rs ______ _______ _
35.0
34.6
35.6
37.1
36.3
35.8
35.9
35.9
36.1
35.2
35.6
35.3
35.5
34.4
77.8
79.0
79.5
M iscellaneous wood p ro d u cts .
80.0
78.5
76.7
78.5
79.0
78.8
78.4
79.4
80.4
80.0
79.6
74.2
458.0 456.7 456.2 442.5 451.6 448.3 451. 0 455.8 459.4 462.4 471. 6 474.2 472.8 461.7 430.7
F u rn itu re and fixtures_______________
Household fu rn itu re _ _ _
__ _
321.6 318.6 318.6 307.5 313.9 313.2 316.7 319.8 323.3 324.8 332.6 335.4 334.5 328.1 309.2
35.8
3 7 ,4
37.2
Office furniture .
37.0
35. 8
36.4
37 5
37 0
36 4
34 8
30 2
36. 6
37 2
37. 4
48.8
49.0
P artitions and fixtures
49.8
48. 8
47. 3
47. 6
47 5
47. 4
47 2
48.1
48 3
48 4
48 2
43 5
50.4
51.9
51.9
Other furniture and fixtures . . _____
50.8
51.4
53.1
50.1
51.3
51.3
52.0
5 3 .3
5 3 .4
5 3 .7
51.6
4 7 .8
637.7 639.6 646.9 643.9 641.9 628.4 624.5 617.7 612.6 616.5 629.4 642.6 647.9 644.6 628.3
Stone, clay, and glass pro d u cts____ ____
30.3
27.3
F la t glass. _ _
_ _
30.1
29. 7
30. 4
32. 5
30.9
32.3
31.8
32. 7
32. 7
32 3
32 7
32 3
Glass a n d glassware, pressed or blow n _ 124.2 123.9 123.5 123.3 124.5 122.0 122.2 122.1 121.6 122.3 123.4 124.7 124.2 1 2 2 . 6 115.4
36.9
37.1
37.6
38.0
C em ent, hydraulic . .
... _ _ _ _ _ _
37.7
36.7
36.5
35.4
35.4
34.9
36.5
38.6
38.0
38.0
38.1
67.7
65.8
65.6
67.6
Structural clay pro d u cts__ . . _______
68.3
66.6
65.4
64.1
63.0
63.1
66.0
67.8
69.1
70.3
69.7
41. 1
42.0
41.8
P ottery and related products
41. 7
41. 4
42 0
42 3
42 5
42 2
43.4
42.7
43.7
43.9
43.3
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products__________ _. .
181.6 183.9 186.0 185.4 181.2 175.5 171.8 165.2 162.1 164.1 170.2 176.1 180.0 178.9 177.8
O ther stone & nonm etallic m ineral
_.
products______
134.6 136.1 137.5 137.2 136.7 134.1 133.7 134.1 134.0 133.7 134.6 136.0 136.6 135.7 130.0
Prim ary m etal industries . . . .
1, 249. 7 1, 269.1 , 288. 6 1,297. 0 1,319.9 1,310.2 1,314.1 1,330.9 1,338.2 1,348. 2 1,347.4 1,348.9 1,352.4 1,345.4 1,301.0
B last furnace a n d basic steel p ro d u cts.. 611.7 624.8 632.7 635.3 634.6 628.5 630.1 636.0 635.6 639.6 640.1 645.4 651.7 651.3 657.3
Iron and steel foundries . _ . . . .
212.7 215.8 224.7 212.5 228.8 227.4 227.8 232.3 237.2 241.4 239.2 239.3 239.0 238.5 227.0
Nonferrous m etals . . . .
81.9
81.2
79.2
78.4
80.9
81.1
80.7
80.6
80.0
78.1
73.9
67.0
67.8
69.8
82.3
Nonferrous rolling and draw ing..
200.5 201.5 200.4 207.6 210.4 211.2 212.1 215.5 217.4 218.6 219.9 218.8 218.9 215.0 196.5
Nonferrous foundries . . .
90.5
89.2
89.4
87.8
89.2
91.5
91.4
90.5
81.5
88.7
92.7
93.0
93.3
92.0
87.5
Miscellaneous prim ary m etal products.
73.7
73.0
73.6
74.4
74.6
72.1
70.0
70.5
71.8
75.0
74.2
73.0
64.8
71.8
74.9
Fabricated m etal products .
1,339.5 1,340. 7 1,356.3 1,340.9 1,369.1 1,345. 6 1,346. 7 1,350. 2 1,358.5 1,364.6 1,379. 5 1,384.7 1,376. 6 1,349.1 1, 269. 0
M etal cans. . _
68.1
66.5
66.0
64.8
61.0
66.3
66.8
68.7
68.2
64.9
63.7
62.9
63.5
63.7
63.9
C utlery, h an d tools, and h ard w are.. _ 162.4 161.7 156.9 153.6 159.2 156.2 157.1 158.4 162.0 163.4 165.2 165.4 164.4 161.3 155.1
P lum bing and heating, except electric..
80.2
79.4
79.1
77.2
79.4
80.4
79.9
79.8
78.5
77.7
77.3
76.3
77.3
78.1
80.0
F abricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u cts. _ 401.6 403.9 406.8 406.9 407.7 396.8 395.9 391.3 393.0 394.4 400.2 403.1 404.1 397.7 375.1
Screw machine products, bolts, etc. _ . . 111.9 111.7 112.1 111.4 113.3 112.7 113.6 115.2 115.3 115.0 114. 6 112.8 110.9 107.9
97.8
M etal stam pings . _
212.7 213.3 229.4 221.4 236.6 234.9 233.4 235.9 239.9 243. 2 247.3 248.5 245.6 235.9 220.9
M etal services, n e c ...
85.8
86.4
85.6
84.2
85.9
84.1
85.2
85.5
85.2
87.4
85.0
77.3
86.1
86.3
87.1
66.8
65.9
67.2
66.2
M isc. fabricated wire products.
66.1
65.7
66.3
66.0
68.4
68.6
68.5
67.6
61.9
68.8
68.7
M isc. fabricated m etal products___ _ 151.6 152.0 152.4 151.8 152.9 151.1 152. 0 152.7 153.3 153.9 154.2 155.1 152.6 150. 2 139.9
M achinery, except electrical..
1,916.8 1, 955.8 1,969.6 1,973.4 1, 988.1 1,977.6 1,988. 7 1, 994.0 1, 988. 4 1,985.8 1,975.8 1,948.2 1, 943.6 1,911.1 1, 735. 3
Engines and tu rb in es. _
103.8 103.5 104.9 103.4 104.5 103.1 104.3 105.1 104.6 104.9
99.1
91.1
98.4
92.5 102.2
F arm m achinery. __
141.4 143.7 146.8 152.0 154.3 157.4 158.8 156.7 154. 6 151.9 147.7 145.9 148.0 135.7
C onstruction and related m achinery
246.5 271.6 274.3 276.7 278.1 275.8 277.9 279.3 279.3 280.6 282.4 280.9 281.0 277.8 256.2
Metal w orking m achinery___
340.9 342.3 344.3 346.2 349.5 348.1 350.8 351.6 350.8 349.7 347.7 343.7 341.0 335.5 304.2
Special in d u stry m ac h in ery ..
198.8 200.0 202.7 203.5 205.7 204.8 208.3 208.7 209.0 209.3 209.0 207.9 207.7 205.5 193.3
General industrial m achinery ______
288.6 292.2 294.2 292.4 296.0 292.1 293.7 290.4 291.2 294.8 294.2 291.6 289.3 284.7 261.0
Office and com puting m achines_______ 236.4 239.9 241.5 237.8 234.3 234.3 231.5 233.6 232.4 230.8 229.8 227.1 224.1 217.1 190.5
Service in d u stry m achines__
128.6 130.1 130.2 133.2 134.5 133.3 132.4 132.6 131.3 130.6 131.4 129.0 127.2 126.2 114.1
Miscellaneous m achinery, except electrica l_____
233.7 234.8 233.8 233.4 233.5 231.8 232.4 233.9 233.1 230.5 231.0 227.8 225.2 217.3 189.3
1

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able

A-9.

73

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable goods—C ontinued

Electrical equipm ent and supplies______ 1,916.4 1,897.5 1,907.5 1,871.5 1,868.1 1,885.0 1,902.9 1,933. 4 1,954.7 1,962.0 1,974.2 1,977.8 1,979.9 1,896.4 1,659.2
Electric test & distributing eq u ip m en t. 197.7 199.6 200.4 199.7 200.7 198.0 198.6 197.0 196.6 194.3 196.9 195.4 196.9 189.8 170.0
Electrical in d u strial ap p aratu s_______
216.1 217.8 220.6 218.6 221.0 220.3 221.6 224.6 226.0 226.6 220.6 217.8 221.7 214.3 192.3
183.4 170.7 174.8 169.8 177.9 174.4 174.8 178.3 181.6 184.5 192.2 189.3 191.9 181.3 165.3
H ousehold appliances________ _______
Electric lighting and wiring eq u ip m en t. 192.3 192.3 191.1 188.4 192.3 191.9 193.4 192.1 194.3 196.7 197.3 196.1 198.0 193.1 173.0
R adio and TV receiving eq u ip m en t___ 156.6 154.3 148.6 138.2 117.9 134.8 138.5 154.1 162.7 170.2 174.9 178.8 176.4 159.8 133.4
509.2 502.2 503.9 502.5 499.0 497.0 497.1 494.6 491.7 478.7 476.9 486.0 481.3 465.5 416.8
C om m unication e q u ip m en t__________
Electronic components and accessories. 353.5 351.3 351.5 342.4 344.4 354.9 365.3 378.0 385.8 393.2 395.9 395.9 396.3 381.5 307.1
Mise, electrical equipm ent & supplies.. 107.6 109.3 116.6 111.9 114.9 113.7 113.6 114.7 116.0 117.8 119.5 118.5 117. 4 111.3 101.4
T ran sp o rtatio n equ ip m en t______ ______ 1,905.8 1,896.4 1,834.6 1,866.4 1,952. 6 1,938.1 1,927.6 1,941.2 1,947.7 1,951.4 1,995.9 1,994.2 1,980. 0 1,911.5 1, 740.6
Motor vehicles and eq u ip m en t________
772.8 717.2 749. 9 829.8 826.9 813.3 837.2 845. 4 854. 7 887.9 894.2 887. 7 859 2 842 7
A ircraft and p a rts _______________ ___
836.1 832.5 823.4 824.1 820.3 812.5 812.8 810.1 805.2 805.2 810.0 803.2 789.2 750.5 624.2
Ship and boat building and re p a irin g .. 166.8 167.6 165.8 161. 4 172.5 174.6 176.4 171.1 175.6 174.6 175.4 170.1 175.5 176.4 160.2
57.4
R ailroad eq u ip m e n t.......... ......................
58.1
57.1
59.1
61 6
56 2
52.7
55.2
59.3
62.1
63.7
62.9
60. 7
63.8
O ther tran sp o rtatio n eq u ip m en t______
73.0
72.6
63 8
57. 3
70.8
72.9
67.0
66.0
63.5
64.7
60.8
54.8
58.8
63.0
Instru m en ts and related p roducts.........
453.6 455.4 457.9 454.8 456.0 451.0 453.2 453.8 452.8 451.2 452.3 447.9 446.2 433.1 389.0
Engineering & scientific in stru m en ts . . .
87.4
88.1
88.1
85.9
87.2
85.7
85.3
84.2
83.9
83.1
82.1
85.0
71. 7
80.1
Mechanical m easuring & control devices. 106.0 106.5 107.6 108.2 107.6 107.5 108.6 109.4 109.7 110.5 111.5 111.3 111.0 108.5
99.4
50.4
O ptical and ophthalm ic goods________
50.2
49.9
50.5
50.5
50.8
50.2
51.0
50.8
50.8
50.8
50.2
51.0
49.1
45.5
31.9
32.1
O phthalm ic goods.................................
31.2
31.1
31.6
31.7
32.1
32.3
31.3
32.0
32.0
31.8
31 6
30. 5
65.4
Medical in stru m en ts and supplies_____
65.8
64.8
66.0
65.2
65.2
65.5
64.4
64.3
63.9
63.4
56.4
65.5
64.0
61.6
Photographic equipm ent and supplies _
103.6 105.3 104.1 102.9 101.0 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.2 101.9 101.2 100.6
84.1
96.8
W atches, clocks, and w atchcases______
40.9
40.9
40.6
40.9
42.2
41.0
41.3
41.3
39.9
37. 4
38.9
31.9
40. 5
37.0
Miscellaneous m anufacturing in d u strie s.. 452.1 448.1 440.6 421.3 433.5 428.1 424.2 419.3 417.0 414.5 432.9 460.1 463.3 434.5 419.5
51.9
51.4
Jew elry, silverware, and plated w a re ...
50.8
47.6
51.0
51.4
51.4
51.5
51.4
51.0
50.8
51.6
50.9
45.7
49.2
Toys and sporting goods____ _________
129 2 124.5 116.4 117.5 114.5 109.5 103. 4 100. 4
98.2 111. 6 133.5 136.8 117.9 116. 7
34.6
34.9
Pens, pencils, office and a rt s u p p lie s.. .
34.2
35.1
34.9
34. 6
34 1
35.0
34.8
35.1
35.3
35.3
34. 6
33.3
60.4
55.7
Costum e jew elry and n o tio n s ...............
58.2
57. 7
.58 9
57.4
57. 5
58.2
57.5
59.3
61.1
61.1
60 4
56.4
172.7 173.0 170.7 167.0 171.3 170.0 170.8 172.1 172.6 173.4 175.5 178.6 179.2 174.0 167.4
O ther m anufacturing industries______
24.4
24. 6
25.4
27 2
Musical in stru m en ts and p a rts ______
25 9
26. 4
25. 7
26. 8
27. 5
27.3
28. 0
28 0
24 7
28.0
N ondurable goods

Food and k indred p roducts____________ 1,869.3 1,921.3 1,880. 6 1,830.8 1,792.9 1,731.8 1,713.8 1,713.0 1, 708.3 1, 725. 4 1,779.2 1,820.0 1,857.0 1, 778.9 1,756.7
Meat p ro d u cts.............................................. 333.8 334.0 337.6 334.3 329.3 321.4 318.0 321.4 322.3 325.1 333.4 335.1 334.2 323.8 318.4
D airy p ro d u cts........ .............. ................... 266.5 272.4 280.4 281.6 280.2 273.5 271.4 268.8 267.4 268.0 269.7 270.6 273.2 277.5 285.8
C anned, cured, and frozen fo o d s...........
393 1 335.7 294.5 264.9 241.0 236.1 232.9 228.4 233.4 252.5 283.0 322,9 275.7 260.2
G rain m ill p ro d u cts_________________
Î29. 4 130.3 133.0 132.9 132.1 128.2 126.5 127.2 126.4 126.7 127.0 125.6 128.5 127.8 126.9
292.7 294.7 296.2 295.7 295.0 288.9 286.4 287.7 286.7 285.8 287.4 288.0 285.5 284.4 287.4
B akery products____________________
28.4
S u g a r ......................... ................ ................
29.6
30. 6
29.8
27. 5
29.1
32. 4
43.9
47. 7
35. 6
36. 2
31 1
39. 0
50.1
73.7
85.8
Confectionery and related products___
79.6
75.1
74.6
74.3
77.2
90.3
89.6
85.6
80.7
77.2
78.9
80.0
82.6
Beverages................................................... 235.8 238.6 244.0 245.3 242.7 232.1 230.3 225.9 223.0 223.9 228.4 230.9 233.2 229.3 221.5
Mise, foods and k indred p ro d u cts_____ 145.5 144.5 144.5 144.4 143.0 142.3 143.3 142.8 142.8 143.5 146.6 147.1 146.2 144.1 143.2
77.3
76.2
Tobacco m anufactures_________________ 100.6
90.5
74.9
75.3
95.4
86.8
77.0
81.5
88.6
92.6
92.0
83.9
96.3
41. 2
41.1
39.4
C igarettes....................... ............ ................
41.3
40.1
39. 7
39. 6
38. 6
41 2
40.0
39.8
39. 6
39. 6
39.0
21. 2
C ig a rs.___________ _________________
21.8
21.7
21.2
21. 6
21.9
24.2
21 9
21.8
21.8
21.6
21.8
22.0
22.0
958.6 956.3 955.4 933.5 957.0 941.0 944.1 948.1 945.2 950.8 960.0 966.6 969.4 961.5 925.6
Textile m ill p ro d u cts__________________
Weaving mills, cotton________________ 236.3 236.2 232.9 234.7 237.8 235.9 236.4 238.1 237.2 240.0 240.5 240.0 238.9 237.2 229.2
92.7
95.9
95.4
94.4
94.4
97.4
92.4
Weaving mills, syn th etics____________
95.0
95.9
97.5
97.3
95.3
95.2
96.8
97.0
44.8
44.2
44.9
45.9
45.5
Weaving and finishing mills, w ool.........
44.9
44.8
43.4
43.9
45.4
44.6
44.5
44.2
43.5
45.1
30.0
31.9
29.4
31.7
31.9
31.6
32.4
32.1
31.4
N arrow fabric m ills__________________
31.8
31.9
32.1
32.3
32.6
31.7
K n ittin g m ills ............................................ 232.6 231.3 233.9 225.9 232.9 227.5 226.1 224.9 220.9 219.9 226.2 233.8 237.7 234.4 229.1
79.6
80.8
81.0
76.9
Textile finishing, except w ool________
81.7
77.3
79.9
80.3
80.5
79.7
79.6
80.5
80.0
80.3
80.8
43.2
41.4
46.0
Floor covering m ills_________________
44.3
43.2
43.2
44.9
44.9
45.0
43.5
43. 4
43.8
44.3
46 5
Y arn and th read m ills............................... 113.2 112.6 112.9 111.0 113.9 112.3 112.6 113.5 114.3 115.8 116.4 116.3 116.9 115.9 109.2
71.6
76.8
76.7
72.6
Miscellaneous textile goods___________
73.6
73.9
74.9
76.5
77.8
77.2
77.1
76.2
77.2
77.6
78.0
A pparel a n d other textile p ro d u cts_____ 1,399.6 1,396.2 1,405.5 1,338.9 1, 395.4 1,382.2 1,376.2 1,396. 3 1,407. 5 1,392.4 1,405.0 1,421.9 1,422.7 1,398.8 1,354.2
116.6
119.7 120.6 121.1
123.9 123.1 121.1 122.8 122.9 123.3 124.3 122.9 122.3 122.9 119.3
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats______
366.2 366.6 370.5 357.2 369.8 365.7 366.0 366.9 367.7 369.1 369.9 372.0 373. 5 370.6 351.9
M en’s and boys’ fu rn ish in g s_________
431.6 425.4 430.1 409.2 424.6 423.0 421.0 431.6 436.6 423. 7 422.7 427.6 427.5 423.5 417.1
W om en’s and misses’ outerw ear______
W om en’s a n d children’s undergar­
121.5 122.6 122.4 118.2 122.4 123.1 124.1 125.1 126.0 124.9 127.6 130.2 129.7 125.2 120.8
m en ts____________________________
29.1
25.9
28. 0
23.9
23. 8
22. 6
22. 6
27. 7
28. 3
28.1
H ats, caps, and m illinery____________
29. 3
28. 9
27.1
24 7
76.8
78.4
80.2
78.2
78.5
80.1
80.1
C hildren’s outerw ear............. ....................
81.7
79.9
78.0
77.4
80.5
78.1
79.1
76.4
76.3
82.7
84.8
79. 5
74.6
79. 0
76. 6
75. 8
80. 0
83.8
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel__
77. 0
77. 4
77. 5
83 4
175.6 176.5 174.6 160.7 170.2 168.2 166.4 167.4 167.0 167.6 174.1 178.2 176.7 169.0 161.4
M ise, fabricated textile p ro d u cts_____
687.5 688.4 694.6 689.4 693.6 674.2 675.6 676.8 674.3 674.3 680.2 681.0 675.9 667.5 639.1
Paper and allied pro d u cts_____________
219.0 222.1 224.5 223.5 223.9 215.6 216.9 216.2 215.8 215.3 216.6 216.4 215.3 215. 2 211.9
Paper and pulp m ills________________
68.1
72.1
71.8
75.0
74.3
75.1
73.6
73.6
72.9
73.6
73.5
74.0
74.2
P aperboard m ills____________________
73.8
73.9
180.4 179.7 181.7 179.4 180.3 176.0 177.0 176.7 175.3 174.6 176.7 177.1 175.8 171.7 159.6
M ise, converted paper products______
214.6 212.7 213.4 212.2 214.3 209.0 208.1 210. 0 209.2 210.2 213.3 214.6 212. 7 208.8 199.6
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
P rin tin g and publishing_______________ 1,070.2 1,067.2 1,067.9 1,066.0 1, 067.3 1,059.3 1,060.8 1, 060. 4 1, 052.9 1, 047.3 1,050.6 1, 043. 6 1, 040. 0 1,021.8 979.4
362.8 363.0 363.7 364.3 365.7 363.4 361.7 361.0 359.1 357.5 360.5 358.8 357.7 353.1 345.4
N ew spapers________________________
75.4
72.8
69.7
76.2
71.7
74. 4
73.3
72.9
Periodicals_________________ ____ ___
76.0
74.9
74.7
74.1
73.7
73.5
81.3
89.3
97.2
91.0
97.0
94.4
93.1
90.7
96.7
Books______________________________
97.1
97.5
97.4
96.2
94.6
343.7 340.0 335.9 334.4 335.3 332.5 334.7 335.8 331.8 331.5 331.8 330.0 329.4 322.8 309.3
Commercial p rin tin g ________________
51.2
58.4
54.9
56.2
55.9
59.0
56.2
56.3
55.8
56.6
57.6
56.9
55.8
Blankbooks and bookbinding________
56.7
56.7
Other publishing & printing indus­
137.2 137.0 136.4 136.3 136.7 135.3 135.3 135.4 135.9 134.6 135.6 134.7 133.5 130.0 122.5
tries___ ____ ______ _______________
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

74

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
T able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
O ct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Oct.

1966

1965

968.7
302.4
206.6
128.8
114.3
67.5
52.7
96.4
186.5
149.8
36.7
524.6
108.7
181.3
234.6
361.7
30.9
236.8
94.0

957.9
301.5
205.4
126.9
109.7
67.6
54.7
92.1
186. C
149.6
36.4
509.8
107.2
178.7
223.9
363.5
31.7
240.6
91.2

907.8
290.1
193.7
118.1
105.6
66.3
53.2
80.8
182.9
148.1
34.8
470.8
101.8
171.6
197.5
352.9
31. 6
234.5
86.8

40.6

38.6

36.3

4,222 4,229 4,219 4,151
714.9 713. 0 716. 2 718. 5
619.1 620.6 623.6 624.9
275.6 272.8 272.2 268.7
82.0
82.1
81.9
82.8
110.8 108.6 107.0 108.7
41.9
42.5
41.8
42.2
1,030.4 1, 045. 0 1, 044. 7 1, 007. 5
92.1
84.5
91.3
94.9
268.1 264.9 263.3 246.9
241.9 238.9 237.7 221.9
18.4
18.5
18.8
18.3
341.3 343.1 336.5 335.1
947.4 946.5 941.0 927.0
790.8 790.5 785.1 773.4
33.0
33.4
33.3
33.6
114.1 113.8 113.9 112.2
625.9 625.0 626.2 628.2
256.5 256.5 256.7 256.7
150.7 150.6 150.8 152.2
176.5 176.4 176.6 177.4
42.1
41.9
42.2
41.5

4,036
735.3
640. 1
268.8
82.5
109.5
41.8
963.5
82.0
229.0
205.9
19.5
315.4
880.8
735.2
31.8
106.9
623.4
253.0
153.6
176.5
40.4

Dec.

Nov.

M anufacturing —Continued

Nondurable goods—Continued
Chem icals and allied pro d u cts_________
In d u stria l chem icals_________________
P lastics m aterials and synthetics_____
D rugs______________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
P ain ts and allied p roducts___________
A gricultural chem icals______________
O ther chem ical p ro d u cts_____________
Petroleum and coal products___________
P etroleu m refining__________________
Other petroleum and coal pro d u cts___
R ubber a n d plastics products, n ee_____
Tires and inner tu b e s....... .................... .
Other ru b b e r products______________
M iscellaneous plastics p ro du cts______
Leather and leath er products................ .
L eather tan n in g and finishing________
Footw ear, except ru b b e r_____________
O ther leather p roducts______________
H andbags a n d personal leather
goods_________________________

994.7
308.1
206.9
136.8
114.6

Transportation an d public utilities________
R ailroad tra n sp o rtatio n ________________
Class I railroads 2___________________
Local a n d in teru rb an passenger tra n s it...
Local and su b u rb an tran sp o rtatio n .......
Taxicabs___________________________
In te rc ity highw ay tran sp o rtatio n _____
Trucking and w arehousing_____________
Public w arehousing_________________
T ransportation b y air_________________
Air tran sp o rtatio n ___________________
Pipe line tra n sp o rtatio n_______________
O ther tran sp o rtatio n and services______
Com m unication_______________________
Telephone com m unication___________
Telegraph com m unication___________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and san itary services______
Electric companies and system s______
Gas companies and system s__________
C om bination companies and sy ste m s..
W ater, steam , & sanitary system s____

4,286

68.8

53.1
107.4
192.0
153.1
38.9
532.0
110.1

179.8
242.1
349.2
30.4
223.3
95.5

994.8 L, 003. 5
307.5 312.0
205.6 205.4
137.3 138.0
116.1 117.1
69.2
71.0
52.3
51.9
106.8 108.1
193.5 195.2
154.4 156.2
39.1
39.0
528.7 522.1
108.8 106.5
180.3 177.2
239.6 238.4
349.8 354.0
30.6
30.5
225.3 230.1
93.4
93.9

999.0
312.6
203.7
137.3
114.1
70.8
51.9
108.6
194.5
155.9
38.6
471.7
79.8
161.5
230.4
342.3
29.7
223.3
89.3

993.6
311.9
202.3
135.6
113.0
70.2
55.2
105.4
192.3
154.0
38.3
478.7
79.3
164.5
234.9
351.7
30.7
228.1
92.9

38.4

36.0

37.9

38.4

985.3
307.7

988.6
308.5

200.1

201.8

134.2
110.7
68.4
61.2
103.0
187.4
150.9
36.5
469.1
77.5
162.3
229.3
345.6
30.1
226.1
89.4

133.3
110.7
64.4
101.9
185.9
150.4
35.5
517.0
109.2
177.6
130.2
346.1
30.1
226.1
89.9

67.8
61.0
100.9
182.8
149.0
33.8
518.4
109.6
178.3
230.5
351.4
30.4
229.6
91.4

183.0
149.4
33.6
521.4
109.2
181.7
230.5
357.8
30.7
234.7
92.4

6 6 .9
5 4 .5
9 8 .8
1 8 2 .5
1 4 9 .1
3 3 .4
5 2 6 .8
1 0 9 .4
1 8 5 .2
2 3 2 .2
3 5 7 .5
31. 0
2 3 5 .4
9 1 .1

35.9

36.7

37.8

39.1

3 8 .4

4,321 4,330 4,335 4,304 4,250
689.8 702.4 706.5 706.9 697.2
600.1 612.7 616.5 616.6 606.7
278.1 255.6 256.4 269.1 277.3
82.9
81.0
82.2
82.2
81.2
109.5 108.3 108.1 108.5 110.1
45.1
44.8
44.2
45.1
43.2
t, 060. 4 [, 055.4 L,061.8 .,041.5 l, 022.8
89.9
89.6
88.3
86.0
84.3
300.7 300.8 297.2 293.3 289.0
270.8 270.7 268.0 264.4 260.6
19.3
19.0
19.3
18.2
19.1
352.0 357.6 352.9 356.4 353.6
971.5 983.2 984.0 973.3 962.5
808.2 821.1 821.9 812.5 803.4
33.4
33.9
34.1
34.1
34.0
118.5 118.4 117.2 115.7
120.1
649.5 655.9 656.5 644.2 629.4
265.8 266.0 269.3 263.8 257.6
155.0 158.2 158.0 155.4 150.6
183.2 185.1 183.1 179.7 177.4
46.6
45.5
46.1
43.8
45.3

W holesale an d retail tra d e _______________ 13, 780 13,676 13,622 13,629 13,675 13,503
Wholesale tra d e _______________________ 3, 594 3, 579 3,608 3,587 3,562 3, 503
M otor vehicles, & autom otive eq u ip ­
m e n t_____________________________
269.7 274.7 274.1 271.9 265.2
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products. .
216.0 216.5 215.4 213.5 211.8
D ry goods and apparel_______________
152.3 153.7 151.9 149.9 147.7
Groceries and related p ro d u cts_______
516.3 520.5 516.3 520.5 506.0
Electrical goods_____________________
284.7 289.3 290.6 288.4 285.1
H ardw are, plum bing, & heating equip­
m e n t_____________________________
158.6 158.9 157.8 157.5 155.6
M achinery, equipm ent, a n d su p p lies...
674.0 677.0 677.1 666.8 657.6
M iscellaneous wholesalers____________
1, 208. 4 1, 218.1 1,213. 9 1,208.1 1,188. 5
R etail tra d e __________________________ 10,186 10,097 10,014 10,042 10,113 10,000
R etail general m erchandise___________
1,990.9 1,938.1 1,943.7 1,958. 2 1,942. 0
D epartm en t stores__________________
1, 259.3 1,225.7 1.236.1 1.246.8 1,229. 6
M ail order houses___________________
119.9 114.4 112.1 112.5 112.7
V ariety stores_______________________
329.3 317.6 316.4 320.5 323.0
Food stores___________________________
1, 579.9 1, 562.3 1,568. 5 1,576. 0 1.581.4
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable stores___
1,399.3 1,383.9 1.389.1 1.392.9 1,397.2
A pparel and accessory stores___________
677.9 655.0 656.3 682.3 675.8
M en’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings..
111.4 114.9 111.4
112.3
W om en’s ready-to-wear stores________
245.4 238.7 239.3 246.2 247.7
Fam ily clothing stores_______________
109.1 110.6 114.5 112.1
110.2
Shoe stores_________________________
139.3 130.2 129.5 135.6 134.1
F u rn itu re and home furnishings s to re s ...
431.3 428.8 429.4 431.1 425.6
F u rn itu re and home furnishings______
277.3 276.3 275.5 275.2 272.1
E ating and drinking places____________
2.197.8 2,198. 4 2,205. 5 2, 226. 8 2.183.4
Other retail tra d e _____________________
3, 219. 5 3, 231.8 3,238. 3 3,238.4 3,191.8
Building m aterials a n d farm equipm ent.
543.4 553.3 554.6 549.5 529.6
A utom otive dealers & service s tatio n s..
1, 537. 2 1, 542.1 1,548. 2 1,533.3 1, 510. 0
M otor vehicle dealers______________
748.1 748.3 750.8 747.0 740.1
Other autom otive
& accessory
dealers__________________________
207.1 210.7 211.6 208.5 204.9
Gasoline service statio n s___________
582.0 583.1 585.8 577.8 565.0
Miscellaneous retail stores___________
1.138.9 1,136. 4 1,135. 5 1,155. 6 1,152. 2
D rug stores and proprietory sto re s.. .
435.8 431.7 431.6 440.3 437.4
F arm and garden supply stores_____
95.2
99.4 102.0
96.1
95.8
Fuel and ice dealers_______________
104.4 102.8 102.9 104.8 104.5

111.0

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

68.0

4,174
695.3
603.6
275.4
80.7

980.1
307.7
199.4
132.2
111.1

4,191
693.4
602.0
276.8
82.2
111.7
41.8

976.3
307.1
203.1
131.6
109.8
67.4
57.1
100.2

9 7 3 .9
3 0 6 .5
2 0 5 .3
1 3 1 .7

110.2

4,175
695.7
603.6
276.2
82.1
111.7
41.5
994.1
86.3
276.4
250.0
18.1
334.2
953.9
796.9
33.6
114.3
625.9
257.1
149.8
176.5
42.5

4 ,1 8 3
6 9 9 .4
6 0 8 .0
2 7 6 .6
8 2 .2
1 1 1 .7
4 2 .1
9 9 8 .9
8 7 .0
2 7 2 .9
2 4 6 .6
1 8 .2
3 4 1 .2
9 5 0 .1
7 9 3 .6
3 3 .3
1 1 4 .2
6 2 5 .7
2 5 7 .1
1 4 9 .8
1 7 6 .3
4 2 .5

13,412 13,332 13,218
3, 499 3,486 3,479

1 3 ,3 3 4
3 ,4 9 1

111.0

42.5
959.6 1, 000.1
80.5
83.9
285.2 281.1
257.5 253.9
18.1
18.1
352.6 335.8
959.4 958.1
802.2 800.7
33.5
33.7
114.2 114.7
628.0 627.2
257.8 257.4
150.1 150.1
176.9 176.8
43.2
42.9

265.4
211.7
147.9
503.0
285.4

264.5
211.4
149.0
501.5
283.5

155.2
653.6
, 188. 2
9,913
, 922.1
, 219.2
113.7
320.7
, 577.1
, 397. 0
667.7

155. 2
641.0
., 188. 7
9,846
, 924.1
,217.5
115.3
323.8
, 576.7
, 395.1
682.7

110.8

244.8

264.9
209.9
147.3
499.7
281.8

2 6 3 .4
2 1 0 .4
1 4 7 .0
5 0 5 .7
2 7 9 .2

154.5
639.9
, 183. 0
9, 739
,886.9
, 197. 7
118.8
310.2
, 576.9
, 395. 7
650.4
111.8 110.9
245.3 235.1

154 8
6 4 3 .7
, 182. 2
9 ,8 4 3
, 984. 2
, 2 6 6 .3
1 3 0 .7
3 1 9 .8
,5 7 1 .0
, 3 9 5 .9
6 7 6 .8
1 1 8 .1
2 4 4 .1
1 1 6 .8
1 2 9 .3
4 2 6 .9
2 7 3 .4
!, 0 4 5 . 8
:, 1 3 8 . 0
5 1 1 .8
, 4 8 7 .8
7 4 1 .7

110.6 112.9 110.8
132.8 140.0 125.9
427.1 427. 5 427.5
272.3 273.3 272.9
!, 150. 4 Ì, 097.7 !, 064. 7
;, 168. 3 1,137.2 1,132.4
524.8 513.4 509.2
,504.3 , 486. 7 , 481. 0
740.5 739.6 739.7

972.5 971.4
305.6 305. C
206.6 206.6
130.5 129. t
112.3 113. C
67. C
67.3
52.3
52.8
97.7
97.3
184.2 185.8
149.7 149.8
34.5
36. C
531.4 529.7
110.0 109.7
185.2 183.0
236.2 237.0
362.3 363.9
31. 5
31.1
239.0 238.4
91.8
94.4
38.9

40.7

14,248 13,603 13,385 13,211 12, 716
3,534 3,512 3, 500 3,438 3,312
264.1
212.2
146.3
522.7
280.1

264.1
212.5
147.0
520.2
277.9

261.4
210.7
145.7
525.1
275.3

261.1
206.9
142.8
511.6
272.0

255.3
198.0
139.4
510.7
256.0

155.7 155.9 156.4 154.5 150.1
641.5 637.4 634.4 623.8 579.4
1,196.4 1,189. 7 1,184.2 1,165. 0 1,122.3
10, 714 10, 091 9,885 9,773 9,404
2, 532.1 2,154. 4 2, 002. 6 1,968.8 1,873.4
1,648.7 1,378. 5 1,272.3 1, 250. 6 1,173.0
155.8 147.4 131.1 124.9 119.5
407.9 346.0 326.0 319.9 312.7
1, 599. 2 1, 570. 0 1, 562. 2 1,538.3 1,468.6
1,415.4 1,394.0 1,388.2 1,365.2 1,296.1
807.4 694.9 672.0 665.5 640.2
143.0 114.7 110.3 111.2 104.9
291.9 256.1 250.4 246.6 237.7
144.6 115.9 109.6 109.6 104.4
148.7 134.1 130.1 129.3 123.9
442.4 432.5 426.0 421.8 409.6
284.3 278.6 273.6 272.0 265.0
2, 085. 7 2, 092. 0 2,104. 7 2,063.8 1,987. 9
3,247.3 3,147.4 3,117.8 3,115.3 3, 023. 7
529.2 529.8 536.3 539.9 539.3
1,500.9 1,489.0 1,478.1 1, 470. 0 1, 424.2
744.5 742.2 737.1 737.8 723.0

201.7 195.7 192.6 195.4 206.3 201.2 197.8 193.3 179.3
562.1 551.4 548.7 550.7 550.1 545.6 543.2 538.9 521.9
1,139. 2 1,137.1 1,142.2 1,138. 4 1,217.2 1,128.6 1,103. 4 1,105. 4 1, 060.3
437.2 436.7 440.5 442.5 463.9 430.2 425.2 420.1 401.0
95.0
95.7
94.4
93.6
94.3
94.7
97.2
105.2 100.9
107.6 113.5 115.9 116.5 115.8 112.5 108.4 109.0 108. 5

75

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

In d u stry

1966

O ct.2 Sept.2 Aug.
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
3,267
B anking_____________________________ _______
C redit agencies other th a n ban k s______________
Savings and loan associations________________
Personal credit in stitu tio n s__________ _______
Security, com m odity brokers, & se rv ic e s.--------Insurance c a rrie rs ...________ _________________
Life insurance______________________________
Accident and health insurance_______________
Fire, m arine, and casualty insurance.. . --------Insurance agents, brokers, a n d service---- ---------Real estate___________________________ _______
Operative builders__________ ____ ___ _______
O ther finance, insurance, & real e s t a t e . . . ---------

3,273
872.6
347.5
100.1
187.3
159.5
964.9
507.8
75.3
342.0
252.6
593.4
42.3
82.1

3,305
882.0
348.4
100.7
187.5
160.6
971.8
510.0
76.2
345.4
255.8
603.3
43.3
83.1

July
3,289
877.6
349.5
101.2
187.9
158.0
962.3
503.4
75.6
343.4
254.4
605.0
42.0
81.9

June
3,253
865.6
345. 9
98.9
187.5
153.1
952.6
500.9
74.0
338.7
252.0
601.4
41.1
82.1

M ay

Apr.

3,202
851.1
341.6
97.0
185.6
149.2
943.0
497.5
72.3
334.9
247.0
588.5
38.8
81.6

3,181
848.0
340.4
96.7
184.9
147.9
939.2
496.3
71.8
333.0
246.2
578.2
37.3
81.5

M ar.
3,157
846.3
339.3
95.8
185.2
146.3
936.1
494.4
71.3
332.4
245.1
562.6
35.6
81.3

Feb.

Jan.

3,133
843.6
337.0
94.9
184.2
143.8
931.4
491.8
69.7
331.6
244.2
552.8
33.6
80.2

3,114
838.2
336.0
95.8
182.6
141.8
923.2
489.5
67.1
328.1
241.1
552.6
33.4
80.6

Dec.
3,125
838.3
336.2
94.6
183.4
142.6
923.2
490.2
66.1
327. 9
243.6
559.8
34.5
80.9

N ov.
3,116
835.4
334.4
94.2
182.3
142.2
917.9
487.6
65.0
326.2
242.0
563.1
35.6
81.0

Services________________________________ 10,208 10,218 10,262 10,265 10,196 10,057 9,963 9,817 9,725 9,643 9,693 9,695
Hotels and other lodging places________
675.0 718.3 817.4 817. 3 733.5 687.8 671.9 647.0 635.9 625. 3 629.7 641.4
643.3 681.7 683.3 656.2 621.6 611.0 590.8 580.5 570.1 572.5 583.1
H otels, to u rist courts, and m otels_____
Personal services______________________ 1, 031. 0 1, 027. 0 1, 026.1 1,030. 5 1, 030. 5 1, 022.1 1, 020. 7 1, 016.2 1, 010. 5 1, 010.1 1, 016.9 1, 022.7
554.4 557.0 563.6 564.0 556.5 556.0 552.8 548.9 550.5 555.7 559.5
Laundries and drycleaning p la n ts____
1,348.8 1,352.1 1,340.3 1,331.6 1,306. 4 1,300.3 1.284.1 1,271.8 1, 268. 6 1, 271. 6 1,260. 7
M iscellaneous business services_________
112.7 112.8 113.5 113.1 112.9 112.5 112.9 112.1 111.5 111.5 111.8
A dvertising_________________________
69.4
70.3
69.4
70.6
71.0
70.1
69.6
69.1
C redit reporting and collection_______
70.9
68.5
68.3
194.3 203.9 202.9 196.8 190.5 183.4 173.9 178.2 180.3 187.8 189.7
M otion p ictures_______________________
53.1
55.4
56.8
55.2
59.5
58.7
M otion picture filming & distributing.
53.5
49.3
47.3
47.3
52.8
141.2 147.1 147.5 143.3 141.2 136.1 126.6 125.4 125.1 128.3 131.0
M otion picture theaters and services.__
2,483.
8
2,493.
5
2,476.
4
2,485. 6
2,453.5 2,400.5 2,383. 5 2.367.1 2,343. 3 2,312.1 2, 290. 2 2, 278.1
M edical and other health services______
1,565. 3 1, 572.3 1,569.5 1,549.7 1,525.3 1.516.1 1.506.6 1,493.3 1,475. 5 1,465.1 1,460.6
H ospitals___________________________
204.4 209.0 208.1 203.8 195.1 195.0 194. 7 194.2 193.5 196.2 195.1
Legal services_________________________
Educational services___________________ 1,108. 8 1,033.9 914.0 928.6 1, 000.4 1,068.5 1.066.1 1,065.4 1, 057.0 1, 046.9 1,048. 7 1,049.5
338.3 295.2 296.6 335.3 346.9 346.4 345.8 345.1 344.5 346.7 346.6
E lem entary and secondary schools........
618.8 546.0 557.6 588.7 614.9 642.9 643.4 636.1 626.1 625.8 626.5
Colleges and universities_____________
516.4 526.5 523.3 515.8 498.7 500.6 501.4 500.7 496.2 491.6 490.2
M iscellaneous services_______ __________
278.9 286.0 284.7 282.7 272.8 270.5 269.8 268.0 266.5 266.8 265.7
Engineering and architectural services.
75.4
75.1
75.0
73.5
73.5
74.6
73.4
73.6
73.6
73.7
N onprofit research agencies__________
73.7
Government_________________
Federal G o v ern m en t4______
Executive_________________
D ep artm en t of D efense___
Post Office D ep artm en t__
O ther agencies__________
Legislative________________
Judicial___________________
State and local g o v e rn m e n t5.
State governm ent__________
S tate education__________
O ther State governm ent.. _
Local governm ent____ _____
Local education__________
O ther local governm ent___

Oct.

1966

1965

3,117
833.2
334.3
94.9
181.3
142.6
915.9
488.0
64.0
324.4
240.4
570.1
38.0
80.8

3,102
823.1
335.0
96.3
180.0
140.7
909.8
486.6
60.1
322.2
239.2
573.2
41.0
80.8

3,023
792.0
326.9
97.1
171.8
129.0
893.4
481.2
54.2
315.8
232.8
568.9
45.8
79.6

9,704 9,545 9,087
665.9 684.6 659.1
604.1 610.1 584. 2
1, 024.2 1,012.9 985.4
562.9 559.1 548.4
1,254.0 1,220.2 1,109.1
112.7 111.9 112.5
68.4
69.0
65.7
191.9 190.2 185.1
56.6
54.0
48.5
135.3 136.2 136.6
2,206.5
2,
079.
5
2,259. 5
1,449.9 1,418.5 1,356.5
194.5 190.3 181.5
1,029.5 968.1 924.6
339.5 325.9 315.6
614. 4 570.8 544.3
487. 8 488.5 449.0
264. 5 264.9 242.4
68.2
73.4
73.3

11,859 11,605 11,240 11,271 11,664 11,604 11,584 11,554 11,474 11,366 11,497 11,339 11,193 10,871 10,091
2, 699 2, 707 2, 784 2,798 2, 766 2,690 2,683 2,669 2,652 2, 643 2,769 2,641 2, 612 2, 564 2, 378
2, 673. 0 2, 749. 0 2,763. 4 2, 731.8 2, 657. 2 2, 650. 3 2, 635. 7 2, 619. 7 2, 609.3 2, 736. 4 2, 608.2 2,579. 3 2, 531.9 2,346.7
1,104. 7 1,135. 5 1,144.1 1,135. 3 1,103.0 1 100.4 1, 098.1 1, 092. 7 1,084.3 1, 076.3 1,071.7 1,057.4 1,023.6 938.5
701.4 715.2 713.7 714.4 697.8 696.9 693.1 689.4 697.2 837.8 706.3 689.6 680.9 614.2
866.9 898.6 905.6 882.1 856.4 853.0 844.5 837.6 827.8 822.3 830.2 832.3 827.3 793.9
25.4
26.2
26.0
26.4
27.0
26.0
28.1
26.9
26.7
26.5
26.4
27.6
28.5
28.5
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
9,160 8,898 8,456 8,473 8,898 8,914 8,901 8,885 8,822 8, 723 8, 728 8.698 8, 581 8,307 7,714
2,291. 6 2,255. 7 2,265. 0 2,347. 5 2, 342. 0 2,340. 8 2,333. 4 2,313.4 2. 289. 8 2, 282. 0 2, 279. 8 2, 250. 6 2,161.9 1,995.9
824.0 751.8 767.7 877.2 920. 0 922.5 918.8 905.8 891.2 891.2 893.0 866.2 782. 6 679. 1
1,467. 6 1, 503. 9 1,497. 3 1,470.3 1, 422. 0 1,418.3 1,414.6 1,407. 6 1, 398. 6 1, 390. 8 1,386.8 1,384. 4 1,379. 3 1,316.8
6,606.1 6,200. 5 6,208. 2 6, 550. 2 6, 572. 4 6,560. 0 6.551.1 6,508.1 6, 433. 0 6,445. 7 6,418. 6 6,330. 3 6,145. 0 5,717.6
3,689. 3 3,196.9 3,208. 3 3, 627. 0 3, 762. 2 3, 771. 4 3.775.1 3, 747. 8 3,693. 7 3, 704. 5 3, 686.9 3, 612.8 3,419.1 3,119.9
2,916.8|3, 003. 6 2,999. 9 2, 923.2 2, 810.2 2,788. 6 2,776. 0 2,760.3 2, 739. 3 2, 741.2 2, 731. 7 2,717.5 2,726. 0 2,597. 7

1
Beginning w ith th e October 1967 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. T h e in d u stry series have been adjusted to March 1966 bench­
m arks (comprehensive counts of em ploym ent). F o r comparable back data,
see E m p lo y m en t and E arnings Statistics for the U nited States, 1909-67 (BLS
B ulletin 1312-5). Statistics from A pril 1966 forward are subject to further
revision w hen new benchm arks become available.
These series are based upon establishm ent reports w hich cover all fulland part-tim e employees in nonagricultural establishm ents who w orked
during, or received pay for any p art of th e pay period which includes th e 12th
of th e m onth. Therefore, persons w ho worked in more th a n 1 establishm ent
during th e reporting period are counted more th a n once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A nnual
average

_____

,

6.2

2 Prelim inary.
3 Beginning January 1965, d ata relate to railroads w ith operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or more.
4 D ata relate to civilian employees who w orked on, or received pay for
the last day of the m onth.
5 State and local governm ent data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source: U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, B ureau of L abor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal G overnm ent, w hich is prepared b y the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and th a t for Class I railroads, w hich is pre­
pared b y th e U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

76

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct.2 S e p t.2
Total p rivate.

Aug.

45,609 45, 713 45, 785

M ining_____________________________
M etal m ining______________________
Iron ores_________________________
Copper ores______________________
Coal m ining_______________________
B itum inous coal and lignite m ining.
Oil and gas ex tractio n .______________
C rude petroleum and n a tu ra l gas fields
Oil and gas field services__________
N onm etallic minerals, except fuels___
Crushed and broken stone________
Contract construction__________________
General building c o n tra c to rs ...._____
H eavy construction contractors______
H ighw ay and street construction___
H eavy construction, nec___________
Special trade contractors_____________
Plum bing, heating, air conditioning..
Painting, paperhanging, decorating. _
Electrical w ork___________________
M asonry, stonework, and plastering.
Roofing and sheet m etal w ork______
Manufacturing..
D urable goods____
N ondurable goods.

455

2,946

462
50.2
23.2
4.7
124.8
118.7
181.6
81.7
99.9
105.3
37.

473
54.5
23.8
7.9
123.9
117.9
188.4
83.6
104.8
106.5
37.9

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan

Dec.

N ov.

Oct

1966

1965

45.4 45, 545 44,782 44,440 44,136 43,895 44, 079 45, 517 45,167 45,157 44,234 42,309
490
74.6
23.8
26.9

476
73
23.3
26.5

472
72.4

121.6

121.8

120.6

115.5
188.6
84.4
104.2
105.3
37.3

115.6
180.5
80.2
100.3
100.3
36.5

114.3
181.8
80.5
101.3
96.8
34.9

482
71.6
22.3
26.1
123.7
117.1
190.1
81.3
108.8
96.6
34.3

22.6

26.6

3,001 3,081 3,033
941.6 968.7 945.9
677.0 698.4 686.6
363.2 375.5 366.1
313.8 322.9 320.5
L, 382.8 L, 413.8 L, 400. 4
313.4 314.5 310.5
133.9 140.4 136.9
219.9 221.7 219.4
208.6 219.5 218.3
100.1 103.3 100.0

2,724 2,603
859.4 832.4
583.4 522.9
296.9 249.1
286.5 273.8
.,281.0 .,248.1
287.1 286.1
121.6 112.3

14,243 14,314 14,261 13,996
8,167 8,205 8,193 8,141
6,076 6,109 6,068 5,855

484
71.6
22.5
25.6
123.5
116.8
188.4
81.5
106.9
100.9
35.7

487
71.4
22.5
25.9
123.3
116.7
188.8
82.0
106.8
103.4
37.0

485
71.8
22.1
26.1
119.7
112.7
194.1
84.5
109.6
99. £
35.3

494
69.8
22.0
24.7
123.7
115.2
201.8
88.4
113.4
99.1
34.9

202.

201.0

204.0
90,

196.2
89.0

2,648 2,828 2,964 2,799 2,710
881.4 919.9 948.
902. C 852.7
502.4 602.4 666.
581.2 560.1
226.4 302.5 352.0 290.2 289.2
276.0 299.9 314.7 291.1 270.9
1, 264. 2 L, 305.3 1,348.1 1.315.2 1,297.2
299.4 304.4 307.9 302.5 298.0
113.1 123.4 135.4 125.5 128.4
204.0 206.4 207.3 201.2 187.6
191.3 199.9 213.5 213.6 217.6
92.4
89.6
95.9
97.0
90.9

14,059 14,104
8,261 8,271
5,798 5,833

14,513 14,619 14,653 14,273 13,434
8, 528 8, 572 8,574 8 ,34£ 7,715
5,985 6,047 6,079 5,925 5,719

Durable goods

157.3 154.6 153.1 149.1 148.0 145.6 145.6 145.6
O rdnance and accessories______________
107.2 105.7 102.5 100.6
110.0
A m m unition, except for sm all arm s__
98.4
98.0
98.5
6.9
7.0
6.
Sighting and fire control eq u ip m en t__
6.7
6.4
6.7
6.6
40.2
40.5
40.4
39.8
O ther ordnance and accessories_______
40.5
40.7
41.2
40.5
518.1 525.6 533.2 531.0 534.2 507.4 502.5 501.5
Lum ber and wood p roducts___________
209.7 213.1 215.6 216. 5 217.
Sawmills and planing m ills__________
212.2
209.
209.
M illw ork, plywood, & related prod­
139.1 140.0 143.3 139.6 140.0 134.2 133.4 131.4
u cts______________________________
31.0
30.9
32.0
32.8
Wooden containers__________________
33.3
32.6
32.3
32.1
67.2
66.5
67.5
65.4
Miscellaneous wood p roducts________
66.1
64.6
67.5
66.9
378.3 376.3 374.6 361.8 371.3 369.0 370.5 375.4
F urniture and fixtures________________
272.7 269.5 268.6 257.9 264.7 264.5 267.4 270.9
Household fu rn itu re________________
29.1
28.8
27.8
Office fu rn itu re ____ : ________________
28.4
27.7
29.0
28.6
36.5
36.4
37.1
Partitions and fixtures_______________
36.7
35.3
35.5
35.5
41.2
41.3
40.1
39.7
O ther furniture and fixtures__________
42.2
40.8
40.0
39.0
507.9 509.7 516.5 513.8 512.4 499.0 495.3 489.6
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
19.8
22.8
23.1
F la t glass__________________________
23.4
25.2
22.8
23.9
108.2 107.8 107.5 107.1 107.9 105.8 105.9 105.8
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
28.5
28.9
29.4
28.3
Cem ent, hydraulic__________________
29.1
28.1
26
28.0
54.4
54.5
56.2
56.5
Structural clay p ro d u cts_____________
56.9
55.2
52.6
54.2
35.3
35.2
34.4
P ottery and related products_________
35.2
34.6
35.6
35.1
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
u cts______________________________
140.6 142.5 144.3 143.8 140.1 134.3 130.
125.2
Other stone & nonm etallic mineral
products_________________________
99.9
99.5 100.2
100.7 102.1 103.0 102.8 102.5
Prim ary m etal industries______________
989.4 , 010.3 , 027.6 , 036. 3 , 061. 0 ,054
, 058. 2 , 073.4
B last furnace and basic steel products.. 486.0 499.9 506.4 509.6 509.6 505.5 507.1 511.2
Iron and steel foundries_____________
177.2 180.6 189.7 177.4 193.6 192.4 192.6 197.0
Nonferrous m etals__________________
48.8
62.8
62.3
62.6
62.4
49.3
63.1
50.7
Nonferrous rolling and draw ing______
149.8 151.3 149.9 156.9 160.6 161.5 162.3 165.7
Nonferrous foundries________________
72.4
75.2
74.2
73.4
72.1
76.9
74.5
73.8
Miscellaneous prim ary m etal products.
55.2
59.2
58.7
60.0
59.3
55.8
57.1
57.2
Fabricated m etal p ro d u cts_____________ 1,031.4 , 033.6 046.0 029.9 , 060.1 , 039. 5 , 039. 6 , 044. 7
M etal cans_________________________
56.5
57.0
55.2
56.5
56.9
58.5
59.0
58.4
C utlery, hand tools, and hardw are___
129.7 128.6 123.6 119.6 125.6 123.0 123.7 124.9
P lum bing and heating, except electric.
58.8
57.5
58.5
57.8
58.7
57.4
57.5
56.6
Fabricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u cts... 289.1 291.7 293.7 293.5 295.5 285.4 284.7 281.2
Screw m achine products, bolts, e tc ___
87.9
88.0
90.0
89.6
88.6
88.0
92.3
90.6
M etal stam pings____________________
170.3 171.3 185.3 176.6 191.8 190.8 188.7 191.2
M etal services, nec______________
72.3
72.2
71.9
71.9
70.3
72.1
70.5
71. 1
Misc. fabricated wire products_______
53.8
52.9
53.2
54.0
52.7
52.5
52.9
55.3
Misc. fabricated metal products______
113.0 113.5 113.4 113.4 114.9 113.0 113.7 115.0
M achinery, except electrical____________ 1,318.9 ,355.9 364.2 365.2 . 386.0 381.2 , 391.9 , 399.2
Engines and tu r b i n e s ..._____________
70.9
70.8
72.1
72.3
70.1
72.1
73.1
72.4
F arm m achinery____________________
101.9 103.5 106.8 112.1 114.5 117.4 118.9
C onstruction and related m a c h in ery ...
154.8 180.7 182.7 184.8 186.8 185.7 187. 1 188.3
Metal working m achinery____________ 255.7 256.5 258.1 259.9 264.3 263.3 266.2 267.9
Special in d u stry m achinery__________
134.3 135.1 136.6 137.1 139.9 140.0 142.7 143.1
General industrial m achinery________
190.1 193.3 194.2 192.1 196.8 193.6 195.3 192.0
Office and com puting m achines______
141.0 143.0 143.2 139.8 135.9 135.9 134.4 137.4
Service in d u stry m achines___________
89.9
90.7
90.6
95.2
92.9
94.4
93.9
93.8
Misc. m achinery, except electrical____
181.7 183.9 183.2 181.7 182.7 181.7 182.6 184.6

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39.6
521.8
215.5

131.3
87.0
5.Î
38.4
530.5
218.8

121.8
80.9
5.6
35.3
535. C
223.4

96.1
64.0
4.9
27.2
532.4
228.0

132.6
32.1
67.9
391.1
283.3
29.3
36.4
42.1
502.6
25.9
107.1
27.7
55.0
36.2

135.8
31.6
68.9
394.1
286.3
29.2
36.3
42.3
515.1
25.9
108.5
29.3
56.7
37.1

140.3
31.8
68.4
392.5
285.5
28.5
36.0
42.5
520.1
25.5
108.2
29.8
58.0
37.2

143.9
31.9
68.2
382.6
280.3
27.2
35.0
40.1
517.5
25.9
107.0
29.2
59.4
36.8

138.8
31.0
63.5
357.4
264.6
23.6
32.4
36.8
504.6
26.1
100.7
29.4
59.0
36.9

129.9

135.5

139.0

137.8

137.2

137.5
90.6

144.4
96.9

141.2
94.1

6.2

6.0

41.3
500.3
209.2

41.1
501.2
209.1

40.9
508.3
210.9

128.8
32.3
67.3
378.9
274.2
29.2
35.4
40.1
483.8
24.7
105.4
25.9
51.3
35.7

129.2
32.4
67.0
381.4
275.5
29.3
36.1
40.5
489.1
25.5
106.1
26.7
51.8
35.5

122.4

124.4
100.1

084.
,093.7
514.4 517.4
205.9
62.5
62.
167.9 169.0
78.2
77.
60.4
60.7
053. 5 , 060. 3
54.1
53.3
128.4 129.8
58.2
57.1
282.9 284.6
92.2
92.4
195. 4 198.3
71.6
71.7
55.5
55. 6
116.0 116.7
397.1 , 398.3
72.9
72.5
117.3 115.4
188.8 190.3
267.2 266.3
143.7 144.1
193.7 198.1
137.0 136.8
92.2
92.7
184.2 182.2
201.8

6.0

134.9
89.3
6. 0

97.7
101.7 102.8 103.4 102.5
, 093. 4 ,095.9 ,099.2 1, 095. 7 1,062.0
517.5 523.4 529.3 530.4 538.4
204.1 204.0 203.9 203.8 194. 6
57.4
60.3
60.3
61.1
61.9
170.4 170.0 169.9 166. 6 151.1
68.3
77.4
76.3
76. f
78.
52.2
58.3
59.0
60.0
60.7
075. 6 081. 3 074.1 1, 050. 2 982. 7
51.2
55.0
54.3
54.0
53.9
131.5 131.4 130.9 127.9 122. 5
60.0
60.4
60.:
60.2
59.6
289.7 292.7 293.1 289.4 270.9
77.4
85.8
88.3
90.3
91.9
203. 4 204.4 201. f 192. 5 180.5
64. 8
74.0
74.2
71.7
72.9
50. 1
55.2
53.9
56.1
55.9
116.8 118.0 115.5 113.7 105. 2
391.5 367.1 366.1 1,344.8 1, 214.8
62.2
68.5
70.7
61.4
67.2
99.0
113.3 109.2 107.4 109.6
191.9 191.3 191.7 190.3 175.6
264.9 261.0 258.6 254.7 229.4
144.2 143.6 143.9 142.2 133.7
198.0 195.7 193.9 191.5 175.8
135.8 134.0 132.7 128.3 112.2
79.4
88.4
89.2
90.9
93.2
183.0 180.0 178.0 171.4 147.5

77

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[ I n th o u s a n d s ]
A nnual
average

1966

1967
In d u stry
O ct.* Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— C ontinued

Electrical equipm ent and supplies--------- 1,289.0 1,276.7 1,283.8 1,247.1 1,247.2 1, 267.4 1, 285.2 1,317. 2 1, 339.4 1,352.3 1, 366.9 1,374.9 1,381. 9 1,316.8 1.140. 5
Electric test & distributing eq u ip m en t. 135.5 136.7 136.7 136.9 138.6 136.7 137.5 136.3 135.2 134.2 135.7 134.5 136.6 130.6 115.6
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s...... ......... 149.7 152.7 155.2 153.5 155.9 155.6 156.6 159.6 161.3 162.4 156.7 154.7 158.4 152.6 134.9
142.6 132.7 137.9 130.7 139.6 136.6 136.4 139.6 142.6 145.7 152.7 149.2 152.5 142.8 129.7
Household appliances.---------------------Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent. 146.8 147.0 146.0 143.4 147.2 147.0 148.7 147.3 149.6 152.4 153.5 152.9 155.2 150.8 134.6
84.6 100.6 103.4 118.0 125.6 134.1 140.1 144.0 141.4 127.1 105.7
123.3 120.8 115.0 104.7
Radio and TV receiving eq u ip m en t---C om m unication equ ip m en t---------------- 254.7 250.0 249.0 247.3 247.4 248.1 248.3 247.9 246.9 235.7 234.6 245.2 242.6 234.5 209.2
245.2
245.5
255.3 267.0 280.0 288.3 296.2 300.4 301.9 303.2 292.4 232.6
253.9
253.9
255.4
Electronic components and accessories.
78.2
86.0
92.5
92.0
91.6
93.2
89.9
88.5
87.3
85.4
88.4
87.5
90.1
82.9
81.0
Misc. electrical equipm ent & su p p lies...
1,374.1
1,360.8 1,375.7 1,382.2 1,386.8 1,430.3 1, 429.8 1,419.9 1,361.0 1, 240.7
1,293.6
1,383.0
1,258.6
1,320.1
1,329.4
T ran sp o rtatio n e q u ip m en t...................... .
584.8 528.5 562.6 643.5 640.7 625.7 648.1 656.2 665.7 699.5 705.5 698.6 668.4 658.9
Motor vehicles and e q u ip m e n t............
A ircraft and p a r ts .-------- ------------------- 504.4 499.6 490.9 493.5 492.6 490.5 489.5 488.9 484.9 484.5 488.7 483.0 472.6 444.7 356.3
Ship and boat building and re p a irin g .. 136.2 137.3 136.4 131.2 141.7 143.4 145.4 140.6 144.2 143.9 143.8 139.2 145.9 146.8 134.3
44.1
49.7
48.6
50.7
50.6
49.0
47.6
46.3
45.2
46.1
44.6
44.3
42.5
40.0
Railroad e q u ip m en t--------------- ------ 47.1
52.5
51.5
43.7
47.6
53. 1
49.3
51.8
54.1
61.1
60.6
55.2
58.4
60.3
O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t...........
276.6
248.1
284.4
285.6
287.5
287.8
287.2
288.
p
282.6
286.8
284.4
286.1
Instru m en ts and related products---------- 284.5 284.4 285.5
41.7
36.8
43.3
44.0
43.7
44.5
44.5
45.0
45.2
45.1
45.2
45.6
45.4
45.6
Engineering & scientific in s tru m e n ts ...
M echanical m easuring & control de­
71.0
65.1
72.7
72.7
72.9
72.2
71.1
71.0
70.4
68.8
69.0
68.7
67.8
67.3
68.8
vices__________ ____ _____ _______
35.0
32.5
36.3
35.6
36.2
36.0
36.5
36.1
36.2
35.9
35.8
35.5
35.6
35.9
35.0
O ptical and ophthalm ic goods— ..........
23.2
24.2
24.3
24.2
24.5
24.3
24.4
24.6
24.2
24.0
23.8
23.6
23.7
23.2
O phthalm ic g o o d s ............. .................
42.7
39.0
43.9
44.1
43.9
44.3
44.3
44.8
44.8
44.5
45.1
44.4
44.2
44.3
43.5
Medical instrum ents and supplies------55.9
48.9
57.9
57.0
58.0
57.3
57.2
56.7
56.7
56.3
57.3
57.5
56.6
56.7
Photographic equipm ent and supplies .
30.2
25.8
31.9
30.7
33.4
32.8
34.0
34.0
33.6
33.5
33.5
33.8
34.7
33.4
Watches, clocks, and w a tc h c a s e s ...---Miscellaneous m anufacturing in d u strie s.. 362.3 357.3 349.8 330.5 342.8 338.3 334.7 329.6 327.9 325.4 343.0 371.0 373.2 346.8 335.5
38.4
36.0
39.5
39.4
40.5
40.3
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.4
39.4
39.1
39.4
40.1
36.0
Jew elry, silverware, and piated w a re ...
97.4
98.2
90.9 113.4 116.1
78.8
80.8
83.7
94.7
97.3
90.1
109.4 104.5
96.4
Toys and sporting g o ods.------- ----------25.4
24.6
25.9
25.4
25.8
25.8
25.6
25.7
25.7
25.8
25.6
24.6
24.6
24.8
Pens, pencils, office and a rt su p p lie s.. .
46.5
48.6
50.8
50.7
46.9
48.8
47.6
46.8
47.0
47.6
47.3
49.9
49.9
45.6
Costum e jewelry and notions------------136.2
131.1
140.9
O ther m anufacturing in d u s trie s ........... 133.8 134.0 131.7 127.7 132.7 131.3 132.1 133.7 134.3 134.9 137.2 140.6
20.5
22.5
23.1
23.2
23.0
22.3
22.4
21.8
20.5
20.2
21.2
19.4
20.7
19.2
Musical instrum ents and p a rts ............
N ondurable goods

1,159.1
Food and k indred pro d u cts...... .................. 1,267.6 1,315.1 1,265. 6 1,216.7 1,183.8 1,132.4 1.114.8 1,116.3 1,113.2 1,131.8 1,181.1 1, 222.4 1, 259. 4 1,180.9
258.7 252.9
M eat p roducts............................. ....... ......... 268.1 268.6 271.1 268.5 263.4 256.3 252.4 256.4 256.7 260.2 268.0 269.7 269.5
131.2
127.3
124.0
122.2
121.2
122.5
120.8
122.3
124.6
132.0
126.5
122.5 126.2 131.5 132.3
D airy p ro d u cts____________ _________
219.7
345.9 288.6 247.9 219.8 197.9 192.8 189.7 186.1 191.0 210.1 240.4 279.4 233.3
Canned, cured, and frozen foods--------89.6
89.1
90.4
87.8
89.2
89.3
88.4
89.2
88.7
93.6
90.1
94.3
94.3
91.7
91.1
G rain m ill p ro d u cts_______ _______ _
166.5
B akery p ro d u cts........................................ 171.2 173.0 173.9 173.3 172.0 167.6 165.1 166.1 165.3 164. 7 166.1 168.2 166.1 165.0
28.7
29.3
40.3
42.7
31.9
36.9
25.4
22.1
20.5
22.6
23.3
22.8
24.8
21.2
Sugar_________________________ _____
62.5
66.1
71.2
74.3
66.0
73.8
64.7
62.8
60.0
60.4
59.9
65.1
71.0
68.1
Confectionery and related p ro d u cts----59.0
118.4
113.8
122.4
120.2
117.7
113.5
112.4
114.8
117.8
119.3
126.6
125.4
127.0
Beverages----- -------- -------------------------- 122.9 123.4
94.1
93.8
96.7
96.9
96.1
94.1
93.4
92.9
92.9
92.2
92.1
92.9
93.2
93.4
94.9
Misc. foods and k indred p ro d u cts------71.5
74.8
82.6
79.4
80.0
76.2
69.5
65.0
63.3
64.1
62.9
78.1
65.1
83.5
87.9
Tobacco m anufactures..................................
32.1
32.0
32.3
32.6
32.7
32.6
32.6
32.6
32.8
32.9
33.8
34.4
34.3
34.0
C igarettes_________ _____ _______ ____
20.4
22.5
20.5
20.4
20.5
20.4
20.1
20.4
20.1
19.7
20.2
20.1
19.6
20.4
C igars................................................... .........
826.7
850.8 849.0 847.0 826.6 849.2 835.0 837.5 841.7 839.7 844.7 854.3 860.9 863. 5 857.1
Textile m ill p ro d u cts--------------------------218.0 210.5
216.5 216.4 212.9 214.9 218.2 216.6 217.0 218.7 218.2 220.4 221.3 220.8 219.5
Weaving mills, c o tto n__________ _____
83.4
87.5
87.9
87.9
87.9
86.4
87.2
85.6
84.8
84.8
85.5
86.0
83.5
86.1
86.6
Weaving mills, sy n th etics.......... ............ .
39.9
39.6
38.1
37.7
37.6
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.9
38.9
39.8
39.1
38.9
38.7
38.2
Weaving and finishing mills, wool------26.2
27.9
28.6
28.9
28.9
28.8
28.5
28.5
28.3
28.4
28.3
28.2
26.5
28.4
28.3
N arrow fabric m ills--------------------------212.7 209.8 205.8
K n ittin g m ills ............................................ 207.1 206.1 208.6 201.0 207.5 202.6 201.0 199.9 195.9 195.2 201.3 208.8
65.4
67.3
67.
1
67.8
67.7
68.5
67.6
67.5
67.1
68.7
64.8
68.2
66.9
67.8
68.1
Textile finishing, except w o o l................
34.0
35.6
36.8
36.8
36.8
35.7
36.1
35.2
34.9
35.7
34.8
37.0
34.7
37.6
Floor covering m ills..................................
101.2
107.7
108.
5
107.9
107.8
104.7 104.2 104.2 102.5 105.3 103.6 103.9 104.8 105.8 107.2
Y arn and thread m ills_______________
60.2
63.8
64.3
64.4
64.1
63.8
62.9
63.1
61.6
60.6
60.1
63.0
57.9
63.4
63.2
Miscellaneous textile goods_____ _____
7 1,243.0 1,205. 6
Apparel and other textile p ro d u cts-------- 1,239.7 1,236.5 1,245.2 1,183.0 1,235.0 1, 223. 6 1.218.8 1,239. 5 1,250. 7 1, 235.2 1,247.7 1,262.8 1,265.
107. 0
109.7
109.2
109.7
110.5
109.9
109.3
108.8
107.5
108.9
109.8
107.1
103.1
106.5
106.1
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats--------319.3
329.0 329.8 333.4 321.0 333.1 329. 5 329.4 331.1 332.0 333.1 334.0 335.7 3 3 7 . a 334.9 373.
M en’s a n d boys’ furnishings_________
0
384.4 378.5 382.9 363.1 376.8 376.3 374.8 385.7 390.2 378.0 377.1 381.8 382. 6 378.7
W om en’s and misses’ outerw ear--------W om en’s and children’s undergar­
114.8 110.6 106.6
112.6
115.0
109.9
111.1
110.5
109.4
107.6
108.1
103.6
107.6
107.7
106.6
m en ts____________________________
25.9
24.9
25. 1
25.4
24.2
26.0
26.4
24.8
20.0
21. C 20.1
21.2
23.1
22.1
Ila ts , caps, a n d m illinery____________
70.2
71.8
71. 5
70.0
71.2
70.9
72.6
69.3
69.9
73.0
71.6
69.7
68.4
70.1
68.0
C hildren’s outerw ear________________
66.1
68.9
73.8
72.9
65.4
69.5
67.3
67.2
66.8
69.1
66.8
65.1
72.5
73.1
F u r goods a n d miscellaneous a p p arel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
136.9
143.5
151.
4
152.3
148.6
u cts_________________ ____ ________ 149.8 150.8 148.9 135.8 144.8 142.3 141.0 142.1 141.8 142.0
530.1 525. 2 519.0 497.7
Paper and allied products--------------------- 533.8 534.7 540.3 534.3 539.5 521.6 522.5 524.1 522.2 522.7 528.5
168. 2
171.9 174. 6 176.9 175.6 176.7 169.0 170.1 169.8 169.7 169.2 170.6 170.5 169. 1 170.0
Paper and pulp m ills________________
54.1
56.4
56. 6
57.4
57.5
57.7
57.
6
57.7
57.5
57.5
58.7
58.6
57.7
57.8
57.3
Paperboard m ills____________________
Miscellaneous converted paper prod­
130.0 129.2 125.8 116.8
129.
4
128.2
128.7
129.
7
129.9
133.0
129.1
134.3
132.0
133.0
132.6
u cts____________________________ _
166.8 158. 6
171.6 169.6 170.5 169.0 171. 1 166.0 165. 0 166.9 166.2 167.6 171.0 172.2 170.3 649.5
Paperboard containers and boxes-------620. 6
675.0 672.3 672.0 670.9 673.1 070. 1 671.7 672.4 667.3 663.0 667.9 663.3 661.3 178.4
Prin tin g and publishing_______________
175.4
180.8
181.2
182.4
178.8
181.1 181.0 180.3 180.8 182.6 182.7 181.4 181.2 179.8
N ewspapers______________ _________
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.8
25.8
25.7
26.0
25.8
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.8
25.9
Periodicals______________
—
50.1
55.3
55
.
a
55.6
56.9
57.9
59.2
59.9
60.0
59.1
58.6
58.4
57.9
56.3
Books_________________ ______ ______
258.9 253.4 241.9
258.9
260.6
259.6
260.1
263.3
262.5
260.8
262.1
261.2
262.9
266.0
269.2
Commercial p rin tin g________________
41. 7
45.3
46.2
46.5
46.3
46.4
46.1
46.9
46.8
46.8
47.7
48.3
48.7
45.7
46.3
Blankbooks and bookbinding------- . .. .
86.3
91.7
94.6
95.5
95.9
94.9
96.0
95.1
95.2
95.4
96.7
96.7
96.4
96.8
96.6
Other publishing & printing industries.
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .

2 8 0 - 2 7 7 0 - 67 - 6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

78

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

587.5
169. 7
134.9
71.7
69.6
3V. 4
33.6
70.6
120.1
91. 8
28. 3
412. 8
76.9
141. 5
194.4
301. 0
26.4
194.7
79. 9

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

578.4
172.9
134.6
68.6
66.5
36.8
35.6
63.4
113.4
90.6
22.8
410.9
77.8
147.3
185.8
310.4
27.0
207.3
76.1

578.4
172.0
136.5
68.2
68.4
37.0
33.9
62.4
115.3
91.2
24. 1
415.5
78.2
147.3
190.0
316.0
27.6
211.1
77.3

578.9
172.
136.8
67.7
69.5
37.3
33.3
62.3
116.6
91.0
25.6
414.6
78.0
145.2
191.4
317.8
27.2
210.5
80.1

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
N ondurable goods—C ontinued

Chemicals an d allied products______
Industrial chemicals______________
Plastics m aterials and synthetics__
D rugs___________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods____
P aints and allied p roducts________
A gricultural chem icals____________
O ther chemical p roducts__________
Petroleum and coal p roducts________
Petroleum refining_______________
Other petroleum and coal products.
R ubber and plastics products, n ec___
Tires and inner tu b e s_____________
Other ru bber p roducts____________
Miscellaneous plastics p roducts____
Leather and leather p roducts________
L eather tanning and finishing________
Footw ear, except ru b b e r____________
Other leather products______________
H andbags and personal leather
goods__________________________
Transportation an d public utilities:
Local and in teru rb an passenger transit:
Local and sub u rb an tra n sp o rta tio n ...
In tercity highw ay tran sp o rtatio n ___
T rucking and w arehousing___________
Public warehousing________________
Pipe line tra n sp o rta tio n _____________
Com m unication_____________________
Telephone com m unication__________
Telegraph communications 3_________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and san itary services_____
Electric companies and system s______
Gas companies and system s__________
C om bination companies and system s..
W ater, steam , & sanitary system s___

—

585.9
169.2
134.4
71.5
70.6
37.7
32.9
69.6
121.4
92.9
28.5
408.1
75.8
141.2
191.1
302.0
26.6
197.0
78.4

590.2
171.9
133.4
71.0
71.4
39.5
32.1
70.9
122.2
93.8
28.4
401.1
73.2
137.9
190.0
306.1
26.9
201.4
77.8

587.3
173. (
131.!
71. (
68.5
39.2
32.2
71.5
121.8
93.9
27.9
353.5
47.8
123.1
182.6
295.4
25.8
195.7
73.9

586. S
174. C
130.9
70.8
68.3
38.8
35.3
68.8
120.8
93.2
27.6
360.5
47.5
125.6
187.4
304.0
26.7
200.1
77.2

584.8
172.5
129.9
70.
66.3
37.5
41.7
66.8
117.2
91.4
25.8
351.5
45.5
124. c
181.7
298.5
26.1
198.4
74.0

589.
173.9
131. C
69.6
66.
37. (
45.2
66.;
116.2
9 i.;
24.!
399.5
77.2
139.;
183.0
299. 1
26.2
198.;
74.6

401.;
77.6
140.2
183.5
304.6
26.4
201. £
76.3

580.0
173. :
132.7
68.5
66.0
36.9
38.1
64.7
113.9
90.8
23. ]
405.2
77.5
143.7
184.0
310. 0
26.7
206.4
76.9

32.8

32.9

30.5

32.5

30.4

31.3

32.5

33.9

33.2

33.8

35.8

35.6

33.6

31.4

78.5
41.2
962.4
78.4
15.8
765.7
642.5
22.8
97.0
562.1
227.1
133.1
161.9
40.0

76.8
41.5
957.8
78.6
16.2
777.5
655.5
23.0
95.6
568.4
227.2
136.3
163.7
41.2

77.0
41. 4
964.1
77. 4
16. 2
778.8
656. 2
23. 3
96.1
569. 0
230. 2
136. 4
161. 7
40. 7

78.0
40.6
946.0
73.8
16.0
769.2
647.7
23.2
95.1
556.9
224.9
133.9
158.1
40.0

77.9
39.5
924.7
75.0
15.1
758.1
638.7
23.1
93.2
543.1
219.0
129.4
156.2
38.5

76.4
38.8
862.4
69.6
15.1
756.3
638.0
23.0
92.1
541.7
219.2
129.0
155.7
37.8

77.9
38.2
905.4
72.9
15.1
755.9
637.2
22.9
92.7
540.9
219.0
128.9
155.6
37.4

77.8
37.8
900.5
75.2
15.1
752.1
634.3
22.9
91.8
539.8
218.5
128.9
155.5
36.9

78.0
38.7
905.6
76.2
15.2
748.9
631.3
22.8
91.7
540.1
218.6
129.1
155.5
36.9

77.7
38.7
937.7
80.3
15.2
748.0
630.1
23.0
91.9
540.8
218.3
129.6
156.1
36.8

77.6
38.6
953.4
84.0
15.3
747.5
629.7
23.0
91.8
539.8
218.3
129.5
155.8
36.2

78.1
38.9
954.4
81.4
15. 4
742.8
624.9
23.1
91.9
541.4
218.5
129.8
156.4
36.7

77.5
38.3
918.5
74.1
15.8
732.5
616.5
22.8
90.5
544.9
218.4
131.7
158.2
36.6

78.1
38.5
878.4
72. 0
16.3
698.1
587.2
22.2
86.7
542.4
214.6
134.5
158.1
35.2

581.2
173. C
128.5
68.7
67.0
37.1
42. (
64.!
113.6
90.2
23.4

577.
572.3
169.7 170.5
136.7 136.4
67.
66.7
70.9
67. C
37.3
37.7
33.8
35.5
61.5
58.7
117. C 115.8
90.5
90.
26.5
25.7
410.7 397.2
77.1
76.0
144.1 141.7
189.5 179.6
316.1 318.4
27.0
27.6
209.3 213.4
79.8
77.3

546.1
166.7
130.8
61.6
64.8
37.1
34.7
50.5
112.9
88.7
24.3
365.9
72.7
135.7
157.5
310. 0
27.5
208.8
73.8

W holesale a n d retail tra d e _______________ 12,260 12,167 12,124 12,132 12,184 12,019 11,937 11,858 11,750 11,874 12,780 12,147 11,941 11,786 11,358
Wholesale tra d e ______________________
3,021 3,012 3,044 3,024 3,004 2, 947 2, 948 2,940 2,935 2,947 2,992 2,974 2,963 2,911 2,814
M otor vehicles & autom otive equip­
m e n t_____________________________
223.5 229.7 229.3 227.3 221.6 221.7 221.2 221.6 220.7 221.5 221.2 218.3 218.8 214.3
Drugs, chemicals, and allied p ro d u cts..
179.0 179.6 178.5 176.7 175.4 175.6 175.2 173.5 173.8 175.9 176.4 174.5 171.1 164.0
D ry goods and apparel_______________
123.4 124.8 123.1 121.5 119.3 120.4 121.6 120.1 119.7 118.8 119.5 118.3 116.0 112.9
Groceries and related p roducts___ ____
450.2 454. 7 450. 7 454.7 441.0 437.7 437.0 435.7 441.7 458.8 457.3 461.2 449.1 450.2
Electrical goods_____________________
232.4 236.9 238. 2 235.6 232.2 232.7 232.5 231.6 229.7 229.6 228.5 225.7 224.0 213.1
H ardw are, plum bing & heating equip­
m e n t_____________________________
134.5 135.1 134.1 133.9 131.8 131.6 131.7 131.1 131.4 132.2 132.5 133.1 131.2 127.8
M achinery, equipm ent, and su p p lies...
567.6 572.0 571.7 566.6 556.2 554.5 543.2 542.6 545.8 545.0 541.0 537.9 529.1 490.8
Miscellaneous w holesalers____________
1,017.2 1,027.2 1,023. 2 1, 017. 7 999.5 1, 000. 7 1,001.4 996.4 994.9 1, Oil. 6 1, 005. 8 1,002.3 986.6 954.0
R etail tra d e __________________________
9,239 9,155 9,080 9,108 9,180 9,072 8,989 8,918 8,815 8,927 9, 788 9,173 8,978 8,876 8,544
R etail general m erchandise...:________
1,830.7 1,780.1 1,786. 7 1,800.9 1, 782.8 1, 763.1 1, 765. 0 l, 728. 4 1,825.8 2,365.1 1,992. 4 1, 842.8 1,810. 7 1, 719. 6
D epartm ent stores_______ _________
1,156.9 1,125.0 1,135.1 1,145. 6 1,127. 7 1,117.6 1,115.8 1, 095. 6 1,164. 4 1, 540. 0 1,275.3 1,169.1 1,149. 6 1, 077. 6
M ail order houses..............._[________
112.1 106.6 104.2 104.8 105.0 105.9 107.5 111.4 123.0 148.2 139.2 123.3 117.3 112.3
V ariety stores_____________________
309.1 297.7 296.7 300.6 302.9 300.3 303.3 289.9 299.3 386.8 325.7 305.8 299.3 292.1
Food stores_________________________
1,462.4 1,445.7 1,451. 5 1,459. 2 1, 466. 7 1, 463. 6 1,462. 0 1,462. 8 1, 458.1 1,487. 2 1,458. 4 1,452.9 1,428.9 1,364.3
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable sto res..
1,293.9 1,279.5 1, 284.1 1,288.2 1,294. 2 1,295.4 1,291.7 1, 293. 2 1, 294. 4 1,314.9 1,293.8 1,290. 0 1,267.1 1, 201. 7
Apparel and accessory stores_________
608.5 586.7 587.9 613.0 606.9 598.1 613.4 582.1 607.6 738.3 626.5 604.5 598.9 577.1
M en’s & boys’ clothing & furnish­
ings------------------------------------ -----99.6
100.7
99.9
99.2
99.6
99.4 106.8 132.1 104.3 100.0 100.7
99.9 103.2
94.6
W om en’s ready-to-wear stores______
220.7 214.9 215.5 222.2 223.6 220.4 221.5 211.6 220.6 268.2 232.4 227.1 223.5 215.6
Fam ily clothing stores_______________
102.2 100.8 102.4 106.3 104.0 102.2 104.9 102.8 108.0 136.3 107.7 101.6 101.6
97.2
Shoe stores______________
122.8 113.8 112.9 118.6 117.4 116.3 123.7 109.5 112.5 131.5 117.0 113.2 112.6 108.2
F u rn itu re and home furnishings stores.
378.4 375.9 376.7 377.2 373.0 375.3 375.5 376.1 376.1 390.7 380.7 374.7 371.0 362.3
F urnitu re and home furnishings____
242.7 242.0 241.5 241.5 238.2 238.6 239.7 239.4 240.5 250.9 245.3 240.7 239.0 234.2
E ating and drinking places___________
2,055. 3 2,056. 3 2,062.3 2, 083. 2 2, 039.1 2, 006. 6 !, 958.1 l, 926. 3 l, 907. 7 ., 944. 0 1,949. 2 1,966. 5 1,926.6 1,852.9
Other retail tra d e ___________________
2,819.9 2,834.8 2,842.7 2,846.9 2,803.1 2, 782.4 2,743. 8 2, 739.3 2, 751.9 2, 862.9 2, 765. 3 2, 736. 5 2,739. 2 2,668. 0
Building m aterials and farm equip­
m e n t___________________________
466.1 477.1 477.6 472.4 453.2 448.5 437.6 431.9 435.5 452.9 454.7 460.9 464.5 464.9
M otor vehicle dealers___________ I
633.6 634.4 637.1 633.9 627.5 628.7 627.3 628.1 631.6 635.0 632.9 628.8 631.1 623.5
Other autom otive & accessory
dealers________________________
178.2 181.6 182.8 179.8 176.2 172.9 167.4 165.0 168.0 179.6 174.5 170.9 167.6 155.8
D rug stores and proprietory stores__
395.4 392.0 391.4 401.3 398.6 398.9 398.7 402.8 405.7 426.4 393.6 388.0 382.7 366.3
Fuel and ice dealers_______________ ------- 1 90.0
88.3
88.3
90.5
90.1
93.2
99.0 101.6 102.2 101.4
97.9
94.2
94.8
95.6
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


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79

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

In d u stry
O c t.2 Sept.2 Aug.
Finance insurance, and real estate *
Banking
_ ___
C redit agencies other th a n b an k s____
Pavings and loan associations
Security, com m odity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers
_____
Jy1fe. insurance
Accident and health insurance
Fire marine and casualty insurance. _ _
Services:
H otels a n d other lodging places:
TTntels tnnrist. courts, and motels.
__
Personal services:
J,arm dries and drycleaning p lan ts. ____
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming & d istrib u tin g .

2,595

July

June

M ay

A pr.

2,603
726.4
275.4
80.2
139.7
677.4
294.4
65.6
284.6

2,640
736.3
276.7
80.8
141.2
685.3
296.8
66.5
288.9

2,624
732.0
277.9
81.2
139.0
676.5
290.4
66.1
287.1

2,589
720.1
274.1
79.1
134.0
668.1
288.0
64.7
283.3

2,544
706.8
271.3
77.4
130.2
660.9
286.1
63.3
279.9

2,527
704.1
269.9
77.1
129.0
659.5
286.8
62.8
278.6

598.8

635.9

637.7

613.3

580.5

503.3

505.7

511.9

511.7

504.8

31.9

34.0

34.4

33.8

31.3

i For com parability of data w ith those published in issues prior to October
1967, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
F or m in in g ’ and m anufacturing, d ata refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Transportation and public utilities,
and services are included in to tal private b u t are not shown separately in this
table.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory w orkers (including leadm en and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, m aintenance, repair, janitorial, and w atchm en
services, product developm ent, auxiliary production for p la n t’s own use
(e.g., pow erplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
w ith th e above production operations.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

2,486
694.4
265.4
76.1
125. 7
643.2
282.3
55.7
272.4

2,478
686.4
267.1
77.8
123.8
640.7
282.9
51.9
271.7

2,426
663.5
263.4
79.7
113.9
634.0
282.9
46.3
269.2

2,507
702. 7
268.8
76.3
127.7
656.9
285.0
62.2
278. 5

2,487
7Ó0.5
266.8
75.5
125.5
654.5
283.7
60.9
278.4

2,472
696.6
266.2
76.6
123.4
647.8
282.8
58.3
274.9

2,490
699.0
267.0
75.7
125.1
649.9
284.2
57.8
275.5

2,485
696.9
265.5
75.4
125.0
645.1
282.5
56.6
273.7

570.0

549.7

540.9

531.9

534.7

546.1

565. 7

571.1

546.8

503.7

499.9

496.8

498.0

503.1

506.3

509.5

505.2

492.0

29.8

31.0

31.6

34.0

37.2

36.5

35.4

33.5

30.4

Construction workers include working foremen, journeym en, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new w ork, alterations, demolition,
repair, and m aintenance, etc., at the site of construction or w orking in shop
or yards a t jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
b y members of th e construction trades.
N onsupervisory workers include employees (not above th e working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairm en, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
w atchm en, and similar occupational levels, a nd other employees whose
services are closely associated w ith those of the employees listed.
2 Prelim inary.
3 D ata relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
« Nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsupervisory count for all series in
this division.

CAUTION
The series on employment, hours, earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments
have been adjusted to March 1966 benchmarks and are not comparable with those published in the
Monthly Labor Review prior to the October 1967 issue, nor with those for periods after April 1965
appearing in the H an dbook o f L abor S ta tis tic s , 1967. (See footnote 1, table A-9, and “BLS Estab­
lishment Employment Estimates Revised to March 1966 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the Sep­
tember 1967 issue of E m p lo y m e n t an d E arnings a n d M o n th ly R ep o rt on th e L abor Force.)
Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue
should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable historical
data appear in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings S ta tis tic s for th e U n ited S ta te s , 1909-67 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-5).
., ,
Beginning with the October 1967 issue of the Monthly LaJor Review, industry titles have been
changed, as necessary, to conform to the Bureau of the Budget’s Standard list of short SIC titles
definitions are unchanged.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

80

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

Table A - l l .

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1967

In d u stry division and group
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

Total employees______ ____ __________
Mining............. ............ ...................
Contract construction_________________
Manufacturing............................................

July

June

1966

May

A pr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

66,165 66,047 66,190 65,939 65,903 65, 639 65, 653 65,749 65, 692 65,564 65,251

Nov.

Oct.

65,014 64,694

595

599

606

623

619

617

620

624

624

625

623

621

623

3,224

3,235

3,223

3,231

3,187

3,192

3, 276

3,313

3,352

3,311

3,291

3,241

3, 239

Finance, insurance, and real estate_______

19,166 19,153 19,318 19.169 19, 285 19, 238 19,331 19, 445 19, 507 19, 558 19, 526 19, 498 19,422
11,151 11,163 11,351 11,218 11, 285 11, 283 11,322 11,434 11, 482 11, 507 11, 496 11, 485 11, 457
301
299
297
292
290
286
288
286
283
277
272
270
267
589
586
585
585
590
584
592
602
603
607
596
598
599
452
451
451
447
452
453
455
459
465
466
469
469
466
630
622
626
625
626
624
628
638
640
642
640
640
640
1,266 1,265 1,281 1,280 1,295 1, 299 1,305 1,332 1,348 1,362 1, 364 1,369 1,370
1,328 1,329 1,356 1,350 1,357 1,348 1,354 1,364 1,372 1,374 1,374 1,372 L 364
1,932 1,962 1,976 1,969 1, 972 1, 972 1,979 1,984 1,984 1,988 1,978 1,968 1,959
1,893 1,883 1,916 1,889 1,872 1,904 1,916 1,947 1,959 1,958 1,955 1,956 1, 956
1,882 1,887 1,980 1,896 1,947 1,927 1, 916 1,932 1,938 1,938 1,959 1,959 1,955
453
452
456
455
454
454
456
456
454
453
451
446
'445
425
427
427
430
430
432
433
434
436
442
438
438
436
8,015 7,990 7,967 7,951 8,000 7,955 8,009 8, 011 8,025 8, 051 8,030 8,013 7,965
1,780 1,780 1,751 1,790 1,806 1,797 1,800 1,803 1,798 1,795 1,795 1,793 1, 769
83
81
85
89
87
86
86
84
85
89
84
86
79
952
949
946
940
948
941
945
952
954
963
962
962
963
1,382 1,375 1,381 1,376 1,396 1, 395 1,390 1, 384 1,401 1,414 1,411 1,408 1, 404
685
681
689
687
688
679
680
684
681
680
679
678
673
1,067 1,065 1,067 1,066 1,066 1, 064 1,063 1,065 1,056 1, 053 1,044 1,041 1,037
999
989
992
992
990
982
984
981
984
983
978
'976
973
191
191
191
190
189
187
187
186
187
187
187
187
186
527
479
521
527
479
472
520
521
523
527
527
523
519
349
342
349
347
351
352
354
351
356
360
361
361
362
4,256 4,266 4,283 4,292 4, 266 4,267 4,212 4,246 4,247 4,242 4, 218 4, 212 4,190
13,748 13,706 13,664 13,647 13, 648 13, 609 13, 572 13, 557 13,541 13, 515 13, 416 13, 406 13,354
3, 562 3,558 3,569 3, 555 3, 555 3, 549 3,545 3, 535 3,521 3, 512 3,496 3, 484 3, 469
10,186 10,148 10,095 10,092 10, 093 10, 060 10, 027 10, 022 10, 020 10,003 9, 920 9,922 9,885
3,270 3,263 3,253 3,234 3,227 3,205 3,194 3,179 3,165 3,152 3,144 3,132 3,120

Services...................... ....... .......... ........ .....

10,177 10,167 10,130 10,074 10, 035

Durable goods....................... ...................
Ordnance and accessories______ ____
Lumber and wood products..... .........
Furniture and fixtures.___ ________
Stone, clay, and glass products........ .
Primary metal industries........... ..........
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery, except electrical............... .
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment_________
Instruments and related products....... .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
N ondurable goods....................................
Food and kindred products.... ..............
Tobacco manufactures.... ....................
Textile mill products______________
Apparel and other textile products___
Paper and allied products...___ ____
Printing and publishing................... .
Chemicals and allied products..........
Petroleum and coal products________
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products................
Transportation and public utilities_______
Wholesale and retail trade______________
Wholesale trade.......................................
Retail trade______________ ___

Government....................................
Federal____________ ______ ____
State and local____ ______ ______ YYYYY.
1 F or coverage of th e series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
2 Prelim inary.


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9,987 9,973 9,946 9,883 9,840 9,781 9,744 9, 675
11,729 11,658 11,713 11,669 11, 636 11, 524 11, 475 11,439 11,373 11,321 11, 252 11,160 11, 071
2,704 2,715 2,746 2, 759 2,747 2,698 2,688 2,685 2,673 2, 667 2,653 2,616 2, 617
9,025 8,943 8,967 8,910 8,889 8, 826 8,787 8,754 8,700 8, 654 8,599 8,544 8; 454
N o t e : T h e seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in appendix A,
B L S Handbook o f Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS B ulletin 1458, 1966).

81

A —LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-12.

Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 79.

[In thousands]
1966

1967
Major in d u stry group
O ct.2 S ep t.2 Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

14,434
arm far,turing
___
_ __ __
-— - 14,026 14,025 14,191 14,056 14,170 14,147 14,233 14,358 14,436 14,506 14,495 14,490
D urable goods
_____
__ _
___ 8,083 8,113 8,299 8,170 8,240 8,254 8,286 8,407 8,459 8,502 8,501 8,505 8,488
130
133
136
143
140
146
147
149
147
151
154
155
156
O rdnance and accessories. _
--- -- -----521
522
524
63U
519
514
525
512
507
509
508
509
510
L u m b er and wood products _
_
_ _
389
386
389
384
385
374
379
375
371
366
369
370
372
____
F u rn itu re and fixtures
_
_
512
512
513
509
512
509
499
495
498
494
497
498
500
Stone clay and glass products
_ __
1,005 1,007 1,024 1,023 1,037 1,042 1,049 1,073 1,091 1,106 1,109 1,116 1,117
P rim ary m etal industries
__ ___
1,062
1,069
1,069
1,068
1,065
1,059
1,041
1,046
1,048
1,019 1,023 1,048 1,041
Fabricated m etal products
_____
__
__
1,332 1,363 1,375 1,368 1,372 1,373 1,380 1,388 1,392 1,398 1,390 1,384 1,380
M achinery except electrical
_
__ __
1,265 1,264 1,290 1,265 1,251 1,284 1,298 1,332 1,345 1,348 1,347 1,352 1,356
Electrical equipm ent and supplies _
T ransportation equipm ent
_ _ ___
__ _ 1,304 1,312 1,410 1,326 1,377 1,361 1,347 1,363 1,371 1,373 1,394 1,396 1,393
284
283
286
288
289
289
289
287
285
285
285
281
284
In stru m en ts and related products __
________
347
349
349
353
344
347
342
343
340
339
337
336
336
Miscellaneous m anufacturing industries _ _
_
5,943 5,912 5,892 5,886 5,930 5,893 5,947 5,951 5,977 6,004 5,994 5,985 5,946
N ondurable goods
__
_
1,182 1,178 1,148 1,185 1,201 1,196 1,195 1,200 1,197 1,196 1,195 1,195 1,174
____ _
___ Food and kindred products
67
72
74
77
72
73
73
74
75
76
72
69
71
Tobacco m anufactures
_
__
_ _ _
858
856
856°
848
856
845
838
841
835
834
839
842
845
Textile mill products
__ _
1,223 1,218 1,223 1,220 1,239 1,235 1,232 1,226 1,243 1,254 1,252 1,252 1,248
Apparel and ot-ber textile products _ _ _ _
522
526
527
527
529
531
525
526
535
536
534
528
530
P aper and allied products
______
660
658
663
668
670
674
672
673
673
674
669
673
672
P rin tin g and publishing
__ _
__ -- -- __
584
581
584
585
585
580
583
583
580
585
584
585
592
__
nhem ieals and allied products
_ ___
116
117
118
117
117
118
116
117
119
119
118
119
119
Petroleum and coal products
___
____
406
408
411
411
406
402
403
354
362
362
401
405
408
R u b b er and plastics products, nec
_ __ __ -- 315
316
313
314
304
309
305
307
302
295
300
299
301
Feath er and leather products
_ _ _ _ _
1 F o r definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Prelim inary.


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N ote: T he seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in appendix A,
B L S H andbook o f Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS B ulletin 1458,1966).

82

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
T able

A-13. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All item s except average benefit am ounts are in thousands]
1967

Item
Sept.
E m ploym ent service:1
New applications for w ork____ _ _____
N onfarm placem ents_______ _________

820
558

Aug.

881
552

Ju ly

967
487

June

1,335
537

M ay

974
507

1966
Apr.

859
476

Mar.

887
460

Feb.

853
407

Jan.

966
440

Dec.

721
420

N ov.

794
513

Oct.

819
592

Sept.

801
619

State unem ploym ent insurance programs:
Initial claims 3 4_______ ._ _ _______
663
872
1,218
803
848
1,005
1,061
1,087
1,346
1,280
915
709
626
Insured u n em p lo y m e n t5 (average weekly
volume) 6 __________
_ ... _
1,184
894
1,059
1,019
1,142
1,532
1,360
1,582
1,558
1,254
903
753
755
R ate of insured u n em p lo y m e n t7________
2.4
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.9
1.9
3.3
3.4
10
3.3
1 fi
2 7
Weeks of unem ploym ent c o m p e n sa te d ...
3,186
4,663
4,351
3,808
4,071
4,977
6,323
5,398
5,615
2,960
3,971
2, 476
2,817
Average weekly benefit am ount for total
____
u n e m p lo y m e n t___________
$40.10 $41. 08 $40.10 $39.99 $40.99 $41.81 $42.07 $41.97 $41. 73 $41.39 $40.57 $39.84 $39. 68
T otal benefits p a id ________ _
_____ $122,614 $172,807 $147,307 $156,083 $183,645 $200, 588 $257,488 $219,480 $224,787 $157, 566 $114,814 $93,697 $106, 548
U nem ploym ent compensation for ex-service­
m en: 8 8
Initial claims 3 8___ . . . _________ ____
18
21
22
14
17
14
16
15
19
15
17
13
12
Insured unem ploym ent » (average weekly
volum e)__________
___________
24
22
19
25
19
24
21
25
25
21
16
14
15
Weeks of unem ploym ent co m p e n sa te d ...
88
75
106
82
81
101
85
93
96
72
59
51
63
T otal benefits p a id _____
_________
$3, 715 $4,443 $3,126 $3,471 $3,404 $3, 576 $4,199 $3,878 $3,963 $2,973 $2,450 $2,117 $2, 561
U nem ploym ent compensation for Federal
civilian em ployees:810
Initial claims 3___ _
_____
9
9
12
9
9
8
7
8
9
15
10
9
9
Insured u n em p lo y m en t8 (average weekly
volum e)_____ _________
18
19
20
18
18
22
19
24
23
20
17
16
16
Weeks of unem ploym ent com pensated__
73
87
67
81
78
103
81
87
91
75
67
60
67
T otal benefits p a i d .. .
.
. .. .. .
$3,043 $3, 581 $2, 752 $3,370 $3,237 $3,354 $4,192 $3,728 $3,581 $3,045 $2,752 $2, 466 $2,731
Railroad unem ploym ent insurance:
A pplications 11______________
______
21
15
12
3
5
15
4
7
7
6
11
6
6
Insured unem ploym ent (average weekly
volum e)_______ _ _ ___ _
___
21
18
17
14
23
17
20
24
25
19
16
18
16
N um ber of paym ents 12______ _______ _
46
32
42
45
36
57
44
53
48
40
34
38
36
Average am ount of benefit p a y m e n tIs. . .
$66.68 $74. 31 $73. 45 $73.44 $71.29 $74.10 $77.16 $75.54 $72.95 $76.70 $73.80 $71.99 $72. 07
T otal benefits paid 14_ ______ _ . . . . . . $2,910 $3,181 $2,069 $2,478 $2,812 $3,013 $4,233 $3,784 $3,499 $2,858 $2, 550 $2,126 $2,422
All program s:18
Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t8___ _________
1,122
955
1,246
1,602
1,070
1,196
1,422
1,654
1,631
1,313
955
799
802
1 Includes d ata for Puerto Rico beginning Jan u ary 1961 when the Common­
w ealth’s program became p a rt of the Federal-State U I system.
2 Includes G uam and the Virgin Islands.
* Initial claims are notices filed b y workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unem ploym ent. Excludes transitions claims under State programs.
4 Includes in terstate claims for th e V irgin Islands.
s N um ber of workers reporting the completion of a t least 1 week of unem ­
ploym ent.
8 Initial claims and State insured unem ploym ent include d ata under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers. a
7 T he rate is the num ber of insured unem ployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered em ploym ent in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes d ata on claims and paym ents made jointly w ith other programs.
8 Includes th e Virgin Islands.
10 Excludes data on claims and paym ents made jointly w ith State programs.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker a t the beginning
of his first period of unem ploym ent in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
>2 Paym ents are for unem ploym ent in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average am ount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpaym ents or settlem ent of underpaym ents.
14A djusted for recovery of overpaym ents and settlem ent of underpaym ents.
15 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unem ploym ent under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C F E programs and the Railroad U nem ploym ent
Insurance Act.
S ource: U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of E m ploym ent Security for
all item s except railroad unem ploym ent insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad R etirem ent Board.

83

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
[Per 100 employees]
A nnual
average

1966

1967
Major industry group
Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

May

A pr.

Mar.

Feb.

1965

Sept.

1966

5.1

6.0

5.0

4.3

5.1

4.9

4.8
3.8
6.7
6.6
4.5

4.1
2.9
6.0
5. 5
4. 0

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

4.3

2.9

h

4 6

3.9
4. 8

4 .1
3.8
6 .4
5.3
3.7
3.2
4 .7
3.6
3.8
4 .0
3.5
6 .2

2.7
2.2
3.6
3.4
2.3
2.3
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.3
3.0

3.8
3.7
4.5
5.6
3.1
2.8
4.4
3.2
3.7
3.8
3.0
5.5

4.8
4.7
5.9
7.4
3.9
3.3
5.4
3.9
5.1
5.1
3.9
8.2

5.9
4.4
6.8
8.5
4.5
3.8
6.2
4.2
5.5

5.4
7.6
6.2
5.2
5.8
4.4
4.1
2.7
1.9
6.0
6.2

6 .3
9.2
7.2

3.0
2.0

Jan.

Accessions: T otal
5.4

4-2

4-3

4.6
4. ¿

4.4
3.7
6.9
7.3
4.4
3.3
5.2
3.1
4.1
4.7
3.3
7.2

4.8
4.3
6.5
7.7
5.1
3.3
5.7
3.0
4.5
5.7
3.5
7.4

4.1

5.5

4.3

3.7

3.7

3.5
6 .0
6 .7
4 .7
2.9
5.0
2.9
3.8
4 .1
3.0
6 .3

5.0
9 .2
6 .4
6 .9
4 .6
6 .1
4 .3
4 .7
5.5
4 .9
7.2

3 .1
8 .3
5.3
5.4
3.2

2.8
7.0
4 .5
5.0
2.6
4 .5
2.7
2.9
3.7
2.9
6 .0

2.7
6 .5
4 .9
4 .7
2.7
4 .4
2.9
3.0
3.9
3.0
5 .8

N ondurable goods................ . ................
Foods and kindred products............
Tobacco m anufactures___________
Textile m ill p ro d u cts....................- - A pparel and other textile products.
Paper and allied products________
Prin tin g .an d publishing--------------Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts-----Petroleum and coal products-------R ubber and plastics products, nec.
L eather and leather p ro d u cts-------N onm anuf acturing :
Metal m in in g____
Coal m in in g..........

4.6

3.9

5.1

Seasonally adjusted .

D urable goods....................... - ----------------Ordnance and accessories____________
L um ber and wood p ro d u cts-------------F u rn itu re and fixtures---------------------Stone, clay, and glass products----------P rim ary m etal in d u stries_. _------------F abricated m etal p ro d u cts---------------M achinery, except electrical..................
Electrical equipm ent and supplies-----T ransportation equipm ent------- -----In stru m en ts and related products------Miscellaneous m anufacturing industries

5.9

3.9

M anufacturing-----------

5.1
3.0
3.3
4 .9
2.9
6 .3

3.6
3.4
2.9
5.4
4.5
3.7
2.6
4.0
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.9
5.1

6.8
3.6
3.4
2.6
2.3
5.7
7.7

6 .5
9.5
5.9
5.7
6 .2
6 .1
5.1
4 .5
4 .6
7 .1
6 .4

5.1
7.0
5.4
5.4
5 .9
3.9
3.6
2.8
2.7
5.3
5.7

4 .3
5.6
2.9
4 .8
5 .1
3.3
3 .1
2.5
2.6
4 .3
5.0

4 .2
5 .1
2.8
4 .7
5.0
3.3
3.5
2.7
2.0
4 .3
4 .8

3.8
4.3
3.2
4.1
5.0
2.9
3.3
2.4
1.6
4.1
4.7

4 .5
5.0
3.7
4 .7
6 .3
3.4
3.7
2.4
1.5
4 .6
7.0

3 .1
4 .1
7.0
2.9
3.4
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.1
3.2
4 .1

4.2
5.3
5.9
4.2
4.9
3.4
3.3
2.2
1.4
4.9
5.3

2.8
1.7

6 .5
1.7

4 .0
1.6

4 .7
1.8

3.4
1.4

3.0
1.5

4 .6
2.3

3.0
1.4

2.8
1.7

6.0
10.3
5.1
5.6
5.7
4.0
3.8
2. 7
2.3
5. 4
6.5

6.2
9.7
15.0
6.0
6.8
4.1
3.7
2.4
2.8
6.1
6.2

5.5
7.7
9 .6
5.3

3. 6
1.7

2.9
2.1

8 .4
4 .1
9 .2

5.9
6 .7
4 .8
4 .8
3.0
2.0
6 .9

3.7

2.9

5.3

4.6

3.9
4 .7

3.3
3.9
4 .7
3.2

5.3
3.8
6 .9

V 6.3

4.0

4.6
6.1
6.1
4.3
5.8
3.2

3.8
2.9
2.1

3.2
2.4
1.8

5.2
6 .9

6.4
5.1
6 .1

5.5

4.4
5.4

6.6

6 .3

3.0
1.8

3.5
1.7

3.2

4.7

3.8

3 .1

3.8
3.2

3.0

1.7

Accessions: N ew hires
2.7

3.0

2.1

3.1

4.1

3.3

4 .5

S .l

3.1

3.0

3 .3

3.3

3.1

3.3

3.4.

3 .6

3.6

3.7

3 .9

3 .7

D urable g o o d s ------ ---------------------O rdnance and accessories------ ------ ..
L um ber and wood p ro d u c ts ........... .
F u rn itu re and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products-------Prim ary m etal in d u stries__________
F abricated m etal p ro d u c ts.................
M achinery, except electrical________
Electrical equipm ent and supplies. ..
T ransportation e q u ip m en t- ...........Industries and related products------Miscellaneous m anufacturing industries.

3. 5
3.2
5.7
6.3
3. 6
2.3
4.3
2.5
3 1
3. 4
2.8
6.3

3.5
3.5
5.7
6.3
4.0
2.3
4.5
2.3
3.0
3.6
3.0
6.2

2.9
2.9
5.3
5.1
3.6
1.7
3.4
2.1
2.4
2.7
2. 6
4.2

4.1
4.3
7.8
5.3
5.4
3.1
4.9
3.4
3.3
3.7
4.2
5.6

3.0
2.6
6.5
4.3
4.0
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.4
4.7

2.6
2.3
5.5
3.8
3.3
1.5
3.3
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.4
4.1

2.7
2.2
4 .8
4 .2
2.9
1.7
3.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.6
4 .0

2.5
2.5
3.9
3.8
2.2
1.7
3.1
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.6
3.8

2.9
3.1
4.2
4.5
2.3
2.0
3.5
3.0
2.8
2.1
3.0
3.9

2.1
1.8
2.9
3.0
1.6
1.5
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.0
2.5

3.1
3.1
3.8
5.1
2.5
2.1
3.7
2.7
3.1
2.8
2.7
4.9

4.1
4.1
5.2
6.8
3.3
2.7
4.6
3.3
4.3
3.9
3.5
7.5

4.5
3.8
6.1
7.6
3.8
3.2
5.4

N ondurable goods------------- -----------Food and kindred products_______
Tobacco m anufacturing---------------Textile m ill p ro d u cts______ ______
A pparel and other textile p ro d u cts.
Paper and allied products------------Prin tin g and p u b lish in g --------------Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts-----Petroleum a n d coal products........
R u b b er and plastics products, nec.
Leather and leather p ro d u cts--------

4. 6
7. 6
3.1
4. 6

4.7
7.4
11.1
4.7
4.6
3.6
3.1
1.9

5.1
7.4
3.8
4.6
4.2
5.1
4.2
3.7
3.9

3.1
3.4
1.7
3.5
3.5
2.8
2.8
2.1

2.3
2.8
3.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.2

3.3
3.9
4.6
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.8

4.2
5. 5
4. 4

1 .5
3 .3

1 .4
.9
2 .6

1 .8
1 .2

2 .3

2 .0
3 .3

2.8
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.4
2.4
2.7
1.9
1.3
3.2

3.2
3.4
2.6
3.5
4.0
2.8
3.0
1.9

5.0
4.7

4.9

3.7
5.1
2.8
4.2
3.6
3.3
2.9
2.2
2.4
4.0
3.9

3.2
4.0
1.9
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.1

4.7

3.9
5.9
5.1
3.7
3.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
2 .1
4.0
4.6

3.1

3.2

3 .3

N onm anufacturing :
Metal m in in g _____________ ________
Coal m in in g .......... .............. ..................

28

2 .1

2 .1
1.1

5.1

2.7

2.4

2.3

1 .2

1 .1

2 .1
1 .0

M anufacturing_______
Seasonally adjusted.

See footnotes a t end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4.0

4 2

3. 5
3.2
2.3

2. 0

4. 6

l i

4.0

2. 6

1.3

6 .0

3.3

2.8

11

2.8

.9

1.1

3.5
4.8

3.1

2.7

2.0

1.2

1 .0

4.1
4.1
2 .0
1.1

4 .1
4 .3
4 .0

3. 5

3.7
4 .7
4 .1
3.7
8 .2
5.0
7 .1

4.9
4.9
5.0
4.4
4.1

5.7
5.9 *
3. 5
2.7
4.3
3.3
3.8
3.4

3.4
5.5
4 .0

5.0
3.7
4.1
4.2
3. 5
3.2
2.4
1.7

3.2

4.1
3.3
3.3
3.7
2.5
2.6

4. 6

1 .9
1 .4
3 .4

4.8

3.9
2 .2
.9

4 .8

2. 6
1 .8
6 .1
5 .3

2.3

2.5

2.5

1 .3

1.2

1 .1

1 .7
5 .3

1.8
4.7
4.6
2.7
2.0
3. 5
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.6
4. 5

84

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

Major in d u stry group
Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

A pr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

6.6

4.6

4.1

6.1

4.4

3.8
2. 5

1965

Separations: T otal
M anufacturing_________________________
Seasonally adjusted . . _ _____________
D urable goods- . . . _____ _ ________
Ordnance and accessories.
. . . ___
L um ber and wood products_____ ___
F u rn itu re and f i x t u r e s . . _____ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products__ ____
P rim ary m etal industries____ _____
Fabricated m etal products.- ____ __
M achinery, except electrical.. _ ____
Electrical equipm ent and supplies___
T ransportation equipm ent- .
............
Instru m en ts and related products____
Miscellaneous m anufacturing in_____ ______
dustries_______
N ondurable goods__
_____ _ _____
Food and kindred products
Tobacco m a n u fa c tu re s... _ . . . . . . . .
Textile m ill p ro d u c ts ..s _____________
A pparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products________ . .
P rinting and publishing_________ .
Chemicals and allied p roducts_______
Petroleum and coal products___ ___
R ubber and plastics products, nec____
L eather and leather products_______ _
N onm anufacturing:
Metal m ining_________ ______ . . .
Coal m in in g ____________________ . .

6.2

5.3

4.8

4.3

4.7

4-3

4-4

4 .8

5.6
4.2
8.5
7.6

4.9
3.6

4.7

8.2

2.8

4.1
2.9
5.9
5.6
4.6
3.2
5.3
3.5
3.4
4.3
3.0

5.9
5.8
4.3
3.1
5.2
3.4
3.3

4.2
4.6
3.9

2.8

6.5
5.8
4.2
3.1
4.5
3.1
3.7
3.8
2.9

4.3

4.6

4.0

4.5

4.2

4.3

4.8

4-7

5.2

4 .9

4 .6

4-4

4 .6

4 .6

4.1
3.3
6.4
5.8
4.2
3.3
4.8
3.3
4.3
4.1
2.9

4.4
3.0

3.9
2.4
5.3
5.2
4.2
3.0
4.9

4.4

3.9

4.5

5.2
3.6
4.9
3.1
4.2
5.1
2.9

3.9
1.7
6.4
4.9
4.8
2.9
4.3
2.5
3.2
3.8
2.4

3.4
3.7
2.4

6.8

2.6
6.3
6.2

2.1

7.3
5.7
4.5
3.1
4.7

2.8
7.4
6.8

5 0

4.1
9.4
8.3

2.6

7.1
6.3
4.6
3.2
5.1
3.4
3.8
4.9
3.1

6.0

5.1
6.4
4.2
5.0
5.6
4.3

7.0
5.5
3.9
5.8
3.8
4.3
5.1
3.7

7.9

6.4

6.0

5.3

5.4

5.1

5.4

5.0

5.7

12.2

8.6

6.8

8.6

6.9

5.9

7.1
11.5
3.4

5.8
7.6
7.7

5.0

4.5
5.4
3.6
4.8
5.9
3.5
3.6
2.7

4.5
5.6
4.2
4.8
5.8
3.5
3.3
2.5
1.9
5.0
5.7

4.6
5.6
4.8
5.0

4.1
5.0
7.2
4.6
5.0
3.0
3.0

4.8

4.6
7.1

7.3
10.9
5.6
6.7
7.2

4.4

4.2
5.5
3.0
3.0

5.4
8.4
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.1
3.5
2.5

5.0

5.2
5.7
3.5
3.5
2.4

4.7
7.2
6.5
4.8
5.4
3.5
3.0

4.9

4.7
5.5
7.7
5.2
6.4
3.5
3.3
2.4
1.7
5.1

4.2
6.4

1.9
4.5
5.2

4.0

3.5

3.3
1.4

3.4

1.6

1.8

1.7

2.8
2 f)
2.6
1.6

6.1

6.2
6. 4
6.2
4.8
4.2
3.9
6.9
7.4
7.7
2.4

6.2

6.5
4.8
4.2
3.1
2.7

8.1
2.7

6.1

3.8
5.4
7.4
3.5
3.2

6.2

2.2
1.8
5.3
8.1

3.9

3.1
1.9

6.9

2.1

1.8
5.0
5.0
3.1

1.6

3.5
1.9

6.2

3.6
3.1
2.3

1.8
6.1

2.2

6.4
4.5
3.6
5.0
3.5
4.8
4.3
3.0

6.2

2.1

2.8

4.0
4.5
2.7

2.1

6.0
8.1

1.5
5.1
5.6

2.0
5.3
6.2

2.9

3.8
2.3

1.6

6.0

2.1
1.8

2.6

2.0

4.7
3.6
5.3
3.3
4.0
4.4
3.5

6.8

5.6
7.1
5.2
5.8
5.3
4.9

6.6

2.1
5.5
5.9

5.1
4.6
3.9
7.2
8.4

4.0

6.8
6.0
5.1
6.1

3.8
3.4
2.5

2.1

5.1
3.9
3.0
4.2

2.8

3.1
4.3
2.7

6.1

6.4
4.1
5.8
3.1
3.1

2.2

5.0
6.4

1.9
4.2
5.3

6.0

3.5

1.8

3.1
1.9

4.5

2.6

1.9

4.2
2.7

2.4
1.5
4.5
4.3
2.4
1.7

3.4
3.1
1.7

1.9

Separations: Q uits
M anufacturing.

_

_________

Seasonally adjusted ________

_ ___
________

D urable goods. . . . ____
___ ___
Ordnance and accessories____ _ _ ___
L um ber and wood products___ . ___
F u rn itu re and fixtures. _
.......
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Prim ary m etal in d u strie s..
___
F abricated m etal products__________
M achinery, except electrical .
_ ___
Electrical equipm ent and supplies........
Transportation equipm ent___________
Instru m en ts and related p ro d u cts.. . . .
Miscellaneous m anufacturing industries___________ . ____________
_ _____
N ondurable goods_____
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts..
___
Tobacco m anufactures______________
Textile m ill products____ _________
A pparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products_____ . . . .
Printin g and publishing_________ _
Chemicals and allied products_____ . . .
Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts...
___
R ubber and plastics products, nec........
Leather and leather products______
N onm anufacturing:
Metal m in in g .. . ____ _ _______
C o a lm in in g ...
______ _
___

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4.0

3.2

2.3

2.3

3.5

2.9

6.4
5.5
4.1

5.4
5.0
3.5

2.8

2.8

4.1
2.7
3.2
2.9
2.9

2.2

2.1
3.6
2.2

2.1

2 .1

1.8

1.5
3.8
3.4

2.2
1.2
2.2

2.3
2.4

2.1
1.6

4.1
3.3
2.4
1.4
2.4
1.7

2.2

2 .2

2.0

1.4
4.5
3.5

2.2

1.3
2.4
1.7

2.2

2. 3

2.0
1.6

4.1
3.7

2.0

1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.5

2.1

2.1

2. 4

2 .5

2 .5

2. 7

2.1
2 f)

2.0

1.7
1.3
2.9
3.1

1.9

1.5
.9

3.1
3.5

1.1

1.5
3.7
3.8
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9

1.9

1.6
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.6

1.2

1.8

1.4
2.3
1.7

2.6

2.7
1.4

1.1
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.1

1.9

3.4
3.6
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.5

4.6
4.8

26
6.8

2.4

6.5
4.5
3.8
4.8
3.5
4.2
3.1
3.7

2.0

2.6
1.8
3.0
1.9
2.5

2.8

1.7

1.1

1.2
1.9
1.4

2.5
2.3
2.4

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

1.8
1.7
1.8

1.8
1.6
1.6

5.5

4.3

2.8

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.5

2.7

2.6

3.9

4.6

6.5

3.6

4.6
7.0
2.5
4.6
3.8
4.4
3.3

3.7
4.5
3.1
4.6
3.9
3.2

2.5
3.0

2.6

2.5

2.4
2.5

2.4
2.5
1.7
3.3

2.1
2.2
1.7
2.8

2.4
2.5
1.9
3.1
2.9

1.9

2.4
2.9

2.9

5.0
6.7
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.1
3.7
3.3
2.3
5.3
6.3

2.8

2.3

3.1
3.9
2.3
3.6
3.4
2.7

1.4
.9
3.1
4.1

1.0
.7
2.1

4.8

2.0

1.7

2.8
2.6

2.8

4.6
5.1

1.9
1.5
4.1
4.8

6.2
1.0

2.8
1.0

1.6

3.2
3.0
1.9
1.9

1.1
.8
2.6

2.9
1.7
3.3

2.8
2.2
2.2

2.8

1.7
3.4
3.0

2.1
2.0

1.6

1.6
2.8
2.1
1.9
1.2
3.4

1.6
1.7

2.8
2.1
2.0
1.2

2.5
1.7

1.8
1.0

2.0

1.5
1.7

2.0
2.0
1.1

3.6

1.3
.9
3.1
3.3

1.3
.9
2.9
3.4

.7
2.7
3.3

.7
2.7
3.2

.7
2.4
3.0

.7
2.5
3.6

1.7

2.0

2.0
.6

1.9

1.9
.7

1.4
.7

1.7

.8

.5

.6

.6

1.3

2.2
1.6
2.1
1.6
1.6
.9
.6
2.0

1.8
2.8
2.1
1.8
1.0
.6

2.0

2.2

2.9

2.7
3.4

1.4
.9
3.5
4.3

1.1
.6

1.3

1.7

.6

.8

1.1

1.9
2.3
1.9

3.2
1.9
3.5
3.3
2.4

2.2

.7

1.6

1.3
1.4

2.6
2.1

2.4
1.5
2.5

2.6
1.7
1.7

3.0

.6

85

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

T able B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
A nnual
average

1966

1967
Major ind u stry group
Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Separations: Layoffs
M anufacturing.

_____________ ______ ___

Seasonally adjusted

D urable g o o d s ...
..
_ _
Ordnance and accessories_____ . . .
L um ber and wood products______ . . .
F u rn itu re and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
P rim ary m etal industries___ _ . ___
Fabricated m etal p ro d u cts___________
M achinery, except electrical__________
Electrical equipm ent and supplies____
T ransportation equipm ent. . .
______
In stru m en ts and related products_____
Miscellaneous m anufacturing indust r i e s ________ _______________
N ondurable goods___
..
_ ___
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts.. . . . ___
Tobacco m anufactures. . . .
___
__ _
Textile m ill products________
A pparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products___________
P rin tin g and publishing___ __________
Chemicals and allied products___ ____
Petroleum and coal products_________
R u b b er and plastics products, nec_____
L eather and leather products..................
N onm anufacturing:
Metal m in in g_____ . _ . ______ _____
C o alm in in g ___
. . .
____

1.3
1. Í

1.1
1 1

1.9
1.6

1.1
1.4

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3
1.8

1.1
1.1

1.0
1.1

1.4

1.5

1.8
1.8

1.2

1.4

1.1
.7
1.0
.8
1.0
1.3
1.2
.7
.8
1.8
.6

1.0
.6
1.8
.8
.9
.9
1.0
.8
.8
1.8
.6

2.0
.6
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.0
2.1
1.1
1.0
5.8
.7

l.l
.4
.8
1.2
1.2
.9
1.8
.9
.7
1.7
.4

1.0
.6
.9
1.2
1.2
.9
1.0
.6
1.1
1.4
.6

1.2
.9
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
.7
1.4
1.8
.7

1.5
.8
2.1
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.6
.8
1.9
1.9
.5

1.4
.5
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.0
1.9
.5
1.2
2.4
.5

1.5
.5
2.3
1.5
2.6
1.0
1.6
'.5
1.2
2.7
.5

1.5
.2
3.1
1.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
.5
.7
1.9
.4

1.1
.4
3.0
1.0
1.8
.8
1.3
.4
.5
1.3
.3

.8
.5
1.7
.7
1.1
.7
1.1
.4
.4
1.3
.4

.8
.4
1.4
.5
1.1
.6
1.0
.6
.4
1.2
.4

1.1
.4
1.6
.8
1.3
.6
1.2
.5
.5
2.1
.4

1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.4
.6
.8
2.2
.6

1.2

1.0

2.2

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.6

2.0

8.6

3.5

.8

.8

2.1

2.3

1.4
2.8
3.5
.7
2.1
.5
.7
.6
.6
.9
1.4

1.6
2.9
4.4
.8
2.4
.8
.9
.7
.6
1.2
1. 5

.7
.6

.7
.9

1.6
3.4
.4
.7
1.8
.7
.8
.6
.4
1.0
1.2

1.2
2.3
3.6
.6
1.6
.6
.7
.5
.6
.9
1.2

1.8
2.4
1.5
1.5
3.5
.7
.8
.6
.3
1.5
3.6

1.2
1.7
1.1
.6
2.3
.4
.7
.8
.3
.8
.7

1.3
2.0
2.0
.6
2.1
.5
.7
.7
.3
1.0
1.5

1.4
2.3
2.5
.7
2.6
.7
-.6
.5
.5
1.1
1.9

1.5
2.3
5.2
.9
2.8
.6
.6
.6
.4
1.3
2.0

1.3
2.1
4.9
.9
1.7
.5
.6
.5
.4
1.7
1.7

1.6
2.7
5.6
1.2
1.9
.7
.8
.6
.7
1.5
1.7

2.1
4.2
3.6
1.2
2.8
.7
.9
.7
.8
1.3
2.7

1.6
3.5
4.0
1.1
1.8
.6
.6
.5
.7
.7
1.0

1.5
3.5
1.8
.8
1.5
.4
.6
.5
.6
.7
.8

1.4
3.2
1.5
.6
1.6
.5
.7
.6
.9
.6
1.1

.5
.8

.3
.5

.7
.6

.5
.7

.7
.8

1.0
1.2

.6
.9

.7
.5

1.1
.8

1.0
.5

1.5
.5

1.3
.4

.2
.2

1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, tab le A-9.
M onth-to-m onth changes in to tal em ploym ent in m anufacturing and
nonm anufacturing industries as indicated b y labor tu rn o v er rates are not
com parable w ith th e changes shown b y th e B ureau’s em ploym ent series
for th e following reasons: (1) th e labor turnover series measures changes


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

during th e calendar m onth, w hile th e em ploym ent series m easures changes
from m idm onth to m idm onth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused b y strikes, b u t th e em ploym ent series reflects th e influence
of such stoppages.
2 Prelim inary.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

86

C.—Earnings and Hours
T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1966

1967

A nnual
average

In d u stry
O ct.2 S e p t.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
T otal private
_________ _____ _____ $103.63 $103. 79 $103.45 $103.18 $101.88 $100. 06 $99.41 $99. 56 $99. 30 $99.70 $99.97 $99.84 $100. 62 $98. 69 $95.06
Mining
__ .
138. 78 139.32 138. 24 139. 43 136. 53 134. 09 134. 51 132. 09 131.14 134.09 133.45 131. 66 135.10 130. 66 123. 52
Metal m in in g -................
137.19 135. 20 136. 40 137.48 135.98 137.05 137. 60 136.00 136.00 136. 53 135.24 134.82 133.77 127. 30
142. 71 139.86 139.73 134. 40 134. 37 137. 67 139. 40 136. 31 138.65 136.86 136. 29 136. 29 138.09 129. 24
Iron ores
______ _________ ___
C opper ores - - ____________ - 130. 79 131. 24 140. 71 145. 08 142.35 142. 35 143. 55 142. 46 142.79 144.21 143.11 142.46 140.07 136.71
Coal m ining
______ - - ______ 151. 47 151. 74 156.15 154. 01 148. 37 148. 45 145. 39 146.10 153. 38 155.91 146. 20 156.98 145.95 137. 51
B itum inous coal and lignite m in in g___
153.44 153. 71 157.00 156.38 151. 07 150. 78 147.68 148.40 155.77 158. 30 148.13 159.80 148.44 140.26
Oil and gas extraction
132.99 131.15 133. 67 127. 56 127.75 129. 63 127. 75 126.42 127. 50 124.91 124.95 124.10 122. 69 116.18
C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas fields.
137.76 133.32 138. 69 133. 25 132. 51 135. 71 131. 78 133. 42 135. 62 129. 65 129. 34 129.74 128.11 123. 62
Oil and gas field services____ - _____
129. 50 129.44 129. 60 122.82 124. 24 125.27 123.52 121. 26 120.96 121.39 121. 33 119.30 118.63 110. 31
Nnnmetallic minerals, except fuels.
136.36 136. 30 133.17 131.96 128.03 124. 65 119. 03 116. 72 119. 30 120.94 124.48 129.91 123.39 117. 45
C rushed and broken stone.
____
136.57 135.32 132.96 131.04 127.84 122,89 115.84 110.16 115.14 120.19 125.76 130.95 123.45 116. 58
160.40 162.60 159. 08 157.90 153. 56 149. 54 147. 23 146.83 143.60 149.14 148.83 144.14 152.46 145.89 138.38
C ontract construction
General building contractors
150. 26 148.08 146.17 142. 03 141.12 139. 32 139. 26 135.84 141.21 141. 21 136.96 142. 07 136.49 128.16
H eavy construction co n tracto rs..
166. 75 164.16 161.30 154.14 144. 32 139. 48 138.90 139.26 142. 56 142.04 138. 55 155. 55 145.14 137.90
H ighw ay and street construction__
166.94 164. 72 163.10 151. 87 139. 88 131. 60 126. 86 127. 40 130. 28 129.75 131.14 154. 34 142.80 136. 36
H eavy construction, nec_ _ __ _______
166. 38 163.86 159.80 156. 62 148. 52 146. 28 147. 75 147. 45 150. 88 151. 62 145.91 157.73 147.97 140. 00
168. 72 163.94 164.00 160. 39 157.81 155.86 154. 64 150. 73 157.14 156.09 151. 56 158. 34 153. 22 145. 39
Special trade contractors
Plum bing, heating, air conditioning___
177. 30 172.38 170. 77 167. 52 165. 46 164. 74 164. 35 162.26 166. 53 165. 36 159.14 166. 63 161.44 152.47
Paintingfpaperhariging, and decorat­
153.30 149.97 150. 47 146. 65 145. 40 140. 54 140. 54 138.80 140.70 141.60 141. 20 143.60 139. 59 134. 61
ing ___________ __________ - - Electrical w ork.
195. 71 189. 73 192. 23 188. 46 187. 50 184.89 184. 78 181. 45 185. 81 186.44 179. 65 186. 05 179. 79 170. 28
Masonry, stonework, and plastering..
154.08 148. 61 149. 03 147. 74 144. 01 141. 45 138. 58 127. 00 138.43 140.22 134. 39 143. 72 138.75 133. 21
Roofing and sheet m etal w ork. _____
140.84 136. 44 136.82 132. 75 127. 53 122.88 118. 72 116.29 125.--25 125.21 120.85 131.74 123. 50 117. 30
Average weekly hours
T otal private
- ________________ - Mining
.
- ________________ ____
Metal mining
. __________________
Iron ores
.
.
___
Copper ores
- ____ - Coal mining
B itum inous coal a n d lignite m ining.
____
Oil and gas extraction ___ __
C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas fields.
Oil and gas field services
N onm etallic minerals, except fuels
C rushed and broken stone__ _
C ontract construction .
_ . _ .
General building contractors. ___ . ..
H eavy construction contractors.
H ighw ay and street construction_____
H eavv construction, nec
Special trade contractors
. Plum bing, heating, air conditioning _ .
Painting ~ paperhanging, and decorat­
ing_______________________________
Electrical work
Masonry, stonework, and plastering___
Roofing and sheet m etal work

38.1
42.7

38.1

38.3
43.0
41.7
42.6
41.0
40.5
40.7
42. 7
41.0
44.5
46. 7
48. 6
38.9
37.1
43.2
44.4
41. 7
38.0
39.4

38. 6
43.2
41. 6
42.0
41.4
40.9
41.1
43.0
40.4
45.1
47.0
48.5
38.8
37.3
43.2
44.4
41.8
37. 6
39.0

36.5
39.3
36.0
36.3

36.4
39.2
35.3
36.0

43.4
41.4
45.0
46.4
48.0
38.7
37.1
42.9
44.2
41.4
37.7
38.9

38. 3
42.8
42. 3
41.1
43.7
41.4
41.7
42.1
40. 5
43. 4
46. 3
48. 0
38. 2
36. 7
42.0
42.9
41 0
37. 3
38. 6

37.9
42.3
42.1
41. 6
43. 4
40.1
40.5
42. 3
40.4
43.9
45.4
47.0
37.2
36. 0
40. 2
40.9
39. 5
36.7
38. 3

37.8
42. 3
42. 3
42.1
43.4
39.8
40.1
42.5
41.0
43.8
45. 0
46. 2
36.9
36.0
39. 4
40.0
38. 8
36. 5
38. 4

38.0
41.8
42. 6
42.5
43.9
39.4
39.7
42. 3
40.3
43.8
43. 6
44.9
36.8
35.8
39.8
40.4
39. 4
36.3
38.4

37.9
41. 5
42.5
42.2
43.7
39.7
40.0
42.0
40.8
43.0
42. 6
43.2
35.9
35.1
38.9
39.2
38.7
35.3
38.0

38.2
42.3
42. 5
42.4
43.8
40.9
41.1
42. 5
41.6
43.2
43.7
44.8
37.1
36. 3
39. 6
39.6
39. 6
36.8
39.0

38.6
42.5
42.4
41.6
44.1
41.8
42.1
42.2
40.9
43.2
44.3
45.7
37.3
36.3
39.9
39.8
39.9
36.9
39.0

38.4
42.2
42.0
41.3
43.9
39.3
39.5
42.5
40.8
43.8
45.1
47.1
36.4
35.3
38.7
38.8
38. 6
36.0
37.8

38.7
43.3
42. a
41.3
43.7
42.2
42.5
42.5
40.8
43.7
46.9
48.5
38.5
36.9
42.5
43.6
41.4
37.7
39.3

38.7
42.7
42.2
42.1
43.5
40.3
40.6
42.6
40.8
44.1
45.7
47.3
37.6
36.3
41.0
42.0
40.1
37.1
38.9

38.8
42.3
41.6
40.9
43.4
39.9
40.2
42.4
40.8
43.6
45.7
47.2
37.4
36.1
40.8
41.7
40.0
36.9
38.6

36.7
39.8
35.4
36.1

36.3
39.1
35. 6
35.4

35.9
38.9
34.7
34.1

35.4
38. 6
34. 5
33.3

35.4
38.9
33.8
32.0

34.7
38.2
30.9
31.6

35.0
39.2
33. 6
33.4

35.4
39.5
34.2
33.3

35.3
37.9
33.1
33.2

35.9
39.5
35.4
35.8

35.7
39.0
34.6
34.4

35.8
38.7
34.6
34.5

38.5
43.3
42.1
42.6
42.9

Average hourly earnings
T otal p rivate.
.............................................
Mining ____ ________________________
Metal m in in g .. ___________________ .
Iron ores . .
.
__________ _
C opper ores _______________________
Coal m ining__ ___ ____
. _
B itum inous coal and lignite m in in g ___
Oil and gas extraction.
._ _______ . .
C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas fields.
Oil and gas field services___________ .
Nonm etallic minerals, except fuels
Crushed and broken stone
________
C ontract construction___ . ____________
General building contractors___________
H eavy construction contractors_____ . .
H ighw ay and street construction
H eavy construction, nec. .
Special trade contractors. _ . _ . . . _____
Plum bing, heating, air conditioning
P ainting, paperhanging, and decorat­
ing_______________________________
Electrical w ork__ ____
Masonry, stonework, and plastering
Roofing and sheet m etal w o rk .
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.72
3.25

4. 21

3.08
3.35
2.88
2.87
2. 77
4.08
3.94
3.76
3. 69
3. 86
4.35
4.39

$2. 66
3.19
3. 25
3 27
3. 32
3. 72
3.75
3. 03
3. 29
2.83
2. 85
2. 73
4.02
3.87
3. 67
3.54
3.82
4. 30
4. 34

$2.64
3.17
3. 23
3. 23
3. 28
3. 70
3. 73
3.02
3. 28
2.83
2. 82
2. 72
4.02
3.92
3. 59
3.42
3. 76
4. 30
4. 32

$2.63
3.18
3. 24
3.27
3. 28
3.73
3. 76
3.05
3. 31
2.86
2. 77
2. 66
3.99
3.87
3. 54
3.29
3. 77
4. 27
4.29

$2.62
3.16
3.23
3. 28
3.27
3. 69
3.72
3.02
3. 27
2.82
2. 73
2.58
3.99
3.89
3.49
3.14
3. 75
4. 26
4. 28

$2.62
3.16
3.20
3.23
3.26
3. 68
3.71
3. 01
3.27
2.82
2. 74
2. 55
4.00
3. 87
3. 58
3 25
3.81
4.27
4. 27

$2. 61
3.17
3.20
3.27
3.26
3.75
3.79
3.00
3.26
2.80
2. 73
2. 57
4. 02
3.89
3.60
3.29
3.81
4.27
4.27

$2.59
3.14
3.22
3.29
3.27
3.73
3. 76
2.96
3.17
2.81
2.73
2.63
3.99
3. 89
3. 56
3.26
3.80
4.23
4. 24

$2.60
3.12
3.22
3. 30
3. 26
3.72
3.75
2.94
3.17
2.77
2. 76
2.67
3.96
3.88
3.58
3.38
3.78
4. 21
4. 21

$2.60
3.12
3. 21
3. 30
3.26
3.72
3.76
2.92
3.18
2.73
2.77
2.70
3.96
3.85
3. 66
3. 54
3. 81
4.20
4. 24

$2. 55
3. 06
3.17
3.28
3.22
3.62
3.65
2.88
3.14
2.69
2.70
2. 61
3.88
3. 76
3.54
3. 40
3.69
4.13
4.15

$2.45
2.92
3. 06
3.16
3.15
3. 46
3.49
2. 74
3.03
2. 53
2. 57
2.47
3. 70
3. 55
3. 38
3. 27
3. 50
3. 94
3. 95

4.10
4.83
4. 21
3. 79

4.04
4.82
4.15
3.75

4. 05
4.82
4.15
3. 74

3.97
4. 79
4.10
3.69

3. 97
4. 75
4.10
3.71

4.00
4.75
4.11
3.68

4.02
4. 74
4.12
3. 75

4.00
4.72
4.10
3. 76

4.00
4. 74
4. 06
3.64

4.00
4. 71
4. 06
3.68

3.91
4. 61
4. 01
3.59

3. 76
4.40
3.85
3. 40

$2.71
3. 24
3.29
3.35
3.19
3.74
3. 77
3.10
3.36
2.91
2.92
2.81
4.18
4. 05
3.86
3. 76
3.99
4. 44
4. 50

$2.68
3.20
3.25
3.33
3.17
3.71
3.74
3.05
3. 30
2.87
2.90
2. 79
4.10
3. 97
3.80
3.71
3. 92
4.36
4. 42

$2.68
3. 22
3. 24
3. 28
3.28

4.20
4.98
4.28
3.88

4.12
4.84
4. 21
3.79

C — EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

87

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing__________________________ $116.28 $116. 57 $114. 77 $113. 65 $114. 49 $113. 52 $112. 56 $112.44 $111.88 $113.42 $114.40 $113.99 $113.85 $112. 34 $107. 53
D urable goods____________________ 125. 75 125. 75 123.30 122. 40 123.19 122.89 121.18 121. 36 120. 77 122.84 124. 62 123.77 124. 07 122.09 117.18
N ondurable goods_________________ 103.88 104. 66 102.80 102.03 101.63 100. 73 100.22 100.08 99.18 99.65 100.25 100.10 99 94 98. 49 94.44
133. 54
134. 55
137.60
130. 20

133. 22
134. 23
137. 70
129.58

136.63
135. 71
139. 43
138.03

138.02
135.38
135. 46
143.28

L um ber and wood p ro d u c ts___________
98.42 98.82 96.88 96.64 97.27 95.18 94.77 93.09
Sawmills and planing m ills_____ ____ 92.97 94.89 93. 61 91.37 91.98 89. 02 88.84 88.22
Millwork, plywood, & related products. 106. 40 106. 55 106. 40 103. 68 103.63 102. 41 103.41 101.09
84.25 83.82 81.80 80.60 81.60 80. 36 79. 56 77.76
Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood p ro d u c ts_________ 93.89 93. 02 91.76 90.85 91.88 90.20 89.35 88.56

91.08
86.24
99. 70
76.00
86.83

90.80
85.75
99.38
75. 44
86.88

90.80
84. 53
99. 47
76. 36
88.37

O rdnance and accessories. ____________ 139.17 138. 74 135.11 134.05
A m m unition, except for small arm s___ 139. 77 139.02 135.29 134.64
Sighting and fire control equipm ent . . .
136. 27 133.25 137.15
O ther ordnance and accessories
____
137.49 133.46 131.99

F u rn itu re and fixtures_________________
H ousehold fu rn itu re _________________
Office furniture ____________________
P artitions and fixtures__ _ _________
O ther furniture and fixtures__________

132.25
131. 46
134. 96
133. 56

134.08
133. 72
135. 98
133. 73

132.48
131. 46
140. 51
133.22 '

136.21
134.72
121.60
141.48

134.94
134. 55
130.83
135.25

131.15
135. 66
127. 08
121.93

91.43 94.02
85.17 87.08
98.00 100,12
76.04 75.44
88. 78 88.58

91.80
86.07
99. 70
75.53
87.34

88. 75
82. 42
96.93
72.92
84.67

136.75
134. 88
133. 35
141.48

97.41 95.06 92.40 93.09 91. 25 90.46 90.74 90.12 90.63 93.79 93.15 94.28 91.72 88.19
91.62 88.88 85.89 86.76 84.41 84. 24 84. 71 83.89 83.95 87.76 87.13 88.40 85.49 83. 21
114.44 110.56 113.01 108. 94 110.12 110. 24 109. 82 110. 51 114.01 115. 61 114. 38 115. 01 112. 32 104. 06
120.80 121.82 114. 74 118.28 116. 69 113. 65 113.12 113. 55 114.95 117.04 114.81 117. 74 115. 92 112. 86
104. 30 103. 22 100.60 98.57 101.09 100.45 99.14 97.68 97.10 95. 75 101.10 99. 36 101.15 97.90 92.18
97.64
92.48

Average weekly hours
M anufacturing__________________________
D urable goods____________________
N ondurable goods_________________

40.8
41.5
39.8

40.9
41.5
40.1

40.7
41.1
40.0

40.3
40.8
39.7

40.6
41.2
39.7

40.4
41.1
39.5

40.2
40.8
39.3

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.1
40.8
39.2

40.8
41.5
39.7

41.3
42.1
40.1

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.4
42.2
40.3

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.2
42.0
40.1

O rdnance and accessories. ____________
A m m unition, except for small arm s___
Sighting and fire control equipm ent. ..
O ther ordnance and accessories

42.3
42.1

42.3
42.0
41.8
43.1

41.7
41.5
41.0
42.1

41.5
41.3
42.2
41.9

41.2
40.7
41.4
42.4

41.9
41.4
42.1
43.0

41.4
40.7
43.1
42.7

41.6
41.4
42.6
42.0

41.5
41.3
42.5
41.8

42.3
41.5
42.9
44.1

42.6
41.4
42.2
45.2

42.6
41.5
42.2
45.2

42.3
41.2
39.1
45.2

42.3
41.4
41.8
44.2

41.0
42.0
40. 6
41.9

L um ber and wood p ro d u cts. _________
Sawmills and planing m ills___________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers__________________
Miscellaneous wood p ro d u cts_________

40.5
40.6
41.4
40.7
41.1

40.5
40.9
41.3
40.3
40.8

40.2
40.7
41.4
40.1
40.6

40.1
39.9
40.5
40.3
40.2

40.7
40.7
40.8
40.8
41.2

40.5
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.0

40.5
40.2
41.2
40.8
40.8

40.3
40.1
40.6
40.5
41.0

39.6
39.2
40.2
40.0
40.2

40.0
39.7
40.4
41.0
40.6

40.0
39.5
40.6
41.5
41.1

40.1
39.8
40.0
41.1
41.1

40.7
40.5
40.7
41.0
41.2

40.8
40.6
41.2
41. 5
41.2

40.9
40. 6
41. 6
41.2
41.3

F u rn itu re and fixtures. _______________
Household furniture ________________
Office furniture
____ . _
P artitions and fixtures
.. .
O ther furniture a n d fixtures____ _____

41.2
41.1

41.1
40.9
42. 7
41.8
40.8

40.8
40.4
42.2
42.3
41.4

40.0
39.4
43.3
40.4
40.9

40.3
39.8
41.9
41. 5
41.6

39.5
38.9
41.4
40. 8
41.0

39.5
39.0
41. 6
40.3
40.8

39.8
39.4
41. 6
40.4
40.7

39.7
39.2
41.7
40.7
40.8

40.1
39.6
42.7
41.2
40.4

41.5
41.2
43.3
41.8
42.3

41.4
41.1
43.0
41.3
42.1

41.9
41.7
43.4
42.2
42.5

41.5
41.1
43.2
42.0
42.2

41.6
41.4
42.3
41.8
41.9

40.9

Average hourly earnings
M anufacturing__________________________
D urable goods____________________
N ondurable goods_________________

$2.85
3.03
2. 61

$2.85
3.03
2. 61

$2.82
3.00
2. 57

$2.82
3.00
2.57

$2.82
2.99
2. 56

$2.81
2.99
2.55

$2.80
2. 97
2. 55

$2. 79
2.96
2. 54

$2.79
2. 96
2. 53

$2. 78
2. 96
2. 51

$2. 77
2.96
2. 50

$2.76
2. 94
2.49

$2.75
2.94
2.48

$2. 72
2.90
2. 45

$2. 61
2.79
2. 36

O rdnance and accessories. ____________
A m m unition, except for small arm s . . .
Sighting and fire control equipm ent
O ther ordnance and accessories
____

3.29
3.32

3.28
3.31
3. 26
3.19

3.24
3. 26
3.25
3.17

3.23
3. 26
3.25
3.15

3.21
3.23
3. 26
3.15

3. 20
3. 23
3.23
3.11

3.20
3. 23
3. 26
3.12

3.21
3. 25
3.23
3.10

3.21
3. 25
3.24
3.10

3. 23
3.27
3.25
3.13

3. 24
3.27
3. 21
3.17

3.21
3.25
3.16
3.13

3.22
3.27
3.11
3.13

3.19
3. 25
3.13
3. 06

3.13
3. 23
3.13
2.91

L um ber and wood p ro d u cts________
Sawmills and planing m ills__________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers _______ ________
Miscellaneous wood products _______

2.43
2.29
2.57
2.07
2.29

2.44
2.32
2. 58
2.08
2.28

2.41
2.30
2. 57
2.04
2. 26

2.41
2.29
2. 56
2.00
2.26

2. 39
2. 26
2.54
2.00
2. 23

2. 35
2. 22
2. 51
1.96
2.20

2.34
2.21
2. 51
1.95
2.19

2.31
2. 20
2.49
1.92
2.16

2.30
2.20
2. 48
1.90
2.16

2. 27
2.16
2.46
1. 84
2.14

2. 27
2.14
2. 45
1.84
2.15

2.28
2.14
2. 45
1.85
2.16

2.31
2.15
2.46
1.84
2.15

2.25
2.12
2.42
1.82
2.12

2.17
2. 03
2. 33
1. 77
2. 05

F u rn itu re and fixtures____________ ____
H ousehold fu rn itu re _________________
Office furniture
____
P artitio n s and fixtures
O ther furniture and fixtures ________

2.37
2. 25

2.37
2.24
2.68
2.89
2.53

2.33
2.20
2.62
2.88
2.43

2.31
2. 18
2,61
2. 84
2.41

2. 31
2.18
2.60
2.85
2. 43

2. 31
2.17
2. 66
2.86
2. 45

2.29
2.16
2. 65
2. 82
2. 43

2.28
2.15
2. 64
2. 80
2. 40

2.27
2.14
2. 65
2. 79
2.38

2.26
2.12
2.67
2. 79
2. 37

2.26
2.13
2.67
2.80
2.39

2. 25
2.12
2.66
2.78
2. 36

2. 25
2.12
2. 65
2. 79
2.38

2.21
2.08
2. 60
2. 76
2. 32

2.12
2. 01
2.46
2. 70
2. 20

See fo o tn o te s a t en d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 55

88

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
Table

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
O c t.2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average w eekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
D urable goods—C ontinued

Stone, clay, and glass products—_.........
F la t glass_______________________ .
Glass' and glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..
C em ent, hydraulic__________________
S tructu ral clay products. ___________
P o ttery and related products............. .
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products......... ...................................................
O ther stone & nonm etallic m ineral
prod u cts_____ ____ _______________
P rim a ry m etal industries______________
B last furnace and basic steel p ro d u c ts..
Iron and steel foundries______________
Nonferrous m etals __________________
Nonferrous rolling and draw ing_______
Nonferrous foundries________________
M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal p roducts.

$121.11 $121.11
154.45
114. 86 114. 57
137. 37 136. 62
101. 76 102. 42
103.49

$119.99
151 7i
113. 20
131. 61
100. 45
102.8c

$118.01
147 3/
114.45
132.07
100.01
99.46

$117. 46 $116. 62
152 46 14Q 56
113.93 113.93
130. 70 130.41
100. 45 99. 72
102. 57 102. 31

$115.23 $113. 70 $112.19 $113. 71 $115.23 $116. 20 $116.89 $114. 24
153.36
113. 24 115. 34 112. 59 114. 26 114. 68 114.12 111. 38 111.93
132. 70 129.02 128. 70 130. 79 131.65 138. 22 132. 39 132. 61
99. 55 97. 77 96.07 95.92 96.48 97.44 98.16 97.00
103. 22 101. 26 100. 22 101.12 101.75 102. 36 100.15 98.85

$110. 04
149. 60
106. 25
124. 42
94.02
95.12

131.21 132. 24 130. 87 127.80 124. 60 121.05 116. 57 113.40 111.38 112. 44 114. 90 116.42 121.83 117. 65 113. 08
120.80 120. 22 119.81 117.67 117.99 117. 71 116. 60 114. 93 113. 65 115. 36 116. 76 116. 20 118. 86 115. 64 110. 62
135.01
138. 45
128.34
138. 78
135.15
119.99
143.16

138. 58
145. 48
127. 51
138.13
135.36
119.36
146. 20

137. 50
144. 00
128. 54
135.98
131.46
120. 66
146. 62

136.27
143. 47
125.44
133.54
132. 51
117. 41
143.15

136.12
141. 55
128. 74
134. 20
132. 71
119.95
143.85

134. 64
141. 20
125.86
131.88
130.09!
120.95
144.14

133. 57
139. 35
123.11
132. 51
130.40
117. 68
142. 27

135. 38
142. 31
124. 73
131.15
131. 24
117. 27
147. 70

134.97
140. 80
125.44
130. 21
133. 65
119. 25
148.12

138. 69
144. 02
129.20
132.60
136. 66
121. 30
150. 66

137. 61
140.45
131. 63
131.86
138.03
123. 77
152.14

139.02
142. 97
130. 42
132. 60
139. 42
122.93
155.14

139.02
144. 43
130.90
132.91
136.47
122. 38
153. 56

138. 09
144.73
128. 57
129. 98
136.27
120. 56
150.25

133.88
140.90
125. 72
124. 44
130. 07
113.97
143. 52

42.0
42.6
41.0
41.7
41.1

42.0
42.5
40.4
41. 2
41.6
39.8
44. 0

Average w eekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
F la t glass _________ ____ __________ .
Glass and glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..
Cem ent, h y d ra u lic ... . ____________
S tructu ral clay pro d u cts_____________
P o ttery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products___ ______ ___ _____ _________
O ther stone & nonm etallic m ineral
produ cts________________________ .

45.4

45.6

45.6

45.0

44.5

43.7

42.7

42.0

41.1

41.8

42.4

42.8

44.3

43.9

41.8

41.6

41.6

41.0

41.4

41.3

41.2

40.9

40.3

41.2

41.7

41.5

42.3

41.9

41.9

P rim ary m etal industries _____________
B last furnace and basic steel p ro d u cts..
Iron and steel foundries______________
Nonferrous m etals. _ ____________
N onferrous rolling and draw ing_______
N onferrous foundries___ __________
M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal products.

40.3
39.0
41.4
42.7
42.5
40.4
40.1

41.0
40.3
41.4
42.5
42.7
40.6
41.3

40.8
40.0
41.6
42.1
42.0
40.9
41.3

40.8
40.3
41.4
41.6
42.2
39.8
40.9

41.0
40.1
41.8
42.2
42.4
40.8
41.1

40.8
40.0
41.4
42.0
42.1
41.0
41.3

40.6
39.7
40.9
42.2
42.2
40.3
41.0

40.9
40.2
41.3
41.9
42.2
40.3
42.2

40.9
40.0
41.4
41.6
42.7
40.7
42.2

41.9
40.8
42.5
42.5
43.8
41.4
42.8

41.7
39.9
43.3
42.4
44.1
42.1
43.1

42.0
40.5
42.9
42.5
44.4
42.1
43.7

42.0
40.8
43.2
42.6
43.6
42.2
43.5

42.1
41.0
43.0
42.2
44.1
42.3
43.3

42.1
41.2
43. 5
41.9
43. 5
41.9
43.1

42.2
40.3
41.5
41.2

42.2
42. 2
40.2
41.4
41.3
39. 5

42.1
41 7
40.0
41.0
41.0
39. 4

41.7
40 7
40 ! 3

41.4
41.0
38.4

41.8
42 0
40.4
41.1
41.0
39.3

41.5

41.3

40.9

40.5

41.2

41.6

41.8

42.2

40.4
41.4
40.7
39.5

40.3
41.6
40.8
39.7

40.9
40.7
40.4
39.4

40. 5
40.6
39.7
39.3

41.4
41.0
39.8
39.5

41.4
41.4
40.2
39.9

41.2
42.4
40.6
40.3

40.8
41.5
40.9
39.9

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
F la t g lass.. . . . .
___ .
Glass and glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..
C em ent, hydraulic_____________ ____
S tructu ral clay p roducts____
P o ttery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum , a n d plaster products_____________________
Other stone & nonm etallic mineral
products______ ____ ___ _

$2.87

Prim ary m etal industries____ ____ _____
Blast furnace and basic steel p ro d u cts..
Iron and steel foundries______ _
Nonferrous metals . .
Nonferrous rolling and draw ing.
Nonferrous foundries___________ . . . _
Miscellaneous p rim ary m etal products.
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.85
3. 31
2. 47

$2.87
3 fifi
2.85
3. 30
2. 48
2. 62

2. 89
2.89
3. 35
3. 55
3.10
3. 25
3.18
2. 97
3. 57

$2.85

$2.83

$2.81

$2. 81

$2.79

$2.78

$2. 77

$2.76

$2. 77

$2.78

$2. 77

$2. 72

$2.62

2.83
3.21
2. 45
2. 61

2.84
3.19
2.44
2.59

2.82
3.18
2. 45
2. 61

2.82
3.15
2. 45
2.59

2.81
3.19
2.44
2.60

2.82
3.17
2. 42
2.57

2.78
3.17
2. 42
2. 55

2. 76
3.19
2.41
2. 56

2.77
3.18
2.40
2.55

2. 77
3. 26
2.40
2.54

2. 73
3.19
2. 40
2. 51

2. 73
3.18
2.36
2.49

2. 63
3.02
2.26
2. 39

2. 90

2.87

2.84

2.80

2.77

2. 73

2.70

2. 71

2. 69

2. 71

2. 72

2.75

2.68

2. 57

2.89

2.88

2.87

2.85

2.85

2.83

2.81

2.82

2.80

2.80

2.80

2.81

2.76

2. 64

3.38
3. 61
3.08
3. 25
3.17
2.94
3. 54

3. 37
3.60
3. 09
3.23
3.13
2.95
3.55

3.34
3.56
3.03
3.21
3.14
2.95
3.50

3. 32
3. 53
3.08
3.18
3.13
2.94
3.50

3. 30
3. 53
3.04
3.14
3.09
2.95
3.49

3.29
3. 51
3.01
3.14
3.09
2.92
3.47

3. 31
3. 54
3. 02
3.13
3.11
2.91
3.50

3.30
3. 52
3.03
3.13
3.13
2.93
3. 51

3. 31
3.53
3.04
3.12
3.12
2.93
3. 52

3.30
3. 52
3.04
3.11
3.13
2.94
3.53

3.31
3. 53
3.04
3.12
3.14
2.92
3. 55

3.31
3. 54
3.03
3.12
3.13
2.90
3. 53

3.28
3.53
2. 99
3.08
3.09
2.85
3.47

3.18
2. 42
2.89
2.97
2.99
2. 72
3. 33

89

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
A nnual
average

1966

1967
In d u stry
Oct. 2 S e p t.2 Aug.

July

June

Apr.

M ay

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
D urable goods— C ontinued

Fabricated m etal p roducts_____________ $124. 98 $126. 00 $123.55 $121. 66 $122.84 $123.26
Metal cans.............. ..................................... 144. 14 148. 58 147. 50 150. 75 147.84 147.94
C utlery, han d tools, and hardw are____ 121. 72 122. 01 117.96 113. 20 114. 62 116.16
Plum bing and heating, except electric— 116. 05 116. 72 113*93 111.72 113.81 111.56
F abricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u c ts .. 125. 28 126. 42 124.15 121.84 122.43 122.13
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___ 128. 74 129. 17 125.67 123.52 125.83 125.24
135. 79 135. 04 133.12 133. 63 134. 72 136.31
Metal stam pings.....................................
M etal services, n ec__________________ 108. 54 109. 47 109.20 106.80 109.06 108.26
Misc. fabricated wire p ro d u cts________ 109. 21 112. 20 110.16 108.94 111.25 110. 03
Misc. fabricated m etal p roducts_______ 121. 36 122. 84 119. 72 118.15 118.20 119.77
M achinery, except electrical—. ...................
Engines and tu rb in e s ...................... .........
F arm m achinery.........................................
C onstruction and related m a c h in ery .. .
Metal w orking m achinery................. .......
Special in d u stry m achinery__________
General in d u strial m achinery________
Office and com puting m a c h in es.............
Service in d u stry m achines___________
Misc. m achinery, except electrical_____

135. 78 135. 68
145. 74 147. 20
126. 48
132. 61
152. 33 152. 93
127. 98 127. 87
132. 19 133. 14
131. 56 132. 51
122. 01 122. 13
133. 80 132. 62

132.82
141.86
125. 06
130.82
150.33
124.80
132.40
129.90
117. 62
130.42

133. 24
139. 26
123.80
129. 56
151.80
125.10
132.09
130.10
119.19
129.08

134.09
140.15
126.32
129.78
153. 53
126.90
132.93
129.78
117.96
130.90

134.30
141.93
128.30
130. 73
154.35
126. 78
133.88
128.34
118.24
129. 60

$121. 54 $120. 72 $120.83 $122. 89 $124. 53 $123. 81 $124.26 $121. 69 $116.20
143.38 142.86 137.12 137. 85 139. 40 136. 92 136. 73 140. 40 137. 49
115.30 115.46 114. 74 116. 60 117. 03 116. 62 116.90 114. 54 111.64
110.88 109.14 108.31 109. 02 111. 35 110. 95 113.30 110.16 105.06
121.25 122.13 121.42 123. 31 125. 83 123. 09 123.97 120.83 114.26
125.27 128.33 129.95 131. 26 133. 18 131. 98 130. 79 128.13 120.73
131.02 125.02 127.08 131. 25 133. 76 135. 65 138.21 133. 61 129.03
107.98 108.39 106.92 108. 21 109. 20 107. 90 108. 78 107.26 100. 43
108. 54 109. 75 108.27 111. 10 112. 71 112. 98 112. 59 110.88 104.92
119.07 120.35 118.78 121. 51 121. 09 119. 83 120.98 119. 43 113.84
134.82
142.27
130.38
130.52
156.07
128.14
132.29
130.20
115.83
129.17

136.20
146.20
135.14
131.57
156.29
128.01
133.65
130.51
117.83
129. 47

135.88
143.72
136.21
130.83
156.52
127.41
131. 66
129.58
116.52
130.80

137. 03
143. 48
136. 40
131. 35
157. 42
129. 65
136. 47
131. 75
115. 26
133. 20

138. 60
154. 51
132. 29
134. 08
157. 17
132. 61
138. 92
133. 85
119. 81
132. 46

136. 78
144. 66
127. 89
135. 45
155. 69
130. 10
137. 09
132. 18
119. 68
132. 76

136. 34
138. 69
130. 29
135.14
153.77
128.92
137.90
132.49
118.85
132.02

134.90
142.95
129.89
133.92
153.72
127.16
135.21
131.33
117.18
128.91

127. 58
133. 44
121. 72
126.39
144. 37
120.22
126.56
127.20
112.19
121.21

Average weekly hours
Fabricated m etal p roducts_____________
Metal cans.......... ................................ .........
C utlery, han d tools, and hardw are____
P lum bing and heating, except electric..
F abricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u c ts ..
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc____
M etal stam pings..........................................
Metal services, n e c ...................................
Misc. fabricated wire p ro d u cts________
Misc. fabricated m etal products_______

41.8
42.0
42.9
43.7
41.4
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.9 . 42.0
43.2
43.2
42.6
42.7
40.5
41.0
40.3
40.8
41.0
41.5

41.6
43.9
41.1
40.4
41.8
42.6
41.6
40.9
40.5
41.0

41.1
44.6
40.0
39.9
41.3
42.3
41.5
40.0
40.2
40.6

41.5
44.0
40.5
40.5
41.5
42.8
42.1
41.0
40.9
40.9

41.5
43.9
40.9
39.7
41.4
42.6
42.2
40.7
40.6
41.3

41.2
42.8
40.6
39.6
41.1
42.9
41.2
40.9
40.5
41.2

41.2
42.9
40.8
39.4
41.4
43.8
40.2
40.9
40.8
41.5

41.1
41.3
40.4
39.1
41.3
44.2
40.6
40.5
40.4
41.1

41.8
41.9
41.2
39.5
41.8
44.8
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.9

42.5
42.5
41.5
40.2
42.8
45.3
42.6
42.0
41.9
41.9

42.4
42.0
41.5
40.2
42.3
45.2
43.2
41.5
42.0
41.9

42.7
42.2
41.6
41.2
42.6
45.1
43.6
42.0
41.7
42.3

42.4
43.2
41.5
40.5
42.1
44.8
43.1
41.9
42.0
42.2

42.1
43.1
41.5
40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41.7

M achinery, except electrical____________
Engines and tu rb in e s ................................

42.3
42.0

42.4
42.3
39.9
41.7
44.2
42.2
42.0
41.8
41.4
43.2

41.9
41.0
39.7
41.4
43.7
41.6
41.9
41.5
40.7
42.9

41.9
40.6
39.3
41.0
44.0
41.7
41.8
41.3
41.1
42.6

42.3
41.1
40.1
41.2
44.5
42.3
42.2
41.2
41.1
43.2

42.5
41.5
40.6
41.5
45.0
42.4
42.5
41.4
41.2
43.2

42.8
41.6
41.0
41.7
45.5
43.0
42.4
42.0
40.5
43.2

43.1
42.5
42.1
41.9
45.7
43.1
42.7
42.1
41.2
43.3

43.0
41.9
42.3
41.8
45.9
42.9
42.2
41.8
40.6
43.6

43.5
42.2
42.1
42.1
46.3
43.8
43.6
42.5
40.3
44.4

44.0
44.4
41.6
42.7
46.5
44.8
44.1
42.9
41.6
44.6

43.7
42.8
40.6
43.0
46.2
44.1
43.8
42.5
41.7
44.7

43.7
41.4
41.1
42.9
45.9
44.0
44.2
42.6
41.7
44.6

43.8
42.8
41.9
43.2
46.3
44.0
43.9
42.5
41.7
44.3

43.1
41.7
41.4
42.7
45.4
43.4
42.9
42.4
41.4
43.6

F a r m m a c h i n e r y ......................... ................................ ..

C onstruction and related m achinery. _.
M etal w orking m ach in ery ............... .......
Special in d u stry m achinery__________
General industrial m achinery________
Office and com puting m achines_______
Service in d u stry m achines______ ____ _
Misc. m achinery, except electrical____

43.9
42.1
41.7
41.5
41.5
43.3

Average hourly earnings
F abricated m etal pro d u cts_____________
Metal cans__________ ______ _________
C utlery, han d tools, and hardw are____
Plum bing and heating, except electric..
F abricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u c ts ..
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stam pings____________________
Metal services, nec.....................................
Misc. fabricated wire p ro d u cts________
Misc. fabricated m etal p roducts_______

$2.99
3.36
2.94
2.81
2.99
2.98
3.18
2.68
2. 71
2.96

$3.00
3.40
2.94
2.84
3.01
2.99
3.17
2.67
2. 75
2.96

$2.97
3.36
2.87
2.82
2.97
2.95
3.20
2.67
2.72
2.92

$2.96
3.38
2.83
2.80
2.95
2.92
3. 22
2.67
2. 71
2.91

$2.96
3.36
2.83
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.20
2. 66
2.72
2.89

$2.97
3.37
2.84
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.23
2. 66
2.71
2.90

$2.95
3.35
2.84
2.80
2.95
2.92
3.18
2. 64
2.68
2.89

$2.93
3.33
2.83
2. 77
2.95
2.93
3.11
2.65
2.69
2.90

$2.94
3.32
2.84
2.77
2.94
2.94
3.13
2.64
2.68
2.89

$2.94
3.29
2.83
2.76
2.95
2.93
3.14
2.62
2.69
2.90

$2.93
3.28
2.82
2.77
2.94
2.94
3.14
2.60
2.69
2.89

$2.92
3.26
2.81
2.76
2.91
2.92
3.14
2.60
2.69
2.86

$2.91
3.24
2.81
2.75
2.91
2.90
3.17
2.59
2.70
2.86

$2.87
3.25
2.76
2.72
2.87
2.86
3.10
2.56
2.64
2.83

$2. 76
3.19
2.69
2.62
2.74
2. 75
2.98
2.42
2.51
2.73

M achinery, except electrical______ _____
Engines and tu rb in e s ........................ . . . .
F arm m achinery__________ __________
C onstruction and related m ac h in ery .. .
Metal w orking m achinery................. .......
Special in d u stry m achinery__________
General industrial m achinery________
Office and com puting m achines______
Service in d u stry m achines.......................
Misc. m achinery, except electrical_____

3.21
3.47

3.20
3.48
3.17
3.18
3.46
3.03
3.17
3.17
2.95
3. 07

3.17
3.46
3.15
3.16
3.44
3.00
3.16
3.13
2.89
3.04

3.18
3.43
3.15
3.16
3.45
3.00
3.16
3.15
2.90
3.03

3.17
3. 41
3.15
3.15
3. 45
3.00
3.15
3.15
2.87
3.03

3.16
3.42
3.16
3.15
3. 43
2.99
3.15
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3.42
3.18
3.13
3.43
2.98
3.12
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3.44
3.21
3.14
3. 42
2.97
3.13
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3.43
3.22
3.13
3. 41
2.97
3.12
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3.40
3.24
3.12
3.40
2.96
3.13
3.10
2.86
3.00

3.15
3.48
3.18
3.14
3.38
2.96
3.15
3.12
2.88
2.97

3.13
3.38
3.15
3.15
3.37
2.95
3.13
3.11
2.87
2.97

3.12
3.35
3.17
3.15
3.35
2.93
3.12
3.11
2.85
2.96

3.08
3.34
3.10
3.10
3.32
2.89
3.08
3.09
2.81
2.91

2.96
3.20
2.94
2.96
3.18
2. 77
2.95
3.00
2.71
2.78

See fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.47
3.04
3.17
3.17
2.94
3.09

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

90
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

A nnual
average

1966

In d u stry
O ct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

$109 74
118.02
118. 44
119.65
104.14
96.72
122.18
92.40
123.90

$109 18
117.46
118. 72
118.82
102.41
94.33
120.93
92.11
119. 89

$105 78
113.02
113.70
114. 54
99. 55
91.54
116.47
89.28
115.36

141.86
147. 23
143. 32
130. 41
137 09
95.52

137. 71
147. 63
131.88
121. 50
129. 44
93.09

Average weekly earnings

M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable goods—C ontinued
Electrical equipm ent and supplies
$112. 84 $112 31 $111 76 $111 82 $111 33 $110 12 $103 35 $108 93 $107 98
Electric test & d istributingV quipm ent— 122. 72 121.30 119.19 119.14 119.48 119.19 119. 36 12 0 ! 10 118.82
Electrical industrial a p p aratu s............... 118.15 119. 31 117. 05 118. 73 116. 76 116. 93 117. 62 117. 26 116. 85
H ousehold appliances______ _ _ _ _ _ _ 123. 52 120. 36 120. 30 121. 50 119. 39 118. 70 111.93 115.15 114.76
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent _ 103. 39 104. 01 104. 66 102. 05 104. 26 104.00 100. 74 102. 56 100.10
Radio a n d TV receiving equ ip m en t___ 98. 82 96. 56 95. 68 93.17 92.20 91. 37 86. 76 89. 21 90.82
Com m unication eq u ip m en t__________ 126. 98 126. 79 125. 36 124.12 126. 48 124. 03 123. 62 124.12 123.82
Electronic com ponents and accessories. _ 95. 01 95. 35 94.62 94.38 93.60 92.19 91.48 91.42 90. 56
M ise. Electrical equipm ent & supplies.- 118. 67 117.68 119.99 120.00 118.80 117. 91 116.13 116.82 115.94
T ransportation eq u ip m en t_______
150.07 147. 48 143. 52 140. 29
M otor vehicles and eq u ip m en t_______
155. 37 148.16 144.23
Aircraft and p a rts, _ ___ ______
150. 23 147. 90 146. 70 144. 67
Ship and boat building and repairing. _ 136.12 134. 72 131.34 127. 26
Railroad equipm ent ____ ___ _
131. 48 133 23 137. 54
O ther tran sp o rtatio n eq u ip m en t______
105. 88 105. 06 102. 00

141.17
145.14
144. 24
130. 90
135 32
106. 50

141. 78
144.96
145. 09
133. 09
133 23
102. 97

137. 30
135.76
145.18
132.93
139. 09
98. 60

136.49
133.86
145. 09
132. 60
13fi 00
98. 89

136. 21
135. 63
143. 06
127. 59
139 19
9 4 .7 5

$109 35 $111 24 $110 56
T118. 43 123.69 120. 69
118.85 119.71 118. 02
115. 63 116.80 121.01
103.97 104. 70 104.45
92.97 94. 80 96.88
124. 56 125.63 123.02
91.41 92.86 92.00
121.18 125.40 127.32
141.02
143. 50
144. 24
133. 63
141 66
93. 07

144. 93
150.80
144.14
136. 21
141 92
94. 92

145.18
151.71
145.92
130. 60
141 80
9 5 .0 1

146.29
154.86
144. 05
134.18
140 70
97.60

41.1
42.2
42.0
41.3
40.8
40.2
41.7
40.0
42.3

41.1
42.0
42.0
41.4
41.0
40.3
41.7
40.0
42.0

41.2
42.1
42.4
41.4
40.8
39.8
41.7
40.4
41.2

41.0
41.4
41.8
41.2
40.8
39.8
41.3
40.4
41.2

Average w eekly hours
Electrical equipm ent and supplies______
Electric test & distrib u tin g equipm entElectrical in d u strial a p p aratu s. _ ____
H ousehold appliances______ _____ .__
Electric lighting and w iring equipm ent _
R adio and T V receiving equipm ent___
C om m unication equipm ent._ _______
Electronic com ponents and accessories.
M ise, electrical equipm ent & supplies..

40.3
41.6
40.6
40.9
39.5
40.5
10.7
39.1
40.5

40.4
41.4
41.0
40.8
39.7
39.9
40.9
39.4
40.3

40. 2
41. 1
40. 5
40. 1
40. 1
39.7
40.7
39.1
40.4

39.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
39.4
38.5
40.3
39.0
40.0

40.1
41.2
40.4
40.2
40.1
38.1
41.2
39.0
40.0

39.9
41.1
40.6
40.1
40.0
37.6
40.8
38.9
39.7

39.4
41.3
40.7
38.2
39.2
36.0
40.8
38.6
39.5

39.9
41.7
41.0
39.3
39.6
37.8
41.1
38.9
39.6

41.4
41.0
39.3
38.8
38.0
41.0
38.7
39.3

3 9 .7

40.5
41.7
41.7
39.6
40.3
38.9
41.8
39.4
40.8

41.2
42.8
42.3
40.0
40.9
39.5
42.3
40.2
41.8

T ransportation equ ip m en t_____________
M otor vehicles and equ ip m en t_____ _
A ircraft and p a rts__________ ____ _
Ship and boat building and re p a irin g ._
R ailroad equipm ent ______________
O ther tran sp o rtatio n eq u ip m en t______

43.0
42.8
41.0

42.5
43. 4
42. 5
40.7
38. 9
41.2

41.6
41. 5
42.4
39.8
39 3
41.2

40.9
40. 4
42.3
38.8
40 1
40.0

41.4
41.0
42.3
40.4
39 8
41.6

41.7
41 3
42.8
40.7
40 3
40.7

40.5
38 9
42.7
40.9
40. 2
39.6

40.5
38.8
42.8
40.8
40 0

40.3
39 2
42.2
39.5
40 7

3 9 .4

3 7 .9

41.6
41. 0
42.8
41.5
41 3
38.3

42.5
42 6
42.9
42.3
40 9
38.9

$2.72
2.87
2.85
2.92
2.58
2.39
3. 02
2. 34
2.95

$2.70
2.84
2.85
2.92
2.58
2.39
2.98
2. 32
2.97

42.7
43.1

42.9
43 5

42.6
42. 8

4 3 .3

4 3 .0

4 3 .3

41.2
4L 1

41.4
40 8

3 9 .1

41.8
40 9
40.0

3 9 .8

42.9
44.2
42.0
40.5
40. 2
40.3

$2.70
2.89
2.83
2.92
2.56
2.40
2.97
2.31
3.00

$2.69
2.86
2.81
2.93
2.56
2.41
2.95
2.30
3. 01

$2.67
2.81
2.82
2.89
2.54
2.40
2.93
2.31
2.95

$2.65
2.79
2.80
2.87
2. 51
2.37
2.90
2.28
2.91

$2.58
2.73
2.72
2.78
2.44
2.30
2.82
2. 21
2.80

3.40

3.41

3.33

3. 21

3 44

3 34

3.31

3.15

3.14
3.00

2.40

2.31

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipm ent and supplies______
Electric test & distributing eq u ip m en t..
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s_______
H ousehold a p p lia n c e s ..________ ____
Electric lighting and w iring equipm entRadio an d T V receiving eq u ip m en t__
C om m unication equipm ent__________
Electronic components and accessories.
M ise, electrical equipm ent & su p p lies..

$2.80
2. 95
2.91
3. 02
2.63
2. 44
3. 12
2. 43
2. 93

$2. 78
2. 93
2. 91
2. 95
2. 62
2. 42
3.10
2. 42
2.92

$2.78
2. 90
2.89
3.00
2. 61
2. 41
3.08
2. 42
2. 97

$2.79
2.92
2.91
3.00
2. 59
2. 42
3.08
2. 42
3.00

$2.79
2.90
2.89
2.97
2.60
2.42
3.07
2.40
2.97

$2. 76
2.90
2.88
2.96
2.60
2.43
3.04
2. 37
2.97

T ransportation eq u ip m en t______ ____
M otor vehicles and eq u ip m en t..
Aircraft and p a rts__ _
Ship and boat building and repairing. _
Railroad equipm ent . . . ____
Other transportation equipm ent______

3. 49
3. 51
3.32

3. 47
3. 58
3.48
3.31
3. 38
2. 57

3. 45
3. 57
3. 46
3. 30
3 39
2. 55

3. 43
3. 57
3.42
3.28
3 43
2. 55

3.41
3 54
3.41
3.24
3 40
2. 56

See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.75
2.89
2. 89
2.93
2.57
2.41
3.03
2. 37
2.94

$2 .7 3

3.40

3.39

3.37

3.38

3.39

3.41

3 51

3 4Q

3. 39
3.27
3 43
2. 53

3! 40
3.25

3! 39
3.25

3! 39
3. 23

3. 37
3.22

3. 36

3.22

3! 37
3.17

3! 35
3.21

2.49

2. 51

2.50

2. 43

2.44

2. 43

2. 44

2 .8 8

2.86
2.93
2.59
2. 36
3.02
2. 35
2.95

91

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
A nnual
average

1966

1967
In d u stry
Oct .2

Sept.2

Aug.

July

June

Apr.

M ay

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable goods —C ontinued

Instru m en ts and related p ro d u cts............ $119.68
Engineering & scientific in strum ents.
Mechanical measuring & control devices____________________________
116.28
O ptical and ophthalm ic go o d s...
108.65
O phthalm ic goods_________
Medical instrum ents and su p p lie s.. _
101.09
Photographic equipm ent and supplies. _
Watches, clocks, and w atchcases_____

$119.39 $117.14 $116. 28 $117.01 $115.90 $115.77 $115.51 $114.11 $115.65 $116.89 $116.20 $116.05 $114.93 $108. 47
143.86 134.41 136. 00 137.90 137.14 138.85 137. 85 133. 65 133.30 136.97 134.23 134.23 133.18 125.33
115. 75 112.16 110. 25 110.92 113.24 111.20 112. 72 110.92 116.06 117.88 117.18 117.04 115.78 109.03
108.39 108.09 107. 04 107.94 105.82 105. 67 104.86 103. 68 105. 22 106. 5S 105. 41 103. 75 103. 66 99.30
95. 68 95.20 94.96 94.80 94.09 94.09 93.06 92.59 93.20 94. 42 94. 6C 93.20 92.84 89.40
100. 50 99.05 98.46 98.40 98. 74 98.33 97. 44 97.69 96. 64 97.68 97.51 97.17 95.24 90.63
141.95 141.53 140.10 141. 67 137. 48 135.98 137.49 136. 53 136.21 136.28 134. 59 137.66 134.54 128.14
93.90 94.00 93.53 93.06 90.87 91. 77 91. 43 90.23 92.06 92.11 91.69 91.65 91.39 87.85

Miscellaneous m anufacturing in d u stries.. 92.66 92.43 92.04 90. 79 92.20 91.57 91.57 92.20 90.17 91.87 91.20 90. 45 90.09 88.80
Jew elry, silverware, and plated w a re ... 106.63 108.67 106.23 103.22 104.26 105.30 105.18 104.52 100.47 103.38 108.03 109. 23 108.20 102.26
Toys, and sporting goods____________
82. 71 82. 71 81.96 83.10 82.11 82. 71 83.10 81.79 82.53 79.17 79. 60 79.60 78.80
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___
90.68 91.64 90.16 90.68 90.06 89.33 89.04 87. 58 88.31 90.17 90.45 89.38 86. 65
Costum e jewelry and notio n s________
83.85 83.64 81. 75 85.36 84.07 84.46 83.42 81.32 82. 47 82.35 80.13 81.37 81.39
O ther m anufacturing in d u stries._.
99. 79 99.65 98.36 96. 47 97.86 96.97 96.58 97. 71 96.08 97.66 97.84 97.84 97.28 95.68
Musical instrum ents and p a rts_____
102.51 100.84 99. 79 98.39 96.75 99.15 99.43 98.89 100.85 103.91 104. 75 103. 42 100. 53

85.39
95. 53
76. 44
82.82
77.62
92.46
97. 75

Average weekly hours
Instru m en ts and related products. _.
Engineering & scientific in s tru m e n ts ...
Mechanical measuring & control devices___________________
Optical and ophthalm ic goods______
O phthalm ic goods________________
Medical in stru m en ts and supplies___
Photographic equipm ent and suDDlies..
Watches, clocks, and w atchcases*/..
Miscellaneous m anufacturing in d u strie s..
Jew elry, silverware, and p lated w a re ...
Toys and sporting goods_____________
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___
Costum e jewelry and notions _ .*___
O ther m anufacturing industries______
Musical instrum ents and p a rts.

41.7

41.6
44.4

41.1
42.4

40.8
42.5

41.2
43.5

41.1
43. 4

41.2
43.8

41.4
43.9

40.9
42.7

41.6
43.0

42.2
43.9

42.1
43.3

42.2
43.3

42.1
43.1

41.4
41.5

40.8
41.0

40.9
40.9
39. 7
40.2
42.5
40.3

40.2
41.1
40.0
40.1
42. 5
40.0

39.8
40.7
39.9
39.7
42.2
39.8

39.9
41.2
40.0
40.0
42.8
39.6

40.3
40.7
39.7
40.3
42.3
39.0

40.0
40.8
39.7
40.3
42.1
39.9

40.4
40.8
39. 6
40.1
42.7
40.1

39.9
40.5
39.4
40.2
42.4
39. 4

41.6
41.1
40.0
40.1
42.7
40.2

42.1
41.8
40. 7
40.7
43.4
40.4

42.0
41.5
40.6
40.8
43.0
41.3

42.1
41.5
40.7
41.0
43.7
41.1

42.1
41.8
40.9
40.7
43.4
40.8

41.3
41.9
41.2
40.1
43.0
40.3

39.5
40.7
39.2
39.6
39.0
39.7
40.2

39.5
40.7
39.2
39. 5
38.9
39.5
39.7

38.8
39.7
38.3
39.2
38.2
38.9
39.6

39.4
40.1
39.2
39. 6
39. 7
39.3
39.2

39.3
40.5
39.1
39.5
39.1
39.1
38.7

39.3
40.3
39.2
39.7
39.1
39.1
39.5

39.4
40.2
39.2
39.4
38.8
39.4
39.3

38.7
39.4
38. 4
39.1
38.0
38.9
39.4

39.6
40.7
39.3
39.6
38.9
39.7
40.5

40.0
42.2
39.0
40.8
39. 4
40.1
41.9

40.2
42.5
40.0
41.3
38.9
40.1
41.9

40.4
42.6
40. 0
41.0
39. 5
40.2
41.7

40.0
41.4
39.4
40.3
39.7
40.2
41.2

39.9
41.0
39.2
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.9

40.6

39.6
40.7

39.6

Average hourly earnings
Instru m en ts and related pro d u cts___
Engineering & scientific in stru m en ts. _.
Mechanical m easuring & control devices________________
Optical a n d ophthalm ic goods___
O phthalm ic goods_________
Medical in stru m en ts and supplies. _
Photographic equipm ent and supplies. _
Watches, clocks, and w atchcases. _

$2.87

$2.87
3.24

$2.85
3.17

$2.85
3. 20

$2.84
3.17

$2.82
3.16

$2.81
3.17

$2.79
3.14

$2.79
3.13

$2.78
3.10

$2.77
3.12

$2.76
3.10

$2.75
3.10

$2.73
3.09

$2.62
3.02

2.85
2.65

2.83
2.65
2.41
2.50
3.34
2.33

2.79
2.63
2.38
2.47
3.33
2.35

2. 77
2.63
2.38
2. 48
3.32
2.35

2.78
2.62
2.37
2. 46
3.31
2.35

2.81
2.60
2 37
2.45
3.25
2.33

2.78
2.59
2 37
2.44
3.23
2.30

2. 79
2.57
2 35
2.43
3.22
2.28

2. 78
2.56
2 35
2. 43
3.22
2.29

2.79
2. 56
2.33
2. 41
3.19
2.29

2.80
2.55
2. 32
2.40
3.14
2.28

2.79
2. 54
2.33
2.39
3.13
2.22

2.78
2.50
2.29
2.37
3.15
2.23

2. 75
2.48
2.27
2.34
3.10
2.24

2. 64
2.37
2.17
2.26
2.98
2.18

Miscellaneous m anufacturing in d u strie s..
Jew elry, silverware, and plated w a re ...
Toys and sporting goods_______ . . .
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies .
Costum e jewelry and notions I ___ . .
O ther m anufacturing industries.
Musical instrum ents and parts

2.34
2.62

2.34
2.67
2.11
2.29
2.15
2.51
2.55

2.33
2.61
2.11
2.32
2.15
2.49
2. 54

2.34
2.60
2.14
2.30
2.14
2. 48
2. 52

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.29
2.15
2. 49
2.51

2.33
2.60
2.10
2.28
2.15
2.48
2.50

2.33
2. 61
2.11
2. 25
2.16
2.47
2.51

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.26
2.15
2. 48
2.53

2.33
2.55
2.13
2. 24
2.14
2.47
2.51

2.32
2.54
2.10
2.23
2.12
2.46
2.49

2.28
2.56
2.03
2.21
2.09
2.44
2.48

2.25
2.57
1.99
2.19
2.06
2. 44
2.50

2.23
2.54
1.99
2.18
2.06
2.42
2.48

2.22
2.47
2.00
2.15
2.05
2.38
2.44

2.14
2.33
1.95
2.05
1.96
2.30
2.39

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.49

2. 52

92

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
Table

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

Apr.

M ay

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
lanufacturing—C ontinued
N ondurable goods

Food and k indred p ro d u c ts ...........
$107.71 $109. 67 $107.94 $108.62 $108.50
Meat p ro d u c ts_________________
117.88 120.41 115.51 116.06 115.09
D airy p ro d u cts_____ _____ _______
113. 70 115. 60 114. 01 116.15 114.38
Canned, cured, and frozen foods____
91.98 85.53 82.84 83.76
G rain m ill p ro d u cts________________
127.42 128.16 126.67 126.40 120.50
B akery p ro d u c ts ..__________________ 109. 07 109. 76 108.00 110.16 108.68
Sugar___________________ ____
122 14 126 48 124.53 122.06
Confectionery and related p ro d u c ts ..
93.84 93. 61 94.76 92.34 92.86
Beverages____________ . . . ........... _
124. 03 124. 54 125.93 127.44 127.26
Misc. foods and kindred products. . _
109.04 108.26 107.68 108.26 107.78
Tobacco m anufactures_________________
C igarettes_____________________ .
Cigars________________________ _____

85.63

Textile m ill products_____
Weaving mills, cotton. _____
Weaving mills, syn th etics____________
Weaving and finishing mills, w ool.. . . .
N arrow fabric m ills____________ .
K nittin g m ills. ______________
Textile finishing, except w ool. .
Floor covering m ills _______________
Y arn and thread m ills_______ _____
Miscellaneous textile g o o d s...

87.98
89. 46
92.88
93.28
84.04
77.00
99.82

$107.18 $105.86
113. 83 113.96
111.57 110.62
84.52 82.06
120.39 118.53
107.07 104.28
124. 64 126.59
91.94 87.85
123.42 123.93
106. 50 105.16

$106.52 $105.18 $106.08 $106.14 $104.90 $104.08 $103.82
112.16 110.76 115.64 116. 05 114.51 112.44 109. 74
110.62 110.88 110.46 110.56 110.30 109.88 109.13
84.26 83.11 82.60 81.87 80.32 82. 58 83.35
120.01 119.14 122.30 123.12 122.94 124.01 118.61
104. 67 104.67 103.49 104. 01 104. 54 105.99 104.38
127.30 115. 53 110. 68 111.28 110.11 101.39 114. 78
91.66 90.45 88.80 87.85 88.22 89.06 87.34
122.91 119. 20 117.89 122.36 121.99 120.07 119. 60
105. 59 104.17 103.91 105.11 105.35 104.25 102.12

$99.87
107.27
105.08
78.99
113. 40
101.40
110.33
83.53
114.09
98.79

82.08 83.16 88.10 81.24 82.14 84.97
98.19 103.95 112.47 100. 77 105. 72 105.45
64.78 64.98 68.02 68.24 66.41 65.84

79.21
97.27
63.95

86.72 87.75 91.44 94.41 90.30 91.33 87.52
105 36 109. 69 113.24 113.98 107.48 110.25 105.71
73 12 68 82 63.89 68.81 68. 08 66.97 64.80

87.14
88.62
91.38
93. 73
83.03
77.21
96.67
95.26
82.37 80. 73
100.15 100.62

83.84
83.42
86. 31
93.09
82.42
76.64
91.10
93.72
76.92
95.67

81.41
81.40
84.46
91.81
80.80
74.69
88.94
90.09
74.64
93.07

82.82
83.42
83.43
91.16
81.81
74.88
94.81
88.19
75.39
94.62

82.22
84.03
84.25
90.10
81.40
73.72
94.38
87.15
74.24
92.43

81.20
84.23
83.43
87.99
79.40
72.75
93.94
83.43
72.93
92.89

81.20
84.64
82. 62
86.73
78.21
72. 56
92.43
82.42
72.91
91.88

80.60
85.04
82.62
86.11
77.82
71.80
90.91
79.39
72. 73
90.98

81.61
86.28
83.84
87. 57
80.15
70.68
90. 27
82.01
74.37
93.44

82.40
87.29
84. 84
87. 78
81.34
70.88
93.31
83.82
75.48
93.66

83.42
87.29
87.11
85.68
81.16
72.58
92.66
86.88
77.42
96.53

83.40
86.46
86.70
86.53
82.15
73. 51
92. 66
86.88
78.35
96. 54

82.12
85.54
87.03
87.54
80.26
71.60
91.58
83.36
77.59
93.95

78.17
80. 28
83.90
83.69
75.99
68.29
85.85
81.51
73.70
88.83

Average weekly hours
Food and k indred p ro d u c ts ...
M eat p ro d u cts______________________
D airy products .....................................
Canned, cured, and frozen foods......... .
G rain m ill p ro d u cts_________________
Bakery products__________________ .
Sugar_________________________ . .
Confectionery and related p roducts___
Beverages_____________ . . .
Misc. foods and kindred p roducts. . . .

40.8
42.1
41.8
46.0
40.1
40.8
40.4
42.1

41.7
42.7
42.5
40. 7
46.1
40.5
39.4
40.7
40.7
41.8

41.2
41.7
42.7
38. 7
46.4
40.3
40 8
41.2
41.7
41.9

41.3
41.9
43.5
38.0
46.3
40.8
40.3
39.8
42.2
41.8

41.1
41.4
43.0
37.9
44.3
40.4
39.5
40.2
42.0
42.1

40.6
40.8
42.1
37.9
44.1
40.1
41.0
39.8
40.6
41.6

40.1
40.7
41.9
36.8
43.1
39.5
41.1
38.7
40.9
41.4

40.5
40.2
41.9
38.3
43.8
39.8
41.6
40.2
40.7
41.9

40.3
39.7
42.0
38.3
43.8
39.8
39.7
40.2
40.0
41.5

40.8
41.3
42.0
38.6
44.8
39.5
40.1
40.0
40.1
41.9

41.3
42.2
42.2
38.8
45.1
39.7
42.8
40.3
41.2
42.9

41.3
42.1
42.1
38.8
45.2
39.9
44.4
40.1
40.8
43.0

41.3
41.8
42.1
89.7
46.1
40.3
39.3
40.3
40.7
42.9

41.2
41.1
42.3
39.5
45.1
40.3
42.2
39.7
41.1
42.2

41.1
41.1
42.2
39.3
45.0
40.4
42.6
39.4
40.6
42.4

Tobacco m anufactures__________ .
C igarettes______________
C igars________________________ .

40.2

39.6
37 9
39.1

39.0
39 6
37 4

38.1
40.3
35.3

39.5
41.0
37. 6

38.1
38.8
37.2

38.7
39.8
37.0

37.4
38.3
35.8

36.0
36.1
35.4

37.8
38.5
35.9

40.6
41.5
38.0

38.5
37.6
37.7

39.3
39.3
37.1

38.8
39.2
37.2

37.9
37.7
37.4

Textile m ill products___
Weaving mills, cotton________ .
Weaving m ills, synthetics____________
Weaving and finishing mills, wool_____
N arrow fabrics m ills_________________
K nittin g m i l l s . . _____________ . .
Textile finishing, except w o o l.. .
Floor covering m ills______
Y arn and thread m ills___________
Miscellaneous textile goods___ .

41.5
42.0
43.0
42.4
40.6
38.5
43.4

41.3
41.8
42.5
42.8
40.5
38.8
42.4
44 1
41.4
43.0

41.1
41.5
42.1
43.5
40.8
39.1
41.6
44 0
40.7
42.0

40.3
40.7
41.4
42.9
40.4
38.5
40.8
42.9
39.7
41.0

40.8
41.5
41.1
42.8
40.7
38.6
42.9
42.4
40.1
41.5

40.5
41.6
41.3
42.5
40.7
38.0
42.9
41.9
39.7
40.9

40.2
41.7
41.1
41.9
40.1
37.5
42.7
40.5
39.0
41.1

40.2
41.9
40.7
41.3
39.5
37.4
42.4
40.4
39.2
41.2

40.1
42.1
40.7
41.2
39.5
37.2
41.7
49.3
39.1
40.8

40.6
42.5
41.3
41.7
41.1
37.2
41.6
40.4
40.2
41.9

41.2
43.0
42.0
42.0
41.5
37.7
43.0
41.7
40.8
42.0

41.5
43.0
42.7
40.8
41.2
38.4
42.7
42.8
41.4
42.9

41.7
42.8
42.5
41.4
41.7
39.1
42.9
42.8
41.9
43.1

41.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
41.8
38.7
43.2
42.1
42.4
42.9

41.8
42.7
43.7
42.7
41.3
38.8
42.5
42.9
42.6
42.3

Food and kindred p roducts____
Meat p ro d u cts_______________
D airy p ro d u cts_____________________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods______
G rain m ill p ro d u cts__________
B akery products___________
Sugar________________ . .
Confectionery and related p ro d u c ts.. .
Beverages_____________ . .
Misc. foods and kindred p ro d u cts..........

$2.64
2.80
2. 72

$2.64
2.79
2.65
2.23
2.73
2.67
3. 04
2.31
3.04
2.56

$2.64
2.80
2. 64
2.23
2. 75
2.64
3. 08
2.27
3.03
2.54

$2.63
2.79
2. 64
2. 20
2.74
2.63
3. 06
2.28
3.02
2. 52

$2.61
2.79
2.64
2.17
2.72
2.63
2.91
2.25
2.98
2.51

$2.60
2.80
2.63
2.14
2.73
2.62
2.76
2.22
2.94
2.48

$2.57
2.75
2.62
2.11
2.73
2.62
2. 60
2. Î8
2.97
2.45

$2.54
2.72
2.62
2.07
2.72
2. 62
2.48
2.20
2.99
2.45

$2.52
2.69
2.61
2.08
2.69
2.63
2.58
2.21
2.95
2.43

$2.52
2.67
2. 58
2.11
2.63
2.59
2.72
2.20
2.91
2.42

$2.43
2.61
2.49
2.01
2.52
2.51
2.59
2.12
2.81
2.33

Tobacco m anufactures_____________ . . .
C igarettes___________________
Cigars___________________ .
Textile m ill products__________________
Weaving mills, co tto n ________
Weaving mills, synthetics____________
Weaving and finishing mills, wool. .
N arrow fabric m ills. ________________
K n ittin g m ills . _______ __________
Textile finishing, except wool________
Floor covering mills ____________ . _
Y arn and th read mills ______________
Miscellaneous textile goods___________

41.6
42.8

Average hourly earnings

See fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.63
2.82
2. 72
2.26
2. 78
2.71
3 10
2.30
3. 06
2. 59

$2.62
2. 77
2. 67
2.21
2.73
2.68
3 10
2.30
3.02
2. 57

2.63
2.77
2.67
2.18
2.73
2.70
3.09
2.32
3.02
2. 59

$2.64
2.78
2.66
2.21
2.72
2.69
3.09
2.31
3.03
2. 56

2.13

2.19
2. 78
1.87

2.25
2 77
1.84

2.40
2.81
1.81

2.39
2.78
1.83

2.37
2 77
1.83

2.36
2 77
1 81

2.34
2 76
1 81

2.28
2.72
1. 83

2.20
2.70
1.81

2.17
2.71
1.79

2.11
2. 68
1.81

2.09
2. 69
1.79

2.19
2.69
1.77

2.09
2. 58
1.71

2.12
2.13
2.16
2.20
2.07
2.00
2.30

2.11
2.12
2.15
2.19
2. 05
1.99
2.28
2.16
1.95
2.34

2.04
2. 01
2. 05
2.14
2.02
1.96
2.19
2 13
1.89
2.28

2.02
2.00
2.04
2.14
2.00
1.94
2.18
2.10

2.03
2.01
2.03
2.13
2.01
1.94
2.21
2 08
1.88
2.28

2.03
2.02
2.04
2.12
2.00
1.94
2.20

2.02
2.02
2.03
2.10
1.98
1.94
2.20

2.02
2.02
2.03
2.10
1.98
1.94
2.18

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.09
1.97
1.93
2.18

2.01
2.03
2.03
2.10
1.95
1.90
2.17

2.00
2.03
2.02
2.09
1.96
1.88
2.17

9 03

2 01

1.87
2.26

1.87
2.26

1.86
2.23

1.86
2.23

1.85
2.23

1.85
2.23

2. 01
2.03
2.04
2.10
1.97
1.89
2.17
2 03
1.87
2.25

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.09
1.97
1.88
2.16
2. 03
1.87
2.24

1.96
1.98
2.01
2.05
1.92
1.85
2.12
1.98
1.83
2.19

1.87
1.88
1.92
1.96
1.84
1.76
2.02
1.90
1.73
2.10

2.77
2. 72
2.30
3.07
2.59

1.98
2.34

1.88

2.27

9 08

9 Ofi

9 04

9 09

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

93

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct.

2

S e p t.2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
N ondurable goods — C ontinued

A pparel and other textile products __
$73.75 $74.73 $74.05 $72.16 $72. 52 $71.80 $72.16 $71.80 $71.04 $70.40 $69.87 $70.25 $70. 64 $68.80 $66. 61
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats
87. 72 90.15 87.97 85.18 88. 67 88.22 87.75 87.00 85.70 88.09 87.78 86.94 87.17 85.79 81.86
Men’s and boys’ furnishings___ _ ___ 63.70 64.40 64.18 63.49 63. 66 62.78 62.97 62.80 63.15 61.42 61.34 60.64 59. 68 59.15 57.90
Women’s and misses’ outerw ear___
75.38 77. 4C 77.97 76.81 74.58 74.45 75.99 75.77 74.21 72.08 71.02 71.32 72.42 71.34 68.68
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents. 68.81 68.82 67.52 65.88 65.88 65.70 65. 51 65.70 64.98 63.89 63.70 65.98 66.12 63.10 60.19
H ats, caps, and m illin ery .. . _____ _
73.75 75 65 74 98 72 62 68 75 69 58 71 75 75 90 74 16 72 27 70 69 79 6Q
C hildren’s outerw ear_________
66.34 66. 53 66.36 66. 74 67.49 66. 01 65.08 64.40 65.14 64.62 62. 66 6 2 ! 48 6¿ 48 62.99 60. 79
I u r goods and miscellaneous ap p arel..
82.2£ 79. 35 77. 96 77 83 78 12 76 96 75 75 75 18 74 57 76 34 77 91 78 58 74 70
Mise, fabricated textile products* . .
84.07 83.85 82.43 75.11 78.00 78.83 76.84 77. 25 75.85 77! 29 79.15 7 9 .5 4 8l! 56 76! 02 74.11
Paper and allied p roducts_______
Paper and pulp* m ills__________ .
Paperboard m ills___
__
Mise, converted paper p roducts____
P aperboard containers and boxes_____

125. 56
141.68
148.13
109. 52
114. 63

125. 56
142. 44
147.35
108. 73
114. 48

124. 41
141.44
144. 38
108.32
112.41

123.69
141.96
144.13
107.38
110.12

122.41
139. 67
141.88
106.30
110.88

120.28
137.64
136.22
104.86
108.47

119.00
136.40
137. 28
103.38
107.01

Prin tin g and publishing_____ _ . . .
N ewspapers___________ . . .
Periodicals _ _______
Books________ ___
Commercial p rin tin g ___ . . . .
Blankbooks and bookbinding________
O ther publishing & printing “in d ______

127.21 127.82
131.41
144 67
111 04
131. 66 133.00
99.72 98. 55
128.26 128.31

126.28
129 24
139 47
114 21
130. 41
96.89
128.15

124.91
128 52
138 23
111.84
128.58
94. 75
125. 68

124.86
129 95
133 12
112 16
128.58
96.64
125.68

124.86
129 60
130 42
115 65
127. 59
98.16
126.34

124.03 125.06 123.33 123.97 125.90 124.87 125.51 122. 61 118.12
127 44 126 71 125 65 124 95
129 55 128 47 125 24

36.3
36.5
37.1
34.5
37.1
36. 9
35.3
36.4
38.7

35.9
36.4
36.7
34.6
36.2
36. 4
35.5
35.6
37.0

35.9
37.1
36.8
33.9
36.2
35 6
35.9
35. 7
37.5

35.9
37.7
36.5
34.3
35.9
34 9
35.3
36.0
37.9

35.9
37.5
36.4
34.7
35.8
35 5
34.8
36.3
37.3

35.9
37.5
36.3
34.6
36.1
35 0
35.0
35.9
37.5

35.7
37.1
36.5
34.2
35.9
35 8
35! 4
35 8

36.1
38.3
37.0
34.0
36.3
36 0
36! 1
36 2

3 7 .0

119.71
136.89
139.78
105.22
107.38

119.14
136. 75
137.90
104. 55
105.41

119.84
137. 20
138. 08
106. 08
107. 07

120.81
138.12
138.57
105.84
109.65

121.80
139.05
140.43
105.84
110.33

121.37
138.43
139.05
104.75
111.11

119.35
135.30
138. 62
104.16
108.63

114. 22
128.16
132.14
99.42
104. 23

114 26 115 51 113 71
127. 47 129.17 126! 75 127. 26 128.08 128.16 129.52 126. 56 120.96
97.78 96.75 93.99 96.36 96. 72 96.33 96.92 95.16 91.57
125.18 127.71 128.43 128.64 127.14 125.32 126.10 124.94 120.90
Average weekly hours

A pparel and other textile p roducts_____
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___
Men’s and boys’ furnishings____ _
Women’s and misses’ outerw ear__
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents.
H ats, caps, and m illinery_____
C hildren’s o u te rw e a r...!_____
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel..
Mise, fabricated textile products!._

39.1

36.1
37.1
36.8
33.8
37.0
35.8
35.2
36.9
39.0

Paper and allied products____
P ap er and pulp* m ills___ _____
Paperboard mills .
Mise, converted paper products . . .
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

43.0
44.0
45.3
41.8
42.3

43.0
44.1
45.2
41.5
42.4

42.9
44.2
44.7
41.5
42.1

42.8
44.5
44.9
41.3
41.4

42.8
44.2
44.9
41.2
42.0

42.5
44.4
43.8
40.8
41.4

42.2
44.0
44.0
40.7
41.0

42.6
44.3
44.8
41.1
41.3

Prin tin g and publishing. . ___
N ewspapers
Periodicals . _ ___ . .
Books.
_____
Commercial p rin tin g __
Blankbooks and bookbinding..
O ther publishing & printing4nd

38.2

38.5
36.3
41.1
39.1
39.7
38.8
38.3

38.5
36 1
40.9
40. 5
39.4
38.6
38.6

38.2
36.0
40.3
39.8
39.2
37.9
38.2

38.3
36 3
39 5
40 2
39.2
38.5
38.2

38.3
36 2
38 7
41 6
38.9
38.8
38.4

38.4
36 0
39 4
41 4
39.1
38.8
38.4

38.6
36 1
39 3
41 7
39.5
38.7
38.7

.

35.8
36.4
36.4
33.5
36.6
35.1

39.3
38.8
38.4

37 1
38.8

37 6

3 7 .7

36.2
38.5
37.4
33.5
36.4
36 5
35 !4
36 7
38.8

42.4
44.4
44.2
41.0
40.7

42.8
44.4
44.4
41.6
41.5

43.3
44.7
44.7
42.0
42.5

43.5
45.0
45.3
42.0
42.6

38.3

38.5
35 7

39.1
37 1
39 7
41 2

38.9
36 7
40 4
41 1

38.7
39.1

3 9 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .0

38.8

$ 1 .9 3
2.28
1.64
2.12
1.75
1.98

$1.93
2.27
1.63
2.11
1.75
1.94

41 2
3 9 .0
3 7 .9

38.8

41 4
3 9 .4

36.4
38.3
37.2
33.8
37.7
36 4
3 5 .7

3 9 .8
3 9 .0

36.4
38.3
37.2
34.3
36.9
86 5
36! 2
86 8
38.2

36.4
37.9
37.6
34.0
36.7
86 5
36! 4
86 5
38.4

4 3 .5
4 4 ,8
4 5 .0

43.4
44.8
45.3
42.0
42.6

43.1
44.5
45.1
41.6
42.2

39.1
36 6
41 2
41 7
40.1
39.4
38.8

38.8
86 8
40 2
41 8

38.6
86 1
40 2
41 8

38.8

38.8
39.0

$1.89
2.24
1.59
2.08
1.71
1.95
1.74
2.03
1.99

$1.83
2.16
1.54
2.02
1.64
1.92
1.67
1.95
1.93

36.6
38.4
37.3
34. 0
38. 0
36 9
35 7

3 9 .4

41.9
42.9

3 9 .8
3 9 .0

3 9 .4

Average hourly earnings
Apparel and other textile products
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats ______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings . . . . .
Women’s and misses’ outerw ear__
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents.
H ats, caps, and m illinery. _
C hildren’s outerw ear____________
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel
Mise, fabricated textile p ro d u c ts._____

$2.06
2.41
1.75
2.25
1.88

$2.04
2.41
1.73
2.26
1.82
2.05
1.88
2.18
2.13

$2.01
2.34
1.73
2. 22
1.82
2.06
1.88
2.19
2.03

$2.02
2.39
1.73
2.20
1.82
2. 04
1.88
2.18
2.08

$2.00
2.34
1.72
2.17
1.83
1.97
1.87
2.17
2.08

$2.01
2.34
1.73
2.19
1.83
1.96
1.87
2.12
2. 06

$2.00
2.32
1.73
2.19
1.82
2. 05
1.84
2.11
2.06

$1.99
2.31
1.73
2.17
1.81
2.12
1.84
2.10
2.05

$1.95
2.30
1.66
2.12
1.76
2. 06
1.7 9

1.7 7

2.15

$2.07
2.43
1.75
2.29
1.86
2.06
1.89
2.23
2.15

2.06
2.05

2.08
2.04

2. 05

$1.93
2. 27
1.60
2.13
1.74
1.97
1.75
2.09
2.07

Paper and allied products .
P ap er and pulp m ills________________
Paperboard m ills. __
Mise, converted paper products
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

2.92
3.22
3.27
2.62
2.71

2.92
3.23
3.26
2.62
2.70

2.90
3.20
3.23
2.61
2.67

2.89
3.19
3. 21
2.60
2.66

2.86
3.16
3.16
2. 58
2.64

2.83
3.10
3.11
2.57
2. 62

2.82
3.10
3.12
2.54
2. 61

2.81
3.09
3.12
2. 56
2.60

2.81
3.08
3.12
2.55
2.59

2.80
3.09
3.11
2. 55
2.58

2.79
3.09
3.10
2.52
2. 58

2.80
3.09
3.10
2. 52
2.59

2.79
3.09
3.09
2.50
2.59

2. 75
3.02
3.06
2.48
2. 55

2. 65
2.88
2.93
2.39
2.47

Prin tin g and publishing. _ ____ ______
N ewspapers__ ____ _____
P erio d icals... _____ ____
Books. _ . . . _
Commercial p rin tin g . . _____
Blankbooks and bookbinding.
O ther publishing & printing in d ______

3.33

3.32
3. 62
3. 52
2.84
3.35
2. 54
3.35

3.28
3. 58
3.41
2.82
3. 31
2. 51
3.32

3.27
3. 57
3. 43
2. 81
3.28
2. 50
3.29

3. 26
3 58
3 37
2 79
3.28
2.51
3.29

3.26
3 58
3 37
2 78
3.28
2.53
3.29

3.23
3 54
3 30
2 76
3.26
2.52
3. 26

3.24
3 51
3 33
2 77
3.27
2.50
3.30

3.22
3 50
3 32
2 76
3.25
2.48
3.31

3.22
3 50
3 29
2 78
3.23
2. 49
3.29

3.22
3 54
3 33
2 78

3.21
3. 53
3.31
2.80

3.21
3. 51
3.32
2.78
3.23
2.46
3.25

3.16
3.45
3.25
2.74
3.18
2.44
3.22

3.06
3.32
3.14
2.68
3.07
2.36
3.10

See fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .

2 8 0 -2 7 7 0 - 6 7 - 7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.89

3.35
2.57
3.34

3 .2 1

2.48
3. 26

1.7 5
2 .10

3 .2 2
2 .4 7

3.23

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

94
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
A nnual
average

1966

1967
In d u stry
Oct. 2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average w eekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
N ondurable goods —C ontinued

Chemicals and allied products_____ . . . $131.04 $130.00 $129.17
In dustrial chemicals__ . . . ____ ______ 147.00 145.81 143.59
Plastics m aterials and synthetics___ __ 130.62 128.34 130.62
D rugs___ ____________ . _____ . . 119.36 117.27 115.54
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ 123.22 123.93 123.53
P aints and allied products________. . .
124.61 124.68 122.25
A gricultural chemicals______________
109.72 110.30 108.00
O ther chemical products_____ __ . . . . 125.14 125.33 123.07

$129. 48 $128. 65 $127.10 $127.49
145.74 143. 72 142.12 142.80
129.89 128. 63 126.46 125.33
114.86 114.97 115. 26 118. 08
125. 26 124.34 125.05 123.32
121.18 122. 47 120. 60 117.91
110. 08 107.19 105. 40 112. 70
123.30 123.37 121.13 122. 43

$126.88
142. 04
125.33
118. 24
122. 61
117. 50
109.31
121. 84

$125. 25 $126.16 $127. 68 $127.98
140.19 141.20 143. 65 145.09
123.19 123.07 126. 78 126. 48
117.96 117. 55 117.01 116.18
122.10 122. 29 120.83 122.06
115.66 116.81 118. 24 118.40
105. 40 107. 75 106.32 104.90
119.95 120.30 123.77 122. 47

$127. 56 $125.16 $121.09
143. 65 140.86 136.08
125.88 125.08 120.70
115. 49 113. 02 107. 04
122.35 119.94 113.15
118. 24 118.01 113.15
106. 70 105. 27 100. 69
122. 22 119.97 116. 48

Petroleum and coal products___ _____
154.80 157.04 153.79 156.67 152. 72 153.58 153.15 150.94 147.97 144.90 145.67 146. 70 145.01 144. 58 138.42
Petroleum refining.
. . _ 159.18 161.12 157.88 163.07 159. 47 161. 41 161.36 159.38 156.19 151.94 152.82 154.34 150.12 151.56 145. 05
O ther petroleum and coal products____ 139.22 142.58 138.87 134.98 131. 24 126. 58 123. 41 117. 04 114.90 116.05 118. 02 119.85 127.84 120. 22 115.90
R ubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tu b es____________ . . .
O ther ru bber p ro d u c ts ... . ._ ______
Miscellaneous plastics products . . . . .

119.85 120.13 116.89 105. 73 109.03 107.57 110.30 110.16 109.35 112.19 113.13 113. 67 113.94 112.14 109. 62
180.96 185.42 177.25 145.89 164.94 162. 50 154. 45 154. 76 154.03 161.62 165.10 165.17 166. 66 163.39 158.06
116.90 115.09 112.47 104. 54 107.30 105.18 106. 66 106.52 105. 73 108.09 110.09 110. 62 110. 62 107.74 103.82
97.68 98.16 96.76 95.75 96.29 94.94 94. 71 94.54 93. 43 94.37 94.30 94.35 95.45 94.39 92. 77

L eather and leather p roducts______ ____
80.22 80.26 80.11 79. 75 79.28 77.04 75.19 75. 65 76.13 77.20 76.63 76.03 74.68 74.88
L eather tanning and finishing_______
111.10 109.06 105.99 103.22 107.45 107. 57 104. 66 103. 20 101. 65 102. 66 104.19 104. 23 103. 53 101. 75
Footwear, except ru b b er___
_ _____ 77.52 77.93 77.97 77. 42 76.20 74.00 71.64 72.44 73.68 75.08 73.92 72.39 70.88 71.81
O ther leather products . . . . .
76.36 76.38 77.00 77.14 76.73 74. 57 73. 77 75.35 73.80 74.86 74. 87 76.05 75.08 73.15
H andbags and personal leather g o o d s..
74.07 73.50 74.47 72.89 70.79 70.40 70.36 70. 59 71.05 69.19 72.20 71.82 69.38

71.82
97.99
68.80
70.49
67.86

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals__
Plastics m aterials and sy n th etics.. . .
______
D rugs______ ___ _________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods.. . . . .
Paints and allied products___________
A gricultural chem icals.. . . .
. . .
O ther chemical products_____________

41.6
42.0
42.0
40.6
40.8
41.4
42.2
41.3

41.4
41.9
41.4
40.3
40.9
41.7
42.1
41.5

41.4
41.5
42.0
40.4
40.5
41.3
41.7
41.3

41.5
42.0
41.9
40.3
40.8
41.5
42.5
41.1

41.5
41.9
41.9
40.2
40.9
41.8
42.2
41.4

41.4
41.8
41.6
40.3
41.0
41.3
42.5
41.2

41.8
42.0
41.5
41.0
40.7
40.8
46.0
41.5

41.6
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.6
40.8
44.8
41.3

41.2
41.6
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.3
42.5
40.8

41.5
41.9
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.7
43.1
41.2

42.0
42.5
42.4
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.7
42.1

42.1
42.8
42.3
41.2
41.8
41.4
42.3
41.8

42.1
42.5
42.1
41.1
41.9
41.2
43.2
42.0

42.0
42.3
42.4
40.8
41.5
41.7
43.5
41.8

41.9
42.0
42.5
40. 7
40.7
41. 6
43.4
41.9

Petroleum and coal products____ ___ _
Petroleum refining.
.
. . . . ____
O ther petroleum and coal p roducts.......

43.0
42.0
46.1

43.5
42.4
46.9

43.2
42.1
46.6

43.4
42.8
45.6

42.9
42.3
45.1

42.9
42.7
43.8

42.9
42.8
43.3

42.4
42.5
41.8

41.8
42.1
40.6

41.4
41.4
41.3

42.1
42.1
42.0

42.4
42.4
42.5

42.4
41.7
44.7

42.4
42.1
43.4

42.2
41.8
43.9

R ubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tu b es______ _______
O ther rubber products______
_ _ __
Miscellaneous plastics p roducts______

42.2
46.4
41.9
40.7

42.3
47.3
41.7
40.9

42.2
46.4
41.5
41.0

40.2
40.3
39.9
40.4

41.3
44.7
40.8
40.8

40.9
44.4
40.3
40.4

40.7
42.2
40.4
40.3

40.8
42.4
40.5
40.4

40.5
42.2
40.2
40.1

41.4
43.8
41.1
40.5

41.9
44. 5
41.7
41.0

42.1
44.4
41.9
41.2

42.2
44.8
41.9
41.5

42.0
44.4
41.6
41.4

42.0
44. 4
41.2
41. 6

L eather and leather p roducts___
. .
L eather tanning and fin ish in g ... _.
Footw ear, except ru b b e r. _ _
O ther leather products_______________
H andbags and personal leather goods._

38.2
41.3
38.0
37.8

38.4
41.0
38.2
38.0
37.6

38.7
40.3
38.6
38.5
37.5

38.9
39.7
39.1
38.0
37.8

38.3
40.7
38.1
37.8
37.0

37.4
40.9
37.0
37.1
36.3

36.5
40.1
36.0
36.7
36.1

36.9
40.0
36.4
37.3
35.9

37.5
39.4
37.4
36.9
36.2

38.6
40.1
38.7
38.0
37.2

38.7
40.7
38.7
38.2
37.0

38.4
40.4
37.9
39.0
38.0

38.1
40.6
37.5
38.7
37.8

38.6
40.7
38.4
38.3
37.5

38.2
41.0
37.8
38.1
37.7

$ 3 .0 4
3 .3 9
2 .9 9
2 .8 2
2 .9 2

$ 3 .0 3
3 .3 8
2 .9 9
2 .8 1
2 .9 2
2 .8 7
2 .4 7
2 .9 1

$ 2 .9 8
3 .3 3
2 .9 5
2 .7 7
2 .8 9
2 .8 3
2 .4 2
2 .8 7

3 .4 6
3. 64
2 .8 2

3 .4 2
3 .6 0

2.86

3 . 41
3 .6 0
2 .7 7

3 .2 8
3 .4 7
2 .6 4

2 .6 7
3 .6 8
2 .5 9
2 .2 8

2 .6 1
3 .5 6
2 .5 2
2 .2 3

1 .9 4
2. 50
1 .8 7
1 .9 1
1 .8 5

2 .3 9
1 .8 2
1 .8 5
1 .8 0

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products___ ____
Industrial chemicals___ . . .
Plastics m aterials and sy n th etics._____
D rugs______________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
Paints and allied products_______ _
A gricultural chemicals___ _
. . ____
O ther chemical p roducts___ _

$3.15

$3.14

$3.12

3 .5 0
3 .1 1
2 .9 4
3 .0 2
3 .0 1
2 .6 0
3 .0 3

3 .4 8
3 .1 0
2 .9 1
3 .0 3
2 .9 9
2 .6 2
3 .0 2

3 .4 6
3 .1 1

Petroleum and coal products____
___
Petroleum refining. __ ________
_ _
O ther petroleum and coal p roducts__

3 .6 0
3 .7 9
3 .0 2

R ubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tu b e s ..
_ _ _ . . ___
O ther rubber products . . . ___ _
Miscellaneous plastics products_______
L eather and leather products___________
L eather tanning and finishing....... .........
Footw ear, except ru b b er___________ _
O ther leather products_____
______
H andbags and personal leather goods.
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 3 .0 4
3 .3 7
2 .9 8

2 .4 4
2 .9 5

$ 3 .0 4
3 .3 7
2 .9 9
2 .8 7
3 .0 0
2 .8 7
2 .4 8
2 .9 4

2 .9 9
2 .8 7
2. 50
2 .9 2

$ 3 .0 4
3 .3 8
2 .9 9
2 .8 4
2 .9 4
2 .8 7
2 .4 9
2 .9 4

2 .8 5

3 .5 6
3 .7 5
2 .8 0

3. 54
3 .7 1
2 .8 3

3. 50
3. 67
2 .8 1

3 .4 6
3 .6 3
2 .8 1

2 . 71
3 .6 6
2 .6 4
2 .3 5

2. 70
3. 65
2 .6 3
2 .3 4

2. 70
3 .6 5
2 .6 3
2 .3 3

2 . 71
3 .6 9
2 .6 3
2 .3 3

2 .7 0
3 .7 1
2 .6 4
2 .3 0

3 . 72
2 .6 4
2 .2 9

2 .7 0
3 .7 2
2. 64
2 .3 0

2 .0 5
2 .5 8
1 .9 9

2 .0 3
2 .5 8
1 .9 7

2.00

1 .9 9

2.01

2.02

2.00

1 .9 5

1 .9 6

1 .9 5

1 .9 8
2. 56
1 .9 1
1 .9 6
1 .8 7

1 .9 8
2 .5 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 5
1 .9 0

1 .9 6
2. 55
1 .8 9
1 .9 4
1 .9 0

$ 3 .1 0
3 .4 3
3 .0 7

$ 3 .0 7
3 .4 0
3 .0 4

$3. 05
3. 40
3 .0 2

3 .0 5
2 .9 6
2 .5 9
2 .9 8

$ 3 .1 2
3 .4 7
3 .1 0
2 .8 5
3 .0 7
2 .9 2
2 .5 9
3 .0 0

3 .0 4
2 .9 3
2. 54
2 .9 8

3. 05
2 .9 2
2 .4 8
2 .9 4

3 .0 3
2 .8 9
2 .4 5
2 .9 5

3 .6 1
3 .8 0
3 .0 4

3 .5 6
3 .7 5
2 .9 8

3 .6 1
3 .8 1
2 .9 6

3. 56
3 . 77
2 .9 1

3 .5 8
3 .7 8
2 .8 9

3 .5 7

2 .8 4
3 .9 0
2 .7 9
2 .4 0

2 .8 4
3 .9 2
2 .7 6
2 .4 0

2 .7 7
3 .8 2
2 .7 1
2 .3 6

2 .6 3
3. 62
2 .6 2
2 .3 7

2 .6 4
3 .6 9
2 .6 3
2 .3 6

2 .6 3
3. 66
2 .6 1
2 .3 5

2.10

2 .0 9

2 .6 9
2 .0 4

2 .0 7
2 .6 3

2 .0 6
2 .6 3

2.01

2.00

2.00
2.01

2. 0 6
2. 61

2.02

2.02
2.00

1 .9 7

1 .9 6

2 .0 5
2 .6 0
1 .9 8
2 .0 3
1 .9 7

2 .0 7
2 .6 4

2 .0 4

2. 66

2.86

2.86 2.86 2.88

2. 0 3
1 .9 7

1 .9 5

3.77

$ 3 . 05
3 .3 9
3 .0 2
2 .8 7
3 .0 2

2.88

2.86

2 .5 6
1 .9 4
1 .9 7
1 .9 1

2.86
2. 48
2 .9 3

2. 7 0

$ 2 .8 9
3. 24
2 .8 4
2 .6 3
2 .7 8
2 .7 2
2 .3 2
2 .7 8

1.88

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

95

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct .2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
T ransp o rtatio n and public utilities:
R ailroad transportation:
Class I railro ad s3...... .............. ..............
Local and suburban transportation___
In tercity highw ay tra n sp o rta tio n _____
T rucking and w arehousing___________
Public w arehousing................................
Pipe line tra n sp o rtatio n______ _______
C om m unication.......................... ..............
Telephone com m unication_________
Telegraph co m m u n icatio n 4________
R adio and television broadcasting__
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and system s____
Gas companies and sy ste m s................
C om bination companies and systems
Water, steam , & sanitary system s___

$140. 29 $140.80
117.18 120.40 $119.13
153. 20 157.18 153.72
144.33 142.52 141.53
104. 23 102. 62 102.62
162. 54 156.11 160.19
121. 39 118.29 120.20
115.13 111.93 114.05
135.02 135. 02 135.96
159. 60 155. 99 157.20
143. 66 141. 25 142.35
146. 26 144. 84 146.72
135.11 129.65 130.97
153.97 153. 04 152.99
115. 54 113. 24 114.62

$117.32 $117. 73 $114.11
150.34 146. 03 144. 57
141.34 136. 27 121. 86
101. 66 99.15 101.81
155. 77 159. 08 166. 53
119. 59 117. 69 117.90
113. 87 112. 03 112. 22
135.14 133.90 128. 23
154. 81 154.45 154. 01
142.00 140. 49 140. 83
145. 95 144. 07 143. 59
128. 88 129. 43 129. 20
153. 77 151.89 152. 94
113. 52 113.12 113. 27

$138.53 $143. 77
113. 70 112. 88
136.12 142. 43
135.11 134. 60
97.71 98. 40
155. 80 157.38
117. 00 120.10
111.36 114. 62
128.35 131. 07
153. 65 154. 42
139. 59 141.86
143. 24 143. 87
128. 02 128. 52
151.37 156.14
111.91 113. 42

$137. 49 $137. 22 $137.90 $132 99 $135 fi5
112. 74 112.71 114.33 115.13 112.36
145.29 143. 22 145. 53 142. 46 144. 95
132.80 137.82 136.85 138.14 135.15
97. 61 99.12 98.18 96.82 96.80
161. 66 154.34 152.31 152. 25 151. 29
118. 01 120. 40 122. 54 119. 54 118. 55
112. 97 115.31 117. 03 114. 24 113. 27
128.35 128. 53 127. 62 130.16 128. 01
152. 05 154. 41 158. 36 154. 77 151. 24
139.18 140.11 140. 53 141. 20 136.95
141. 52 142. 20 142.96 142.54 139. 70
129. 78 128.33 129. 90 131.36 125. 77
150. 75 154. 28 152. 52 154.40 149.70
112. 06 111.79 112. 89 111.52 110. 42

$130 80

108. 20
133. 72
130.48
93. 50
145.85
114. 62
109.08
122. 55
147.63
131. 24
133.31
120.83
143. 79
105.16

Average w eekly hours
T ransp o rtatio n and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3...... ................................
Local and su b u rb an tra n sp o rta tio n ..........
In tercity highw ay tra n sp o rta tio n _______
T rucking and w arehousing_____________
Public w arehousing________ _______
Pipeline tra n sp o rta tio n _____ ___________
C om m unication....................... .....................
Telephone com m unication___________
Telegraph com m unication 4_...................
R adio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and system s______
Gas companies and system s................ _.
C om bination companies and system s. .
Water, steam , & sanitary system s_____

43.3
41.7
43.4
42.7
40.4
42.0
39.8
39.7
43.0
40.0
41.4
41.2
41.7
41.5
40.4

44.0
43.0
44.4
42.8
40.4
41.3
39.3
39.0
43.0
40.1
41.3
41.5
40.9
41.7
40.3

42.7
43.3
42.5
40.4
41.5
39.8
39.6
43.3
40.0
41.5
41.8
40.8
41.8
40.5

42.2
43.2
42.7
40.5
41.1
39.6
39.4
42.9
39.9
41.4
41.7
40.4
41.9
40.4

42.5
42.7
41.8
39.5
41.0
39.1
38.9
43.9
39.5
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.5
40.4

41.8
42.9
38.2
40.4
42.7
39.3
39.1
42.6
39.9
41.3
41.5
40.5
41.9
40.6

43.7
41.8
41.0
41.7
39.4
41.0
39.0
38.8
42.5
39.6
41.3
41.4
40.9
41.7
40.4

44.1
41.5
42.9
41.8
40.0
41.2
39.9
39.8
43.4
39.8
41.6
41.7
40.8
42.2
40.8

43.1
41.6
43.5
41.5
40.5
42.1
39.6
39.5
42.5
39.7
41.3
41.5
41.2
41.3
40.6

43 7
41.9
43.4
42.8
41.3
41.6
40.0
39.9
42.7
39.9
41.7
41.7
41.0
42.5
40.8

44 2
42.5
44.1
42.5
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.5
42.4
40.5
41.7
41.8
41.5
41.9
41.2

42 9
42.8
43.3
42.9
41.2
40.6
40.8
40.8
43.1
40.2
41.9
41.8
41.7
42.3
41.0

43 9
42.4
44.6
42.5
40.5
41.0
40.6
40.6
43.1
39.8
41.5
41.7
41.1
41.7
41.2

43 6
42. i
43.7
42.5
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.4
43.0
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.4

$3. 19
2.71
3.34
3.20
2.41
3.84
2.98
2.86
3.02
3. 83
3. 37
3. 41
3.15
3.65
2. 76

$3.14
2.69
3.30
3. 22
2. 40
3.71
3.01
2.89
3. 01
3. 87
3.36
3. 41
3.13
3.63
2.74

$3.12
2.69
3.30
3. 22
2.36
3.67
2.96
2.82
3.01
3. 91
3.37
3. 42
3.13
3.64
2.74

$3.10
2.69
3.29
3. 22
2.35
3.75
2.93
2.80
3.02
3.85
3.37
3.41
3.15
3.65
2.72

$3.09
2. 65
3. 25
3.18
2.39
3.69
2. 92
2.79
2.97
3. 80
3.30
3.35
3. 06
3.59
2.68

$3.00
2. 57
3. 06
3.07
2. 32
3. 54
2.83
2. 70
2.85
3.70
3.17
3. 22
2.94
3. 44
2. 54

Average hourly earnings
T ransportation and public utilities:
R ailroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_________________
Local and sub u rb an tran sp o rtatio n ___
Intercity highw ay tra n sp o rta tio n _____
T rucking and w arehousing......... .............
Public w arehousing________ _______
Pipeline tran sp o rtatio n _____ _____ ___
C om m unication..........................................
Telephone com m unication_________
Telegraph com m unication 4________
R adio and television broadcasting__
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and system s____
Gas companies and system s.................
C om bination companies and systems
Water, steam , & sanitary system s___
See fo o tn o te s a t en d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$3. 24
2. 81
3.53
3.38
2.58
3. 87
3. 05
2. 90
3.14
3.99
3. 47
3. 55
3. 24
3.71
2. 86

$3. 20
2.80
3. 54
3.33
2. 54
3. 78
3.01
2.87
3.14
3.89
3. 42
3.49
3.17
3. 67
2.81

$2.79
3.55
3.33
2.54
3.86
3.02
2.88
3.14
3.93
3.43
3.51
3.21
3. 66
2.83

$2. 78
3.48
3.31
2. 51
3. 79
3. 02
2.89
3.15
3. 88
3.43
3.50
3.19
3. 67
2.81

$2.77
3.42
3. 26
2.51
3. 88
3. 01
2.88
3.05
3.91
3.41
3.48
3.18
3. 66
2.80

$2. 73
3.37
3.19
2. 52
3.90
3.00
2.87
3.01
3. 86
3.41
3.46
3.19
3.65
2.79

$3.17
2.72
3.32
3.24
2.48
3.80
3.00
2. 87
3. 02
3.88
3. 38
3. 46
3.13
3.63
2.77

$3.26
2.72
3. 32
3. 22
2. 46
3. 82
3. 01
2.88
3. 02
3. 88
3.41
3. 45
3.15
3. 70
2. 78

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

96
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct. 2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail tra d e ------------------------ $82.90 $82.86 $84.15
Wholesale tra d e _______________________ 117.79 117.97 116. 64
Motor vehicles & autom otive equip106.55 108.00
m erit
_ ___
_ __ _ _ _ _
122.09 120.40
114.46 114.13
__ __
D ry goods and apparel _
111.65 110. 27
Groceries and related products_____
130.42 126.07
Electrical goods _
____ _
H ardw are, plum bing & heating equip114.33 110.70
m erit
_ _ ______ - - —
130.73 129.34
M achinery equipm ent, and supplies.
115.82 114.91
Miscellaneous w holesalers. _
_ __ _ _
R etaii tra d e _ . _____________________ — 70.99 71.66 72.96
64.81 66.05
"Retail general merchandise ______
68.76 69.47
D epartm ent stores __ . _. __
77.33 77.47
Mail order houses
.
______ - 49.55
51.68
V ariety stores
________
______
75.38 77.48
Food stores
___________ Grocery m eat, and vegetable sto res._
76.27 78.98
62.73 63.17
Appenel end accessory stores __
73.75 75.40
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings _
57.35 57.25
Women’s ready-to-wear stores. . .
61.24 61.57
Fam ily clothing stores
__ . . __
63.96 64.70
Shoe stores-- ---

$84.15 $82.80 $81. 09 $80.73 $80. 59 $80. 22 $80.30 $79.92 $79. 57 $79.86 $79.02 $76.53
117. 62 116. 64 115.66 115. 26 114. 74 114.05 114.09 114. 52 113. 27 112.74 111.38 106.49
107.23
120.99
114. 90
111.76
129.86

107.38
117.90
112. 48
108. 79
129.63

106.97
117.51
112. 05
106.92
129.20

107.23
118.59
112. 48
106. 25
129. 20

105.32
117.51
111.81
105. 73
132.98

104. 65
118. 50
110. 58
105.59
130.85

105. 41
117.89
109.53
105. 26
132.98

106.17
117 27
109 16
104 .39
136.95

105. 66
115 60
10Q 15
104 04
126.65

105 41
11 5 49
110 78
10,3 43
128! 87

104 08 100 14
114 17
107 26 103 19
102 09 97 00
126.98 122.84

111. 78 111. 10 110.02 109.34 108. 27 108.14 108.68 108.81 108.00 103 95 107 30 101 91
129.02 129.51 128.30 127.80 126. 27 125.05 124. 24 125.97 125 46 124 53 121 66 115 23
115.89 114.80 113.43 113.83 113. 60 112.92 113. 08 114.05 112 40 111 60 110 95 107 20
72.96 71.56 69.80 69.80 69.30 69.10 69.15 69.65 68. 64 68! 87 68! 57 66. 61
65.86 64.35 62. 99 62.34 61.88 61.18 61.05 62 24 60 26 6] 01 60 94 59 15
69.89 68.31 66. 65 65.81 65. 04 64.52 64.92 64.70 63 36 65 27 64 55 62 98
77.17 76.38 75.26 74.48 75.39 72.24 69.42 83.83 73 08 70 04 71 51 71 oo
51.51 49. 57 48.00 48.16 48.34 47. 70 46.35 48. 77 46.97 46 66 46 19 44 10
77.70 75. 70 73.14 72.37 72.49 72.27 72.27 72.14 72. 59 71 81 72 21 70 66
79.20 76.83 73.80 73. 25 73.47 73.47 73.15 72.81 73 31 72 31 73 29 71 69
63.65 62.59 60. 80 60. 86 60.03 60.03 60. 35 61.15 58. 24 58 97 58 89 5 7 46
76.46 76. 47 73.01 73.22 71.99 72.91 75.15 74.13 72.12 72.03 7l! 96 69! 84
58.10 56. 72 56.00 55.53 55.21 55.01 55.38 55. 78 52.95 53 13 59 97 51 40
61.90 60.78 60.35 60.40 59. 52 58.06 57.22 59.43 57.14 53 50 58 91 06 28
64. 35 62.51 59.69 58.98 57.83 58.53 59.03 60.03 56.36 58.02 58! 40 56! 64
Average w eekly hours

Wholesale and retail trad e____ _
-- -Wholesale tra d e ..
-- Motor vehicles & autom otive equipm en t
_ ___ . __. ____
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products .
____
D ry goods and apparel___
Groceries and related p roducts______
Electrical goods ___ . ____
___
H ardw are, plum bing & heating equipm ent
_. __ _ _.
_ _ __
M achinery, equipm ent, and supplies__
Miscellaneous wholesalers. _
R etail trade
---_____
R etail general merchandise . _____
D ep artm en t s to r e s ___
__ - -Mail order houses
__
V ariety stores ___
Food sto re s..
__
. . .
... .
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable stores
A pparel and accessory stores.
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings _
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
Fam ily clothing stores.
Shoe stores ______
. ____ . . .

36.2
40.2

34.8

36.5
40.4

37.4
40.5

37.4
40.7

36.8
40.5

36.2
40.3

36.2
40.3

36.3
40.4

36.3
40.3

36.5
40.6

37.0
40.9

36.5
40.6

36.8
40.7

37.1
40.8

37.7
40.8

41.3
39.9
37.9
41.2
41.8

41.7
40.0
38.3
41.3
41.2

41.4
39.8
38.3
41.7
42.3

41.3
39.3
38.0
40.9
42.5

41.3
39.3
37.6
40.5
42.5

41.4
39.4
38.0
40.4
42.5

41.3
39.7
37.9
40.2
43.6

41.2
39.9
38.0
40.3
42.9

41.5
40.1
37.9
40.8
43.6

41.8
40.3
38.3
41.1
44.9

41. 6
40. 0
37.9
40. 8
42.5

41. 5
40 1
38, 2
40. 9
43.1

41 8
40 9
37 9
41 0
42.9

41 9
40 4
37 H
41 1
42.8

40.4
40.6
39.8
35.3
32.9
32.9
35.8
30.4
33.5
33.6
32.5
34.3
32.4
32.4
31.2

40.4
40.8
39.9
36.3
33.7
33.4
35.7
31.9
34.9
35.1
33.6
35.4
32.9
33.1
33.7

40.5
40.7
40.1
36.3
33.6
33.6
35.4
31.6
35.0
35.2
33.5
35.4
33.2
33.1
33.0

40.4
40.6
40.0
35.6
33.0
33.0
35.2
30.6
34.1
34.3
32.6
34.6
32.6
32.5
31.1

40.3
40.6
39.8
34.9
32.3
32.2
35.5
30.0
32.8
32.8
32.0
33.8
32.0
32.1
30.3

40.2
40.7
39.8
34.9
32.3
32.1
35.3
30.1
32.6
32.7
32.2
33.9
32.1
32.3
30.4

40.1
40.6
40.0
35.0
32.4
32.2
35.9
30.4
32.8
32.8
32.1
33.8
32.1
32.0
30.6

40.2
40.6
39.9
34.9
32.2
32.1
34.4
30.0
32.7
32.8
32.1
33.6
31.8
31.9
31.3

40.4
40.6
40.1
35.1
32.3
32.3
33.7
30.1
33.0
33.1
32.1
33.7
32. 2
31.1
31.4

40.6
40.9
40.3
35.9
34. 2
33.7
41.5
32.3
33.4
33.4
33.6
35.3
33.6
33.2
32.1

40.6
41. 0
40. 0
35.2
32. 4
32.0
36.0
30.9
33.3
33. 4
32.0
33.7
31.9
32.1
30.3

40. 5
41.1
40 0
35.5
32.8
32.8
34. 5
30. 7
33.4
33.4
32.4
34.3
32. 2
32. 5
30.7

40 8
41.1
40 2
35.9
33 3
33.1
35. 4
31. 0
33.9
33.9
32.9
35.1
39 7
39 7
31.4

40.fi
41 3
40 3
36.6
33 8
33 5
36 fi
31 5
34.3
34 3
33. 6
36.0
33 9
33 3
32.0

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trad e____ _
..
Wholesale trad e___ . . . . . .
------Motor vehicles & autom otive equipm en t . . .
___
.. .
___
Drugs, chemicals, and allied p ro d u c ts..
D ry goods and apparel___ .
Groceries and related products______
Electrical goods..
__
H ard w are,p lu m b in g & heating equip__
m en t ____
M achinery, equipm ent, and supplies.
Miscellaneous w holesalers.. .
R etail trad e _____ . . .
. . . __
R etail general m erchandise . . . .
D ep artm en t stores .
.....
Mail order houses. _
....
V ariety stores.
....
Food stores.
. ______
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable stores
A pparel and accessory sto res..
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings _
Women’s readv-to-wear stores
Fam ily clothing stores__
Shoe stores___ ____ ___________ . .

See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.29
2.93

2.04

$2.27
2.92

$2.25
2.88

$2.25
2.89

$2.25
2.88

$2.24
2.87

$2.23
2.86

$2.22
2. 84

$2.21
2.83

$2.20
2.81

$2.16
2.80

$2.18
2. 79

$2.17
2. 77

$2.13
2.73

$2.03
2.61

2.58
3.06
3.02
2.71
3.12

2.59
3.01
2.98
2.67
3.06

2. 59
3.04
3.00
2.68
3.07

2.60
3.00
2. 96
2.66
3.05

2.59
2.99
2.98
2. 64
3. 04

2.59
3.01
2.96
2.63
3.04

2. 55
2.96
2.95
2. 63
3. 05

2. 54
2.97
2. 91
2.62
3. 05

2. 54
2.94
2.89
2.58
3.05

2. 54
2.91
2.85
2. 54
3. 05

2. 54
2.89
2.88
2. 55
2.98

2.54
2.88
2.90
2.53
2. 99

2. 49
2.84
2.83
2. 49
2. 96

2.39
2. 70
2. 73
2.36
2.87

2.83
3.22
2.91
2.03
1.97
2.09
2.16
1.63
2.25
2.27
1.93
2.15
1.77
1.89
2.05

2.74
3.17
2.88
2. 01
1.96
2.08
2.17
1.62
2.22
2.25
1.88
2.13
1.74
1.86
1.92

2.76
3.17
2.89
2.01
1.96
2.08
2.18
1. 63
2.22
2.25
1.90
2.16
1.75
1.87
1.95

2.75
3.19
2.87
2. 01
1.95
2.07
2.17
1.62
2.22
2.24
1.92
2. 21
1.74
1.87
2.01

2.73
3.16
2.85
2.00
1.95
2.07
2.12
1.60
2.23
2.25
1.90
2.16
1.75
1.88
1.97

2.72
3.14
2.86
2.00
1.93
2.05
2.11
1.60
2.22
2.24
1.89
2.16
1.73
1.87
1.94

2.70
3.11
2.84
1.98
1.91
2.02
2.10
1.59
2. 21
2.24
1.87
2.13
1.72
1.86
1.89

2.69
3.08
2.83
1.98
1.90
2. 01
2.10
1.59
2. 21
2.24
1.87
2.17
1.73
1.82
1.87

2.69
3.06
2.82
1.97
1.89
2. 01
2.06
1.54
2.19
2. 21
1.88
2. 23
1.72
1.84
1.88

2.68
3.08
2.83
1.94
1.82
1.92
2.02
1.51
2.16
2.18
1.82
2.10
1.66
1.79
1.87

2. 66
3. 06
2.81
1.95
1. 86
1.98
2. 03
1. 52
2.18
2. 21
1.82
2.14
1.66
1. 78
1.86

2. 69
3. 03
2. 79
1.94
1.86
1.99
2.03
1. 52
2.15
2.18
1.82
2.10
1. 65
1.80
1.89

2. 63
2.96
2.76
1.91
1. 83
1.95
2. 02
1.49
2.13
2.16
1. 79
2.05
1. 62
1. 78
1.86

2. 51
2. 79
2. 66
1.82
1.75
1.88
1.94
1. 40
2. 06
2. 09
1.71
1.94
1. 55
1. 69
1.77

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

97

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—C ontinued
R etail trad e—C ontinued
F u rn itu re and home furnishings stores..
F u rn itu re and home furnishings____
E ating and drinking places 5-------------O ther retail tra d e .......................................
B uilding m aterials and farm equip­
m e n t......................................... ............
Motor vehicle dealers______________
O ther autom otive & accessory dealers.
D rug stores a n d proprietary s to re s...
Fuel and ice dealers_________ ______
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
B an k in g ............... ........................................
C redit agencies other th a n b a n k s.........
Savings and loan associations_______
Security, com m odity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers____________________
Life insurance--------- --------- ------------ Accident and health insurance______
Fire, m arine, and casualty insurance..

$95.34 $94. 53 $95.16 $93. 27 $91. 30 $90.92 $90.68 $89. 54 $91. 33 $95.28 $91. 65 $91. 34 $90. 46 $88.18
95.31 93.36 £3.60 92.58 90.48 90.09 89. 01 89.24 89.63 93.60 90.55 90.39 89. 27 86.58
50.13 51.70 51.21 50.06 49. 32 48.84 48.80 48. 33 48.62 48. 72 48.10 47. 91 47.60 45. 76
88.65 89. 65 90.27 88. 93 87. 02 87.25 86.07 85.67 86.33 86.62 86.37 86.80 85.63 83. 23
98. 05 97.48 97.06 96.41 94. 39 93. 56 92. 51 92.03 92.10 92.99 91.91 93. 63 91.54 88.41
111. 19 113.10 115. 48 114. 48 111. 57 110.99 108. 45 107. 02 108.12 110. 59 110. 76 110. 33 108.97 105.75
95.02 95.91 95.04 94.61 92. 44 92. 66 92.44 91.37 90.48 90.05 90.29 90.48 89.38 85.70
65. 77 67.94 67. 55 65.43 63.22 63. 22 62. 75 62.89 62.79 63. 83 63.02 63.58 63.14 61.60
104.14 100.85 103.22 102. 50 101. 71 105. 32 104. 49 111.71 107. 43 106. 07 105.15 103. 03 101. 28 96.05
$98. 58

97.31
86.35
90.51
90. 53
149.97
102. 77
103. 66
89.17
105.08

96.83
86.44
90.24
89.78
149. 65
102. 67
104.94
88. 70
104.60

97.20
86.30
90.62
92.12
154.22
103.04
104.03
89.92
104. 71

96. 20
85.47
88. 40
88. 56
152. 76
102.77
103. 66
88.45
104.43

96.20
85.47
88.64
89.28
149. 71
102.49
103. 66
89.30
103.88

95.83
85. 93
89. 25
90.38
148.58
102. 58
103. 09
89.67
104. 63

95.35 94.98
84.82 85.19
88.50 88.60
88.30 89.89
143.64 138. 76
102.12 102. 67
103. 49 103.49
90. 65 90.27
103.60 104. 71

94. 61
85.04
89. 44
91.96
137.63
100. 74
100.08
90.27
103. 57

93.62
84.15
87.00
87.08
132.47
101.08
101. 02
90.13
103.47

86.85
131. 73
100.81
100. 56
90. 27
103.19

93.00
83.10
86.02

93.25 92.50 88. 91
83.18 82.21 79.24
86.71 85. 96 84.29
87.32 87. 05 84.67
131. 72 138.38 127.43
100. 07 99.32 95.86
100.19 99.19 95.27
89. 30 89.41 85.38
102. 71 101.68 97. 92

Average weekly hours
F u rn itu re and home furnishings stores.
F u rn itu re and home furnishings.........
E ating and drinking places 5_________
O ther retail tr a d e ......................................
B uilding m aterials and farm equip­
m e n t.................. ...................................
Motor vehicle d ealers............... .............
O ther autom otive & accessory dealers.
D rug stores and proprietary sto re s...
Fuel and ice dealers____ ___________
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
B an k in g ............. ...........................................
C redit agencies other th a n b an k s______
Savings and loan associations...........
Security, com m odity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers___ ________________
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance______
Fire, m arine, and casualty insurance..

37.2

38.6
38.9
33.2
39.4

38.9
38.9
34.7
40.2

39.0
39.0
34.6
40.3

38.7
38.9
33.6
39.7

38.2
38.5
33.1
39.2

38.2
38.5
33.0
39.3

38.1
38.2
33.2
39.3

38.1
38.3
33.1
39.3

38.7
38.8
33.3
39.6

39.7
40.0
33.6
40.1

39.0
39.2
33.4
39.8

39.2
39.3
33. 5
40.0

39.5
39.5
34.0
40.2

39.9
39.9
35.2
40.8

41.9
41.8
42.8
33.9
41.0

42.2
42.2
43.4
35.2
40.5

42.2
42.3
43.2
35.0
40.8

42.1
42.4
43.2
33.9
41.0

41.4
42.1
42.6
33.1
40.2

41.4
42.2
42.9
33.1
41.3

41.3
42.2
43.4
33.2
41.3

40.9
42.3
43.1
33.1
43.3

41.3
42.4
43.5
33.4
42.8

41.7
42.7
43.5
34.5
42.6

41.4
42.6
43.2
33.7
42.4

41.8
42. 6
43. 5
34. 0
42.4

41.8
42.9
43.6
34.5
42.2

42.1
43.7
43.5
35.4
42.5

37.0
36.9
37.4
36.8
37.4
37.1
36.5
37.0
37.8

37.1
37.1
37.6
37.1
37.6

37.1
37.2
37.6
37.6
37.8

37.0
37.0
37.3
36.9
38.0

37.0
37.0
37.4
37.2
37.9

37.0
37.2
37.5
37.5
38.0

37.1
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.3

36.5
36.7
37.7

36.5
36.9
37.5

36.3
36.9
37.5

36.6
37.4
37.9

37.2
37.1
37.4
36.8
36.9
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37. 3
37. 3
37 7
37 0
37 0

36.5
36.7
37.8

37.1
37.3
37.9
38.0
36.8
36.9
36.0
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.4
37.5
36.9
36.9

36.6
36.5
37.9

37.1
37.2
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.0
36.7
37.0
37.4

36.7
36.9
37.9

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.3
37.2
36.6
37.1
37.8

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36.5
36.8
38.1

37.2

37.2

37.1

37.0

36.9

37.2

36.7
37.3
37.8

37.3

37 2

Average hourly earnings
F u rn itu re and home furnishings stores..
F u rn itu re and home furnishings____
E ating and drinking places 5_________
O ther retail tra d e .......................................
Building m aterials and farm equip­
m e n t.................................... ..................
Motor vehicle dealers______________
O ther autom otive & accessory dealers.
D rug stores and proprietary sto re s...
Fuel and ice d ealers.............................
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
B an k in g ........................................................
C redit agencies other th a n b a n k s______
Savings and loan associations..............
Security, com m odity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers____________________
Life insurance............................. ..............
Accident and health insurance______
Fire, m arine, and casualty insurance..
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.65

$2.47
2.45
1.51
2. 25

$2.43
2. 40
1.49
2.23

$2. 44
2.40
1.48
2.24

$2.41
2.38
1.49
2. 24

$2.39
2. 35
1.49
2.22

$2.38
2. 34
1.48
2. 22

$2.38
2.33
1.47
2.19

$2. 35
2.33
1.46
2.18

$2. 36
2. 31
1.46
2.18

$2.40
2. 34
1.45
2.16

$2. 35
2. 31
1.44
2.17

$2.33
2.30
1. 43
2.17

$2.29
2.26
1.40
2.13

$2.21
2.17
1.30
2.04

2.34
2.26
2. 22
1.94
2.54

2.31
2.68
2. 21
1.93
2.49

2.30
2.73
2.20
1.93
2. 53

2.29
2. 70
2.19
1.93
2. 50

2.28
2. 65
2.17
1.91
2. 53

2. 26
2.63
2.16
1.91
2. 55

2. 24
2. 57
2.13
1.89
2.53

2. 25
2.53
2.12
1.90
2.58

2.23
2.55
2.08
1.88
2. 51

2.23
2.59
2.07
1.85
2. 49

2.22
2.60
2.09
1.87
2.48

2.24
2.59
2.08
1.87
2. 43

2.19
2.54
2. 05
1.83
2.40

2.10
2.42
1.97
1.74
2.26

2.63
2.34
2.42
2. 46
4. 01
2. 77
2.84
2. 41
2.78

2.61
2.33
2.40
2.42
3.98
2. 76
2.84
2.43
2.76

2.62
2. 32
2. 41
2. 45
4.08
2. 77
2.85
2. 45
2. 77

2.60
2. 31
2. 37
2.40
4.02
2. 77
2.84
2.41
2. 77

2.60
2. 31
2. 37
2. 40
3. 95
2. 77
2.84
2. 42
2. 77

2. 59
2. 31
2. 38
2.41
3. 91
2.78
2. 84
2. 43
2.79

2. 57
2.28
2. 36
2.38
3.80
2. 76
2.82
2. 45
2. 77

2. 56
2.29
2. 35
2.41
3. 72
2. 76
2.82
2. 42
2. 77

2. 55
2.28
2. 36
2.42
3. 74
2.73
2. 78
2.42
2. 74

2. 51
2.25
2.32
2. 36
3.59
2.71
2.76
2. 41
2. 73

2.50
2.24
2.30
2. 36
3. 57
2.71
2. 74
2.42
2. 73

2. 50
2. 23
2.30
2. 36
3. 56
2.69
2. 73
2.42
2.71

2.48
2. 21
2.28
2.34
3.71
2. 67
2.71
2.41
2.69

2.39
2.13
2.23
2. 27
3.38
2. 57
2. 61
2. 32
2. 57

98

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
O c t.2 Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Average w eekly earnings
Services:
H otels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6___
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning p lan ts..........
M otion pictures:
Motion picture filming & d istrib u tin g ...

$57.15 $57.22 $56.92 $56.36 $56. 42 $55.85 $56.15 $56.00 $55.05 $55.72 $54.83 $55.06 $53.34 $51.54
66.00

65.25

65.42

65.77

64. 53

64.13

63.24

62.02

62.79

62.87

61.99

62.65

61.12

58.98

159.96 163.18 163.96 162.38 155.16 154.77 150.91 160.24 162.89 166.96 159.83 164.55 157.77 148.08
Average w eekly hours

Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
H otels, tourist courts, and motels 6____
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning p lan ts____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & d istrib u tin g .

36.4

37.4

37.2

36.6

36.4

36.5

36.7

36.6

36.7

36.9

36.8

37.2

37.3

37.5

37.5

37.6

37.8

37.3

37.5

37.2

36.7

37.6

38.1

37.8

38.2

38.2

38.8

40.6

41.0

41.3

40.8

40.3

40.2

39.3

41.3

42.2

42.7

41.3

42.3

41.3

39.7

$1.36

37.9

Average hourly earnings
Services:
H otels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6____
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning p la n ts____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & d is trib u tin g ..

$1.57

$1.53

$1.53

$1.54

$1.55

$1.53

$1.53

$1.53

$1.50

$1.51

$1.49

$1.48

$1.43

1.76

1.74

1.74

1.74

1.73

1.71

1.70

1.69

1.67

1.65

1.64

1.64

1.60

1.52

3.94

3.98

3.97

3.98

3.85

3.85

3.84

3.88

3.86

3.91

3.87

3.89

3.82

3.73

1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1967 see footnote 1, table A-9. F o r employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
2 Prelim inary.
3 Based upo n m onthly d ata summ arized in th e M-300 report b y th e In te r­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees w ho received
pay during th e m onth, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (IC C
G roup I). Beginning Jan u ary 1965, d ata relate to railroads w ith operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 D ata relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
5 Money paym ents only, tips not included.
8 D ata for nonoffice salesmen excluded from all series in this division.
Source: U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, B ureau of L abor Statistics for all
series except th a t for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

99

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-2.

Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonagricultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars 1
1966

1967

A nnual
average

Item
S ep t.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

A pr.

M ay

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

T otal private

Gross average w eekly earnings:
C urrent d o lla rs ...
_________________ $103.79 $103. 45 $103.18 $101.88 $100. 06 $99.41 $99. 56 $99.30 $99. 70 $99.97 $99.84 $100.62 $100.88 $98. 69 $95. 06
1957-59 d o lla rs.. ------------------------------- 88.63 88.49 88.57 87.83 86. 56 86. 22 86. 57 86. 50 86.92 87.16 87.12 87.88 88.41 87.26 86. 50
Spendable average w eekly earnings:
W orker w ith no dependents:
84.86 84. 61 84.40 83.42 82.04 81.54 81.66 81.46 81.76 82.17 82. 07 82.66 82.86 81.19 78.99
C u rren t dollars_____________________
72.47 72.38 72. 45 71.91 70.97 70.72 71.01 70.96 71.28 71.64 71.61 72.19 72.62 71.79 71.87
1957-59 dollars______________________
W orker w ith 3 dependents:
C urrent dollars. ___________ ______ 92.42 92.15 91.93 90.90 89.45 88.93 89.05 88.84 89.16 89. 58 89.47 90.09 90.30 88. 55 86.30
78. 92 78.83 78.91 78.36 77.38 77.13 77.43 77.39 77.73 78.10 78.07 78.68 79.14 78.29 78.53
1957-59 dollars. ____________________
M a n u fa c tu rin g

Gross average w eekly earnings:
C urrent dollars______________________
1957-59 dollars
. . ______ ___________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
W orker w ith no dependents:
C u rren t dollars_____________________
1957-59 dollars______________________
W orker w ith 3 dependents:
C urrent dollars____ _________________
1957-59 dollars______________________

116.57 114. 77 113.65 114.49 113.52 112. 56 112.44 111.88 113.42 114.40 113.99 113.85 114.13 112.34 107. 53
99. 55 98.18 97. 55 98. 70 98.20 97. 62 97. 77 97.46 98.88 99.74 99.47 99.43 100. 03 99.33 97.84
92.24
79. 79

91.51
79.37

91.42
79.50

91.00
79. 27

92.93
81.45

91.57
80.96

89.08
81.06

102. 61 101.16 100.27 100.93 100.16
87.63 86.54 86. 07 87. 01 86.64

99.40
86.21

99.30
86.35

98. 86 100. 08 101. 09 100. 76 100. 65 100. 88
86.11 87.25 88.13 87.92 87.90 88.41

99.45
87.93

96.78
88.06

94.55
80.74

93.19
79.72

92.34
79. 26

92.97
80.15

93.13
81.19

92.82
80.99

92.72
80.98

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A w orker w ith no dependents and
(2) a m arried worker w ith 3 dependents.
T he earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as m easured b y the B ureau’s Consum er Price Index.
2 Prelim inary.
N ote: These series are described in “ T h e C alculation and Uses of Spend­
able E arnings Series,” M o n th ly Labor R eview , A pril 1966, pp. 406-410.

1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
Spendable average w eekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less th e estim ated am ount of the w orkers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the am ount of tax
liability depends on th e n um b er of dependents supported by th e w orker as
well as on th e level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­

T able C-3.

92.16
80.35

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
1966

1967
In d u stry division and group
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.
M ining. _ ___ ___________________________
C ontract construction.

_ ______

____ ___

_ _ ____ __

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

42.2

42.8

42.8

43.2

42.2

42.0

42.7

42.4

42.2

42.6

42.5

42.7

42.7

37.1

38.3

37.5

37.5

37.4

36.4

37.4

37.4

37.6

38.2

38.1

37.4

37.5

40.7

40.8

40.7

40.4

40.3

40.3

40.5

40.4

40.3

41.0

41.0

41.3

41.3

D urable goods_____ _ __ ___ __ _ _ _ _____
O rdnance and accessories_____
_ ________ ___ __
L um ber and wood products
__ _________
_ _
F u rn itu re and fixtures___
_______________ _ _
Stone, clay, and glass p roducts________ _ ___ ____
P rim ary m etal industries________ _ _ _ _____
Fabricated m etal p roducts. __ _____________ _ _ _
M achinery, except electrical_______ __ _ ________
Electrical equipm ent and supplies___ _
_ _ __
T ransportation e q u ip m e n t.. - . . . ___ ____________
In stru m en ts and related p ro d u c ts .. _
_ _ _ ___
Miscellaneous m anufacturing industries. _ _ ._ . .

41.4
42.1
40.2
40.5
41.9
40.8
41.6
42,4
40.2
42.3
41.5
39.2

41.5
42.3
40.3
40.7
42.0
41.0
41.8
42.7
40.2
42.7
41.5
39.4

41.3
41.9
39.7
40.2
41.6
41.0
41.5
42.2
40.4
42.5
41.2
39.4

41.0
41.8
39.9
40.2
41.3
40.9
41.3
42.1
40.3
41.4
41.0
39.2

40.9
41.2
40.1
40.3
41.3
40.6
41.2
42.0
40.0
41.2
41.0
39.4

41.0
42.0
40.1
40.1
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.3
39.9
41.7
41.1
39.5

41.0
41.6
40.6
40.3
41.3
40.2
41.5
42.8
39.6
40.9
41.5
39.7

41.1
41.9
40.7
40.2
41.5
40.8
41.5
42.9
40.0
40.7
41.5
39.2

41.0
41.7
40.3
40.2
41.5
40.9
41.4
43.0
49.7
40.7
40.9
38.7

41.7
42.0
40.4
40.7
41.9
41.8
42.2
43.5
40.7
41.6
41.8
40.0

41.7
42.0
40.3
40.6
41.7
41.7
42.1
43.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
39.7

42.1
42.4
40.5
41.0
41.7
42.3
42.3
43.8
40.9
41.9
41.9
39.9

42.1
42.1
40.4
41.2
41.9
42.5
42.4
43.8
41.0
42.2
42.0
40.0

N ondurable goods._ ___ _ . ____
Food and kindred products___
_______ _
Tobacco m a n u fa c tu re s __
___ ______ ________
Textile m ill p roducts. _
___ _
_
A pparel and other textile p roducts___ _ _ __ ____
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts.. ________________ ____
Prin tin g and p u b lish in g ._
______________ . . . _
Chemicals and allied products______________________
Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts ._
. . . _ _ _ _____
R u b b er and plastics products, n e c ___
... _
L eather and leather products_______ ________ ____

39.6
40.6
38.8
41.2
35.8
42.7
38.1
41.6
43.0
42.0
38.6

39.9
41.0
38.0
41.4
36.3
42.7
38.3
41.4
42.6
41.9
38.9

39.7
40.8
38.9
41.0
35.8
42.6
38.3
41.5
43.1
42.0
38.3

39.6
40.6
38.4
40.6
35.9
42.7
38.3
41.5
42.8
40.6
38.4

39.5
41.0
39.0
40.4
35.7
42.6
38.3
41.3
42.6
41.2
37.9

39.5
40.6
38.3
40.5
35.9
42.5
38.3
41.2
42.6
40.9
37.7

39.8
40.8
39.4
40.8
36.2
42.5
38.6
41.5
42.6
41.1
37.7

39.5
41.1
38.2
40.2
35.5
42.8
38.5
41.6
43.0
41.0
37.0

39.5
41.0
38.2
40.2
35.6
42.8
38.6
41.4
42.6
40.9
37.1

40.0
41.1
38.7
40.9
36.6
43.2
38.8
41.8
42.0
41.5
38.3

39.9
41.0
39.0
40.9
36.4
43.1
38.6
41.9
42.4
41.4
38.0

40.2
41.1
38.5
41.2
36.5
43.3
39.0
42.1
42.5
41.9
38.6

40.1
41.1
38.0
41.4
36.6
43.2
39.0
42.1
42.4
42.0
38.5

36.3
40.2
35.0

36.6
40.4
35.4

36.7
40.5
35.5

36.7
40.5
35.4

36.7
40.5
35.4

36.3
40.3
35.2

36.4
40.4
35.1

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.8
40.7
35.5

36.7
40.6
35.6

36.9
40.6
35.6

36.9
40.7
35.7

M anufacturing

_ ___ _

Wholesale and retail tra d e . _____
Wholesale tra d e ___ ______ _
R etail tr a d e .._ _ _____ _______

______

__
___

___ ______

For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10.
Prelim inary.


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N ote: T he seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in appendix A.
B L S Handbook o f Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS B ulletin 1458,1966).

100
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

C-4.

Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1967

A nnual
average

1966

Major in d u stry group

M anufacturing. _ ;_______________________

Oct .2 Sept .2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

$2.73

$2.73

$2. 71

$2.71

$2.71

$2.70

$2. 70

$2.69

$2.68

$2.67

$2.65

$2.64

$2.62

$2.59

$2.51

D urable goods________________________
O rdnance and accessories.. .. ___ _
Lum ber and wood pro d u cts__________
Furnitu re and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts_______
Prim ary m etal industries____________
Fabricated m etal p roducts________ ..
Machinery, except electrical__________
Electrical equipm ent and su p p lie s...
T ransportation e q u ip m en t___________
Instrum ents and related p ro d u c ts ... .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

2.90

2.89
3.12
2.33
2. 27
2.72
3.25
2.85
3.05
2.69
3.29
2.77
2. 26

2.88
3.10
2. 30
2. 24
2. 70
3.25
2.84
3.03
2.70
3.28
2. 75
2. 26

2.88
3.10
2.30
2.23
2.69
3.22
2.84
3.03
2.71
3.28
2.75
2.28

2.88
3.09
2.29
2.23
2.68
3.20
2.83
3.02
2. 71
3.27
2. 74
2.27

2.87
3.07
2.25
2.24
2.68
3.19
2.84
3.01
2.69
3.27
2. 73
2.26

2.86
3.08
2.24
2.22
2. 67
3.18
2.83
3.00
2. 67
3.26
2. 71
2.26

2.85
3.08
2.21
2.21
2. 66
3.18
2.81
2.99
2.65
3.26
2.69
2.27

2.84
3.08
2.21
2.19
2.66
3.16
2.81
2.98
2.64
3.25
2.69
2.26

2.84
3.08
2.18
2.18
2.65
3.16
2.80
2.98
2.61
3.26
2.67
2.25

2.82
3.08
2.18
2.16
2.64
3.15
2.79
2.96
2.60
3.25
2.66
2.21

2.80
3. 06
2.19
2.15
2.64
3.16
2.77
2.95
2.58
3.22
2.64
2.17

2. 79
3.07
2.20
2.14
2.62
3.15
2.76
2.94
2.57
3.22
2.62
2.14

2.76
3.05
2.15
2.11
2.59
3.13
2.73
2.90
2.54
3.15
2. 61
2.14

2.67
3.03
2.07
2.03
2.49
3.04
2.64
2.81
2.49
3.04
2.53
2.07

N ondurable goods____________ .
Food and kindred products____
Tobacco m anufactures_____________
Textile m ill products .
A pparel and'other textile pro d u cts____
Paper and allied p roducts___
Printing and publishing_____________
Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts.. _
Petroleum and coal p roducts___
R ubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather p ro d u c ts.________

2.51

2.50
2. 49
2.14
2. 01
2.03
2. 75

2.47
2.49
2.20
1. 95
2.00
2.74

2.47
2. 50
2.33
1.94
1.98
2.73

2.46
2.51
2.32
1.94
1.98
2. 70

2. 46
2.52
2.32
1.94
1.97
2.68

2.46
2.53
2.31
1.94
1.97
2.67

2.45
2.51
2.30
1.94
1.97
2. 66

2.44
2.50
2.25
1.93
1.96
2. 66

2.42
2.48
2.17
1.93
1.91
2. 65

2.40
2.45
2.12
1.91
1.90
2. 64

2.39
2.42
2.08
1.91
1.89
2.63

2.37
2. 40
2. 05
1.91
1.88
2.62

2.35
2.40
2.15
1.87
1.85
2.59

2.27
2.33
2. 06
1.78
1.80
2. 50

(3)

3.03
3. 44
2. 69
2. 04

(3)

3. 01
3.41
2.63
2.02

(3)

3.01
3. 45
2.52
2.00

( 3)

2.99
3.42
2.52
2.02

1 F or com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. F o r employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
th a t overtime hours are paid for at the rate of tim e and one-half.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(3)

2.97
3.44
2.52
2.02

(3)

2.94
3.43
2.61
2.02

( 3)

2.94
3.43
2. 60
2.01

(3)

2.94
3.41
2.59
1.98

( 3)

2.94
3.38
2.59
1.95

(3)

2.93
3.34
2.57
1.93

(3)

2.92
3.33
2.56
1.93

(3)

2.91
3.30
2.56
1.91

( 3)

2.87
3.29
2.54
1.89

( 3)

2.79
3.18
2.49
1.84

2 Prelim inary.
* N ot available because average overtim e rates are significantly above tim e
and one-half. Inclusion of d ata for the group in the nondurable goods total
has little effect.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-5.

101

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
1967

1966

Annual
average

In d u stry
Oct.2
M anufacturing__________________________
D urable goods____________ —______
N ondurable g o o d s .._______________

3.5
3.7
3.2

Sept. 2 Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

3.7
3.8
3.6

3.4
3.5
3.3

3.2
3.3
3.1

3.3
3.4
3.1

3.2
3.3
3.0

3.1
3.2
2.9

3.2
3.4
3.0

3.2
3.4
2.9

3.4
3.7
3.0

3.7
4.1
3.3

3.9
4.3
3.4

4.1
4.5
3.6

3.9
4.3
3.4

3.6
3.9
3.2

4.4
4.2
3.0
5.0
4.0
4.3
3.8
3.4
3.7
3.6
3.4
4.3
4.3
3.7
4.8
4.1
4.3
2.4
3.9
2.4
7.7

3.8
3.6
3.7
4.2
3.8
4.1
4.0
3.0
3.6
3.1
2.9
3.0
4.6
3.8
4.6
2.3
4.2
2.4
3.6
2.2
7.5

3.5
3.4
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.5
2.6
2.2
4.1
3.3
3.5
4.5
2.8
4.5
2.6
3.6
1.9
7.1

3.2
2.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.6
2.9
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.7
4.3
3.1
4.3
2.4
3.6
2.0
6.8

3.4
3.1
3.9
4.2
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.8
2.4
2.1
3.1
3.3
3.4
4.1
2.8
4.4
2.2
3.3
2.1
6.2

3.2
2.7
4.9
4.1
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.5
2.5
2.2
3.4
2.9
3.2
3.9
3.2
3.7
2.5
3.3
2.3
5.7

3.4
3.2
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.4
2.6
2.4
3.3
2.9
3.3
3.7
3.2
4.0
2.2
3.0
2.2
5.1

3.6
3.4
4.6
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.7
2.0
2.6
2.2
4.9

4.0
3.3
4.5
5.4
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.7
3.5
2.8
2.6
4.4
2.7
3.3
3.5
3.8
3.6
2.3
2.6
2.3
4.6

4.3
3.4
3.0
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
5.1
3.6
4.3
3.9
3.7
4.1
2.3
2.8
2.6
4.9

4.2
3.4
3.9
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.7
4.9
3.5
4.3
4.3
5.9
4.2
3.0
3.4
3.1
5.3

4.1
3.3
2.2
6.2
3.9
3.9
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.1
2.8
3.7
2.8
6.6

3.9
3.2
3.4
5.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.6
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.2
2.8
3.6
2.5
6.3

3.0
3.1
1.6
2.9
3.8
3.7
4.0
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
4.2
4.1
4.0
2.2
3.6
2.2
6.2

3.6
3.2
2.3
4.4
4.8
4.1
3.4
4.0
4.2
5.0
3.9
3.2
4.2
5.1
4.9
4.4
3.8
3.5
4.2
4.4
2.3
3.5
6.0
4.0
3.8
2.8
3.6
5.3
2.6

3.6
3.0
1.9
4.2
4.6
3.7
3.4
4.3
3.8
4.7
3.3
2.6
3.9
4.8
4.2
4.0
3.3
3.2
4.0
4.0
2.3
3.4
5.7
3.6
3.9
3.1
2.6
5.4
2.4

3.4
3.0
2.2
3.8
3.7
4.0
2.9
4.1
3.6
5.3
2.4
2.3
3.5
4. 5
4.3
3.6
3.2
3.0
4.0
3.6
2.1
3.3
6.0
3.7
3.7
2.6
3.2
5.2
2.2

3.4
3.1
1.9
4.6
4.1
4.2
3.4
4.5
3.8
4.7
2.7
2.7
3.7
5.0
4.5
3.9
3.4
3.2
4.2
3.7
2.6
3.1
6.4
4.2
4.1
2.3
3.1
5.5
2.4

3.3
2.8
1.8
3.7
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.7
5.0
2.8
2.1
3.6
4.9
4.5
3.8
3.2
3.3
4.3
4.1
3.1
3.2
6.5
4.3
4.2
2.3
3.1
5.3
2.2

3.3
2.8
1.8
3.8
3.9
4.1
3.0
4.2
3.5
4.9
2.8
2.0
3.4
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.1
4.5
4.0
3.4
3.2
7.0
4.8
4.2
2.8
2.5
5.3
2.1

3.2
3.3
2.3
4.0
3.9
4.7
3.2
5.2
3.7
4.1
3.1
2.2
3.5
5.9
3.4
4.2
3.6
3.6
4.8
5.1
4.1
3.4
7.3
5.0
4.5
3.2
3.0
5.5
2.4

3.0
3.4
2.2
4.4
3.8
5.2
3.6
5.3
3.7
3.5
3.1
2.0
3.6
6.5
3.5
4.0
3.6
3.6
5.0
4.7
4.5
3.6
7.6
5.2
4.6
3.2
2.9
6.0
2.5

3.1
3.7
2.4
4.9
4.1
5.3
4.3
5.4
3.9
3.2
3.2
2.1
3.8
6.7
3.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
5.2
4.5
4.2
3.6
7.7
5.4
5.1
3.6
2.5
6.4
2.8

3.7
3.8
2.1
5.4
4.0
5.8
4.7
5.6
4.3
3.1
3.4
2.6
4.5
7.1
4.3
4.9
4.0
3.9
5.6
6.7
3.6
4.2
7.9
6.0
5.6
3.9
3.4
6.4
3.3

3.9
4.0
2.4
5.4
4.2
6.1
4.9
6.5
4.5
3.7
3.5
2.6
4.4
7.2
5.3
4.7
4.5
4.1
5.4
4.9
3.1
4.7
7.6
5.8
5.5
3.8
3.6
6.5
3.3

4.3
4.2
2.8
5.4
4.4
6.3
4.9
6.5
4.8
3.6
3.6
3.3
4.5
7.1
5.8
5.1
4.5
4.2
5.6
4.9
3.7
4.9
7.6
5.7
5.8
4.0
3.5
6.6
3.5

4.1
4.0
2.7
5.3
3.9
6.0
4.7
5.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
2.7
4.1
6.9
5.3
4.9
4.3
4.2
5.5
5.4
3.8
4.9
7.8
5.6
5.5
4.0
3.4
6.3
3.3

3.5
3.8
2.8
5.5
3.5
5.1
3.9
5.2
4.0
4.5
3.4
2.3
3.6
5.4
5.3
4.3
3.8
3.5
4.6
4.1
2.9
4.2
6.7
4.8
4.4
3.4
2.9
5.4
2.8

3.5
3.0
2.8
2.4
2.7
3.0
1.9
2.6
4.6
5.4
4.4
3.2
1.8
3.8
3.2
4.1

2.9
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
1.7
2.6
4.2
4.4
4.7
3.0
1.9
3.9
2.7
3.6

3.0
2.7
2.9
1.8
1.6
2.3
1.8
2.2
3.9
3.7
4.4
3.4
2.0
3.2
2.9
4.1

2.9
2.7
2.5
2.1
1.6
2.7
1.9
2.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.4
2.2
3.7
3.0
4.7

2.9
2.8
2.2
2.1
1.0
2.6
1.7
1.9
3.6
3.2
4.2
3.5
2.3
3.2
3.0
4.5

3.1
3.1
1.7
2.1
.5
2.5
1.7
1.8
3.1
2.2
4.2
3.6
2.1
2.8
3.0
4.9

3.6
3.3
1.8
2.2
1.3
2.9
1.9
2.2
2.9
1.7
4.4
3.6
2.3
2.3
3.2
4.9

3.4
3.5
1.8
2.3
1.2
3.1
2.3
2.0
3.1
2.2
4.4
3.2
3.6
1.8
3.1
4.3

3.5
3.7
1.9
2.7
1.7
3.2
2.6
3.0
3.5
2.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
1.6
3.3
4.1

4.2
4.0
2.5
2.9
2.7
3.7
2.9
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.5
4.2
3.7
1.9
3.8
4.7

3.9
4.0
3.3
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
4.1
4.8
5.0
5.1
3.9
3.4
2.1
3.8
4.3

3.8
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.4
2.7
3.8
5.2
5.9
4.9
4.5
3.2
2.8
4.0
4.7

3.8
4.4
3.4
3.0
2.8
3.3
3.0
3.3
4.7
4.9
5.0
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.7
4.3

3.0
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.4
3.2
4.8
6.2
3.3
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.4

3.2
2.8
2.1
2.3
3.7
2.3
2.8
4.2
2.8
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.0

2.5
2.7
1.9
2.2
3.3
1.8
2.6
3.4
2.8
1.8
2.5
2.3
1.5

2.5
2.6
2.0
2.5
3.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.9
1.4

2.4
2.9
2.1
2.4
3.5
1.8
2.4
3.2
2.5
1.7
2.6
2.3
1.7

2.7
2.6
1.9
2.4
3.4
1.6
2.4
3.6
2.3
2.0
2.4
2.2
1.7

2.3
2.8
2.1
2.3
3.7
1.6
2.4
3.6
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.6

2.9
2.9
2.1
2.2
4.0
2.3
2.6
3.7
2.5
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.4

2.6
3.0
2.3
2.3
4.1
2.2
2.5
3.1
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2

3.4
3.0
2.2
2.2
4.0
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.3

4.1
3.1
2.4
2.6
4.4
2.8
2.9
4.8
2.4
3.1
2.7
2.6
3.5

4.1
3.1
2.7
2.8
4.5
2.8
3.1
4.9
2.8
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.9

4.4
3.4
2.8
2.8
5.1
2.9
3.4
5.3
3.2
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.7

4.1
3.2
2.7
2.7
4.6
2.6
3.0
4.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.9
3.2

2.9
2.8
2.4
2.1
4.1
2.4
2.7
3.6
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.7
3.0

Durable goods

Ordnance and accessories______________
A m m unition, except for sm all arm s___
Sighting and fire control equ ip m en t___
O ther ordnance and accessories_______
L um ber and wood p ro d u cts____________
Sawmills and planing m ills__________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden co n tain ers__________________
Miscellaneous wood p ro d u cts_________
F u rn itu re and fixtures_________________
H ousehold fu rn itu re _________________
Office fu rn itu re _____________________
P artitions and fixtures_______________
O ther furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
F la t glass___________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..
Cem ent, hy d rau lic__________________
Structural clay p roducts_____________
P o ttery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products.
O ther stone & nonm etallic m ineral
p ro d u c ts_________________________
P rim ary m etal in d u stries______________
B last furnace and basic steel p ro d u c ts..
Iron and steel foundries______________
Nonferrous m etals___________________
Nonferrous rolling and draw ing_______
Nonferrous foundries________________
Miscellaneous p rim ary m etal p ro d u cts.
F abricated m etal p roducts____________ _
Metal cans__________________________
C utlery, handtools, and hardw are____
P lum bing and heating, except electric..
F abricated stru ctu ral m etal p ro d u c ts ..
Screw m achine products, bolts, e tc ____
M etal stam pings____________________
Metal services, nec__________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products..
Miscellaneous fabricated m etal products.
M achinery, except electrical____________
Engines and tu rb in es________________
F arm m achinery____________________
C onstruction and related m ach in ery ._.
Metal w orking m achinery____________
Special in d u stry m achinery__________
G eneral industrial m achinery________
Office and com puting m achines_______
Service in d u stry m achines___________
Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipm ent and supplies_____
Electrical test & d istrib u tin g equip­
m e n t____ ________________________
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s_______
Household a-mliances________________
Electric lighting and w iring eq u ip m en t.
Radio and TV receiving equ ip m en t___
C om m unication equ ip m en t__________
Electronic com ponents and accessories..
Misc. electrical equipm ent & su p p lies..
Transportation eq u ip m en t______ ______
Motor vehicles and equ ip m en t________
A ircraft and p a rts ___________________
Ship and boat building and rep airin g ..
R ailroad e q u ip m en t_________________
O ther transportation eq u ip m en t______
Instru m en ts and related p ro d u c ts ______
Engineering & scientific in stru m e n ts.—
Mechanical m easuring & control de­
vices_____________________________
Optical and ophthalm ic goods________
O phthalm ic goods_________________
Medical instrum ents and supplies____
Photographic equipm ent and supplies..
W atches, clocks, and w a tc h c a se s _____
Miscellaneous m anufacturing in d u strie s..
Jew elry, silverware, and plated w a re ...
Toys and sporting goods_____________
Pens, pencils, office and a rt supplies__
C ostum e Jew elry and n o tio n s ................
O ther m anufacturing industries______
Musical instrum ents and p a rts............
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

_________

...................

—

_________
_________

102

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
T able

C-5.

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
average

In d u stry
O ct .2

Sept.2 Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

4.3
4.7
4.7
3.2
7.6
3.9
4.0

4.2
4.4
4.7
3.2

3.9
4.2
4.0
3.0

3.6
3.7
3.7
2.7

3.6
3.7
3.8

4.9
4.8

4.2
4.8
3.6
3.2
7.8
3.6
3.8
3.1
3.8
4.8
1.4
1.7

3.8
4.2
3.6
2.9

4/4
4.5
2.4
3.9

4.0
5.1
3.7
2.9
6.7
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.5
4.7
1.9

4.0
4.3
3.7
3.1

3.8
3.5
2.7
3.7
4.5
1.7

3.8
4.8
3.4
2.9
7.0
2.9
3.0

4.0
5.1
3.5
2.9

3.8
3.6

3.6
4.0
3.9
2.3
5.7
3.0
3.6

3.5
3.9
2.7
3.8
4.4
1.4
1.7

3.3
4.0
2.4
3.3
4.3

4.2
5.0
4.3
3.9
4.1
2.5
5.1
5.3
4.4
5.2
1.7

4.4
5.3
5.0
4.7
4.1
2.5
5.3
4.5
4.8
4.9
1.5

1.4
1.3

: 3

1965

N ondurable goods

Pood and kindred p roducts.......... ..............
Meat pro d u cts______________________
D airy p ro d u cts.......... .............. .................
Canned, cured, and frozen foods______
(drain m ill p ro d u cts_________________
B akery products_________ _____ _____
Sugar. _________ ____________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages.....................................................
Mise, foods and kindred p ro d u cts_____
Tobacco m anufacturers___ _____ _______
Cigarettes_________________________ _
Cigars.......... ................ ............................ .
Textile m ill products.....................................
Weaving mills, co tto n ________________
Weaving mills, synthetics____________
Weaving and finishing mills, wool_____
N arrow fabric m ills_________________
K nittin g m ills__ ^___________________
Textile finishing, except w ool________
Floor covering m ills .................................
Y arn and thread m ills____________ _
Miscellaneous textile goods___________
A pparel and other textile p roducts______
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings..... ..............
Women’s and misses’ outerw ear______
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents.
H ats, caps, and m illin ery____________
C hildren’s outerw ear________________
F u r goods and miscellaneous ap p arel...
Mise, fabricated textile products______
Paper and allied products........................ .
Paper and pulp m ills..............................
Paperboard m ills ......... ................. ...........
Mise, converted paper pro d u cts_______
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing and publishing__________ ____
N ewspapers................................................ .
Periodicals-............. ....................................
B ooks._______ _________ ____________
Commercial p rin tin g .................................
Blankbooks and bookbinding________
O ther publishing & printing in d ______
Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts_________
In dustrial ch em icals................................
Plastics m aterials and synthetics_____
D rugs......... ............................. ......................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
P aints and allied products___________
A gricultural c h em ica ls.............................
O ther chemicals products____________
Petroleum and coal products___________
Petroleum re fin in g ..................... ..............
O ther petroleum and coal p roducts___
R ubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tu b e s ........................ .
O ther ru b b er products..............................
Miscellaneous plastics products_______
Leather and leather p roducts______ ____
L eather tanning and finishing________
Footwear, except ru b b e r........ ..................
O ther leather products_______ _______
H andbags and personal leather goods.

4.7
5.6
4.2
4.2
7.8
4.0
4.2
3.4
3.5
4.7

2.1
1.5
1.8

4.1
4.3
4.8
4.7
2.9
2.7
5.4
5.8
4.1
4.9
1.5
1.5

1.2
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.2

1.7
2.9
5.5
6.4
7.5
4.0
5.0
3.4
2.9
5.3
2.4
4.1

2.6

2.9
3.0
3.2
2.5
2.4
3.2
3.7
3.9
3.0
4.3
3.0
8.7
4.8
8.7
4.0
3.8

2.0

3.8
1.7

2.1
2.1

4.2
4.6
4.2
3.4
7.9
3.6
3.8
3.4
3.9
4.5
1.7

1.8
1.0

3.9
4.2
4.3
5.0
3.1
2.7
4.3

6.0

3.6
4.2
1.4
1.4

1.2

1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
2.5
5.0

6.0

7.2
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.5
4.4
3.5
3.5

2.6

3.1
2.9
3.1
2.9

2.1

3.1
3.1
3.4
2.9
3.8
2.5

8.1

4.5
7.6
3.9
3.7

2.1
2.0
2.0

3.3

1.9

6.1
2.8

2.8

2.2
1.1

3.3

.6

3.5
3.9
3.2
4.5
3.0
2.3
5.5
4.9
3.4
3.7

3.3
3.5
3.6
4.9
2.7

2.2

3.8
5.0
2.9
3.4

1.2
.8

1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1

.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3

1.0

1.3

1.0
1.6

1.1

5.1
6.5
7.0
3.7
4.2
3.0
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3

1.7
4.9
5.9
7.1
3.5
4.2
3.0
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.2

2.9
3.0
3.3

2.9
3.0

2.0

2.1
2.8

2.8

2.3
3.1
2.9
3.7
3.0
4.0
3.0
7.3
3.2
4.6

2.8
1.8
3.0
1.6
1.9
1.8
3.2

2.8
2.1

2.7
3.2
3.6
3.4
3.7

2.8
6.8

3.9
6.7
3.3
3.7

1 F or com parability of data w ith those published in issues prior to O ctober
lfi67^ see footnote 1, table A-9. F o r employees covered, see footnote 1, table
These series cover prem ium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the m o n th . Over­
tim e hours are those paid for a t prem ium rates because (1) they exceeded


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.8

3.8
1.5
1.9

1.6

6.0

2.2
1.1

3.5
4.1
3.6
4.4
3.1

2.1

5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6

1.2
1.6
.9
1.2
1.0
.8
1.1
1.1
1.8

4.6
5.8

6.1

3.3
3.8
3.1
3.0
3.0
4.4
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9

2.6

2.4
2.7
3.1
4.8

2.8

3.5
2.9
5.4
3.5

6.6
2.6
3.3
1.6

3.8
1.3
1.5
1.4

2.2

3.8
4.1

1.8

2.5
.9
3.4
4.4
3.4
3.9

2.8

1.9
5.0
3.3
3.0
3.6

1.2
1.4
.9
1.3

1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1

6.0

3.1
3.7

2.8

3.6
4.4
1.3

1.8

2.8

5.8
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.1
4.3
.9

1.0

.9
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.5

.7
3.3
4.6
3.2
3.6
2.9

1.9
4.7
3.3

4.6
2.9

2.8
2.8

3.5
1.3
1.5
.9
1.4

1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1

1.8

2.8
1.2

3.6

1.0

1.4
1.3

3.2
3.7
3.2

6.9
3.6
3.8
3.4

3.7
3.8
3.0

3.5
4.6
3.4
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.3

3.8
4.9
3.8
2.5
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.4

2.5
2.4

2.9
2.5

3.2
3.5
3.0
5.5
3.2
4.3

3.0
3.1

2.6
8.2

2.8

3.0
1.4
3.5

1.2
1.4
1.3

2.6

2.6

6.6
2.8

4.2
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.4
1.7
3.1
1.5
1.7
1.7

1.8

4.4
3.5
3.3
4.2
1.3

1.0

1.3

1.5
4.8

2.6

3.5
4.6
3.5
4.0
3.5

1.2

1.0

1.7
4.8

6.6

1.1
1.1
.6

1.6
1.1
1.3
1.1

1.5

1.5
4.6
5.8

6.0

2.6

3.0
4.2

6.1
6.8

2.1

3.4
4.3
3.4
2.3
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.9

2.1

4.8
3.0
3.0

2.8

3.6
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.3

1.8

3.2
1.7

1.6

1.7

1.5
1.3

1.5
5.0

6.0

7.0
3.9
4.0
3.1

2.0

3.7
4.5
3.5

2.8

3.3
2.9
3.2
2.3
3.2
2.7

2.1
4.6
2.8

2.7
2.5
3.7
3.9

6.1

2.2
1.0

3.8
5.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
1.9
5.1
4.3
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.5

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.6
2.2
5.2
6.1

7.0
3.9
4.6
3.7
3.4
3.4
4.4
4.0
2.7
3.5
3.1
3.3
2.9
3.1

2.8

2.4
4.2
3.3
3.0

2.6

4.4
4.2

6.6

6.6

3.3
3.7
3.2
3.6
4.9

1.2
1.2
1.2

4.2
5.3
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.3
5.2
5.1
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.3
1.3

1.8

2.5
5.5
6.3
7.5
4.3
5.0
3.6
3.2
4.5
4.1
3.9
2.7
3.5
3.3
3.7
2.9

2.8

3.6
2.7
3.9
3.4
3.3
2.9
4.8
4.5
6.4
4.1
4.0

3.3
3.3

3.6
3.6

3.0

3.7
1.9

3.5

1.7

2.9

2.0
2.0
1.7
1.6

2.1

2.1

2.1
1.6
2.8

1.1

2.0

2.2
1.3
1.4

2.1

3.1
5.7

6.6

7.2
4.3
5.5
3.9
3.2
5.8
4.8
4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.2
2.9
3.9
2.9
4.6
3.7
3.3
2.3

6.6

4.7
6.4
4.2
4.4

2.1
1.6
2.8
2.8

3.6

6.8

1.1

1.6

6.6

1.1
.8

1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1.5

1.2

1.4

1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

5.5
6.3
7.5
4.1
4.9
3.5

5.1

1.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.1

2.8

4.2
4.9
3.9
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.2

2.8

2.1
6.0

7.0
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.4
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.5
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9

2.6

3.3
3.0
5.2
3.3
3.2
2.5
5.4
4.4

5.5
4.1

3.8
4.1

3.3
4.0

6.2

2.1

3.5
1.9
2.3

2.2

2.5
2.7
4.9
3.0

2.8
2.1

6.1

1.8
1.6
2.0

3.3
1.9

either the straight-tim e w orkday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. H ours for w hich
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other sim ilar types of prem ium s
were paid are excluded.
2Prelim inary.

103

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-6.

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957-59 = 100]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

A ctivity
Oct .2 Sept .2

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Man-hours
T o ta l______________ ___________________
M ining___________________ _____ _______
C ontract construction__________________
M anufacturing________________________
D urable goods_______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
L um ber and wood p ro d u cts_________
F u rn itu re and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products______
P rim ary m etal in d u stries_____ ______
Fabricated m etal products__________
M achinery, except electrical_________
Electrical equipm ent and supplies----T ransportation eq u ip m en t__________
In stru m en ts and related products____
Misc. m anufacturing industries______

115.3
77.0
122.2
116.0
119.6
187.1
93.6
125.3
109.7
101.0
122.2
131.6
139.8
115.0
130.0
117.2

116.9
78.9
127.0
117.0
120.3
184.0
94.9
124.5
110.1
105.1
123.0
135.5
138.9
113.0
129.6
115.4

116.5
81.1
130.1
115.7
118.9
179.5
95.7
123.0
111.2
106.3
123.2
134.9
138.7
105.4
128.5
112.7

113.8
84.3
127.8
112.7
117.3
174.1
95.0
116.3
109.7
107.3
120.0
134.9
133.8
106.5
126.4
104.6

114.8
83.0
120.2
115.4
121.0
171.5
97.1
120.5
109.6
110.2
124.8
138.2
134.6
115.0
129.1
110.4

111.7
80.0
110.4
113.5
119.9
171.6
91.6
117.3
106.0
109.1
122.3
138.5
136.1
115.3
128.0
108.6

110.5
79.2
104.7
113.2
119.1
169.5
90.8
117.7
104.5
108.7
121.3
140.4
136.4
111.0
129.4
107.5

110.2
77.1
97.1
114.3
120.6
170.4
90.1
120.1
102.5
111.3
122.0
142.2
141.4
112.1
130.6
106.0

109.4
76.7
92.5
114.1
120.5
168.6
88.4
121.1
100.1
112.5
122.5
141.6
143.2
112.1
128.7
103.7

112.3
79.1
99.1
116.4
123.4
168.1
89.4
123.1
103.0
116.0
125.6
143.5
147.3
116.0
131.0
105.2

116.2
81.4
107.4
119.6
126.6
164.8
90.7
130.6
106.9
115.4
129.4
144.6
151.3
122.3
133.1
112.1

117.6
81.1
111.9
120.5
127.3
161.9
93.3
131.3
110.1
116.5
129.7
141.1
152.1
123.0
131.7
121.9

120.1
83.6
124.3
121.2
127.8
156.1
96.3
132.4
112.2
117.0
129.9
140.7
152.9
122.6
131.7
123.0

115.9
82.2
114.7
117.8
124.2
144.9
97.4
127.7
111.2
116.9
126.1
139.0
145.8
116.7
127.7
113.4

109.3
83.0
110.5
110.4
114.3
113.3
97.0
119.5
108.3
113.3
117.2
123.6
125.7
107.1
112.7
109.4

N ondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco m anufactures______________
Textile m ill products_______________
A pparel and other textile products___
Paper and allied products_______ ____
Prin tin g and publishing____________
Chemicals and aided pro d u cts_______
Petroleum and coal products________
R u b b er and plastics products, nec___
Leather and leather products________

111.3
102.4
107.8
104.2
116.3
117.3
118.4
117.7
85.3
153.1
94.2

112.7
108.5
100.7
103.6
117.1
117.4
119.0
116.9
87.1
151.9
94.9

111.6
103.4
92.8
102.8
118.5
118.4
118.9
117.6
87.1
148.7
97.0

106.8
99.6
75.7
98.4
111.3
116.6
117.9
117.3
87.4
125.0
94.0

108.0
96.2
77.1
102.2
116.2
118.0
118.6
117.4
85.7
130.9
95.2

105.2
91.0
73.0
100.0
115.3
113.1
118.0
116.7
83.1
126.3
91.3

105.4
88.6
74.6
99.5
114.7
112.7
118.5
118.7
82.3
143.1
89.4

106.1
89.5
74.2
99.9
116.6
114.0
119.3
116.6
79.5
144.1
92.0

105.7
88.8
76.2
99.4
117.1
112.9
117.4
115.2
78.6
144.5
95.0

107.3
91.4
87.8
101.3
116.9
114.1
117.2
115.5
77.5
149.4
98.2

110.4
96.6
98.9
103.9
118.6
116.9
119.9
117.1
80.1
153.2
100.2

111.7
99.9
93.3
105.4
120.5
117.8
118.6
117.5
81.7
153.4
99.8

112.6
102.9
98.9
106.3
121.6
116.6
118.7
117.0
81.9
152.6
98.5

109.5
96.2
84.6
106.0
118.7
115.0
115.8
115.9
81.0
146.8
100.6|

105.3
94.4
86.4
102.0
115.1
109.6
110.0
110.2
78.7
135.2
96.9

97.1
131.3
150.4

100.4
141.0
153.1

102.6
151.7
156.9

101.6
157.0
157.4

104.7
174.3
157.9

100.8
157.6
151.4

Payrolls
Mining
C ontract construction ___
M an u fac tu rin g ___

._

________

100.4
182.5
156.5

102.4
188.0
157.8

104.1
188.9
154.5

108.9
184.7
150.5

1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9.
F o r m ining and m anufacturing, d ata refer to production and related


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106.2
171.1
153.8

101.8
157.3
150.9

101.0
147.9
149.9

97.7
137.2
151.1

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Prelim inary.

104

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D -l.

Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1967

1966

A nnual
average

Group
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan .

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

All items . . . . . .
.
. . . . . _______ 117.5
All item s (1947-49 = 100)__________________ 144.2

117.1
143.7

116.9
143.4

116.5
142.9

116.0
142.3

115. 6
141.8,

115.3
141.5

115.0
141.1

114.8
140.9

114.7
140.7

114.7
140.7

114.6
140.6

114.5
140.5

113.1
138.8

109.9
134.8

Food _____ ____ ____ . _ ___________
Food a t hom e___________ _ _________
Cereals and bakery products___
M eats, poultry, and fish___ ______ .
D airy products___
F ru its and v eg etab les.._ . . . . ____ _
O ther foods a t home 2. ....................... . .
Food aw ay from hom e_________________

115.7
112.6
118.2
112.3
117.9
115.3
102.3
131.4

115.9
112.9
118.4
113.4
117.3
115.6
102.4
130.8

116.6
113.9
118.4
113.1
116.6
122.7
102.6
130.3

116.0
113.3
118.2
112.3
116.4
124.4
100.2
129.7

115.1
112.3
118.3
111.6
116.3
119.9
100.0
129.1

113.9
110.9
118.8
108.5
115.9
116.4
100.7
128.7

113.7
110.8
118.5
109.0
115.7
114.2
101.4
128.3

114.2
111.5
118.6
110.0
115.7
115.2
102.3
127.7

114.2
111.7
118.5
110.7
116.1
114.2
102.5
127.4

114.7
112.3
118.8
110.3
116.4
115.3
104.9
127.0

114.8
112.6
118.8
110.9
116.5
114.3
105.7
126.3

114.8
112.8
118.6
111.8
116.7
114.9
104.8
125.7

115.6
113.8
118.3
113.8
117.1
115.3
106.0
125.2

114.2
112. 6
115.8
114.1
111.8
117.6
103.9
123.2

108.8
107.2
111.2
105.1
105.0
115.2
101.8
117.8

Housing___________________________ . . .
115.3
Shelter 3______________________________ 119.0
R en t---- ------ ------------------------------113.0
H omeownership 4 _
121.5
Fuel and utilities 3 ____ _______ _____ 109.4
Fuel oil and coal__________ _ ____ _ 112.5
Gas and electricity____. . . . ________ 108.9
Household furnishings and operation 8__ 109.1

115.0
118.7
112.8
121.1
109.4
112.3
108.9
108.8

114.7
118.4
112.6
120.8
109.1
111.7
108.5
108.3

114.3
117.9
112.4
120.2
108.9
111.4
108.3
108.2

114.1
117.7
112.2
119.9
108.6
110.5
108.2
108.1

113.9
117.5
112.1
119.7
108.7
110.8
108.3
107.9

113.6
116.9
111.9
119.0
108.8
111.0
108.4
107.7

113.3
116.6
111.8
118.6
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.3

113.3
116.8
111.7
118.9
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.0

113.1
116.5
111.4
118.7
108.6
110.5
108.3
106.7

113.0
116.4
111.3
118.6
108.4
110.2
107.9
106.7

112.6
115.8
111.2
117.8
108.3
108.9
108.1
106.5

112.2
115.5
111.0
117. 4
108.1
108.3
108.0
106.1

111.1
114.1
110.4
115.7
107.7
108.3
108.1
105.0

108.5
110.6
108.9
111.4
107.2
105.6
107.8
103.1

Apparel and upkeep 7_________ _ _ _____
M en ’s and boys’______________________
W omen’s and girls’____ _ . _______ ..
Footw ear_________ _____. . . _________

116.0
116.1
112.7
127.1

115.1
115.5
111.1
126.4

113.8
114.5
108.8
126.0

113.7
113.9
109.2
125.4

113.9
114.1
109.7
125.4

113.8
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.0
113.5
108.4
124.9

112.6
112.7
108.2
124.2

111.9
111.8
107.3
123.4

111.3
111.6
106.4
122.9

112.3
112.6
108.1
122.9

112.0
112.4
107.8
122.8

111.5
111.5
107.5
122.2

109.6
110.3
105.1
119.6

106.8
107.4
103.1
112,9

T ran sp o rtatio n . __________
P riv ate _____________ _________ _____
P ublic____________ ____ ___________

117.7
115.7
133.0

116.8
114.8
133.0

116.4
114.4
132.8

116.2
114.1
132.7

115.7
113.7
132.2

115.5
113.6
130.9

115.1
113.2
130.6

114.2
112.2
130.5

113.8
111.8
130.0

113.4
111.4
129.8

113.8
111.7
129.8

114.5
112.6
129.6

114.3
112.3
129.6

112.7
111.0
125.8

111.1
109.7
121.4

H ealth and recreation______ .
.
____
.
. _ .
M edical care_________ . . .
Personal care . . . ______ ____________
Reading and recreation_____ _ _____ _
Other goods and services 8. . . . . - - - - - -

125.5
139.0
116.5
121.4
120.3

124.9
138.5
116.4
120.5
119.7

124.2
137.5
116.1
120.0
118.8

123.6
136.9
115.5
119.8
117.8

123.2
136.3
115.3
119.7
116.9

122.8
135.7
115.0
119.6
116.7

122.6
135.1
114.9
119.4
116.6

122.2
134.6
114.4
118.9
116.4

121.8
133.6
114.1
118.6
116.3

121.4
132.9
113.8
118.5
116.2

121.0
131.9
113.7
118.4
115.9

120.8
131.3
113.4
118.3
116. 0

120.4
130.4
113.3
118.0
115.9

119.0
127.7
112.2
117.1
114.9

115.6
122.3
109.9
115.2
111.4

Special groups:
All item s less shelter. _ _______ ____ ..
All item s less fo o d ..
. . .
All item s less m edical c a re __ _ _______

117.1
118.2
116.2

116.7
117.7
115.8

116.5
117.1
115.6

116.1
116.8
115.2

115.6
116.5
114.8

115.1
116.3
114.4

114.8
115.9
114.1

114.6
115.4
113.8

114.3
115.2
113.7

114.2
114.8
113.6

114.3
114.9
113.7

114. 4
114.8
113.6

114.3
114.4
113.6

112.9
113.0
112.3

109.6
110.4
109.1

Com m odities ___ _ . . . . . .
___
N ondurables 9_________________________
D urables __ _____ . ____________
Services 1112 _____
. . ______ . . . _____

112.4
115.1
105.7
129.1

112.0
114.9
104.8
128.7

111.9
114.8
104.7
128.2

111.5
114.3
104.4
127.7

111.0
113.8
104.1
127.4

110.5
113.2
103.9
127.0

110.2
113.0
103.4
126.6

110.0
112.9
102.9
126.3

109.9
112.7
102.8
125.9

109.9
112.7
102.7
125.5

110.1
113.0
103.1
125.2

110.2
112.9
103.5
124.7

110.3
113.1
103.5
124.1

109.2
111.8
102.7
122.3

106.4
107.9
102.6
117.8

Com m odities less food ____ _______ _____ 110.6
N ondurables less food. . . . . ___________ 114.5
Apparel commodities ___ . _________ 115.1
Apparel commodities less fo o tw ear... 112.7
N ondurables less food and apparel____ 114.2
. . .
New cars ______
101.1
Used c a r s ...
..
. . . .
. . .
126.0
Household durables 13_________ ________ 98.7
Housefurnishings____ . . . _ ______ _____ 101.5

110.0
114.1
114.1
111.7
114.1
96.1
126.2
98.4
101.2

109.4
113.2
112.7
110.0
113.4
96.9
125.2
98.2
100.8

109.1
112.8
112.6
110.0
113.0
97.0
124.8
98.1
100.8

108.9
112.7
112.8
110.3
112.7
96.8
122.4
98.0
100.7

108.7
112.7
112.7
110.2
112.6
96.9
121.4
98.1
100.6

108.4
112.4
111.9
109.4
112.7
97.0
118.8
98.0
100.6

107.8
111.8
111.5
109.0
112.0
97.2
115.9
97.8
100.3

107.6
111.5
110.7
108.2
111.9
97.3
114.0
97.7
100.0

107.3
111.0
110.1
107.6
111.6
97.6
113.0
97.6
99.7

107.7
111.4
111.2
108.8
111.6
98.6
114.2
97.7
100.0

107.8
111.3
110.9
108.6
111.5
99.3
119.3
97.6
99.9

107.6
110.9
110.4
108.1
111.2
98.4
120.8
97.4
99.5

106.5
109.7
108.5
106.3
110.3
97.2
117.8
96.8
98.8

105.1
107.2
105.8
104.4
108.0
99.0
120.8
96.9
97.9

Services less ren t » . „ __ _____
Household services less ren t „ _ _
_
Transportation services.. . . __________
M edical care services. _____ _
Other services 14 __

132.3
128.1
128.9
148.0
132.4

131.7
127.5
128.8
146.7
131.9

131.2
127.0
128.3
146.0
131.6

130.8
126.7
128.1
145.2
131.3

130.4
126.5
127.7
144.4
130.8

130.0
126.0
127.6
143.6
130.3

129.5
125.6
127.4
142.9
129.7

129.2
125.5
127.2
141.6
129.4

128.8
125.1
126.9
140.6
129.1

128.3
124.9
126.5
139.4
128.9

127.7
124.2
126.1
138.6
128.5

127.1
123.5
125.9
137.4
128.2

125.0
121.5
124.3
133.9
126.5

120.0
117.0
119.3
127.1
121.8

132.7
128.4
129.2
148.7
133.1

1 T he C P I measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
Jan u ary 1964, the index structure was revised to reflect buying p attern s of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. T he indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and p artially prepared foods.
3 Also includes hotel and motel room rates no t show n separately.
4 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and m ain­
tenance and repairs.
5 Also includes telephone, w ater, and sewerage service not shown separately.
6 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
7 Includes d ry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
m aterials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
8 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
9 Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and


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pharm aceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, new spapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
10 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerw are, tablew are, cleaning equipm ent, power tools, lam ps,
Venetian blinds, hardw are, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipm ent.
11 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
12 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home m aintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, w ater,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage ren t, local tra n sit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
13 Does not include auto parts,durable toys, and sports equipm ent.
14 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

105

D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1967

G roup

1966

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

May

A pr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Food__________ _____ _______ ________
Food a t hom e______________________
M eats, poultry, and fish___________
D airy products___________________
Fru its and vegetables____ ________
O ther foods a t h o m e .._____________

115.8
112.7
111.2
117.3
120.5
101.1

115.6
112. 5
111. 1
117.1
119.7
101.3

115.8
112.9
112.1
116.6
120.6
102.5

115.0
112.0
112.2
117.0
116.0
101.1

115.3
112.6
113.1
117.4
115.1
101.6

114.5
111.5
110.3
116.6
113.5
101.7

113.9
110.9
110.0
116.3
112.1
101.9

114.3
111.6
110.4
115. 6
114.7
102.8

114. 0
111.4
110.4
115.9
114.4
102.3

114.9
112.5
110.4
115.8
118.5
104.4

115.3
113.1
111.3
115.9
117.6
104.9

115.3
113.4
111.5
116.1
119.6
104.1

115.8
114.0
112.8
116.5
120.9
104.5

Fuel and utilities 3_________________
Fuel oil and c o a l * . . . ............................

109.4
112.8

109.5
113.8

109.5
113.9

109.3
113.7

108.8
112.4

108.8
112.4

108.7
110.3

108.4
109.4

108.7
108.9

108.2
108.3

108.0
108.3

108.1
108.3

108.0
108.5

A pparel and upkeep 3_________________
M en’s and boys’___________________
W omen’s and girls’_______ _________
Footw ear_____________________ _____

115.4
115. 6
111. 5
126.8

114.9
115.3
110.7
12b. 5

114.3
115.0
109.6
126.3

114.2
114.4
109.7
125.8

113.9
114.2
109.8
125.3

113.7
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.1
113.6
108.7
124.8

112.9
113.2
108.6
124.3

112.3
112.2
107.9
123.5

111.9
111.9
107.5
123.0

111.7
111.9
107.1
122.5

111.3
111.7
107.5
122.3

110.8
111.1
106.3
122.0

T ran sp o rtatio n _______________________
P riv ate____________________________

117.3
115.4

117.0
115.1

116.3
114.3

116.0
113.9

115.9
113.8

115.6
113.7

115.3
113.4

114.5
112.7

114.3
112.2

113.2
111.3

113.3
111.4

114.0
112.0

114.1
112.0

Special groups:
C om m odities«_______________________
N ondurables_______________________
D urables 82________________________

112.3
115.0
105. 5

112.0
114.7
105.1

111.8
114.6
104.9

111.3
113.7
104.4

111.1
113.9
104.1

110.6
113.4
103.9

110.3
113.1
103.4

110.1
113.0
103.0

110.0
112.7
103.0

110.1
112.9
102.7

110.1
113.1
102.9

110.1
112.9
103.1

110.2
113.0
103.3

Commodities less food 6_______________
N ondurables less food_______________
A pparel com m odities______________
Apparel commodities less footwear.
New cars___________________ ____ _
Used cars__________________________
Housefurnishings______ ____________

110.4
114.2
114.3
111. 9
100. 4
124.8
101.5

110.1
114.0
113.9
111.4
97.9
125.1
101. 2

109.6
113.4
113.2
110.6
98.2
123.3
101.1

109.2
113.0
113.2
110.6
98.0
123.1
100.9

108.9
112.8
112.9
110.4
97.2
120.9
100.6

108.8
112.8
112.6
110.2
97.1
121.9
100.5

108.4
112.5
112.1
109.6
96.8
119.4
100.4

108.0
112.0
111.9
109.4
97.1
117.9
100.2

107.9
111.8
111.3
108.9
96.9
117.2
100.2

107.4
111.1
110.8
108.4
96.9
115.1
100.0

"107. 4
111.1
110. 5
108.0
97.5
114.0
100.0

107.4
111.0
110.0
107.6
97.7
118.0
99.8

107.3
110.6
109.5
107.2
97.9
119.6
99.5

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 Beginning Jan u a ry 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com­
puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal p a tte rn of price change. Previously published indexes
for the year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes w ill be
shown for a n y of the individual m etropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are published. Previously, th e B ureau of Labor Statistics has made
available only seasonal factors, rath er th a n seasonally adjusted indexes (e.g.,
D epartm ent of L abor B ulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, C onsum er Price Index:
Selected Series ). T h e factors currently used were derived b y the BLS


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Seasonal Factor M ethod using d ata for 1956-66. These factors w ill be u p ­
dated a t the end of each calendar year. A detailed description of the B LS
Seasonal F actor M ethod is provided in appendix A , B L S Handbook o f M e th ­
ods fo r S urveys and Stu d ies (BLS B ulletin 1458, 1966).
3 See footnote 5, table D -l.
* See footnote 6, table D -l.
5 See footnote 8, table D -l.
6 See footnote 10, table D -l.
2 See footnote 12, table D -l.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

106
T able

D-3.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A nnual
average

1966

1967

194749=100

Area 2
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Fob.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1966

1965

Oct.
1967

All item s
U.S. city a v erag e3_ --------------------

117.5

117.1

116.9

116.5

116.0

115.6

115.3

115.0

114.8

114.7

114.7

114.6

114.5

113.1

109.9

144.2

A tlanta, Ga- --------- -----------------Baltimore, M d ____ -- - ----------Boston, M a s s ... . . . ---- -------Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963=100)____
Chicago, U l.-N orthw estern In d __
C incinnati, O hio-K entucky______

(4)
(4)
120.8
(4)
115.1
(4)

115.6
117.6
(4)
(4)
115.0
114.7

(4)
(4)
(4)
110.4
114.5
(4)

(4)
(4)
119.9
(4)
113.7
(4)

114.8
115.7
(4)
(4)
112.9
113.1

(4)
(4)
(4)
109.5
112.6
(4)

(4)
(4)
118.8
(4)
112.2
(4)

114.0
114.8
(4)
(4)
112.3
111.6

(4)
(4)
(")
108.5
112.2
(4)

(4)
(4)
118.6
(4)
111.8
(4)

113.3
114.5
(4)
(4)
112.2
111.2

(4)
(4)
(4)
108.0
111.9
(4)

(4)
(4)
118.5
(4)
112.0
(4)

111.5
113.4
117.0
107.0
110.7
110.3

108.1
109.6
113.2
103.5
107.6
107.2

(4)
(4)
149.7

Cleveland, Ohio_________________
«
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)_____
(4)
Detroit, M ich-------------------- ------- 115.5
Honolulu, H aw aii (Dec. 1963=100) (4)
H ouston, Tex.-.- ------- --------- --- 115.6
Kansas C ity, M o .-K a n sas-. ------(4)

(4)
(4)
115.3
108.7
(4)
120.1

113.2
108.9
115.3
(4)
(4)
(4)

(")
(4)
115.0
(4)
114.3
(4)

(4)
(4)
114.7
107.9
(4)
117.4

111.8
107.5
114.5
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
114.6
(4)
113.6
(4)

(4)
(4)
114.3
106.7
(4)
117.9

111.5
107.0
113.5
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.3
(4)
113.0
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.3
106.6
(4)
117.3

110.9
106. 5
112.7
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
112.6
(4)
112.4
(4)

109.7
105.0
111.1
105.1
111.5
116.3

106.9
101. 4
106.4
102.1
108.5
113.3

142.4

Los A ngeles-Long Beach, Calif----Milwaukee, Wis— --------------------M inneapolis-St. Paul, M inn--------N ew Y ork ,N .Y .-N o rth eastern N .J .
Philadelphia, P a .-N .J -----------------P ittsburgh , P a ______________ -- Portland, O reg.-W ash-----------------

118.9
(4)
118.4
120.2
118.3
115.5
119.4

119.1
«
(4)
119.7
117.9
(4)
(4)

118.3
113.6
(4)
119.4
117.4
(4)
(4)

117.5
(")
115.6
119.1
116.7
115.0
118.2

117.3
(4)
(4)
118.7
116.6
(4)
(4)

116.9
112.2
(4)
118.4
116.0
(4)
(4)

116.3
(4)
114.2
118.2
115.8
114.2
117.4

115.4
(4)
(4)
118.2
115.5
(4)
(4)

115.7
111.4
(4)
118.0
115.3
(4)
(4)

115.8
(4)
113.4
117.5
115.0
114.0

116.3
111.6
(4)
117.7
115.0
(4)
(4)

115.9
(4)
113.4
117.8
115.0
114.1

114.7
110.6
112.2
116.0
113.7
113.0

112.5
108.2
109.5
112.2
110.6
110.2

117.1

116.3
(4)
(4)
117.6
115.3
(4)
(4)

116.6

116.3

111.8

148.3
(4)
146.5
144.8
145.3
142.3
147.9

St. Louis, M o .-U l________ ____
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100)-.
San Francisco-O akland, Calif. . . .
Scranton, P a ------------ ----------------Seattle, W ash _________________ _.
W ashington, D .C .-M d .-V a . . .

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
«

117.7
(4)
120.4
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
105.9
(4)
118.7
118.2
117.3

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

116.5
(4)
118.4
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
104.1
(4)
117.1
116.8
115.7

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

115.5
(4)
117.1
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
103.7
(4)
116.3
115.9
115.1

M
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

114.9
(4)
117.2
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
103. 5
(4)

113.5
102.1
115.6

109.9
100.1
112.7

(4)

116.2

115.6
114.6

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

114.9

111.0

114.1
113.3

111.0
109.6

145.1
(4)
(4)

142.4
(4)

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

Food
_____________

115.7

115.9

116.6

116.0

115.1

113.9

113.7

114.2

114.2

114.7

114.8

114.8

115.6

114.2

108.8

A tlanta, G a__ .
___
Baltimore, M d .
. ___
. ...
Boston, M ass.
.................
Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, U l.-N orthw estern I n d ___
C incinnati, O hio-K entucky

115.0
117.6
120. 5
109.9
116.7
112.2

115.1
118.1
121.3
110.4
116.6
112.4

115.4
118.3
121.1
111.3
117.7
114.4

114.4
117.6
120.1
111.1
116.4
115.2

114.3
115.5
119.0
110.6
114.5
113.7

113.6
114.9
118.3
108.9
113.9
111.9

112.9
114.8
117.7
108.9
113.1
111.3

113.6
114.9
118.4
109.4
114.1
111.4

113.5
115.2
118.2
109.3
114.7
111.2

114.1
115.3
119.0
109.7
114.1
111.5

113.8
116.0
118.8
109.3
114.7
111.7

114.0
115.9
118.5
109.7
114.7
112.4

114.7
116.7
119.3
109.7
115.4
113.6

112.9
115.9
117.0
108.8
114.6
111.8

107.4
109.3
112.5
104.1
108.8
106. 2

Cleveland, Ohio
Dallas, Tex. (N ov. 1963 = 100)
D etroit, M ich .
.
.
H onolulu, H aw aii (Dec. 1963=100).
H ouston, T e x __
__ . . _ . _
Kansas C ity, M o.-K ansas.. . . .

112.1
110.2
114.7
111.1
116.1
118.6

112.4
110.0
114.5
110.3
116.2
118.5

113.0
110.8
116.3
110.1
116.1
119.1

112.2
110.2
115.1
109.9
115.9
118.4

111.5
109.4
113.5
109.5
115.0
117.8

109.9
108.4
113.0
108.4
114.2
116.1

109.6
107.9
112.6
108.0.
115.5
116.0

110.3
108.9
113.2
108.3
115.7
116.6

110.0
109.8
112.7
107.7
116.0
117.2

110.9
110.5
113.0
108.1
116.6
118.0

111.5
110.9
113.1
108.0
116.9
117.8

111.8
111.0
113.1
108.7
116.6
117. 5

112.1
111.0
113.5
108.4
117.0
118.7

110.9
110.0
112.2
107.0
115.4
117.2

104.8
103.9
105.0
103.5
109.2
111.3

Los A ngeles-Long Beach, Calif
Milwaukee, Wis .
M inneapolis-St. Paul, M in n ______
New Y ork, N .Y .-N o rth eastern N .J .
Philadelphia, P a .-N .J .
P ittsb u rg h , P a
. _____
Portland, Oreg.-W ash.

115.2
115.2
113.4
116.1
115.3
111.8
115.2

115.1
114.9
113.1
116.2
116.5
112.0

114.6
116.5
114.3
117.2
115.9
113.1

114.3

113.6

112.5

114.0

112.5
114.9
113.1
109.7

113.0
115.5
113.7
111.3

112.9
115.3
114.0
111.2

113.7
114.3
112.6
115.7
113. 5
111.4

114.2

112.2
114.4
113.0
109.5
114.1

112.8
112.8
112.5
115.0
113.6
110.2

113.7

112.3
115.5
114. 5
111.6

112.4
113.5
111.8
114.3
113.3
109.1

112.4

113.1
116.5
114.7
112.9
115.9

114.2
116.5
114.5
112.8

113.3
114.0
112.4
115.1
113.1
111.8

110.7
107.7
107.1
109.8
107.2
107.5

St. Louis, M o .-lll . .
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100)
San Francisco-O akland, Calif
Scranton, P a..
Seattle, W ash . . .
.
. . .
W ashington, D .C .-M d .-V a _____

119.7
108. 5
115.4

119.0
108.6
115.7

119.9

118. 8

117.2

118.1

116.1

114. 4

113.0

113.2

115.2
116.8

115.2
117.8

120.0
109.1
116.4
116.0
115.2
118.0

115.4
116.3

114.4
115.7

113.1
114.8

113.3
115.3

U.S. city average 3

117.4
106.2
112.8
112.0
113.6
114.4

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure tim e-to-tim e changes in
prices. T hey do not indicate w hether it costs more to live in one area th a n in
another.
2 T he areas listed include n o t only the central city b u t the entire urban
portion of th e S tandard M etropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960
C ensus of Population; except th a t the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for New York and Chicago.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

116.0

116.7

115.6

116.0

115.6

114.7

109.5

118. 5
105.9
113.3

119.3

119.2

119.7

114.4

118.6
106.6
115.1

117.8
106.5
114.2

111.5
102.7
110.2

113.5
114.7

114.0
114.7

114.1
114.0

110.3
108.4

112.1 112.6

114.4

115.0

113.1

113.2

113. 8

114.3
114.7

114.7
113.5

115.1
115.1

112.8

107.7

3 Average of 56 “ cities” (m etropolitan areas and nonm etropolitan urban
places) beginning Jan u ary 1966.
4 All items indexes are com puted m onthly for 5 areas and once every 3
m onths on a rotating cycle for other areas.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-4.

107

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1967

1966

A nnual
average

Com m odity group

All com m odities______________________________________
F arm products and processed foods and feeds___________
F arm p ro d u cts------------------- ------ --------------------------------Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables----------------------G rains_____________________________ _____________
Livestock________________________________________
Live p o u ltry ______________________________________
P la n t and anim al libers___________________________
Flu id m ilk_______________________________________
Eggs-------------------------------------------------------------------H ay, hayseeds, and oilseeds________________________
O ther farm p roducts. ____________________________
Processed foods and feeds. ____________________________
Cereal and bakery products________________________
Meats, p oultry, and fish ___________________________
D airy p ro d u cts___________________________________
Processed fruits and v e g etab le s.. _________________
Sugar and confectionery.. ________________________
Beverages and beverage m aterials------------------------.
Anim al fats and oils_______________________________
C rude vegetable oils_________ ___________________
Refined vegetable o ils .. _________________________
Vegetable oil end products_________________________
Miscellaneous processed foods---------------------------------M anufactured anim al feeds ____________________ .
All commodities except farm p ro d u c ts .. ---------------------Industrial com m odities_______________________________
Textile products and a p p arel---------------------------------------C otton p roducts__________________________________
Wool products ___________________________________
M anmade fiber textile p ro d u cts------------------------------Silk y a rn s________________________________________
A pparel__________________________________________
Textile housefurnishings. _________________________
Miscellaneous textile products______________________
Hides, skins, leather, and related pro d u cts--------------------Hides and sk in s__________________________________
L eather__________________________________________
Footw ear________________________________________
O ther leather and related products_________________
Fuels and related products, and pow er_________________
C oal_____________________________________________
Coke
_________________________________________
Gas fuels (Jan. 1958=100)__________________________
Electric power (Jan. 1958=100)_____________________
C rude p etroleum _________________________________
P etroleum products, refined_______________________
Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts_________________________
In d u strial chemicals . . . _______________________
Prepared paint __________________________________
P a in t m aterials___________________________________
D rugs and pharm aceuticals________________________
F ats and oils, inedible_____________________________
A gricultural chemicals and chemical p ro d u c ts.............
Plastic resins and m aterials________________________
O ther chemicals and allied pro d u cts________________
R ub b er and ru b b er p ro d u cts__________________________
C rude ru b b er_____________________________________
Tires and tu b es___________________________________
Miscellaneous rubber p ro d u cts_____________________
L um ber and wood p ro d u cts___________________________
L u m b er_________________________________________
Millwork __________________________________ ____
Plyw ood_________________________________________
O ther wood products (Dec. 1966=100). ____________

O ct. Sept. Aug.

July June

M ay Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec. Nov.

106.1
104.1
97.1
91.6
86.6
101.8
73.8
72.4
123.5
76.8
108.5
97.4
111.7
116.8
104.7
123.0
109.3
113.9
107.3
76.3
83.3
88.1
101.8
112.6
120. 6
107.2
106.8
102.2
99.1
102.8
86.9
179. 5
107.5
107.4
115.9
114.8
86.8
104.7
123.6
111.9
103.0
103.8
112.0
132.7
100.8
99.0
101.0
98.2
98.3
109.9
91.0
93.6
78.5
101.6
86.1
108.8
98.8
84.2
98.7
104.8
107.3
111.2
113.4
90.2
101.5

106.5
107.3
102.8
107.9
92.6
107.4
91.9
70.9
121.3
86.0
117. i
99.7
113.1
116.9
109.9
122.0
107.0
113.7
106.4
77.4
86.8
88.3
101.3
113.1
123.2
106.8
106.0
101.5
98.9
103.3
85.5
168.4
107.1
105.3
117.1
115.2
93.4
109.5
121.4
112.9
103.9
103.0
112.0
131.8
100.6
98.4
103.3
98.3
97.2
108.8
90.9
94.1
77.1
103.5
90.0
108.7
95.8
85.7
94.0
101.6
105.3
108.3
112.1
89.4
102.0

105.8
105.0
100.7
104.4
98.0
102.6
85.6
69.9
120.9
74.5
117.8
99.9
110.7
117.4
103.8
120.8
105.1
112. 0
106. 0
89.8
93.9
96.6
101.6
112.4
118.7
106.4
106.0
101.6
100.3
103.1
86.3
167.0
106.3
105.5
118.5
115.2
87.2
110.9
121.4
114.3
104.4
102.6
112.0
135.0
100. 6
98.3
103.7
98.8
97. 5
108.8
91.0
94.1
82.9
105.2
90.7
108.7
95.8
85.9
94.0
101.5
104.2
107.0
111.7
87.5
102.0

105.7
104.6
99.6
98.4
99.9
97.4
90.8
70.3
119.0
90.8
120.5
99.5
110.6
117.5
101.7
120.7
104.2
112.5
105.6
89.6
94.2
96.9
101.8
112.0
124.8
106.3
106.0
101.8
101.3
104.0
86.9
164.1
106.0
105.1
120.8
116.9
98.9
114.6
121.7
114.4
103.7
102.2
112.0
134.6
100.6
98.3
102.4
98.5
97.0
108.8
90.8
94.4
81.5
105.9
90.3
107.8
95.9
86.5
94.9
100.9
103.6
106.0
111.2
87.7
102.0

106.0
105.7
101.0
104.5
95.8
99.5
97.1
70.2
122.9
84.0
120.3
100.5
111.7
117.3
104.7
121.2
104.3
112.6
105.9
92.0
94.1
96.7
103.5
111.5
125.9
106.5
106.0
102.0
101.8
104.7
87.1
164.1
105.9
105.3
121.0
118.0
107.8
116.3
121.6
114.6
103.4
102.3
112.0
134.5
100.6
98.2
101.9
98.5
96.9
108.7
90.8
94.2
89.1
105.4
90.5
107.6
95.8
87.1
94.9
100.4
103.6
105.4
111.1
89.2
102.0

106.2
107.0
102.6
101.8
100.7
101.4
88.1
70.8
123.4
100.0
123.5
99.6
112.8
117.6
105.4
121.8
105.9
113.0
105.8
94.9
94.1
93.0
106.3
112.6
132.1
106.5
105.8
102.0
102.5
104.7
87.1
166.1
105.7
105.3
120.5
117.9
110.1
116.9
120.9
114.5
102.6
102.3
112.0
134.6
100.6
98.2
100.3
98.4
96.6
108.7
90.6
94.7
92.3
104.2
90.3
107.4
95.6
87.6
94.9
99.7
102.6
104.5
110.3
87.3
102.0

105.9
106.7
101.8
101.3
101.5
97.9
77.2
71.0
124.0
109.0
124.5
100.5
112.8
118.0
104.4
122.3
105.8
112.6
105.8
97.5
98.1
101.2
106.3
113.7
132.0
106.3
105.5
101.8
102.7
104.8
86.9
163.2
105.4
105.3
119.7
117.3
109.2
116.2
120.3
114.2
102.4
102.4
112.0
132.0
100.8
98.1
100.2
98.2
96.4
108.5
90.6
94.7
95.1
103.1
90.2
107.0
95.0
87.6
93.9
99.3
102.5
104.5
110.3
87.4
100.0

106.2
105.3
98.4
92.2
85.6
103.5
72.9
72.4
123.7
93.1
109.0
‘ 97.7
112.7
116.6
108.6
122.8
107.9
113.8
106.7
79.6
87.9
91.3
102.0
112.5
121.5
107.1
106.5
102.0
99.2
102.7
86.3
175.7
107.4
106.8
115.6
114.4
93.2
105.3
121.8
111.8
104.5
104.1
112.0
132.6
100.7
99.0
103.9
97.9
97.1
109.9
90.6
93.5
77.1
101.2
87.7
108.7
98.2
83.9
98.7
103.7
108.7
112.0
113.1
95.7
101.3

106.1
105.2
99.2
96.6
86.1
106.3
77.3
71.4
120.9
82.1
111.6
99.3
112.1
116.8
107.4
122.1
107.1
113.8
106.6
83.0
89.8
91.9
101 0
112.1
119.6
106.8
106.3
101.7
98.8
102.9
85.9
172.6
107.3
105.3
116.0
114.4
86.8
109.2
121.2
112.5
104.7
103.0
112.0
132.0
100.5
99.0
104.6
98.0
97.1
108.8
90.7
93.6
77.2
101.8
89.5
108.7
97.8
84.8
98.7
102.3
106.1
109.0
112. 6
90.9
101.6

106.3
106.8
102.4
114.3
96.1
104.9
85.7
70.9
121.3
76.0
116.6
100.2
112.6
117.2
108.3
122.2
106.5
112.7
106.3
82.4
91.7
93.5
101.6
112.6
122.4
106.7
106.0
101.6
99.7
103.2
85.8
167.0
106.7
105.3
118.0
115.6
95.8
110.2
121.5
113.3
104.0
102.4
112.0
134.3
100.5
98.3
103.1
98.5
97.2
108.8
91.0
94.1
79.5
105.1
90.3
108.5
95.8
86.2
94.0
101.5
104.7
108.0
111.7
87.6
102.0

105.3
103.4
97.6
99.6
98.3
94.0
89.0
69.9
119.1
77.0
118.4
99.2
110.0
117.2
100.6
120.1
104.3
111.8
105.9
91.5
93.8
96.8
101.6
112.9
122.9
106.2
106.0
101.8
100.8
102.9
86.8
164.5
106.2
105.2
119.4
115.7
88.3
112.9
121.5
114.5
103.3
102.7
112.0
134.8
100.6
98.3
101.7
98.8
97.6
108.8
91.2
94.0
85.3
105.2
90.4
108.6
95.9
86.5
94.0
101.5
104.1
106.6
111.6
87.9
102.0

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

/

105.9
107.1
102.5
104.2
98.0
98.4
85.1
70.9
124.4
121.8
122.9
98.7
112.6
118.7
104.2
122.6
105.9
112.1
105.6
105.6
99.2
102.2
106.8
114.6
128.4
106.3
105.5
102.1
103.0
105.1
87.7
161.1
105.5
105.3
119.1
117.5
114.3
114.1
120.1
115.1
102.7
101.9
112.0
130.6
100.3
98.1
101.3
98.0
96.0
107.8
90.4
95.0
91.6
103.3
90.2
106.9
95.0
87.9
93.9
99.2
103.0
105.6
110.3
86.9

Oct.

1966

1965

106.2
108.8
104.4
97.9
98.9
106.5
83.1
71.4
125.8
114.7
121.5
100.8
113.9
118.7
108.1
124.5
105.7
111.6
105.6
108.9
100.1
97.0
108.2
115.1
128.1
106.4
105.3
102.2
103.3
105.6
88.1
161.1
105.3
105.2
118.8
118.7
120.8
117.5
120.1
115.6
102.6
100.6
112.0
130.7
100.2
98.1
101.3
97.9
95.9
107.3
90.2
95.0
94.5
102.8
90.2
106.9
94.6
87.4
93.4
98.9
104.8
108.0
110.8
88.1

105.9
108.9
105.6
102.5
97.3
110.0
91.4
82.3
117.6
107.9
122.9
101.5
113.0
115.4
110.2
118.5
104.8
110.5
105.8
113.1
107.2
108.7
104.6
114.0
126.6
105.8
104.7
102.1
102.5
106.0
89.5
153.6
105.0
104.4
122.6
119.7
140.8
121.1
118.2
114.4
101.3
98.6
109.8
129.3
100.3
97.5
99.5
97.8
95.7
106.8
90.1
94.5
102.8
102.8
89.0
106.6
94.8
89.2
93.3
98.8
105.6
108.5
110.0
92.8

102.5
102.1
98.4
101.8
89.6
100.5
87.2
91.1
103.5
93.5
112.9
97.6
106.7
109.0
101.0
108.5
102.1
109.0
105.7
113.4
100.9
97.0
101.2
113.6
116.3
102.9
102.5
101.8
100.2
104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
103.1
123.0
109.2
111.2
108.1
110.7
106.1
98.9
96.5
107.3
124.1
100.8
96.8
95.9
97.4
95.0
105.4
89.8
94.4
112.7
101.8
88.4
105.3
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1
101.1
101.9
107.7
92.3

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

108
T able

D-4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] 2
1967

1966

A nnual
average

C om m odity group
Oct.
Industrial Commodities—C ontinued
P ulp, paper, and allied p roducts_______________________
Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper
arid board------ - - - . . ------- -- -W oodpulp----- ----------------------------------------------------W astepaper.. .
-------------- ------ ------ - - ------P aper—
---- ------- ---- - - - - - - ---------Paperboard___
—................
- -------Converted paper and paperboard products-----------Building paper and b o a rd -.. _ _ _ _ ------------- __ _
Metals and m etal products-- - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---Iron and steel. - -_ --------- - - ------ ------- Steel mill pro d u cts.. ___
___
Nonferrous m etals------ ----------------------------------- -----Metal c o n tain ers..
-- ---- - H ardw are.-. —
- - ------- - - ------- Plum bing fixtures and brass fittings------------------------H eating eq u ip m en t.
---- - - - - - - ------- Fabricated stru ctu ral m etal p roducts----------------------Miscellaneous m etal products______________________
M achinery and e q u ip m e n t..
- ----- - - ----- -A gricultural m achinery and eq u ip m en t. -- _ -----C onstruction m achinery and eq u ip m en t------------------M etalworking m achinery and equ ip m en t____________
General purpose m achinery and equ ip m en t_______ _
Special in d u stry m achinery and equipm ent (Jan.
1961=100)______________________________________
Electrical m achinery and equ ip m en t-----------------------Miscellaneous m achinery__________________________
F urniture and household durables---------- - -- - ---------Household fu rn itu re----_
- _ ------Commercial fu rn itu re .-. . _ _ _ _ .
_ - Floor coverings-- . . .
- - - - _
-----Household appliances.
--------_ _
Home electronic equ ip m en t---- ------------------------------O ther household durable goods------------------------------Nonmetallic mineral products. ------------------------ --------F la tg la s s ... -- -- . . -------------------------------- - Concrete ingredients___
. --------- ------- -Concrete products.
---- -------- ------------------------Structural clay products excluding refractories---------Refractories___
_ .
-_ -----_______ .
. . ------A sphalt roofing.. .
.
G ypsum p roducts------ ------------- -- - ------ --------Glass containers___
. .
_
O ther nonmetallic m inerals________________________
T ransportation e q u ip m e n t 3 ______
__ _
Motor vehicles arid eq uipm ent________________ ____
R ailroad equipm ent (Jan. 1961=100)________________
Miscellaneous products________________________________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am m unition______
Tobacco products___. . . ___________ - -- - --------N otions___. . .
- -------------------------Photographic equipm ent and supplies---------------------O ther miscellaneous p roducts______________________

Sept. Aug.

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec. Nov.

Oct.

1966

104.3 104.1 104.0 104.1 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.6 103.3 103.1 103.0 103.0 103.1 102.6

1965

99.9

104.8
98.0
76.6
111.2
97.3
104.9
92.1
109.8
103.9
106.5
120.7
111.7
115.4
110.2
92.9
105.7
114.1
112.2
122.3
124.3
124.6
114.4

104.6
98.0
75.4
110.9
97.3
104.8
91.4
109.6
104.0
106.3
119.4
111.7
115.3
110.2
92.7
105.6
114.1
111.9
122. 2
122.4
124.4
114.0

104.5
98.0
74.6
110.9
97.3
104.6
91.3
109.2
103.5
105.7
118.9
111.7
115.2
110.1
92.5
105.5
114.2
111.8
122.0
122.4
124.4
113.6

104.6
98.0
76.2
110.9
97.3
104.7
91.5
109.0
103.4
105.7
118.6
111.7
113.8
110.0
92.6
105.1
113.8
111.6
121.9
122.1
123.9
113.2

104.3
98.0
76.7
109.6
97.3
104.9
91.5
108.9
103.3
105.7
118.7
111.7
113.0
110.8
92.5
104.9
113.7
111.6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.1

104.3
98.0
77.5
109.5
97.3
104.9
91.7
108.9
103.2
105.7
118.9
111.7
112.9
110.7
92.0
105.1
113.7
111.6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.2

104.3
98.0
79.1
109.3
97.3
104.9
92.2
109.1
103.2
105.6
120.0
111.5
112.8
110.5
92.0
104.9
113.6
111.6
121.8
121.8
122.9
113.0

104.0
98.0
79.7
108.5
97.3
104.7
92.3
109.4
103.3
105. 6
121.1
111.5
112.4
110.5
92.2
104.8
113.7
111.5
121.9
121.5
122.6
113.0

103.7
98.0
83.2
108.5
97.3
104.0
92.4
109.6
103.2
105.6
122.3
111.5
112.0
110.5
92.3
104.8
113.6
111.2
121.7
121.4
122.2
113.0

103.5
98.0
83.9
108.5
97.3
103.7
92.4
109.4
103.0
105.4
121.8
111.5
111.9
110.5
92.6
104.8
113.6
111. 1
121.5
121.3
121.9
112.8

103.4
98.0
90.5
108.5
97.2
103.2
92.7
109.0
102.9
105.3
120.5
110.2
111.9
110.5
93.4
104.9
113.2
110.7
120.8
121.0
121.8
112.4

103.4
98.0
92.7
108.5
97.2
103.1
93.1
109.0
102.8
105.2
121.0
110.2
111.5
110.5
93.4
104.8
113.1
110.2
120.4
120.6
121.5
112.2

103.5
98.0
98.8
108.4
97.2
103.0
93.0
108.6
102.5
105.1
120.3
110.1
110.9
110.6
93.3
104.6
112.7
109.4
118.5
119.8
121.1
111.8

103.0
98.0
105.0
107.3
97.1
102.3
92.6
108.3
102.3
104.7
120.9
110.0
109.6
108.4
92.5
103.9
111.6
108.2
118.5
118.9
118.8
109.7

100.2
98.1
99.4
104.1
96.4
99.3
92.7
105.7
101.4
103.3
115.2
107.6
106.0
103.1
91.7
101.2
109.4
105.0
115.1
115.3
113.6
105.1

118.2
101.5
109.9
101.7
113.4
112.0
94.8
90.5
82.1
118.9
104.9
107.0
106.3
105.9
110.7
104.9
95.1
103.9
101.1
101.9

116.7
101.5
109.7
101.2
113.0
112.0
93.4
90.3
81.6
118.2
104.7
106.9
106.1
105.9
110.7
104.9
95.1
100.7
101.1
101.7

116.7
101.6
109.4
101.0
112.8
111.9
92.6
90.1
81.8
117.9
104.5
106.9
106.0
105.8
110.4
104.9
91.8
100.7
101.1
101.8

116.3
101.7
109.1
100.9
112.6
111.9
92.9
90.1
81.8
116.6
104.2
104. 5
106.0
105.8
109.9
104.9
91.6
100.7
101.1
102.2

116.1
101.8
109.1
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
90.0
82.0
115.9
103.9
103.3
105.9
105.7
109.7
104.9
88.3
100.9
101.0
102.2

116.1
101.9
108.9
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
89.7
82.9
115.8
103.8
103.3
105.9
105.2
109.7
104.9
88.3
102.3
101.0
102.1

115.8
102.3
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.1
89.8
83.3
115.7
103.9
103.3
106.0
104.6
109.4
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
102.0

115.4
102.2
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.8
89.8
83.3
115.2
103.8
103.3
105.8
104.5
109.3
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
101.8

115.1
101.8
108.7
100.4
112.0
109.3
93.9
89.7
83.5
114.8
103.7
103.3
105.6
104.4
109.3
104.8
94.8
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.8
101.9
108.5
100.4
111.9
108.7
94.1
89.6
83.6
114.8
103.6
103.3
105.8
103.9
109.3
104.8
95.7
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.3
101. 5
108.1
100.4
111.8
108.7
96.2
89.2
83.8
114.0
103.3
103.3
104.3
103.9
109.1
104.2
95.7
103.5
101.1
101.3

114.1
100.7
107.8
100.3
111.5
108.0
96.6
89.2
83.8
113.8
103.3
103.3
104.2
103.5
109.3
104.2
97.6
103.5
101.1
101.3

113.9
99.5
107.4
99.7
110.3
107.3
96.6
88.9
83.8
113.6
103.2
102.1
104.3
103.5
108.8
104.2
97.6
102.7
101.1
102.0

111.8
99.0
106.5
99.1
109.1
105.7
97.0
89.1
83.6
111.6
102.6
100.7
103.9
103.0
108.4
103.7
96.0
102.4
99.9
101.7

108.0
96.8
105.2
98.0
106.2
103.7
97.7
89.2
85.2
108.9
101.7
100.9
103.2
101.5
106.6
103.0
92.8
104.0
98.1
101.3

103.7
104.5
110.5
106.3
114.8
100.8
113.6
108.7

101.5
102.9
110.2
106.1
114.8
100.8
111.6
108.7

101.3
102.9
110.0
105.8
114.8
100.8
111.3
108.5

101.3
102.9
109.7
105.6
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.3

101.4
102.9
109.6
105.3
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.0

101.6
102.9
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.4

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.2
107.4

101.6
102.7
107.7
104.0
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.3

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.3
107.2

101.6
102.7
107.9
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.2

101.7
102.7
107.5
104.8
110.3
100.8
109.9
106.1

101.7
101.0
107.4
104.8
110.2
100.8
109.8
106.0

101.7
101.0
107.2
105.0
110.3
100.8
108.4
105.6

100.8
101.2
106.8
104.1
109.6
100.5
108.9
105.3

100.7
100.9
104.8
102.7
106.2
99.1
109.2
103.8

1 As of Jan u ary 1967, the indexes incorporated a revised weighting structure
reflecting 1963 values of shipm ents. Changes also were m ade in the classi­
fication structure, and titles and composition of some indexes were changed.
T itles and indexes in this table conform w ith th e revised classification stru c­
ture, and m ay differ from d ata previously published. See Wholesale Prices
and Price Indexes, Jan u ary 1967 (final) and F ebruary 1967 (final) for a descrip­
tion of the changes.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

July

2 As of Jan u ary 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base o
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
d ata on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
3 N ot available.
N ote : For a description of the general m ethod of com puting the m onthly
Wholesale Price Index, see B L S H andbook o f Methods for S urveys and Studies
(BLS B ulletin 1458, October 1966), C hapter 11.

109

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-5.

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1966

1967

A nnual
average

C om m odity group
Oct. S e p t. Aug. July
All commodities—less farm products----------------------------All foods---------- ------------ -------------------------------------------Processed foods---------------------------------------------------------Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber products.
H osiery------------------ --------- ----------------------------------------U nderw ear and nightw ear------------------------------------------Refined petroleum products------ ---------------------------------E a st Coast, refined----------------------------------------- -----M id-C ontinent, refined____________________________
Gulf Coast, refined------------ ----------------------------------Pacific Coast, refined-------------------------------------------M idwest, refined (Jan. 1961=100)------------ ------ --------Pharm aceutical preparations---------------------------------------L um ber and wood products excluding millwork and other
wood products s----------- -------------------------------------------Special m etals and m etal p roducts4___________________ M achinery and m otive products---------------------- ------------M achinery and equipm ent, except electrical_____________
A gricultural m achinery, including tractors--------------------M etalworking m achinery------------------------------------- -------T otal tractors--------------------- ------ -------------------------------Indu strial valves________________ ____ __________ _____
Industrial fittings_____________________________________
Abrasive grinding w heels....................... .............. ............ .........
C onstruction m aterials___________________________ ____


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ay Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec. Nov.

Oct.

1966

1965

107.2
107.5
110.4
96.4
91.6
109.9
101.0
104.3
97.9
102.3
91.3
96.3
95.6

107.1
109.3
111.6
96.1
91.6
109.9
103.9
104.3
103.0
107.0
91.3
98.8
95.5

106.8
108.8
111.1
95.6
91.6
109.7
104.6
104.3
103.0
108.6
92.2
98.8
95.6

106.8
110.7
112.0
95.5
91.3
109.7
103.3
104.3
103.0
107.0
92.2
95.2
96.1

106.7
110.3
111.4
95.9
91.3
109.7
103.1
101.6
103.0
107.0
92.1
95.2
96.1

106.4
107.8
109.6
96.3
91.7
108.7
103.7
101.6
103.0
107.2
95.6
95.2
96.2

106.2
106.4
108.2
96.7
91.6
108.4
101.7
101.6
103.0
102.5
95.6
94.0
95.9

106.3
107.3
108.8
97.0
91.6
107.7
102.4
101.6
103.0
104.1
95.6
94.7
96.4

106.5
108.5
109.9
97.3
91.6
107.5
101.9
101.6
100.9
104.1
95.6
93.4
96.3

106.5
109.5
110.6
97.5
91.4
107.5
100.3
99.9
98.7
102.5
94.8
92.7
96.9

106.3
109.8
110.6
97.5
91.4
107.1
100.2
99.9
97.9
102.5
94.8
92.7
97.1

106.3
110.6
110.7
98.0
91.4
107.1
101.3
98.1
99.5
105.1
94.4
92.7
97.5

106.4
111.3
112.4
98.4
91.4
106.8
101.3
98.1
98.6
105.1
96.4
92.0
97.3

105.8
110.7
111.5
98.5
92.0
106.8
99.5
97.5
98.6
102.2
90.7
92.7
96.8

102.9
104.5
105.1
99.1
93.5
104.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
96.5

106.5
108.8
109.7
119.0
124.3
131.7
125.4
122.8
103.0
94.6
106.2

108.6
107.8
108.6
118.3
124.1
131.5
123.7
122.8
101.5
94.6
106.3

105.1
107.5
108.5
118.2
123.9
131.5
123.7
121.9
101.5
94.6
105.3

104.1
107.4
108.4
117.8
123.9
130.6
123.4
121.8
102.6
94.6
104.9

103.4
107.3
108.4
117.6
123.8
130.4
123.3
121.5
102.6
94.6
104.6

102.6
107.5
108.5
117.6
123.7
130.5
123.3
122.7
102.6
94.7
104.4

102.5
107.6
108.5
117.3
123.7
129.5
123.0
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.7

101.9
107.7
108.4
117.2
123.8
129.2
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.5

102.0
107.9
108.3
117.0
123.7
128.4
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.4

100.7
107.8
108.2
116.8
123.4
128.1
123. C
122.4
101.7
94.7
104.1

100.8
107.5
108.0
116.4
122.7
128.2
122.7
122.1
99.1
94.7
104.0

101.6
107.5
107.7
116.1
122.4
127.8
122.3
121.9
99.1
94.7
104.0

103.7
107.2
107.1
115.5
120.2
127.2
120.7
121.0
100.5
94.7
104.3

105.1
106.7
106.0
114.0
120.3
124.1
120.2
116.3
95.9
93.9
103.9

99.8
104.7
103.7
110.1
116.6
117.4
116.8
105.7
90.8
94.2
100.8

1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D-4.
3 Form erly titled “ L um ber and wood products, excluding m illw ork.”

2 80- 277 0 - 67 - 8

June

4 M etals and m etal products, agricultural m achinery and equipm ent, and
m otor vehicles and equipm ent.

110

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
T able

D-6.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2
1967

C om m odity group
Oct.
All com m odities------- . . .

------------------------ ----------

Sept. Aug.

July

June M ay

1966
Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov

A n n u a l average
Oct.

106.1 106.2 106.1 106.5 106.3 105.8 105.3 105.7 106.0 106.2 105.9 105.9 106.2

1966

1965

105.9

102.5

98 9
Q8 3
99 8

Stage o f processing

C rude m aterials for further processing________ _ . . .
C rude foodstuffs and feedstuffs_________________
C rude nonfood m aterials except fuel.
_
C rude nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for
m anufacturing.
_______
____________
C rude nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for
construction_________________________ . _
C rude fuel_____________ . . ---------------------------C rude fuel for m anufacturing_______ _______
C rude fuel for nonm anufacturing___________
Interm ediate m aterials, supplies, and com ponents__
Interm ediate m aterials and components for m anufacturing__________ __ ____ _______ _ _____
Interm ediate m aterials for food m anufacturing.
Interm ediate m aterials for nondurable m anufactu rin g ... ______________ ______ _ _ _ .
Interm ediate m aterials for durable m anufacturing________ . . _____ _____________
Com ponents for m an u factu rin g .____________
M aterials and components for construction____ .
Processed fuels and lu b rican ts_________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufactu rin g . . . .
_ . _______ _
_____
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonm anufacturing____________________ __________
C ontainers_________________________________ __
Supplies___ _ _ ____________________ _______
Supplies for m anufacturing________________
Supplies for nonm anufacturing_____________
M anufactured anim al feeds_____________
O ther supplies_________________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)____- . . . . _______________________ _
Consumer finished goods______________________
Consumer foods__ _ _______
Consumer crude foods. _______________
Consumer processed foods. . . . . ___
Consumer other nondurable goods.. ___ .
Consumer durable goods. _____ . . . . ___
Producer finished goods_____ __________ . . .
Producer finished goods for m anufacturing___
Producer finished goods for nonm anufacturing.

97.9
99.1
94.2

98.5 99.5 101.7 101.4 10 0 .6
99.9 101.4 104. 7 104.2 103.1
94.3 94.5 94. 6 95.1 94.7

98.0 99.7 10 0 .8 101.9 10 0 .8 1 0 1 . 1 103.6
99.2 101.5 102.7 104.2 102.3 102.5 106. 2
94.6 95.7 96.5 97.0 97.4 97.6 98.2

105 3
107.2
101 9

93.1

93.3

93.6

93.5

93. 7

94.2

95.8

96.3

96.8

97.0

97.7

10 1 8

99 5

104.7
109.4
109.3
109.7

104.3
109.7
109.6
109.9

104.3
108.9
108.9
109.1

104.3
108.1
108.1
108.3

103.9
106 4
106 3
106.6

103 2
103 3
103 2
103! 5

105.7 105.7 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.3 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.6 105.4 105.3 105.3

104

8

10 2 2

104.8 104.7 104.5 104.4 104.4 104.4 104.6 104.6 104.8 104.7 104.5 104.4 104.3
108.6 1 1 0 .0 109.9 1 1 0 . 2 1 1 0 . 2 109.1 108.1 108.7 109.0 1 1 0 . 1 110.9 1 1 1 . 2 1 1 1 . 6

104 0
111 3

10 2 0
10 0 0

98.8

98.4

98.4

98.6

98.9

99.1

99.1

99.3

99.3

99.2

108.4 108.2 107.7 107.5 107.4
108.1 108.0 107.9 107. 5 107.5
106.2 106.3 105.5 105.2 104.9
101.3 1 0 2 .2 102.4 1 0 2 . 1 102.7

107.4
107.6
104.8
103.2

107.7
107.9
104.9
102.5

107.7
' 107. 9
104.8
102.7

107.9
107.6
104.7
102.5

107.6
107.5
104.4
102.3

107.1
107.1
104.3
101.9

103.0 103.0

10 2 .8

98.4

93.7

94. £

106.6 106.1 106.0 105.9 105.7 105.7 105.6 105.0 104.7
110.9 1 1 1 . 0 110.3 1 1 0 . 2 109. £ 110. S 1 1 0 . 2 109.4 109.3
110.7 110.7 110. C 109.9 109.5 1 1 0 . 1 109.9 109.2 109.2
111.3 111.5 1 1 0 . 8 110. 7 110.3 110.7 1 1 0 .6 109.6 109.6

99.2

99.5

99 5

Qfc

107.0 106.8
106.6 105.9
104.3 104.5
102.5 1 0 2 .6

106 6
104.9
104.1
101 4

104 6
im 2
101 4
99 5

102.9 103.5 103.7 103.6 103.7 103.7 103.6 103.2 103.4 103.5

98.5
106.6
111.3
110.9
110.7
113.2
105.9

100.9 101.5 10 0 .8
106.6 106.4 106.4
1 1 1 . 2 1 1 0 .8 111. 5
1 1 0 .8 110.7 1 1 0 . 6
1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 . 0 1 1 1 . 1
114.2 1 1 2 . 2 115.9
105.3 105.4 105. 3

108.6
107.2
108.8
96.3
111.0
107.8
102.8
112.6
116.7
108.6

108.7
107.6
110.5
100.3
112.4
108.0
101.4
111.6
115.9
107.5

108.3
107.2
109.6
98.3
111.7
108.0
101.2
111.4
115.8
107.2

108. 7
107. 7
111.5
104. 6
112.7
107.4
101. 1
111.2
115.4
107.2

108.4
107.4
110.9
104.4
112.1
107.2
101.0
111.2
115.3
107.1

107.6
106.4
108.5
99.9
110.0
106.9
101.3
111.1
115.2
107.2

108.7
104.2
107.1
109.0
105.3
101.2
100.5
101.2

108.2
104.8
107.1
108.4
105.8
101.9
100.7
102.0

107,9
104.8
106.8
108.1
105.6
102.3
100.3
102.4

107. 6
105. 6
106.8
107.9
105.8
104.5
99.4
104.8

107.5
105.4
106.6
107.7
105.6
104.4
99.6
104.7

107. 5
104. 6
106.3
107.7
105.0
103.1
99.9
103.3

7

102. 5

ini

99.8 10 0 .8 100.9
105.3 105.2 105.1
1 1 2 . 6 1 1 1 . 6 111.5
109.2 109.5 109.5
113.3 1 1 1 . 8 1 1 1 . 6
124.8 1 2 1 . 2 120.9
104.2 104.0 103. 9

99.4
104.9
110.7
108.9
110.7
119.5
103.4

97

1 1 0 . 1 109.7
111.7 111.7
117.8 118.8
105.3 104.8

100.3
105.9
112.9
109.5
113.6
124.9
104.5

107.0
105-7
106.9
97.8
108.6
106-4
101.3
110-8
114.7
107.0

107.2
106.0
107.9
100.5
109.2
106.4
101.3
110.7
114.5
107.0

107.6
106.5
109.3
103.1
110.4
106.3
101.3
110.6
114.3
106.9

107.7
106.6
110.3
106.0
111.0
105.8
101.3
110.5
114.0
106.8

107.6
106.6
110.5
108.0
110.9
105.5
101.3
110.2
113.7
106 6

107.8
107.0
111.3
112.7
111.0
105.7
101.2
109.8
113.4
106.1

107.8
107.2
112.2
108.1
112.8
105.5
100.9
109.1
112.7
105.4

106.9
106.4
111.2
106.5
112.0
104.8
100.2
108.0
111.3
104.6

1 0 2 .9

107.6
103-7
106.2
107.8
104.6
101.0
99.2
101.1

107.6
104.2
106.3
107.7
104.8
102.5
102.0
102.4

107.6
104.7
106.4
107.7
105.1
103.6
103. 4
103. 6

107.4
105.2
106.4
107.5
105.3
104.7
104.1
104.7

107.1
104.9
106.2
107.2
105.2
104.0
103.9
104.1

106.9
105.1
106.2
107.0
105.3
104.7
106.3
104.6

106.6
105.8
106.3
106.7
105.8
106.0
105.6
106.0

106.0
105.6
105.7
106.0
105.3
106.5
109.0
106.4

103 7
101 5
102 8
103. 7
101 9
100. 7
104. 7
ICO. 5

101.5 102.3 10 0 -6
106.5 106.6 106-6
111.3 110.4 111.4
1 1 0 .6 110.4 110.4
110.9 109.7 1 1 1 . 1
115.2 1 1 1 . 6 115.9
105.3 105.2 105.2

10 1 .1

10 0 .6

106.4 106.0
1 1 1 .8

11 1.6

0

1
10 2 1

inn n

10 0 1

105 4
109 7

10 0 9

103
102
104
100
105
102
99
105
108

fi
8
5
2
2
8
fi
4
0

D urability o f product

Total durable goods...
. . . .
. . . . . . . .
Total nondurable goods. . . . .
.... . . . .
Total m anufactures.. ....................................
D urable m anufactures_______ . _____ . . . . .
N ondurable m anufactures_____________ ____
Total raw or slightly processed goods ___ . . . . . .
D urable raw or slightly processed goods____ .
N ondurable raw or slightly processed g o o d s...
See footnote 1, table D-4.
'S ee footnote 2, table D-4.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote : For description of the series b y stage of processing, see W holesale
Prices and Price Indexes, Jan u ary 1967 (final) and February 1967 (final);
and b y d u rability of product and d ata beginning w ith 1947, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (BLS B ulletin 1235, 1958).

111

E.—WORK STOPPAGES

E.—Work Stoppages
T able

E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
W orkers involved in stoppages

N um ber of stoppages
M onth and year

1945—
1946—
1947—
1948—
1949—
1950—
1951—
1952—
1953—
1954—
1955—
1956—
1957—
1958..
1959—
1960..
1961 —
1962..
1963 ..
1964..
1965..
1966..

,

.
.
.
.
.

Beginning in
m onth or year

In effect du r­
ing m onth

Beginning in
m onth or year

3.470.000
4.600.000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2.410.000

4,750
4,985
3.693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3.694
3,708
3,333
3,367
3,614
3,362
3,655
3,963
4,405

.

3.540.000
2.400.000
1.530.000
2.650.000
1,900, 000
1.390.000
2.060.000
1,880,000
1.320.000
1.450.000
1.230.000
941,000
1.640.000
1.550.000
1.960.000

244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158

404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371

98,800
45,100
180,000
141.000
127.000
268.000
156.000
109.000
155.000

1966: J a n u a ry .._
F e b ru a ry . .
M arch____
A p ril------M ay-------J u n e .........
J u ly _____
A u g u st___
September.
O cto b er.. .
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber.

238
252
336
403
494
499
448
442
422
410
288
173

389
421
536
614
720
759
704
718
676
651
533
389

113.000

1967: Jan u a ry 2. . .
F eb ru ary 2_.
M arch 2___
A p ril2_____
May 2-------Ju n e 2_____
Ju ly 2_____
A u g u s t2__
S ep tem b er2.

275
325
430
440
535
430
375
385
405

440
465
575
600
695
670
630
655
670

98.000
106,000
141.000
409.000
255.000
177.000
804.000


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.000
140,000
24,300
101.000

217.000
227.000
240.000
161.000
286,000
117.000
132.000
191.000
126.000
49,000

86.000

375, 000

N um ber

Percent of
estim ated
working tim e

38.000. 000
116,000,000
34.600.000
34.100.000
50.500.000
38.800.000
22.900.000
59.100.000
28.300.000
22.600.000
28,200,000
33.100.000
16.500.000
23.900.000
69.000.
000
19.100.000
16.300.000
18.600.000
16,100,000
22,900,00Q
23.300.000
25.400.000

2 220.000

1965: J a n u a ry ....
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch ___
A pril..........
M a y _____
Ju n e _____
J u ly --------A ugust___
September.
October__
November.
D ecem ber.

1 T he d ata include all know n strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on w orkers involved
and m an-days idle cover all w orkers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishm ents directly involved in a stoppage. T h ey do no t m easure th e indirect

In eflect du r­
ing m onth

M an-days idle during m onth
or year

183.000
149.000
274.000
194.000
201.000

354.000
334.000
229.000
250.000
209.000
192.000
75, 800
140.000
138.000
265.000
392.000
340.000
265.000
347.000
310.000
226.000
255.000
234.000
158.000
190.000
151.000
202.000

443.000
402.000
350.000

,231.000

1 010,000

484, 000

0.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26

.21
.26
.29
.14

.22
.61
.17
.14
.16
.13
.18
.18
.19

1.740.000
1.440.000
1.770.000
1.840.000
1.850.000
2, 590,000
3,670. 000
2.230.000

.18
.15
.16
.17
.19
.23
.34

2 110.000

.20

.

.20

1.770.000
1.380.000
907,000

.16
.13
.08

1.090.000
928,000
1.410.000

.10
.09
.12

2 . 600.000

2.870.000
2 . 220.000

3.100.000
3.370.000
1.780.000
2.190.000
2.150.000
1.670.000
1.270.000
1.280.000
1.490.000
2.170.000
3.900.000
4.360.000
4.710.000
2.840.000
6,320, 000

.24
.26
.19
.29
.27
.16
.19
.19
.15

.11
.12
.12
.20
.33
.36
.43

.22
.57

or secondary effect on other establishm ents or industries whose employees
are m ade idle as a result of m aterial or service shortages.
2 Prelim inary.

Index to Volume 90
January to December 1967
[Issues and page numbers in italics]

AGRICULTURE
Agricultural Minimum Wage, T he: A Preliminary Look.
Sept. 26-29.
Collective Bargaining on the Farm. June iii-iv.
Today’s Farm Jobs and Farm Workers. Apr. 1-5.
ALGERIA
Vocational Training. Sept. 62.
Unemployment. Nov. 51.
AMERICAN Federation of Teachers. The AFT in Caucus
and Convention : New Style for 1967. Nov. 19-20.

Manpower Facts in Labor-Management Negotiations.
Jan. 914Other Employees in the School, The: Nonteacher Bar­
gaining. Sept. 42-44.
San Francisco Bay Area 1966 Nurses’ Negotiations, The.
June 8-12.
Trade Union’s Response to Multinational Enterprises,
The. Dec. iii-iv.
Trend to Autonomy in Collective Bargaining, The. Feb.
24-25.
Wage Changes Under 1966 Major Agreements. June
13-20.
BOTSWANA. Establishment of Advisory Board. May 50.

AMERICAN Management Association

BRAZIL

Personnel Conference. Papers from. Apr. 41-47.
Role of Business in Society’s Perfectability, The. Apr.
41-43.
What’s Ahead for Labor-Management Relations. Apr.
44-47.

Fringe Benefit. July 52.
Scholarships. Sept. 62.
Workmen’s Compensation. Dec. 44~45.
BUDGET. New City Worker’s Family Budget, A. Nov.
1- 8 .

APPALACHIA. Opportunity and Action in Appalachia.
Jan. iii-dv.

BULGARIA. Labor Discipline. Nov. 50.

ARBITRATION

CANADA

Dismissal for Off-the-Job Criminal Behavior. Nov. 2126.
How Garnisheed Workers Fare Under Arbitration. May

Canadian Economy and Incomes Policy, The. Apr. 55-57.
Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1964-66. Apr. 18-20.
Portable Pensions. Aug. 57.
Reflections on Professional Organization. Sept. 22-25.
Social Security. Apr. 58.

1- 6 .

ARGENTINA

CENTRAL America. (See also individual countries.)
Labor Organizations. Nov. 50-51.

Social Security. Apr. 58.
Social Welfare. Dec. 44Wage Policy. June 63.
AUSTRALIA. Wages.
AUTOMATION.

CEYLON. Land Army. June 63.

Oct. 51.

CHILE. Siesta. Feb. 57.

(See Technological change.)

AUTOMOBILES

CIGAR manufacturing, wages in, early 1967. Dec. 47-Jt8.

Seasonal Demand and Used Car Prices. Oct. 12-16.
Some Factors Affecting Housing Density and Auto Owner­
ship. Mar. 45-46.
AUTOWORKERS. UAW’s Special Prebargaining Con­
vention. July 33-35.

112


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CIVIL rights. (See Minority groups.)
CIVIL servants.

(See Public employment.)

COLLECTIVE bargaining.

(See Bargaining.)

COLOMBIA. Social Security.

BARGAINING
Collective Bargaining on the Farm.

CHINA. Communist China—Mobilization. Jan. 58.

June iii-iv.

Aug. 57.

COMMUNICATIONS workers wages of, late 1966. Dec.
46-47.

113

INDEX TO VOLUME 90
COMPENSATION. (See Earnings.)
COMPUTER manufacturing. Skill Requirements for
Computer Manufacturing. Sept. 52-54CONFERENCES and conventions
American Federation of Teachers. Convention, August
1967. The AFT in Caucus and Convention : New
Style for 1967. Nov. 19-20.
American Management Association. Personnel confer­
ence, February 1967. Papers from. Apr. 41-47.
Farm Labor Conference, January 1967. Apr. 1-5.
Industrial Relations Research Association :
----- . Annual meeting, December 1966. Papers from.
Feb. 23-31, Mar. 25-37.
----- . Spring meeting, May 1967. Papers from. July
36-43.
International Labor Organization. The 1967 Interna­
tional Labor Conference, June 1967. Oct. 6-11.
McGill Conference on Human Values and Technology.
17th annual convention. Papers from. Sept. 21-25.
National Education Association, July 1967. Breezes and
Freshets in the NEA. Sept, iii-iv.
United Automobile Workers. Special Prebargaining Con­
vention. July 33-35.
CONSTRUCTION
Manpower Facts in Labor-Management Negotiations.
Jan. 9-14.
Seasonality and Construction. Sept. 1-8.
COST of living. ( See also Indexes. )

DECISIONS, Arbitration
Dismissal for Off-the-Job Criminal Behavior. Nov. 21-26.
How Garnisheed Workers Fare Under Arbitration. May
1- 6 .

DECISIONS, Court
General
Development of Labor Law in 1966. Feb. 12-17.
Antitrust Laws
(U.S. Ct. of

Civil Rights Act of 1964
Dent v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Co. (U.S. Dist.
Ct. ). June 67.
Evenson v. Northwest Airlines, Inc. (U.S. Dist. Ct.).
July 54.
Jenkins v. United Gas Corp. (U.S. Dist. Ct.). Nov. 54.
Moody v. Albemarle Paper Co. (U.S. Dist. Ct.). Dec. —.
Quarles v. Philip Morris, Inc. (U.S. Dist. Ct.). July 54.
United States v. Local 53, International Association of As­
bestos Workers (U.S. Dist. Ct.). Oct. 54-55.
Fair Labor Standards Act
State of Maryland v. Wirtz. (U.S. Dist. Ct.).
63-64.
Labor Management Relations Act

Sept.

Garment .Workers’ Union, Local 57 v. NLRB (U.S. Ct. of
App.). Apr. 60-61.
Gartner v. Soloner. (U.S. Ct. of App.). Nov. 53-54.


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Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
Nicholas Yanity v. Clinton Benware and International
Association of Machinists (U.S. Ct. of App.). July
54- 55.
National Apprenticeship Act
Gregory Electric Co., Inc. v. U.S. Department of Labor
(U.S. Dist. Ct.). Oct. 53.
Railway Labor Act

Living Costs, Wages, and Wage Policy. June 1-17.
New City Worker’s Family Budget, R. Nov. 1-8.

Carrol v. American Federation of Musicians
App.). May 55-56.

Harvey Aluminum, Inc. v. United Steelworkers (U.S.
Dist. Ct.). June 66-67.
Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers,
Local 22 v. NLRB (U.S. Ct. of App.). Sept. 64-65.
NLRB v. Acme Industrial Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Mar.
53- 54.
NLRB v. Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. (U.S. Sup.
Ct.). Aug. 58.
NLRB v. C. & C. Plywood Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Mar.
53.
NLRB v. Fleetwood Trailer Co., Inc. (U.S. Ct. of App.).
Jan. 61.
NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, Inc. (U.S. Sup. Ct.).
Aug. 59-60.
NLRB v. S. & H. Grossinger’s, Inc. (U.S. Ct. of App.).
Apr. 61—62.
National Woodwork Manufacturers Association v. NLRB
(U.S. Sup. Ct.). Jime 65-66.
Overnite Transportation Co. v. NLRB. (U.S. Ct. of App.).
May 55.
Manuel Vaca v. Niles Sipes (U.S. Sup. Ct.). May 54United Rubber Workers, Local 12 v. NLRB. (U.S. Ct. of
App.). Feb. 61.

Atlantic Coast Line Co. v. Brotherhood of Railroad Train­
men (U.S. Dist. Ct.). Apr. 60.
Hanson v. Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Co. (U.S. Ct. of
App.). Jan. 62-63.
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Atlantic Coast Line
Railroad (U.S. Ct. of App.). Nov. 53.
Transportation-Communication Employees Union v. Union
Pacific Railroad Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Feb. 59-60.
Walker v. Southern Railway Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Feb.
60.
Other
Atomic Energy Commission and Idaho Nuclear Corp.
(Wage Appeals Board, No. 67-6). July 55.
Avco Corp. v. Aero Lodge No. 735, International Associa­
tion of Machinists (U.S. Ct. of App.). Aug. 60.
Barceloneta Shoe Corp. v. Raymond J. Compton (U.S.
Dist. Ct.). Oct. 54.
George C. Cypress v. Newport News Hospital Association
(U.S. Ct. of App.). June 67-68.
William Ethridge v. James A. Rhodes (U.S. Dist. Ct.).
July 53.
Illinois State Bar Association v. United Mine Workers of
America (111. Sup. Ct.). Mar. 54-55.
New York, Board of Education of City v. Shanker and
United Federation of Teachers, Local 2 (N.Y. Sup.
Ct.). Dec. 49.
DECISIONS, National Labor Relations Board
Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers, Local
171 and Donald R. Fagerness (165 NLRB No. 97).
Sept. 65.
Athens TV Cable, Inc. and Communications Workers of
America (160 NLRB No. 95). Fel). 60-61.
Baltimore Luggage Co., The and International Leather
Goods Workers’ Union (162 NLRB No. 113). Apr. 62.
David Buttrick Co. and Local 380, International Brother­
hood of Teamsters (167 NLRB No. 58). Dec. 49-50.
Laundry, Dry Cleaning & Dye House Workers, Local 259

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

114
and Morrison’s of San Diego, Inc. (164 NLRB No. 55).
Aug. 60.
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, Uranium Division and
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local
1 (162 NLRB No. 48). Mar. 52-53.
Ozark Trailer, Inc. and Allied Industrial Workers, Local
770 (161 NLRB No. 48). Jan. 60-61.
Retail Clerks International Association, Local 899 and
Ted R. Frame (166 NLRB No. 92). Nov. 52-53.
J. P. Stevens & Co., and Industrial Union Department,
AFL-CIO (163 NLRB No. 24). May 55.
Struksnes Construction Co., Inc. and International Union
of Operating Engineers, Local 49 (165 NLRB No. 102).
Sept. 64Thriftown, Inc. and Astra Shoe Co. (161 NLRB No. 42).
Jan. 61-62.
DENMARK. Wage and Price Restraint. Jan. 58.
DISABILITY. Work Limitations and Chronic Health
Problems. Jan. 38-4 1.
DISCHARGE. Garnishment as grounds for. May 1-6.

Canadian Economy and Incomes Policy, The. Apr. 55-57.
Economic Effects of the 1966 Changes in the FLSA. June
21-25.
Econojny in 1966, T he: I. The Economic Setting. Fel).
1-4Education and the Wealth of Nations—A Review Essay.
Mar. 21-24Employment Effect of Defense Expenditures, The. Sept.
9-16.
Employment Effect of State and Local Government Spend­
ing. Aug. 15-17.
Evolution of an Economist, The—A Review Essay. Fel).
18-22.
Income Guarantees : A Spectrum of Opinion. Fel). iiiiv.
Living Costs, Wages, and Wage Policy. June 1-7.
National Wage Policies in Europe and the U.S. Mar.
36-37.
Rates of Population Growth and Standards of Living.
Sept. 55-58.
Trade Union Approaches to Income and Price Policy.
Jan. 52-57.

DOMINICAN Republic. Manpower. Apr. 58.

EDUCATION and training

EARNINGS

Career Expectations of Negro Women Graduates. Nov.
36-42.
Critique of Cost-Benefit Analyses of Training, A. Sept.
45-51.
Education and the Wealth of Nations—A Review Essay.
Mar. 21-24Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1966. Ju'ne
39-47.
Full Employment and Workers’ Education. May 21-25.
Labor Standards and Job Training in Foreign Countries.
Sept. 36-41.
Oak Glen—A Training Camp for Youth. Jan. 27-30.
Operational Problems of the Job Corps. Fel). 27.
Opportunity and Action in Appalachia. Jan. iii-iv.
Out of Uniform. II. Fel. 39-47.

General
Composition of Wages and Supplements: U.S.-Japan
Comparisons. May 30-34Difference in Pay Between Men and Women Workers.
Dec. 40-43.
Economic Effects of the 1966 Changes in the FLSA. June
21-25.
Hourly Earnings Differentials by Region and Size of City.
Jan. 22-26.
Living Costs, Wages, and Wage Policy. June 1-7.
Low Earners and Their Incomes. May 35-40.
New Direction and Growth in Profit Sharing, A. July
1- 8 .

Overtime Hours and Premium Pay. . May 41-45.
Wage Changes Under 1966 Major Agreements. June
13-20.
Wages and Supplementary Benefits in Metropolitan
Areas, 1965-66. June 48-54Wages in Japan and the United States. Apr. 25-28.
Specified Industries and Occupations
Earnings in Laundry and Cleaning Services, Mid-1966.
Apr. 52-54Earnings in Motion Picture Theater Industry, April 1966.
Apr. 48-51.
Earnings in the Machinery Industries, Mid-1966. Aug.
52-55.
Earnings in Wool Yarn and Broadwoven Fabric Mills,
1966. June 59-62.
Earnings of Hospital Nurses, July 1966. June 55-58.
Employment and Wage Trends in Bell System Companies,
1945-65. Mar. 38-41.
Salaries in Life Insurance Offices, Late 1966. Sept. 59-60.
Wage Developments in Manufacturing, 1966. Aug. 31-38.
Wages in cigar manufacturing, early 1967. Dec. 47-48.
Wages in Fertilizer Plants, March-April 1966. Mar. 4244Wages of Communications workers, late 1966. Dec.
46-47Wages in Flour Mills, early 1967. Dec. 47-48.
ECONOMIC planning. (See also Guideposts.)
Beyond the Guidelines: Wage-Price Policy for 1967.
Mar. 47-49.


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EMPLOYMENT. (See also Labor force; Manpower;
Unemployment.)
Decentralization of Jobs, The. May 7-13.
Domestic Jobs Attributable to U.S. Exports. Dec. 12-20.
Employment Effect of Defense Expenditures, The. Sept.
9-16.
Employment Effect of State and Local Government
Spending. Aug. 15-17.
Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts in
1966. July 15-21.
Employment of School Age Youth, October 1966. Aug.
20-26.
Expanding Functions of State and Local Governments,
1965-70. July 9-14.
Factors Affecting Changes in Industry Employment.
Apr. 6-12.
Full Employment and Workers’ Education. May 21-25.
New Evidence on Problems of Reemployment. Aug. 12-14Short Workweeks and Underemployment. Sept 30-35.
State and Local Government Manpower in 1975. Apr. 1317.
Worker Skills in Current Defense Employment. Sept. 1720 .

ENGINEERS
Organization of. In A Primer for a Theory of WhiteCollar Unionization. May 46-49.
Unionization of Engineers and Technicians. Oct. 29-35.

115

INDEX TO VOLUME 90
GERMANY

EQUAL employment opportunity
Discriminatory Promotion Systems. Mar. 27-28; May 53.
Equal Employment Opportunity: Probing and Problems.
Oct. iii-iv.
Hiring and Promotion Policies Under FEP Legislation.
Feb. 53-56.
Mediation in Civil Rights Disputes. July 44~46.
Processing Employment Discrimination Cases. Mar. 2526.
Racial Policies of American Industry, The. July
Sex and Equal Employment Rights. Aug. iii-iv.

Federal Republic
Codetermination. Aug. 56.
Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1964-66. Apr. 18-20.
Foreign Workers. July 51.
Fringe Benefits. Nov. 49-50.
Trade Union Visit. Sept. 61.
Unemployment. Mar. 50; May 50.
Wage Guidelines. Apr. 58-59.
Wages. Aug. 56.
German Democratic Republic

ETHIOPIA. Technical Training. July 52.

Financial Aid. Jan. 58-59.
Development Plan. Sept. 61.

EUROPE. (See also specific countries.)
European Economic Community.
Social Development. Jan. 58.
EEC.

Economic Plan.

EFTA.

Common

Market—

May 50.

Labor Problems.

May 50.

Labor Standards and Job Training in Foreign Countries.
Sept. 36-41.
National Wage Policies in Europe and the U.S. Mar. 3637.
Union Action. July 51.
EXPORTS, U.S. Employment. Domestic Jobs Attributable
to U.S. Exports. Dec. 12-20.
FAIR employment practices.
portunity. )

(See Equal employment op­

FAIR labor standard.
Agricultural Minimum Wage, The : A Preliminary Look.
Sept. 26-29.
Basic Provisions of the 1966 FLSA Amendments. Mar.
1 -1

GHANA
Employment Service. Nov. 51.
Labor College. Apr. 59.
Labor Legislation. July 52.
GOVERNMENT workers. (See Public employment.)
GREAT Britain. (See United Kingdom.)
GROWTH. Expanding Functions of State and Local Gov­
ernments, 1965-70. July 9-14GUATEMALA
Labor Association. June 63.
Workers’ Recreation. Aug. 57.
GUIDEPOSTS. ,(See also Economic Planning.) Beyond
the Guidelines: Wage-Price Policy for 1967. Mar.
47-49.
HEALTH
Technological Developments and Their Effects Upon
Health Manpower, Jan. 1-8.
Work Limitations and Chronic Health Problems. Jan.
38-41.

Economic Effects of the 1966 Changes in the FLSA. June
21-25.
Extent of Coverage Under FLSA as Amended in 1966.
Apr. 21-24Fair Labor Standards for World Trade. Nov. 27-31.

HONDURAS. Collective Agreement. Mar. 50.

FARMING. (See Agriculture.)

HOSPITALS

FEDERAL service. (See Public employment.)

Earnings of Hospital Nurses, July 1966. June 55-58.
San Francisco Bay Area 1966 Nurses’ Negotiations, The.
June 8-13.
Technological Developments and Their Effects Upon
Health Manpower. Jan. 1-8.

FERTILIZER. Wages in Fertilizer Plants, March-April
1966. Mar. 42-44.
FLOUR mills, wages in, early 1967 Dec. 47-48.
FLSA. (See F air labor standards.)
FRANCE
Adjusting Manpower Requirements to Constant Change.
Oct. 36-41.
Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1964-66. Apr. 18-20.
Development Areas. Dec. 43.
Manpower Adjustment. Oct. 51.
Profit Sharing. Nov. 49.
FRINGE benefits.

(See Supplemental benefits.)

GARNISHMENT. How Garnisheed Workers Fare Under
Arbitration. May 1-6.


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HOURS of work
New Five-Day Workweek in the Soviet Union, The. Aug.
18-19.
Overtime Hours and Premium Pay. May 41-45.
Short Workweeks and Underemployment. Sept. 30-35.
HOUSING. Some Factors Affecting Housing Density and
Auto Ownership. Mar. 45-46.
HUNGARY. Hours of Work. Oct. 52.
IMMIGRATION. Early Dimensions of the New Immi­
gration. Apr. iii-iv.
INCOME.

(See Earnings; Economic planning.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

116
INDEXES
Measurements of Sampling Error in the CPI. Nov. 47-48.
Quality and a Pure Price Index. Mar. 16-20.
Seasonal Behavior of Components in the CPI. May
14-20.

Seasonal Demand and Used Car Prices. Oct. 12-16.
Shifts in the Effect of Taxes on the CPI. July 41-50.
INDIA
Commission on Labor. Apr. 59.
Growth of Modern Sector. Oct. 51-52.
Incomes Policy. May 50.
Labor Unrest. Feb. 57.

Collective Bargaining Agreements. Mar. 50-51.
Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1964-66. Apr. 18-20.
Labor Force. Dec. 45JAPAN
Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1964-66.
Composition of Wages and Supplements:
Comparisons. May 30-34.
Government Employees. Nov. 51.
Israel-Japan : Manpower Similarities. Feb.
Shunto: Japanese Labor’s Spring Wage
Oct. 23-28.
Textile Workers. June 63-64Trade Unions. July 51-Oct. 52.
Wages in Japan and the United States. Apr.

Apr. 18-20.
U.S.-Japan
58.
Offensive.

25-28.

INDONESIA
Civil Service Salaries. Oct. 52.
Economic Stabilization. May 51.
Government Employment. Aug. 56-57.
INDUSTRIAL growth.

(See Growth.)

INDUSTRIAL Relations Research Association: Papers
From Meetings.
Annual Meeting, December 1966
Defense Expenditures in Depressed Areas. Mar. 34-35.
Discriminatory Promotion Systems. Mar. 27-28; May 53.
Effect of Economic Change on the Michigan Labor Force,
The. Mar. 29.
Means of Adjustment to Technological Displacement.
Mar 32-33.
National Wage Policies in Europe and the U.S. Mar.
36-37.
Operational Problems of the Job Corps. Feb. 27.
Poverty in the Ghetto—The View From Watts. Feb. 26.
Processing Employment Discrimination Cases. Mar.
25-26.
Recent Influences on the Supply of Labor. Feb. 30-31.
Technological Displacement as a Micro Phenomenon.
Mar. 30-31.
Trends in Employer Manpower Policies. Feb. 28-29.
Trend to Autonomy in Collective Bargaining, The. Feb.
24-25.
Spring Meeting, May 1967
Comparison of Industrial and Race Conflict, A. July
39-40.
Maturation of the Two Movements, The. (Unionism and
civil rights). July 36-38.
Racial Policies of American Industry, The. July 41-43.
INDUSTRY. (See also specific industries, by name.)
Factors Affecting Changes in Industry Employment.
Apr. 6-12.
INSURANCE
Organizing Gains Among Insurance Agents. May iii-iv.
Salaries in Life Insurance Offices, Late 1966. Sept. 59-60.
INTERNATIONAL Labor Organization (ILO). Interna national Labor Conference of 1967. Oct 6-11.
ISRAEL
Israel-Jap an : Manpower Similarities. Feb. 58.
Trade Union Visit (to West Germany). Sept. 61.
Unemployment. June 63.
ITALY
Agricultural Workers.


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Feb. 57.

JOB redesign. Job Redesign for Older Workers: Case
Studies. Jan. 47-51.
JOB tenure.
Jan, 31-37.

Job Tenure of Workers, January 1966.

KENYA
Cooperatives. May 51.
International Labor Relations.

Sept, 62.

LABOR force
General
Economy in 1966, The. II. The Labor Force. Feb. 5-8.
Effect of Economic Change on the Michigan Labor Force,
The. Mar. 29.
Recent influences on the Supply of Labor. Feb. 30-31.
Characteristics
Adult Men Not in the Labor Force. Mar. 5-15.
Changes in Occupational Employment Over the Past
Decade. Aug. 27-30.
Defense Expenditures in Depressed Areas. Mar. 34-35.
Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1966. June
39-47.
Low Earners and Their Incomes. May 35-40.
Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers, March
1966. Apr. 29-36.
Reasons for Nonparticipation in the Labor Force. July
22-27.
Short Workweeks and Underemployment. Sept. 30-35.
Skill Requirements for Computer Manufacturing. Sept.
52-54.
Today’s Farm Jobs and Farm Workers. Apr. 1-5.
Work Limitations and Chronic Health Problems. Jan.
38-41.
Worker Skills in Current Defense Employment. Sept.
17-20.
Education
Educational Attainment of Workers, March
39-47.
Employment of High School Graduates and
1966. July 15-21.
Employment of School Age Youth, October
20-26.
Full Employment and Workers’ Education.

1966. June
Dropouts in
1966. Aug.
May 21-25.

Jobseeking Behavior
Out of Uniform. I. Jan. 15-21; II. Feb. 39-47.
Why the Unemployed Look for Work. Feb. 32-38.

117

INDEX TO VOLUME 90
LEGISLATION, State

Mobility
Job Tenure of Workers, January 1966. Jan. 31-31.
Occupational Mobility of Employed Workers. June 31-38.
Multiple Jobholders
Moonlighting—An Economic Phenomenon.

Oct. 11-22.

Older Workers
Job Redesign for Older Workers: Case Studies.
41-51.
Out of Uniform. I.. Jan. 15-21; II. Feb. 39-41.

LONGSHORE.
Jan.

Youth
Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts in
1966. July 15-21.
Employment of School Age Youth, October 1966. Aug.
20-26.
Oak Glen—A Training Camp for Youth. Jan. 21-30.
LABOR in the Economy of 1967. Dec. 1-11.
LABOR law.

An Overview of State Labor Legislation. Dec. 21—28.
Unemployment Insurance and Employment Security.
Dec. 33-39.
Workmen’s Compensation: Administration and Provi­
sion. Dec. 29-32.
LOCKOUT. Lockout—The Other Dimension. Aug. 1-1.

Development of Labor Law in 1966. Feb.

12- 11 .

(See Maritime.)

MACHINERY. Earnings in the Machinery Industries,
Mid-1966. Aug. 52-55.
MALAYSIA. Industrial Relations. Nov. 51.
MANPOWER
Manpower Facts in Labor-Management Negotiations.
Jan. 9-14Recent Influences on the Supply of Labor. Feb. 30-31.
State and Local Government Manpower Needs in 1975.
Apr. 13-11.
Technological Developments and Their Effects on Health
Manpower. Jan. 1-8.
Trends in Employer Manpower Policies. Feb. 28-29.

LABOR-management relations

MANUFACTURING

Development of Labor Law in 1966. Feb. 12-11.
Labor-Management Relations in the Public Service. July
iii-iv.
Manpower Facts in Labor-Management Negotiations.
Jan. 9-14What’s Ahead in Labor-Management Relations. Apr.

Productivity in Manufacturing. Oct. 1-5.
Wage Developments in Manufacturing, 1966. Aug. 31-38.

44-47.

LABOR organizations
Auto Workers. UAW’s Special Prebargaining Convention.
July 33-35.
Common Paradox : White-Collar Organization in Britain.
Oct. 42-41.
Insurance Workers International Union. Organizing
Gains Among Insurance Agents. May iii-iv.
Maturation of the Two Movements, The (unionism and
civil rights). July 36-38.
1967 International Labor Conference. The. Oct. 6-11.
Organizing Gains Among Insurance Agents. May iiu-iv.
Primer for a Theory of White-Collar Unionization, A.
May 46-49.
Steps Toward Union Mergers. Mar. iii-iv.
Teachers. The AFT in Caucus and Convention: New
Style for 1967. Nov. 19-20.
Trade Union Approaches to Income and Price Policy.
Jan. 52-61.
Trade Union’s Response to Multinational Enterprises,
The. Dec. iii-iv.
Union in Trade, A : The Retail Clerks. Nov. idi-iv.
Unionization of Engineers and Technicians. Oct. 29-35.
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. Collective
Bargaining on the Farm. June iii-iv.
LAOS.

Skilled Development.

Aug. 51.

LATIN America. (See also individual countries.)
Ibero-America—Manpower. Sept. 62.
Labor Standards and Job Training in Foreign Countries.
Sept. 36-41.
Maritime Workers. Jan. 59.
Teachers Unions. Dec. 44LAUNDRY. Earnings in Laundry and Cleaning Services,
Mid-1966. Apr. 52-54.


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MARITIME. Manpower Facts
Negotiations. Jan. 9-14-

in Labor-Management

McGILL University, Industrial Relations Centre. McGill
Conference on Human Values and Technology. Sept.
21-25.
MEDIATION. Mediation in Civil Rights Disputes.
44-46.

July

MEDICARE. (See Health.)
METROPOLITAN development
Decentralization of Jobs, The. May 1-13.
Some Factors Affecting Housing Density and Auto Owner­
ship. Mar. 45-46.
MILITARY
Defense Expenditures in Depressed Areas. Mar. 34~35.
Out of Uniform. I. Jan. 15-21; II. Feb. 39-41.
MINIMUM wage. (See also Fair Labor Standards.)
Agricultural Minimum Wage. The: A Preliminary
Sept. 26-29.
Basic Provisions of the 1966 FLSA Amendments.
1-4.
Economic Effects of the 1966 Changes in the FLSA.
21-25.
Extent of Coverage Under FLSA as Amended in
Apr. 21-24-

Look.
Mar.
June
1966.

MINORITY groups
Adjustment to Plant Closure: Planning for Transfer of
Negro Workers Into a White Community. Jan. 42-46.
Career Expectations of Negro Women Graduates. Nov.
36-42.
Comparison of Industrial and Race Conflict, A. July
39-40.
Discriminatory Promotion Systems. Mar. 21-28 ; May 53.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

118
Equal Employment Opportunity : Probing and Problems.
Oct. iii-iv.
Hiring and Promotion Policies Under FEP Legislation.
Feb. 53-56.
Maturation of the Two Movements, The (unionism and
civil rights). July 36-38.
Mediation in Civil Rights Disputes. July 44~46.
Poverty in the Ghetto—The View From Watts. Feb. 26.
Processing Employment Discrimination Cases. Mar. 2526.
Racial Policies of American Industry, The. July 41-43.
MOBILITY

PENSIONS
Administration of Large Pension Plans, The. Oct. 48-50.
Private Pension Plan Coverage of Older Workers. Aug.
47-51.
Terminations of Pension P lan s: 11 Years’ Experience.
June 26-30.
POPULATION. Rates of Population Growth and Stand­
ards of Living. Sept. 55-58.
POVERTY

Job Tenure of Workers, January 1966. Jan. 31-37.
Occupational Mobility of Employed Workers. June 31-38.
MOONLIGHTING.

PANAMA. Vocational Training. May 51.

(See Multiple jobholders).

MOROCCO

PRICES

Societes Mutualistes. July 51-52.
Statistical Training. Sept. 62.
MOTION pictures. Earnings in Motion Picture Theater
Industry, April 1966. Apr. 48-51.
MULTIPLE jobholders. Moonlighting—An
Phenomenon. Oct. 17-22.

Decentralization of Jobs, The. May 7-13.
Low Earners and Their Incomes. May 35-40.
Opportunity and Action in Appalachia. Jan. iii-iv.
Poverty in the Ghetto—The View From Watts. Feb. 26.

Economic

NATIONAL Education Association. Annual representa­
tive assembly, July 1967. Sept, iii-iv.

Economy in 1966: III. Price Developments. Feb. 9-11.
Seasonal Behavior of Components in the CPI. May 14-20.
Seasonal Demand and Used Car Prices. Oct. 12-16.
PRODUCTIVITY
Productivity in Manufacturing. Oct. 1-5.
Recent Developments in Productivity and Unit Labor
Costs. May 26-29.

NEGATIVE income tax. (See Taxes.)

PROFIT sharing. New Direction and Growth in Profit
Sharing, A. July 1-8.

NEGROES. (See Minority groups.)

PUBLIC employment

NEPAL. Underemployment. Nov. 51.

AFT in Caucus and Convention, T he: New Style for
1967. Nov. 19-20.
Breezes and Freshets in the NEA. Sept, iii-iv.
Employment Effect of State and Local Government Spend­
ing. Aug. 15-17.
Expanding Functions of State and Local Governments,
1965-70. July 9-14.
Labor-Management Relations in the Public Service. July
iii-iv.
Other Employees in the School, The: Nonteacher Bar­
gaining. Sept. 42-44Reflections on Professional Organization. Sept. 22-25.
State and Local Government Manpower in 1975. Apr. 1317.
Work Stoppage and Teachers: History and Prospect.
Aug. 43-46.

NETHERLANDS. Wage Policy. Mar 51.
NEW ZEALAND. Wages. Feb. 57.
NIGERIA. Trade Unions. Apr. 59.
NONWHITES. (See Minority groups.)
NURSES
Earnings of Hospital Nurses, July 1966. June 55-58.
San Francisco Bay Area 1966 Nurses’ Negotiations, The.
June 8-12.
OCCUPATIONS
Changes in Occupational Employment Over the Past Dec­
ade. Aug. 27-30.
Occupational Classification: An Economic Approach.
Feb. 48-52.
Occupational Mobility of Employed Workers. J u n e 31-38.
Skill Requirements for Computer Manufacturing. Sept,
52-54.
Variability by Skill in Cyclical Unemployment. Aug. 8-

QUALITY change.
Mar. 16-20.

OLDER workers. (See also Labor force.)

REGIONAL planning. Opportunity and Action in Ap­
palachia. Jan. iii-iv.

Job Redesign for Older Workers: Case Studies. Jan.
47-51.
Out of Uniform. I. Jan. 15-21; II. Feb. 39-47.
Private Pension Plan Coverage of Older Workers. Aug.
47-51.
OPERATING engineers. Manpower Facts in Labor-Man­
agement Negotiations. Jan. 9-14.


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Quality and a Pure Price Index.

RAILROADS
Manpower Facts in Labor-Management Negotiations.
Jan. 9-14Railroad Unemployment Insurance. Nov. 9-18.
Report of the Special Railroad Board. Nov. 43-46.

REPRESENTATION. (See Bargaining.)
RETAIL Clerks.
Nov. iii-iv.

Union in Trade, A : The Retail Clerks.

RETIREMENT.

(See Pensions.)

119

INDEX TO VOLUME 90
RUMANIA. Worktime. Sept. 61-62.
RUSSIA. (See U.S.S.R.)
SALARIES.

SWITZERLAND. Foreign Workers. June 64-

(See Earnings.)

TAXES

SEASONALITY
Seasonal Behavior of Components in the CPI. May 14-20.
Seasonal Demand and Used Car Prices. Oct. 12-16.
Seasonality and Construction. Sept. 1-8.
SKILLS. (See Occupations.)
SOMALE Republic. Scholarships. Aug. 56.
SOUTH Africa. Artisan Training. Oct. 52.
SOVIET Union.

(See U.S.S.R.)

SPAIN

Negative Income Tax. Income Guarantees : A Spectrum
of Opinion. Feb. iii—iv.
Shifts in the Effect of Taxes on the CPI. July 41-50.
TEACHERS
AFT in Caucus and Convention, T h e: New Style for 1967.
Nov. 19-20.
Breezes and Freshets in the NEA. Sept. iiirJv.
Other Employees in the School, T h e: Nonteacher Bar­
gaining. Sept. 42-44Reflections on Professional Organization. Sept. 22-25.
Work Stoppages and Teachers: History and Prospect.
Aug. 43-46TECHNOLOGICAL change

Decline in Emigration. Jan. 59.
Ibero-America—Manpower. Sept. 62.
SPECIAL Labor Force Reports
Adult Men Not in the Labor Force. Mar. 5-15.
Changes in Occupational Employment Over the Past Dec­
ade. Aug. 21-20.
Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1966. June
39-41.
Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts in
1966. July 15-21.
Employment of School Age Youth, October 1966. Aug.
20-26.
Job Tenure of Workers, January 1966. Jan. 31-31.
Low Earners and Their Incomes. May 35-40.
Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers, March
1966. Apr. 29—36.
Moonlighting—An Economic Phenomenon. Oct. 11-22.
Occupational Mobility of Employed Workers. June 31—
38.
Overtime Hours and Premium Pay. May 41-45.
Reasons for Nonparticipation in the Labor Force. July
22 - 21.

Short Workweeks and Underemployment, Sept. 30-35.
Why the Unemployed Look for Work. Feb. 32-38.
STATE and local governments.
ment. )

Teachers Lockout. Feb. 51-58.
Wage Policy. Nov. 50.

(See also Public employ­

An Overview of State Labor Legislation. Dec. 21-28.
Employment Effect of State and Local Government Spend­
ing. Aug. 15-11.
Expanding Functions of State and Local Governments,
1965-70. July 9-14■
State and Local Government Manpower in 1975. Apr.
13-11.
STRIKES. (See Work stoppages.)
SUPPLEMENTAL benefits
Composition of Wages and Supplements: U.S.-Japan
Comparisons. May 30-34.
New Direction and Growth in Profit Sharing, A. July
1- 8 .

Wage Developments in Manufacturing, 1966. Aug. 31-38.
Wages and Supplementary Benefits in Metropolitan Areas,
1965-66. June 48-54.

Adjusting Manpower Requirements to Constant Change.
Oct. 36-41.
Adjustment to Plant Closure. Jan. 42-46.
Impact of Change on Work and Leisure. Sept. 21-22.
Means of Adjustment to Technological Displacement.
Mar. 32^33.
Technological Developments and Their Effects Upon
Health Manpower. Jan. 1-8.
Technological Displacement as a Micro Phenomenon.
Mar. 30-31.
TELEPHONE. Employment and Wage Trends in Bell
System Companies, 1945-65. Mar. 38-41.
TEXTILES. Earnings in Wool Yam and Broadwoven
Fabric Mills, 1966. June 59-62.
TRADE. Fair Labor Standards for World Trade. Nov.
21-31.
TRAINING. (See Education.)
TRANSPORTATION. (See also Railroads.)
Decentralization of Jobs, The. May 1-13.
Factors Affecting Housing Density and Auto Ownership.
Mar. 45-46.
TUNISIA. Seminar on Cooperatives. Oct. 52.
UNDEREMPLOYMENT.
ment. )

(See Employment; Unemploy­

UNEMPLOYMENT
Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1964-66. Apr. 18-20.
Defense Expenditures in Depressed Areas. Mar. 34-36.
Full Employment and Workers’ Education. May 21-25.
New Evidence on Problems of Reemployment. Aug. 12-14Short Workweeks and Underemployment. Sept. 30-35.
Variability by Skill in Cyclical Unemployment. Aug.
8- 11 .

Why the Unemployed Look for Work. Feb. 32-38.
UNEMPLOYMENT insurance

SWEDEN

Lockout—The Other Dimension. Aug. 1-1.
Railroad Unemployment Insurance. Nov. 9-18.
Unemployment Insurance and Employment Security.
Dec. 33-39.

Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1961—66. Apr. 18-20.

UNIONS. (See Labor organizations; specific unions.)


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967

120
UNIT labor cost
Productivity in Manufacturing. Oct. 1-5.
Recent Developments in Productivity and Unit Labor
Costs. May 26-29.
UNITED Kingdom
Brain Drain. Mar. 51.
Codetermination. Feb. 58.
Common Paradox : White-Collar Organization in Britain.
Oct. 42-47.
Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1964-66. April
18-20.
Dock Labor, Dec. 45Freeze Extended. Feb. 58.
Productivity. Apr. 59; Nov. 45.
Retraining. Mar. 51.
Social Benefits. Sept. 61.
U.S.S.R.
Economic Statistics. May 51.
Living Conditions. Dec. 45.
New Five-Day Workweek in the Soviet Union, The. Aug.
18-19.
Wage Gap. Mar. 51.
Western Influences on the U.S.S.R.’s New Incentives Sys­
tems. Apr. 37-40.
VIETNAM
South Viet Nam Allowances. June 64South Viet Nam—Minimum Wages. Dec. 45.
Trade Unions. Sept. 62.
Vietnamese Labor Force in Transition, The. Nov. 32-35.
WAGE policy. (See Economic planning.)
WAGES. (See Earnings.)
WHITE-COLLAR
Common Paradox : White-Collar Organization in Britain.
Oct. 42-47.
Primer for a Theory of White-Collar Unionization, A.
May 46-49.
WOMEN
Career Expectations of Negro Women Graduates. Nov.
36-42.
Difference in Pay Between Men and Women Workers.
Dec. 40-43.
Sex and Equal Employment Rights. Aug. iii-iv.
Women College Graduates 7 Years Later. July 28-32.
WOOL. Earnings in Wool Yam and Broadwoven Fabric
Mills, 1966. June 59-62.
WORK stoppages
Lockout—The Other Dimension. Aug. 1-17.
Review of Work Stoppages During 1966, A. Aug. 39-42.
Work Stoppages and Teachers: History and Prospect.
Aug. 43-46.
WORKMEN’S Compensation. Workmen’s Compensation :
Administration and Provision. Dec. 29-32.
WORKWEEKS.

(See Hours of work.)

YOUTH
Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts in
1966. July 15-21.


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Employment of School Age Youth, October 1966. Aug.
20-26.
Oak Glen—A Training Camp for Youth. Jan. 27-30.
DEPARTMENTS (regular features)
Book Reviews and Notes. Each issue. See list of Book
Reviews, by author, pp. 121-122 of this index.
Chronology of Recent Labor Events. Each issue except
January.
Communications. March and May.
Decisions in Labor Cases, Significant. Each issue. See
list of case citations under Decisions, Court and Deci­
sions, National Labor Relations Board, p. 113-114 of
this index.
Foreign Labor Briefs. Each issue.
Industrial Relations, Developments in. Each issue.
Issue in Brief. Each issue except March, September.
Labor Month in Review. Each issue.
Major Agreements Expiring in (following month). May
through December.
Statistics, Current Labor. Each issue.
STATISTICAL SERIES
(Most recent 13 months and two annual averages. Each
issue except where otherwise stated. )
Consumer and wholesale prices :
Consumer Price Index, U.S. City average for urban
wage earners and clerical workers (including
single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and
special groups of items. Table D-l.
----- . U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners
and clerical workers (including single workers).
Table D-3.
----- . U.S. city average for urban wage earners and
clerical workers, selected groups, subgroups, and
special groups of items, seasonally adjusted. Table
D-2.
Indexes of wholesale prices. By group and subgroup
of commodities. Table D-4.
----- . For special commodity groupings. Table D-5.
----- . By stage of processing and durability of
product. Table D-6
Earnings and hours:
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of pro­
duction workers in manufacturing, by major indus­
try group. Table C-3, Jan.-May. Table C-4,
June-Dee.
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of pro­
duction workers in selected industries. Table C-2,
Jan.-May. Table C-3, June-Dec.
Average weekly overtime hours of production work­
ers in manufacturing, by industry. Table C-4,
Jan.-May. Table C-5, Junc-Dcc.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of pro­
duction or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars.
Table C-2, June -Dec.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of pro­
duction workers in manufacturing. Table C-6,
Jan.-May.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by
industry. Table C-l.
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls
in industrial and construction activities. Table
C-5, Jan.-May. Table C-6, Junc-Dcc.
Employment :
Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally ad­
justed. Table A ^ .
Employees in nonagrieultural establishments, by in­
dustry. Table A-9.
Employees in nonagrieultural establishments, by in­
dustry division and selected groups, seasonally
adjusted. Table A -ll.

INDEX TO VOLUME 90
Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally
adjusted. Table A-7, Jan., Fed., May, Aug., Nov.
Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force,
not seasonally adjusted. Table A-6.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry. Table A-10.
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by
major industry group, seasonally adjusted. Table
A-12.
Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally
adjusted. Table A-3.
Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment. Table
A-2.
Summary employment and unemployment estimates,
by age and sex, seasonally adjusted. Table A -l.
Total employment and unemployment rates, by occu­
pation, seasonally adjusted. Table A-8, Jan., Fed.,
May, Aug., Nov.
Unemployed persons, by duration of employment,
seasonally adjusted. Table A-5.
Unemployment insurance and employment service
program operations. Table A-13.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group.
Table B -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management
disputes. Table E -l.

BOOK REVIEWS (listed by author of book)
Almon, Clopper, Jr. The American Economy to 1975. June
80-81.
Baitsell, John M. Airline Industrial Relations: Pilots and
Flight Engineers. Mar. 67-86.
Barlow, Robin, Harvey E. Brazer, James N. Morgan. Eco­
nomic Behavior of the Affluent. May 71.
Bauer, Raymond A., ed. Social Indicators. Apr. 72-73.
Baumol, William J. and William G. Bowen. Performing
Arts : The Economic Dilemma. Mar. 68-69.
Beeby, C. E. The Quality of Education in Developing
Countries. Mar. 21-24.
Belitsky, A. Harvey and Harold L. Sheppard. The Job
Hunt. Mar. 67.
Bell, Carolyn S. Consumer Choice in the American
Economy. Oct. 67-68.
Bennis, Warren G. Changing Organizations. May 71.
Bergson, Abram. Essays in Normative Economics. Jan.
69-70.
Blackman, John L., Jr. Presidential Seizures in Labor
Disputes. Bee. 61-62.
Bowen, Howard R., and Garth L. Mangum, eds. Automa­
tion and Economic Progress. Oct. 66-67.
Bowen, William G., and William J. Baumol. Performing
A rts: The Economic Dilemma. Mar. 68-69.
Brazer, Harvey E., Robin Barlow, James N. Morgan.
Economic Behavior of the Affluent. May 17.
Brembeck, Cole S., and John W. Hanson, eds. Education
and the Development of Nations. Fed. 75-76.
Briggs, Vernon M., Jr. and F. Ray Marshall. The Negro
and Apprenticeship. Dec. 60.
Britt, Steuart Henderson. Consumer Behavior and the Be­
havioral Sciences. Jan. 76.
Burke, John G., ed. The New Technology and Human
Values. Jan. 70-71.
Cohen, Eli E., and Louise Kapp. Manpower Policies for
Youth. Apr. 73.
Crispo, John. International Unionism. May 70.
Crispo, John H. G., ed. Industrial Relations: Challenges
and Responses. Jan. 72-73.
Dickson, William J., and F. J. Roethlisberger. Counseling
in an Organization: A Sequel to the Hawthorne Re­
searches. Apr. 71.


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121
Douglas, Paul. America in the Market Place. Jan. 72.
Drachkovitch, Milorad M., ed. Marxist Ideology in the Con­
temporary World—Its Appeals and Paradoxes. Jan. 74Eggert, Gerald G. Railroad Labor Disputes. Dec. 62.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. The New Industrial State.
Nov. 66-67.
Golde, Roger A. Thinking With Figures in Business: Tech­
niques for Improving Your “Number Sense.” Fed. 74Goodman, Leonard H., ed. Economic Progress and Social
Welfare. Mar. 66.
Gottheil, Fred M. Marx’s Economic Predictions. Sept. 7879.
Green, Christopher. Negative Taxes and the Poverty Prob­
lem. Nov. 64-65.
Hanson, John W., and Cole S. Brembeck, eds. Education
and the Development of Nations. Fed. 75-76.
Heilbroner, Robert L. The Limits of American Capitalism.
Jan. 74-75.
Heller, Walter W. New Dimensions of Political Economy.
Fed. 73-74Herzberg, Frederick. Work and the Nature of Man.
Jan. 73.
Holland, Daniel M. Private Pension Funds: Projected
Growth. Fed. 73.
Hoos, Ida R. Retraining the Work Force: An Analysis of
Current Experience. Sept. 77.
Johnson, Harry G. Economic Policies Toward Less Devel­
oped Countries. July 66-67.
Kalachek, Edward D., Richard P. Nelson, Merton J. Peck.
Technology, Economic Growth and Public Policy. Oct.
66-67.
Kapp, Louise, and Eli E. Cohen. Manpower Policies for
Youth' Apr. 73.
Kindleberger, Charles P. Europe’s Postwar Growth—-The
Role of Labor Supply. Aug. 74Korman, Gerd. Industrialization, Immigrants, and Americanizers: The View From Milwaukee, 1866-1921. Aug.
72-73.
Krislov, Samuel. The Negro in Federal Employment: The
Quest for Equal Opportunity. Dec. 60-61.
Krupp, Sherman Roy, ed. The Structure of Economic
Science. Jan. 71.
Lekachman, Robert. The Age of Keynes. Jan. 69.
Leontief, Wassily. Essays in Economics: Theories and
Theorizing. Apr. 71-72.
Levinson, Harold M. Determining Forces in Collective
Wage Bargaining. May 69.
Lieberman, Myron, and Michael H. Moskow. Collective
Negotiations for Teachers: An Approach to School Ad­
ministration. Aug. 74-75.
Mangum, Garth L., and Howard R. Bowen, eds. Automa­
tion and Economic Progress. Oct. 66-67.
Marshall, F. Ray, and Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. The Negro
and Apprenticeship. Dec. 60.
Marshall, Howard D. The Great Economists : A History of
Economic Thought. Sept. 79-80.
McLaughlin, John. Information Technology and Survival
of the Firm. July 68.
Moley, Raymond and Eliot A. Rosen. The First New Deal.
June 82.
Moore, John R., ed. The Economic Impact of TVA. Sept.
77-78.
Morgan, James N., Robin Barlow, Harvey E. Brazer.
Economic Behavior of the Affluent. May 71.
Moskow, Michael H., and Myron Lieberman. Collective
Negotiations for Teachers: An Approach to School Ad­
ministration. Aug. 74~75.
Munts, Raymond. Bargaining for H ealth: Labor Unions,
Health Insurance, and Medical Care. Oct. 65-66.
Musgrave, P. W. Technical Change, the Labour Force,
and Education: A Study of the British and German
Iron and Steel Industries, 1860-1964. Nov. 65-66.
Myers, Charles A., ed. The Impact of Computers on Man­
agement. Oct. 68-69.

122
Nelson, Richard P., Merton J. Peck, Edward D. Kalachek.
Technology, Economic Growth and Public Policy. Oct.
66-67.
North, Douglass C. Growth and Welfare in the American
Past. Mar. 66.
Pechman, Joseph A. Federal Tax Policy. Feb. 75.
Peck, Merton J., Richard P. Nelson. Edward D. Kalachek.
Technology, Economic Growth and Public Policy. Oct.
66-67.
Rico, Leonard. The Advance Against Paperw ork: Com­
puters, Systems, and Personnel. Oct. 68-69.
Roberts, Harold. Roberts Dictionary of Industrial Rela­
tions. July 65-66.
Robbins, Lord. The University in the Modern World. Mar.
21-2 1

Robinson, E. A. G., and J. E. Vaizey. The Economics of
Education: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the
International Economic Association. Mar. 21-24Roethlisberger, F. J. and William J. Dickson. Counsel­
ing in an Organization: A Sequel to the Hawthorne
Researches. Apr. 71.
Rosen, Eliot A., and Raymond Moley. The First New
Deal. June 82.
Rostow, W. W. The Dynamics of Soviet Society. Nov. 68.
Sheppard, Harold L., and A. Harvey Belitsky. The Job
Hunt. Mar. 67.
Sloane, Arthur A., and Fred Witney. Labor Relations.
Oct. 66.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul
A. Samuelson. Feb. 18-22.
Thompson, James D. Organizations in Action: Social Sci­
ence Bases of Administrative Theory. Sept. 79.
Trimm, John H., W. Lloyd Warner, Darah B. Unwalla,
eds. The Emergent American Society: Large Scale Or­
ganizations. Nov. 67-68.
Tyler, Gus. The Labor Revolution. July 67-68.
Ulman, Lloyd. Challenges to Collective Bargaining—The
American Assembly. June 81-82.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Projections 1970. June 80-81.
Unwalla, Darah B., W. Lloyd Warner, John H. Trimm,
eds. The Emergent American Society: Large Scale Or­
ganizations. Nov. 67-68.
Vaizey, J. E., and E. A. G. Robinson. The Economics of
Education: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the
International Economic Association. Alar. 21-2If.
Warner, Kenneth O. Collective Bargaining in the Public
Service: Theory and Practice. July 65.
Warner, W. Lloyd, Darah B. Unwalla, John H. Trimm, eds.
The Emergent American Society; Large-Scale Organiza­
tions. Nov. 67-68.
Witney, Fred, and Arthur A. Sloane. Labor Relations.
Oct. 66.
Wolfbein, Seymour L. Education and Training for Full
Employment. Nov. 64Wolfson, Murray. A Reappraisal of Marxian Economics.
Jan. 74.
Woodruff, William. Impact of Western M an: A Study of
Europe’s Role in the World Economy, 1750-1960. Aug.
73-71
Wooton, Graham. Workers, Unions and the State. Aug. 72.

AUTHORS
Abersold, John R. Book review. June 81-82.
Allen, Russell. Book review. Aug. 71f-75.
Ambre, Ago. Book review. Feb. 7If.
Bain, George S. Common Paradox : AVhite-Collar Organi­
zation in Britain. Oct. If2-lf7.
Barbash, Jack. Book review. May 71.
Barkin, Solomon. Book review. Oct. 66-67.
Barrett, Jerome T. Mediation in Civil Rights Disputes.
July JfJf-Jf6.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
Barth, Peter S. The Effect of Economic Change on the
Michigan Labor Force. Mar. 29.
Bauer, Frederick L. Earnings in the Machinery Indus­
tries, Mid-1966. Aug. 52-55.
Becker, Walter G. Book review. Jan. 71.
Beier, Emerson H. Terminations of Pension P lan s: 11
Years’ Experience. June 26-30.
Bernstein, Irving. A Comparison of Industrial and Race
Conflict. July 39-lfO.
Biderman, Albert D., and Laure M. Sharpe. Out of Uni­
form : I, Jan. 15-21; II, Feb. 39-lf7.
Blum, Albert A. Book review. July 67-68.
Blumrosen, Alfred W. Processing Employment Discrim­
ination Cases. Mar. 25-26.
Bond, Deborah T. An Overview of State Legislation.
Dec. 21-28.
Briant, Peter C. Reflections on Professional Organiza­
tion. Sept. 22-25.
Brooks, George W. Book review. July 65-66.
Bullock, Paul. Poverty in the Ghetto—The View From
Watts. Feb. 26: book review. Nov. 61f.
Bush, Joseph C. Earnings in Laundry and Cleaning Serv­
ices, Mid-1966. Apr. 52-54.
-------- and L. Earl Lewis. Employment and Wage Trends
in Bell System Companies. Alar. 38-41Cain, Glen, W. Lee Hansen, Burton A. Weisbrod. Oc­
cupational Classification: An Economic Approach.
Feb. 48-52.
Caramela, Edward J. Earnings in Wool Yarn and Broadwoven Fabric Mills, 1966. June 59-62.
Chamberlain, Neil W. The Role of Business in Society’s
Perfectability. Apr. 41-43.
Chapman, Jane R. Oak Glen—A Training Camp for
Youth. Jan. 27-30.
Cohen, Malcolm S., and William H. Gruber. Variability by
Skill in Cyclical Unemployment. Aug. 8-11.
Day, Virgil B. W hat’s Ahead for Labor-Management Re­
lations: The Management Point of View. Apr. 45-46.
Derber, Milton. Book review. Apr. 71.
Dix, Keith. Book review. Alay 69.
Doeringer, Peter B. Discriminatory Promotion Systems.
Mar. 27-28; May 53.
Doody, Francis S. Book review. Sept. 77-78.
Douty, H. M. Living Costs, Wages, and Wage Policy.
June 1-7; The 1967 International Labor Conference.
Oct. 6-11; book review, Jan. 69.
Douty, Kenneth. Book review. May 70.
Drotning, John T. Book review. Oct. 68-69.
Enarson, Harold L. Education and the Wealth of
Nations. Mar. 21-24Engen, Gunnar. A New Direction and Growth in Profit
Sharing. July 1-8.
Evans, Robert, Jr. Shunto : Japanese Labor’s Spring Wage
Offensive. Oct. 23-28.
Falleder, Arnold. Book review. Aug. 72-73.
Fisher, Robert W. How Garnisheed Workers Fare Under
Arbitration. Alay 1-6; book review. Dec. 60. Labor
in the Economy of 1967. Dec. 1—11.
Folk, Hugh. Book review. Aug. 74Fuchs, Victor R. Hourly Earnings Differentials by Region
and Size of City. Jan. 22-26.
Fullerton, Howard N. A Review of Work Stoppages Dur­
ing 1966. Aug. 39-42.
Gavett, Thomas A. Quality and a Pure Price Index. Alar.
16-20.
Gekker, Paul. Book review. Nov. 68.
Glass, Ronald W. Work Stoppages and Teachers: His­
tory and Prospect. Aug. 43-46.
Goode, Bill. Book review. Jan. 72-73; Nov. 67-68.
Goodman, Elsie K. The Administration of Large Pension
Plans. Oct. 48-50.
Gottlieb, Bertram. Book review. Jan. 73.
Gray, Irwin. Defense Expenditures in Depressed Areas.
Mar. 34-35.

INDEX TO VOLUME 90
Greenspan, Harry. Skill Requirements for Computer
Manufacturing. Sept. 52-54Grimes, Andrew J., and Vincent Lombardi. A primer for
a Theory of White-Collar Unionization. May 46-49.
Groom, Phyllis. Today’s Farm Jobs and Farmworkers,
April 1-5; A New City Worker’s Family Budget. Nov.
1- 8.

Gruber, William H., and Malcolm S. Cohen. Variability
by Skill in Cyclical Unemployment. Aug. 8-11.
Hamel, Harvey R. Job Tenure of Workers, January 1966.
Jan. 31-87; Educational Attainment of Workers, March
1966. June 39-47; Moonlighting—An Economic Phenom­
enon. Oct. 17-22.
Hansen, W. Lee, Glen Cain, Burton D. Weisbrod. Occupa­
tional Classification: An Economic Approach. Feb. 4852.
Hardin, Einar. Full Employment and Workers’ Education.
May 21-25.
Harvey, Curtis E. Book review. Sept. 79-80.
Henle, Peter. Book reviews. Feb. 73-74; Nov. 66-67.
Hickey, Joseph A. Unemployment Insurance and Employ­
ment Security. Dec. 33-39.
Hilaski, Harvey. Labor Standards and Job Training in
Foreign Countries. Sept. 36-41.
Hodge, Claire C., and James R. Wetzel. Short Work­
weeks and Underemployment. Sept. 30-35.
Hoffman, Kenneth J. Wages and Supplementary Benefits
in Metropolitan Areas. June 48-54.
Holland, Rosa A., and Arthur F. Neef. Comparative Un­
employment Rates, 1944-66. Apr. 18-20.
Holland, Susan S. Adult Men Not in the Labor Force.
Mar. 5-15.
Hoyle, Kathryn D. Why the Unemployed Look for Work.
Feb. 32-38.
Jacobs, Eva E., and Ronald E. Kutscher. Factors Affecting
Changes in Industry Employment. Apr. 6-12.
Jaffe, A. J. Book review. Feb. 75-76.
Johnson, Florence C. Workmen’s Compensation: Admin­
istration and Provisions. Dec. 29-32.
Julian, Bernadette S. The AFT in Caucus and Convention :
New Style for 1967. Nov. 19-20.
Kain, John F. Some Factors Affecting Housing Density
and Auto Ownership. Mar. 45-46.
Karlin, Jack I. Economic Effects of the 1966 Changes in
the FLSA. June 21-25.
Kassalow, E. M. National Wage Policies in Europe and
the U.S. Mar. 36-37.
Kelly, Matthew A. The Trend to Autonomy in Collective
Bargaining. Feb. 24-25.
Kleingartner, Archie. Unionization of Engineers and
Technicians. Oct. 29-35.
Kocin, Susan. Basic Provisions of the 1966 FESA Amend­
ments. Mar. 1-4.
Koplin, H. T. Book review. Apr. 71-72.
Kossoris, Max D. The San Francisco Bay Area 1966
Nurses’ Negotiations. June 8-12.
Koziara, Karen Shallcross. The Agricultural Minimum
Wage: A Preliminary Look. Sept. 26-29.
Kutscher, Ronald, and Eva E. Jacobs. Factors Affecting
Changes in Industry Employment. Apr. 6-12.
Landay, Donald M. Private Pension Plan Coverage of
Older Workers. Aug. 47-51.
Leiter, Robert D. Book review, Jan. 70-71.
Leonard, John W. Dismissal for Off-the-Job Criminal Be­
havior. Nov. 21-26.
Levine, Solomon B. Book review. July 66-67.
Levitan, Sar A. Operational Problems of the Job Corps.
Feb. 27.
Lewis, Hyman L. The Economy in 1966: I. The Economic
Setting. Feb. 1-4Lewis, L. Earl, and Joseph C. Bush. Employment and
Wage Trends in Bell System Companies. Mar. 38-41.
Lewis, Willard A. Lockout—The Other Dimension. Aug.
1-7.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

123
Lieberman, Myron. Book review. July 65.
Lipsky, David. Book review. May 71.
Livernash, E. Robert. Trends in Employer Manpower
Policies. Feb. 28-29.
Lombardi, Vincent, and Andrew J. Grimes. A Primer for
a Theory of White-Collar Unionization. May 46-49.
Lunden, Leon E. Book review. Mar. 68-69.
Madden, Carl H. Book review. Mar. 66.
Mark, Jerome A., and Martin Ziegler. Recent Develop­
ments in Productivity and Unit Labor Costs. May 26-29.
Martin, Edward C. Extent of Coverage Under FLSA as
Amended in 1966. Apr. 21-24■
McClurg, Donald J. Book review. Oct. 66.
McKersie, Robert B. The Maturation of the Two Move­
ments (unionism and civil rights). July 36-38.
McNally, Gertrude Bancroft. The Economy in 1966: II.
The Labor Force. Feb. 5-8.
Mcnulty, Donald J. Differences in Pay Between Men and
Women Workers. Dec. 40-48.
Meade, J. E. Rates of Population Growth and Standards
of Living. Sept. 55-58.
Miernyk, William H. Book review. June 80-81.
Miller, Glenn W. Book reviews. Jan. 72; Oct. 65-66.
Miller, Richard U. Book review. Apr. 73.
Mincer, Jacob. Recent Influences on the Supply of Labor.
Feb. 30-31.
Moore, John R. Book review. Apr. 72-73.
Myers, Robert J. Book review. Feb. 73.
Myers, Robert J., and Sol Swerdloff. Seasonality and Con­
struction. Sept. 1-8.
Nash, Edmund. Western Influences on the USSR’s New
Incentives System. Apr. 37-40; The New Five-Day
Workweek in the Soviet Union. Aug. 18-19.
Neef, Arthur F., and Rosa A. Holland. Comparative Un­
employment Rates, 1964—66. Apr. 18-20.
Newman, Dorothy K. The Decentralization of Jobs. May
7-13.
Northrup, Herbert R. The Racial Policies of American
Industry. July 41~48Norwood, Janet L. Wages in Japan and the United States,
Apr. 25-28; Composition of Wages and Supplements :
U.S.-Japan Comparison, May 30-34■
Nove, A. Book review. J a n . 6 9 -7 0 .
O’Connor, Charles M. Earnings in Motion Picture Theatre
Industry, April 1966. Apr. 48-51.
Oliver, Richard P. The Employment Effect of Defense
Expenditures. Sept. 9-16.
Papier, William. Book review. Mar. 67.
Perrella, Vera C. Low Earners and Their Incomes. May
35-40; Employment of School Age Youth, October 1966.
Aug. 20-26.
Pichler, Joseph A. Means of Adjustment to Technological
Displacement. Mar. 32-33.
Raskin, A. H. W hat’s Ahead for Labor-Management Re­
lations : The Public Point of View. Apr. 47.
Ravner, Pearl C. The Economy in 1966: III. Price Devel­
opments. Feb. 9-12.
Rehmus, Charles M. Book reviews, Jan. 74-75; Aug. 72;
Dec. 61-62.
Riche, Martha F. Railroad Unemployment Insurance,
Nov. 9-18.
Robinson, Jerald F. Book review. Nov. 64-65.
Rosenfeld, Carl, and Elizabeth Waldman. Work Limita­
tions and Chronic Health Problems. Jan. 38-41.
Ross, Philip. Book review. Mar. 67-68.
Rothberg, Herman J. Job Redesign for Older W orkers:
Case Studies. Jan. 47-51.
Routh, Guy. The Evolution of an Economist. Feb. 18-22.
Roxon, Daniel. Domestic Jobs Attributable to U.S. Ex­
ports. Dec. 12-20.
Royse, John A. Shifts in the Effect of Taxes on the CPI.
July 41-50.
Ruben, George. Wage Developments in Manufacturing,
1966. Aug. 31-38.

124
Rutzick, Max A. Worker Skills in Current Defense Em­
ployment. Sept. 17-20.
Ryscavage, Paul M. Changes in Occupational Employment
Over the Past Decade. Aug. 27-30.
Saben, Samuel. Occupational Mobility of Employed Work­
ers. June 31-38.
Schmidt, Charles T., Jr. Book review. Dec. 62.
Schweitzer, S. O. New Evidence on Problems of Reem­
ployment. Aug. 12-1 If.
Schwenger, Robert B. Fair Labor Standards for World
Trade. Nov. 27-31.
Scott, Charles E., Jr. Wages in Fertilizer Plants, MarchApril 1966, Mar. 42-44; Salaries in Life Insurance Of­
fices, Late 1966. Sept. 59-60.
Seligman, Ben B. Book review. Sept. 77.
Sewell, David O. A Critique of Cost-Benefit Analyses of
Training. Sept. 46-51.
Sharpe, Laure M., and Albert D. Biderman. Out of Uni­
form : I, Jan. 15-21; II, Feb. 39-47.
Sherman, Louis. W hat’s Ahead for Labor-Management
Relations: The Labor Point of View, Apr. 44~45Shils, Edward B., and C. Taylor Whittier. The Other
Employees in the School: Nonteacher Bargaining. Sept.

42-44-

Skotzko, Eugene. Book review. Jan. 74Smelker, Mary W. Book review. Feb. 75.
Smith, Gresham C. Development of Labor Law in 1966.
Feb. 12-17.
Stambler, Howard V. State and Local Government Man­
power in 1975. Apr. 13-17.
Stein, Robert L. Reasons for Nonparticipation in the Labor
Force. July 22-27.
Stelluto, George L. Earnings of Hospital Nurses, July
1966. June 55—58.
Stern, James L. Adjustment to Plant Closure. Jan. 4246.
Striner, Herbert S. Technological Displacement as a Micro
Phenomenon. Mar. 30-31.
Sturm, Herman M. Technological Developments and their
Effects Upon Health Manpower. Jan. 1-8.
Sturmthal, Adolf. Book review. Aug. 73-74Sultan, Paul. Book review. Sept. 78-79.
Swerdloff, Sol. Manpower Facts in Labof-Management
Negotiations. Jan. 9-14-


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1967
Swerdloff, Sol and Robert J. Myers, Seasonality and Con­
struction, Sept. 1-8.
Talbot, Joseph E., Jr. Wage Changes Under 1966 Major
Agreements. June 13-20.
Tillery, Winston, L. UAW’s Special Prebargaining Con­
vention. July 33-35.
Unger, Edward D. Book review. June 82.
Ury, Claude. Book review. Dec. 60-61.
Van Auken, Kenneth G., Jr. Book review, Sept. 79.
Wakefield, Joseph C. Expanding Functions of State and
Local Governments, 1965-70. July 9-14; Employment
Effect of State and Local Government Spending, Aug.
15-17.
Waldman, Elizabeth. Marital and Family Characteristics
of Workers, March 1966. Apr. 29-36; Employment of
High School Graduates and Dropouts in 1966. July
15-21.
--------and Carl Rosenfeld. Work Limitations and Chronic
Health Problems. Jan. 38-41.
Weiner, Herbert E. Book review. Nov. 65-66.
Weisbrod, Burton A., Glen Cain, W. Lee Hansen. Occu­
pational Classification: An Economic Approach. Feb.
48-52.
Wells, Jean A. Women College Graduates 7 Years Later.
July 28-32.
Wetzel, James R. Overtime Hours and Premium Pay.
May 41-45.
-------- and Claire C. Hodge. Short AVorkweeks and Under­
employment. Sept. 30-35.
Whittier, C. Taylor, and Edward B. Shils. The Other
Employees in the School: Nonteacher Bargaining.
Sept. 42-44.
AVilensky, Harold L. Impact of Change on Work and
Leisure. Sept. 21-22.
Wilkerson, Marvin. Problems of Sampling Error in the
CPI. Nov. 47-48.
Wood, AV. Donald. Book review. July 68.
AVotruba, Thomas R. Book review. Jan. 75.
Ziegler, Martin. Productivity in Manufacturing. Oct. 1-5.
--------and Jerome A. Mark. Recent Developments in Pro­
ductivity and Unit Labor Costs. May 26-29.
Zaremba, Joseph. Book review. Oct. 67-68.
Zuzik, Michael B. The Vietnamese Labor Force in Tran­
sition. Nov. 32-35.

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